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A follow up consequence of being banned from federal service for life, on August 5, 1981, President Ronald Reagan fired 11,345 members of what federal group were fired for illegally calling for a strike?	Monday, august 5, 2013 by GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LIMITED - issuu issuu Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts …poor infrastructure, incentives affect supply UDEME AKPAN Alison-Madueke Vol. 3 N0. 679 I n c o n s i s t e n t policies, inadequate incentives and lack of infrastructure have dogged the moves of past and present administrations to achieve steady and adequate supply of cooking gas and to encourage mass BUSINESS SECTION Made-in-Nigeria products are not price competitive – Expert THE CBN guarantees N25bn agric loans through NIRSAL CONTINUED ON PAGE 2>> Free ree insi inside ide Monday, August 5, 2013 APC parades expired politicians –Presidency Atiku protests exclusion from PDP convention P.6 ENERGY GROUP CELEBRATES 10TH ANNIVERSARY OBIORA IFOH ABUJA T he Senior Special Assistant to the President on Public Affairs, Dr. Doyin Okupe, yesterday said that leaders of the newly-formed All Progressives Congress, APC, are politically expired and yesterday’s men. Against the backdrop that the APC is presently shopping for presidential materials, Okupe in a statement in Abuja, said that the alliance, parading former members of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, CONTINUED ON PAGE 2>> L-R: Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Energy Investment, Ghana, Queenette Okehie; Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, National Mirror newspapers, Mr. Steve Ayorinde; Chief Executive Officer, Global Fleet Oil and Gas, Mrs. Bridget Henry-Iyasere; Managing Director, Newswatch Magazine, Dr. Bolu Folayan; wife of the Group Managing Director, Energy Group, Mrs. Modupe Ibrahim; the Group Managing Director, Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim (OFR); Pastor and (Mrs) Akinwunmi Akinteye; Managing Director, NICON Insurance, Mr. Emmanuel Jegede; Chief Executive Officer, Nigeria Re, Lady Isioma Chukwuma and Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, Daily Newswatch, Mr. Moses Jolayemi, at the 10th anniversary of Energy Group in Lagos, yesterday. More photos on page 4. PHOTO: YINKA ADEPARUSI Anenih Jonathan, Obasanjo, IBB, others honour Anenih at 80 ...says it's grossly inaccurate, misleading PPPRA rejects NEITI's audit report 'Leaders must forgive' NPAN files injunction against APCON P.5 P.7 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net APC parades expired politicians –Presidency CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 does not have a credible personality that will lead the nation, stressing that it will always outsource its presidential candidate from the ruling party. Okupe said: "In view of all these, it is clearly evident that the APC cannot and will not be an alternative to the PDP. “This fact is further reinforced by the fact that even its leadership parades politically expired, analogue and yesterday’s men, including the likes of Bisi Akande, Tom Ikimi, Bello Masari, Muhammad Buhari, Audu Ogbeh, Bashir Tofa and their likes who do not promise any hope for today’s Nigeria and, therefore, cannot bring any meaningful change to the polity.” He said that in spite of the long years of existence of the All Nigeria People’s Party, ANPP, the Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, and the Action Congress of Nigeria, ACN, they had not been able to find credible personalities among their followers for national positions and offices. “The ACN particularly is reputed to always outsource its presidential candidate to the PDP. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the new party’s national executive, six of its 11 members, which is about 60 per cent were former chieftains of the PDP. “The real question is whether this is APC or PDP 2? This is the poser Nigerians will resolve as time goes on." Okupe reiterated that the membership and composition of the APC is nothing progressive. "They are ideologically ill-defined and seem to have come together for only one purpose, which is to grab power from the PDP and united on one sentiment which is their peculiar hatred for the person of President Goodluck Jonathan. "Is there an offence in being a President from a minority tribe? Those who cooperate with them from the North are not true mainstream northern politicians but rather anarchists and irredentists who pursue political power based purely on ethnic sentiments. "From the first day of the Jonathan presidency, these people have tried all methods to suffocate his administration and make it impossible for him to govern. "Immediately the President was sworn in, he was made to contend with ma- jor post-election violence unprecedented in our political history. This paved the way for the escalation of the Boko Haram insurgency also to the level that was totally and absolutely unimaginable; making previous episodes like the Maitatsine riots and similar previous sectarian violence in the North look like a child’s play. "It is to the glory of God, tenacity of purpose and ingenious administrative capacity of Goodluck Jonathan that, in spite of these overwhelming and daunt- University of Port Harcourt, in Rivers State, Prof. Godwin Igwe, at the weekend said: “Previous governments were over-involved in the sector, which did not pave the way for private investors to get involved at the early stage.” “The sector also lacked adequate infrastructure, particularly pipelines which investors needed to be able to invest in the sector.” Igwe, however, noted that things had been taken shape as the present administration had started to attract serious investors into the sector. He said: “The President Goodluck Jonathan administration has done a lot to stimulate attracts massive local and foreign investments into the sector through many measures. “For instance, the Petroleum Industry Bill, PIB, before the National Assembly is targeted at restructuring many sectors, including gas for more investment and development.” Igwe added that the Federal Government had also started to lay adequate pipelines and other infrastructure needed to boost investment in the sector. NNPC spokesman, Dr. Omar Farouk, said that there had been improvement in cooking gas supply, especially in the last two years following the involvement of more private investors. “The NNPC has over the years encouraged investment into the sector in order to make cooking gas available for domestic use as well as tackle deforestation in different parts of the nation.” Despite such encouragement, investigations showed that the supply of cooking gas remained epileptic with prices hitting the roof in recent times. For instance, the prices of the product have risen by between 30 per cent and ing security crises, the administration still records a most distinguished performance in terms of delivering remarkable dividends of democracy ever recorded in the history of Nigeria. "Isn’t it surprising too that since their coming together, Nigerians are yet to know what the APC stands for in terms of definite programmatic agenda? What do they have that is better than the PDP? "They have no official manifestoes rather what we hear from one leader is a sharp contradiction from what we hear from another. "For example, the leading ideologue of the APC in the North, Maj.-Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, delivered a lecture in London where he spoke unambiguously against the muchtalked about restructuring of the Nigerian federation, resource control, sovereign national conference and other core demands of the defunct ACN. "The other leader, Senator Bola Tinubu, went to a similar event recently and ingeniously listed out their proposed programmes on power, agriculture and rail transportation which are not in any way different from the contents of the Transformation Agenda of the PDP," he said. In his reaction, acting National Publicity Secretary of the APC, Lai Mohammed said the Presidency’s submission was borne out of fear. He said: “They are so worried and jittery by the emergence on the APC. The PDP is still stunned by the emergence of the party. They are afraid. It is just an CONTINUED ON PAGE 5> L-R: Divisional Head, e-Banking, UBA Plc, Dr. Yinka Adedeji; Vice-President, West Africa, MasterCard, Omokehinde Ojomuyide; Deputy Managing Director, United Bank for Africa Plc, Mr. Kennedy Uzoka; Managing Director, Electronic PayPlus Limited, Bayo Adeokun and Head, Cards, UBA Plc, Mr. Adedeji Olowe, during the inauguration of UBA All About U Debt Card in Lagos on Friday. Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 consumption. Investigations showed that the Federal Government had made the error of exclusively reserving the sub-sector operations for the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, and had discouraged needed investments in storage, transportation and distribution facilities, especially pipelines in addition to inadequate circulation and high cost of cylinders, which had kept gas usage away from the mass market. Even private firms that took the risk of investing in pipeline infrastructure to supply commercial and industrial consumers have not optimised such investments due to epileptic supply from the Nigeria Gas Company, a subsidiary of the NNPC. The Director of Centre for Gas, Refining & Petrochemicals at the Institute of Petroleum Studies, IPS, 65 per cent in Lagos and its environs since the acute shortage caused by the blockade of Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas, NLNG, shipping operations by the Nigeria Maritime Security and Safety Agency due to a dispute over unpaid taxes. Prices remain high even after the blockade was lifted with gas selling for N4,000 per 12.5 kilogramme cylinder in Lagos and N5,000 in other parts of the South as against N3,000 previously. A visit to Apapa where vessels usually berth to discharge the product showed that a vessel, MT Providence, which arrived a few days ago has gone back to Bonny after discharging cooking gas in Lagos. A source at Apapa, Lagos who did not want his name mentioned, said: “The quantity discharged was not sufficient to meet demand that had built up due to a backlog of missed loading schedule. “It may take many days for another vessel to bring cooking gas to Lagos because of the distance. Consequently, prices may continue to rise.” A market survey conducted at the weekend showed that some major and independent marketers did not have the product for sale. The survey showed that some marketers that had the product were selling at exorbitant prices. For instance, major marketers, including Total, were selling 12.5 kg at between N3,800 and N4,500 while 25 kg and 50kg went for about N8,000 and N15,000 respectively. The survey showed that the high prices were imposed by mainly middlemen. For instance, it was learnt that gas plant owners, including NIPCO, were still selling the product at N200 per kg, meaning that the present price regime is artificial. For instance, at N200 per kg, the prices of 12.5kg, 25kg and 50kg should be N2,600, N5,200 and N10, 400 respectively (excluding marketers’ margins and other charges). However, investigations showed that the prices would likely continue to rise in the days ahead as no vessel was discharging at Apapa where NLNG vessels usually discharge to major dealers of the product. National Mirror learnt that the demand for cooking gas had continued to rise as many consumers had shifted to the use of the product following increased awareness that it was cheaper, safer and cleaner than other substitutes. NLNG spokesman, Mrs. Anne-Marie Palmer-Ikuku, said that the firm which has announced plans to increase annual supplies from 150,000 metric tonnes to 250,000 metric tonnes, had resumed supplies to the market in earnest But the National President, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Retailers Association CONTINUED ON PAGE 5> National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ENERGY GROUP’S 10TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION AND THANKSGIVING Group Managing Director, Energy Group, Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim OFR (right) and CEOs toasting at the event. L-R: Mrs. Modupe Jimoh-Ibrahim, her husband, Dr. Ibrahim, son, Seun and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Global Fleet Oil and Gas, Mrs. Bridget Henry-Iyasere. Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, National Mirror Newspapers, Mr. Steve Ayorinde (left) and Managing Director, NICON Properties Ltd, Barr. Lanre Alonge. L-R: Dean, Faculty of Law, The Premier University of Sao Tome and Principe, Mrs. Ibilola Adefope; Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Prof Jim Unah and Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Taiwo Ajayi. Executive Director, NICON Insurance, Mr. Bayode Samuel (left) and Managing Director, Newswatch Magazine, Dr. Bolu Folayan. General Manager Operations, Newswatch Magazine, Mr. Bankole Makinde (left) and Editor, National Mirror, Mr. Seyi Fasugba. Executive Director, Daily Newswatch, Mr. Femi Ige (left) and Editor, Sunday Newswatch, Mr. Lanre Oyetade. Editor, Saturday Mirror, Gbemi Olujobi Gospel singer, Kemi Esanola Pastor Akinwumi Akinteye of KAVOD Christian Centre Dr. Ibrahim giving a speech. Member of Board of Directors, Energy Group, Prince Damola Aderemi (left) Chairman, Dairo Oil Ltd, Otunba Stephen Ojo. Resident Director, The Premier University of São Tomé, Dr. Yele Akinrolabu (left) and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Energy Investment Ghana, Queenette Okehie. L-R: Bursar, The Premier University of Sao Tome, Mrs. Folake Towose; Director, Nigeria Re, Mrs. Esther Ajayi and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Nigeria Re, Lady Isioma Chukwuma. PHOTOS: BAYOOR EWUOSO, YINKA ADEPARUSI, OLUFEMI AJASA National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net PPPRA rejects NEITI's audit report UDEME AKPAN WITH AGENCY REPORTS T he Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency, PPPRA, has picked holes in the audit report of the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, NEITI, indicting the agency and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, for nonremittance of oil receipts, overpayment of fuel subsidies and failure to tidy up agreements with oil multinationals. The report noted that these had resulted in losses totalling N280bn. The audit report, which stated Nigeria lost $10.9 billion (N1.74trn) to oil theft and pipeline vandalism between 2009 and 2011, had recommended that the PPPRA should refund N4.42bn allegedly wrongfully paid out as subsidy to fuel importers, to the Federal Government. PPPRA Executive Secretary, Mr. Reginald Stanley, however, told the News Agency of Nigeria, NAN, in Abuja yesterday that the NEITI’s report “is steeped in inaccuracies and gross misrepresentation of facts.” He added that that the agency was not in charge of subsidy payments and that the information relied upon by NEITI was flawed. “The report has glaring potential to mislead the public and further cast aspersions on the activities of the PPPRA as a key administrator of the Petroleum Support Fund, PSF. “The PPPRA wishes to state unequivocally that the statement credited to the NEITI chairman is misleading and a gross misrepresentation of facts. “We note with dismay, NEITI’s admission to the fact that it had no absolute control of its sources of data as they were derived information and data provided through its own independent auditors as well as companies doing business in the sector. “Such over-reliance on secondary data must have accounted for the glaringly flawed computations presented in the report,” the agency said. Stanley explained that the N4.42bn ‘over-recovery’ that the PPPRA was asked to remit was not correct, noting that only the NNPC still had an outstanding payment of about N3.98bn to be paid into the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN’s account. “The total over-recovery advised for the nine marketers in 2008-2009 amounted to N14,073,783,779.74; the total amount paid to the account with CBN was N6,966,185,316.65, with the sum of N3,126,587,419.98 net-off by the Federal Ministry of Finance.” He explained that “the PPPRA does not disburse or `warehouse’ subsidy funds as suggested by the report,’’ stating that the agency only processed documents submitted by marketers for subsidy payments. “PPPRA merely verifies and processes import subsidy documents as submitted by marketers, while forwarding same to the Federal Ministry of Finance, which is statutorily charged with the responsibility of approving payments under the PSF scheme.’’ The executive secretary stressed the need for NEITI to meticulously cross-check its facts and figures with relevant agencies before making such reports public. He said that it was instructive to note NEITI’s admission of the fact that it had no absolute control of its sources of data, adding: “such a possibly deficient source must have accounted for the glaringly subjective computations presented in the report’’. The PPPRA boss said the agency was alarmed to discover that most observations and clarifications earlier made to the preliminary report were ignored and not reflected in the final report released to the public. “We wish to advise that NEITI takes a second look at our initial observations and clarifications, while reconciling its figures with those of both the PSF and Federation Accounts.’’ Stanley affirmed that there was no discrepancy in PPPRA’s records and the CBN, where the PSF account was domiciled. He said that the responsibility of payment shifted from PPPRA to the Ministry of Finance, following the introduction of the Sovereign Debt Statement and the Sovereign Debt Note in 2009. The PPPRA chief said that the administration of the PSF contained checks and balances, which made it extremely difficult, if not impossible for just one organisation within the group to connive with marketers. He said that the PPPRA had been in the forefront of enthroning transparency and accountability in the subsidy scheme with the introduction of improved import documentation and inspection. “The PPPRA has continued to serve the Nigerian economy with effective sup- ply and distribution of petroleum products in the last two years. “In December 2011, having observed the anomalies and challenges in the administration of the PSF scheme, the agency commenced a process of reforms to sanitise the system and regain the confidence of Nigerians and stakeholders in the scheme. “These initiatives, under the directive of the Minister of Petroleum Resources, Mrs. Diezani Allison-Madueke, have recorded huge successes, resulting in improved import documentation regime and guaranteeing accountability of volume supplied. “There was reduction in quantity of PMS consumed, improved PMS availability nationwide and we also banned loading from non-refinery/blending plant facilities in West Africa to prevent round-tripping and increased PMS days’ sufficiency. “Similarly, PPPRA has effected reduction in PMS subsidy, reduction in the number of marketers under the subsidy scheme as well as even management of annual PMS subsidy budget, using LAYCAN programming. “From the foregoing, we wish to advise that NEITI takes a second look at our initial observations and clarifications, while reconciling its figures with those of both the PSF and Federation. “Inasmuch as the PPPRA as a responsible and responsive government agency is not disinclined to constructive criticisms of any kind, it shall appreciate every effort by relevant organisations to adequately confirm their information before taking such to the public domain.” Stanley, however, reassured Nigerians on the commitment of the PPPRA to service delivery and adequate supply and distribution of petroleum products nationwide. The NEITI report had noted that the Federal Government paid N3trn as subsidy payments to marketers of refined petroleum products during the period. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo and Chairman, Board of Trustees, Peoples Democratic Party, Chief Tony Anenih at Anenih's 80th birthday thanksgiving service in Abuja yesterday. Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2 He said: “As at today, the supply situation has not improved. We are hopeful that the high prices will be reduced as soon as adequate supply is made to the market.” The General Secretary of the Independent Petro- leum Marketers Association of Nigeria, IPMAN, Mr. Mike Osetuyi, said: “The shortage and high prices were previously caused by NLNG/NIMASA problem. “We are optimistic that the situation would improve in future as operators may need a little time to put adequate logistics in place to sustain constant supplies to the market.” Managing Director, NIPCO Plc, Mr. Venkataraman Venkatapathy, however, called for the introduction of policies and practices that could boost supply of the product in all parts of the nation. He said that NIPCO had over the years provided a massive 4,500 MT LPG storage facility and supported events for stakeholders to deepen the domestic gas market. APC parades expired politicians –Presidency CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2 attempt to cover up their fear. In the first place, who in the APC is as expired as Tony Anenih? Who is as expired as Bamanga Tukur? “They have nothing more to say and I think they should leave that decision to Nigerians to decide which party parades expired politicians. “I can tell you that they are afraid already. First they said the APC was a party of Muslims, and then they said they are not moved by the party’s registration, now they are singing the expired politicians’ tune. “We would not banter words with them, rather we will continue to moblise membership across the country.” Meanwhile, the Presidential Villa may soon be playing host to several groups demanding an immediate declaration by President Goodluck Jonathan of intention to contest the 2015 presidency. This is against public disposition of the Presidency that President Jonathan has not made up his mind on whether to contest or not, since the election is still far. Though, the Presidency said that Jonathan would make his views known by June 2014, but the pressure coming since the successful registration of the APC had changed the original plans. Already, such demands were being redirected to the Office of the Special Adviser on Political Affairs, but sources told National Mirror that the villa would soon open its gates to such campaigns in the weeks ahead of the President's expected declaration before the end of the year. "The presidential aides will continue to host some of the groups, which applications are in excess of 2,000 already, while the Presidency will encourage prominent leaders, including the religious, ethnic and political leaders to join in the demands to persuade him to re-contest," the source said. But Okupe insisted that President Jonathan should be allowed to settle down to work to deliver on the democracy dividends. He said that people campaigning for his reelection bid were political jobbers and should not be taken seriously. 6 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net FG revenue agencies steal N2trn annually –Reps TORDUE SALEM ABUJA R L-R: Special Adviser to PDP National Chairman on INEC and Inter-Party Affairs, Alhaji Shitu Mohammed; Taraba State Governor Danbaba Suntai; his wife, Hauwa; Sen. Hope Uzodinma and Nigerian Consul General in New York, Amb. Habib Habu, during a visit to Suntai in New York, yesterday. PHOTO:NAN Atiku protests exclusion from PDP convention, NEC, BoT OBIORA IFOH ABUJA F ormer Vice-President Atiku Abubakar has protested what he regarded as plans to run him out of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP. In a letter to the PDP National Chairman, Alhaji Bamaga Tukur, the former vice-president protested the omission of his name on the list of delegates from Adamawa State chapter of the party for the August 31 Special National Convention. Atiku also protested that he was not being invited to the party’s National Executive Committee, NEC, and Board of Trustees, BoT, meetings. He said that as former vice-president, he was statutorily guaranteed membership of NEC and BoT. In the letter dated July 11 and personally signed by the former vice-president, Atiku said: “My attention has been drawn to a news report published... Monday July 8, 2013. In the said report, the delegates list for the Special National Convention submitted by Adamawa State PDP chapter did not contain my name and fur- FRANCIS EZEM A bout seven years after the conclusion of Federal Government port reform programme and subsequent coming on stream of private terminal operators, cost of clearing a container at most of the seaports has risen astronomically. The government had in ther inquiries at the PDP National Secretariat also confirmed same.” Atiku said after waiting in vain for a public response from the party to correct or refute the news report, “I have decided to draw your attention to this mistake”. He explained that the 53rd NEC meeting of the PDP held on September 15, 2010 gave him a waiver, adding that it was the waiver which allowed him to participate in the 2011 presidential primaries of the party. The former vice-president noted that his return to PDP predated amendment of the party’s constitution of 2012. Atiku, therefore, said he considered the omission of his name on the delegates’ list as a mistake, as it contravened Section 32, sub-section 1 (a) of the party’s constitution which stated that the membership of the party’s BoT shall consist of “all past and serving Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Federal Republic of Nigeria who held or hold the respective posts as members of the party and who are still members of the party”. He said: “I therefore look forward for a correction and restitution of my right to attend the forthcoming Special National Convention of our great party and also membership of the Board of Trustees.” A source close to the former vice-president said that Atiku felt he was being tactfully de-registered again so that he would not be able to enjoy his rights as a PDP member. evenue generating agencies of the Federal Government have been accused of stealing N2 trillion annually. The Chairman, House of Representatives Committee on Finance, Hon. Abdulmumin Jibril (PDP-Kano), made the accusation while speaking with journalists at the weekend. Jibril said his committee discovered about 60 revenue generating agencies which had not been remitting their revenues to the government coffers contrary to the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act. He said: “We did some kind of internal work and came to a conclusion that collectively most of these agencies if we harness their potential altogether, we should be talking about a collection of over N2 tril- year. From that time to May this year, going by the figures from office of the Accountant-General, they paid a total of N108 billion. “We want to strengthen them to now become more aggressive in this process of revenue generation. On one hand, they say they are not mentioned in the schedule of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, so why are we asking them to pay? Even when they generate those resources and they do not account for them. “But the most frustrating thing about it is that most of the agencies that take subventions from government, that money is budgeted for them 100 per cent, they raise this revenue and do not remit it. “That was why we decided that we were going to take this exercise to another level, and we will make sure that these agencies continue to remit exactly what they are supposed to remit.” N1.7bn contract: Contractor sues ministry, seeks Orubebe’s probe ISE-OLUWA IGE ABUJA T he Federal Government plan to revoke and re-award a N1.7 billion contract awarded to an indigenous construction company, Chemtronics Limited, four years ago, has run into a hitch. The contractor, Mr. Jonathan Anakoru, who is struggling to stop the termination of the contract, has filed two suits against the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and also invited three anti-graft agencies to investigate the Minister, Godsday Orubebe, over a N65 million bribe he was allegedly arm-twisted to pay to the alleged cronies of the minister. The anti-graft agencies are the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission, ICPC, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, and the Code of Conduct Bureau. The contract is for the construction of a Skill Acquisition Centre at Iguelaba town in Edo State. It was said to have been awarded to the company on March 15, 2010 at the cost of N1,799,914,251 following an approval by the Federal Executive Council, FEC. But in February and July, advertisements were placed in newspapers calling for fresh bids for the contract which prompted the contractor to take the steps. Anakoru is arguing that the minister could not collect such bribe from him and cancel the contract without following due process and reaward same to another firm. Cargo clearing cost rises by 71% –Report 2003 commenced the concession of seaports under a Landlord Port Model, which ended in 2006 under which the Nigerian Ports Authority, NPA, was stripped of its cargo handling function and given to private terminal operators. A report by the National Association of Government Approved Freight lion per annum, which is almost 70 per cent of the total capital budget of the country. “We started the exercise and went beyond the 31 agencies. We said let’s see if it is only 31 agencies that raise such revenue, and we picked 60 agencies. The result has been overwhelming. We discovered that the process is shielded in massive fraud, connivance, concealment and so on. “We found out that all of the 60 agencies are generating a lot of money and very insignificant proportion is being remitted to the Consolidated Revenue Fund, less than 2 per cent or 3 per cent of such.” Jubril said the committee built a template and gave the agencies where they filled in all their figures. He added: “We then computed all what the agencies should pay. They started paying in December last Forwarders said the cost of clearing a 40-foot container under NPA era was N70,000 but had now risen to N120,000, excluding storage and demurrage charges, representing an increase of 71 per cent. The report also said that the cost of clearing a 20-foot container rose from N11,715.50 to N18,158.50, without storage and de- murrage charges, representing a growth rate of 55 per cent. According to the report, it now takes between 14 and 21 days to effectively clear a container at most of the seaports in Lagos except at the Ports and Terminal Multi-Services Limited, PTML, which is a specialised Roll On- RollOff Port, RoRo. The contractor had also petitioned the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, SGF, Senator Anyim Pius Anyim, warning of the consequences of terminating his contract without following due process. In the petition, Anakoru alleged that the minister compromised his office by demanding and receiving N50 million which the company instructed its bank in writing to transfer from its account at Sterling Bank to the Access Bank account of another company, Ogbe-Ogbe Marine & General Contractors Limited allegedly nominated by Orubebe through his friends. The two suits were filed by Max Ogar, counsel to the company who claimed that the contract in dispute was awarded to the plaintiff on March 15, 2010 and that an agreement to that effect was signed on March 22, 2010, in line with Article 8 of the contract agreement. The plaintiff claimed that it was on ground and firmly in control of the contract site where work was progressing. However in its statement of defence and counter-claim, filed by its counsel, B. N. Udonsi of the Department of Legal Services, the ministry argued that in line with Article 1 of the Contract Agreement, the duration of the contract was 12 months from the date of the execution of the contract agreement. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Jonathan, Obasanjo, IBB, others honour Anenih at 80 OBIORA IFOH ABUJA. P resident Goodluck Jonathan and former President Olusegun Obasanjo, were among the dignitaries that honoured the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Board of Trustees’ Chairman, Chief Tony Anenih yesterday. The occasion was the thanksgiving service in honour of Chief Anenih, who was celebrating his 80th birthday anniversary at Our Lady Queen of Nigeria Pro-Cathedral in Abuja. Also in attendance at the thanksgiving service was the former Military President, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, IBB, and the former Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar. The officiating minister, John Cardinal Onaiyekan, centered his message on greed and covetousness. Reading from the book of Luke, Chapter 12, Onaiyekan titled his message: “The things you have prepared, whose will they be”? He said at that time, one of the multitude said to Jesus; “Teacher, bid my brother divide the inheritance with me.” But Jesus said to him; “Man, who made me a judge or divider over you”? And he said to them; “Take heed and beware of all covetousness; for a man’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” Another reading was also taken from the book of Colossians, Chapter 3, and the sermon, titled: “Set your mind on things that are above, where Christ is.” The scripture reads in part: “Put to death therefore what is earthly in you: immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire and covetousness, which is idolatry.” Preaching the word, he told the leaders to do something about the pensioners whose entitlements are denied them. According to him, people should be on their guide in other not to fall into avarice and greed. “If you avoid selfness and greed you will be able to do the will of God. As we celebrate, let us remember our brothers and sisters who always wonder whether there is anything to celebrate,” he said. In his remark at the occasion, Chief Anenih urged Nigerian leaders to learn to forgive in order to build a united nation. He said: “The leaders are gathered here today and that is why we have asked ourselves, why can’t we forget the past and move forward. I must confess that I was thrilled that President Obasanjo came to the church today. “This is the kind of forgiveness leaders have to show for the country to move forward. “Former Heads of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar and Ibrahim Babangida are here, they can give us peace. I believe that if all of us here put our hands behind him (President Jonathan) and genuinely advise him even our worst enemy, Boko Haram will be afraid,” Anenih said. Other dignitaries at the thanksgiving service were the Senate President, David Mark, Governors of Edo, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Anambra and Delta States. Also in attendance were members of the Federal Executive Council, including the Minister of Finance, Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and the National Security Adviser that led other heads of the security agencies. While former President Obasanjo arrived at about 12.29pm, President Jonathan and his wife came in at 12:37pm. Other men of God at the occasion are the President of the Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor; Bishop Augustine Akubeze, Bishop Bagobiri, Bishop Mathew Kukah and others. 7 NPAN files injunction against APCON LEONARD OKACHIE T he Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria, NPAN, has asked the Court of Appeal, Lagos Division, to restrain the Advertising Practitioners’ Council, APCON, from further harassing advert executives of newspaper houses. According to a statement by the Executive Secretary of NPAN, Mr. Feyi Smith, the action was further to the appeal filed earlier in the year by the association and reports of continued harassment of advert executives despite the subsisting appeal on the ruling. The appellant, through its lawyer, John Aga urged the court to restrain APCON from relying on Article 21 of the Nigerian Code of Advertising Practice and Sales Promotion or any other related enactment to threaten, harass, coerce, solicit, persuade or otherwise interfere with the rights of the members of the applicant. In their motion on notice, brought pursuant to Order 4 Rule 10 and 11 of the Court of Appeal, the appellant also asked the court to restrain APCON from continuing to rely on Article 21 of the code or any other related enactment or however, compel NPAN members to submit their advertisement for vetting and approval by the APCON pending the hearing and determination of the appeal against the decision of the Federal High Court delivered in Suit No FHC/L/ CS/1067:NPAN VAPCON & ANOR in which the constitutionality of the article formed the subject matter. The association had gone to court to challenge the constitutionality of Article 21of the Advertising Code, among others. NPAN in the suit had sought a determination by the court, whether the provisions of Article 21 and 37 (a) of the Nigerian Code of Advertising Practice, Sales and Promotion are not inconsistent with the provisions of section 39 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. Justice Musa A. Kurya, of a Federal High Court, in his ruling of January 10, 2013, had ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction on the matter. Farmers to benefit from USAID fund T Vice-President Namadi Sambo (second left), with his entourage praying while performing Umrah (lesser hajj), at the Holy Prophet Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, on Saturday. Shell opens up on crude oil theft in Nigeria UDEME AKPAN A highly organised and well funded criminal enterprise operating on a large scale is responsible for the billions of dollars being lost yearly in stolen crude, a new report by Anglo Dutch oil giant, Shell has said. The Federal Government estimates that at least 150, 000 barrels of crude oil is stolen daily from pipelines in the Niger Delta by those operating illegal refineries and those who actually export. The Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in its report of the oil industry audit for 2009 to 2011 estimated that $10.9 billion (N1.74 trillion) was stolen from the country. According to the Shell report: “It may never be possible to assess the exact figures, but it’s clear that a well financed and highly organised criminal enterprise exists on a phenomenal scale - a parallel industry - with a supply chain to export crude oil overseas that includes loading and shipping operations. The report released over the weekend maintained that most of the stolen oil ends up in ocean-going tankers that transport it to refineries in other parts of West Africa, Europe and beyond. “Those involved - both in Nigeria and outside mastermind this multibillion-dollar business using influence, corruption and violence to protect their interests,” it said. The report also said that there are also small scale, makeshift refineries producing low-grade fuel for local use noting that “these primitive operations cannot use the heavier parts of the crude, which is dumped, destroying the mangroves and riverside areas where these activities take place.” It maintained that: “It’s also impossible to know how much of the stolen oil is spilled once it is taken from our facilities. But we can estimate that 26, 000 barrels of oil were spilled in the area immediately surrounding our pipelines and other facilities in 2012, of which around 95 per cent was the result of sabotage and oil theft. The report said stem- ming and reversing this menace requires coordinated action, both at the national and local level and at a regional and international level outside the country. It said the nation needs to do more to encourage investment in the power sector to ensure reliable electricity supplies to reduce demand for illegally refined local diesel. The report also said that the Niger Delta continues to be a challenging place to operate for many reasons, adding that there is a fundamental lack of basic infrastructure in many areas, with poverty, lack of employment opportunities, widespread criminality and other factors all contributing to the social and economic crisis in the region. housands of farmers in Ondo State will benefit from the agricultural projects currently being supported by the United States government through the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in the country. The flag-off of one of the projects, the Cassava Value Chain intervention programme will kick-off on August 6, 2013 with the formal mobilisation of farmers in Odigbo Local Government Area of the state. It’s a Public-Private Partnership, PPP, project. Project promoters, Caterina de’ Medici Africa Projects Limited, CDMA, championed by Foluke Michael and Charles Adeyileka, are partnering MARKETS II (Maximizing Agricultural Revenue and Key Enterprises in Targeted Sites Project), a scheme funded by the USAID in Nigeria but implemented by Chemonics International for cassava farming in Ondo State through an out-grower scheme. CDMA was incorporated to promote agribusiness and investments in the country. Its main objectives are to make agribusiness work; partnering with government bodies and local authorities to develop agricultural productivity; helping youth to see agriculture as a profitable business; and developing solid relationship with end-buyers through established markets. The project also aims at collaborating with implementing partners to achieve success; sourcing funds locally and internationally to support agriculture and mechanised agriculture equipment while bridging the gap between the state government and other implementing partners to access incentives that support the agricultural sector of the economy. USAID-MARKETS II is the agricultural commodity value chain development project of USAID Nigeria, which is a follow up on project of MARKETS 1 and a bridge to MARKETS II implemented between 2005 and early 2012. The project focuses on expanding economic opportunities in the Nigerian agriculture sector by increasing agricultural productivity; enhancing value-added processing, and increasing commercialisation through private-sector led and market-driven growth and development. 8 7, 000 jostle for 500 admission slots at FUOYE ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI N o fewer than 7, 000 admission seekers are jostling for 500 admission spaces at the Federal University, Oye Ekiti, FUOYE. The 7, 000 candidates are slugging it out in the ongoing weeklong post-Unified Tertiary Matriculations Examination, UTME, which commenced at the institution last Thursday. FUOYE’s Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Prof Isaac Asuzu, told journalists at the institution at the weekend that it was regrettable that only 500 candidates could be admitted by the institution out of the numerous candidates scrambling to gain admission into the university this year. Asuzu, who expressed hope that the new university was being positioned for excellent and qualitative education delivery, said the institution was still in need of more facilities for researches that would be beneficial to society. According to him, the institution is currently on a revenue drive to private companies, individuals and colleges abroad for the no fewer than N1.5 billion needed to provide facilities in the Faculty of Engineering. He said the Federal Government had spent over N3.5 billion on the provision of infrastructure in the institution, adding that the amount was released in two tranches. The vice-chancellor said: “For the Faculty of Engineering to be a world class or 21st century faculty, we will need up to N1.5 billion, particularly to provide the best laboratories that will offer our students the best learning process. We cannot rely on government alone and that is why we are reaching out to private bodies.” He said the university was presently strengthening its Research and Innovation Centre, saying the institution recently sent one of its directors and academic staff to China to understudy some new innovations in the areas of science and technology. Asuzu said the institution was working on new drives to boost its Internally Generated Revenue, IGR, these he listed to include the establishment of a paint factory powered by a new inverter produced by the institution. He said the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, TETFUND, and some interested private companies had expressed interest in building hostels and staff quarters in the institution to enable the university accommodate the staff and students. Fleet Masters set to launch contactless cards in Nigeria A Lagos-based firm, Fleet Masters Limited, which last May launched two auto cards into the Nigerian market, is set to introduce contactless cards - an electronic payment solution that would enhance efficiency and sustainability of the mass transit business. Speaking to journalists at the weekend in his office, Managing Director of the company, Abiodun Olusanya, said the new solution which is targeted at mass transit operators, will enable investors properly and efficiently capture proceeds from the investment and by so doing boost the sustainability of the system. The contactless cards also known as the RFID system cards, Olusanya said, enable consumers make quick payment and are generally adopted to manage a large number of human traffic in train and bus stations globally. While appraising the success of the card solu- tions he launched earlier in May which he said had exceeded the company’s projections, the managing director said, his company will continually seek newer means of improving on existing solutions and continually bring out new offerings that solve peculiar problems in the nation’s transport system. Olusanya said the two solutions; the auto cards and the yet to be launched Contactless, are targeted at different segments of the market. Whereas, the earlier solutions were designed specifically for solving mobility and fleet management and logistics issues in individual and corporate fleet businesses, the Contactless are specifically targeted at operators of mass transit systems, whether rail or bus. States governments or corporate organisations running mass transit operations, he said, form the specific target of the Contactless solutions. L-R: Chairman, Nigeria Union of Journalists, Voice of Nigeria, chapel, Mr. Uzoegbu Christoper; Chairman, NUJ Lagos Council, Mr. Deji Elumoye and Special Adviser on Media to Lagos State Governor, Mr. Hakeem Bello, during a condolence visit to the NUJ over the death of their members in Lagos, yesterday. PHOTO: ADEMOLA AKINLABI Touts take over YABATECH’s post-UTME registration TUNBOSUN OGUNDARE A s thousands of candidates who applied for admission into the Yaba College of Technology YABATECH, Lagos, are unable to register online on their own for the post-Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination, UTME, screening, touts in and around the college have taken over such responsibility. National Mirror can authoritatively report that the inability of many candidates to do the online registration even after following the procedure as stated on the institution’s website had indirectly forced them to patronise touts who work as agents for operators of cybercafé in and around the college. When National Mirror visited the school last Friday, scores of touts at the gate approached our reporter alongside several other visitors at the time for patronage in respect of the online post-UTME screening registration. Many of the prospective students told National Mirror that the development had caused them to part with N1, 000 in addition to the N1, 800 officially charged by the college for the purpose. But the school authority denied knowledge of the candidates’ inability to register on their own. The college’s spokesman, Mr. Adekunle Adams, told National Mirror at the weekend that the procedure for the registration was clearly stated in simple language on the school’s website for candidates to follow with the warning to prospective students to be wary of fraudsters. He said the college adopted the system to make the registration convenient and easier for candidates who are spread across the country and that a candidate could encounter difficulty in registration only when he or she does not follow the procedure nor have adequate knowledge of the use of the internet. Adams said candidates might also encounter problem in this respect when they only use ATM card code and not internet pin to be issued by their banks for the purpose of the registration. He added that the college even ensured it protected its website to prevent unauthorised individuals from hacking into it to defraud unsuspected candidates. “But at the same time, those who do not have access to internet will definitely have no option than to patronise cybercafé to apply for the exam since the school does not accept paper registration,” he said. The public relations officer said the school had received about 15, 000 applications so far as at Friday from the over 100, 000 applications expected for the exam which will take place next month. He added that while the college admitted only about 5,000 last year, it is expected to admit more candidates this year. NULGE plans nationwide protest over LG autonomy ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI T he Nigeria Union of Local Governments Employees, NULGE, has threatened mass protest across the country if the National Assembly fails to give local governments the mush desired autonomy in the ongoing constitution amendment. NULGE’s National President, Comrade Ibrahim Khaleel, said autonomy for local councils, which he said was necessary for the nation’s development, should not be toyed with by the lawmakers, especially that it “is the yearning of the majority of Nigerians.” Khaleel spoke in Ado Ekiti during the fifth Quadren- nial State Delegate Conference of Ekiti State branch of the union, which witnessed a change of baton at Ekiti NULGE and the election of Comrade Bunmi Ajimoko, as the new state president. The NULGE National President, who said voting against council autonomy by the National Assembly would be tantamount to subjugating the voice of the people, said the favourable resolution of the House of Representatives had raised hopes that the autonomy would be granted during the harmonisation of the position of the two National Assembly chambers. He said NULGE would need to work on the lawmakers at the state Houses of Assembly to ensure the reali- sation of local government autonomy in the amendment process. Khaleel lamented that the lukewarm attitude of the senators and governors on the autonomy issue had shown that ordinary strike would not be enough for the realisation of the agitation, hence the need to change gear to mass protest. According to him, all the six geo-political zones voted in favour of local government autonomy during at the various public hearings organised by the Senate just as all the 360 federal constituencies in the country also voted in its favour. The NULGE leader, who lauded the Ekiti State Governor, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, for the development witnessed in the state, urged him to urgently attend to all issues bothering on local government workers in the state. In his address, Governor Fayemi, who assured that workers in the state would not be served below the benchmark, described workers as partners in the bid to move the state forward “along the line of the administration’s critical rescue mission.” Fayemi, who was represented by the Labour Commissioner, Mr. Oluwole Ariyo said; “Let us leave politics to politicians. It will be better for the workers to sit back and savour the flavour of neutrality than to join in politicking, because we will invoke the necessary sections of the Public Service rules against anybody that violates it.” National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Strike meant to check neglect of public varsities –ASUU KEMI OLAITAN IBADAN T he strike embarked upon by members of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) may not end soon as the union vowed to resist any attempt by the Federal Government to cripple public universities for private universities to thrive. Chairman of the University of Ibadan chapter of the union, Dr Olusegun Ajiboye, who made the declaration yesterday while participating on a radio programme in Ibadan, the Oyo State capital, described the strike as a nationalistic struggle against the Federal Government’s plan to deny children of the poor university education. He said the union had declared “Operation Save Public Education Campaign (SPEC)” aimed at mobilising global support against the government’s anti-people policies. Ajiboye said: “The strategic plan of the powerful in Nigeria is to cripple public education so that their privately-owned universities can thrive. “What we are defending in this strike is operation safe public education. Let me tell you the truth, Nigerians should be very careful. Some people who have the resources and are well to do, they can afford to send their children to private schools and abroad for university education. Ma- jority of Nigerians cannot do that. These people are intentionally trying to destroy public education so that your own children and my own children will not have access to university education. And if that happens, only their children will be educated. “This strike is aimed at sensitising Nigerians on the danger that is looming. Some people are trying to destroy what is common patrimony. The intention is to destroy public universities so that private universities could thrive. I tell Nigerians to note that the public primary education and secondary education have been destroyed and people no longer have trust in public primary and secondary schools despite the presence of quality teachers at these schools. Now they are targeting public universities because majority of them own private universities. “What we are saying is that their intention is to destroy public universities so that their own universities can sell and thrive. “The intention of every investor is to make gains at the expense of a strong competitor and we are telling Nigerians to stand up and defend what generally belong to all of us. “People should therefore not see this strike as just a strike, but should rise up to save public education. The call by ASUU is a nationalistic call and people should join forces with ASUU to save public universities. We are concerned with how well we can end the strike and not how quickly. How well is when government has been able to inject substantial fund into the universities. Libraries are dry, laboratories are empty.” Ajiboye said the character of a good leader should be seen in his ability to fulfill promises, adding that the strike would have been avoided if the government had kept to her side of the bargain. He said: “Government was pleading with ASUU to go back. The government does not need to apologise to Nigerians on everything. The President apologiSed on the Lagos-Ibadan Road last month. He has apologised for bad healthcare system. He should stop apologising, but put things write. Our strike has passed the level of appeal. Our agreement is sacrosanct and we want our universities to rank at par with others around the globe. They know what is good for their children education. Let them do it for our children’s education too.” He said the strike would not be called until the government injected substantial funds into the university education to make it worth being called university. Ajiboye said: “The government promised to inject N100 billion early last year and would increase it to N300 billion before the end of 2012 for the funding of state and federal universities. If that is done consistently for three years, government would have injected N1.2 trillion into education in Nigeria. Our conviction is that if such amount is injected by the end of 2014, university in Nigeria will have been totally revitalised. But the government has not put a kobo on the table.” Lanlehin warned over comments on Ajimobi T L-R: Osun State Governor Rauf Aregbesola, presenting an award of Lifetime Service to the President, Nigeria Computer Society, Sir Demola Aladekomo and Mr. Tunde Ezichi, during the 11th International Conference of Nigeria Computer Society in Iloko-Ijesa, at the weekend. N igerians yesterday continued to sympathise with the families of the three journalists who died in an accident along Ife-Ilesha Road on Friday. The three journalists died on their way from Abuja. Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) Financial Secretary, Mr. Adolphus Okonkwo; the union’s chairman, Radio Nigeria, Ibadan Network Centre, Mr. Tunde Oluwanike and an official of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Tejuoso, Lagos, Kafayat Odunsi, died Mark, Tambuwal mourn journalists in the crash while 10 others were critically injured. Senate President David Mark, in a condolence message to the President of the NUJ, Mallam Garba Mohammed in Abuja, lamented that the journalists were cut down in their prime. Mark regretted that the journalists departed in a very painful way when their services were most needed to help propagate and strengthen the nation’s democracy. Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, in a statement issued by his Special Adviser on Media and Public Affairs, Mallam Imam Imam, described the victims of the crash as heroes who dedicated their professional lives towards the progress of the country. He said by their sudden death, the nation lost the services of vibrant and consummate professionals who gave their all for the unity and development of their union and the country at large. The Speaker prayed God to give their families the fortitude to bear the loss. He equally prayed for the quick recovery of those injured in the crash. The Northern States Governors’ Forum (NSGF) also sympathised with the NUJ. NSGF Chairman and Niger State Governor, Dr. Babangida Aliyu, also sympathised with the late journalists’ families. In a press statement signed by his Chief Press Secretary, Danladi Ndayebo, Aliyu prayed God to will not political or sentimental. The counsel, Mr. Olalekan Ojo, spoke to journalists at the weekend in Ibadan on what he described as “torrential condemnation” of the judgement by some people. Ojo recalled that there had been similar cases in the past without such sharp reactions. Stressing that he was worried over the reaction, he said: “One thing that has worried me is this, Major Al-Mustapha is not the first person, there were sister cases. In the case of attempted murder of Pa Abraham Adesanya, there was an acquittal by the same Court of Appeal, Lagos Division, nobody quarreled with that. “Gen. Bamaiyi was discharged and acquitted by Hon. Justice Oyewole over the alleged attempted murder of Chief Alex Ibru, nobody quarreled with that. The former Commissioner of Police in Lagos State, James Dambaba; Col Yakubu, the first Military Administrator of Zam- he Senator representing Oyo South, Femi Lanlehin, has been asked to stop his alleged plan to cause disunity among the people of the district. Chairman of the defunct Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Alhaji Bello Adeleke Oladeji, yesterday asked Lanlehin to watch his tongue. give the families the fortitude to bear the loss He said the untimely death of the journalists had created a void in their media organisations and journalism profession. Governor Babatunde Fashola of Lagos State said it was regrettable that the journalists lost their lives in the cause of promoting the interest of their profession as they were returning from a meeting. Fashola said his thoughts and prayers were with NUJ members, adding that he was saddened by the incident. Al-Mustapha: Court’s judgement not political –Counsel KEMI OLAITAN IBADAN C ounsel to Major Hamza Al-Mustapha, the Chief Security Officer (CSO) to the late Head of State, Gen. Sani Abacha, has said that the Lagos Division of the Court of Appeal judgement that acquitted the CSO was fara State, were discharged and acquitted by Hon. Justice Olokooba of the same High Court of Lagos State in respect of the alleged attempted murder of Alex Ibru, nobody quarreled. So, I am at a loss as to why there must have been this kind of torrential condemnation of the judgement just because it is Mustapha?” Oladeji was reacting to an interview granted a national newspaper by Lanlehin in which the Senator was quoted to have passed uncomplimentary remarks on Governor Abiola Ajimobi. In a statement issued yesterday, Oladeji accused the Senator of planning to defect to the Accord Party. According to him, it was uncharitable for Lanlehin to assume the role of the mouthpiece of the Senatorial District when no one had given him any such role. He said: “The Senatorial District Lanlehin hails from has endorsed the governor’s second term bid. We wonder where Lanlehin was when the party made this endorsement which was widely applauded by all our party members. To allege that the governor induced us to do this is the height of anti-party activity and an attempt to play the spoiler’s role.” Alleging that Lanlehin had perfected plan to defect to the Accord Party, Oladejo said the senator would meet his waterloo in his new found love (party). He said: “As he has always done by changing political parties like a prostitute changes partner, Lanlehin is on his way to the Accord Party. If you read his responses to questions he was asked by his interviewer, it was as if former Governor Rashidi Ladoja was speaking.” 10 Fear of sack grips IMT staff DENNIS AGBO ENUGU S ome employees of the Institute of Management and Technology, IMT, Enugu are now living in fear of losing their jobs following the inauguration of a committee set-up by the institution’s Rector, Prof. Mike Iloeje, to regularise the appointment of temporary staff recruited before 2007 and after 2011. The nine-man committee headed by the Deputy Rector, F. N. Okafor, was mandated to carry out the process of regularisation of temporary appointment of various cadres of staff who were employed before 2007 and after 2011 and to determine their suitability for permanent employment. The committee is also to make appropriate recommendation to enable the management take final action on them. However, it was gathered that there is anxiety among those employed before 2007, who were supposed to have been regularised by the former Rector, Prof. Edwin Onyeneje, that they may be weeded out by the new rector. The apprehension arose from the insinuation that Iloeje set-up the committee to witch-hunt those employed by his predecessor. Efforts made to get Iloeje to react to the allegation failed as he did not respond to phones calls or text messages at press time. Monday, August 5, 2013 Only APC can fulfil Igbo’s aspirations –Okorocha •Says his suspension has little political consequence CHRIS NJOKU OWERRI G overnor Rochas Okorocha of Imo State yesterday defended his membership of the All Progressives Congress, APC, saying that the political interest of Ndigbo would better be served in the new mega party. In an apparent reaction to his purported suspension by a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance, APGA, Okorocha said at the Imo State Congress of America 2013 National Convention in Atlanta, United States that the well-being of Ndigbo remained paramount in all his actions. The governor promised to continue to take steps to assist Igbo to regain their rightful place in the country’s politics. He said: “APC remains the best vehicle to promote the interest of our people. The Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, has marginalised the South-East and has nothing to show for all its years in power.” Okorocha urged Ndigbo to embrace APC because it would guarantee them equity and political opportunities which they were denied by PDP. He said his purported suspension was of little political consequence as the party lacked the national spread to ensure Igbo would make significant headway in the country’s political leadership. The governor described APC as a national party made up of progressive elements determined to ensure equitable distribu- ENUGU U nless a proper legislation is made to protect the Free Maternal and Child Healthcare, FMCH, in Enugu State, the initiative may end with the tenure of Governor Sullivan Chime, who introduced it two years ago. This was the view of stakeholders at a media and civil society interactive session in Enugu at the weekend. The stakeholders also expressed worry that the FMHC, aimed at reducing infant and maternal mortality, has already run into hitches following a review of the policy by the government. tion of political offices to all tribes in the country. According to him, as one of the tripods on which the country stands, the APC is set to redress the injustices inflicted on the Ndigbo by the PDP. The governor, therefore, urged all progressives in the South-East to line up behind the new party to ensure it produces the country’s next leaders at all levels. He said: “Igbo have not produced the President, Vice-President, Senate President, Speaker of the House of Representatives or the Chief Justice of the Federation but I am confident under APC, one or more of these positions will come to the zone.” Okorocha urged Ndigbo to channel their energy and resources towards the development of their home- land and suggested that Imo State citizens in the Diaspora should set date to return home to participate in the development of the state. He said: “Our people should learn to leave America and return home at a certain date to contribute meaningfully to the development of our dear state.” The governor pledged the commitment of his administration towards providing enabling environment to assist those willing to return home. He said: “My administration has embarked on projects that have significantly improved infrastructure in the state and has tackled the issue of security such that for the past six months the issue of kidnapping and other social vices have reduced significantly.” L-R: Member, National Executive Committee (NEC), All Progressives Grand Alliance, Chief Emeka Ojukwu Jnr; National Secretary, Alhaji Sanni Shinkafi and National Chairman, Chief Victor Umeh, during the NEC meeting of APGA in Abuja, at the weekend. PHOTO: ROTIMI OSASONA Stakeholders seek legislation for Enugu FMCH DENNIS AGBO National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Women are now required to provide evidence of tax payment by themselves or their husbands before they could access the service. The stakeholders’ views would be presented to a wider healthcare town hall meeting in Nsukka today. Chime had two years ago introduced the FMCH for pregnant women and children below the age of five years. The scheme, expected to be available in some designated public hospitals throughout the state, was designed also to give free access to medical care for the vulnerable in the state. But stakeholders monitoring the implementation of the scheme said yesterday that certain govern- ment policies, including lack of drugs, had greatly hampered the project, stressing that it was not available in several health institutions in the state. A medical practitioner, Mr. Chibuike Onah, said the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, ESUTH, which used to be a beehive of activities because of the huge number of people trooping there on a daily basis, had been deserted since the state government reviewed the scheme. Onah said beneficiaries were now being asked to present evidence of tax payment, adding that even when rural dwellers were made to pay tax collectively, they were not being attended to on presentation of a single receipt issued to them. He said: “Rural dwellers who want to benefit from the free scheme are meant to pay N2,000 as tax. We have a situation where some community pay collectively and present copy of their receipt for the facility and are being rejected. “In some communities, the hospitals are not functioning and there is this confusion on where to obtain the facility. What we have discovered is that since the issue of tax came up, many of the residents especially the rural dwellers now go to quacks or resort to other means for delivery. This is endangering the lives of our women and putting the Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, on health in jeopardy.” Customs seizes N202.7m contraband CHRIS NJOKU OWERRI T he Federal Operations Unit, FOU, Zone ‘C’, of the Nigeria Customs Service, NCS, in Owerri, Imo State, has impounded assorted contraband goods worth over N202.7 million in 22 different seizures. Also the anti-smuggling unit, which covers the SouthEast and the South-South zones, intercepted 13 vehicles with Duty Paid Value, DPV, of N32,607,000 in July. Briefing journalists in Owerri on the activities of the unit in July, the Area Controller of FOU Zone ‘C’, Deputy Comptroller, Victor David Dimka, disclosed that some arrests were made while some cases were in court in connection with the seizures. Dimka said the vehicles seized included FJ Cruiser, Audi A4, Golf 4, Mercedes Benz C200, Infinity QX4, Lexus Jeep, Volkswagen Golf, Man Diesel truck, Lexus RX 330, Chrysler Voyage, two Volkswagen Passat and Nissan Xterra. Giving a breakdown of the contraband that were also impounded, Dimka explained that they included 6,251 packages of foreign furniture, 250 cartons of used footwear, 200 pieces of used tyres, 153 cartons of imported wines, 21 pieces of metal doors, and 500 cartons of diapers. He also assured that the unit’s officers and men, having been empowered and retrained, would not relent in their efforts to make smuggling unattractive in the zone. Guber: Let Anambra North produce Obi’s successor –Aspirant OBIORA IFOH ABUJA O ne of the governorship aspirants in the All Progressives Grand Alliance, APGA, Francis Idigo, has canvassed the need to have the northern senatorial zone of Anambra State produce the next governor. Briefing journalists at the weekend when he picked expression of interest form at the headquarters of the party in Abuja for the November 16 election, Idigo said this would ensure equity and fairness in the politics of the state. The aspirant, who is from the northern senatorial zone, said the zone had not produced a governor in the state since it was created in 1991, arguing that zoning the governorship seat to the area would give the people a sense of belonging. He said: “If you look at the history of democracy in Anambra State, the South and the Central have been doing it. The North has what it takes to govern the state.” Speaking on his plans for the state, Idigo disclosed that he had studied the peculiarities of the state and developed a development template to move it forward from where Governor Peter Obi stopped. He added that if elected, he would focus on security of lives and property in the state. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Group flays ex-militants for rejecting Julius Berger’s offers EMMA GBEMUDU AND TONY ANICHEBE A group in the Niger Delta at the weekend flayed former militants for rejecting employment offers given to them by a construction firm and state governments. It equally expressed worry over the pathetic state of girl-child education in the region which it described as unacceptable. The group spoke at a meeting convened in Port Harcourt by the Leadership, Peace and Cultural Development Initiative (LPCDI) led by its president, Reuben Wilson. Wilson appealed to the former militants to accept the employment offered them by the construction firm. He said praised amnesty committee for training the former militants, but noted that their refusal to accept jobs offered by Julius Berger and the state government was disturbing and retrogressive. According to Wilson, investigation revealed that •45 others graduate from Maritime Academy scores of jobs offered to the former militants by Julius Berger were rejected because of the N65, 000 monthly allowance given them by the amnesty programme. He said: “We are worried by the development and we are reaching out to women groups and youth groups to convince the former militant youths to accept the offer because the amnesty programme will soon. “We have met with the leaders to prevail on the boys and educate them on the need to get a regular job and apply the knowledge acquired during amnesty training. “Rather than taking advantage of the gainful employment offered by the Julius Berger, we learnt our boys opted for the ongoing N65, 000 offered by Federal Government. We have told them that the amnesty programme offer would not last forever.” Wilson, however, urged President Goodluck Jonathan not to forget the pact he signed with the former militant leaders over issues of employment, engagement as security contrac- L-R: Former Deputy Speaker, House of Representatives, Austin Opara; Minister of State for Education, Mr. Ezenwo Nyesom Wike and former ACN National Treasurer, Kenneth Kobani, at the Grassroot Development Initiative mobilisation of support for President Goodluck Jonathan at Bodo in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, yesterday Jonathan’s kinsmen worried over Oloibiri refinery project E MMA G BEMUDU YENAGOA P resident Goodluck Jonathan’s kinsmen yesterday expressed worry on the delay in the take-off of the proposed Oloibiri Green Field refinery project in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. The kinsmen’s men, under the aegis of Ogbia Youth Leaders Forum, urged the Federal Government to begin the execution of the project, describing the location as industrialfriendly. In a statement made available to National Mirror yesterday shortly after its 31st National Executive Council meeting the group’s chairman, Henry Eteli, decried the delay in the take-off of the project. The statement reads: “Why are people frustrating the goodwill and widespread project distribution by Jonathan’s led administration. We call for a rethink.” Eteli expressed reservation over the nonintegration of Ogbia youths into the federal government integration programmes, stressing that Ogbia local government produces oil, but regretted that the area had suffered neglect. Dickson appointed member of Lincoln University’s visitors G overnor Seriake Dickson of Bayelsa State has been appointed into the International Board of visitors of Lincoln University, the United States. In a letter to Dickson, President of the University’s Board of Visitors, Robert Jennings, said the appointment was based on the governor’s achievements in all sectors of the economy, especially in education, infrastructure and humancapacity development. Jennings said that the university, which has closely followed the governor’s developmental strides since his assumption of office, was proud of the steps he had taken to make the state more relevant in all tors and consultants. Meanwhile, no fewer than 45 former militants trained in disaster management and industrial safety at the weekend graduated at Maritime Academy of Nigeria (MAN) in Oron, Akwa Ibom State. Addressing the former militants, the Academy’s Rector, Mr. Joshua Okpo, urged the former militants to be good ambassador of the school and advised them spheres of national life. In his acceptance letter, Dickson, described Lincoln University as an institution with unbreakable historic ties to Nigeria and Africa, being the university that produced great African leaders like the late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. He, however, promised to commit himself to strengthening the vital bridge between the university and Africa, especially Nigeria. While affirming his determination to support every effort geared towards the expansion of the educational, cultural and social links the university shares with Africa and its people, Dickson noted that as the first university to award degrees to African-Americans and having also produced many outstanding individuals that have made valuable contributions to the growth and progress of Nigerians, Lincoln University would continue to hold a special place in the history of the black race. The acceptance letter read: “Being the university that produced Nnamdi Azikiwe, my country’s first President, and other monuments to African progress such as Kwame Nkrumah, Lincoln has unbreakable historic ties to Africa and Nigeria. “I am eager to join you in advancing this rich tradition. As you have extended this honour to me, I reciprocate by committing myself to strengthening the vital bridge between your institution and Africa, particularly Nigeria. You shall find me a reliable friend and emissary in support of efforts to expand the educational, cultural, and social links the University now shares with Africa. As the first university to award degrees to AfricanAmericans and because of the many outstanding graduates who have contributed to the progress of our people, Lincoln holds a special place in the history of the Black race. As a member of the Board of Visitors, I am morally obligated to honour that history.” to shun act that could jeopardise the country’s interest. Okpo said: “Those of you here are extremely lucky and I think you are aware that out there are so many of your colleagues still waiting for this kind of opportunity. So, as you are going into the world, you should shun any act of criminality such as bunkering, kidnapping and restiveness and be useful to yourself, the community and the country at large.’ He assured of the school’s determination to continue to support the Federal Government in the training of former militants and called for more support especially in the area of accommodation. The Special Adviser to the President on Amnesty Progamme, Hon. Kingsley Kuku, who was represented by Mr. Keister, said the Federal Government has so far trained over 10,000 former militants to ensure peace in the Niger Delta. He said President Goodluck Jonathan’s transformation agenda focused on empowerment of youths in order to make them selfreliant. Taxes not initiated to punish individuals, firms –Uduaghan G overnor Emmanuel Uduaghan of Delta State has said that taxes were not introduced to punish individuals and organisations. Speaking at the weekend when he inaugurated the reconstituted the state Board of Internal Revenue in Asaba, Uduaghan said payers should not see collection of taxes by the government as a punishment, but as their civil and moral responsibility to the development of the society. He said: “Tax payment is a civic and moral responsibility which all citizens should willingly exercise. We should all pay our taxes and expect returns through sustained provision of infrastructure in all sectors of the economy. “In all societies, taxes are necessary to prop government’s revenue and shore up its expenditure, especially now that the world is coming to terms with the dire consequences of global economic meltdown.” The governor, who commended the Board of Internal Revenue for increasing the monthly revenue from N1.2 billion to N5.7 billion, urged the board to explore all untapped sources to boost the state’s finances. Uduaghan said: “This board plays a very vital role in the financial health of the state since we cannot fold our hands and wait for whatever accrues from the Federal Account. “We have to critically look at all avenues of collectible revenue to beef up the state’s finances especially as that of the Federation Account is dependent on the vagaries of the international oil market. Oil is a finite commodity and can get exhausted anytime. We have to plan properly and diversify our economy so that we can be insulated from the vagaries of oil price fluctuation.” Uduaghan Health workers threaten strike, give FG 21-day ultimatum MARCUS FATUNMOLE ABUJA H ealth workers have given the Federal Government a 21-day ultimatum to implement the recent verdict of the National Industrial Court of Nigeria, NICN, on their disagreement with the government. The workers, under the aegis of Joint Health Sector Unions, JOHESU, accused the Federal Government of arbitrarily subverting the law and reneging on agreements earlier reached between both parties. A statement jointly signed by the Chairman of JOHESU, Comrade Ayuba Wabba, and Chairman of Joint Health Pro- fessional Associations, Dr. Godswill Okara, at the weekend, urged the Minister of Health, Prof. Onyebuchi Chukwu, “to give life to the judgement by immediately complying with the ruling and decisions of the court within 21 days from the date of this letter” failure of which “JOHESU shall not be able to guarantee industrial peace and harmony in the health industry within the length and breadth of the federation of Nigeria, and the body should not be held responsible for this”. Prolonged conflict between the parties had made them to agree on July 16, 2012 that Minister of Labour and Productivity, Chief Emeka Wogu, refer the matter to the Industrial Court for adjudication, in pursuant to the powers conferred on him under Section 17 of the Trade Disputes Act Cap T8 LFN 2004. Issues brought before the court were “non-skipping of salary CONHESS 10; National Health Bill; Consultancy and Specialist Allowance; and, Call/Shift and other professional allowances”. The Ministry of Health had, among others, allegedly written a circular ordering reversion of the appointments of non-medically qualified health professionals who were previously appointed as consultants while it also allegedly described skipping of CONHESS (Consolidated Health Salary Structure) 10 as illegal. The NICN, led by its President, Justice B. A. Adejumo, held that: “The directive by the Federal Ministry of Health that non-medically qualified health professionals who were previously appointed as consultants be reverted immediately is invalid and hence unlawful… “That concerning all members of JOHESU who were appointed as consultants but whose appointments have now been reverted, the reversion of such appointments is hereby declared null and void and of no effect. “The directive by the Federal Ministry of Health that CONHESS 10 should not be skipped is declared null and void and of no effect. “The status-quo that permitted the skipping of CONHESS 10 shall accordingly remain the norm unless it is appropriately negotiated by the parties.” While the complainant, JOHESU, told the court that it would seek other means to pursue its dissonance with the National Health Bill, currently with the National Assembly, the court directed both parties to apply the clause of collective agreement reached on May 10, 2012 “to the letter”. The same applied to Administrative Allowance and Administrative Non-Clinical Allowance, which were parts of the suit. Among other demands in the statement, JOHESU requested that “those earlier appointed as consultants would continue to enjoy the status with all benefits and the withdrawal of their letters of appointment is irregular, null and void. Hence, they should immediately be returned to their hitherto status with full pay and arrears”. The health workers and the Federal Government have been at loggerheads for years over the issues, resulting in a series of strikes and calls for Chukwu’s sack. PDP panel visits Suntai in New York •Says gov’s recovery impressive T Bishop, Anglican Communion Diocese of Bauchi, Bishop Musa Tula (left), presenting a meritorious award to representative of Bauchi State governor, Pastor Keneth Masau, at the 70th Synod of the diocese in Bauchi, yesterday. PHOTO:NAN PRISCILLA DENNIS MINNA N iger State government has revoked contracts for a total of 90 kilometres roads in nine councils under the state 10 kilometres road construction project in every local government. The affected councils include Bosso, Katcha, Magama, Agaie, Mariga, Shiroro, Rafi, and Gbako. The Permanent Secretary, Ministry for Works, Mr. Adamu Jagaba, explained that the contracts were revoked because the contractors lacked the ability to execute the projects, adding that the projects would be reawarded to other firms. Niger revokes nine road contracts Jagaba said the initial contract sum for each of the project in the council areas supposed to cost the state between N300 million and N800 million. According to him, to ensure that work continues on the projects, arrangements have been concluded to reaward the contracts to more serious-minded contractors. The permanent secretary expressed satisfaction with the quality of work done on road projects in Agwara and Kontagora local governments by the construction firms handling them. Speaking also, the Com- missioner for Information, Prof. Mohammed Kuta Yahaya, said many contractors had left the state because of the critical ap- praisal policy put in place by the administration of Governor Babangida Aliyu to ensure that all projects were properly executed. he Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Fact-finding Committee on the Taraba State Political Situation yesterday visited ailing Governor Danbaba Suntai in New York, United States. The committee, led by Senator Hope Uzodinma, visited the governor at a rehabilitation centre, where he is receiving treatment, following the injury he suffered after an air crash in 2012. Also on the visit were the Special Adviser to the PDP National Chairman on INEC and Inter-Party Affairs, Alhaji Shitu Mohammed, the Special Adviser to the President on Political Matters, Alhaji Ahmed Gulak, Sen. Abubakar Gada and the ConsulGeneral of Nigeria in New York, Ambassador Habib Habu. “We are impressed with what we have seen and we thank God for that. We will take back home what we have seen and we will inform the leadership of the party. “We will also visit Taraba State. We will meet all stakeholders in the state, we will also inform them of what we have seen and our party as a family will make sure that the party continues to grow from strength to strength,” Uzodinma said. He commended President Goodluck Jonathan and the PDP National Chairman, Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, for setting up the fact-finding committee. The consul-general also said that the governor was recovering fast. He said: “I was really amazed about his quick recovery and we must all thank God for the favour done to Suntai, because for anybody to come back from where he had been is not an easy task. “I know when he was brought here; I met him and continued to visit. Now he can take care of himself without any support, his progress is most impressive.” Tension as commercial motorcyclists, soldiers clash in Abuja OMEIZA AJAYI ABUJA T ension enveloped Karu, an Abuja suburb, yesterday following a clash between some commercial motorcyclists popularly called Achaba riders and soldiers attached to the St. Mary Catholic Church. It was gathered that the incident occurred about 1pm when a motorcyclist attempted to park his motorcycle in the “No Parking” zone around the church premises. One of the parishioners, who simply gave her name as Lucy, said irked by the security breach, the soldiers descended on the man, who later fainted. She said: “After he faint- ed, some of his colleagues who probably thought he was dead began to haul stones at the security men who responded by firing several shots into the air. “The incident happened outside the gate, so the soldiers ran inside the premises after that. A few minutes later, the motorcyclists came back with reinforcement. I was held in church for almost three hours.” Wielding daggers and other weapons, the protesting motorcyclists, it was learnt, mobilised some youths in the area and set bonfires on the ever-busy road close to the gate of the church. The incident led to a gridlock in the area for several hours. Monday, August 5, 2013 Monarchs, clerics in politics of endorsement 14 Why Akpabio moved against ex-SSG, Umana TONY ANICHEBE UYO F acts have emerged on why the governor of Akwa Ibom State, Godswill Akpabio, sacked his immediate past Secretary to the State Government, SSG, Umana Okon Umana. National Mirror investigations revealed that the sack was masterminded by some power brokers surrounding the state government. It was gathered that Akpabio was advised never to trust Umana with power as the former SSG was said to be too independentminded and may be difficult to control. Reliable sources within the Akwa Ibom State government revealed that to severe the relationship between the governor and his former SSG, Umana was severally blackmailed before Akpabio by his opponents in the governorship race, just to rubbish his rising fame and popularity over his ambition to become the next governor of the state. Before his exit from office last week, Umana was believed by many to be in pole position to clinch the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, ticket and become the governor in 2015 on the strength of his closeness to Akpabio, although he was yet to formally declare for the governorship seat. National Mirror gathered that Umana’s refusal to swear an oath of allegiance to anyone or group in the state to get power in 2015, was one of the reasons he fell out of favour with some power brokers in Akwa Ibom, who confirmed their earlier fears that he will hardly be manipulated. The refusal of the former SSG to co-operate with the godfathers was interpreted as an affront, thus it was concluded that he could not be trusted with power, hence the plot to cut him off from the line ahead of 2015 gubernatorial race. Akpabio was said to have been advised to be wary of his SSG on power issue, against the background that the governor may not be able to get his loyalty after handing over to him in 2015. Findings revealed that a planted media report that Umana had relinquished his governorship ambition after being nominated for the position of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was a ploy to cause a clash between him and the state governor. The resolve by the former SSG to address the media to purposely affirm his interest in the governorship race was said to have irked the governor on the basis that such could constitute a distraction to his government. Meanwhile, both Akpabio and Umana had attempted to make up following a closed door meeting held at Umana’s residence in Uyo, leading to the former SSG attending the swearing-in of his successor, to show that he was at peace with Akpabio. PDP chieftain alleges non-indigenes detention camps in Lagos OLAJIDE OMOJOLOMOJU A Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) chieftain and a former Commissioner for Health and Transport in Lagos State, Dr. Segun Ogundimu, has raised alarm over the spread of detention camps for non-indigenes in Lagos, operated by the Lagos State government, calling for the close down of such camps with immediate effect. Addressing a press conference at the weekend in Lagos, Ogundimu said it is unconstitutional and illegal for people to be prisoners in their own country, noting that the issue should be thoroughly investigated. His words: “Various non-indigenes that have been captured are labelled destitutes and clamped into concentration camps like common war criminals waiting for execution of sentences or orders from above. These illegal camps, we are told, are scattered all over Lagos.” Speaking against the recent deportation of some Igbos to Anambra State by the Lagos State government, Ogundimu said the act violated the constitutional rights of those concerned as Nigerian citizens. The former commissioner queried: “Is the Constitution of Nigeria no longer operable in Lagos, where in, Nigerians are guaranteed free movement and residence? Where did Lagos government derive its powers in this matter?” Urging President Goodluck Jonathan to use his good sense of judgment to urgently intervene, Ogundimu noted that if the issue is not attended to, it may be an invitation to anarchy that may consume the nation’s democracy. Imo State Governor Rochas Okorocha (middle); Nigeria’s Consul-General in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Ambassador Geoffrey Teneilabe (right) former President, Imo State Congress, USA, Mr. Felix Nnaji; Dr. Chris Nwamba, and Chairman, Imo State Traditional Rulers, Eze Agunwa Ohiri, during the governor’s town hall meeting with members of the congress in US. Ekiti 2014: Adeniran tasks Jonathan, on crisis resolution ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI F ormer Education Minister and Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, chieftain, Prof. Tunde Adeniran, has advised President Goodluck Jonathan and the party’s national leadership to leave no stone unturned in the process of resolving the crisis rocking Ekiti State PDP. Adeniran insisted that the approach must be holistic with the interest of the party at heart, saying: “We should do it in such a way that we do not solve a problem today to create another one tomorrow.” Adeniran, who spoke in Ado Ekiti against the backdrop of the crisis in Ekiti State PDP chapter and the ongoing reconciliatory ef- Prosecute ‘Sgt. Rogers’ now; CACOL tells Fashola SINA FADARE T he Coalition Against Corrupt Leaders, CACOL, has urged the Lagos State government to prosecute the star witness in the case of the killer of Kudirat Abiola, Barnabas Jabila, a.k.a Sergeant Rogers, since he had never denied that he was the one who shot her. CACOL chairman, Comrade Debo Adeniran disclosed this at a press briefing in Lagos, arguing that “since Sergeant Rogers only claimed he was bribed to implicate Hamza Al-Mustapha and others, he never denied shooting Kudirat Abiola, why can’t Lagos State government go after him, being the prime suspect?” Adeniran noted that the Lagos State government might have lost the case at the Court of Appeal due to its legal team, “which comprised of civil servants, who are mostly mediocre and non starters unlike the defence legal team made up of seasoned and highly influ- ential Senior Advocates of Nigeria, SANs.” CACOL also lamented that “the murder of Kudirat Abiola is going the way of the likes of Dele Giwa, Harry Marshal, Pa Alfred Rewane, Sola Omotehinwa, Nelson Kassim, Bagauda Kaltho, Madam Suliat Adedeji, Chief Bola Ige and a host of others unsolved murders. fort by the party’s national leadership, assured that “it will end in a situation whereby we will all appreciate ourselves.” He said: “Right now, a reconciliation committee set up by the national leadership is meeting at the Legacy House, Abuja to proffer solutions in the interest of all of us. Meanwhile, here in Ekiti at our level, acrimonies must stop. There is the need for cohesion, temperate language, civility of behavior and altruism both in thought and in action.” Urging the governorship aspirants “to show restraint in their utterances, actions and political pursuits so that the people can continue to find us worthy of their trust and confidence,” Adeniran expressed tacit support for the consensus option, saying: “I am convinced that this is not the time for members to put personal interests above the collective interests of the party as the party remains the vehicle for the realization of the various and legitimate aspirations of individuals.” He attributed the crisis rocking the state chapter of the party to external forces, adding that the leaders “are concerned about the issues involved and there is the general understanding that these challenges would serve as the building blocks of unity, strength and progress for the PDP.” He also said that he had not jettisoned his aspiration for the National Secretary of the party in the forthcoming PDP mini-national convention in Abuja, saying his ambition is enjoying wide support from the six geo-political zones of the country. 14 Politics Monday, August 5, 2013 FELIX NWANERI writes on the recent endorsement of President Goodluck Jonathan for the 2015 elections by some religious and traditional leaders, which has re-echoed the contentious issue of religion and politics in a society where faith carries an enormous weight. T he build-up to the 2015 general elections, especially that of the Presidency has forced some political leaders across the country to return to the game they know how to play best - politics of opportunism with the gale of endorsements of aspirants for the various elective positions that would be contested. While many have reasoned that the early rush to endorse aspirants, especially President Goodluck Jonathan, who is yet to declare his intention to seek a second term amounts to distraction, a worrisome angle emerged lately when traditional and religious leaders joined the trend. Just last week, over 30 bishops of various denominations under the aegis of National Prayer Coalition for Goodluck Jonathan 2015, converged on Abuja to pay a solidarity visit to the President ahead of the election. The leader of the group, made up of church leaders and Christian traditional rulers, Archbishop Bature Leonard Kawaz, who is also the Director, Christian and Religious Affairs of the Goodluck Support Group said they are mobilising Nigerians to understand the strides being made by the Federal Government under the Transformation Agenda. His words: We have taken this appointment very seriously and we have kickstarted, we have swung into action and began our mobilisation work already. We are focusing on helping Nigerians to know the wonderful work of President Jonathan and we are going from church to church, from crusade to crusade and every Christian convention across the country trying to galvanise support and understanding of the people on the good works President Jonathan is doing for the country.” He listed huge investments in the education sector, the transformation of the airports and revival of the rail transport as some of the very visible efforts being made by the Jonathan administration to improve the lives of the people. A similar scenario had earlier played out, when traditional rulers from the South-South and South-East met in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State capital and adopted Jonathan as their candidate for the 2015 presidency. Like the clergies, the monarchs, who expressed their readiness to mobilise their subjects to ensure the actualisation of the President’s ambition, noted that their support for him was borne out of the fact that he has provided effective transformational leadership in spite of the daunting challenges confronting the country. The parley which was originally meant to inaugurate the South-South/SouthEast Traditional Rulers’ Forum turned to Jonathan Oritsejafor a political rally, as most of the monarchs and some politicians in attendance used the opportunity to drum support for the President’s second term bid. A revered royal father in the SouthWest, Oba Okunade Sijuwade (Ooni of Ife) who spoke at the event through the General Secretary of the Council of Yoruba Monarchs, Oba Adedapo Aderemi, described President Jonathan as one of the best leaders Nigeria has ever had. He said: “Dr. Jonathan’s emergence as president of the country was a fulfilment of Chief Obafemi Awolowo’s prediction that an Ijaw man would rule this country some day in the future. We thank God today that we have an Ijaw son as a good and great leader of this country. If you were there on May 29, 2013 in Abuja where I represented the South-West, you will agree with me that this man (Jonathan) has surpassed many leaders we have ever had in this country. “I am not a politician, I am a traditional ruler. Among the Yoruba, we have this saying: ‘You are seeing something, you are hearing the voice but you are still asking; what is this.’ We thank God for giving us this President at this point in this country.” A member of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Board of Trustees, BoT, Chief Emmanuel Iwanyanwu, in his speech called on Nigerians to give Jonathan a second term, arguing that, there was no time the President pledged to serve a single term. He said: “Today, I have gone round everywhere in this country and I feel a sense of joy and happiness that Jonathan has not disappointed us. He has done well. However, I am surprised to hear some people in some circles talking about four years tenure when our constitution allows him (the President) to run for eight years if he wishes to do so. Some people even say there is an agreement to that effect, but I am telling you royal fathers, that there was no such agreement.” The questions against the backdrop of these endorsements are: Should traditional and religious leaders play active role in politics or refrain from stepping into the political sphere? In a country made up of diverse religions, is it possible to separate religion from politics? If celebrities could enjoy political expression, can such be denied of traditional and religious leaders? It is the right of every citizen as provided in Section 40 of the 1999 Constitution that “Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with other persons, and in particular he may form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other association for the protection of his interests,” but analysts who spoke on the current trend in the polity, were however divided over what the role of the traditional and religious leaders should be. Those who saw nothing wrong with the respective endorsements of the President by the monarchs and clergies were of the opinion that politics is not bigger than religion, and so, if dabbling into affairs of the state is going to make the difference for the people, the leaders should influence the issue smartly. “What is the use of religion? It should be for the poor masses and downtrodden. Take a case of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a true saint, who fought for the cause of the poor and tried to uplift them. So, whether any one agrees or not, religion was, and is, the driving force for politics all over the world. To separate them may be the most difficult task,” a legal practitioner, Ben Nwosu told National Mirror. Findings by National Mirror justified Nwosu’s position, as religious and traditional leaders are entitled to political comments like any other citizen in free Monarchs, clerics in politics of endorsement WHETHER ANY ONE AGREES OR NOT, RELIGION WAS, AND IS, THE DRIVING FORCE FOR POLITICS ALL OVER THE WORLD. TO SEPARATE THEM MAY BE THE MOST DIFFICULT TASK National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net societies. Britain’s Chief Rabbi, recently caused controversy for his outspoken views on the Middle East, seen as critical of Israeli government policy. Further examples are the considerable political influence by Muslim clerics in countries like Iran; political dominance of the Hindu Nationalist Party in India despite the fact that the country is a secular state and the pressure by the Philippines Catholic Church leaders on their government to abolish the death penalty. However, a political school of thought, which believes that traditional and religious leaders should not dabble into politics, opined that doing such will amount to hypocrisy, particularly on the part of the latter, as it concerns their teachings. To members of this school, the Church/ Mosque and the government are two separate offices and should not be joined. Former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar, who holds a comparable view, believes it will spare the nation needless controversies. To him, it is important for religious leaders in particular to ensure that they do not give politicians the leverage to “smuggle religion into our politics.” “The interest of our country will be better served if our religious leaders ensure that religion is taken away from politics and by our politicians not dragging politics into religion,” he added. This perhaps explains the recent worry of a former Head of State and presidential candidate of the Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, in the 2011 elections, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, when he accused the President of the Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor, of working for the re-election bid of President Jonathan. Buhari said with many statements credited to the pastor, concerning him (Buhari), it was evident that he was desperate to help the electoral fortunes of the President. He made the accusation while responding to the call for his arrest by the CAN President. Oritsejafor had in a statement, said Buhari is a prime leader of the Boko Haram sect, and should therefore be arrested for questioning. “He (Buhari) is the prime leader of this religious and blood thirsty sect called Boko Haram, a movement that is based on a warped interpretation of a strict adherence to force people of other religions into Islam. This kind of fundamentalism is the driving force behind his failure in each election in the country,” he said. But the CPC leader in a statement by the National Publicity Secretary of the party, Rotimi Fashakin, described Oritsejafor’s statement as lacking in facts. His words: “It is our view that this statement is utterly tendentious and unsupportable by incontrovertible facts. We are aware that as it was before and after the 2011 elections, Pastor Oritsejafor is keen on helping the electoral fortunes of his friend, President Jonathan.” As the debate rages on the involvement of royal fathers and religious leaders in partisan politics, it should however be noted that the separation of religion and state does not mean that those who are religious cannot vote or exercise their right to free speech. To many, religion remains a driving force for the masses, as affinity exists between them and their leaders though the real danger is with those who choose to ferment prejudice. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Garlands for Global Fleet @10 HeartBeat CALLISTUS [email protected] 08054103275 (SMS ONLY) E nergy Group, the holding name of Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim’s business empire is unarguably Nigeria’s fastest growing conglomerate. Once upon a time Global Fleet is was. With that name you have struck the right chord, a familial turf for all the stakeholders. And Global Fleet is what these prosaic strokes by me are all about. Hurrah, Global Fleet was 10 years old yesterday. Many might ask what about it? My answer flows from two realms, the spiritual and physical. Show me one business concern in Nigeria that has taken the global business scene by storm in just 10 years of existence the way Global Fleet has done. Then the spiritual realm, which is what is trilling everyone. Who is more qualified than the visioner to break this down? Yesterday at the NICON Luxury Hotel, VGC, Lagos, the venue of the anniversary thanksgiving cum celebration, he let it be known that the Group had marched into Canaan land, leaving behind it the turbulence of yester years. This 10th year, which he calls the Year of Release, marks the be- Y ou will pardon me for being too personal today. But the issue I am raising is not about my person alone as you may also be a victim of the identity crisis I am illustrating with my person as a Nigerian. In this reflection on the controversial subject of citizenship and indigenousness, I take you through my Egba antecedents, my Ibadan birth, specifically, Oke Foko upbringing, and my Lagos residency, which pull me in three directions of rational loyalty, emotional attachment and functional domiciliation. Itinu awe, after the Ramadan is some few days away when I hope take my entire family to Abeokuta for celebration. Already, I have started preparation for it as my children, all born in Lagos, will not let me be on how grand this year’s event should be. My primary roots are at the base of the historic Olumo Rock in Ikija, Abeokuta, from where my parents hailed. But they sojourned in Ibadan for a greater part of the years they lived on earth (1957-2000) - over four decades. As I, like three others of my four siblings were born and bred in Oke-Foko, Ibadan, I should ordinarily regard myself as a citizen of Oyo State. Indeed, all my four sisters are married to Oyo State indigenes, three of them Ibadan, and one to Iganna, an Oke Ogun town near Iseyin in Oyo State. My mother breathed her last in Ibadan in 1995, and it was only after my dad’s death in 2000, although in Abeokuta, that I bid goodbye to Ibadan as a home. While THE TURBULENCE IS OVER. THE NEXT STAGE IS GROWTH, AND THE INNOVATION FOR GROWTH PROCESS HAS BEGUN. ginning of another era, that of increase and uncommon glory for the conglomerate. Know it: entrepreneurship is not a game for the lily-livered, which is why many fail as soon as they started. In many Third World countries with infinite business opportunities, but limited resources, both physical and soft, it requires a third eye, gut, grit, the right knowledge and access to the limited resources to go into entrepreneurial adventure and come out successful. These are the qualities that make Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim (OFR), the visionary driver of the Energy Group, a phenomenal entrepreneur. He does not shy from telling anyone who cared to listen that he embarked on the entrepreneurial adventure in August 2003 with a petroleum marketing company – Global Fleet Oil and Gas - from a room and parlour office and four staff. Ten years after, a bullish disposition to the adventure backed with uncommon and resounding intellectual applications of modern day business principles has given birth to a behemoth of several subsidiaries and still growing. The Group is into the hospitality, aviation, real estate, insurance, education, media and communications, as well as banking and finance sectors. From Nigeria, Energy Group’s business tentacles have spread to West Africa, Europe, the United States of America and Asia. Warning: If you attempt to use his template, you might not get the same result. Capital is only one of the resources necessary for success in business. Another, (which is key), is the capacity to intellectualise the adventure to successfully do exploit. This singular factor separates the men from the boys in entrepreneurship. The success of Energy Group is grafted from an intellectual rock, the fecund mind of Dr. Ibrahim. Bhaskar Chakravorti, a senior lecturer of business administration at Harvard Business School, tellingly put the issue in perspective when he postulated that good ideas are what you need to transform the capital in your hands into incredible entrepreneurial results. In entrepreneurship, the three fundamental decisions facing the entrepreneur are where to play, how to deliver, and how to win. You must get the three right. I once heard our own professor of entrepreneurship deposed that downturn is the best time to do entrepreneurial exploit, a corroboration of Chakravorti’s expertly given thesis that “shortage and adversity are powerful stimuli for focusing the mind”. It is therefore, not a surprise that several of Dr. Ibrahim’s companies came into Energy Group through acquisition, after which he deployed his managerial ingenuity to turn them around. Why should we not celebrate? The pomp and pageantry of the last one week are worth the time and resources invested in them. Of a fact, Energy House, as the corporate head office of Energy Group is known, was in upbeat mood for the better part of last month with everybody counting the days to August 4 D-Day. We of the media segment of the conglomerate consider it our altruistic responsibility to sing our collective praises in print, if not for anything but for our shared fate and the obvious fact that no one else knows the true story more than us! The story so far is a good one. But for Air Nigeria, the lost sheep of the Group, a development from entrepreneurial challenges posed by intrusion from societal and cultural embeddedness of the work place, it would have been 100 percent success for the enfant terrible of Nigerian entrepreneurship. The turbulence is over. The next stage is growth, and the innovation for growth process has begun. Guess who is taking the conglomerate through this process? Again, it is the visioner himself, the man on whose shoulders the big challenge of sustaining the momentum rests. He spends quality time to load us in his Monday lectures and gets quality value-added from them. Between our root and base they were alive, we were occasional visitors to Abeokuta, for Ileya only, and perhaps when a senior family member passed on. I am sentimentally attached to Ikija, Abeokuta, my parent’s root and so my first root. I am functionally and practically present in Lagos. Who really am I in the Nigerian context? In this paradox of indigenousness and citizenship, I seem to have no identity. But I am certain of one identity: my Nigerian identity. My anomic plight is the experience of many Nigerians who have their roots at one corner of the country and live as citizens in another far flung part, and even may never have visited their roots before because their parents said final goodbye to their original town before they were born. In this crisis of identity, their indigenousness of a state they functionally reside is queried. And many of us in this condition are denied the right to represent our interest or claim our political rights in our functional bases. In our primary roots too, we may be denied the opportunity to raise our heads as citizens because we are considered as indigenous foreigners. In this dilemma, we are not able to give our best, nor is our best appreciated where we live or where we have our primary roots. The son-of-the-soil syndrome is at the root of most of the political, ethno-cultural and religious crises that the nation has had to contend with. Plateau offers a good case study. We slaughter ourselves AT THE ROOT OF THE MALAISE OF LEADERSHIP RECRUITMENT AND CRISIS Mirror of the moment OF REPRESENTATION IN THE NIGERIAN POLITY IS THE CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT OF CITIZENSHIP because of the fear of more competent, economically empowered and better educated foreigners dominating incapable and irresponsible indigenes. We prevent the best a community can offer from rising to the league of the first eleven in that community because their parents were sojourners in the land. In the craze for the son of the soil to always be in power, we import real foreign indigenes without any value, attachment and respect for our culture and impose them on the faithful and loyal citizens even if they were not sons and daughters of the soil. We promote neophytes and frustrate skilled, qualified and experienced ones out of the public domain because they do not belong to that community. We raise managers who were hardly trained to manage affairs because it is their birthright as indigenes of the host community. From this anomalous situation, we breed leaders without lessons in leadership. We sire young, overnight billionaires who siphon the common- ABDUL-WAREES A SOLANKE [email protected], 08090585723 (SMS only) wealth to oppress and corrupt the community to remain in public office. We elect failures and fraudsters as our flag bearers because their fathers and forefathers are financiers and field marshals of the filthy fiefdom called local politics. At the root of the malaise of leadership recruitment and crisis of representation in the Nigerian polity is the controversial subject of citizenship. Many qualified stakeholders have no voice in the politics of where they reside because that is not their state of origin. And the worst tragedy: They are treated persona non grata in their roots except they are willing to play some hard bad ball and settle the local gladiators who call the shots at the conclave of power sharing. Send your views by mail or sms to PMB 10001, Ikoyi, or our Email: mail@ nationalmirroronline.net mirrorlagos@ yahoo.com or 08164966858 (SMS only). The Editor reserves the right to edit and reject views or photographs. Pseudonyms may be used but must be clearly marked as such. 16 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net All the Facts, All the Sides All the Facts, All the Sides A PUBLICATION OF GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD A PUBLICATION OF GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR PUBLISHER BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR PUBLISHER STEVE AYORINDE STEVE AYORINDE YELE AKINROLABU YELE AKINROLABU SEYI FASUGBA SEYI FASUGBA BOLAJI TUNJI BOLAJI TUNJI GBEMI OLUJOBI GBEMI OLUJOBI LANRE OYETADE DOZIE OKEBALAMA DOZIE OKEBALAMA ADESOYE ADEKOYA ADESOYE ADEKOYA CALLISTUS OKE CALLISTUS OKE ISE-OLUWA IGE ISE-OLUWA IGE KAYODE BALOGUN JNR KAYODE BALOGUN JNR FRANK OBOH FRANK OBOH T MD/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MD/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ED OPERATIONS ED OPERATIONS DAILY EDITOR DAILY EDITOR SUNDAY EDITOR SUNDAY EDITOR SATURDAY EDITOR SATURDAY EDITOR GENERAL EDITOR COORDINATOR, EDITORIAL BOARD COORDINATOR, EDITORIAL BOARD CONTROLLER, PRODUCTION CONTROLLER, PRODUCTION EDITORIAL PAGE EDITOR EDITORIAL PAGE EDITOR ABUJA BUREAU CHIEF ABUJA BUREAU CHIEF SM, STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SM, STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT HEAD, GRAPHICS HEAD, GRAPHICS FIBROID Jonathan on implementation of ASUU demands he Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has been on strike for almost a month now. The recent statement credited to President Goodluck Jonathan that ASUU’s demands be implemented, came as a surprise. In the first place, he was part of the late Musa Yar’ Adua government when the agreement between the Federal Government and ASUU was signed a few years back. More importantly, perhaps, is the point that Jonathan government is constituted by many highly educated persons who ought to know the inestimable value of education in a competitive world, a world on the fast lane in pursuit of development. As salutary as the president’s purported statement would appear, it is the opinion of this newspaper that the presidential intervention lacked promptitude. An agreement reached since 2009, and further strengthened by the 2012 Needs Assessment by the government and ASUU on what it would take to make Nigerian universities outstanding ought not to suffer any delay in implementation. ASUU’s 2009 agreement with the government and the 2012 Needs Assessment agreed upon by both parties neuralized the perceived divisions in the education sector. ASUU has always been fighting for the education ACADEMIC FREEDOM WILL ENSURE THAT NIGERIA PRODUCES GRADUATES WHO ARE TRULY INNOVATIVE sector (which includes primary, secondary, technical, teacher training and the university). ASUU’s demands are not holistic, regarding funding for the education sector. Funding covers education infrastructure - like classrooms, libraries, recreational facilities, residential hostels, laboratories, modern teaching aids, internet and artificial intelligence facilities, etc. Salaries and earned allowances which are being demanded feature in the agreement and various understandings between the government and ASUU. It does not appear, however, that the underfunding of education by the Nigerian government is deliberate. What seems apparent is a dubious hidden agenda to downgrade public universities in the country in order to create space for the gluttony of billionaires in and outside Nigeria wishing to either establish private universities or take over existing ones. University autonomy, which is a component of the agreement, is yet to be implemented in the spirit of that agreement. The mathematics behind the composition of university governing councils eventually makes its obvious that government’s position in the universities prevails. Government appointees to the governing councils of universities are politicians or members of the ruling class who work very closely with Vice-Chancellors to ensure that university autonomy is never realised. University autonomy will ensure that erring Vice-Chancellors and academic staff members are disciplined. Competence, pursuit of worthy academic goals thrive when autonomy of universities are guaranteed as has been exemplified by international academic practice. Should the anomaly of subverting university autonomy wait for a strike to be corrected? Closely related to the funding and autonomy of academic institutions is the establishment of a learning – friendly or healthy academic environment. For polities that value education, institutions of higher learning especially are alive 24 hours a day, including during holidays. The universities are meant to be attractive for people to stay and pursue research with zeal. If there is epileptic power supply, no potable water, lack of adequate security on campuses, insufficient reading and lecture rooms etc., the aim of establishing universities becomes defeated. Must the Nigerian government always wait for strikes to get these deficits rectified? Among the list of ASUU’s demands is academic freedom. The employment, promotion and practice of education in Nigeria ensure that only one ideological position holds sway. Private universities make this unilineal ideological trend very explicit. In the private institutions for instance, religion, ethnicity, neo-liberal capitalist doctrines, etc. prevail. Even the entrepreneurship courses espoused by the National Universities Commission (NUC) are part of the illusion that an impoverished or an ill educated Nigerian student can become an entrepreneur overnight without massive economic support. Academic freedom will ensure that Nigeria produces graduates who are truly innovative. Academic excellence from the point of admission into tertiary institutions, to the point of promotion of academic and non academic staff members should be the goal. We believe Jonathan administration is in a position to address all the demands of ASUU, including adequate remuneration, in order to avert further brain drain. ON THIS DAY August 5, 1981 United States’ President, Ronald Reagan sacked 11,359 striking air-traffic controllers who ignored his order that they should return to work. The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) was a US trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following the strike that was broken by the Reagan administration. The incident was said to be recorded as ‘one of the most important events in recent US labor history’. August 5, 2010 Copiapo mining accident occurred, trapping 33 Chilean miners approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) below the ground. The 2010 Copiapo mining accident, also known then as the “Chilean mining accident”, began in the afternoon of Thursday, 5 August 2010 as a significant cave-in at the troubled 121-year-old San Jose copper–gold mine. The buried men, known as ‘The 33’, were trapped about five kilometers underground from the mine’s entrance. August 5, 2012 Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people and wounded four others in a shooting spree at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, United States. Page committed suicide by shooting himself in the head after he was shot in the stomach by a responding police officer. The gunman was an American ‘white supremacist’ and US Army veteran from Cudahy, Wisconsin; and all the victims were members of the Sikh faith. A2 18 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Cover Anxiety pervades the financial market over the decision of the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, to increase the cash requirement ratio (CRR) on public sector deposits to 50 per cent and analysts are divided on how the policy will affect the bottom line of deposit money banks. Will the profit race continue or will the music cease? By Udo Onyeka A s at last week, financial analysts and economic eggheads are sharply divided on whether the Money Deposit Banks, DMBs, would be able to replicate the outstanding earnings which most of them have posted for the 2012 financial year. For instance, Afrinvest Securities Limited, a Lagos-based investment firm in its 2013 banking report titled: “Nigerian Banking Sector Report –Standing on the fourth Pillar,” was of the opinion that the significant earnings growth recorded by Nigerian banks in 2012 may be challenged this year following an anticipated lower yields outlook for fixed income securities as well as increasing cost in the industry. The report, which focused on the 2012 financial reports on banks, stated unequivocally that the era of ‘real banking’ appears to be gradually reemerging as traditional sources of high income and profitability continues to come under threat from competition and regulation. It stated that banks were currently confronted with the need to restructure their cost bases, improve risk and pricing as well as manage customer relationships more efficiently. Afrinvest, therefore, advised banks to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits, expand their geographic footprint and scope as urbanisation gradually remodels cities and sub-urban areas, even as the firm urged mid-tier banks to consolidate and integrate vertically in order to compete with tier 1 banks as economies of scale and scope becomes differentiating success factors. “We expect most bank ratios (particularly liquidity and capital adequacy) to remain in line with 2012 numbers. The outlook for treasury yields in 2013 should down play profitability for banks that have reduction and risk assets. We forecast industry earnings growth declining by more than half compared to the remarkable 128 per cent in 2012. “Our 2013 model forecasts a decline in yields to about 12 per cent, which suggest that banks will strategically reallocate as- sets in favour of risk asset creation. Additionally, we are projecting a decline in the contribution of non-interest income to profits (from 27 per cent industry average in 2012 to sub 15 per cent in 2013, based on our estimates) as the financial inclusion strategy of the CBN takes effect and indirectly reduces potential fees and commission income to banks,” it declared. The research report observed that the six tier-1 banks accounted for 68 per cent of the industry’s total asset, which stood at N21.3 trillion as at December 2012. First Bank led the industry with an asset base of N3.2 trillion (15 per cent of the sector’s gross assets), and was followed by Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI) at N3.1 trillion and Zenith Bank with N2.6 trillion. According to Afrinvest, amongst the mid-tier banks, Diamond bank had the largest asset base of N1.2 trillion as at December 2012, closely trailed by Skye Bank with N1.1 trillion and Union Bank N1 trillion. Furthermore, the report stated that a closer look at the asset turnover gave a deeper insight to the asset use efficiency of the individual banks. GTBank, according to the report, reported the highest turnover Business Courage A Publication of GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR  PUBLISHER SEMIU SALAMI ADEJUWON OSUNNUYI TAYO ADELEKE EDITOR STAFF WRITER SENIOR REPORTER OLATOYE RAPHAEL SEYI OKUMODI HEAD, PRODUCTION SENIOR GRAPHIC ARTIST National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A3 19 Cover (12.8 per cent) amongst tier-1 banks while Stanbic IBTC led the industry with 13.6 per cent. With respect to Return-on-Assets (ROA), GTBank was said to have topped the chart with 5.2 per cent as it affirmed its position as the most efficient in generating return from its assets. The report added that “First Bank of Nigeria had the highest deposit growth among tier-1 banks at 23 per cent, followed by United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) at 19 per cent and ETI at 18.2 per cent. On the other hand, ETI (25.3 per cent), First Bank (23 per cent) and GTBank (10.9 per cent), recorded the highest loan growth in that order. “Lending to the oil and gas dominated tier-1 lending portfolio, with Zenith Bank and Access Bank allocating above 20 per cent of gross loans to the sector. Tier-2 banks appear competitive in risk asset accumulation with an average yearon-year total loan growth of 44 per cent. We look forward to seeing credit flowing to the key ‘growth drivers’ of the economy in 2013, particularly telecommunication, agriculture, power and manufacturing sectors.” A further review of tier-1 banks, according to the report, revealed that deposits grew more than loans, except at ETI, while tier 2 banks (particularly Sterling and Unity), grew loans considerably more than deposits. “By and large, the low loans to deposit ratio of Nigerian banks leaves room for growing interest income. As competition thickens amongst surviving Nigerian banks, those with the most efficient cost management systems are better positioned to lead the industry. GTBank maintained its cost leadership position, reporting the lowest cost-to-Income (CIR) amongst tier-1 banks and within the industry (42.7 per cent for full year 2012), followed by Zenith Bank at 53.9 per cent,” it stated. As instructive as the Afrinvest report is, coming on the heels of the latest decision by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to indirectly tighten monetary conditions by raising the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for all public sector funds to 50 per cent from 12 per cent, is seen by many analysts as capable of hurting banks’ earnings as the financial institutions would have to scramble for deposits to maintain their level of liquidity. Afrinvest research believes that the future of the Nigerian banking space will rest on ancillary banking services such as Merchant Banking and Primary Mortgage Institutions; as well as Retail and SME banking. “On a balance of options, we expect a blend of the following service models to characterize the Nigerian banking space within the next five years. “Outlook on yields and fee income remain downwards, necessitating the need for banks to focus on lending to the real sector. Mid-Tier banks will need to consolidate and integrate vertically in order to compete with Tier1 banks as economies of scale and scope increasingly becomes differentiating success factors”, the report said. A reserve requirement is the amount of funded liabilities (in this case deposits), a bank must itself hold as deposits with the central bank. In Nigeria, where the CBN oversees a fractional reserve banking (like in most central banks), this requirement is expressed as the cash reserve ratio, CRR. As for all private deposits remains unchanged at 12 per cent the new requirement on public funds represents an increase of 38 per cent. The MPC’s decision many analysts believe would unsettle the banks “but may at the end of the day bring out the best in the banks” one analyst said. Nigerian banks had over the years depended heavily on public sector funds. The amount of returns the banks got from holding public sector funds had largely caused perceived apathy of some banks towards small savers in the country. Analysts say the huge public sector deposits that are commonly lent back to the government via trading in FGN bonds, treasury bills and open market operations (OMO) securities at high interest rates were responsible for the structural liquidity surfeit in the banking system. But disturbed by this development, the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN’s) MPC which put the total amount of public sector funds sitting in banks at over N1.3 trillion, decided to sterilise public sector funds as it raised the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for public sector funds to 50 per cent. But the CRR for private sector funds was left unchanged at 12 per cent. According to a Lagos based financial analyst Bayo Sanyaolu, 50 per cent DRR, may not necessarily make more money available to the private sector. He said credit to the core private sector has grown to 7.5 per cent from 6 per cent it was the whole of last year. To him what the banks needed to do was to put their acts together and extensively explore sustainable means of increasing their earning in 2013. “I believe that banks can still make good profit in 2013, just as Afrinvest said in their banking sector report, what they should do is to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits, expand their geographic footprint and scope”, he said. However, Fitch Ratings also believes that Nigerian banks Sanusi, CBN Governor will see profitability decline because of tougher regulations and higher funding costs. “We expect new limits on bank charges imposed by the Central Bank of Nigeria to dent what have been highly profitable fees and commissions, particularly for those with large retail franchises,” Fitch said in a statement recently. Monetary policy continues to be tight with the central bank in recent time raising the cash reserve requirement on public sector deposits. Aina The regulation, which applies to about N1.3 trillion ($8.1bn) of deposits, could result in N500 billion of liquidity being withdrawn, Fitch said. An MPC member and an economist, Dr. John Osilaja said that even though he voted against the DRR and making banks’ public deposit CRR 50 per cent for now, the CBN reforms intend to provide adequate environment and regulation that would enable banking industry flourish in the country. But according to Osilaja, it remains to be seen if this latest assault on excess bank liquidity will meaningfully grow private sector credit as desired. “Nonetheless in the shorter term, I would advise private borrowers to hold their breaths” He said that N3 trillion of Nigeria’s N15 trillion deposit base is public sector deposits. Under the old reserve requirement of 12 per cent, public sector deposits alone provided banks with a capacity to lend up to N24 trillion. With DRR, this potential is now reduced to N6 trillion. There remains a further N12 trillion of private de- posits that endows banks with a maximum lending capacity of N96 trillion. He said that clearly expectation of MPC is that more of this remaining and largely unused capacity would be used to grow the economy more productively. A financial consultant and a chartered stockbroker, James Uwandu, said that though the banks may not march their 2012 earning this financial year, the new CBN policy on CRR may benefit the country on the long run, adding that in some other economies, public deposits are kept with the central banks. “Reserve requirements offer central banks a cheaper way of draining surplus liquidity, cheaper than the practice of selling government securities. Central banks are obligated to pay interest on debts sold to banks and the investing public, but central banks are also not obliged to pay interest on demand deposits”, he said. Osilaja however agreed with Uwandu, but added that in fractional reserve banking, increas- ing reserve requirement curtails the availability of credit by contracting the lending capacities of banks. According to Deputy Governor, Financial Stability, CBN, Dr Kingsley Moghalu, banks are making handsome profits by preferring to lend to government instead of lending to the real sector. He said that there is structural excess liquidity in a banking system in which chasing government deposits far outweigh bank lending to the real sector. “Average liquidity ratio stood at 67.8 per cent at the end of June 2013, indicating that funds that could be intermediating in the real economy were sitting in banks or being lent mainly to government at a handsome profit. It is important that the Nigerian banks unhealthy dependence on government deposits which in most countries sit in a central bank be broken to prevent dangerous build-ups of liquidity,” Former President, Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers CIS, Oladipo AIna, said there have been arguments by some stakeholders on the need to reduce MPR in order to free more credit to the real sector, adding that “ the economic reality has shown that a reduction in the MPR does not necessarily translate to more credit for the real sector or the SMEs. Nigerian banks made outstanding profit in 2012, a development which bank operators attributed to the ongoing reform in the banking sector. Skye Bank Plc’s audited results for the year ended December 31, 2012, showed that it recorded a profit after tax of N12.64 billion, a significant increase of 872.6 per cent, compared to the N1.30 billion it realised in 2011. Zenith Bank Plc and Guaranty Trust Bank Plc, two of Nigeria’s foremost banks also gave good account of themselves as each declared huge profit in the financial year ended December 2012. Zenith Bank made a profit before tax of N102.10 billion, an increase of 51.4 per cent above the N67.44 billion recorded in 2011 while GT Bank posted a profit before tax of N103.028 billion, representing an increase by 66 per cent, compared to N62.080 billion in 2011 Also, Fidelity Bank Plc’s profit soared by 239 per cent to N18 billion, while Ecobank Group posted a pre-tax profit $348 million, compared to $277.4 million in 2011. Unity Bank Plc’s and Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, also grew their profits. While Unity Bank’s profit after tax grew by 130 per cent to N6.18 billion in its 2012 financial reports, compared to the N2.69 billion recorded in 2011, Union Bank recorded a profit after tax of N7.9 billion in its 2012 as against a loss of N76.7 billion in 2011 BC A4 20 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net News L-R: Group Head, Strategy & Communication, Sterling Bank PLC, Shina Atilola, His Royal Highness, Abdul-Ganiu Dosumu, the Lemo of Ogijo and the Business Development Manager, Sterling Bank PLC, Fatai Adegbuyi, at the opening of the bank’s new ultra modern branch in Ogijo Town, Ogun State Quality made-inNigeria products are not price competitive – Expert Stories by Emmanuel Ogbonnaya A research expert has disclosed that quality madein-Nigeria products are not price competitive and as such the current trend of low patronage will persist until some practical steps are taken by the government and manufacturers to stem the tide. Director General/ Chief Executive of the Institute of Administrators and Researchers of Nigeria (IARN), Prof Jacob Etinagbedia, in an exclusive chat with Business Courage revealed this in Lagos over the weekend, stressing that contrary to wide-held beliefs, not everyone is trying to patronise foreign products. He said that majority of made in Nigeria products were very expensive and that the manufacturers cannot be blamed because they spend a lot of money on providing some necessary infrastructure that should have been provided for them by the government at subsidised rates such as power. “The challenge for them is that it makes their products uncompetitive in terms of price against imported or foreign products,” he said. On the issue of substandard local products, he attributed it to the fact that most unscrupulous manufacturers have found accomplices in various regulatory bodies like SON and NAFDAC. According to him, “These days, some companies receive products’ approvals over the phone unlike the standard procedure of onsite inspection by officials of regulatory agencies.” Etinagbedia pointed out that it was not morally good enough to pay for approv- als especially as the amount chargeable is not just N2000 or N5000. He advised that the government needed to re-evaluate its policies and really get back to real governance otherwise it would continue to contribute to the ills in the society in a great deal. “There is a budget for those agencies that cover all their expenditure, which implies that there should be enough incentives for the staff and the cost of visits to companies across the country should be comfortably borne by the government,” he said. He decried the situation where organisations that are trying to create the much needed jobs or expand their capacities are asked to part with huge sum for re-certification and apart from that, each member of the inspectorate will have to be given different envelopes. “These are some of the unwholesome practices killing the industry and we need to change our orientation knowing that this is the only country we can call our own and we need to do the right thing at all times to make sure that things work as expected,” he said. The situation he buttressed has led to a lot of compromise on products’ quality standards, which has discouraged a lot of Nigerians who have lost faith in some regulatory agencies from patronising made-in-Nigeria products even when such products are duly stamped with NAFDAC numbers or SON standard certification. He also disclosed that manufacturers had their own blames as research has shown that less than 20 per cent of manufacturers carry out researches to improve the quality and value of their products. “IARN is here to train any manufacturer that comes to us on how to understand the fast changing business environment in order to enhance productivity and sustain profitability like their counterparts who are recording empirical manifestations in developed and even in some emerging economies,” he said. According to Etinagbedia, “because of this problem of lack of patriotism which we have identified, you will discover that most of our manufacturers like to short-change the consumers and as a result, immediately a consumer discovers that the made in Nigeria products are of lesser quality than imported ones, they have no choice than to dump our Nigerian products even if the producer is his brother.” He said that it was untrue that China products are of low standard because it is Nigerians who actually go to China and tell them to reduce the quality of products meant for the Nigerian markets, stressing that such acts also bother on the issue of patriotism. “Until Nigerians are patriotic enough to know that we don’t need to maltreat fellow Nigerians in order to get money, we would continue to suffer the influx of substandard products from China,” he said. CIPE tasks BMOs on members’ expectations, media partnership B usiness membership organisations (BMOs) in the country have been tasked by the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) to live up to members’ expectations and partner with relevant media organisations to promote business advocacy. The country director of CIPE Nigeria, Omowunmi Gbadamosi, gave the advice in Lagos at a workshop organised by CIPE on the role of media in business advocacy, even as she warned that failure of BMOs to meet the expectations of their members could lead to a massive depletion in their membership numbers. “The expectations of a business person are real and as such, business associations Gbadamosi should be well structured to meet them or be prepared to lose membership or have uncommitted members because membership is based on value addition and not emotions,” she said. She tasked them to identify existing laws and regulations that hinder business activity and profitability of their members and offer specific recommendations and policy options. She noted that the private sector was very important to the economy of any nation because they shoulder a bulk (over 80 per cent) of the economy and create most of the available job opportunities. “The support of the private sector to the government cannot be over-emphasised especially in terms of job creation which ensures that the civil service is not overstretched beyond its capacity and sustains a peaceful society for democracy to thrive,” she said. She pointed out that relevant BMOs deserve government’s support and sympathy even as she cautioned against government sponsorship of people who sit in prominent positions in BMOs as a means of breeding compromise and ineffective policy advocacy which is the most important function of a business association. “Advocacy is democracy in action because it creates space for stakeholders to contribute to the growth of the economy,” she said. In her presentation, a market development consultant, Kaneng Rwan-Pam, called for a more symbiotic relationship between BMOs and the media noting that their relationship is currently dysfunctional with gaps and space for improvement. “From a general analysis, messages from BMOs through the media are generally more event than issues driven,” she stated. According to her, issue oriented coverage is empowering and as such business news was important because it affects business and those advocating for a better business environment. Also speaking at the workshop, marketing communications consultant, Haroun Audu, challenged business associations and coalitions to strive to provide direction pointers that will lead to sustainable solutions to the media who in turn could make a case for them using their various platforms. He also enjoined journalists to see their roles in the media as a civic duty to the society in which they live and have a responsibility to be agents of positive change and transformation. “As media practitioners, it is important for you to perform the roles of lead-dog and also watch-dog by aggressively encouraging business coalitions to propose ideas and contributions to policies,” he said. CBN guarantees N25bn agric loans through NIRSAL T he Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) agric initiative – the Nigerian Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) introduced in July last year, has guaranteed N25 billion of agricultural loans, the latest data from the apex bank has revealed. This has effectively lifted lending to the sector to four per cent of banks’ total loans, from the average of 1.5 per cent that it had stagnated since 2009. The Nigerian IncentiveBased Risk Sharing System for Sanusi, CBN Governor Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) guarantees up to 75 per cent of bank loans to the sector. The initiative, which is the brainchild of the CBN, the Bankers’ Committee and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (FMARD), seeks to create incentives and catalyse processes to encourage the growth of formal credit, direct and indirect, for the agriculture value chain, as a mechanism for driving wealth creation among value chain participants. The apex bank plans to spend an estimated $500 million to create further incentives for the banks to sustain the flow of agric credit. There is also a risk-sharing facility of $300 million, planned to address banks’ perception of high-risks in the sector by sharing losses on agricultural loans. There is equally an insurance facility of $30 million intended to expand insurance products for agricultural lending from the current coverage to new products, such as weather index insurance, new variants of pest and disease insurance. Besides, there is a Technical Assistance Facility to $60 million meant to equip banks to lend sustain- National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A5 21 News ably to agriculture, producers to borrow and use loans more effectively and increase output of better quality agricultural products, among others. The increase has been linked to the N200 billion agriculture credit scheme and N600 billion NIRSAL. The current improvement in the sector was also linked to access to credit through the new policy focused on increasing private sector participation, emphasis on the entire agriculture value chain, and using agriculture to boost employment, wealth creation and food security. Analysts have commended the performance by Nigerian banks as demonstrating their fate in the capacity of agriculture to transform the economy. The CBN explained that with the credit trend emanating from the banks, Nigeria might be close to winning its economic diversification objectives that will lead to less dependence on oil. The NIRSAL is one single programme that has brought banks back to their role of intermediation for national economic development. For the economy to be diversified and sustainable development achieved, agriculture has to be given a pride of place as largest employer of labour. CBN, banks take cashless campaign to Ogun T he Bankers’ Committee has taken the cashless policy campaign to Ogun state to enlighten the people on the use and benefits of the initiative. The scheme, which was introduced to Lagos, a year ago, was extended to Ogun, Kano, Anambra and Abia States as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) on July 1. The initiative, which has entered its second phase, saw the CBN and bank officials staging road shows in six delineated zones (Ilaro, Mowe/ Ibafo, Ota, Abeokuta, Sagamu and Ijebu-Ode) in Ogun state, to create awareness on how to use different payment channels such as Automated Teller Machines(ATMs),Point of Sales (PoS), and money transfers. According to a statement from the Bankers’ Committee, the six-day activities saw market men and women, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) among others, being educated on how to transact business electronically. The enlightenment programme, according to the statement, was for six days, commencing from July 22 to 27, 2013. The daily programme was divided into two segments -the stakeholders’ forum, which involved the various stakeholders and the town storming/ neighborhood activation in all six delineated zones. “It was indeed a very interactive session across boards as bankers were on hand to throw more light on the puzzles in the mind of stakeholders,” the statement added. Two brand ambassadors – Mama G-Patience Ozokwo and Latin Bolaji Amusan, added life to the event by thrilling the stakeholders with rib-cracking jokes on the cashless policy. The cashless policy, whose implementation began in Lagos in January, last year, is aimed at reducing the dominance of cash in the system. The policy specifies penal charges for individuals and corporate organizations that want to withdraw or lodge cash above prescribed limits. Under the policy, the CBN pegged the daily cumulative cash withdrawal or deposit limit for individual accounts at N500, 000 per day and N3 million per day for corporate accounts. Since the introduction of the cashless policy, banks have continued to roll out more innovative electronic payment platforms to meet customers’ expectations. The cashless policy has been very successful in Lagos considering when it started and how far it has gone in terms of PoS deployment. At the initial stage of Cashless Lagos, there were less than 10,000 PoS in Lagos, but currently there are over 150,000 PoS machines in the state alone. Peyret MoneyGram partners PocketMoni to pilot remittances By Damilola Ajayi M oneyGram International has concluded arrangement to deploy its clout and network in assisting Nigerians embrace the current cashless policy directive of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) without having to face the often touted inconveniences, pains and frustrations of fund transfer under the new directive. A statement from the company on Friday said it has launched a new partnership with Etranzact to enable PocketMoni customers in the country receive money transfers from all over the world onto their PocketMoni mobile-wallet directly at their convenience, any time of the day, all round the year. Speaking on the new offering,the Regional Director for North West Africa, MoneyGram International, Francois Peyret, noted that the new partnership with Etranzact is in line with MoneyGram’s corporate responsibility strategy aimed at deepening financial inclusion by aggressively developing alternate Channels of seamless, convenient, safe and reliable cash transfer in its countries of operation. “With about one hundred million mobile lines for a population of 150 million, Nigeria enjoys positive penetration of mobile technology. MoneyGram’s concern is how to help Nigerians derive more value by deploying this huge mobile technology penetration to achieve financial transaction that promotes convenience and unlimited accessibility”, he said. The Executive Director, eTranzact International Plc, Sullivan Akala, said “eTranzact is at the forefront in ensuring that the CBN cashless policy drive is a huge success. And eTranzact has built an e-payment service platform that meets the need of every Nigerian by providing a secure, convenient and cost effective way to send and receive payment using their mobile phone”. He further stated that in the past, there had been cases of MoneyGram customers having a challenge because they could not receive their remittances for hospital emergencies at night or over the weekend due to traditional challenges with brick and mortar. NPA still hopeful on hub port status in West Africa Stories by Francis Ezem S even years after port reforms, the Nigerian Ports Authority has said it is more than ever committed to quality and speedy service delivery at the various nation’s seaports and other facilities. Managing Director of the authority, Habib Abdullahi, who made the pledge, assured stakeholders in the maritime industry that the authority is fully committed to the ideals of Abdullahi high quality service delivery in the port system, which is the only way it can achieve its hub seaport status for the West and Central African Sub-region. The Federal Government had at the commencement of the port reform programme some time in 2002 said the exercise was designed to attract private sector investment, enthrone a regime of efficiency, reduce the cost of doing business and therefore make the port a destination for importers in the West and Central African sub-region. The Managing Director, who was represented by the Executive Director Finance and Administration, Olumide Oduntan, at a one-day seminar on excellent service delivery in an organisation put together for the senior management staff by the Servicom Department recently in Lagos, insisted that there is no alternative to efficient and quality service delivery at all the nation’s seaports. According to him, the management is determined to ensure that the authority becomes the hub port in West and Central Africa, a development he said requires that all the staffers of the authority must change their attitude and work culture. He noted that it is only when the members of staff adopt new attitude and work culture that the management’s efforts at repositioning the authority could be meaningful and sustainable. “There is no organisation without people, any complaint about Nigerian Ports Authority is complaint about the people in NPA, you must be proud to make improvement on your desk, lectures and presentations do not really matter, what you do at your individual departments is what matters, you must commit yourselves to a better service delivery and let the organisation feel your impact”, the managing director further admonished. He also urged Servicom Unit, which is charged with the responsibility of promoting prompt and efficient service delivery to embark on sensi- tisation exercise to enable all employees cultivate the habit of providing efficient, effective and timely service to customers and other members of the public. General Manager in charge of the Servicom Unit, Bashir Abdullahi had while presenting a welcome address at the event, disclosed that the department had visited port locations outside Lagos in order to sensitise them on the need to imbibe the culture of efficient service delivery, which he described as very successful. He however pledged that the entire workforce of the authority would be re-awakened for better service delivery with a view to achieving efficient port system in the country. There has been improvement in some aspects of the port operation following the completion of the port reform programme, which also brought private terminal operators to takeover cargo handling from NPA such a reduction in turn around time for vessels which has also reduced berth occupancy. There has also been massive injection of private sector funds in the development port infrastructure and super structure as well as acquisition of modern cargo handling equipment such as rubber tyred gantry cranes and reach stackers, which has relatively enhanced efficiency. But the cost of doing business at the ports has escalated following the imposition of arbitrary cargo handling, rent and demurrage charges by the terminal operators and shipping companies occasioned by the inability of the government to create a commercial regulator for the port industry. Stakeholders have also blamed this development on the inability of the government to put in place a legal framework for the reform as the National Assembly is unable to pass the Port and Harbour Bill seven years after. This rather ugly development seems to make the concessionaires to be in a haste to recoup their investment, which has made the ports so expensive to operate in. CRFFN sets to clampdown on quack freight forwarders B arring any last minute change of mind, the Council for the Regulation of Freight Forwarding in Nigeria (CRFFN) is concluding plans to clampdown on illegal and unregistered freight forwarders practicing in Nigeria’s sea, airports and border stations. This is sequel to the recruitment and inauguration of enforcement officers, A6 22 News Jukwe which also marked a flag-off of its enforcement activities in line with the council’s statutory powers under the CRFFN Act, 2007, designed to rid the nation’s maritime industry of quack and unregistered freight forwarders. Section 30 of the CRFFN Act 16 of 2007 which established the CRFFN defines a freight forwarder as any person or company who arranges the carriage or movement of goods and associated formalities on behalf of an importer or exporter along the international boundaries of sea ports, cargo airports or land border stations. Registrar/Chief executive officer of the council, Mike Jukwe, who confirmed the development in a telephone interview, disclosed that the clampdown would commence in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kano, which will later extent to other seaport, airports and land borders. According to him, the inauguration of the enforcement officers, which also flagged off the enforcement of the relevant aspects of the enabling Act is aimed at flushing out quacks and unregistered freight forwarding practitioners from the system in line with the letters and intentions of the CRFFN Act. He disclosed that affected freight forwarders have been given between two to three weeks to regularize their registration with the council or face the full wrath of the law. “What this implies in practical terms is that at the expiration of this notice in the next two or three weeks, all unregistered freight forwarding practitioners will not be allowed to operate at any sea, airports and land borders in Nigeria”, Jukwe insisted. The CRFFN-boss also noted that this warning had become necessary so that no one will claim that he or she was caught unaware, as the enforcement officers will swoop on them and bar unregistered freight forwarders from practicising. “The recruitment of these enforcement officers, about 30 of them is to enforce provisions of relevant sections of the CRFFN Act, 2007, especially the areas that concern complying with the standard regulations of practice”, he said further. It was gathered that in addition to barring these noncompliant freight forwarders from practicising at the various air, seaport and border locations, culprits may also be prosecuted in line with the provision of the CRFFN Act. The enactment of the Act, which also paved way for the creation of the council was Federal Government’s response to calls for the sanitisation of the industry, as the Act empowers the council to register and license freight forwarding practitioners, set standards of practice and also register and regulate the freight forwarding associations operating in the country. The council had a prelude to the commencement of the clampdown on the illegal practitioners inducted over 4, 000 freight forwarders comprising both corporate and individual members, who are adjudged to have met the necessary criteria and conditions for registration. The council had subsequently put in place various enforcement units and structures at the nation’s sea, airports and land borders to serve as a springboard for these enforcement units to perform their functions, which includes ridding the system of illegal and un-registered operators in line with the provisions of the enabling Act. The enforcement unit is an integral part of Freight Forwarders Consultative Forum, which had met sometime last year to draw modalities for the enforcement activities and had since submitted its report to the management of the council. Prior to the submission of the reports, the sub committees of the forum had exhaustively discussed all the recommendations, amended some where necessary before submission to the governing council of CRFFN for further discussions and approval. Commercial banks tasked over full mortgage services market and save the property industry. “Commercial banks need to start offering full mortgage services and products instead of other loans disguised as mortgages,’’ he said. He urged that commercial banks should be more proactive in discovering and rendering services that would boost the mortgage system. “If more people can afford homes through sound mortgage services, it will improve the Gross Domestic Product which would have positive effects on our economy, ‘’ he said. Olutade said that commercial banks should not use specialisation as an excuse to run away from the services. “In the UK, commercial banks offer full mortgage services. Commercial banks should serve as one-stop shop for all financial activities due to their proximity. Since commercial banks have branches all over the states, they are better equipped to provide mortgage services,’’ he said. Olutade urged the Federal Government to direct the banks to create more consumer-friendly mortgage products and start offering mortgage loans. “If the banks could start offering full mortgage services, it will go a long way to revamp the real estate industry,’’ he said. NIMASA urged to collaborate with American Coast Guard on maritime security A maritime expert, Olu Akinsoji, has urged the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) to continue discussion with the American Coast Guard until Nigeria achieved a satisfactory level of maritime security. Akinsoji told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos that, while the discussion continued, NIMASA should A property management consultant, Segun Olutade, has advised commercial banks to offer full mortgage services to save the property industry from collapse due to financial inadequacies. Olutade, the Executive Director, Shelter-Watch Initiative, said in Lagos that lack of funds was one of the major challenges facing the property industry. He said that commercial banks were strategically positioned to revamp the mortgage Akinsoji fully demonstrate its authority as an agency assigned to handle maritime security. The former Sole Administrator of the Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron, Akwa Ibom, urged NIMASA to provide a foundation for changes that would emerge from the collaboration. “The reform NIMASA needs to embark on should include sponsoring a national law or develop a regulation to capture unlawful acts against maritime navigation. NIMASA should also implement the provisions of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code,’’ Akinsoji, a marine engineer, said. The US Coast Guard will be in Nigeria on Aug. 26, to ascertain the level of Nigeria’s compliance with the ISPS Code. The US team will also assess the effectiveness of antiterrorism measures at Nigeria’s ports and find out the country’s efforts to comply with the ISPS Code. The US Coast Guard expects NIMASA to develop the expertise to tackle insecurity in the nation’s maritime industry and to redress inadequate port access control and failure to ensure effective drills and exercises at the terminals. Akinsoji said that NIMASA should take the issues serious and discuss with the International Port Security Liaison Office Commander, David Gates. The former government Inspector of Ships also urged NIMASA to update information about Nigeria to the shipping world and renew such information every five years. He said that NIMASA should identify the contact persons or authorities concerning the ISPS Code. Cement factory takes off in Enugu in 2014 – Commissioner T he Enugu State Commissioner for Commerce and Industry, Dr Jude Akubilo, has said that the Amechi-Idodo cement factory will commence production in 2014. Akubilo said on Friday that the state had signed a memorandum of understanding with Lafarge West Africa, a cement conglomerate, to ensure its effective take-off. He explained that the initial delay in the operations of the factory was caused by the expiration of its licence which had been renewed. The commissioner said the ministry would soon organise the second phase of its business round table for local and international investors as part of its campaign to attract investors. He said that manufacturers Sullivan Chime, Enugu State Governor in the state would now easily access funds for industrial development following the relocation of the zonal office of the Bank of Industry to Enugu. He also said that the inauguration of the board for small and medium enterprises and the payment of counterpart funds by the state and local governments would add to the ease of access to funds. ‘’Again, the 9th Mile Corner has been designated as a Free Trade Zone and with the development of its master plan as well as the inauguration of two power plants, Enugu State will be the hub for industrial development and export in the South East,’’ he said. Akubilo said the initiative to create a guild of artisans and industry standards would enhance labour export and healthy competition. He said a Chinese company has been given approval to establish an industrial park between Nchatancha-Nike and Umuode communities to fasttrack the industrialisation of the state. He said that a 35-year lease was given to Dao Gia-VTV of Vietnam for the revitalisation of Sunrise Flour Mills while Stallion Group applied for the use of Niger-Steel Company for 300,000-tonne rice processing facility. Telecoms subscribers flay poor porting processes by donor operators T he President, National Association of Telecommunications Subscribers (NATCOMS), Deolu Ogunbanjo, has said that donor operators were frustrating the Mobile Number Portability (MNP) exercise. Ogunbanjo, who spoke in Lagos, said that the donor operators were making it difficult for subscribers to port to other networks. A donor operator is the mobile service provider that is losing a customer that is porting to another network. MNP is the ability for mobile telephone subscribers to National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net News Ogunbanjo switch to a new mobile service provider, while retaining their existing mobile numbers. Ogunbanjo said that the donor service providers were delaying to approve the porting approval requests sent to them, thereby making the porting process take a longer time. “The Mobile Number Portability is a very good concept; it creates competition and it gives the subscriber a variety of choices. So, it is a very good thing that the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) has introduced it in Nigeria. Since April 22 when it was introduced, initially it was okay. But there are complaints now that some networks that subscribers want to leave to another are making it difficult for their subscribers to port,’’ Ogunbanjo said. He said that Nigeria was the 64th nation to embrace the MNP, hence, it should have learnt from other nations to make the exercise viable. NCS, other agencies collaborate on trade facilitation reduction in the tempo of smuggling of poultry products and rice, local rice and poultry farmers were being encouraged to grow their businesses. The customs spokesman said that the achievement was also ``a good testimony for the Nigeria Customs Service that the smugglers had been having a change of mind toward smuggling’’. Adeniyi, however, urged the smugglers to desist from the unpatriotic act, adding that the service would not relent in its statutory duty of combating smuggling Customs seizes vehicles, contraband worth N202.7m T he Federal Operations Unit, Zone ‘C’ of the Nigeria Customs Service seized 13 vehicles and contrabands worth N202.7 million in July. In release signed by the zone’s Public Relations Officer, Ify Onuigbo, the zone which covers the South-East and South-South states made the seizures at different parts of zone. It said that the intercepted vehicles included a FJ Cruiser SUV, Audi A4, Golf 4, Mercedes Benz C200, Infinity QX4, Lexus SUV, Volkswagen Golf and Man Diesel truck. According to the unit, the others seized vehicles are Lexus RX 330, Chrysler Voyage, two Volkswagen Passat and one Nissan Xterra SUV. It said that 6,251 packages of foreign furniture, 250 cartons of used footwear and 200 pieces of used tyres were among the contrabands. T he Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), said on Friday that the service had been collaborating with other government agencies on trade facilitation. National Public Relations Officer of the Service, Adewale Adeniyi, said that the collaboration had resulted into holistic improvements in cargo clearance at the ports. He said that the service had also automated virtually all aspects of its operations, adding that this has helped in blocking revenue leakages. “Customs is only calling for similar automation among other agencies of government and this could be done with the establishment of a shared platform for information and exchange of intelligence, `` Adeniyi said. He said the management of the NCS would assist local vegetable oil producers by stopping the smuggling of the commodity through unapproved routes. Adeniyi said that with the to impose sanctions on unlicensed marketers of cooking gas and those who failed to comply with its provisions on operational safety. The agency’s Head, Gas, Oliver Okparaojiako, said this in Lagos at the 2013 Annual LPG Stakeholders’ Forum organised by the DPR. He said the audit of the licenses was necessary in order to ensure compliance with statutory provisions on operational safety. Okaraojiako said many marketers store and sell cooking without valid licenses, in outright violation of the Provisions of the law, adding that, henceforth, all retail outlets for LPG must be licensed. He urged all LPG plant operators to ensure that their reselling points have valid Abdullahi, Customs Boss DPR reads the Riot Act to cooking gas marketers T he Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) said on Friday that it would commence a facility license audit of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) marketers in the country next month. The development came as the regulatory body threatened Okparaojiako licenses and said that DPR’s inspectors had been directed to ensure compliance. “Plant operators must be conversant with all safety needs of LPG plant operations,” he said. Gbenga Koku, Operations Controller (Lagos Zonal Office), DPR, who also spoke at the meeting, said that there was a significant increase in the number of applicants for Approval to Construct, ATC, by prospective plant owners. He said existing fillings station owners had been applying to install LPG skid or auto gas within their existing petroleum service stations. This, he said, was a manifestation of positive developments indicating the use of LPG as the preferred energy. He warned cooking gas plant owners who continued to sell products to unlicensed distributors and bulk end users to desist, saying that, henceforth, violators would be severely sanctioned. “Some operators have not been renewing their operating license. DPR staff will start constant visits to plants to enforce compliance. “In as much as we encourage the proliferation of LPG plants, prospective plant owners must follow due process to obtain all requisite approvals before the commencement of any construction or installation. “Also, approval should be granted before the commencement of any upgrade or modification of plants. ’’ he added. Quarantine Services lauds farmers for adherence to global standards on vegetable export T he Nigeria Agriculture Quarantine Services says the adherence of farmers to international standards has improved the country’s trade with Europe. Dr Mike Nwaneri, the Services’ Coordinating Director, told newsmen on Friday in Lagos that Nigeria’s fresh vegetables were now the toast of many in Europe. According to Nwaneri, the improvement has remained steady in the last six years. “Before now, fresh vegetables from Nigeria were seized and destroyed because they were pest-infested. The international community wants from farm to table-fresh vegetables and so harps on pest-free and packaging methods.” “In the past, our farmers stored the vegetables in baskets, which was below the global standards, making the vegetables prone to pests and rot. As you know, the international community has standards for consumables and this shortcoming affected Nigeria’s trading relations with Europe. The seizure and destruction of our vegetables in countries like the UK, Germany, France and others have stopped for over six years now,’’ Nwaneri said. The director added that to maintain the global standard, the Service now monitors the pre-planting, planting, harvesting, testing and packaging processes of fresh vegetables. FG to establish National Council on Power for rural electrification T he Federal Government on Friday said it would establish National Council on Power to ensure that its plan to electrify rural communities was implemented. The Minister of Power, Prof. Chinedu Nebo, said this in a statement issued by Timothy Oyedeji, the minister’s Deputy Director of Press, in Abuja. The statement said Nebo announced the establishment of the council when a delegation from the Nigeria Society of Engineers (NSE), led by its President, Mustapha Shehu, paid him a coutesy visit in Abuja. It quoted the minister as saying that President Goodluck Jonathan was committed to strengthening the rural electrification programme in the country. According to him, the proposed council will be responsible for co-ordination of electricity issues at the federal, state and local government levels. He noted that the rural populace had been short-changed for a very long time by the lack of access to electricity. The minister commended the NSE for addressing the problems of its members and urged the members to braceup for an impending growth in the power generation and distribution sub-sectors of the economy. The minister said, ``unless the country has well trained engineers, there will be influx of foreign engineers who will want to take over the jobs from Nigerians. “We now have more Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the country, hence we need more trained engineers to man the power plants.’’ Nebo assured the society that he would grant their request to have a representative on the boards of the National Power Training Institute of Nigeria (NAPTIN) and the Rural Electrification Agency (REA). He added that the request was a right step in the right direction and solicited the support of the NSE in government’s quest to the actualisation of the coal-to-power initiative. He said that his experience in China showed that clean coal technology would guarantee the use of coal with minimal pollution, adding that ``coal is globally used to generate power.’’ The statement quoted the leader of the delegation as saying that the NSE was ready to engage professional engineers who would be saddled with running of the affairs of engineering-based ministries in the country. He requested the minister to assist in positioning engineers to partake in the increased business of power generation and distribution. BC Nebo Toyota raises annual profit forecast T oyota has raised its forecast for annual profit as a weak yen and a recovery in sales in the US continue to boost its growth. It now expects to make a net profit of 1.48 trillion yen ($14.8bn; £9.8bn) for the current financial year, up from its earlier projection of 1.37 trillion yen. The carmaker raised the outlook as it said earnings for the April to June quarter had jumped 93 per cent from a year ago. Many Japanese firms have seen a surge in profits thanks to the weakening yen. The yen has fallen by nearly 25 per cent against the US dollar since November, after the government unveiled a series of aggressive policy moves. A weak currency not only makes Japanese goods more affordable to foreign buyers but also helps to boost profits of exporters when they repatriate their foreign earnings back home. On Friday, Toyota reported a net profit of 562 billion yen in the three months to the end of June, up from 290 billion yen during the same period last year. The company said that cost cutting measures had also helped to lift its earnings during the quarter. “Operating income increased due to the impact of foreign exchange rates and our global efforts for profit improvement, through cost reduction activities such as companywide value analysis,” Takuo Sasaki, chief marketing officer for Toyota, said in a statement. He added that the “enhancement of the model mix and pricing” had also helped to boost profits. Toyota also set a worldwide production target of 10.1 million vehicles for the 2013 calendar year, which would be a record across the industry. It kept its sales goal for the year at 9.96 million vehicles, making it a close race with US rival General Motors for the title of world’s top carmaker. Toyota said it sold 1.3 million vehicles in the US, its biggest market, in the January to July period, up eight per cent from a year ago. The US accounts for nearly a quarter of Toyota’s global sales. However, Toyota saw slower-than-expected growth in Southeast Asia, its third biggest market after North America and Japan. Toyota sold about 539,000 vehicles in the region in the January-June period which was the same as last year, but 15 per cent below the industrywide growth. consumers and the public interest. He said the damages of $85,000 were intended to compensate the distributor, Rainbow Medical, for lost sales. It was denied access to further products by the suppliers after being told it was selling medical equipment too cheaply. Rainbow Medical brought the case to court with a demand for $2.2m (£1.5m) in compensation. It expressed disappointment at the size of the award. China fines US healthcare giant T he health care giant Johnson and Johnson has become the latest foreign company to be accused of misconduct in China. A ruling by a Shanghai court ordered the US company to pay $85,000 (£56,000) to a local distributor for violating anti-monopoly laws. Two subsidiaries of the company were accused of setting a minimum price for the sale of surgical instruments. Multinationals have faced increased scrutiny from the Chinese authorities. Last month, two foreign milk suppliers announced price cuts after the government launched an investigation into possible price-fixing. Four Chinese executives from the pharmaceutical giant - GlaxoSmithKline - have also been detained after being accused of paying bribes. The Chinese authorities are sensitive to consumer prices as the cost of living continues to surge. Some business analysts say that foreign firms are being targeted in order to shore up the market share for Chinese companies. The Shanghai court overturned a judgment by a lower court that cleared the Johnson and Johnson subsidiaries. The judge said the ruling was intended was to protect Li Bin, China Health Minister Bowen Australia unveils levy on bank deposits A ustralia has unveiled a levy on some bank deposits to raise money towards a fund aimed at safeguarding against a banking collapse. Deposits up to A$250,000 will have to pay a levy of 0.05 per cent from January 2016. It will be imposed on banks and not account holders. But banks have warned costs may be passed on to customers. The move comes as the government warned of slower economic growth and a much bigger budget deficit than it had previously forecast. In its updated economic statement, released by Treasurer Chris Bowen, the government said it expected a deficit of A$30bn ($26.7bn; £17.8bn) in the current financial year, compared with its previous projection of A$18bn. Australia’s economic growth over the past few years has been powered mainly by the success of its resources sector. Demand from countries such as China resulted in a commodities boom - which helped sustain the country’s growth through the global financial crisis. However, growth in those economies has slowed recently, driving down demand for commodities as well as their prices. That has not only affected Australia’s economic growth but also hurt the government’s tax revenues. On Friday, the government lowered its growth forecast. It now expects the economy to grow by 2.5 per cent in the current financial year, down from its previous projection of 2.75 per cent. It warned that slowing economic growth was likely to result in a rise in unemployment. “Australia is undergoing an economic transition. Not a crisis, but an economic transition that needs careful economic management,” Bowen said. “This transition has been brought about by the China mining investment boom coming to an end.” He added that as expansion in the mining sector slows, “non-mining sectors of the economy will need to lead growth in future”. The government said that the faster-than-expected drop in commodity prices, coupled with other factors such as lower growth in wages, would also hurt its revenues. It has forecast a revenue shortfall of A$33.3bn over the next four years. The government has announced new measures in an attempt to boost its revenues. This includes a tax rise on cigarettes. Prices will rise by 12.5 per cent a year for four years starting from 1 December. The government said it expected to raise A$5.3bn from the increase. It also announced changes to a fringe benefit tax applicable to cars, which it said would help raise another A$1.8bn. India eases foreign investment rules in retail sector I ndia has eased key rules on foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail in an attempt to attract foreign firms as it looks to boost economic growth. Rules governing sourcing of products, infrastructure investment and selection of cities have been relaxed. India had opened up multibrand retail to foreign investors last year, but no foreign supermarket chain has yet entered the country. The move also triggered a series of protests in India. The previous rules made it mandatory for foreign supermarkets to source 30 per cent of their products from small Indian firms. The government has retained that requirement, but said foreign firms will be given five years in which to reach that target, giving them the option of importing goods from overseas initially. Global chains will also have to put 50 per cent of their initial investment in to building back-end infrastructure such as cold storage facilities. SM Krishna, Indian Foreign Minister Foreign retailers will also be allowed to set up shop in cities with a population of less than one million, which they had been barred from earlier. India, home to more than one billion people, is seen by many foreign investors as a key growth market, not least because of the sheer size of its population. A rise in incomes and a growing middle class has further added to the country’s appeal. As a result, when the government announced that it was opening up the multi brand retail sector to foreign firms many had hoped that foreign companies would jump on the opportunity. However, the conditions set by the government had prompted many chains to hold back on their plans. Some analysts said that the move to ease some of these rules was likely to generate more interest among foreign firms. “The new rules have removed some major stumbling blocks and should encourage foreign retailers to enter India,” said Devangshu Dutta, who heads retail consultancy Third Eyesight. However, the move has also faced opposition in India. There have been concerns that the arrival of big name supermarkets may hurt the small retailers in the country. Critics have argued that given their purchasing power, and the scale of the sales, big players may be able to secure supplies at a much lower rate the smaller shops. As a result, they may be able to sell those goods at a lower price and hurt small scale retailers. Some of India’s opposition parties also have voiced their concerns against the move. Analysts said that with national elections in India due next year, foreign firms may still hold back on any potential investment amid concerns that a change in government may see derail the opening up of the sector. “Most retailers are still likely to wait for the outcome of the elections next year before they make a decision,” said Dutta. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A9 25 He was born with the proverbial silver spoon, but despite that, he toiled to attain fame and stupendous wealth. This is the story of Bode Akindele, owner of the Madandola Group of companies By Adejuwon Osunnuyi T o many, the golden rule to succeed in life and have the key to unlock the gate of fortune is to first get a good education and probably, a good background. This rule can be said to have applied to Bode Akindele, the Chairman of Modandola Group, who has risen to the pinnacle of success in life, becoming a celebrated multi-billionaire, a successful businessman and uncommon philanthropist. The Ibadan high chief no doubt has an intimidating dossier, with vast business empire. That he has over the years steadily consolidated his vast business network and transformed himself into a very successful entrepreneur, is not in any way conjectural but a real fact with proofs to show for it. Akindele’s conglomerate operates under the name Modandola Group Of Companies, a business empire named after his mother, which translates to ‘God, if you give me the wealth, give me a child that can take care of it.’ Madandola Group spans from maritime to properties, manufacturing, real estates, investments, finance and flour milling. Akindele, the Parakoyi of Ibadanland, is not only respected in Nigeria, he equally commands considerable respect in virtually all countries of the world that matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, where the headquarters of his international operations is located, he is respected and highly regarded as a businessman of repute. His company, Fairgate Group located on Bond Street, London, England, deals mainly in properties. Among the company’s tenants are giant retail stores like Sainsbury and Asda Wall Mart. As at the last quantification, the Fairgate Group was said to be worth over a billion pounds sterling. Akindele Among the subsidiaries of the Madandola Group making waves in the business world include Standard Breweries, Ibadan, Diamond Foods Ltd, Ibadan, United Beverages Ltd, Ibadan, Associated Match Industry, Ibadan which merged with Ilorin, Port-Harcourt and Lagos to form a company with a large share of the Nigerian market and Standard Flour Mills in Lagos. Bode Akindele was born into one of the high class family in those days. In fact, it could be apt to say that he was born with a privileged background, a Silver spoon sort of, particularly through his mother’s pedigree. Though there may be a sense in the fact that his background played pivotal role in his eventual success, those close to the Ibadan high chief admit that even from childhood, Bode had always displayed an unusual zeal and drive to make it in life. Born in June 1932 to Pa Joshua Laniyan Akindele, a senior government official, who was a chief tax clerk for the whole of the Western Region and Rabiatu Adedigba, a politically influential and wealthy Ibadan trader, Bode Akindele, from infant, had been a man imbued with strong determination, hard work, and courage combined. However, Bode Akindele’s formative years, according to those in the know, can be described as both interesting and highly motivating. As a young child, even long before he attained the school age, he had already been part of the school system. Then, while they lived in the Mapo area, trekking the distance, he would help his elder brother carry his school bag to Baptist School, Idikan, Ibadan. So, when he was to later enroll at Olubi Memorial School Ibadan, he had no reason to be apprehensive like most of his peers who where first timers in the school system. However, another interesting thing happened again when he was to proceed to a secondary school. While he had passed the written tests, the fact that he couldn’t pass a physical test made his choice of school changed. Then, pupils were strictly required to put their hands over their heads to touch the ear on the other side Continued on pg A10 A10 26 Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net I did not know that God was preparing me for something great in life. All my friends were in Grammar School or Boys High School but I had a different kind of education, which was strictly commercial of the face before they could be admitted. So, having failed the test, instead of being admitted into a Grammar School and Boys High School, he had to settle for Lisabi Commercial College, in Abeokuta. But according to the business mogul, he never knew that God was preparing him for something great in life. “I did not know that God was preparing me for something great in life. All my friends were in Grammar School or Boys High School but I had a different kind of education, which was strictly commercial.” Basically, feeling inferior being in a commercial school could be quite understandable. In those days, while most parents wanted their children to become lawyers and doctors, hence, commercial education was a no go area as it was not so popular. Yet, Akindele confessed that it was at the Commercial School that he received the training that would later help him build a successful business later in the year. Despite the affluence of his parents, the influence that his parents had on the young Akindele cannot be quantified, especially in the area of discipline. As a matter of fact, he was never spared of being disciplined any time he tried to go astray as against other children of most wealthy people who are always over-pampered. According to him, “I have to thank God for the kind of parents that I had. They were disciplinarians. Even though my mother was not educated, she had a firm grip when it came to discipline. If they said something, you could not question, change or protest against it. My first daughter can best describe my mother, because they went out a lot together. For instance, ‘ ‘ Business Courage if you are offered anything, you must not take it without her permission,” he recalled with fond memories. At a tender age, while still in the primary school, Bode had already had his gaze firmly on business. Then, he tried testing the business waters by starting a small business, selling a particular brand of powder used to mix with sugar. And later, when he got to the college in Abeokuta, he started going to other schools to sell to them and was making profit. Just like it was in the practice in those days when parents had great influence on the career of their children, his father had wanted him to become a civil servant just like him immediately he finished from the commercial school, but Akindele thought otherwise. Having realized his business acumen early enough, he opted to be a businessman to which he enjoyed tremendous support from his mother. To a large extent, Akindele can be said to have taken after his mother, who was also a successful trader herself and she played a huge role in his developing interest in trading. “My mother never left me alone. Even though she was far away, she was constantly supporting me with money. She was a successful businesswoman so she could afford what I needed,” he said. Akindele recalled that he had realised then that becoming a civil servant, which his father had desired, was not what he wanted to do. “My business in the college had developed into something good. My mother had a factory in the North where they prepared dried meat for the market in the South. One day, I told her to appoint me as one of her agents. She was skeptical at first but I convinced her and she started sending the product to me. I sold the first consignment and quickly sent the money to her. When I considered my profit, I knew that I could do better in other businesses,” he said. After completing his secondary school education, Akindele and a couple of his friends had nursed the idea of traveling to the UK to study law, but the growth of his business activities eventually took precedence. Like his other peers, he was given money to obtain a passport but rather than go for the international passport, the young Bode who was more business inclined at that time used the money to place an order for a sewing machine which he sold at good profit. “When I was placing the order, I used my commercial class skill by placing an order for a sample of the machine. So the company told me that I should pay just half of the cost while they would bear the rest. I paid £9 and sold at £21. The war had just ended and the Japanese were beginning to copy original products from Europe. But good product sold at high price,” he recalled. He got his first paid employment in 1952, as secretary to an assistant district officer, one Dina and later became a cadet manger with the United Africa Company, where he was an assistant to the expatriate manager at Oyo, where he was in charge of kereosene, spirits and bicycles. Not long after, the young Akindele left UAC against his father’s wish, for the Western Nigerian Union of Importers and Exporters. “My father was very powerful in the Western region in those days. He was in charge of all the taxes collected by community’ leaders, from where he paid them commission. So, they respected him. He wanted me to become a civil servant like him, particularly when I came out of commercial college. Then, I was writing about 90 words a minute in shorthand and typing about 120 words per minute. So, when I came to the Resident’s Office in Ibadan, they said they were looking for an assistant secretary. And my father was not one to throw his weight around. He would not give you any letter because he wanted you to earn whatever you desired to get,” he said. Akindele recalled that about 40 applicants wrote the test and he was the best of them all. “I was offered £13. I also did the test for a job at the Western Nigerian Union of Importers and Exporters. You would not get a license to import or get foreign exchange if your company didn’t belong to the association. I was also offered a job there at £6 salary. I accepted it because it pointed to my future. Civil service did not appeal to me,” he said. However, having accepted the job offer, he was faced with the problem of how to convince his father as he had sent for his mother and told her that he had done something no one must do in the family by rejecting a better offer. However, it took the effort of one of his father’s friends to explain to him and make him accept his reasons. Of course, his three and half year stay with the company paid off because, according to him, it was during the period that he gained the experience in produce marketing, after which he was able to set up his own trading company, Okebadan Bros Ltd in 1956. By that time, he had already made up his mind to quit paid employment and plunged head on into the entrepreneurial Akindele path. He registered his first company at the age of 20, sourced for goods from anywhere in the world as he sold everything, including medicine, which he got from a pharmacy in Lagos. At a time, he concentrated on the importation of electrical goods and obtained an agency from Thorn Electrical of the United Kingdom which was worth some £10,000 per annum in terms of turnover. The importation of jute bags in competition with UAC, GBO (G.B Ollivant), and later Leventis, proved extremely profitable. He became a regional licenced buying agent (LBA) and used profits from the import trade to finance produce trading in cocoa and palm kernel, advancing credit for 30 to 40 days. Shops were established in Ilesha, Ife and Owo and in 1959; an office was opened in Lagos. He also obtained a sole agency for Japanese sewing machines. He eventually gave up his regional LBA license and took up a federal one with the Nigerian Produce Marketing Board. This gave him a licence to buy, grade and ship produce. Drawing on his experience of the produce trade in the Western Region, he Business Courage A11 27 Monday, August 5, 2013 ‘ With the indigenization decree of 1972, which enforced the sale of foreign equity, Modandola secured a 40 per cent (later 60 per cent) stake in Umarco, the largest shipping agency in Nigeria which owned the Saga Transport of Paris, part of Rothschild empire was able to time his monthly purchases of cocoa and palm kernel to coincide with a period at the end and beginning of each month when other buyers who relied on bank overdrafts to advance money were not active in the market. He was one of two federal agents out of a dozen in Lagos for whom the produce trade was profitable. He bought land ‘ National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net in Agege, a Lagos suburb and constructed a 80ft by 350 ft warehouse where he stockpiled and grade cocoa. The importation of goods and the high volume of cocoa exports led to an interest in clearing and forwarding and road haulage. A company was set up (Coastal Services Ltd.) and that led to the termination of patronage with Umarco and Panalpina. Later, he became a shipping agent, chartering vessels in London and using old school connections with the National Bank of Nigeria which had opened a London office in 1956, to finance his transactions. In 1965, he gave up his federal LBA license because heavy taxation through the marketing board system had made the controlled produce (coffee, gum Arabic, Shea nuts) sell to Japanese trading conglomerate Marubeni. In the non-scheduled produce markets, there was no marketing commission to pay the board and no export duty. At this time, there was no foreign exchange control. He opened his first store in Abuja in 1963 and established 16 branches in the north. The setting up of Coastal Services Ltd was the beginning of the growth of a constellation of shipping and port activities that expanded in the 1970s at a time when Nigerian imports underwent extremely rapid expansion fuelled by the oil boom. Though other private Nigerian enterprises also established port facilities like jetties, port management, warehousing, clearing and forwarding, lighterage and stevedoring, container terminals, shipping agencies and lines, ship repairs and dry dock, but the Modandola Group was probably the most prominent indigenous company in this area. With the indigenization decree of 1972, which enforced the sale of foreign equity, Modandola secured a 40 per cent (later 60 per cent) stake in Umarco, the largest shipping agency in Nigeria which owned the Saga Transport of Paris, part of Rothschild empire. This shareholding was secured in the face of stiff competition from Henry Fajemirokun, the founder and owner of the Henry Stephens Group, a company that had also been active in the produce and clearing and forwarding trade. The clearing and forwarding side of Umarco was bought and merged with Coastal Services and a ten-year management contract drawn up by Akindele. Coastal Services handled a number of large public and private projects in Nigeria including the Ughelli Power Station, the Peugeot assembly plant, the Osogbo steel-rolling mill and the Sokoto Dam for Impresit. It also operated the Ijora container terminal. During the 1970s, the Group opened a large roll-on roll-off (RORO) terminal and warehousing operation at Tin Can Island port. The RORO Terminal Company was the managing agent of the Nigeria Ports Authority for RORO terminals in all Nigerian ports. The Group also started fishing venture after securing four trawlers from Ghana in 1971. Obelawo Farcha Fishing Industries Ltd currently has a fleet of 28 trawlers and five shrimpers are under construction. In the early 1980s, the Group expanded into boat building and ship repair as well as dry-dock facilities in a joint venture with Damen Shipyards of Holland. A new phase in the development of the Group began with the start-up of manufacturing and process industries at Alomaja, a village very close to Ibadan. These included a large brewery, biscuit, plastics and soft-drinks (the largest single unit in Nigeria) factories, four match factories acquired from Lebanese owners and a large flour mill with $80 million invested. The group has also been active in construction, real estate and equity investment and farming. Its first experience in construction was a joint venture with DC Savage, an American company that built the US embassy in Lagos and the Lagos Durbar Hotel. Savage left Nigeria and the Modandola Group sustained some losses before it closed down operations. The Group opened a full service-advertising company, Oricom (Nig.) Ltd in 1983. Initially, the agency did well and made publicity through the ‘Oricom Lectures’, sponsorship of beauty competitions and sporting events. While the Group could be said to maintain a low public profile and its growth going unnoticed, the conglomerate has in its employ over 9,000 persons with about 5,000 working for the construction arm of the group. ARAMED Medical Centre is a huge structure in Ibadan built by the business magnate and philanthropist to assist human kind in the society. Just like the Modandola name was one of his mother’s names, ARAMED is also named after his mother as it stands for Alhaja Rabiatu Adedigba Medical Centre and regards ARAMED as the healing ministry of Bode Akindele Foundation. Bode Akindele said that ARAMED was founded to continue from where his mother stopped. “We thought about what we could do to honour her legacy after she passed away. Patients are poor people who cannot afford treatment. They are treated free at the hospital,” he noted. BC A12 28 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ThebuddingEntrepreneurs The story of Aderonke Ayilara Ozugbakun, Chief Executive, RONKENOLY Craft World, beaded jewelry outfit is a testimony to the truism that no knowledge is lost as the Mass Communication graduate has made a career detour, applying her knowledge in public relations and advertising to turn her bead jewelry outfit into a pot of fortune Ozugbakun By Biodun Alade “S tart where you are. Use what you have. Do what you can” by Arthur Ashe is a popular saying and a truism for Aderonke Ozugbakun, the Chief Executive Officer of Ronkenoly Craft World. The mass communication graduate started her beading business by picking parts of her earrings to fit her nature which does not like bogus wear and that simple exercise developed her passion for making jewelry. When the opportunity came for her to learn handwork, she jumped at the offer to be trained in beaded jewelries alongside some other crafts like hat making, hand fan making et cetera. Amazingly, not the temptation of a work with one of the notable television stations in Lagos was enough to convince her to let go her passion. Ozugbakun dedicated herself to the learning of the craft with a foresight that the future depends on being an entrepreneur- with the privilege to do what she love to do, have control over her time and help empower others. She also had the conviction that beaded jewelries will always be around as they are worn by all classes of people without restriction on religion, tribe or belief. After her training, she decided to start with what she had which was just enough to get her some of the basic tools needed for the job, at least, for a beginner. She reinvested the little profit she made to acquire more tools and woo more clients. Her admiration for beading is also borne out of the conviction that beaded jewelry is the ‘in thing’; with almost 95 per cent of brides using it for their traditional wedding and fashion lovers adorning it. She added that the number of females not wearing beads at any occasion these days can be counted, and if such number of people use beads, then definitely there must be people making them and getting paid. Beaded jewelry is not just for the high class only; there is a bead for everyone, children inclusive, she said. She noted that the use of bead doesn’t just stop with jewelry, as it can be used for other things such as beaded bags, wrist watch straps, foot mats, flower vases, ties for men, decoration items, hair accessories and a lot more, stressing that one can choose to pursue any of these uses of beading and still make good money since there is enough market for it. Getting the clients pose some challenges. Obviously they are not easily to come by especially for a beginner, but with persuasion, Ozugbakun started building her base from her mum and siblings, ensuring that her brothers prefer the purchase of beaded jewelries for their spouses. Recalling how she started the business, she revealed how her customers were only members of the immediate family, noting, “My mum patronises me a lot and my brothers also would rather give a beaded jewelry gift to their lovers, just to encourage their sister and the good thing is that my mum trained us to always pay for services or things purchased from one another, so she pays and my brothers pay too”. From the immediate family, she grew her customer base by precise and timely jobs delivery. Her culture of timely delivery dated back to her training as a journalist where she was taught to live by deadline. She argued that her days at the School of Communication, Lagos State University aided the growth of her business. “The habit of keeping to time has helped the business grow a lot. My knowledge of being objective as a trained reporter has also helped because when I am taking my client orders, I pay attention to every details and the little detail counts a lot. Precise, concise and accuracy have all helped me. So my training as a communicator is an added advantage. Let me shock you a bit, I also gate-keep because there are times that clients make orders and they tell you they want this and that but as an expert, you need to explain to them that this should not be part of the beaded jewelries because it is unnecessary,” she said. Though she says getting customers is difficult, she also admits that retaining those customers is more challenging as a result of competition and the willingness to try something different by some customers. She however said that her ability to build a connection beyond the point of sales of her products makes her unique. “It is important to always meet the needs of the clients and build a relationship with them. The character of each client differs, so you need to study them, understand their needs and relate with them without becoming a pain on their privacy. It is important to relate effectively with your clients, it helps you understand their kind of person and what they like, such as simple or bogus beads; so it helps you know what to design for them,” she said. The skill, she admits, helped her to deal with the clients effectively, especially when they place order without upfront payment which was one of the challenges she faced. She re- Management Principles Tips for conducting employee performance reviews Y ou’ve invested your time, your money, and all your energy into building your company. But no company can function for very long without a team of productive employees supporting it. It’s important not only that your employees feel appreciated, but also that they feel they’re progressing steadily in their careers. One of the best ways to ensure this level of job satisfaction is by holding employee performance reviews at least once a year. However, as essential as these reviews can be for the growth of the company and the well-being of its employees, many small business owners remain uncomfortable with the entire process. To make your performance reviews as productive and as painless as possible, follow these 10 triedand-true suggestions: Be prepared: First of all, make sure you are fully prepared before sitting down with the employee. Decide both what you’re going to say and how you’re going to say it. Lead with the positive: It’s important to reaffirm the employee’s strengths at the beginning of the review. Since job security is the number one concern of most people, the performance review is a good time to tell an employee how much you value their contributions to your business. * Don’t be confrontational: It’s also important not to criticise the employee in general terms. The goal is to evaluate job performance and not the person. A performance review that turns into a gripe session misses the opportunity to raise employee morale. Keep it real: Human resource professionals recommend that you avoid detailed reviews that are too complicated and mechanistic, which can leave the employee feeling like a drone rather than a human being. Be consistent: Make sure to handle performance reviews in a consistent manner. Top performers should hear affirmations from you regarding their exemplary efforts; weak performers need to hear that their performance requires improvement. A simple approach to review criteria is to evaluate work based National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ThebuddingEntrepreneurs Ozugbakun in the class with students called how disheartening it has been when she starts people’s orders without getting an upfront payment, and some at the end of the work will say they have changed their minds and wont pick up the job. “It was always difficult because I would have used my money to buy the materials needed for it and all,” she said, admitting though that with persuasion and a little PR, she is able to get some of them to have a rethink while she sell or wear the ones she is unable to sell. However, these days, she does not start orders until an upfront has been paid and terms well understood. She also emphasised the roles of advertising in the job, noting that you need to tell people about it and woo them to your brand. Today, Ozugbakun has expanded the business frontier with the establishment of a training school, “Be Your Own Boss (Byob) Skills School”, where she trains people and also empowers them. Within a short period, she told Business Courage that the school has bred entrepreneurs which have been a source of motivation for her. “My act of beading birthed the vocational school, as a way to give back to the society; by empowering as many who enroll, depopulate the unemployment world and as well providing an option of multiple streams of income for as many who want to make extra cash when they are not at work over the weekend,” she said. “I have always loved to empower others from time, I always create an avenue to give back some of what I have and that is why the vocational school came to being. To achieve this, I had to bring in some friends who are also good on quantity and quality relative to the job requirements. Secondary considerations might be employee attitude, willingness to help other personnel with their work when appropriate, and the ability to get along with others. Make it a two-way conversation: An effective performance review requires an interactive discussion with an open agenda. Try to formulate questions that seek the employee’s ideas and input. Remember, this will help the employee feel you value his or her opinions. The review should also be a forum for employees to voice their concerns. Address what’s important to the employee: Since job satisfaction is the most important factor affecting an employee’s attitude (and therefore his or her level of performance and value to your company), an effective review should delve into areas that include issues most important to that employee. Discuss work/life balance: The performance review is a good opportunity to show your concern for the employee’s work/life balance, and to jointly discuss solutions to improve that balance. It’s also a good time to create a plan for the employee’s career advancement and discuss what future opportunities might exist for him or her. Be a good listener: Remember to be an active listener and to pick up on your employee’s verbal and nonverbal cues. Review regularly: Reviews should be done proactively with the purpose of improving employee morale and productivity. When you conduct them on a regular basis, you avoid reviews prompted solely by the need to document an employee’s poor performance. This in turn can imply that the information is being collected as evidence to avoid litigation, should the employee ever be terminated. The sign of a successful performance review is an employee who leaves the meeting feeling motivated and excited about his or her job. If the employee’s job satisfaction needs are unmet, it’s less likely they will be motivated to focus on your goals for the company. But if an employee feels acknowledged, appreciated, and fairly rewarded for past efforts, he or she will indeed become a valuable asset to the future success of your company. BC at what they do and who also understand the place of empowering others and giving back; so the vocational school is run with partners who teach other courses while I teach beaded jewelry. I have Bolatito Kabiawu -25Eleven makeup studio; she takes makeup and gele class, Yinka Idowu –Lush perfections; she takes the event decoration class, Ini Akpan – ini cakes and small chops, she takes the cakes, small chops and cocktail class, while Sola Agbelusi –unicorn jewels, assists me in taking the bead class.” While the prospect of empowering people kept her going, she claimed that her satisfaction comes from her passion for beading and her greatest joy is seeing clients wear her handwork as the growth of some of the graduates from her school has also motivated her. “Seeing someone or people I trained, coming up with their own designs and making money and testifying to the truth that handwork pays. I’m always exceptionally happy on the school’s monthly graduation, because we always have exhibitions to showcase all that the trainees have learned in short time and the great result. What more can be better than finding satisfaction in what you do and as well not being selfish , but giving back and drawing others up ? I have also gotten loads of recognition from the media based on what I do; I have been on a number of interview programmes,” she said. According to Ozugbakun, beading or handwork is the future of the country and one of the easiest ways to create jobs for its teeming youths. She advised government, parents and individual to always encourage the learning of handwork, adding that gone are the days when handwork was for illiterates only. “A good example is the okada riders, checks out how many of them are actually graduates, and some even second degree holders. So, learning a trade is very important. To parents whose wards are waiting for admission or doing nothing during long holidays, I advise them to invest in their children or wards by sending them to acquire a handwork, especially in a structured environment where they would be properly taught. With this, you are sure they would be productively busy and guided from dangers that emanate from idleness. And to graduates who are seeking for jobs, it is good but I advise you learn a handwork while you keep searching for that job, this will help you keep body and soul together and should you take it seriously, you might just transform from a job seeker to an employer of labour, just take a shot at it.” BC Personal Finance Performance review: Closing the gap between a self and supervisor’s review I ncreasingly popular in today’s business world, a professional self-review is usually part of a broader evaluation process that encompasses other traditional forms of performance appraisal. Often, people writing self-reviews tend to undersell themselves, as it can be difficult to talk positively about yourself without fear of sounding self-important. In many cases, a supervisor’s objective assessment will be much more ebullient. However, there may be some distance between your own assessment of yourself and what your supervisor thinks and says about your work performance. You may be surprised when sitting down with your boss to learn that he or she had less positive things to say about your performance than you did. If you do experience such a disconnect when comparing reviews, these tips can help to bridge that gap and make the process a constructive one that helps get you closer to your career goals: Consider the source Just because a supervisor writes something negative (or positive) about your performance doesn’t necessarily make it true. Jealousy, resentment, and other negative emotions are inevitable in the workplace and must be dealt with. If you don’t agree with someone’s assessment of your work, calmly and professionally voice your concerns. Remember to focus on the job duties and not the personalities. The more you can highlight a task, the less personal the discussion becomes. Carefully examine the gaps Sometimes, there’s less distance between two points of view than you might think. In some cases, people use different language to say the same thing. Before you get upset by a boss’s appraisal, read between the lines and try to be objective. For example, if you notice that the responsibilities you describe are not the same as those set forth by your supervisor; look at the wording closely to determine if he or she is simply saying the same things differently. Be open and flexible This sounds easier than it is, but the more open you can be, the more chances you’ll have for success. Let’s say your boss remembered some circumstances — ones that hindered your performance — which you left out of your self-review. You may be surprised and taken aback by the inclusion of this information, but you can still learn from your supervisor’s assessment. It may be tempting to be defensive, but that kind of stance is unlikely to help you. Instead, consider his or her point of view. Don’t be afraid to ask for clarification. You may recall the “offence” but not consider it worthy of inclusion in a review. After some discussion your boss might even agree to remove it. Ask questions Asking questions leads to clarity, knowledge, and sometimes better reviews. When you sit down with your supervisor to discuss the intersection of your self-review and his or her assessment of your performance, ask as many questions as you can. Embrace your fear That sounds a little like New Age self-help, but when it comes to self-reviews, we all can use some extra assistance, especially when we can find it within ourselves. First, prepare for the process. In other words, familiarise yourself with the review process so that you can minimise the surprises. Fear of the unknown often magnifies stress and worry. By educating yourself you can break down some of that performance review stage fright. Assemble a paper trail Electronic communication may be more common these days, but a true paper trail can come in handy. Keep records of all your reviews so that you have something concrete to refer to the next time around. Live and learn Once the review process has been completed, see what you can learn for the next time. This isn’t the first time you’ll be reviewed and it certainly won’t be the last. Be sure to read Learning from Performance Reviews for tips on how to benefit from this experience. *Stay the course It is appropriate to agree to disagree about aspects of your performance you feel strongly about. This entails refuting employer evaluations with specific arguments and, ultimately, acknowledging the supervisor’s point of view while emphasizing your position with supporting facts. BC A14 30 Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Cloud computing has been identified and indeed, become the latest strategic roadmap for ICT development and it’s becoming evident by the day that Nigeria has no choice but to join the bandwagon By Adejuwon Osunnuyi C loud computing is indeed the future of business development. All over the world, business applications have started moving to the cloud and it is not just a fad as the shift from traditional software models to the Internet has steadily gained momentum over the last 10 years. Yet, while about 29 per cent still think the cloud is associated with the weather, according to recent research, almost 60 per cent of companies are already in the cloud as an additional 20 per cent are planning to do so within the next 12 months. Industry experts say the next decade of cloud computing promises new ways to collaborate through mobile devices. This is more so as it is becoming one of the rapidly growing technologies that uses the internet and remote servers to maintain required and desirable files. In other words, it provides a means of computation or usage of data with the help of data centralisation on cloud (that means files or data are located at cloud and user who wants to use that data can use with the help of simple or easy interface). The simple example of cloud computing has been gmail, hosting sites like hostgattor, godaddy and yahoo. You just need an internet connection to access your account at these given sites as you can access them from any part of the world. Talking about email for instance, the emails and management software all remained on the cloud and can be accessed through the internet. Before the coming of cloud computing, traditional business applications have always been very complicated and expensive as the amount and variety of hardware and software required to run them are daunting. You need a whole team of experts to install, configure, test, run, secure, and update them. Adopting the cloud computing has several advantages which include improved information security which ensures that there is great or strong security on data of files available on clouds. Since security is due to the usage of strict ISO standards by the clouds servers, it goes a long way in ensuring that several types of encryption techniques are fulfilled for the purpose of security. In like manner, Cloud computing is said to ensure increase speed. Because cloud computing locates all its files on cloud servers, hence, the particular files when required are available to user very instantly. For instance, using the mail servers like gmail and yahoo, when you send a mail to anyone, then you see that the mail reaches its destination in just a few second. Other reasons why cloud computing has been a must for most businesses include the fact that for businesses, it reduces costs by only paying for the resources you consume as well as increasing protection against computing failures and network outages. While it also helps you go green by lowering carbon emissions and the use of electricity and infrastructure, to sum it up, cloud computing helps businesses of all sizes compete at a higher level than ever before. While Nigerians are yet to embrace the culture of cloud computing, it has not been surprising that with the obvious benefits it has for businesses and the economy at large, software experts under the aegis of Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON) have been aligning that that cloud computing would be the next technology revolution that would transform the Nigerian economy. According to the software gurus, the Cloud has been identified and indeed, become the latest strategic roadmap for ICT development at all levels of engagement. To them, as the Internet continues to transform lives and by extension, the dynamics of national development as well as the global economy, conventional wisdom dictates that the nation must ponder and find new medium and model of constructive engagement. As advances in Information and Communications Technology continue to determine and reshape the way we live, work and play, it has greatly influenced and positively disrupted the existing model for distribution of political power and national resources. As a matter of fact, the cloud, they said, has indeed become a compelling adventure and good news for start-ups and small businesses, particularly for business in the developing countries. Furthermore, the digital business culture now known as cloud economy is fast becoming a reality and future generations will experience its awesome power, when the emerging design and architecture of our planetary digital spider-web is complete and the interfacing links to universal inter-cloud of planetary information system is also complete. It would be recalled that in furtherance of the objectives and mission to enthrone national software late last year, software experts held the second International Software Conference and Competition. The conference with the theme “The Cloud and the future of Software Nigeria ” explored and critically examined the structural impact of this digital cultural shift and how to engage its opportunities, benefits and risks to the nation, the industry, professions and collective interests. Rising from the conference, the experts maintained that there was need to proactively launch a national consciousness awareness initiative on cloud computing as a new and revolutionary concept in Information Technology which, if intelligently applied with strategic vision, is capable of taking Nigeria to its pride of place among the global knowledge giants in the technology ecosystem. Experts identified and emphasized several challenges, opportunities, risks and benefits in cloud computing that will significantly impact on the operations of government, its services to the citizenry, regulatory bodies, businesses, software practitioners, education sector, the young population and generate an overall effect on the Nigerian Economy in the education very near future. The stakeholders advised on the strategic importance of reviewing ICT curriculum at all levels and organising special certification training for ICT lecturers and teachers and support services at all level of the education sector. They advised the government to facilitate the building of massive ICT knowledge capacities and capabilities and explore the windows of opportunities presented by Cloud Computing, ensuring that Nigeria leverages on Cloud Computing Infrastructure as a service (iaas), Platform as a service (paas) and also, Software as a service (saas). Director-General, National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Prof Cleopas Angaye, was also of the opinion that cloud computing offers enormous storage facilities with improved scalability and elasticity that would transform the Nigerian economy, if fully embraced. Angaye ,who categorised cloud computing services into software service, infrastructure service and platform service, said the software service alone was estimated to generate over $21.3 billion globally by 2015, and that software developers in Nigeria could tap into it and transform the Nigerian economy. To Chris Uwaje, President, Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON), cloud computing is now very much desired as developed countries now based their entire multibillion dollar business models on putting information on the net, and storing the data in the cloud. “Cloud computing offers worldwide access to virtually unlimited processing power, new storage capabilities and National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Angaye Johnson capabilities that are being used to create virtual web platforms, where humanity today and in the future will live out large parts of their everyday lives, educating, working, shopping and talking to private networks of friends and relatives,” Uwaje said. The good news however is that, the Nigerian government is also set to tap into the 21st century technology for efficient and effective use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Minister of Communication Technology, Omobola Johnson, says there is a new move by the government to achieve more with ICT across all Ministries, Departments and Agencies of the Government and spend less. To this end, Galaxy Backbone is said to have embarked on extension and expansion of its infrastructure to provide a shared platform for the delivery of ICT infrastructure services to MDAs through the deployment of a Government Cloud. Government Cloud is also expected to provide unified computing solutions that en- able access through secure networks (or the internet) to a pool of shared resources. Through the cloud, the minister said that MDAs would be able to address a lot of challenges with ICT. According to her, the benefits to the government include: cost effectiveness, explaining that the government cloud computing service model aims at reducing the barrier to acquisition of high technology and skilled staff by MDAs and provides a ready plug-and-play platform for various MDAs. “Smaller or poorly funded MDAs can thus roll out technology based online services without expending huge sums on infrastructure,” she said. Already, IT firms in Nigeria seem to have been beaming their searchlights on the latest technology buzz word. For instance, Olufunlayo Ajayi, country manager of Oracle Corporation in Nigeria, maintained that the present emphasis on cloud computing is opening new vistas for Oracle with prerequisite solutions and hardware to leverage on. She noted that Oracle’s strategy is to reduce complexity and simplify Information Technology, offering choice and flexibility with the most comprehensive, modern and secure portfolio of cloud products and services: Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service and Software as a Service. “We are focused on offering our clients greater agility, less risk, and lower costs through Oracle Cloud solutions,” she submitted. Ajayi said that the Nigerian market has been very receptive, with lots of interest being expressed in cloud solutions. She however, said that “the issue of security is what has slowed the adoption of cloud computing, especially in Nigeria. Somehow, they prefer to have their cloud in Nigeria. We intend to partner with other service providers in Nigeria to be able to provide whatever we need.” Rasheed Jimoh, the regional manager for West Africa of EMC Corporation, a global company which enables businesses and service providers transform their operations and deliver information technology services efficiently, maintained that as cloud computing gains ground worldwide, there could be no better time for the country to approach the cloud than now since Nigeria has automatically become the business hub of many local and international organisations. EMC’s Vice President and Global Chief Technology Officer, Patricia Florissi maintained that the four cardinal drivers of IT businesses in this modern age which include Mobility, Cloud, Big Data and Social media, remains the reason why businesses should take these fundamentals seriously. “IDC projects that the digital universe will reach 40 zettabytes by 2020, an amount that exceeds previous forecasts by 5 ZBs, resulting in a 50-fold growth from the beginning of 2010. With this data growth and in order to meet the service-level demands required by businesses today, IT organisations should recognise the need to transform their infrastructure and operations in order to address the pressing cost, efficiency, scalability, security, and agility questions that they need to manage”. Florissi also said that “while cloud computing offers the promise of transforming IT and significantly lowering operating costs, it is real-time big data analytics that will fundamentally transform businesses across Nigeria by identifying new revenue opportunities through key competitive insights and timely decision-making and improved customer experience. “At EMC, we strive to help customers achieve their objectives and drive business growth and that’s what we have come to showcase at EMC forum.” She reaffirmed. BC with Esther Ozue ([email protected]) 08059234648 (sms only) Monitoring your IT Infrastructures M anaging your IT infrastructures is a decision that can bring real value to your company by ensuring reliable operation and effectiveness of the infrastructures which manages your business critical services. Organisations need to deliver operational analytics in other to have insights across their entire infrastructure, like faults, events, capacity, configurations and security of their storage, server and network elements. The best network monitoring solutions will not only alert you to these changes, but will also help you troubleshoot the issue by allowing you to compare your network’s current state with what it looked like before the change. The aim of monitoring your IT infrastructure is to effectively contribute to the security of your network, resolve issues faster when problem arises by correlating infrastructure problems with service availability and response time, prevent business outages with proactive monitoring across your physical and virtual server, storage/network elements and make informed business decisions with operational analytics such as capacity planning, usage and cost metering, configuration and security tracking. Here are key factors you need to consider in deciding which monitoring solution to use for your IT infrastructures: Decide what you need: You have to be clear in your objectives, what you wish to monitor and what you expect to achieve from it because many IT professionals are confused between stress testing tools and administrative tools. Stress testing tools is used to get an idea of the performance that can be expected from the infrastructure under load while optimisation tool are used to understand how software modules of the application can be optimised to deliver better performance under load. When monitoring tools are deployed, administrators need to be at alert as problems are detected so that they can take corrective action immediately. What you want the monitoring solution to do: You need to first determine which monitoring solution to be deployed in a working environment without adversely impacting their performance. Once you are able to determine this, it will guide you on which monitoring solution to use. What you need to monitor: Once you have made your choice, then you need to consider what you need to monitor and what it intends to achieve. You can monitor your network, system, applications and service. In monitoring your network, you need to use a complete solution that offers in-depth topology views showing the network interconnection and making it easier for administrators to identify where the problem areas of the network are. System monitoring focuses on monitoring the operating system of the servers in the network like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk activity and usage. This solution also for monitoring of the individual application processes running on the servers. Application monitoring solutions must have specialised monitoring for each different application as no two application platforms are similar. Service monitoring is concerned about the availability, performance and usage of services end-to-end usually by observing the real user activity to measure service availability and performance and also understanding the inter dependencies between applications and network devices. Proactiveness of your chosen solution: After choosing a monitoring solution, your emphasis should be on the proactiveness of your chosen solution. A proactive solution should be able to alert administrators before users notice problems. Does your solution offer automatic root cause diagnosis capability? Effective correlation and root cause diagnosis capabilities is a key for effective monitoring and management. True correlation and root cause analysis go hand in hand as correlation involves analysing the state of the service impact to identify where the cause of a problem lies. Cost consideration: A critical factor in choosing a monitoring solution is cost. You need to know your budget and plan according to it and also deploy a solution you can effectively manage considering the setup, installation, training and maintenance. Finally, you need to consider how long it will take to implement the monitoring solution, what hardware and software you need to install, how well the monitoring solution can be used across locations and what kind of personnel that you need to effectively utilise the solution. The advantage of having a monitoring solution that will meet your needs is that you will save money by reducing man power, streamlines your operations, enhance efficiency, increase sales and also improve customer satisfaction which are factors that govern return on investment. BC A16 32 FG prioritises youths, students in ICT policy implementation forts by actively following these developments and ensuring they truly deliver. Stories By Kunle Azeez T he Federal Government has said that Nigeria’s Information and Communication Technology policy implementation places importance on youths and student communities. This was disclosed by the Minister of Communications Technology, Omobola Johnson, while reeling out her ministerial scorecards at a stakeholders’ forum in Lagos recently According to her, a focus on provision of access and empowerment to youth sector and student communities is one of the deliberate strategies of her ministry’s public access avenues to connect Nigerians within a connected Nigeria. According to Johnson, the ministry in collaboration with Federal Ministry of Education, National Universities Commission (NUC), Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) and World Bank is currently deploying a fibre infrastructure under the Research and Education Network to 27 Federal Universities, 12 Medical Colleges, and 28 off campus sites. She indicated that state universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education are to benefit from these infrastructure constructions in 2014/2015. “Besides, a Tertiary Institutions Access Project which has delivered desktop computers, printers, and wireless network facilities to 278 institutions in three years from 2010 to 2012 is running,” she said. Industry watchers say with the kind of progress report by the minister and considering that the Student Computer Ownership Scheme under which students can purchase laptops via low interest rate loan with monthly repayment plan of between N3,500 and N5,800, is in place, it is desirable that student communities in Nigeria should be at work to complement federal government ef- Johnson Cisco makes new appointment to grow African market A s part of its measures to drive focused growth in West African region, a global Information and Communication Technology, Cisco has appointed Dare Ogunlade as General Manager for Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone, effective June 2013. Lagos-based Dare Ogunlade will report directly to Carlos Marques, General Manager, sub-Saharan Africa. Dare joined Cisco Nigeria in October 2006 as an Account Manager for Service Provider, before becoming MTN Strategic Account leader for Nigeria and Ghana in 2011. He is vastly experienced in structuring complex deals and therefore brings the wealth of knowledge and expertise required to accelerate the growth in Nigeria region. Career opportunities and employee growth are very important to Dare, as he attributes his own personal career growth at Cisco to the strong mentoring that he has benefited from over the years. One of his objectives is to ensure that the Nigerian team members have the same opportunity to fulfill their career aspirations. Dare holds a degree in Electrical Engineering and also an MBA from Lagos Business School. He is married and has two children. Cisco has also announced the appointments of David Meads to the role of Cisco’s Vice President (VP) for Africa responsible for the company’s go-to-market strategy across the continent and Sabrina Dar as General Manager, Sales for Cisco East Africa (including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Ethiopia). Africa, with its population of over one billion, is experiencing a business boom, based on solid fundamentals which include growth outpacing most of the world, a rising young population of workers and consumers, plus global demand for the continent’s commodities. As Cisco’s VP for Africa, Meads will be looking at how technology can drive country Monday, August 5, 2013 transformational opportunities within this environment, in particular broadband penetration, and help accelerate governments’ agendas. Newly appointed General Manager, for Cisco in East Africa, Sabrina Dar will also report directly to Carlos Marques. With more than 10 years’ experience in finance, strategy, marketing and sales with Cisco, Sabrina has worked on Cisco’s Emerging Theatre Partner Organization, and was also, as the marketing lead for Cisco’s London 2012 Olympics sponsorship, where she worked as part of the team, which enabled Cisco to deliver the highest rated customer experience for a Cisco-led event. Ogunlade said Cisco was committed to supporting West Africa, as a significant contributor to its overall business success, saying he was delighted to have been appointed to lead this region and take our focus to the next level. “These are exciting times for ICT growth in West Africa as our governments are placing a major focus on country transformation and driving societal change and Cisco is partnering with both government and businesses to support this new wave of societal evolution. I look forward to being part of it.” In his comments, Meads, said, “My key objective is to drive Cisco’s strategy to support African country innovation, prosperity, sustainability, and social inclusion through the building of life-changing networks. Ultimately, Cisco wants to enable customers, nations and organizations in Africa to be more competitive through the adoption and use of technology.” he said. Evans, Etisalat CEO Etisalat commended for role in ISO 26000 promotion N igeria’s forth largest telecoms network, Etisalat, has been lauded for its role in the adoption of the ISO 26000 by the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and ThistlePraxis Consulting Limited. The commendation, according to a statement, was given recently at the launch ceremony of the ISO 26000 Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility in Nigeria. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net The event witnessed the gathering of representatives from different stakeholder groups including Government, Corporate Organisations and NGOs, converge in Lagos for the historical event that is aimed at assisting organisations address their social responsibilities while respecting cultural, societal, environmental and legal differences as well as economic development conditions. Director, Operational Strategy, Etisalat Nigeria, Ndidi Okpaluba, who stood in for the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Steven Evans, said that some of the goals of ISO 26000 is to integrate and implement social responsibility throughout an organisation and its sphere of influence. She said this also included an organisation’s supply chain as well as to provide practical guidance to operationalise social responsibility, identify and engage with stakeholders, and enhance the credibility of reports and claims about social responsibility. Okpaluba said that Etisalat is driving the practice of sustainability through its development of projects that add value to the environment they operate in. “We run the Etisalat Corporate Social Responsibility Centre situated at the Lagos Business School which is designed to advance CSR knowledge and encourage best practices; and recently we commissioned the Etisalat Telecoms Engineering Program at the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. This is the first Masters in Telecoms Engineering in the whole of West Africa,” she said. She reiterated Etisalat’s commitment to promoting the practice of CSR in the country through strategic partnerships. “We believe that with the partnership between Etisalat and the SON, we will provide a joint leadership to both public and private sectors on the way to behave in a socially responsible way”, she said. Describing Etisalat as “Champions of Corporate Social Responsibility”, Chief Executive Officer, ThistlePraxis, Ini Onuk, said, “Etisalat is one of the brands we have closely monitored and we can attest that the CSR activities they have undertaken are really sustainable. It shows a clear thought out strategy which is what we advocate as a company.” In addition, she said that for Etisalat to be part of the adoption process goes to show that they still intend to be in the forefront of sustainability in Nigeria. Speaking in the same vein, the Director-General, SON, Dr. Joseph Odumodu, said the adoption process marked the hallmark of advocating the benchmarking of organizational behavior against a set of internationally negotiated and agreed criteria for social responsibility. On Etisalat’s involvement as technical partners and lead sponsors, Odumodu said that it was a move worthy of emulation while calling on business organisations and various government agencies to integrate their business strategies with the ISO 2600 Guidance Standard. Coulibaly Nigerian heads Airtel Gabon’s operations A Nigerian, Claude Ayo Iguendha, has been appointed by the management of Airtel as Board Chairman for Airtel’s operations in Gabon. Airtel’s Chief Executive Officer, Francophone region in Africa, Tiemoko Coulibaly, said Claude has worked in the financial sector for the past 38 years and has an exceptional track record of accomplishments. “I am confident that with his vast experience, he will guide our organization in the right direction,” he said. Iguendha started his career as an accountant and rose through the ranks thanks to its irreproachable work ethic. For the past 11 years, he has served as the CEO of the International Bank for Trade and Industry of Gabon (BICIG). Coulibaly added: “Airtel is committed to Gabon and is here for the long term. We firmly believe in the continued growth of our Gabon operations and we plan to invest $125 million in the country in the next three years. I am confident that the team, under Ayo Iguendha’s strategic guidance, will help businesses and the youth access world class data services.” With presence across 17 African countries, Airtel is the largest telecom service provider across the Continent in terms of geographical reach and had over 63.7 million customers at the end of quarter ended March 31, 2013. Globally, Airtel is ranked as the 4th largest mobile services provider in terms of customer base. However, Airtel Nigeria has donated an ultra-modern school complex to Ediba community in Abi Local Government Area, Cross River State. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Reflections with Semiu Salamii 07043280449 sms only Bank earnings and the warning signal T here is no gainsaying the fact that Nigerian banks have been finding it quite rosy these days, particularly since the end of the intervention project spare headed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), in 2009. More importantly, since the Asset Management Company of Nigeria, AMCON took charge of various strangulating bad debt that sat comfortably in the bank’s books after the house cleaning exercise. So far, at least, with the 2012 financial results declared by virtually all the deposit money banks, (DMB), it is apt to say that the banks have fully returned to their glorious past, when huge profit and earning became a competitive tool among the banks. From First Bank to Zenith, GTBank, Diamond to Skye, Sterling to UBA, Fidelity, FCMB, Ecobank and Wema to mention a few, the profits have been pouring in torrents. Skye Bank’s audited results for the year ended December 31, 2012, for instance, showed a profit after tax of N12.64 billion, an increase of 872.6 per cent, compared to the N1.30 billion it realised in 2011. Zenith Bank made a pre-tax profit of N102.10 billion reflecting an increase of 51.4 per cent above the N67.44 billion recorded in 2011, while GT Bank’s pretax profit stood at N103.028 billion, representing a 66 per cent increase above the N62.080 billion it reported in 2011. Also, Fidelity Bank Plc’s profit soared by 239 per cent to N18 billion from a gross earnings of N116.361 billion, while the Ecobank Group netted in N54.28 billion ($348 million) as pre-tax profit, representing an increase of N43.27 billion. Unity Bank also had a fair share of the growing profit margin as its profit after tax grew by 130 per cent to N6.18 billion in its 2012 financial reports, against the N2.69 billion recorded in 2011. For Union Bank, one of the banks that was heavily impaired but rescued by AMCON also posted a profit after tax of N7.9 billion in its 2012 audited accounts and reports, as against a loss of N76.7 billion in 2011. Clearly, all these are interesting and heart-warming statistics but the big question remains how long the banks can sustain the new trend, especially in the face of damning reports being churned out by experts and the seeming noose tightening measures currently being implemented by the CBN. Already, financial experts have raised the alarm that the significant earnings growth recorded by the banks in 2012 may be challenged this year following an anticipated lower yields outlook for fixed income securities as well as increasing cost in the industry. In its recently released report titled: “Nigerian Banking Sector Report – Standing on the fourth Pillar,” Afrinvest Securities Limited, an investment firm indicated that the era of ‘real banking’ appears to be gradually re-emerging as traditional sources of high income and profitability continues to come under threat from competition and regulation. The report stated that banks were currently confronted with the need to restructure their cost bases, improve risk and pricing as well as manage customer relationships more efficiently, advising banks to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits. “We expect most bank ratios (particularly liquidity and capital adequacy) to remain in line with 2012 numbers. The outlook for treasury yields in 2013 should down play profitability for banks that have reduction and risk assets. We forecast industry earnings growth declining by more than half compared to the remarkable 128 per cent in 2012. Our 2013 model forecasts a decline in yields to about 12 per cent, which suggest that banks will strategically reallocate assets in favour of risk asset creation. Additionally, we are projecting a decline in the contribution of non-interest income to profits (from 27 per cent industry average in 2012 to sub 15 per cent in 2013, based on our estimates) as the financial inclusion strategy of the CBN takes effect and indirectly reduces potential fees and commission income to banks,” it declared. Curiously, all these assertions are coming at a time the CBN took a decision that have been interpreted to indirectly tighten monetary conditions by raising the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for all public sector funds to 50 per cent from 12 per cent. This, for sure will hurt banks’ earnings as the financial institutions would have to scramble for deposits to maintain their level of liquidity. Quite frankly, maybe the banks may really have to be shaken a bit, if only to make them do real banking which will benefit Nigerians through lending to the real sector. As things stand, what we have is a banking system with structural excess liquidity in which chasing government deposits far outweigh bank lending to the real sector Average liquidity ratio stood at 67.8 per cent at the end of June 2013, indicating that funds that could be intermediating in the real economy were sitting in banks or being lent mainly to government at a handsome profit. This is, perhaps, why I align with the position of Dr Kingsley Moghalu, CBN’s Deputy Governor, Financial Stability, who said that “It is important that the Nigerian banks unhealthy dependence on government deposits which in most countries sit in a central bank be broken to prevent dangerous build-ups of liquidity,” BC ing the week in seven deals in contrast to 40,200 units valued at N3, 112 transacted the other week in seven deals. while NSE-ASeM remained unchanged The Stock Market last week A turnover of 1.364 billion shares worth of N16.168 billion in 28,322 deals were traded last week by investors on the floor of The Exchange in contrast to a total of 2, 500 billion shares valued at N17. 035 billion that exchanged hands the previous week in 28,638 deals. The Financial Services sector (measured by volume) led the activity chart with a turnover of 990, 484 million shares valued at N7.916 billion traded in 15,243 deals; contributing 72.61 per cent, 48.96 per cent, 53.82 per cent to the total equity turnover volume, value and number of deals respectively. The Banking Industries subsector of the Financial Services sector boosted by activity in the shares of Sterling Bank Plc TOP 10 PRICE GAINERS: Company Courtville Business Solution Champion Brew. StanbicIBTC Holdings UBA Capital FIDSON Healthcare Livestock Feeds Multi-Trex Academy Press CUTIX PLC WEMA BANK PLC Open 0.66 11.00 16.00 1.10 2.03 4.67 0.50 1.62 1.83 1.07 Close 0.80 13.31 18.84 1.28 2.27 5.19 0.55 1.78 2.01 1.17 and UBA Plc was the most active subsector on the activity chart with subsector turnover of 638.021 million shares valued at N6.093 billion which exchange hands by investors in 10, 059 deals. Also, the Banking subsector accounted for 46.77 per cent and 37.69 per cent of the total subsector traded volume and value respectively. Traded during last week were 80 units of NewGold Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) valued at N165, 000 executed in two deals compared with a total of 80 units valued at N3.112 million transacted the previous week in seven deals. Also, 1, 470 units of FGN bonds valued at N1.612 million were traded dur- Gain (N) 0.14 2.31 2.84 0.18 0.24 0.52 0.05 0.16 0.18 0.10 % Change 21.21 21.00 17.75 16.36 11.82 11.13 10.00 9.88 9.84 9.35 TOP 10 PRICE LOSERS: Company VONO PRODUCTS PLC. TRANS-NATIONWIDE IHS PLC UNITY BANK PLC AIRLINE SERVICES JOHN HOLT PLC. A.G. LEVENTIS NIGERIA THOMAS WYATT NIG. PLC. WAPIC INSURANCE PLC FCMB GROUP PLC. INDEX MOVEMENT The NSE All-Share Index appreciated by 3.44 per cent to close on Friday at 38, 424.34 while the market capitalization of the listed equities on the main board also appreciated by 3.44 per cent to close at N12. 169 trillion. Also, the NSE 30 Index appreciated by 3.64 per cent to close at 1,805.63. Likewise, the NSE Consumer Goods, NSE Banking, NSE Insurance, NSE Oil/ Gas, NSE-Lotus ll and NSE Industrial Goods appreciated by 3.89, 4.60, 0.42, 0.75, 3.54 and 5.09 per cent respectively Open 1.39 1.32 3.05 0.61 4.80 1.35 1.58 0.89 0.90 4.90 Close 0.93 1.00 2.54 0.54 4.32 1.22 1.43 0.81 0.82 4.53 Loss (N) % Change -0.46 -33.09 -0.32 -24.24 -0.51 -16.72 -0.07 -11.48 -0.48 -10.00 -0.13 -9.63 -0.15 -9.49 -0.08 -8.99 -0.08 -8.89 -0.37 -7.55 SUMMARY OF PRICE CHANGES Fifty equities appreciated in prices during the week lower than 28 equities of the preceding week. Thirty-three equities depreciated in prices lower than 60 equities of the preceding week, while 111 equities remained constant higher than 106 equities of the preceding week. BC A18 34 Behind d Wheels This page is open to sponsorship T he 3 Series wagon returns, as it has finally received the same redesign the sedan got in 2012. In addition, a new four-cylinder diesel engine joins the 2014 BMW 3 Series lineup. It’s available on both the sedan and wagon. There is no 3 Series coupe or convertible for 2014, as BMW has transitioned those body styles to the new 4 Series line. Entry-level luxury cars dominate premium-brand vehicle sales in the United States. These are the cars people buy when they get that big promotion at work, and the BMW 3 Series has long been a favourite with consumers and critics alike. There’s good reason for its success. The 3 Series comes with some of the most powerful and fuel-efficient four- and sixcylinder engines in this class and arguably the nicest interior furnishings. It also has a reputation for providing sporty handling and a fun overall driving experience. Although the current-generation car puts more priority on ride comfort than previous versions, the 2014 BMW 3 Series remains enjoyable whether you’re seeking out roads less traveled or just driving to the office. The 2014 model year brings plenty of change for the 3 Series line. The BMW 3 Series wagon returns to the lineup early in the model year after taking 2013 off, and it shares its platform architecture and engines with the 3 Series sedan. BMW is also introducing a brand-new engine for 2014, and if your heart bleeds for mpg, you’re probably going to like this 2.0-litre, turbocharged diesel four-cylinder. Rated at 180 horsepower and 280 pound-feet of torque, this engine is capable of returning up to 45 mpg on the highway, according to BMW. And while the 2014 328d sedan and wagon won’t be as quick as other 3 Series models, they won’t exactly be slow, as the automaker estimates they’ll deliver you to 60 mph in the low 7-second range. The high fuel economy numbers on the diesel BMW 3 Series will make the potent but pricey ActiveHybrid3 sedan an even tougher sell this year (it rates only 33 mpg on the highway), but every other 2014 BMW 3 Series sedan and wagon is worth serious consideration. Strong competitors like the Audi A4, Cadillac ATS, Infiniti Q50, Lexus IS 250 and IS 350, and Mercedes-Benz C-Class will make your decision much harder, but none of these cars can quite match the BMW’s combination of fantastic road manners, high-end interior furnishings and outright refinement. If you only test-drive one entry-level luxury car this year, let it be the 2014 BMW 3 Series. Body Styles, Trim Levels, and Options Currently, the 2014 BMW 3 Series is available only in the wagon body style. The 328i xDrive model will be offered initially, with the diesel-powered 328d xDrive wagon joining the lineup later. The 328i xDrive wagon comes standard with 17-inch alloy wheels, automatic headlights, fog lights, automatic wipers, cruise control, dual-zone automatic climate control, eightway power-adjustable front seats, driver memory functions, leatherette premium vinyl upholstery, a leather-wrapped tiltand-telescoping steering wheel, an auto-dimming rearview mirror, a trip computer, Bluetooth, the iDrive electronics interface with a 6.5-inch display, and a premium sound system with a CD player, HD radio, an auxiliary audio jack and an iPod/ USB audio interface. BMW offers four optional equipment lines - Luxury, Modern, Sport and M Sport -- that include different wheel designs, colour schemes, trim types, seats and steering wheels and even suspension tuning. Meanwhile, the Technology package provides a hard-drive-based navigation system (with 20GB available for personal music storage), a higher-resolution 8.8-inch display with a 16:9 aspect ratio, real-time traffic data, BMW Apps (a suite of apps for iPhones, including Pandora and Stitcher), BMW Remote Ser- vices (which allows both Apple and Android users to lock the car remotely and turn on the climate control, among various other tasks) and a head-up display. The Premium package is your ticket to leather upholstery, a keyless ignition and a power lift gate that can be opened by swiping your foot under the bumper, while the Driver Assistance package provides a rearview camera (that also shows top and side views of the car), front and rear parking sensors, and blind-spot monitoring. If that’s not enough help, you can also purchase an automated parking system. The Driver Assistance Plus package adds a lane departure warning system and a speed limit info display. The Cold Weather package heats every seat in the car plus the steering wheel, and the Dynamic Handling package bundles the sportier suspension tune from the M Sport line with variable-ratio steering. The Lighting package provides adaptive bi-xenon headlights. Adaptive cruise control and an upgraded Harman Kardon audio system are à la carte extras. Powertrains mance and Perfor- 2014 BMW 3 Series sedans offer a choice between rearwheel drive and the xDrive allwheel-drive system, while AWD is standard on 3 Series wagons. A six-speed manual is available on sedans, but the wagon comes only with an eight-speed automatic transmission (optional on the sedan). Automaticequipped 3 Series cars with the Sport or M Sport package have a “sport” version of this transmission with steering wheel paddle shifters. Both transmissions come with an automatic stop-start function that turns off the engine when the car stops in order to save fuel. The 328i model uses a turbocharged 2.0-litre inline four-cylinder rated at 240 hp and 255 lb-ft of torque. EPA estimates for the automaticequipped 328i are 23 mpg city (22 for the wagon), 33 mpg highway and 26 mpg combined. These are outstanding numbers for this class. Later in the 2014 model year, you’ll see a 320i sedan, a 328d sedan and wagon, a 335i sedan and the ActiveHybrid3 sedan. The 320i has a less powerful version of the 2.0-litre turbocharged engine rated at 180 hp and 200 lb-ft of torque. EPA fuel economy ratings are 24 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 Behind d Wheels This page is open to sponsorship city/36 highway and 28 mpg combined for a rear-drive sedan with the automatic (23/36/27 with the manual). The 328d models have a 2.0-litre, turbocharged diesel four-cylinder rated at 180 hp and a heady 280 lb-ft of torque. This engine only comes with the automatic regardless of which body style you choose. BMW estimates the sedan will earn a 45 mpg highway rating. The 335i sedan has a turbocharged 3.0-litre six-cylinder engine rated at 300 hp and 300 lb-ft of torque. With the automatic, it’s just as fuel-efficient as the 328i, boasting a 26 mpg combined EPA rating. Getting the manual gearbox drops the combined rating to 23 mpg. With AWD, you’re looking at 1 or 2 combined mpg less. Finally, there’s the ActiveHybrid3, which pairs the 335i’s engine with the eight-speed automatic, a rear-drive electric motor and a lithium-ion battery pack. This combination provides 335 hp and 330 lb-ft of torque. The ActiveHybrid3 sedan is quick, as BMW claims it will hit 60 mph in 5.2 seconds, but don’t expect huge mpg numbers, as the EPA rates it at just 23 city/35 highway and 28 mpg combined. Safety Every 2014 BMW 3 Series comes standard with antilock brakes, traction and stability control, front side airbags, side curtain airbags and front knee airbags. The stability control system integrates several features designed to improve braking performance, such as periodically wiping the brake rotors dry when the windshield wipers are in use and automatically snugging the pads to the rotors when the driver abruptly lifts off the throttle. BMW Assist emergency communications is standard and includes automatic crash notification, stolen vehicle recovery and ondemand roadside assistance. A visit to the options list will provide parking sensors (front and rear), a rearview camera, blind spot monitoring, a lane depar- Autocare Top car maintenance mistakes T he cost of maintenance is always connected with a car whether it is a sports car, luxury car, compact car or even a small car made for two. If anyone wants to get better performance of his/her car, they must pay attention to its maintenance. Though, car maintenance always cost high but in certain cases when we make such big blunders the things can be more costly in the long run. Here are top and common maintenance mistakes that result in the multiplication of cost. ture warning system and an automated parking system. Interior design and special features Although the 3 Series cabin has a contemporary feel, BMW has taken pains to make sure it’s still a comfortable and inviting place. The company’s classic analog gauges provide a historical link with BMWs of previous decades, while the Luxury, Modern, Sport and M Sport give you plenty of leeway to customize the cabin to your taste. Materials quality within the cabin is exceptional, and it’s all put together with care. The basic 6.5-inch display screen is adequate, but you’ll want to get the larger, optional screen for a true, luxury electronics interface. Although early versions of BMW’s iDrive electronics interface had a reputation for being complicated and frustrating to use, this latest version ranks near the top of the entry-level luxury car class for sheer ease of use. The menu structure is straightforward, the graphics are crisp and processing times are quick, which helps minimize the amount of time you spend looking away from the road. That said, new owners should sit down and familiarize themselves with iDrive before hitting the road, because it’s still a complex system and you can’t master everything while the car’s in motion. The base-model seats are comfortable and supportive, while the purpose-built seats in the sport packages are even more so. If rear-seat accommo- dations are a priority, you won’t find a more spacious backseat in the entry-luxury car class. Rear legroom is particularly impressive. Trunk space is above average in the sedan (13 cubic feet), while the wagon offers a maximum cargo capacity of 53 cubic feet with its seats folded. That’s more than BMW’s X1 and basically equal to the Audi Allroad. Driving Impressions The 240-hp four-cylinder gasoline engine in the 2014 BMW 328i models is highly impressive. Acceleration is very quick (quicker than some rival six-cylinders, in fact), and there is little difficulty duplicating the EPA fuel economy numbers in real-world driving. Should you want the traditional BMW experience with inline-6 power, though, the 335i satisfies with a huge wallop of midrange torque that you’ll savour every time you execute a highway passing manoeuver. The auto stop-start function can be an annoyance in heavy traffic, because the engine doesn’t restart as quickly or smoothly as we’d like when transitioning between the brake pedal and the gas (fortunately, you can manually disable this feature). Although the latest 3 Series has lost a bit of the previous car’s hard-edged athleticism, the reality is that this car still delivers the best all-around driving experience in the entrylevel luxury sedan class. The ride is smooth and quiet, no matter which wheels and tires you choose, so the car is a natural candidate for road trips. Handling the 2014 BMW 3 Series wagon should be similar to the sedan, which feels nicely composed when going around turns. The steering is the weakest link in this package: Most consumers will find it very precise, but demanding drivers might notice the steering no longer offers the detailed feedback that made older BMWs feel special. BC 1. Putting off schedule maintenance The car manufacturers are always recommending schedule maintenance to keep the car in good condition and to detect any issue at the initial stage. But unfortunately, 75 per cent of car owners never follow the recommendation and then blame the manufacturer for defects. 2. Ignoring Attitude Many car owners have an ignoring attitude because of which they usually ignore minor problems and continue driving until the control buttons and wiring of the car burn out. It is just like ignoring the initial symptoms of a disease that result in a life threatening disorder at the end. The attitude not only increase your maintenance cost but at the same time damage the reliability and durability of your car and so you have to visit the workshop very often. 3. No tire pressure check A new set of tires is never cheap to come by but many car owners become the victims of having to regularly change their tires because they never bother to check the tire pressure and condition of their car’s tires thus resulting in a premature wear out. Moreover, the improper way of driving and braking also affect your vehicle tires negatively. 4. In-time changing of oil A clean and adequate supply of oil increases the life of your car’s Powertrain and so it is important to change oil in time. Thanks to the modern technology offered in the new vehicles that alert the owner when the oil change is necessary. There are many things that affect your oil like the seasons, driving habits and type of oil you are using. 5. Burned out lamps About 90 per cent vehicle owners neglect their vehicle’s lamps that are an important thing to consider and should be a routine task for a car owner to check the bulbs. It is important to check your car lighting once a week. Just back up your car against the wall and check the beam, turn signals, braking lights and fix the problem immediately if any exist. 6. Overloaded trunks and cars The overloaded trunk or car results in extra heat that take you to stay on the road-side with raised hood. This is a very serious issue as with your cooling system the overloaded trunks and cars also result in a broken axle, buckled frames, worn out tires and is a serious safety issue. Remember the cost of fixing broken parts of a car after overwhelming load is very high. 7. Drive when the car overheats Never drive your car when it gets overheated because it will affect your Powertrain negatively and increase the maintenance cost. 8. Quality air and fuel filters Clean filters add life to your engine but there are lots of people who prefer to use a poor quality filter in order to save a few dollars. Remember, it is not saving money but is actually opting for high maintenance cost in near future. 9. Unqualified vehicle service shops Always choose a qualified mechanic shop to service your car. BC A20 36 Berger Paints floats N543m rights issue By Johnson Okanlawon T he Directors of Berger Paints Nigeria Plc and professional parties to the company have completed pre-offer processes for a rights issue of N543.42 million as the leading paints and allied company move to modernize its manufacturing operations. At the completion board meeting at the company’s head office in Lagos, members of the board of directors, issuing houses to the rights issue, stockbrokers to the issue and other parties signed the final documents of the rights issue in the presence of officials of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The completion board meeting paved way for the opening of application list for the rights issue on August 20, 2013. Berger Paints is offering about 72.46 million ordinary shares of 50 kobo each to existing shareholders at N7.50. The rights issue was pre-allotted on the basis of one new ordinary Olowokande share for every three ordinary shares held as at May 31, 2013. The Chairman of the company, Clement Olowokande said the net proceeds of the rights issue estimated at N521.71 million would be used to finance the modernisation of the company’s factory operations. According to him, the modernisation was the main thrust of a strategic plan to ensure that the company continues to operate at the forefront of paint technology by replacing its aging manufacturing infrastructure. He said the modernisation of the company’s factory operations would lead to improved efficiency that will positively impact on turnover and profitability. He outlined that the net proceeds would be used to purchase and install water-based plant and solvent-based plant from Spain. Olowokande said that the company also plans to commit substantial investments on major improvements of its distribution channels. He said the company has taken several initiatives and entered new partnership that would greatly enhance its products and services in the Nigerian paint and coating industry in the period ahead. The company boss noted that Berger Paints has always been the standard-setter in the industry with enviable records of pioneering wide range of popular special products. He said he was confident the company would record significant growth and improvements in its operations in the years ahead in order to create better value for shareholders. He urged all shareholders to participate fully in the rights issue to ensure they continue to maintain their positions in the company. Capital market indices appreciate by 0.35 per cent T ransactions on the Nigerian Stock Exchange closed on a positive note on Friday, as some highly capitalised stocks recorded price gains. The All-share index at the end of trading appreciated by 132 basis points or 0.35 per cent, to close at 38,424.34 points. This is against the 38,292.06 points recorded on Thursday. The market capitalisation also grew by N42 billion to close at N12.168 trillion, when compared with the N12.126 trillion transacted on Thursday. Nigerian Breweries led the gainers’ chart by N2.89, to close at N177.90 per share. Dangote Cement followed with N1.28 to close at N196 per share, while the Zenith Bank share price grew by 73k to close at N20.93 per share. CAP share price appreciated by 69k to close at N48.50, while Unile- ver rose by 45k to close at N63.01 per share. On the other hand, Lafarge Wapco led the price losers by N2, to close at N108 per share. Stanbic IBTC share price dipped by N1.88 to close at N18.84 per share, while ConOil lost N1.66 to close at N32.01 per share. Presco depreciated by N1.42 to close N38.48 per share, while UPL fell by N46 to close at N4.26 per share. In all, investors bought 281.07 million shares worth N3.5 billion traded in 5,407 deals when compared with N239.51 million shares worth N3.5 billion traded in 5,590 deals on Thursday. Transcorp emerged the most traded stock with a total of 20.14 million shares valued at N28.30 million. Zenith Bank followed with 16.90 million shares worth N346.41 million, while Access sold 16.67 million shares valued at N185.82 million. BC Monday, August 5, 2013 The cooking gas conundrum I t is the paradoxical case of “water, water everywhere but none to drink” as prices of liquefied petroleum gas popularly known as cooking gas hit the roof and have remained there in the past few weeks following a huge supply gap that emerged in the domestic market due to the needless face-off between the Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas Company, NLNG, and the Nigeria Maritime Security and Safety Agency, NIMASA over unpaid taxes. With the price of the standard 12.5 kilogramme bottle doubling to N5,000, attention was once again focused on the unsettling reality of Nigerians having to pay ridiculous prices for cooking gas at a time gas prices have eased worldwide and worse, when the quantum of gas flared at our oil fields is enough to power the whole of Africa. Indeed, the failure of policy initiatives that could have made LPG the first choice of fuel for domestic and industrial use, given it many advantages in terms of cleanliness, become more obvious and makes the case to reverse this sorry state of affairs, rather compelling. Even before the NLNG/NIMASA debacle, the LPG market had been bogged down largely by a crippling infrastructure deficit typified by inadequate receiving terminals especially in Lagos, the biggest consumer, dearth of storage facilities, poor distribution networks and most importantly perhaps, cost issues associated with acquisition of cylinders that have all combined prevented gas usage from gaining the necessary mass appeal needed to increase domestic consumption to appreciable levels. At just 0.5 kg per capita, Nigeria is about the lowest consumer of LPG, way behind Senegal, for example, where gas usage is ubiquitous and even villagers are supplied cylinder refills by donkey cart. Even now that the NIMASA blockade has been lifted, gas prices have refused to normalise and we hear stories of dedicated LPG vessels unable to find berthing space to discharge products lifted from NLNG’s Bonny terminal at Lagos reception facilities. The situation in Bonny itself is no better as a backlog of loading scheduled needs to be cleared. However, the larger issue remains how to transform Nigeria into a gas consuming nation instead of the resort to kerosene by many households despite it being ultimately more expensive, much more energy inefficient and leaves a larger carbon footprint than gas. Industrial consumers that would have needed no convincing to choose the gas option are constrained by lack of pipeline infrastructure to ensure delivery to their doorsteps. While some positive outcomes appeared to have followed the NIMASA/NLNG episode with the gas company announcing that domestic supplies will be increased by 67 per cent from 150,000 metric tonnes per day to 250,000 MT based on recent studies that indicated a substantial increase in demand, it is clear that massive investments in gas storage and distribution infrastructure as well as cylinders to keep prices low in addition to a new strategy to communicate the advantages of gas usage targeted largely at addressing fears about safety that had deterred a large chunk of the uninformed populace from embracing gas required since demand will drive supply. It is against this backdrop that stakeholders in the LPG market decided to brainstorm last week in Abuja in an attempt to confront the obvious facts and find a way of moving the market forward. Already, the Managing Director, Nigeria LNG Limited, Mr. Babs Omotowa, is upbeat about the rise in gas demand pointing out that it was in live with the government vision. He was also quick to note that the assurance of steady supply should increase investors’ confidence in the cooking gas industry and bridge the infrastructure gap. Also, the Department of Petroleum Resources, which hosted the LPG stakeholders, announced sweeping set of operational guidelines to inject sanity into standards and safety practices as well as a facilities audit scheduled for September to ensure compliance. Under the new regime, which prescribes a three year jail term for defaulters, risk a three year jail term, every depot handling LPG shall henceforth establish well equipped and functional laboratory for products recertification and install weighing scales, which must be calibrated once a month in the presence of DPR representatives. According to DPR Lagos Zone Operations Controller, Gbenga Koku, while rolling out the new rules facility audit will be conducted yearly on all facilities to ensure compliance with operating procedures and standards with “preventive maintenance schedule of critical equipment to be prepared and submitted to the DPR for monitoring purpose every year” while “every depot shall conduct safety fire drill at least once every month and keep a register for the exercise.” The regulator also declared that henceforth, the life span of every LPG cylinder is 10 years, stressing that refilling plants should take note of the expiry date to avoid disaster. Also LPG storage tanks have their manufacture and expiring dates printed on a name plate placed on the shell of the tank. He also threatened to impose sanction against any LPG plant owner “who continue to sell products to unlicensed distributors and bulk end users despite directives against this practice.” Nonetheless, the key to meeting the government target of one million MT of local LPG consumption by 2015 lies in making it available. In Botswana, for example, cooking gas is supplied door-to-door. All that is required is a phone call. Some petroleum marketing companies such as Oando and Conoil that have seen the huge opportunities in this market are already looking in this direction and bringing in cheap small cylinders and gas burners into the market. A few other companies are already dedicated off takers from NLNG and the entire LPG commercial stakeholders being prepared to expand the market would require government support in the short term to incentivise gas infrastructure investments and consumption. It make more sense and it will cut the huge subsidy bill on kerosene imports and also, crucially, reduce the rate of deforestation, just to put food on the table while also cutting costs for industrial consumers. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Naira fluctuates against major currencies T he Naira depreciated marginally against the dollar at the official segment of the Foreign Exchange Market on Friday. The Naira, which opened at N154.76 to a dollar on Monday, July 29, closed at N155.26 on Friday. The currency, however, slightly appreciated against the pound sterling, at the official market. The Naira, which opened Business Courage Monday, August 5, 2013 at N237.91 to the pound on Monday, closed for the week at N236.39 to the pound on Friday. Also, the Naira also slightly appreciated against the Euro on Friday, closing at N204, compared to N205.44 it was sold on Monday, July 29. The currency, however, remained firm against the dollar at the Bureau de Change seg- A21 37 ment last week. The Naira, which was N160 to the dollar at the Bureau de Change on Monday, closed at the same amount on Friday. The Naira also firmed against the pound and euro at N245 and N212, respectively, at the Bureau de Change since the beginning of the week. The currency was also relatively stable at the black market this week, trading at N160 to the dollar. The Naira was traded for pounds at between N246 and N247 to the dollar at the black market, while it was exchanged at N207 to the euro. BC FMDQ OTC trading platform to start operations T he Financial Market Dealers Association (FMDA) said it has concluded arrangement to launch an overthe-counter (OTC) trading platform known as FMDQ OTC Plc. The FMDQ OTC Plc had received the licensed of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a self- regulatory organisation (SRO) to organise and provide oversight on the OTC market in the Nigerian capital market in November 2012. According to a statement, the FMDQ OTC is expected to provide issuers, investors and end-users of financial market products with world-class market governance for capital transfer. The subscribers to the company’s shares are banks, discount houses and the Nigerian Stock Exchange through its subsidiary NSE Consult. According to the Chairman of the Company, who is also the Group Managing Director/ Chief Executive Officer of Access Aig-Imoukhuede Bank, Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, the FMDQ OTC would add considerable value to the Nigerian financial markets by focusing on areas including enhancing market integrity, market liquidity risk, improving systemic risk management, amongst others. “FMDQ OTC will organise the OTC market and stan- dardise the operations, practice and business conduct of its members and their representatives with a view to protecting investors and the public interest. The immediate focus is the Nigeria interbank markets money, repo, foreign exchange, treasury bills and bonds. “The establishment of the FMDQ OTC will address governance structure and single operating platform, aggregating pre-trade and post-trade data to promote transparency. FMDQ OTC will also promote international best practices (including Straight-throughprocessing (STP)) in clearing and settlement arrangement for OTC products,” he added. The chairman further noted it was an ideal time for the FMDQ OTC project to commence operation given the policy objectives of the SEC, CBN, DMO and the federal government to develop the Nigerian financial markets as a reference point in Africa and catalyst for growth for the real sector. BC Seven-Up Bottling declares N2.20 dividend S oft drinks maker, SevenUp Bottling Company Plc has declared a dividend of N2.20 per share for the year ended March 31, 2013, showing an increase of 10 above the N2 paid in the previous year. The dividend, which amounts to N1.409 billion, would be paid out of the N2.856 billion profit after tax (PAT) the company reported in its audited results for the year made available by the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The results showed that Seven-Up recorded revenue of N64.1 billion, up by seven per cent from N59.9 billion posted in the corresponding period of 2012. Profit before tax rose by 28 per cent from N2.558 billion to N3.262 billion in 2013. However, a reduction in tax- ation and some other expenses, led to the company recording a higher growth of 70 per cent in PAT from N1.678 billion to N2.856 billion. The shares of Seven-Up Bottling Company declined by 2.03 per cent to close at N74.35 per share as investors reacted negatively to the results. Some analysts said considering the current price of the stock and the N2.20 dividend, which translated into a dividend yield of 2.9 per cent, there was no incentive to move the shares higher. Seven-Up Bottling shares have so far appreciated by 77 26 per cent, thereby outperforming the NSE All-Share Index (ASI), which has appreciated by 36.3 per cent. Meanwhile, the market maintained its bullish outlook for the fourth day as investors’ reactions to half-year corporate results continued to spur demand for equities. The ASI appreciated by one per cent from 37,914.33 to close at 38,291.07, while market capitalisation added N119 billion to close at N12.126 trillion. A total of 38 stocks appreciated compared with 19 that lost value. Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nigeria Plc led the price gainers with N5.00 to close at N110 per share. Guinness Nigeria Plc trailed with N4.99 to close at N250 per share, just as Julius Berger Nigeria Plc and Okomu Oil Palm Plc added N3.70 and N3.41 to be at N83.69 and N47.91 respectively. BC Market Indicators for Week Ended 02-08-13 All-Share Index 38,806.45 points Market Capitalisation N12,168,683,476,062.53 Stock Updates GAINERS COMPANY OPENING PRICE Chams Plc: From losing streak to profitability By Johnson Okanlawon C hams Plc recorded 249 per cent growth in its core business segment, strident cost management and internal efficiency initiatives being implemented by the management impacted positively on the top-down profit structure of the group. The improvement in its core identity management business, improved cost management and increased productivity and internal efficiency boosted the performance outlook of Chams Plc in 2012. Audited report and accounts of Chams for the year ended December 31, 2012 showed a major turnaround as the technology innovation group harnessed substantial growth in turnover and improved efficiency to break away from its recent losing streak to profitability. The group’s increasingly efficient cost management was underlined by 51 per cent decline in cost of sales and muted increase of 14 per cent and 1.7 per cent in operating expenses and finance expenses respectively. These turned around the bottom-line from a net loss of N1.24 billion in 2011 to a modest net profit of N87.5 million. While it could not declare any dividend, the positive bottomline locked in values for shareholders and reassured on the prospects of the company. Return on equity turned positive at 1.9 per cent in 2012 as against -30.8 per cent in 2011. Return on total assets also turned around from -15.2 per cent to 1.9 per cent. The liquidity and financing position of the group improved during the period, with more working capital and improved financing for emerging obligations. The structure and composition of its top-line however remained precarious, largely dependent on unpredictable public sector’s projects. Structures Incorporated in 1985 as a private limited liability company, Chams converted to a public limited company in 2007 and listed its shares on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2008 by way of introduction. Chams Plc and its subsidiaries offer complete end to end solution to small and large projects in the areas of identity management, payments, collection and transactional systems, as well as providing digital platform and ICT trainings. The Chams Group consists of four subsidiaries; CardCentre Nigeria Limited, which is engaged in the production and manufacturing of identity, payment and other smart cards; PayMaster Limited, which deals with deployment of POT and POS terminals; ChamsAcccess Limit- ed, a licensed consortium for the deployment of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) which is also involved in the deployment of multi application terminals; and ChamsSwitch, which engages in provision of the e-payment transaction processing platform for the Nigerian Market. Chams is owned by about 8,500 shareholders with substantial shareholdings by financial and asset management companies and institutional investors. Nigerian institutional investors hold 48 per cent equity stake in the company. The board and management of the company have remained stable. Demola Aladekomo, the founding managing director and main promoter of the company, remains the managing director. Meanwhile, Professor Adebayo Akinde retired as the chairman of the company earlier this month and a new chairman, Ayo Richards, was appointed as chairman. Akinde had served on the board for two decades and had been the chairman of the board in the past seven years. The company’s governance and reporting structures comply largely with extant codes of corporate governance and reporting standards. Financing structure Chams Group’s paid up capital remained unchanged at N2.35 billion, consisting of about 4.7 billion ordinary shares of 50 kobo each. Shareholders’ funds rose on the back of modest retained earnings to N4.49 billion, about 12 per cent above N4.01 billion recorded in 2011. Total assets increased by 10.5 per cent from N7.89 billion to N8.72 billion. Current assets had risen by 40 per cent from N4.51 billion to N6.33 billion while longterm assets dropped by 22 per cent from N3.07 billion to N2.39 billion. Total liabilities stood at N4.23 billion in 2012 as against N3.88 billion in 2011, indicating marginal increase of 9.1 per cent. The financing position of the group remained steady. The proportion of equity funds to total assets inched up from 50.8 per cent to 51.5 per cent. Debt-toequity ratio however rose slightly from 23.3 per cent to 24.3 per cent. Current liabilities/total assets ratio was almost flat at 46.1 per cent as against 46.5 per cent while long-term liabilities/total assets ratio reduced from 2.7 per cent to 2.4 per cent. Efficiency There was noticeable improvement in the overall cost efficiency and productivity of the group. On the basis of estimated workforce of 500 persons, average level of productivity per head and relevant cost per unit Liquidity The liquidity position of the group improved considerably with more working capital and improved financing for emerging obligations. Current ratio, which relates available current assets to similar current liabilities, improved from 1.23 times in 2011 to 1.57 times in 2012. The proportion of working capital to total sales almost doubled at 81.4 per cent in 2012 compared with 47.4 per cent in 2011. Debtors/ creditors ratio stood at 622 per cent in 2012 as against 208 per cent in 2011. Aladekomo of production showed improved optimization. Average contribution of each employee to pre-tax profit improved from –N2.40 million in 2011 to N0.34 million in 2012. However, average cost per staff reduced from N1.03 billion to N0.75 million. The company had undertaken staff audit and performance review during the period. Total cost of the business, excluding finance charges, reduced to about 105 per cent of total sales in 2012 as against 181.6 per cent in 2011. The reduction in top-line and operating costs enabled the group to leverage the bottom-line from additional incomes from noncore businesses. Profitability Chams’ profit outlook showed considerable improvement in the intrinsic profit-making capacity of the company as it consolidated expansive sales growth into notable profitability. Both outward and underlying profit and loss measures indicated significant upturn in the profit outlook, headlined by replacement of previous whooping loss of N1.24 billion with a modest profit of N87.5 million. Group turnover rose by about 60 per cent to N2.84 billion in 2012 as against N1.78 billion recorded in 2011. Top-line performance was driven by the group’s identity management solutions business, which recorded 249.3 per cent increase from N700 million to N2.45 billion. While cost of sales dropped by 51 per cent from N1.09 billion to N534 million, gross profit jumped by 235 per cent from N687 million to N2.30 billion. Operating expense remained muted at N2.45 billion compared with N2.14 billion while interest expense was almost flat at N230 million compared with N226 million in previous year. With these, Chams broke away from recent losing streak with a profit before tax of N170 million in 2012 as against pretax loss of N1.20 billion in 2011. After taxes, net profit stood at N87.5 million in 2012 as against net loss of N1.24 billion in 2011, representing an increase of 107 per cent. It thus replaced its basic loss per share of 26 kobo in 2011 with modest earnings per share of 3.0 kobo for 2012. The group’s net asset per share also increased from 85 kobo to 95 kobo. Underlying profitability indices showed generally positive outlook. Gross profit margin more than doubled at 81.2 per cent in 2012 as against 38.6 per cent in 2011. Profit before tax margin, which underlines average profit per unit of sales, turned around from -67.4 per cent in 2011 to 6.0 per cent in 2012. This implies that while Chams lost N67.4 on every N100 worth of operations in 2011, it made a modest profit of N6 on similar unit in 2012. The improved bottom-line also reflected on the underlying returns to shareholders and other stakeholders. Return on equity stood at 1.9 per cent in 2012 as against -30.8 per cent in 2011. Return on total assets also turned around from -15.2 per cent to 1.9 per cent. The company did not pay any dividend for 2012, which underlined the nascent recovery. Its last dividend payment was in 2009. Analyst’s opinion The performance of Chams shows a ray of hopes and reassures on the prospects of the company. It however remains delicate and cautious. While the top-line performance was commendable, it was driven mainly by its one-line identity management contract with the Federal Government. Although the group has made remarkable progress in its private-sector-driven payment solutions, its top-line remained heavily skewed towards the public sector, with penchant for unreliable project timelines and commitments. There is also the operating risk of policy somersault and realignment, which could see a slowdown or reversal of essential public policies on economic payment automation and identity management. There is no guarantee of institutionalization of public policies in Nigeria’s highly politicized public decision-making process. The deficits, created by its previous streak of losses, remained a potential threat. Notwithstanding, there is reasonable basis to be optimistic about the prospects of the company. Governments, across the levels, are increasingly focused on identity management for internal security, planning and revenue generation. The automation of payment system, being driven by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and with general buy-in from major public and private stakeholders, has continued to gather momentum. It’s doubtful that there would be any major reversal in any of these directions. In all these, Chams holds competitive advantages as a stand-alone company and partner-of-choice. Chams holds CBN’s licenses for mobile banking and automated payments including Point of Sale (POS) terminal and PTSP licenses. Its partnership with the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) is on stronger footing, and recent security events have reinforced government’s desire on efficient identity management. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net STOCKWATCH Stock Exchange weekly equities summary as at Friday, August 02, 2013 SECURITY PRICE (=N=) AGRICULTURE/AGRO-ALLIED Crop Production FTN COCOA PROCESSORS PLC 0.50 OKOMU OIL PALM PLC. 48.00 PRESCO PLC 38.48 Fishing/Hunting/Trapping ELLAH LAKES PLC. NT Livestock/Animal Specialties LIVESTOCK FEEDS PLC. 5.19 CONGLOMERATES Diversified Industries A.G. LEVENTIS NIGERIA PLC. 1.43 CHELLARAMS PLC. 4.41 JOHN HOLT PLC. 1.22 S C O A NIG. PLC. 5.32 U A C N PLC. 61.00 CONSTRUCTION/REAL ESTATE Building Construction ARBICO PLC. NT CAPPA & D’ALBERTO PLC. NT Building Structure/Completion/Other COSTAIN (W A) PLC. 1.39 G CAPPA PLC NT Non--Building/Heavy Construction JULIUS BERGER NIG. PLC. 83.69 ROADS NIG PLC. NT Real Estate Development PINNACLE POINT GROUP PLC NT UACN PROPERTY DEV 16.65 Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) SKYE SHELTER FUND PLC NT UNION HOMES REAL ESTATE INV 50.00 CONSUMER GOODS Automobiles/Auto Parts DN TYRE & RUBBER PLC 0.50 Beverages--Brewers/Distillers CHAMPION BREW. PLC. 13.31 GOLDEN GUINEA BREW. PLC. NT GUINNESS NIG PLC 250.22 INTERNATIONAL BREWERIES PLC. 24.65 JOS INT. BREWERIES PLC. 0.90 NIGERIAN BREW. PLC. 177.90 PREMIER BREWERIES PLC NT Beverages--Non-Alcoholic 7-UP BOTTLING COMP. PLC. 74.20 Food Products BIG TREAT PLC NT DANGOTE FLOUR MILLS PLC 9.50 DANGOTE SUGAR REFINERY PLC 11.75 FLOUR MILLS NIG. PLC. 86.30 HONEYWELL FLOUR MILL PLC 3.20 MULTI-TREX INTEGRATED FOODS PLC NT N NIG. FLOUR MILLS PLC. 27.00 NATIONAL SALT CO. NIG. PLC 12.20 P S MANDRIDES & CO PLC. NT U T C NIG. PLC. 0.80 UNION DICON SALT PLC. NT Food Products--Diversified CADBURY NIGERIA PLC. 53.90 NESTLE NIGERIA PLC. 990.00 Household Durables BETA GLASS CO PLC. NT NIGERIAN ENAMELWARE PLC. NT VITAFOAM NIG PLC. 4.40 VONO PRODUCTS PLC. 0.93 Personal/Household Products P Z CUSSONS NIGERIA PLC. 45.60 UNILEVER NIGERIA PLC. 63.01 Textiles/Apparel UNITED NIG. TEXTILES PLC. NT FINANCIAL SERVICES Banking ACCESS BANK PLC. 11.15 DIAMOND BANK PLC 6.89 ECOBANK TRANSNATIONAL INC. 14.60 FIDELITY BANK PLC 2.99 FIRST CITY MONUMENT BANK PLC. NT GUARANTY TRUST BANK PLC. 25.32 SKYE BANK PLC 4.46 STERLING BANK PLC. 2.75 U B A PLC 8.42 UNION BANK NIG.PLC. 12.65 UNITY BANK PLC 0.54 WEMA BANK PLC. 1.17 ZENITH BANK PLC 20.93 Insurance Carriers, Brokers & Services AFRICAN ALLIANCE INS. COY. PLC 0.50 AIICO INSURANCE PLC. 0.91 CONFIDENCE INSURANCE PLC NT CONSOLIDATED HALLMARK INS. PLC 0.50 CONTINENTAL REINSURANCE PLC 1.27 CORNERSTONE INS. COY. PLC. 0.54 CUSTODIAN AND ALLIED INS. PLC 1.60 EQUITY ASSURANCE PLC. NT GOLDLINK INSURANCE PLC NT GREAT NIGERIAN INSURANCE PLC 0.50 GUINEA INSURANCE PLC. NT INTERCONTINENTAL WAPIC INS. PLC 0.90 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INS. PLC 2.25 INVESTMENT AND ALLIED ARN. NT LASACO ASSURANCE PLC. NT LAW UNION AND ROCK INS. PLC. 0.50 LINKAGE ASSURANCE PLC 0.50 MANSARD INSURANCE PLC 2.20 MUTUAL BENEFITS ASSURANCE PLC. NT N.E.M INSURANCE CO (NIG) PLC. 0.72 NIGER INSURANCE CO. PLC. NT OASIS INSURANCE PLC NT PRESTIGE ASSURANCE CO. PLC. 0.53 REGENCY ALLIANCE INS. COY PLC NT SOVEREIGN TRUST INSURANCE PLC 0.50 STACO INSURANCE PLC NT STANDARD ALLIANCE INS. PLC. 0.50 UNIC INSURANCE PLC. 0.50 UNITY KAPITAL ASSURANCE PLC NT UNIVERSAL INS. COMPANY PLC 0.50 Micro Finance Banks FORTIS MICROFINANCE BANK PLC NT NPF MICROFINANCE BANK PLC 0.82 Mortgage Carriers, Brokers &Services ABBEY BUILDING SOCIETY PLC 1.53 ASO SAVINGS AND LOANS PLC 0.50 RESORT SAVINGS & LOANS PLC 0.50 UNION HOMES SAVINGS&LOANS PLC NT Other Financial Institutions CRUSADER ( NIG) PLC. NT DEAP CAPITAL MGT & TRUST PLC 1.82 FBN HOLDINGS PLC 16.93 NIG SEW. MACH. MAN. CO. PLC. NT NIGERIA ENERYGY SECTOR FUND NT ROYAL EXCHANGE PLC. 0.56 STANBIC IBTC HOLDINGS PLC 18.84 HEALTHCARE Healthcare Providers EKOCORP PLC. 4.32 Medical Equipment UNION DIAGNOSTIC &CLINICAL PLC 0.50 Medical Supplies MORISON INDUSTRIES PLC. 2.23 Pharmaceuticals EVANS MEDICAL PLC. 4.49 FIDSON HEALTHCARE PLC 2.27 GLAXO SMITHKLINE CONSUMER PLC 60.00 MAY & BAKER NIGERIA PLC. 2.68 NOTE NT=Not Traded on 02-08-13 QUANTITY N/A 69.50 NT 325 333 384 311 121 528 1 405 402 NT NT 694 534 NT 146 997 NT 0.50 19.90 16.20 95.00 6.60 2.70 43.96 6.70 5.66 0.88 4.22 0.50 4.15 3.64 52.50 1.91 1.00 20.41 3.86 5.66 0.50 4.22 2 000 000 000 5 000 000 000 12 000 000 000 1 879 210 666 7 930 197 658 3 722 493 620 178 200 000 0.00 0.00 0.91 3.79 0.51 0.00 2.50 1.07 0.08 1.13 0.00 N/A 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.59 N/A N/A -2.01 N/A #VALUE! N/A NT 9.50 11.67 86.30 3.15 NT 26.50 12.45 NT NT NT 40 000 000 1 233 375 004 360 000 000 381 328 227 482 N/A NT 16 673 878 4 917 333 3 439 795 9 072 081 NT 13 705 762 14 592 434 13 446 009 30 957 656 929 987 10 933 326 12 229 410 16 900 595 11.70 9.27 17.05 3.20 8.30 29.05 10.17 2.91 8.70 13.09 1.92 1.75 22.75 4.76 2.01 9.97 1.14 3.04 11.64 2.73 0.97 1.64 1.96 0.50 0.50 11.70 17 888 251 479 14 475 243 105 9 873 614 567 28 974 797 023 16 271 192 202 29 146 482 209 13 219 334 676 12 563 091 545 32 334 693 693 13 509 726 273 33 675 576 085 12 821 249 880 31 396 493 790 1.42 0.90 2.81 0.43 0.60 2.10 0.71 0.54 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 4.21 1.32 4.29 -0.33 #VALUE! 2.51 -0.89 4.56 7.54 5.42 0.00 9.35 7.61 10.70 6.80 14.00 3.00 NT 24.70 4.50 2.63 7.83 12.00 0.61 1.07 19.45 400 000 1 488 932 NT 1 000 000 42 000 103 001 1 608 408 NT NT 10 000 NT 721 163 30 000 NT NT 123 965 123 965 105 900 NT 804 692 NT NT 1 103 367 NT 85 000 NT 60 000 708 026 NT 3 627 0.50 1.01 0.64 0.50 1.20 0.50 3.51 0.50 0.69 0.50 0.50 0.97 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.61 0.50 2.30 0.50 0.86 1.11 0.50 2.35 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.61 0.50 0.61 0.50 1.31 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.95 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 20 585 000 000 7 809 391 256 211 626 000 6 000 000 000 10 372 624 157 8 820 010 363 5 100 846 808 8 847 298 420 4 549 947 000 3 827 485 380 720 000 000 5 061 804 000 6 420 427 449 28 000 000 000 7 323 313 227 3 437 330 500 4 083 713 569 10 000 000 000 7 998 705 336 5 332 830 881 5 649 693 923 5 003 506 791 2 508 315 436 6 668 750 000 5 203 757 266 6 141 087 609 8 493 173 450 2 581 733 505 13 000 000 000 16 000 000 000 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.37 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A 0.00 2.33 N/A -5.26 N/A N/A 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.50 0.90 NT 0.50 1.22 0.54 1.57 NT NT 0.50 NT 0.90 2.25 NT NT 0.50 0.50 2.15 NT 0.76 NT NT 0.53 NT 0.50 NT 0.50 0.50 NT 0.50 NT 16 000 SECURITY PRICE (=N=) NEIMETH INT PHARM PLC 1.50 NIGERIA-GERMAN CHEMICALS PLC. 7.36 PHARMA-DEKO PLC. 2.03 ICT Computer Based Systems COURTEVILLE BUSINESS SLN PLC 0.80 Computers and Peripherals OMATEK VENTURES PLC 0.50 Electronic Communications Services MTECH COMMUNICATIONS PLC NT IT Services NCR (NIGERIA) PLC. 18.70 TRIPPLE GEE AND COMPANY PLC. 2.29 Processing Systems CHAMS PLC 0.50 E-TRANZACT INTERNATIONAL PLC 3.47 Telecommunications Carriers STARCOMMS PLC NT Telecommunications Services IHS NIGERIA PLC PREF SHARES NT IHS PLC 2.54 MTI PLC NT INDUSTRIAL GOODS Building Materials AFRICAN PAINTS (NIGERIA) PLC. NT ASHAKA CEM PLC 25.50 BERGER PAINTS PLC 9.61 CAP PLC 48.50 CEMENT CO. OF NORTH.NIG. PLC 9.60 DANGOTE CEMENT PLC 196.00 DN MEYER PLC. 1.58 FIRST ALUMINIUM NIGERIA PLC NT IPWA PLC 1.09 LAFARGE WAPCO PLC. 108.00 PAINTS & COATINGS MANFACT.PLC NT PORTLAND PAINTS & PRDT NIG. PLC 5.64 PREMIER PAINTS PLC. NT Electronic and Electrical Products AUSTIN LAZ & COMPANY PLC 2.00 CUTIX PLC. 2.01 NIGERIAN WIRE AND CABLE PLC. NT NIGERIAN WIRE IND. PLC NT Packaging/Containers ABPLAST PRODUCTS PLC. NT AVON CROWNCAPS & CONTAINERS 1.71 BETA GLASS CO PLC. 10.90 GREIF NIGERIA PLC NT NIG. BAGS MANFACT. COY PLC NT POLY PRODUCTS (NIG) PLC. NT W A GLASS IND. PLC. NT Tools and Machinery NIGERIAN ROPES PLC 7.85 STOKVIS NIG PLC. NT NATURAL RESOURCES Chemicals B.O.C. GASES PLC. 6.77 Metals ALUMACO PLC NT ALUMINIUM EXTRUSION IND. PLC. 10.50 Non-Metallic Mineral Mining MULTIVERSE PLC NT Paper/Forest Products HALLMARK PAPER PRODUCTS PLC. NT THOMAS WYATT NIG. PLC. NT OIL AND GAS Energy Equipment and Services JAPAUL OIL & MARITIME SER. PLC 0.52 Integrated Oil and Gas Services OANDO PLC 13.20 Petroleum &Petroleum Products Distributors AFROIL PLC NT BECO PETROLEUM PRODUCT PLC 0.50 CONOIL PLC 32.01 ETERNA PLC. 3.15 FORTE OIL PLC. 43.95 MOBIL OIL NIG PLC. 121.95 MRS OIL NIGERIA PLC. 36.14 TOTAL NIGERIA PLC. 159.00 SERVICES Advertising AFROMEDIA PLC NT Apparel Retailers LENNARDS (NIG) PLC. NT Automobile/Auto Part Retailers R T BRISCOE PLC. 1.45 Courier/Freight/Delivery RED STAR EXPRESS PLC 4.89 TRANS-NATIONWIDE EXPRESS PLC. 1.00 Employment Solutions C & I LEASING PLC. 0.50 Hospitality TANTALIZERS PLC NT Hotels/Lodging CAPITAL HOTEL PLC NT IKEJA HOTEL PLC 0.87 TOURIST COMPANY OF NIGERIA PLC. NT TRANSNATIONAL CORP. OF NIG.PLC 1.43 Media/Entertainment DAAR COMMUNICATIONS PLC 0.50 Printing/Publishing ACADEMY PRESS PLC. 1.78 LEARN AFRICA PLC 1.69 STUDIO PRESS (NIG) PLC. NT UNIVERSITY PRESS PLC. 4.26 Road Transportation ABC TRANSPORT PLCPLC 0.96 Specialty INTERLINKED TECHNOLOGIES PLC NT SECURE ELECTRONIC TECH.PLC NT Transport-Related Services AIRLINE SERVICES AND LOGISTICS PLC 4.32 NIG. AVIATION HANDLING COY PLC 6.75 ASeM CONSTRUCTION/REAL ESTATE Property Management SMART PRODUCTS NIGERIA PLC NT CONSUMER GOODS Food Products MCNICHOLS PLC 0.97 Personal/Household Products ROKANA INDUSTRIES PLC. 0.60 HEALTHCARE Pharmaceuticals AFRIK PHARMACEUTICALS PLC. NT INDUSTRIAL GOODS Electronic and Electrical Products NT ADSWITCH PLC. 1.63 NATURAL RESOURCES Metals W.A. ALUM. PRODUCTS PLC. NT OIL AND GAS Petroleum & Petroleum Products Distributors ANINO INTERNATIONAL PLC. NT CAPITAL OIL PLC 0.50 RAK UNITY PET. COMP. PLC. NT UNION VENTURES & PET. PLC NT SERVICES Apparel Retailers UDEOFSON GARMENT FACT. NIG PLC NT Food/Drug Retailers and Wholesalers NT JULI PLC. 2.14 ETF’s Sector ETF NEWGOLD EXCHANGE TRADED FUND 2 638.00 QUANTITY NT 2 948 970 NT 2.25 3.50 0.50 4 400 000 000 4 893 594 400 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A NT 3.79 NT NT 281 795 9 401 185 026 502 826 232 677 10 000 NT 192 063 153 500 NT 3 238 000 NT 3.32 30.00 12.57 43.98 15.49 132.51 3.51 0.75 0.99 56.50 3.36 5.28 13.40 2.86 9.10 7.27 14.50 4.20 95.00 0.93 0.50 0.91 37.00 0.52 2.27 10.93 260 000 000 2 239 453 125 217 367 585 560 000 000 1 241 548 285 15 494 019 668 242 908 200 2 109 928 275 513 696 000 3 001 600 004 792 914 256 400 000 000 75 000 000 0.00 2.14 1.09 2.28 1.47 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.10 0.26 0.23 0.00 N/A 2.00 1.16 3.30 6.08 3.16 N/A N/A N/A 8.54 N/A N/A N/A NT 25.00 9.50 46.95 9.05 190.00 1.48 NT 1.09 99.50 NT 6.00 NT 200 000 407 300 NT NT 2.00 2.50 0.73 2.58 510 396 608 2 220 000 000 15 000 000 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.00 On your next visit to the land of peace... Ghana Weâ€™re there for your financial interest ENERGYBANK ...supporting your aspirations +HDG2IĂ€FH GNAT Heights, 30, Independence Avenue, Accra www.energybankghana.com Contacts: [email protected] +233302234033-4, +233302234309 Monday, August 5, 2013 27 41 Law & Justice [email protected] “On no account should courts of law be hungry or have the gluttony for jurisdiction” JUSTICE NIKI TOBI JSC, RETIRED JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT Litigants groan under high cost of justice •Legal fees, charges on the increase –Lawyers ADERIBIGBE APPROACHED A LEGAL PRACTITIONER TO SEEK REDRESS. ASKED TO PAY AN INI- 1999 Constitution: Piecemeal amendment won’t endure –Braithwaite TIAL DEPOSIT OF Mamman Nasir: From the Bench to the throne HE WAS Justice Ibrahim Auta, CJ, Federal High Court Access to justice is a cardinal issue in the administration of justice. This implies that justice can only be obtained when people have means of seeking redress for the perceived wrongs in the society. KAYODE KETEFE, the Assistant Head, Judiciary, examines the rising cost of litigation in Nigeria and how the masses are being denied justice as a result of exorbitant legal costs. C onflicts are part and parcel of every society as human’s socio-economic and political intercourse are bound to generate frictions. Law is enthroned as an instrument of socio-engineering to balance the conflicting interests and produce redress for the aggrieved elements. Thus law is seen as a “protector” of the society which dissuades belligerence, recourse to self-help and anarchy. However, question often arises on this usefulness of law as a social regulator when a large number of the masses are denied access to justice as result of high cost of seeking it. The following two life examples underscore the extent of the difficulties majority of Nigerians face in seeking justice. 28 year-old Tunde Aderibigbe, used to work for an Indian manufacturing company situated in Otta, Ogun State as factory worker. He recently sustained an industrial accident while operating a machine during official hours as a result of which he lost four of his fingers. Barely weeks after the accident when his condition became stable, the company laid him off for having become an invalid. He was offered no compensation. Aderibigbe approached a legal practitioner to seek redress. He was asked to pay an initial deposit of N100, 000 as professional fee and additional N50, 000 filing fees. As he had been on salary of a meagre N40, 000 per month and had not been paid any compensation, he could not afford these fees and thus, he is now roaming from chambers to chambers seeking for a lawyer who would agree to take the case pro bono (free of charge) Aderibigbe’s case is similar to the case of Toyin Adesina, who had recently been sacked by the new generation bank she worked for. She was alleged to have participated in the worker’s union activities pestering the management for enhanced welfare package. She got no compensation despite the fact that she had worked for five years, the bank insisted she was a “contract staffer” In Adesina’s case, she got a lawyer who was willing to write a letter of protest and demand to the bank pro bono. When the bank refused to pay her any money, she could not file any action as she could not afford the fees for legal services. But this problem is hardly limited to civil litigation alone. There are thousands of awaiting trial inmates across the Nigerian prisons and police cells whose detention was solely as a result of lack of access to legal representation. This explains why every year the Chief Judge of a state would visit prisons with a view to free inmates who had been inordinately detained. Traditionally, the cost of access to the Nigerian court had always been high, but the situation seemed to be getting worse as the costs increase with more and more people below the poverty line being shut out of court. It will be recalled that the Lagos State Judiciary indirectly increased the cost of filing fees early this year when it made ADR mandatory for all cases. This was contained under the 2012 Civil Procedure Rules which provides that “All Originating Processes shall upon acceptance for filing by the Registry be screened for suitability for ADR and referred to the Lagos Multi Door Court House or other appropriate ADR institutions or Practitioners in accordance with the Practice Directions that shall from time to time be issued by the Chief Judge of Lagos State”. These high costs are passed by the lawyers directly to the clients who are the consumers of the legal services. But the lawyers themselves also claim they are feeling the impact as s result of low patronage resulting from the higher costs. Speaking to the National Mirror on the increasing costs of access to court in Nigeria, a number of lawyers said that high legal costs have denied many people justice. The former Second National Vice -President of the Nigerian Bar Association, (NBA) Mr. Adekunle Ojo, said “I think the cost of litigation is Nigeria is still quite high and only the rich or the comfortable can afford it. The costs of filing processes are high while the service charges of lawyers are also high and going by the earnings of an average Nigerian, not many people can afford it. In addition the duration that the cases spend in our court make the fees exorbitant. ‘’For example, there is a case we filed at CONTINUED ON PAGE 44 42 Monday, August 5, 2013 1999 Constitution: Piecemeal amendment As the founder of Nigeria Advance Party (NAP), have you tried to sell your party’s manifestoes any of the political parties? I remember that the late Aminu Kano came to my home with S. G. Ikoku; Abubakar Rimi accompanied them but he sat at the foyer he didn’t join in the negotiation. They came to negotiate collaboration on the ground that the Nigeria Advance Party manifesto was the closest to their own PRP socialist manifesto. Subsequent PRP chieftains have related to us. There was this bright ideologist, a lecturer at Ahmadu Bello University Late Dr. Bala Usman and of course, Balarabe Musa who still interacts with us on the basis of NAP manifesto being one of the best that is closest to bringing widespread socio benefits and relief to the people of this country. In late 70’s in the twilight of Obasanjo’s military junta, when political parties were formed for the 1979 elections, then Col. Ibrahim Babangida brought himself to us and said he found the NAP to be a dynamic and the most progressive of all the parties. In fact, he was telling his friends that NAP was most suitable to usher a fresh breath of life to Nigeria. Although NAP was refused registration, by Babangida’s friends in the junta, he continued, according to him, believing in our programmes. And interestingly, in 1982, after our registration and I was contesting the presidency, alongside some of the founding fathers of the Nigerian state, Babangida came to me and requested that we lend him not only the manifesto and the constitution of the party but the tape of our 1982 convention at the Federal Palace Hotel. He said it was of interest to him, so we lent him, clearly oblivious of his hidden agenda. It took almost two years before I could retrieve the materials from him and I was sending Senator Ben Obi back and forth to retrieve our documents from him. Ben Obi was the publicity secretary of NAP as at that time, as well my Personal Assistant. It took two years to retrieve NAP literature from Babangida. How do you see the ongoing 1999 Constitution amendment by the National Assembly? The entire 1999 Constitution is a document of falsehood. It was never a constitution agreed by the people of this country. The Nigerian Constitution of 1999 is Decree number 14 of 1999. I have been in the forefront for the Nigerian people to produce a new constitution. So, I am not interested in any adhoc amendments of the constitution because the 1999 Constitution deserves not less than a surgical dissection. It does not reflect the aspirations and the ground norm for the well-being of the Nigerian people. It is a document that is self-serving and short-sighted of those who imposed it on the people. The on-going piecemeal amendments would not endure. I do not see how this National Assembly can satisfactorily amend a Constitution through which they are a colossal financial burden on the people of Nigeria. A Constitution Dr. Tunji Braithwaite is a revolutionary lawyer and former presidential candidate of the Nigeria Advance Party (NAP) in the 1983 general elections. He was admitted to the Lincoln’s Inn in England in 1958 and later enrolled as a Barrister of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in March 1961. In this interview with WALE IGBINTADE, he speaks on various legal issues and also shares his experiences and accomplishments as a distinguished legal practitioner and politician. Excerpts: ent generation. So, this generation will now decide their future. But the plan of government is to roll out drums and celebrate, what is you take on that? I call that shameful, infantile and simple-mindedness to celebrate slavery. What are you celebrating? You are celebrating enslavement of your ancestors, instead of breaking the yoke. Let it be understood that the simpleminded proposal of the Jonathan administration to celebrate the century of Nigeria’s Amalgamation in 1914 by the fiat of a British colonial officer is a disgrace to the present generation. What is there to celebrate? Instead of clinking glasses of champagne celebrating and venerating a bad history of enslavement, this generation should rise to the occasion of its centenary to finally destroy its last inglorious relics, and simultaneously birth a modern and progressive nation. It is a generational duty and an imperative for your generation. Braithwaite BEFORE NOW, PEOPLE WILL NOT CHALLENGE CORRUPTION OPENLY, BUT NOW THEY CHALLENGE CORRUPTION IN JUDICIARY, IN THE EXECUTIVE AND IN THE LEGISLATIVE ARMS OF GOVERNMENT that clothes roguish executives with impunity: that concentrates a disproportionate power on the centre, and chokes individual components of the federal units of the country; their autonomy to develop rapidly at their own pace is a negative document that must be discarded with before the next elections. The Jonathan administration is billed to celebrate the century of Nigeria’s amalgamation of 1914. What is your take on this? In legal context, the amalgamation or whatever it was called, by the fiat of a British colonial officer in 1914 that merged the Northern protectorate with the Southern protectorate has no legal or political force on the people of Nigeria. Both in legal as well as political context that amalgamation expires by what is called the doctrine of effluxion of time. It has died. But, you may ask, why did it not expire 50 years ago? It’s because the people did not realize and did not think about it. But, in political and legal context that document is a nonissue. What we are saying is this, since it has expired by effluxion of time, the 100 years anniversary should be the ap- propriate time to bring into effect a new Nigerian Constitution. An occasion for the people to sit down and either reaffirm that amalgamation or revisit the basis for the continuation of that amalgamation. The 100 years anniversary is an appropriate time for the peoples of the country to reaffirm or modify, vary or amend the terms of that amalgamation. Will it not provide an opportunity for some sections of the country to break away? Well, the honest answer is that the dynamics of international politics is that if any section is not disposed to wanting to continue why should you force that section to remain. Historically, a substantial part of Cameroon used to be part of Nigeria until 1960 when they opted out. So, if a section decides to opt out why should you force them to remain. It is not an invitation to disintegrate the country but on the contrary, it is rather an opportunity to strengthen the basis because then people on their own free will, would decide what they want. Do not forget that the generation of Nigerians 100 years ago, is entirely different from the pres- As the founder Nigeria Advance Party (NAP), do you think the present crop of politicians in the country is committed to deliver dividends of democracy to the people? I can tell you that those from our stable who are now in the system, some as governors, some in the National Assembly, inform us that they try to bring the NAP training and culture to bear on the system, but in vain. We know those who are actual members of NAP but still prominent in one political office or the other. You have played a significant role in the politics of this country. We remember the role you played between the 1979 and 1983 elections . Have you retired from politics? Someone like me can never quit the political stage at any age. That does not mean that I want to contest election, I do not need to contest an election to add positive value to the political direction of this country. But, I cannot shutout the issue of well-being of the people of this country because it affects my own children and all children of the Nigerian peoples as well as unborn generation. Till I go home to be with the Lord, I will be interested in the welfare of the people of this country but not to contest election. You have been clamouring for a revolution, what type of revolution are you talking about? Yes, I have been talking about it for quite a time, but now I see no need to talk about revolution any more. This is because; the revolution is already here anyway in one form or the other. It is now a question of its full blown form and this is where we have to be careful. Before now, people will not challenge corruption openly, but now they chal- Law & Justice Monday, August 5, 2013 won’t endure –Braithwaite from the time it was introduced and that stand for the past 52 years is being vindicated now. There are thousands of hardworking, brilliant young Nigerian lawyers who are being discriminated against and they will remain like that throughout their professional life. This is unfair and should not be tolerated. It is the Nigerian people’s penchant for titles for which they will pay anything to get honourary titles, chieftaincy titles, etc. Unfortunately, the Nigerian public is beginning to see that the only worthwhile lawyers for them to consult are those so- called senior advocates. This is sad because, the Nigerian public is the worse for it and it is getting bad. I understand that there some courts, where there are special places for parking for so- called SANs’ vehicles. If you are not a Senior Advocate you cannot park there. This is a country that venerates mediocrity rather than merit. With the culture of corruption in the country, the way and manner of the award of SAN is anything but honourable. Some former colonial countries that adopted this dichotomy from their colonial matters have done away with this anachronism, country like Ghana has done away with it; even South Africa has abolished this dichotomous title. It breeds injustice. lenge corruption in judiciary, in the executive and in the legislative arms of government. How often do Nigerians hear of auditing the NNPC, an institution that is responsible for the nation’s sole earning of the country but Nigerians have started asking questions. People ask me about what is happening in Egypt, they want to know if it was a coup or a revolution. I tell them that it’s not a coup but a revolution. It is the people’s revolution. For instance, take the fuel subsidy protest of two years ago, that could have led to a people’s revolution. I will say no more because the consequences of those protests have not gone away. People are going to ask very soon what happened to the report of the so-called ad- hoc probe? What happened to the case of Femi Otedola and Farouk Lawan? That is but a tip of the iceberg. There is a lot more of this corruption that has actually pauperized Nigerians. On top of that, you have insecurity, some heinous crimes that we never experienced in the past like wholesale kidnapping and wholesale corruption. A man stole N7 billion, he pleaded guilty and you fine him less than N1million. And you have hundreds of thousands of hapless Nigerians being sent to jail for accepting a bribe N500 or for wandering. In the midst of rising widespread pauperization of the people, you find legislators, people in government flaunting ill-gotten wealth right to the face of the masses, which include young brilliant graduates and under graduates. When you do this, you have actually set-off a revolution and it is irreversible. I see a situation where the 2015 elections will not even hold unless a lot is done between now and then to avert an inferno. Part of the things that needed to be done is convoking a National Confer- ence. Let the government be seen to be dealing ruthlessly with the corrupt elements among them. These two things must be addressed before 2015 elections. Addressing the issue of corruption is at the root of the 2015 elections because the people now know that their votes do not count. The people are increasingly being aware of the futility of going to queue and cast ballot because the electoral system is characterized with fraudulent practices. So, people are going to say what is the use. You are one of the foremost legal practitioners clamouring for the abolition of the award of Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN). What do you have against the award? First and foremost, we are a republican country. This class-based title is an importation from England. It is only in that country that you have this dichotomy where they award certain lawyers Queen’s Counsel (QC). It originated from the dark days of the United Kingdom when the average citizen was considered as a subject of their King or Queen. Certain class of lawyers must not represent the subjects; they only must represent the monarchy, and not the citizens that is why they were called Queen’s Counsel. So from its origin itself, you can see that it is not only unfair, but also unjust, moreso when the so-called QCs were usually the dumb and stupid children of the upper-class of the English society. The United States is the biggest democracy with the largest concentration of lawyers and heavy litigations. They do not tolerate such nonsense separating some lawyers from the others by this so called award. Because of my abhorrence for class distinction, I stood against such importation into this country. My stand against it was Will you like to see transparency in the award of the rank? It should be abolished. Let everybody swim according to merit. Let there be a level- playing ground in their profession. If you look at their numbers, I think they award every year about 15 lawyers and look at the number of lawyers that are called to the Bar every year. The legal profession has an unwritten convention whereby seniority at the Bar is recognised and given due honour at any event. This is seniority by years of practice as well as proficiency. So, there is no need again to create an artificial and arbitrary “seniority” having nothing to do whatsoever with merit, integrity and proficiency; and I said it before, especial- 43 I SEE A SITUATION WHERE THE 2015 ELECTIONS WILL NOT EVEN HOLD UNLESS A LOT IS DONE BETWEEN NOW AND THEN TO AVERT AN INFERNO ly in an environment so steep in corruption and evil practices. Recently you visited the inmates at Ikoyi prisons, how do you see our criminal justice system? The Nigerian criminal justice system is still very much archaic. The modern system does not mean that every suspect should be remanded in custody. Magistrates even should be human enough to apply the factors of the social environment of widespread poverty in the country. The condition for bail should be relaxed alongside the prevailing situation in the country. What is you view about corrupt practices in the judiciary? Well, if the present Head of the judiciary can sustain the ongoing cleansing of the system, it will be bring some hope. There may be an end to the stench in the judiciary and it may be people like us will see it before we depart from this earth. How do you see the activities of Governors’ forum? It is not only scandalous but I am happy that the charade of the Governors’ Forum election has been laid bare to the masses to see that elections in this country are stolen and are fraudulent. It is fortuitous that these charades of Governors’ Forum election are coming now. People have now seen that their so called governors are not honourable. That some of them are not fit to occupy the office of governor. In any other nation, that one incident would be enough to demand impeachment. 44 ‘Costs of filing processes are high, beyond reach of poor’ Omole Ojo Otteh the High Court in 2004 that is still pending. Imagine the costs that would have been sunk into it, yet it is still continuing. How many poor people can continue to finance such cases? “Many cases go to appeal, what do you say concerning a case that has spent many years at the High Court going on appeal? You have to start spending from filing the Notice of Appeal. You would compile the Record of Appeal; all your papers would have to be made in 21 copies at the Court of Appeal and 13 copies at the Supreme Court, all these cost money. Remember also that there is only one Supreme Court of Nigeria in Abuja, so if your appeal gets to apex court, you would have to be travelling to Abuja for the case. “Holistically, we really need to reduce the filing fees and lawyers too have to do more pro bono cases to help the poor” The Executive Director of a Lagos-based non-governmental organisation, Mr Joseph Otteh, who complained bitterly over denial of access to justice to many unprivileged Nigerians, added that his organisation is set sets out WE REALLY NEED TO REDUCE THE FILING FEES AND LAWYERS TOO HAVE TO DO MORE PRO BONO CASES TO HELP THE POOR “to defend rights of equal and non-discriminatory access to courts of law, expand access of marginalised people to equal and impartial justice, attack corruption in justice administration, support legal struggles for human dignity and disseminate legal resources that help achieve these purposes.” Speaking in similar, a former Chairman of the NBA, Ikeja branch, Mr. Adebamigbe Omole, said, “Access to justice is still difficult for the poor. The cost of filing has gone astronomical while the charges by lawyers are out of reach of the poor. Delay in determination of cases also makes litigation more expensive because if a case that is supposed to be over within a year lasts five years or more, Mamman Nasir: From the Bench to the throne Judicature FRANCIS FAMOROTI HEAD, JUDICIARY J ustice Mamman Nasir, a former President of the Court of Appeal retired prematurely from the Bench to become the Galadima of Katsina and District Head of Malumfashi in 1992. The jurist is no doubt a northern star and a nationalist who attained the peak of the legal profession before he retired voluntarily to become the Galadima Katsina. Nasir was a Justice of Nigeria’s Supreme Court between 1975 and 1978 and he later humbled himself by moving down to become the President of the Federal Court of Appeal from 1978 and 1992. The judge who once served as the Northern Nigeria Minister of Justice from 1961 to 1966 under late Sir Ahmadu Bello was subsequently appointed as the Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice in North Central Government from 1969 to 1975. Nasir The jurist studied Latin at the University College, Ibadan and attended Council of Legal Education, School of Law (London). He also attended legal courses in London. An insight into Nasir’s profile showed that after a brief stint in the public service, he was offered an opportunity by the colonial administration to read law in United Kingdom as a result of his outstanding contributions. This eventually ushered him into the noble profession. On successful completion of his studies, he returned home and was appointed a pupil Crown Counsel in 1957 in the then Northern Region where he showed lot of commitment, zeal and courage in his assignments. He rose rapidly to become a Senior Crown Counsel. He also became the first indigenous lawyer to head a legal department in Jos. From 1966 to 1967, Nasir was in private legal practice, Mamman Nasir & Co and he later became the SolicitorGeneral North Central State Government in 1968. Nasir was eventually turbaned on May 9, 1992. Having ascended the throne of Galadima Katsina, he at one time or the other also served as a Director of Japaul Oil and Maritime Services Plc. Nasir was a recipient of some national honours and awards and is a fellow Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Member, Body of Benchers and one- time Chairman, Body of Benchers. According to accounts of his interview in an on-line publication, Nasir recalled that himself, former Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN), Justice Mohammed Bello, and Justice Buba Ardo, were the first northern lawyers in government service. The landmark judgements delivered by the retired jurist included the cases of Chief Omu Uzoukwu & ors .v. Igwe Chukwudebelu Ezeike II lgwe of Atani & ors and that of Federal Electoral Commission .v. Alhaji Mohammed Goni & Anor among others. the costs automatically rise. Yet justice delayed is justice denied. “The costs of filing cases should be reviewed, for example only two days ago when we wanted to file a Notice of Appeal that we used to file for just N1,000, we were asked to pay N5, 000. Certainly, something has to be done for the poor to have access to justice. The Lagos State is trying in this regards through the Office of the Public Defender Project, but more still have to be done” Another lawyer, Mr. Yahaya Oladeji, said, “It is trite that only the rich can afford the luxury called justice. The poor only resort to God to do justice for them. I will recommend that indigent litigant should be asked to attach the evidence of their monthly incomes to their originating processes so that a special scale down filing fees would be charged on the deserving poor people” LEGAL TIPS UNDERSTANDING THE REMEDY OF INJUNCTION IN NIGERIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Injunction is an equitable remedy and is therefore, discretionary. It is a particularly useful remedy in contract to restrain a breach, in tort to prevent the continuation of a nuisance, in family law to control domestic violence, and in administrative law to prevent public authorities from acting unlawfully. Breach of an injunction is contempt of court. •The preservation of the subject matter ‘res’ in dispute or the maintenance of the ‘status quo’ is achieved through the judicial process of the equitable order of injunction. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines an Injunction as “a court order prohibiting someone from doing some specified act or commanding someone to undo some wrong or injury”. It may also be defined in the words of Karibi-Whyte JSC (as then was) thus: “...an equitable order restraining the person to whom it is directed from doing the things specified in the order or requiring in exceptional situations the performance of a specified act”. • TYPES OF INJUNCTION Injunction can be classified based on the how long the order is to last i.e. the duration of the order. In this wise, we have (i) interim injunction (ii) interlocutory injunction and (iii) perpetual injunction. Another basis for classification is the nature of act to be prohibited or to be done. In this category we have mandatory and prohibitory injunction. Written by Francis Famoroti, Head, Judiciary. We welcome feedback and reactions from readers via our e-mail: [email protected] National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 45 How juju maestro, Ayinde Bakare was killed Ayinde Bakare was a legendary musician in the preindependence era up till the ‘70s. He was extremely popular among the socialite across Yorubaland, especially in Lagos and Ibadan in the 1950s and ‘60s. In October 1972, during one of his performances in Lagos, Bakare suddenly disappeared and he was later found dead. His death became a subject of coroner’s inquest, FRANCIS FAMOROTI, Head, Judiciary writes. A yinde Bakare was a pioneering Yoruba juju and highlife musician. He began recording on the His Master’s Voice (HMV), a British label in 1937 and is thought to have been the first juju musician to use an amplified guitar, in 1949. His amiable nature, his rhythmic music and good melodies made him a towering artiste in his time, not only in Lagos but in the whole of the Yoruba-speaking Western States. Regrettably, his strange death in October 1972 is still shrouded in mystery. In Lagos alone, Bakare so endeared himself to the social elite that they believed his performance at their ceremonies was the only antidote to make the occasion grand. The account told of the circumstances that led to his death 41 years ago was unambiguous and indisputable. It was revealed that during one of his performances on October 1, 1972, he was called to the backstage by some unknown individuals who had pretended to be his fans and admirers. Specifically, on the day, while the nation was caught in the frenzy of festivities of the independence anniversary, Bakare led his Meranda Band to play at a wedding party on Isale-Gangan Street, Central Lagos. The band had played for the first session and thereafter went on a short break. Shortly before the band reconvened for the second session, Bakare was invited to the backstage by some unidentified persons and thereafter he disappeared. As a Daily Times publication, Headlines in its No 230, June, 1992 edition reported ‘’At first, members of the band felt he had probably left with a lover to a hide-out as was the case with most musicians in those days. They never thought that somewhere in the neighbourhood, death could be lurking and unleashing blows on the juju maestro. ‘’ When the band leader was not forthcoming, the deputy band leader, Mr. Ayanniyi Atanda took over the mantle of leadership and held fort till the end of the party. At the end of the performance, Bakare never showed up. Despite his sudden disappearance, the members of the band shared the money realised. The following and subsequent days rolled by, yet Bakare did not return home. Then, it dawn on the family that something serious had happened to him. The matter was reported to the police. After fruitless efforts to locate his whereabouts, the police declared him missing and this was widely reported FAMOUS CASES in the newspapers. About four days later, on October 4, 1972, Bakare’s body was found floating on the Lagos lagoon shore near Bonny Camp on Victoria Island. According to the Nigeria Best Forum, an online publication in a report posted on July 25, 2009, the deceased’s eldest son, Sina recounts: He (Bakare) had an afternoon engagement in Lagos and a night engagement in Ijebu Ode. On account of that, he sent the band to go and wait for him in Ijebu Ode. I was somewhere in Mubi , North Eastern Nigeria playing with my band when I got a telegram from my mum saying my father was missing. His body was discovered four days later on October 4, 1972 at the back of Bonny Camp, Victoria Island.’’ Sadly, the musician was cruelly murdered at the height of his fame. His death caused a deep shock to the police, his family, the Lagos City Council, which registered the death, and thousands of friends and his fans, who had grown fond of him and his music. The Police, which suspected foul play called for an autopsy and a coroner’s inquest into his death. Sina suspected death by drowning. Fans, family members and juju music lovers held opinion far different from death through natural cause. The government ordered an inquest into the circumstances that led to Bakare’s death. The Coroner, Mrs. Grace Akinboboye, then a Magistrate, (later Justice) started her investigation on April 30, 1973 and some witnesses gave evidence during the proceedings. In his testimony, a consultant pathologist, Dr. Olaseni Akinlade, who performed the autopsy, said there were bruises on his body even though his brain was intact. Risikat, one of his widows, suspected two members of her husband’s band who earlier quarrelled with him over the sum of N60. Another widow of the deceased who testified was Madam Iyabo Bakare. All the witnesses said they believed Akinboboye ABOUT FOUR DAYS LATER, ON OCTOBER 4, 1972, BAKARE’S BODY WAS FOUND FLOATING ON THE LAGOS LAGOON SHORE NEAR BONNY CAMP, VICTORIA ISLAND. he was killed, but could not explain the circumstances and by whom. Mr. Daniel Akinola, a former deputy leader of the deceased’s inner Circle Orchestra, the deputy leader of Meranda band, Ayaniyi Atanda and a drummer, Michael Gasper, were all examined and cross-examined during the inquest. For Akinola, the Coroner ordered him to always be present at the inquest until a verdict was given. In his evidence, he explained that he saw Bakare last in May 1972, five months before his mysterious disappearance and only learnt of his death from the pages of newspapers. Atanda was ordered to be detained in custody for perjury after giving his own testimony. He informed the coroner’s inquest that the leader of the band left during the break session without informing anybody. He also admitted that he directed that the money collected during the performance should be shared among those present at the end of the fateful day’s show. Gasper, who was accused of wishing the deceased dead, said he could not have wished him dead ‘’ because he was my guardian when I was young and also he was a close friend of my brother.’’ At the end of the inquest, Mrs. Akinboboye said she was convinced from the evidence before her that the musicians, who testified, knew more about Bakare’s death than they revealed. According to her, ‘’ It is my confirmed opinion that both Atanda and Gasper knew more about the case than they revealed before the coroner and that same goes for Daniel Akinola who testified before me with a smearing contemptuous face, telling nothing but lies.’’ Though she gave a verdict that the deceased died as a result of drowning, she could not link the musician’s death to any of the suspects, due to lack of uncontroverted evidence. Bakare might have gone to the world beyond, but his good works, which includes his music, outlives him since the past 41 years. The deceased is credited to have recorded many music albums with the HMV. His many records included a 1968 LP Live the Highlife, Tribute to the late J.K. Randle; Eko Akete (Lagos Akete); Adura Fun Awon Aboyun (Prayer for the Pregnant Women) ; Ibikunle Alakija; Iwa Lewa (Your Manner is Your Beauty) ; Ore Otito O Si (There’s no true friend); Mo b’eru Aiye (I fear the humanity); Ile Aiye Ile Asan (Life is vanity upon vanity) ; Agboola Odunekan; Olabisi Arobieke; Akambi Balogun. Others are; Se Botimo; Ojowu ‘Birin; Ore Meta; Herbert Macaulay; and Golden faces. 46 Enforcing UN Convention on Child Rights EVENT I L-R: National Secretary General, Arewa Youth Consultative Forum, Ahmed Sule; Retired Bishop of Lokoja, Anglican Communion, Rt. Rev. George Bako and Chairman of the occasion, Justice Mustapha Akanbi, during the ninth annual lecture of Aelex legal practitioners and arbitrators in Lagos recently. L-R: Associate Director, Residence Freedom Project, Berkley Centre for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Prof. Timothy Shah; Mrs. Funke Adekoya (SAN) and Chairman Editorial Board, Thisday newspaper , Mr. Segun Adeniyi, at the event. L-R: Chief Emeka Ngige (SAN); Lagos State High Court judges, Justice Funmilayo Atilade and Justice Dotun Adefope-Okojie. n this discourse on the international legal regime for the protection of child rights, it is appropriate to first define ‘ Rights’’ as those fundamental normative principles or rules relating to what people are allowed or owed by a particular legal system. Rights may be moral, natural or legal rights. It may also be a claim right or liberty right. It may be defined as the permission to do or not to do something or an entitlement to a specific service or treatment. The term “child right” has no generally accepted definition. It is however that point where the law intersects with the life of the child. Child right has been classified into three namely: right to provisions, right to protection and right to participation. It has also been classified into two groups: the first relates to economic, social and cultural rights while the second relate to environmental and developmental rights. Child rights are thus the perceived human rights of the child with particular attention to the rights to special protection and care afforded to the young, rights to association with biological parents, human identity, basic needs for food, universal state paid education, health care, criminal laws and juvenile justice system appropriate for the age and development of the child. It also includes freedom from physical, mental and emotional abuses. Now who is a child? Though a person may be classified into an infant, a child, a young person and an adult, most legal systems defined a child generally to be a person who is below the age of 18 years. The United Nation’s Convention on the Rights THE ADVOCATE OLUGBEMI FATULA 08037213732 (sms only) E-mail: [email protected] of the Child defines a child to be a person under the age of 18 unless the law of the child’s country states a lower age. Due to age, physical attributes and mental capacity the child is generally regarded as the most vulnerable human being. What makes children most vulnerable is their lack of autonomy to make decisions on their own for themselves. Since the society has reserved such right or power to adults such as parents, teachers, guardians, state agencies etc, children are placed at the mercies of these persons who could exploit them and expose them to all manners of abuses. Since the history of children in general is that of violations and abuses by such persons, the society had long realised the need to establish legal and institutional regimes to safeguard the rights of the child against abuses particularly by those whose duties are to protect them. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 and in operation since 1990 alongside its two optional protocols adopted in 2000 represents the main international legal framework for the protection of the child against abuses. The first optional protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflict, while the second optional protocol prohibits the sales of children and child pornography. Both protocols have been ratified by many countries. The Convention brought together in one THE CONVENTION’S PROPER IMPLEMENTATION REQUIRES AN OVERHAUL OF CHILD’S CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP LAWS, IN LINE WITH THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE Mr. Charles Adebiyi and Chief Jonathan Olopade PHOTOS: OLUFEMI AJASA CONVENTION comprehensive documents all the legal rights, benefits and other stipulations which before then were scattered in various international and national statutes on the child. It also specified the rights and responsibilities of children and the duties of governments, parents, authorities and organizations towards the children. Secondly, it applies to all children universally without any consideration for race, colour, language, sex, religion, political, origin, property, etc. Thirdly, its main principle is that in all matters concerning the child, his interest should be the paramount consideration. Fourthly, it required all ratifying countries to report and appear before the UN’s Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically with a view to be examined on their progress with regards to the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their countries. Fifthly, the Convention’s proper implementation requires an overhaul of child’s custody and guardianship laws, in line with the core principles of the Convention. The UN’s monitoring and enforcement mechanisms as regards the Convention include the Child Rights Caucus, United Nations Human Rights Councils, the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Nigeria adopted the Convention in 1991 and domesticated it into a national law as Child Rights Act in 2003. The Act was divided into 24 parts and 11 schedules. Some states in Nigeria have also enacted Child Right Laws in line with the core principles of the Convention. Dr. Fatula, a lecturer writes from Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Osun State. Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net 47 Community Mirror Tax is not a voluntary contribution by members of an association, it is a compulsory levy and if you default in countries where the rule of law is strong, you are a candidate for prison. EDO STATE GOVERNOR; ADAMS OSHIOMHOLE You can’t sack us, chiefs tell monarch OJO OYEWAMIDE AKURE T hree traditional chiefs who were deposed by the Amapetu of Mahin Kingdom in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Oba Lawrence Omowole, have described their purported sack as of no effect. The chiefs are the Oloja of Kofawe, Chief Juwon Shemudara, the Baale of Lerenren, Chief Charles Kehinde Temetan, and Baale of Agbeni, Chief Estrome Agbeni. Oba Omowole had accused them of insubordination and failure to attend the Mahin council of chiefs meetings. Speaking at the weekend, the chiefs warned the Amapetu not to interfere in the affairs of their communities in the interest of peace, insisting that they remain the recognised authorities in their domains. The chiefs, who vowed to institute legal action against Oba Omowole, said his action was contrary to the tradition and customs of Mahin Kingdom and the Ondo State Chieftaincy Law. One of the chiefs, Shemudara, said: “What ignited fire between us and the Amapetu was the fraudulent sales and conversion of my land at Kofawe. The land was given to me by the Mahins with the endorsement of the Amapetu. “All necessary documents in respect of my appointment and allocation of the land were duly perfected and handed over to me. These gestures were in appreciation of the free legal and selfless services I rendered to the Mahin Kingdom and the Amapetu him- self. “Some people alleged that I forged the land document and they later dragged me to the Magistrate Court at Okitipupa presided over by then Magistrate Anthony Akinrinsola, who convicted me for forgery, an offence I did not commit. “But a higher court quashed the verdict and exonerated me. Otherwise, I would have been an ex-convict today. How then do you want me to feel for somebody who fraudulently sold the land without my consent?” Boy kills self with father’s gun Girl set ablaze by mistress dies in hospital OJO OYEWAMIDE AKURE FRANCIS SUBERU T he 11-year-old girl, Ita Bassey-Eno, allegedly set ablaze by her mistress, Mrs. Nkese Iroakazi, two weeks ago in Surulere area of Lagos State, has died. This is just as the State Criminal and Investigation Department, SCID, Panti, Yaba, moved the suspect to their facility for thorough investigation and prosecution. Concerted efforts by doctors to save Ita- Bassey-Eno who was admitted at the Burns and Trauma Unit of Gbagada General Hospital, Gbagada, proved abortive as she died from excruciating pains. Meanwhile, the suspect has denied any culpability, in spite of the statement by the victim from her hospital bed. According to an eyewitness, the suspect accused the deceased of stealing a piece of meat from her soup pot and despite pleading innocence, the mistress was said to have set her ablaze. While on fire, the deceased ran out and attempted plunging into a nearby gutter but collapsed before reaching there. With the help of neighbours and sympathisers, the 11-year-old was rushed to the hospital, even as her skin had peeled from the burns. Despite prompt treatment, the doctors had expressed fears of her recovery given the degree of burns she sustained. The state Police Public Relations Officer, DSP Ngozi Braide, said investigations are still ongoing.” Also speaking, Chief Estrome, a son-in-law of the Amapetu, said his purported deposition was like a dream, as he never expected such from his father-in-law. He said: “The deposition came to me as a shock because I did not deserve it. I did nothing wrong to justify my father-in-law’s action. “This is incredible. Do you know I am married to the Amapetu’s daughter? As I am talking, his daughter is still in my house. “All I know is that I remain the Baale of Agbeni and nobody can remove me expect God.” Flood at Fadaman Mada area of Bauchi metropolis after a heavy rain,, yesterday. PHOTO: NAN Robbers invade home of police boss FRANCIS SUBERU D are devil armed robbers last Saturday, invaded the house of the immediate past Force Public Relations Officer, Mr. Shola Amore, at Alakuko Area of Lagos State and carted away properties worth thousands of naira. The robbers had earlier robbed a branch of the Mountain of Fire and Miracle Ministries, MFM, at Alakuko Bus stop on the LagosAbeokuta Expressway. Sources at Alakuko Police Divisional Headquarters said the robbers also carted away musical instruments and other valuables. It was gathered that, the night guard, escaped by scaling the church fence wall to report the incident at the Alakuko Police Station. It was also learnt that police preliminary investigations revealed that the church robbery incident was facilitated by was an insider. Meanwhile, the robbers who attacked Amore’s home allegedly fired several shots leading to a gun duel in which a stray bullet hit a mother of two, even as she is said to be severely injured and receiving treatment at an undisclosed hospital. Residents of Ademola Abiola Street said the robbery operation took place after the hoodlums had trailed Amore’s wife to the house. It was also gathered from a vigilante group in the area, that the hoodlums entered the Amore’s home in company of his wife. “They carted away several items including cash, jewelries and other unspecified valuables. But we cannot estimate their value”. Residents said the robbers numbering three had trailed Mrs. Amore on a motorcycle and after robbing her, started shooting indiscriminately. It was also gathered that the robbery incident was the third in two months on the same street and the adjacent Adenekan, off Animashaun Road, Alakuko. It was also learnt that community leaders have made several reports to the police regarding the incessant cases of armed robbery but the situation had not been ameliorated. Efforts to speak with the Police Public Relations Officer, PPRO, proved abortive as his cell phone was not getting through. n 18-year-old boy, Sanni Kehinde, has allegedly killed himself with a gun said to belong to his father at Ikare Akoko in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo State. The incident, which has generated a lot of controversy, occurred at a nearby farm settlement known as ‘Aba Ori Okuta’. The deceased’s family was said to have hurriedly buried his remains without informing the police of the incident, fuelling suspicion of foul play. According to a police source, five family members including a 17-year-old boy identified as Bolu have been arrested in connection with the incident. Bolu was said to have been with the deceased at the time and rushed home to report the incident to the family. None of the family members was ready to speak on the matter when our correspondent visited, saying only the police can comment on the matter. The Police Public Relations Officer, PPRO, Wole Ogodo, confirmed the incident, saying that investigations have commenced to unravel the circumstance leading to the death, even as an autopsy report is being awaited. He said: “Immediately the incident happened, neither the family nor the neighbours reported the matter before the corpse was buried. That is why we made some arrests. “When the boy killed himself, the police was supposed to have been informed so that we will visit the crime scene. And if the boy would be buried, the order will come from the police.” 48 Terror alert: U.S. shuts 21 embassies as Ramadan ends “President Putin is behaving like a schoolyard bully” 50 WITH AGENCY REPORTS S outh Africa’s President Jacob Zuma yesterday congratulated Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe on his re-election, in sharp contrast to Western governments which questioned the credibility of a rushed, disputed vote. African monitors broadly approved the conduct of the election but Mugabe’s main rival, Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) leader Morgan Tsvangirai, has said he will challenge the results in court with evidence of massive voterigging, irregularities and intimidation. The sharply divergent views of Wednesday’s vote surfaced after Zimbabwe’s election officials declared a landslide win for Mugabe and his ZANU-PF party, giving Africa’s oldest president five more years at the helm of a nation he has ruled for 33. The standoff raises some fears the southern African nation risks repeating the turmoil that followed another contested vote in 2008. Election violence then forced Zimbabwe’s neighbours to broker a shaky unity government between ZANU-PF and the MDC. But yesterday’s “profound congratulations” extended to Mugabe by Zuma, leader of Africa’s economic powerhouse, reflected a willingness by the continent’s diplomatic bodies to swallow the re-election of Mugabe, 89, for the sake of re- –UNITED STATES SENATOR CHARLES SCHUMER Africa, West at odds over disputed Zimbabwe’s election Tsvangirai gesturing during a news conference in Harare, on Saturday. gional stability. Mugabe, one of the grand old men of southern Africa’s liberation fight that ended white minority rule, is admired as a defiant nationalist by some Africans, though others share the West’s view of him as a ruthless despot who wrecked Zimbabwe. “President Zuma urges all political parties in Zimbabwe to accept the outcome of the elections, as election observers reported it to be an expression of the will of the people,” the South African leader said in his statement. Zimbabwe’s capital Harare was calm yesterday, with many residents going to church. Newspaper billboards proclaimed “ZANU-PF gloats over victory”, “Mugabe romps to victory” and “Tsvangirai disputes election results”. Western observers were barred from Wednesday’s elections. Monitors from the African Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who observed them made a point of stressing that they were peaceful, in contrast to the violence of 2008 polls, and also endorsed them as broadly PHOTO: REUTERS free. In contrast, the United States and European governments, which have sanctions in place against Mugabe over past election-rigging, listed a litany of alleged flaws in the vote, from lack of availability of the voters’ roll to pro-Mugabe bias in the media and security services that skewed the election run-up. In Zimbabwe, independent domestic monitors had described the election as “seriously compromised” by registration problems that may have disenfranchised up to a million people. Egypt’s crisis: Diplomatic push to seek compromise U nited States and European Union envoys have been meeting officials from Egypt’s military-backed government and supporters of ousted President Mohammed Morsi. They are trying to find a peaceful solution to end the political crisis. Their talks took place amid mounting tensions over plans to break up two mass sit-ins by Morsi loyalists in the capital, Cairo. More than 100 Morsi supporters have been The supreme guide of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Badie speaking during a news conference. PHOTO: REUTERS killed in clashes since he was overthrown by the military on 3 July. Just hours after meeting members of Mr Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood and its political party, the US deputy secretary of state, William Burns, sat down for talks with the Egyptian Foreign Minister, Nabil Fahmy. They were joined by the European Union’s envoy, Bernardino Leon. Few official details have been given, but the hope is clearly to prevent further violence and bloodshed, says the BBC’s Yolande Knell in Cairo. Meanwhile, the leader of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood and his deputy will face trial in three weeks’ time for crimes including incitement to murder during protests in the days before the overthrow of President Mohamed Mursi, a Cairo court announced yesterday. Washington and Brussels expressed concern this week after Egypt’s new interim cabinet ordered police to clear two protest sites where thousands of supporters of the ousted president have been calling for his reinstatement. Further talks took place overnight between army chief Gen Abdul Fattah al-Sisi and a prominent group of Islamic clerics. According to an army statement, Gen al-Sisi told the clerics a peaceful solution could be reached if all sides rejected violence. However, the preachers were heavily criticised by Morsi loyalists for taking part in the meeting; they say nothing short of Mr Morsi’s reinstatement will end their protests. On Saturday, the interior ministry renewed its call for the demonstrations to end peacefully, and said this would allow the Muslim Brotherhood to return to a role in the democratic political process. WORLD BULLETIN Mali’s Dembele breaks ranks, backs former PM Keita in run-off The candidate of Mali’s largest political party, who came third in the first round of the country’s presidential election, broke ranks with his own party on Saturday and said he will back former Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keita in a run-off. Dramane Dembele’s move goes against his Adema-PASJ party’s plans and deals a blow to the anti-junta coalition that had formed around former Finance Minister Soumaila Cisse, who will be Keita’s contender in the August 11 second round. Keita - seen as close to leaders of the coup last year that triggered Mali’s current crisis - secured 39 percent of the first round votes, well ahead of Cisse’s 19 percent. Dembele, who scored 9.5 percent, and fourth-placed candidate Modibo Sidibe had been expected to back Cisse. “I’m making a solemn appeal to all Adema-PASJ supporters and my compatriots who voted for me to vote for Ibrahim Boubacar Keita in the second round of the presidential election,” Dembele told a news conference in Bamako. Landmine kills Tunisian soldier, injures seven near Algerian border One Tunisian soldier was killed and seven others wounded yesterday by a landmine near the Algerian border, where security forces have been hunting Islamist militants, an army source said. “The landmine was planted by Islamist extremists. It exploded when their tank rolled over it in a security sweep in Mount Chaambi,” he said, referring to a remote border area where militants killed eight troops last Monday in one of the deadliest attack against Tunisian security forces in decades. Moroccan king to probe Spanish paedophile pardon The Moroccan king has promised an investigation into the royal pardoning of a Spanish man convicted of raping 11 children aged between four and 15. The paedophile was among 48 jailed Spaniards freed by King Mohammed VI, sparking angry protests and violent clashes with police in Rabat on Friday. A royal statement said the king had been unaware of the gravity of the Spaniard’s crimes. Fresh protests are expected in Casablanca and Rabat next week. Daniel Galvan Vina, believed to be in his sixties, was sentenced to 30 years in prison in September 2011. However, last week he was freed by royal decree from a jail in Kenitra, north of the capital. He is reported to have left the country. Dozens of people were injured in violent confrontations between hundreds of protesters and police outside parliament in the Moroccan capital on Friday. World News Terror alert: U.S. shuts 21 embassies as Ramadan ends U nited States military forces in the Middle East region were on alert and 22 diplomatic missions were closed yesterday due to terrorism concerns, officials said. A recent surge of intelligence has pointed to a possible plot by al-Qaida to strike somewhere in the Middle East or North Africa, and the Obama administration decided to close various embassies and consulates Sunday as a precaution. “The president instructed his national security team to take all appropriate steps to protect the American people in light of a potential threat occurring in or emanating from the Arabian Peninsula,” the White House said in a written statement. Obama met Saturday with high-ranking national security officials and the statement added the president “received frequent briefings over the last week on all aspects of the potential threat and our preparedness measures.” The U.S. preparedness measures also included raising the alert status of various military units in southern Europe as well as in the Middle East and North Africa. Sources told CNN a pair of Navy amphibious ships had moved closer to the volatile African nation of Yemen, which is considered a likely potential target of the reported al-Qaida operation. U.S. Marines in Spain and Italy were also ready to immediately respond to trouble. Yesterday was considered to be particularly worrisome because it marks the end of Ramadan. Sunday is considered the “Night of Power” by Muslims and one of the holiest days in Islam. “It all leads us to believe something could happen in the near future,” a senior U.S. intelligence official told CNN. Meanwhile, according to a report from CBS News a major terror plot is underway and a team to carry it out “has been selected and is in place.” While there is no other information—date, time, location—CBS reports that it’s the most specific, credible threat data in years. Which helps explain the State Department’s decision Friday to issue a broad global travel alert for U.S. citizens for the entire month of August, as well as the order to close 21 embassies across the Muslim world beginning yesterday because of an unspecified threat. CBS News reports that officials have noted Yemen as a potential target, as it’s the home base for al Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula, a.k.a. AQAP, widely considered the most dangerous in the world. President Obama was briefed Saturday morning on the potential terrorist Monsoon floods in Pakistan, Afghanistan kill 80 U .S. military forces in the Middle East region were on alert and 22 diplomatic missions were closed yesterday due to terrorism concerns, officials said. A recent surge of intelligence has pointed to a possible plot by al-Qaida to strike somewhere in the Middle East or North Africa, and the Obama administration decided to close various embassies and consulates Sunday as a precaution. “The president instructed his national security team to take all appropriate steps to protect the American people in light of a potential threat occurring in or emanating from the Arabian Peninsula,” the White House said in Many roads in the Pakistani city of Karachi have been blocked by the floods. PHOTO: REUTERS a written statement. Obama met Saturday with high-ranking national security officials and the statement added the president “received frequent briefings over the last week on all aspects of the potential threat and our preparedness measures.” The U.S. preparedness measures also included raising the alert status of various military units in southern Europe as well as in the Middle East and North Africa. Sources told CNN a pair of Navy amphibious ships had moved closer to the volatile African nation of Yemen, which is considered a likely potential target of the reported al-Qaida operation. An Israeli walking a dog in front of US Consulate General building in Jerusalem, Israel, yesterday. PHOTO: UPI threat before departing for Camp David, according to CBS News correspondent Jeff Pegues. August has been an active month for terrorism, CBS News says: 15 years ago this week the U.S. Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania took more than 200 lives and injured more than 4,000. CBS News adds that next month is the first anniversary of the Sept. 11 attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, which killed four Americans, including the U.S. ambassador. “Current information suggests that al-Qa’ida and affiliated organizations continue to plan terrorist attacks both in the region and beyond, and that they may focus efforts to conduct attacks in the period between now and the end of August,” the alert posted on the State Department’s website stated. Rouhani officially inaugurated as Iranian president I ranian President Hassan Rouhani took the oath of office before parliament in Tehran yesterday and was expected later in the day to name a cabinet he said would be chosen from figures across the political spectrum. “In the presence of the holy Koran and before the nation, I swear to the omnipotent God to safeguard the official religion of the country and the Islamic Republic as well as the country’s constitution,” he told parliament and foreign dignitaries in a ceremony broadcast live on state television. Rouhani, elected with a wide margin over conservative rivals in elections in June, has pledged to pursue less confrontational policies abroad in order to ease international sanctions on Iran’s economy over its disputed nuclear program. But Rouhani is very much an insider in the Islamic Republic, having served in senior military and security roles since shortly after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. As well as pressure from the West, Rouhani faces the huge task of trying to fix an economy damaged by sanctions and the profligacy of the previous government. Australian PM calls election for 7 September A ustralian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has called an election for 7 September, six weeks after defeating former PM Julia Gillard in a Labour party vote. The date was announced after he visited the governor-general, a formality preceding an election announcement. The head of the centreleft party faces stiff competition from conservative opposition leader Tony Abbott, who is favourite to win. The economy, asylum seekers and climate change are among the key issues. “It’s on. A few moments ago I saw the governorgeneral and asked that she dissolve this parliament and call the federal election for 7 September,” Rudd said in an email to Labour supporters. Rudd returned to lead Australia’s government three years after he was toppled in a similar Labour leadership contest by Ms Gillard. Alade Odunewu: Long live Allah de CONTINUED FROM PAGE BACKPAGE sector contributions to the conscious effort to enhance professionalism in the media. In 2007, Odunewu acknowledged the awards have impacted heavily on Journalism practice. ‘‘People are now conscious of the fact that they are being looked at; competition is getting keener by the year. Quite a good number of awardees have gone to greener pasture and have done the profession and country proud. We must commend those behind these noble ideas’’, he had said. Beyond the top media jobs he held, Odunewu enjoyed the institutional recognition of the media. This ranged from the Nigeria Union of Journalists to the Nigerian Guild of Editors of which he was a past president, to the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria, to a training school like the Nigerian Institute of Journalism, to the 1999 industry-led initiative of late Tunji Oseni where he was named one of the 14 icons of journalism development in 140 years of Nigerian Journalism, to DAME and Thisday which honoured him with Lifetime Achievement awards. On July 19, 2011, Diamond Publications, with support from the Press Council, presented a major book, Nigerian Columnists and their Art, which I edited, in his honour. A worthy addition to journalism literature, contributors to it include: Adidi Uyo, Mike Awoyinfa, Ben Lawrence, Felix Adenaike, Tony Momoh, Dan Agbese, Gbenga Omotoso, Sunny Obazu-Ojeagbase, Stanley Egbochuku, and Maxim Uzoatu. It also features samples of the writings of such columnists as the late Olabisi Onabanjo, Peter Enahoro, Abiodun Aloba, Alade Odunewu, Sam Amuka, Gbolabo Ogunsan wo, Tunji Oseni, Ray Ekpu, Stanley Macebuh, Olatunji Dare, Adebayo Williams, Odia Ofeimun, Reuben Abati, Ochereome Nnanna, Tunde Fagbenle, Azu Ishiekwene, Pini Jason, Ijeoma Nwogwugwu, Doyin Abiola, Dele Omotunde, Muhammed Haruna, and Sam Omatseye. That work alongside his own published work, Winners take all, should serve as worthy tributes to the craft of informed commentary and remind some of our emerging writers that literary grandstanding or egoistic vituperation is not. That way, even as Alade Odunewu has gone the way of all flesh, Allah de would still be around. May the heavens accept his soul! Idowu, CEO, Diamond Publications and Trustee of the Diamond Awards for Media Excellence (DAME), lives in Lagos. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Scholar tasks Muslims on polygamy without proper planning P rof. Abdulrahman Oloyede has cautioned Muslims Umah particularly youths against polygamy without proper planning, urging them to have knowledge about their religion before taking any action relating to Islam. Also, Nigerian Muslims have been encouraged to participate in the democratic process to elect credible leaders in governance in accordance with the injunction of Allah as contained in the Holy Quran. Speaking at the 18th Ramadan lecture in honour of Late Alhaji Asifat Owolabi AkanmuEleja, held at the Wings School, Iwo, Osun State yesterday, Alhaji Halilu Husseni Pai reiterated that the nation’s electoral body has put all the necessary machinery in motion to ensure credible election in the next year governorship election in Ekiti State. Delivering his lecture entitled, “Polygamy and Family Planning”, Prof. Abdulrahman Oloyede cautioned Muslim Umah particularly the youths against polygamy without proper planning, urging Muslims to have knowledge about their religion before taking any action relating to Islam. Prof. Oloyede who doubles as the Chief Imam of University of Ibadan, declared that marrying many wives used to lead to poverty among Muslims, saying that Prophet Muhammed directed Muslims with natural and economy strength to marry more than one wife, cautioning Muslims Umah against bastardizing the directive of Prophet on marriage. His words: ‘If you cannot do equal among the women, you should not marry two wives. If you cannot provide for more than one wife, do not engage another one. I want to use this opportuni- ty to caution our young ones against marrying many wives and they should consult Islamic scholars before marrying another wife if the need be for them so as to prevent against challenges surrounding it.” Oloyede who frown at the way and manner some Muslims men abandon their old wife because of new one, urging Muslims to invest so much on both Islamic and western education of their children On family planning, he stressed that birth control in Islam is not compulsory but Islam allows family planning without side effect, adding that husband and wife could take any device that can prevent them from having unwanted birth. Ahead of 2014 governorship election in Ekiti State, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has declared its readiness to conduct free, fair and credible poll in the State, just as it sought for the maximum and total cooperation of the stakeholders in the governorship election in the State. ‘Concentrate on Nigeria’s unity’ Executive members of The Companion giving out deep freezer and generator to one of the beneficiaries during the Zakat distribution organised by The Companion in Lagos recently. Sultan prays for journalists AISHA TITILAYO S ultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Sa’ad Abubakar has condoled with the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) over the death of three officers of the union in an auto crash. This was contained in a press release signed on his behalf by Prof. Ishaq Oloyede, the SecretaryGeneral, Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA), yesterday. “We received with deep grief and sorrow, the news of a road accident in Osun State which reportedly claimed the lives of three members of the union. Coming at this time of our national life, such a disturbing incident only amounts to additional agony for the entire country, especially with daily reports of callous killings in one form or another”. The Sultan noted with concern that such youthful professional men and a woman could lose their lives fortuitously in that manner during their dedicated service to the nation. “The irony of life in this case is that destiny cannot be evaded by any human being, despite any level of carefulness.” While commiserating with the families of the deceased and the national leadership of the NUJ, the Sultan prayed the Almighty God to grant the souls of the victims eternal rest. He also prayed to God to grant their families the fortitude to bear the loss. “We also invoke the mercy of the Almighty God to ensure a speedy recovery for those who were wounded in the accident.” The Sultan equally prayed to God to protect the lives of the teeming Nigerian journalists in the course of their professional duties. “All hands must be on deck to ensure the safety of our roads and the lives of those who are plying them”, the statement added T he Emir of Bauchi, Alhaji Rilwanu Suleiman, has advised Islamic preachers to always concentrate on issues that will promote the country’s unity. Suleiman gave the advice yesterday when Sheikh Abubakar Dikko, who conducted the Tafsir session at the Bakin Kura Quarters Mosque, Bauchi, visited him. “Preachers should always concentrate on propagating issues that will promote peace and unity among Muslims in the state as well as the nation at large,” he said. Dikko, accompanied by some executive officers of the mosque, said the visit was because of the insecurity in the North East area of the country. He stressed the need for traditional rulers to mobilise Imams to always preach what was revealed in the holy book, instead of issues that could mislead their followers. He commiserated with the emir and the people of the emirate over the recent flooding that wreaked havoc in some parts of Bauchi. L-R: Mrs F.T. Kayode Head Teacher, Modupe Cole Memorial Child Care and Treatment School, presenting a letter of appreciation to the Operations Manager of Zakat and Sadaqat Foundation, Mallam Ahmed Ma’aruf for the food items donated by the Foundation to the school recently. 52 CBN to renovate secondary school with N500m DANJUMA WILLIAMS GOMBE T he Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, is to renovate Dukku Community Science Secondary School in Gombe State at the cost of N500 million. Presenting the letter of renovation to the Emir of Dukku, Alhaji Haruna Rashid II, an Assistant Director in the CBN, Suleiman Kumo Mohammed, said the Central Bank would soon send its consultants to monitor the project. National Mirror learnt that the move to renovate the secondary school was in fulfillment of the CBN governor’s promise made earlier this year when he visited the Emir’s palace shortly after being appointed Emir. In a press statement issued to by the Information Unit of Dukku Local Government Area, the Emir of Dukku, Alhaji Haruna Rashid II, commended the CBN Governor, Alhaji Sanusi Lamido Sanusi for initiating such a laudable programme in the community. In his response, Chairman of Dukku Local Government Area, Alhaji Umar Ladan, also expressed his appreciation to the CBN for assisting the community in renovating the school which he said will give the school a befitting status. He commended the federal and state governments for allowing the local government freehand to execute projects that have direct bearing on the lives of the common man in the areas of provision of water, rural electrification, health care, renovation of primary schools and staff quarters and the construction of drainages. CBN Gov., Sanusi FG to decongest prisons to check jailbreak WALE IBRAHIM LOKOJA A s part of efforts to combat the incidence of jailbreak in the country, the Federal Government has said that it is working towards the decongestion of the country’s prisons. The Federal Government also said it has set up a taskforce to monitor prison officers to ensure that they carry out their duties diligently in accordance with the rules of their engagement. Minister of Interior, Abah Moro, who disclosed this while fielding questions from journalists in Lokoja, the Kogi State capital, at the weekend, shortly after the fund raising ceremony for the ultra modern auditorium of a Catholic Cathedral in the state capital, where he represent the Senate President, David Mark, at the occasion. He said the spate of jailbreak in the country is becoming worrisome in recent times, stressing that there are challenges in the prison system in the country as a result of the security challenges the country is facing now. His words; “But much more fundamental is that the spate of jailbreak is as a result of the security challenges we are facing in the country right away. Most of the jailbreak you are talking about is as a result of attack on our prisons by hoodlums who attempt to forcefully free prison inmates.” Moro also pointed out that some of them are as a result of what he characterised as conspiracy on the part of prison officials, adding that in order to forestall jailbreak occurrences, the Federal Government has set up a taskforce to tour all the prison formations unan- nounced to ensure that officers are carrying out their duties in line with the rules and regulations establishing the prisons. “In addition, we have taking steps to install electronic gadgets to monitor the activities of our prisons. We will ensure that we provide adequate parameter fencing in our prisons and obstacle that will prevent people from attacking our prisons. “What we are doing now is to decongest our prisons because the fewer the number of our inmates, the more manageable the prisons,” he posited. L-R: Head of Training, Ilorin International Aviation College, Captain Abdulmumin Abdulkarim; Pilots Sam Gadzama; Babatunde Bakare and Kwara State Governor, Abdulfatah Ahmed, during the delivery of two training aircraft purchased by the state government to the aviation college, yesterday. By-election: Lawmaker accuses CPC of misleading CJN A lawmaker in the upper chamber of the National Assembly, Senator Gyang Pwajok, has accused the defunct Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, of trying to mislead the Chief Justice of Nigeria, CJN, over a court order that nullified his (Pwajok’s) election. Pwajok, who was reacting to a protest letter written by the Plateau State chapter of the CPC over his continued stay in the Senate after the December 20, 2012 nullification of the October 6, 2012 by-election in Plateau North senatorial district, also accused CPC of playing “unclean politics.” The CPC in a letter to the CJN, signed by its Chairman, Alhaji Mubashiru Aliyu and dated July 15, 2013, wondered why Pwajok was still in the Senate after an Abuja Federal High Court nullified his election. The nullification order resulted from a case filed by the CPC, alleging that INEC wrongly disqualified its candidate, Mr. Tony Gaga, from contesting the poll to fill the seat that became vacant after the death of Senator Gyang Dantong, on July 8, 2012. In his judgment, Justice A. F. Ademola, ordered that a fresh election should be held within 90 days, while directing Pwajok to vacate the seat. In the petition, CPC observed that the fresh poll had not been held, while Pwajok was still in the Senate, describing the situation as “a slap on the integrity of the judiciary” which had the tendency to create anarchy. The CPC had earlier written a protest letter to the Senate President on June 26, 2013, in which it declared Pwajok’s stay in the Senate as “illegal,” threatening to embark on a peaceful protest against such injustice. But Pwajok, in a written response to the CPC, dated July 26, 2013, described the letter to the CJN as “very shocking”, especially since Aliyu was “fully aware of the facts on ground.” Specifically, Pwajok, through his counsel, Mr. Sunny-Gabriel Odey, said he had filed an appeal against the judgment nullifying his election in which he challenged the competence of the court to entertain the case. Pwajok had faulted the court’s competence to nullify an election using a preelection matter and noted that only the election petitions tribunal had the powers to nullify elections. “The appeal has been entered as Appeal No. CA/A/45/2013 at the Abuja Division of the Court of Appeal, with the PDP and Senator Pwajok as appellants, while CPC and INEC are respondents. “We, the appellants, also promptly filed a motion for stay of execution and injunction pending the appeal on December 24, 2012, which was equally served on you,” Pwajok noted. Besides, the senator reminded the CPC that it (CPC) had filed an appeal against the said judgment by way of cross appeal on January 13, 2013 and followed that up with a cross appellant’s brief on February 21, 2013, while his (Pwajok)’s cross respondents’ brief was filed on March 21, 2013. Pwajok said the fact that the CPC had filed a cross appeal against the December 20 judgment only confirmed that the party, which filed the case and purportedly secured the said nullification, was equally not satisfied with that judgment. “In addition to the above processes, your counsel has filed other interlocutory applications at the Court of Appeal, all of which are pending for determination,” he said. He also recalled that INEC had filed its own appeal against the judgment under reference, stressing that it was intriguing that the CPC chief could feign ignorance of the facts. 580 houses, farmlands, others lost to flood in Katsina JAMES DANJUMA KATSINA M ore than 580 houses have either been completely or partially destroyed by flood in four villages in Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State. The incident occurred barely 24 hours after a dam’s embankment broke down in Kankia Local Government Area which led to the destruction of farmlands and crops worth millions of naira. Though no lives were lost in the Zango incident, it was however learnt that domestic animals were washed away while several farm produce were also destroyed. Confirming the incident, the council’s Information Officer, Bala Sailsu, said names of the affected villages include Dargade, Dasha, Zango and Tsara. Salisu said more than 300 houses were destroyed in Zango while about 280 houses were affected in the other three villages. In a related development in Gadar-Yantulana village in Charanchi Local Government Area of the state, another flooding incident has destroyed farmlands and domestic animals, rendering the people poorer in the process. It was learnt that a local pond had overflowed into the village with only a mosque surviving the disaster. The victims of the flood are currently taking refuge in a primary school in the neighbourhood while council officials have visited and sympathised with the victims. Some of the victims who spoke with journalists said though no lives were lost, houses, animals and farmlands that were lost in the process were their only source of livelihood which collectively amounted to several millions of naira. Speaking on the incident, the Transition Committee Chairman of the council, Yahaya Galadima, said arrangements have been concluded to move the entire village members to another location. Monday, August 5, 2013 53 Sport For sur sure, I am not putting myself to any pre pressure ahead of the Worlds. I just would like to be myself T/Tennis: African king, Assar, set for Classics 54 NFF warns FAs, clubs as Nationwide League ends T Moses (right) in action for the Super Eagles Moses, Nsofor ready for Mandela Challenge EVEREST ONYEWUCHI C helsea of England winger, Victor Moses, has declared his readiness for the August 14 Mandela Challenge match against the Bafana Bafana in Durban. Super Eagles’ secretary, Dayo Achor, said yesterday that Moses was the first player to confirm his availability for the game. In a statement issued by the Eagles’ Media Officer, Ben Alaiya, Achor said that Moses was looking forward to the match and longing to reunite with his team mates in the senior national team. Also, Obinna Nsofor has made en- …NFF battles Spartak over Emenike quiries about his return to the national team and has also promised to be early for the game in South Africa. Other players who have made enquiries about the friendly so far include power playing Lazio of Italy midfielder, Ogenyi Onazi, Russiabased Ahmed Musa and striker Brown Ideye. Arrival for all the players according to the NFF remains August 11 in South Africa for the game scheduled for Wednesday, August 14. Meanwhile, NFF General Secretary, Barr. Musa Amadu, has reacted quickly to an initial position of Rus- sian side, Spartak Moscow, that it will not release AFCON 2013 top striker, Emmanuel Emenike, for the Mandela challenge. “The NFF will not accept any of such claims that it’s not a FIFA free window, because it is and as I speak with you the NFF scribe has also made his position known to Spartak,” team sources declared. “Don’t forget that the game is also a dress rehearsal for the September World Cup qualifier against the Flames of Malawi and we can’t afford to let anything to chance,” Amadu was quoted as saying. Loan deal: Liverpool, others chase Omeruo AFOLABI GAMBARI WITH AGENCY REPORT L atest reports claimed that several English Premier League clubs like Liverpool, Swansea and West Brom are now on the heels of Super Eagles defender, Kenneth Omeruo on a possible loan deal should the youngster foresee his chances limited at Chelsea. Omeruo has since returned to the Stamford Bridge side after a loan spell at Dutch Eredivise club ADO Den Haag last season. But although he has been reportedly handed a Chelsea squad shirt after the British Home Office granted him a five-year work permit last week, football watchers feel his playing times may be curtailed as he will be up against veteran retired England international, John Terry, in the shirt first when the new season gets underway. According to another account yesterday, however, Omeruo has started training with the Chelsea reserves after he failed to secure a United States visa to join with his mates currently on pre-season tour and will be expected to resume full training just ahead of the first EPL game at home against Hull City on August 18. “I’m happy to be at Chelsea and I’m really looking forward to training with the main squad when they are back from the USA,” Omeruo said yesterday, apparently rubbishing the reports on another loan spell. he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) at the weekend warned clubs in the Nigeria Nationwide League and host State Football Associations to be upright as the final matches of the season in the Divisions 1B and 1D are played tomorrow. NFF’s Director of Competitions, Dr. Mohammed Sanusi, said any club or host State FA found to be involved in any hanky-panky would be visited with severe sanctions. “It is important that the clubs take a cue from what has happened to those four clubs involved in scandalous scorelines. The NFF will not hesitate to deal severely with any club found to be involved in dirty compromise or inducement, or any other silly game for that matter, and the host State FA will not be spared.” In tomorrow’s final matches of the season in the aforementioned divisions, Atiba United square up against J. Atete in Oyo town, while Ajiroba Ooni and Go Round FC light up Ile-Ife. Canaan City host FC Inter and Court of Appeal take on Rhapsody in Lokoja. Dallatu FC are away to Boro United in Kaduna while Bida Lions are home to FC Lokoja and Meridian Airline and Sardauna Kano tackle themselves in Kano. Lobi Jnr. Stars are up against Nigeria Prisons FC in Makurdi. “All State FAs and clubs involved in these matches are warned to abide strictly by the rules and regulations guiding association football. The Secretariat will sanction any misdemeanour by any club while concerned State FAs will not be spared,” Sanusi added. …Sympathises with Kano Pillars T he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) yesterday commiserated with the management of the Kano Pillars over the August 1 road accident involving their team. News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that Pillars’ technical crew had the accident on their way back to Kano from Ilorin after the club’s Federation Cup match against Warri Wolves. NFF’s Director of Competition, Dr. Sanusi Mohammed, who represented NFF’s President, Aminu Maigari, delivered the condolence message when he visited Kano Pillars’ Technical Adviser, Babaganaru Mohammed, at Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano. Mohammed said that Maigari had earlier made contact with the team to ascertain the extent of the accident. The director, who said that he was deeply touched by the unfortunate incident, however, thanked God for sparing the lives of the accident’s victims. “This is what all the clubs face regularly as we go round the country to honour away matches. May Allah protect us from all dangers associated with road accidents,” Mohammed said. Sport Body Building: World athletes due in Lagos A FOLABI GAMBARI A T/Tennis: African king, Assar, set for Classics YEMI OLUS A frican champion and one of the world’s most promising players, Omar Assar of Egypt, has been confirmed for the first Lagos International Table Tennis Classics holding this month. The Egyptian displayed an outstanding performance at the 2013 World Championships held in Paris, when he beat Romania’s Adrian Crisan in the round of 32 and fell against Robert Gardos of Austria in the next round and showed class at the 2013 Mediterranean Games where he won the men’s singles. Executive Director, Egypt Table Tennis Federation (ETTF), Hesham M. Abou-Hashish, who confirmed Assar’s participation at the weekend, said the North Africans had viewed the Lagos Classics with seriousness and were de- termined to excel. Assar was sidelined with shoulder injury in 2011 but he had to undergo surgery to make a return in Mozambique, to become the only player to go through the whole tournament unbeaten in singles matches, during which he won the ticket to London 2012 where he made it to the second round of the tournament. He has also won six titles on the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) Junior Circuit, and in his first outing at the 2011 All Africa Games in Mozambique, the 22-year-old dethroning Nigeria’s Segun Toriola after winning the men’s singles to collect his first major senior title. Classics Director, Ranti Lajide, said yesterday that Assar’s presence would give competitive edge to the tournament. “Certainly, he will be the centre of attraction,” Lajide submitted. …. Quadri squares Maya in exhibition IFEANYI EDUZOR P ortugal-based Nigerian player, Aruna Quadri, and former African champion, Taofeek Maya, will meet in an exhibition game at the launching and fund raising for the Hoffnung Sports Foundation in Lagos tomorrow. According to the Founder, Dapo Akiode, the event scheduled for the Alake Sports Centre in Abeokuta will be preceded by a lecture titled Grassroots Sports Development to be delivered by Hon. Wilfred Allen-Taylor Akiode,who is a former national and African junior table tennis champion while he plied his trade in Germany, remarked that the need to restructure the sport at the grassroots had become expedient in order to enable Nigeria to compete favourably at the global level. “We want to encourage youths to develop more interest in table tennis, espe- cially in this era when most countries in the world are embracing grassroots development,” he said. Dignitaries that include Osile Oke Ona, Oba Adedapo Tejousho, Chief (Mrs) Alaba Lawson and the Ogun State Commissioner for Sports, Mr. Gbenga Otenuga, are expected at the event which has Chief Segun Williams as the Chief Launcher. Quadri bout 300 foreign and local athletes are expected in Lagos soon for the Mr. Flex Body Building Championship billed for the Water Parks, Ikeja on September 28. Organisers told National Mirror yesterday that about N5m prize would be at stake with the star prize winner going home with a power bike and N1million. “Contestants include former Mr. California, David Ekpe, current NPC Champion, Bada Lekan; current Mr. Flex Nigeria champion, Femi Adeoye; and veteran builder, Abdul Rasak, who currently occupies number 6 position in Africa, among others,” Coordinator of the event, Stephen Okoli-Odene, disclosed. The coordinator also said the championship would be sponsored by Challarams Plc, 7UP, and Vitamilk. “The essence is to help athletes to excel in their career and to raise the standard of Nigerian youths in body building and other power sports,” he explained, adding, “We have changed the perception of Nigerians who see body builders as thugs and miscreants and we thank corporate bodies like Simba, Zenith Sports, CWay water and others for their support in this regard.” Okoli, however, said the organisers’ ultimate aim was to establish means of livelihood for the country’s teeming youths. Serena gets Rogers Cup top spot W orld number one, Serena Williams, has been named the top seed at the Rogers Cup women’s tournament smashing off today. Williams, who won the French Open earlier this year, will be playing for her third career title at Rexall Centre in Toronto. Australian Open winner Victoria Azarenka is the number two seed followed by Agnieszka Radwanska. Top-ranked Canadian player Eugenie Bouchard of Westmount, Que., will face Alisa Kleybanova in the first round while the other Canadians at the tournament, Stephanie Dubois of Laval, Que., and Sharon Fichman of Toronto, will play each other in the first round. Williams has recently claimed being in top shape ahead of the US Open at Flushing Meadows in New York this month, after a dismal performance at the Wimbledon. “I honestly believe this should be a dress rehearsal for the main event which I need not emphasise that I have really looked up,” Williams said, adding, “We will take it up from there.” Fabregas Devils to make final Fabregas bid M anchester United is expected to make its final bid for Barcelona midfielder Cesc Fabregas this week. The Red Devils have already had two bids of £26m and £30m rejected, but latest reports said Vice Chairman Ed Woodward is ready to go back in with a third offer of £40m. Interestingly, Barcelona Coach, Gerardo Martino said last week that he would rather his prized player remain in Camp Nou. “Cesc is one of the best players in the squad and I think he will stay,” Martino said. “But it is for him to decide the situation, although it has not occurred to me that I won’t be able to count on him.” Spurs confirms Dempsey’s flight T ottenham Hotspur has revealed that the club’s centre forward, Clint Dempsey, has left the White Hart Lane and returned to the Major League Soccer with Seattle Sounders. The 30-year-old joined Spurs just 12 months ago when the club paid Fulham over £6million for his signature. He scored 12 goals in 43 appearances for the north London club last season, but Manager Andre VillasBoas is happy to let him move on. “Coming into the season I thought I was going to start with Tottenham but the MLS and Seattle Sounders have moved mountains to get me here,” Dempsey, who last played in his homeland back in 2006 when he left New England Revolution, said yesterday. “I’m happy to come back in my prime and be able to make a difference.” Dempsey Ahead Worlds: Kalu tasks Okagbare B Martins scores seventh goal, Igbonu opens Denmark account IKENWA NNABUOGOR N igeria striker Obafemi Martins returned to scoring form in the Major League Soccer in the US for his club Seattle Sounders, netting once in the 3-0 hammering of Dallas yesterday. The former Rubin Kazan of Russia hit man, who had earlier gone three games without scoring, put his side in the front in the eighth minute before US international Eddie Johnson doubled the lead just before the break. The hosts put the game beyond Dallas ramming in the third goal in the added time to catapult themselves in the seventh place in the Eastern Conference of the MLS. Martins lasted the entire duration of the game and has now played 14 matches since he arrived in last January transfer windows from Spanish side Levante. He’s also got a blemish, getting the marching orders and scoring in the 2-0 away win at Chivas USA in early June. Opening his season’s account in Denmark on Saturday was youngster Sylvester Igbonu, scoring in the 2-1 home win over SønderjyskE. The Lagos-born striker, who has attracting interests from top Turkish sides, opened scoring in the 81st minute before the decider was added in the 88th minute to ensure a hard-earned victory for the hosts as they maintained their 100 percent record to remain on top of the Danish Super League after three rounds of games. Igbonu was on from start to finish. He has also covered every blade of grass this season for his club of six seasons. Joining Igbonu in the victory song were his compatriots – Izunna Uzochukwu and former academy player, seven foot plus youngster Ebere Paul Onuachu, who was handed his second senior cap. As usual, Uzochukwu was on for 90 minutes. Lanky Onuachu, who dazzled in the academy to arely four days to the Moscow 2013 World Athletics Championships, former Abia State governor, Dr. Orji Uzor Kalu, feels Blessing Okagbare could do without all the hype. Kalu said yesterday in a statement, “What Okagbare needs now is no pressure at all. Concentration is key. Setting new records in 100 metres and Long Jump is good, but not the end. There is still a long road to travel.” The ex-governor recalled that prior to the London 2012 Olympics the sprint queen had won the 100m in the London leg of the Diamond League, but was unable to climb the podium much later. “She must have grown in experience now. Beating the American duo of Carmelita Jeter and Tiana Madison before the Olympics and hitting a Personal Best (PB) of 10.93 secs during the Games did not guarantee a medal last year as Shelly- Ann Fraser-Pryce went for gold,” Kalu added. Okagbare was out of planet earth last week, equalling Chioma Ajunwa’s 7.14m record in the long jump and raising a new continental best of10.86secs in the sprints. While praising the medal hopeful, Kalu prayed against the tough luck that befell Innocent Egbunike at the Roma ‘87 Championships. “Egbunike was red hot before the competition. Twelve times he made sub 45.0secs alongside Harry ‘Butch’ Reynolds. On August 17 1987, he set African and Commonwealth records in Zurich. Yet, when it mattered most in a couple of weeks, gold eluded Nigeria in Rome as East German dark horse, Thomas Schonlebe, emerged from the blues to win in a new European record of 44.33 secs. That shall not be Blessing’s portion,” Kalu prayed. Igbonu (front) earn his senior cap, played in the last ten minutes. The 19-year-old striker touted as the next big thing in Nigerian footballer had last season seen just eight minutes of action and earned just two bench selections. In England, former Super Eagles central defender Danny Shittu started the 2013/14 season in the Championship on a bad note, as his side Millwall fell 1-0 at home to new comers Yeovil on Saturday. Shittu, captaining the Lions, was on for 90 minutes. Shittu, who played a pivotal role as the Lions reached the English FA Cup semi-finals last season failed to provide enough cover for Republic of Ireland goalkeeper David Forde and stop Edward Upson from firing in the winner with just two minutes left on the clock. The former Bolton Wanderers hard man played a mouth watering 39 times for the promotion play-offs losers last season. In Scotland, Super Eagles defender Efe Ambrose and Celtic Glasgow opened the 2013/2014 season on a bright note, claiming a 2-1 victory over Ross County on Saturday. Ambrose was in the thick of action for 90 minutes, keeping things tight at the rear that was breached only once by the visitors. In Russia, Eagles winger Ahmed Musa failed to find the back of the net for defending champions CSKA Moscow who held hosts Rubin Kazan to goalless draw yesterday. Musa, who was a double champion last season, was on for 90 minutes. Musa was expected to add to his two-goal account but fired blank in the highly explosive encounter. The former VVV Venlo striker has so far played in all four games for the champions this season. In Belgium, former Flying Eagles striker Michael Uchebo was on the losing side of Cercle Brugges, who were discgraced 4-0 before their disappointed home fans by defending champions Anderlecht on Saturday. The giant striker was only introduced at the start of the second half in a desperate bid to cancel out the champions’ goals but he fell pitifully below expectations. Uchebo, who managed only two league goals last season, has played all the two games this season but still in search of his first goal. Okagbare Oldest fossilised animal food store Vol. 03 No. 679 S N150 Monday, August 5, 2013 In November 2003 a team of scientists from the University of Bonn, Germany, announced their discovery of a 17 million-year-old fossilised rodent burrow containing more than 1,200 fossilised nuts. Alade Odunewu: Long live Allah De uddenly, the news hit us July 25; Hadj. Alade Odunewu, journalism’s gift to Nigeria, is no more. As a small measure of his worth, the media have been abuzz with stories of his passage. Tributes have been pouring in from all strata of the society---the media, politicians, academics, titled and untitled Nigerians, sincere patriots; and indeed court jesters for whom our lamented icon gave a wide berth in his lifetime. At his burial, July 26, the media was well represented by a good mix of the ancient and modern practitioners. Last Friday, the 8th day Fidau prayers were offered for the repose of his soul. His passage affords us the opportunity to examine what it was that endeared him to us. On a personal note, I have lost Guest Columnist	Air traffic controller
What was the name of the NASA rover that touched down on the surface of Mars Sunday night?	Monday, august 5, 2013 by GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LIMITED - issuu issuu Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts …poor infrastructure, incentives affect supply UDEME AKPAN Alison-Madueke Vol. 3 N0. 679 I n c o n s i s t e n t policies, inadequate incentives and lack of infrastructure have dogged the moves of past and present administrations to achieve steady and adequate supply of cooking gas and to encourage mass BUSINESS SECTION Made-in-Nigeria products are not price competitive – Expert THE CBN guarantees N25bn agric loans through NIRSAL CONTINUED ON PAGE 2>> Free ree insi inside ide Monday, August 5, 2013 APC parades expired politicians –Presidency Atiku protests exclusion from PDP convention P.6 ENERGY GROUP CELEBRATES 10TH ANNIVERSARY OBIORA IFOH ABUJA T he Senior Special Assistant to the President on Public Affairs, Dr. Doyin Okupe, yesterday said that leaders of the newly-formed All Progressives Congress, APC, are politically expired and yesterday’s men. Against the backdrop that the APC is presently shopping for presidential materials, Okupe in a statement in Abuja, said that the alliance, parading former members of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, CONTINUED ON PAGE 2>> L-R: Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Energy Investment, Ghana, Queenette Okehie; Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, National Mirror newspapers, Mr. Steve Ayorinde; Chief Executive Officer, Global Fleet Oil and Gas, Mrs. Bridget Henry-Iyasere; Managing Director, Newswatch Magazine, Dr. Bolu Folayan; wife of the Group Managing Director, Energy Group, Mrs. Modupe Ibrahim; the Group Managing Director, Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim (OFR); Pastor and (Mrs) Akinwunmi Akinteye; Managing Director, NICON Insurance, Mr. Emmanuel Jegede; Chief Executive Officer, Nigeria Re, Lady Isioma Chukwuma and Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, Daily Newswatch, Mr. Moses Jolayemi, at the 10th anniversary of Energy Group in Lagos, yesterday. More photos on page 4. PHOTO: YINKA ADEPARUSI Anenih Jonathan, Obasanjo, IBB, others honour Anenih at 80 ...says it's grossly inaccurate, misleading PPPRA rejects NEITI's audit report 'Leaders must forgive' NPAN files injunction against APCON P.5 P.7 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net APC parades expired politicians –Presidency CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 does not have a credible personality that will lead the nation, stressing that it will always outsource its presidential candidate from the ruling party. Okupe said: "In view of all these, it is clearly evident that the APC cannot and will not be an alternative to the PDP. “This fact is further reinforced by the fact that even its leadership parades politically expired, analogue and yesterday’s men, including the likes of Bisi Akande, Tom Ikimi, Bello Masari, Muhammad Buhari, Audu Ogbeh, Bashir Tofa and their likes who do not promise any hope for today’s Nigeria and, therefore, cannot bring any meaningful change to the polity.” He said that in spite of the long years of existence of the All Nigeria People’s Party, ANPP, the Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, and the Action Congress of Nigeria, ACN, they had not been able to find credible personalities among their followers for national positions and offices. “The ACN particularly is reputed to always outsource its presidential candidate to the PDP. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the new party’s national executive, six of its 11 members, which is about 60 per cent were former chieftains of the PDP. “The real question is whether this is APC or PDP 2? This is the poser Nigerians will resolve as time goes on." Okupe reiterated that the membership and composition of the APC is nothing progressive. "They are ideologically ill-defined and seem to have come together for only one purpose, which is to grab power from the PDP and united on one sentiment which is their peculiar hatred for the person of President Goodluck Jonathan. "Is there an offence in being a President from a minority tribe? Those who cooperate with them from the North are not true mainstream northern politicians but rather anarchists and irredentists who pursue political power based purely on ethnic sentiments. "From the first day of the Jonathan presidency, these people have tried all methods to suffocate his administration and make it impossible for him to govern. "Immediately the President was sworn in, he was made to contend with ma- jor post-election violence unprecedented in our political history. This paved the way for the escalation of the Boko Haram insurgency also to the level that was totally and absolutely unimaginable; making previous episodes like the Maitatsine riots and similar previous sectarian violence in the North look like a child’s play. "It is to the glory of God, tenacity of purpose and ingenious administrative capacity of Goodluck Jonathan that, in spite of these overwhelming and daunt- University of Port Harcourt, in Rivers State, Prof. Godwin Igwe, at the weekend said: “Previous governments were over-involved in the sector, which did not pave the way for private investors to get involved at the early stage.” “The sector also lacked adequate infrastructure, particularly pipelines which investors needed to be able to invest in the sector.” Igwe, however, noted that things had been taken shape as the present administration had started to attract serious investors into the sector. He said: “The President Goodluck Jonathan administration has done a lot to stimulate attracts massive local and foreign investments into the sector through many measures. “For instance, the Petroleum Industry Bill, PIB, before the National Assembly is targeted at restructuring many sectors, including gas for more investment and development.” Igwe added that the Federal Government had also started to lay adequate pipelines and other infrastructure needed to boost investment in the sector. NNPC spokesman, Dr. Omar Farouk, said that there had been improvement in cooking gas supply, especially in the last two years following the involvement of more private investors. “The NNPC has over the years encouraged investment into the sector in order to make cooking gas available for domestic use as well as tackle deforestation in different parts of the nation.” Despite such encouragement, investigations showed that the supply of cooking gas remained epileptic with prices hitting the roof in recent times. For instance, the prices of the product have risen by between 30 per cent and ing security crises, the administration still records a most distinguished performance in terms of delivering remarkable dividends of democracy ever recorded in the history of Nigeria. "Isn’t it surprising too that since their coming together, Nigerians are yet to know what the APC stands for in terms of definite programmatic agenda? What do they have that is better than the PDP? "They have no official manifestoes rather what we hear from one leader is a sharp contradiction from what we hear from another. "For example, the leading ideologue of the APC in the North, Maj.-Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, delivered a lecture in London where he spoke unambiguously against the muchtalked about restructuring of the Nigerian federation, resource control, sovereign national conference and other core demands of the defunct ACN. "The other leader, Senator Bola Tinubu, went to a similar event recently and ingeniously listed out their proposed programmes on power, agriculture and rail transportation which are not in any way different from the contents of the Transformation Agenda of the PDP," he said. In his reaction, acting National Publicity Secretary of the APC, Lai Mohammed said the Presidency’s submission was borne out of fear. He said: “They are so worried and jittery by the emergence on the APC. The PDP is still stunned by the emergence of the party. They are afraid. It is just an CONTINUED ON PAGE 5> L-R: Divisional Head, e-Banking, UBA Plc, Dr. Yinka Adedeji; Vice-President, West Africa, MasterCard, Omokehinde Ojomuyide; Deputy Managing Director, United Bank for Africa Plc, Mr. Kennedy Uzoka; Managing Director, Electronic PayPlus Limited, Bayo Adeokun and Head, Cards, UBA Plc, Mr. Adedeji Olowe, during the inauguration of UBA All About U Debt Card in Lagos on Friday. Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 consumption. Investigations showed that the Federal Government had made the error of exclusively reserving the sub-sector operations for the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, and had discouraged needed investments in storage, transportation and distribution facilities, especially pipelines in addition to inadequate circulation and high cost of cylinders, which had kept gas usage away from the mass market. Even private firms that took the risk of investing in pipeline infrastructure to supply commercial and industrial consumers have not optimised such investments due to epileptic supply from the Nigeria Gas Company, a subsidiary of the NNPC. The Director of Centre for Gas, Refining & Petrochemicals at the Institute of Petroleum Studies, IPS, 65 per cent in Lagos and its environs since the acute shortage caused by the blockade of Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas, NLNG, shipping operations by the Nigeria Maritime Security and Safety Agency due to a dispute over unpaid taxes. Prices remain high even after the blockade was lifted with gas selling for N4,000 per 12.5 kilogramme cylinder in Lagos and N5,000 in other parts of the South as against N3,000 previously. A visit to Apapa where vessels usually berth to discharge the product showed that a vessel, MT Providence, which arrived a few days ago has gone back to Bonny after discharging cooking gas in Lagos. A source at Apapa, Lagos who did not want his name mentioned, said: “The quantity discharged was not sufficient to meet demand that had built up due to a backlog of missed loading schedule. “It may take many days for another vessel to bring cooking gas to Lagos because of the distance. Consequently, prices may continue to rise.” A market survey conducted at the weekend showed that some major and independent marketers did not have the product for sale. The survey showed that some marketers that had the product were selling at exorbitant prices. For instance, major marketers, including Total, were selling 12.5 kg at between N3,800 and N4,500 while 25 kg and 50kg went for about N8,000 and N15,000 respectively. The survey showed that the high prices were imposed by mainly middlemen. For instance, it was learnt that gas plant owners, including NIPCO, were still selling the product at N200 per kg, meaning that the present price regime is artificial. For instance, at N200 per kg, the prices of 12.5kg, 25kg and 50kg should be N2,600, N5,200 and N10, 400 respectively (excluding marketers’ margins and other charges). However, investigations showed that the prices would likely continue to rise in the days ahead as no vessel was discharging at Apapa where NLNG vessels usually discharge to major dealers of the product. National Mirror learnt that the demand for cooking gas had continued to rise as many consumers had shifted to the use of the product following increased awareness that it was cheaper, safer and cleaner than other substitutes. NLNG spokesman, Mrs. Anne-Marie Palmer-Ikuku, said that the firm which has announced plans to increase annual supplies from 150,000 metric tonnes to 250,000 metric tonnes, had resumed supplies to the market in earnest But the National President, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Retailers Association CONTINUED ON PAGE 5> National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ENERGY GROUP’S 10TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION AND THANKSGIVING Group Managing Director, Energy Group, Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim OFR (right) and CEOs toasting at the event. L-R: Mrs. Modupe Jimoh-Ibrahim, her husband, Dr. Ibrahim, son, Seun and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Global Fleet Oil and Gas, Mrs. Bridget Henry-Iyasere. Managing Director/Editor-in-Chief, National Mirror Newspapers, Mr. Steve Ayorinde (left) and Managing Director, NICON Properties Ltd, Barr. Lanre Alonge. L-R: Dean, Faculty of Law, The Premier University of Sao Tome and Principe, Mrs. Ibilola Adefope; Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Prof Jim Unah and Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Taiwo Ajayi. Executive Director, NICON Insurance, Mr. Bayode Samuel (left) and Managing Director, Newswatch Magazine, Dr. Bolu Folayan. General Manager Operations, Newswatch Magazine, Mr. Bankole Makinde (left) and Editor, National Mirror, Mr. Seyi Fasugba. Executive Director, Daily Newswatch, Mr. Femi Ige (left) and Editor, Sunday Newswatch, Mr. Lanre Oyetade. Editor, Saturday Mirror, Gbemi Olujobi Gospel singer, Kemi Esanola Pastor Akinwumi Akinteye of KAVOD Christian Centre Dr. Ibrahim giving a speech. Member of Board of Directors, Energy Group, Prince Damola Aderemi (left) Chairman, Dairo Oil Ltd, Otunba Stephen Ojo. Resident Director, The Premier University of São Tomé, Dr. Yele Akinrolabu (left) and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Energy Investment Ghana, Queenette Okehie. L-R: Bursar, The Premier University of Sao Tome, Mrs. Folake Towose; Director, Nigeria Re, Mrs. Esther Ajayi and Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Nigeria Re, Lady Isioma Chukwuma. PHOTOS: BAYOOR EWUOSO, YINKA ADEPARUSI, OLUFEMI AJASA National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net PPPRA rejects NEITI's audit report UDEME AKPAN WITH AGENCY REPORTS T he Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency, PPPRA, has picked holes in the audit report of the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, NEITI, indicting the agency and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, for nonremittance of oil receipts, overpayment of fuel subsidies and failure to tidy up agreements with oil multinationals. The report noted that these had resulted in losses totalling N280bn. The audit report, which stated Nigeria lost $10.9 billion (N1.74trn) to oil theft and pipeline vandalism between 2009 and 2011, had recommended that the PPPRA should refund N4.42bn allegedly wrongfully paid out as subsidy to fuel importers, to the Federal Government. PPPRA Executive Secretary, Mr. Reginald Stanley, however, told the News Agency of Nigeria, NAN, in Abuja yesterday that the NEITI’s report “is steeped in inaccuracies and gross misrepresentation of facts.” He added that that the agency was not in charge of subsidy payments and that the information relied upon by NEITI was flawed. “The report has glaring potential to mislead the public and further cast aspersions on the activities of the PPPRA as a key administrator of the Petroleum Support Fund, PSF. “The PPPRA wishes to state unequivocally that the statement credited to the NEITI chairman is misleading and a gross misrepresentation of facts. “We note with dismay, NEITI’s admission to the fact that it had no absolute control of its sources of data as they were derived information and data provided through its own independent auditors as well as companies doing business in the sector. “Such over-reliance on secondary data must have accounted for the glaringly flawed computations presented in the report,” the agency said. Stanley explained that the N4.42bn ‘over-recovery’ that the PPPRA was asked to remit was not correct, noting that only the NNPC still had an outstanding payment of about N3.98bn to be paid into the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN’s account. “The total over-recovery advised for the nine marketers in 2008-2009 amounted to N14,073,783,779.74; the total amount paid to the account with CBN was N6,966,185,316.65, with the sum of N3,126,587,419.98 net-off by the Federal Ministry of Finance.” He explained that “the PPPRA does not disburse or `warehouse’ subsidy funds as suggested by the report,’’ stating that the agency only processed documents submitted by marketers for subsidy payments. “PPPRA merely verifies and processes import subsidy documents as submitted by marketers, while forwarding same to the Federal Ministry of Finance, which is statutorily charged with the responsibility of approving payments under the PSF scheme.’’ The executive secretary stressed the need for NEITI to meticulously cross-check its facts and figures with relevant agencies before making such reports public. He said that it was instructive to note NEITI’s admission of the fact that it had no absolute control of its sources of data, adding: “such a possibly deficient source must have accounted for the glaringly subjective computations presented in the report’’. The PPPRA boss said the agency was alarmed to discover that most observations and clarifications earlier made to the preliminary report were ignored and not reflected in the final report released to the public. “We wish to advise that NEITI takes a second look at our initial observations and clarifications, while reconciling its figures with those of both the PSF and Federation Accounts.’’ Stanley affirmed that there was no discrepancy in PPPRA’s records and the CBN, where the PSF account was domiciled. He said that the responsibility of payment shifted from PPPRA to the Ministry of Finance, following the introduction of the Sovereign Debt Statement and the Sovereign Debt Note in 2009. The PPPRA chief said that the administration of the PSF contained checks and balances, which made it extremely difficult, if not impossible for just one organisation within the group to connive with marketers. He said that the PPPRA had been in the forefront of enthroning transparency and accountability in the subsidy scheme with the introduction of improved import documentation and inspection. “The PPPRA has continued to serve the Nigerian economy with effective sup- ply and distribution of petroleum products in the last two years. “In December 2011, having observed the anomalies and challenges in the administration of the PSF scheme, the agency commenced a process of reforms to sanitise the system and regain the confidence of Nigerians and stakeholders in the scheme. “These initiatives, under the directive of the Minister of Petroleum Resources, Mrs. Diezani Allison-Madueke, have recorded huge successes, resulting in improved import documentation regime and guaranteeing accountability of volume supplied. “There was reduction in quantity of PMS consumed, improved PMS availability nationwide and we also banned loading from non-refinery/blending plant facilities in West Africa to prevent round-tripping and increased PMS days’ sufficiency. “Similarly, PPPRA has effected reduction in PMS subsidy, reduction in the number of marketers under the subsidy scheme as well as even management of annual PMS subsidy budget, using LAYCAN programming. “From the foregoing, we wish to advise that NEITI takes a second look at our initial observations and clarifications, while reconciling its figures with those of both the PSF and Federation. “Inasmuch as the PPPRA as a responsible and responsive government agency is not disinclined to constructive criticisms of any kind, it shall appreciate every effort by relevant organisations to adequately confirm their information before taking such to the public domain.” Stanley, however, reassured Nigerians on the commitment of the PPPRA to service delivery and adequate supply and distribution of petroleum products nationwide. The NEITI report had noted that the Federal Government paid N3trn as subsidy payments to marketers of refined petroleum products during the period. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo and Chairman, Board of Trustees, Peoples Democratic Party, Chief Tony Anenih at Anenih's 80th birthday thanksgiving service in Abuja yesterday. Why price of cooking gas remains high –Experts CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2 He said: “As at today, the supply situation has not improved. We are hopeful that the high prices will be reduced as soon as adequate supply is made to the market.” The General Secretary of the Independent Petro- leum Marketers Association of Nigeria, IPMAN, Mr. Mike Osetuyi, said: “The shortage and high prices were previously caused by NLNG/NIMASA problem. “We are optimistic that the situation would improve in future as operators may need a little time to put adequate logistics in place to sustain constant supplies to the market.” Managing Director, NIPCO Plc, Mr. Venkataraman Venkatapathy, however, called for the introduction of policies and practices that could boost supply of the product in all parts of the nation. He said that NIPCO had over the years provided a massive 4,500 MT LPG storage facility and supported events for stakeholders to deepen the domestic gas market. APC parades expired politicians –Presidency CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2 attempt to cover up their fear. In the first place, who in the APC is as expired as Tony Anenih? Who is as expired as Bamanga Tukur? “They have nothing more to say and I think they should leave that decision to Nigerians to decide which party parades expired politicians. “I can tell you that they are afraid already. First they said the APC was a party of Muslims, and then they said they are not moved by the party’s registration, now they are singing the expired politicians’ tune. “We would not banter words with them, rather we will continue to moblise membership across the country.” Meanwhile, the Presidential Villa may soon be playing host to several groups demanding an immediate declaration by President Goodluck Jonathan of intention to contest the 2015 presidency. This is against public disposition of the Presidency that President Jonathan has not made up his mind on whether to contest or not, since the election is still far. Though, the Presidency said that Jonathan would make his views known by June 2014, but the pressure coming since the successful registration of the APC had changed the original plans. Already, such demands were being redirected to the Office of the Special Adviser on Political Affairs, but sources told National Mirror that the villa would soon open its gates to such campaigns in the weeks ahead of the President's expected declaration before the end of the year. "The presidential aides will continue to host some of the groups, which applications are in excess of 2,000 already, while the Presidency will encourage prominent leaders, including the religious, ethnic and political leaders to join in the demands to persuade him to re-contest," the source said. But Okupe insisted that President Jonathan should be allowed to settle down to work to deliver on the democracy dividends. He said that people campaigning for his reelection bid were political jobbers and should not be taken seriously. 6 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net FG revenue agencies steal N2trn annually –Reps TORDUE SALEM ABUJA R L-R: Special Adviser to PDP National Chairman on INEC and Inter-Party Affairs, Alhaji Shitu Mohammed; Taraba State Governor Danbaba Suntai; his wife, Hauwa; Sen. Hope Uzodinma and Nigerian Consul General in New York, Amb. Habib Habu, during a visit to Suntai in New York, yesterday. PHOTO:NAN Atiku protests exclusion from PDP convention, NEC, BoT OBIORA IFOH ABUJA F ormer Vice-President Atiku Abubakar has protested what he regarded as plans to run him out of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP. In a letter to the PDP National Chairman, Alhaji Bamaga Tukur, the former vice-president protested the omission of his name on the list of delegates from Adamawa State chapter of the party for the August 31 Special National Convention. Atiku also protested that he was not being invited to the party’s National Executive Committee, NEC, and Board of Trustees, BoT, meetings. He said that as former vice-president, he was statutorily guaranteed membership of NEC and BoT. In the letter dated July 11 and personally signed by the former vice-president, Atiku said: “My attention has been drawn to a news report published... Monday July 8, 2013. In the said report, the delegates list for the Special National Convention submitted by Adamawa State PDP chapter did not contain my name and fur- FRANCIS EZEM A bout seven years after the conclusion of Federal Government port reform programme and subsequent coming on stream of private terminal operators, cost of clearing a container at most of the seaports has risen astronomically. The government had in ther inquiries at the PDP National Secretariat also confirmed same.” Atiku said after waiting in vain for a public response from the party to correct or refute the news report, “I have decided to draw your attention to this mistake”. He explained that the 53rd NEC meeting of the PDP held on September 15, 2010 gave him a waiver, adding that it was the waiver which allowed him to participate in the 2011 presidential primaries of the party. The former vice-president noted that his return to PDP predated amendment of the party’s constitution of 2012. Atiku, therefore, said he considered the omission of his name on the delegates’ list as a mistake, as it contravened Section 32, sub-section 1 (a) of the party’s constitution which stated that the membership of the party’s BoT shall consist of “all past and serving Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Federal Republic of Nigeria who held or hold the respective posts as members of the party and who are still members of the party”. He said: “I therefore look forward for a correction and restitution of my right to attend the forthcoming Special National Convention of our great party and also membership of the Board of Trustees.” A source close to the former vice-president said that Atiku felt he was being tactfully de-registered again so that he would not be able to enjoy his rights as a PDP member. evenue generating agencies of the Federal Government have been accused of stealing N2 trillion annually. The Chairman, House of Representatives Committee on Finance, Hon. Abdulmumin Jibril (PDP-Kano), made the accusation while speaking with journalists at the weekend. Jibril said his committee discovered about 60 revenue generating agencies which had not been remitting their revenues to the government coffers contrary to the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act. He said: “We did some kind of internal work and came to a conclusion that collectively most of these agencies if we harness their potential altogether, we should be talking about a collection of over N2 tril- year. From that time to May this year, going by the figures from office of the Accountant-General, they paid a total of N108 billion. “We want to strengthen them to now become more aggressive in this process of revenue generation. On one hand, they say they are not mentioned in the schedule of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, so why are we asking them to pay? Even when they generate those resources and they do not account for them. “But the most frustrating thing about it is that most of the agencies that take subventions from government, that money is budgeted for them 100 per cent, they raise this revenue and do not remit it. “That was why we decided that we were going to take this exercise to another level, and we will make sure that these agencies continue to remit exactly what they are supposed to remit.” N1.7bn contract: Contractor sues ministry, seeks Orubebe’s probe ISE-OLUWA IGE ABUJA T he Federal Government plan to revoke and re-award a N1.7 billion contract awarded to an indigenous construction company, Chemtronics Limited, four years ago, has run into a hitch. The contractor, Mr. Jonathan Anakoru, who is struggling to stop the termination of the contract, has filed two suits against the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and also invited three anti-graft agencies to investigate the Minister, Godsday Orubebe, over a N65 million bribe he was allegedly arm-twisted to pay to the alleged cronies of the minister. The anti-graft agencies are the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission, ICPC, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, and the Code of Conduct Bureau. The contract is for the construction of a Skill Acquisition Centre at Iguelaba town in Edo State. It was said to have been awarded to the company on March 15, 2010 at the cost of N1,799,914,251 following an approval by the Federal Executive Council, FEC. But in February and July, advertisements were placed in newspapers calling for fresh bids for the contract which prompted the contractor to take the steps. Anakoru is arguing that the minister could not collect such bribe from him and cancel the contract without following due process and reaward same to another firm. Cargo clearing cost rises by 71% –Report 2003 commenced the concession of seaports under a Landlord Port Model, which ended in 2006 under which the Nigerian Ports Authority, NPA, was stripped of its cargo handling function and given to private terminal operators. A report by the National Association of Government Approved Freight lion per annum, which is almost 70 per cent of the total capital budget of the country. “We started the exercise and went beyond the 31 agencies. We said let’s see if it is only 31 agencies that raise such revenue, and we picked 60 agencies. The result has been overwhelming. We discovered that the process is shielded in massive fraud, connivance, concealment and so on. “We found out that all of the 60 agencies are generating a lot of money and very insignificant proportion is being remitted to the Consolidated Revenue Fund, less than 2 per cent or 3 per cent of such.” Jubril said the committee built a template and gave the agencies where they filled in all their figures. He added: “We then computed all what the agencies should pay. They started paying in December last Forwarders said the cost of clearing a 40-foot container under NPA era was N70,000 but had now risen to N120,000, excluding storage and demurrage charges, representing an increase of 71 per cent. The report also said that the cost of clearing a 20-foot container rose from N11,715.50 to N18,158.50, without storage and de- murrage charges, representing a growth rate of 55 per cent. According to the report, it now takes between 14 and 21 days to effectively clear a container at most of the seaports in Lagos except at the Ports and Terminal Multi-Services Limited, PTML, which is a specialised Roll On- RollOff Port, RoRo. The contractor had also petitioned the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, SGF, Senator Anyim Pius Anyim, warning of the consequences of terminating his contract without following due process. In the petition, Anakoru alleged that the minister compromised his office by demanding and receiving N50 million which the company instructed its bank in writing to transfer from its account at Sterling Bank to the Access Bank account of another company, Ogbe-Ogbe Marine & General Contractors Limited allegedly nominated by Orubebe through his friends. The two suits were filed by Max Ogar, counsel to the company who claimed that the contract in dispute was awarded to the plaintiff on March 15, 2010 and that an agreement to that effect was signed on March 22, 2010, in line with Article 8 of the contract agreement. The plaintiff claimed that it was on ground and firmly in control of the contract site where work was progressing. However in its statement of defence and counter-claim, filed by its counsel, B. N. Udonsi of the Department of Legal Services, the ministry argued that in line with Article 1 of the Contract Agreement, the duration of the contract was 12 months from the date of the execution of the contract agreement. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Jonathan, Obasanjo, IBB, others honour Anenih at 80 OBIORA IFOH ABUJA. P resident Goodluck Jonathan and former President Olusegun Obasanjo, were among the dignitaries that honoured the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Board of Trustees’ Chairman, Chief Tony Anenih yesterday. The occasion was the thanksgiving service in honour of Chief Anenih, who was celebrating his 80th birthday anniversary at Our Lady Queen of Nigeria Pro-Cathedral in Abuja. Also in attendance at the thanksgiving service was the former Military President, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, IBB, and the former Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar. The officiating minister, John Cardinal Onaiyekan, centered his message on greed and covetousness. Reading from the book of Luke, Chapter 12, Onaiyekan titled his message: “The things you have prepared, whose will they be”? He said at that time, one of the multitude said to Jesus; “Teacher, bid my brother divide the inheritance with me.” But Jesus said to him; “Man, who made me a judge or divider over you”? And he said to them; “Take heed and beware of all covetousness; for a man’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” Another reading was also taken from the book of Colossians, Chapter 3, and the sermon, titled: “Set your mind on things that are above, where Christ is.” The scripture reads in part: “Put to death therefore what is earthly in you: immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire and covetousness, which is idolatry.” Preaching the word, he told the leaders to do something about the pensioners whose entitlements are denied them. According to him, people should be on their guide in other not to fall into avarice and greed. “If you avoid selfness and greed you will be able to do the will of God. As we celebrate, let us remember our brothers and sisters who always wonder whether there is anything to celebrate,” he said. In his remark at the occasion, Chief Anenih urged Nigerian leaders to learn to forgive in order to build a united nation. He said: “The leaders are gathered here today and that is why we have asked ourselves, why can’t we forget the past and move forward. I must confess that I was thrilled that President Obasanjo came to the church today. “This is the kind of forgiveness leaders have to show for the country to move forward. “Former Heads of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar and Ibrahim Babangida are here, they can give us peace. I believe that if all of us here put our hands behind him (President Jonathan) and genuinely advise him even our worst enemy, Boko Haram will be afraid,” Anenih said. Other dignitaries at the thanksgiving service were the Senate President, David Mark, Governors of Edo, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Anambra and Delta States. Also in attendance were members of the Federal Executive Council, including the Minister of Finance, Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and the National Security Adviser that led other heads of the security agencies. While former President Obasanjo arrived at about 12.29pm, President Jonathan and his wife came in at 12:37pm. Other men of God at the occasion are the President of the Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor; Bishop Augustine Akubeze, Bishop Bagobiri, Bishop Mathew Kukah and others. 7 NPAN files injunction against APCON LEONARD OKACHIE T he Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria, NPAN, has asked the Court of Appeal, Lagos Division, to restrain the Advertising Practitioners’ Council, APCON, from further harassing advert executives of newspaper houses. According to a statement by the Executive Secretary of NPAN, Mr. Feyi Smith, the action was further to the appeal filed earlier in the year by the association and reports of continued harassment of advert executives despite the subsisting appeal on the ruling. The appellant, through its lawyer, John Aga urged the court to restrain APCON from relying on Article 21 of the Nigerian Code of Advertising Practice and Sales Promotion or any other related enactment to threaten, harass, coerce, solicit, persuade or otherwise interfere with the rights of the members of the applicant. In their motion on notice, brought pursuant to Order 4 Rule 10 and 11 of the Court of Appeal, the appellant also asked the court to restrain APCON from continuing to rely on Article 21 of the code or any other related enactment or however, compel NPAN members to submit their advertisement for vetting and approval by the APCON pending the hearing and determination of the appeal against the decision of the Federal High Court delivered in Suit No FHC/L/ CS/1067:NPAN VAPCON & ANOR in which the constitutionality of the article formed the subject matter. The association had gone to court to challenge the constitutionality of Article 21of the Advertising Code, among others. NPAN in the suit had sought a determination by the court, whether the provisions of Article 21 and 37 (a) of the Nigerian Code of Advertising Practice, Sales and Promotion are not inconsistent with the provisions of section 39 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. Justice Musa A. Kurya, of a Federal High Court, in his ruling of January 10, 2013, had ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction on the matter. Farmers to benefit from USAID fund T Vice-President Namadi Sambo (second left), with his entourage praying while performing Umrah (lesser hajj), at the Holy Prophet Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, on Saturday. Shell opens up on crude oil theft in Nigeria UDEME AKPAN A highly organised and well funded criminal enterprise operating on a large scale is responsible for the billions of dollars being lost yearly in stolen crude, a new report by Anglo Dutch oil giant, Shell has said. The Federal Government estimates that at least 150, 000 barrels of crude oil is stolen daily from pipelines in the Niger Delta by those operating illegal refineries and those who actually export. The Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in its report of the oil industry audit for 2009 to 2011 estimated that $10.9 billion (N1.74 trillion) was stolen from the country. According to the Shell report: “It may never be possible to assess the exact figures, but it’s clear that a well financed and highly organised criminal enterprise exists on a phenomenal scale - a parallel industry - with a supply chain to export crude oil overseas that includes loading and shipping operations. The report released over the weekend maintained that most of the stolen oil ends up in ocean-going tankers that transport it to refineries in other parts of West Africa, Europe and beyond. “Those involved - both in Nigeria and outside mastermind this multibillion-dollar business using influence, corruption and violence to protect their interests,” it said. The report also said that there are also small scale, makeshift refineries producing low-grade fuel for local use noting that “these primitive operations cannot use the heavier parts of the crude, which is dumped, destroying the mangroves and riverside areas where these activities take place.” It maintained that: “It’s also impossible to know how much of the stolen oil is spilled once it is taken from our facilities. But we can estimate that 26, 000 barrels of oil were spilled in the area immediately surrounding our pipelines and other facilities in 2012, of which around 95 per cent was the result of sabotage and oil theft. The report said stem- ming and reversing this menace requires coordinated action, both at the national and local level and at a regional and international level outside the country. It said the nation needs to do more to encourage investment in the power sector to ensure reliable electricity supplies to reduce demand for illegally refined local diesel. The report also said that the Niger Delta continues to be a challenging place to operate for many reasons, adding that there is a fundamental lack of basic infrastructure in many areas, with poverty, lack of employment opportunities, widespread criminality and other factors all contributing to the social and economic crisis in the region. housands of farmers in Ondo State will benefit from the agricultural projects currently being supported by the United States government through the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in the country. The flag-off of one of the projects, the Cassava Value Chain intervention programme will kick-off on August 6, 2013 with the formal mobilisation of farmers in Odigbo Local Government Area of the state. It’s a Public-Private Partnership, PPP, project. Project promoters, Caterina de’ Medici Africa Projects Limited, CDMA, championed by Foluke Michael and Charles Adeyileka, are partnering MARKETS II (Maximizing Agricultural Revenue and Key Enterprises in Targeted Sites Project), a scheme funded by the USAID in Nigeria but implemented by Chemonics International for cassava farming in Ondo State through an out-grower scheme. CDMA was incorporated to promote agribusiness and investments in the country. Its main objectives are to make agribusiness work; partnering with government bodies and local authorities to develop agricultural productivity; helping youth to see agriculture as a profitable business; and developing solid relationship with end-buyers through established markets. The project also aims at collaborating with implementing partners to achieve success; sourcing funds locally and internationally to support agriculture and mechanised agriculture equipment while bridging the gap between the state government and other implementing partners to access incentives that support the agricultural sector of the economy. USAID-MARKETS II is the agricultural commodity value chain development project of USAID Nigeria, which is a follow up on project of MARKETS 1 and a bridge to MARKETS II implemented between 2005 and early 2012. The project focuses on expanding economic opportunities in the Nigerian agriculture sector by increasing agricultural productivity; enhancing value-added processing, and increasing commercialisation through private-sector led and market-driven growth and development. 8 7, 000 jostle for 500 admission slots at FUOYE ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI N o fewer than 7, 000 admission seekers are jostling for 500 admission spaces at the Federal University, Oye Ekiti, FUOYE. The 7, 000 candidates are slugging it out in the ongoing weeklong post-Unified Tertiary Matriculations Examination, UTME, which commenced at the institution last Thursday. FUOYE’s Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Prof Isaac Asuzu, told journalists at the institution at the weekend that it was regrettable that only 500 candidates could be admitted by the institution out of the numerous candidates scrambling to gain admission into the university this year. Asuzu, who expressed hope that the new university was being positioned for excellent and qualitative education delivery, said the institution was still in need of more facilities for researches that would be beneficial to society. According to him, the institution is currently on a revenue drive to private companies, individuals and colleges abroad for the no fewer than N1.5 billion needed to provide facilities in the Faculty of Engineering. He said the Federal Government had spent over N3.5 billion on the provision of infrastructure in the institution, adding that the amount was released in two tranches. The vice-chancellor said: “For the Faculty of Engineering to be a world class or 21st century faculty, we will need up to N1.5 billion, particularly to provide the best laboratories that will offer our students the best learning process. We cannot rely on government alone and that is why we are reaching out to private bodies.” He said the university was presently strengthening its Research and Innovation Centre, saying the institution recently sent one of its directors and academic staff to China to understudy some new innovations in the areas of science and technology. Asuzu said the institution was working on new drives to boost its Internally Generated Revenue, IGR, these he listed to include the establishment of a paint factory powered by a new inverter produced by the institution. He said the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, TETFUND, and some interested private companies had expressed interest in building hostels and staff quarters in the institution to enable the university accommodate the staff and students. Fleet Masters set to launch contactless cards in Nigeria A Lagos-based firm, Fleet Masters Limited, which last May launched two auto cards into the Nigerian market, is set to introduce contactless cards - an electronic payment solution that would enhance efficiency and sustainability of the mass transit business. Speaking to journalists at the weekend in his office, Managing Director of the company, Abiodun Olusanya, said the new solution which is targeted at mass transit operators, will enable investors properly and efficiently capture proceeds from the investment and by so doing boost the sustainability of the system. The contactless cards also known as the RFID system cards, Olusanya said, enable consumers make quick payment and are generally adopted to manage a large number of human traffic in train and bus stations globally. While appraising the success of the card solu- tions he launched earlier in May which he said had exceeded the company’s projections, the managing director said, his company will continually seek newer means of improving on existing solutions and continually bring out new offerings that solve peculiar problems in the nation’s transport system. Olusanya said the two solutions; the auto cards and the yet to be launched Contactless, are targeted at different segments of the market. Whereas, the earlier solutions were designed specifically for solving mobility and fleet management and logistics issues in individual and corporate fleet businesses, the Contactless are specifically targeted at operators of mass transit systems, whether rail or bus. States governments or corporate organisations running mass transit operations, he said, form the specific target of the Contactless solutions. L-R: Chairman, Nigeria Union of Journalists, Voice of Nigeria, chapel, Mr. Uzoegbu Christoper; Chairman, NUJ Lagos Council, Mr. Deji Elumoye and Special Adviser on Media to Lagos State Governor, Mr. Hakeem Bello, during a condolence visit to the NUJ over the death of their members in Lagos, yesterday. PHOTO: ADEMOLA AKINLABI Touts take over YABATECH’s post-UTME registration TUNBOSUN OGUNDARE A s thousands of candidates who applied for admission into the Yaba College of Technology YABATECH, Lagos, are unable to register online on their own for the post-Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination, UTME, screening, touts in and around the college have taken over such responsibility. National Mirror can authoritatively report that the inability of many candidates to do the online registration even after following the procedure as stated on the institution’s website had indirectly forced them to patronise touts who work as agents for operators of cybercafé in and around the college. When National Mirror visited the school last Friday, scores of touts at the gate approached our reporter alongside several other visitors at the time for patronage in respect of the online post-UTME screening registration. Many of the prospective students told National Mirror that the development had caused them to part with N1, 000 in addition to the N1, 800 officially charged by the college for the purpose. But the school authority denied knowledge of the candidates’ inability to register on their own. The college’s spokesman, Mr. Adekunle Adams, told National Mirror at the weekend that the procedure for the registration was clearly stated in simple language on the school’s website for candidates to follow with the warning to prospective students to be wary of fraudsters. He said the college adopted the system to make the registration convenient and easier for candidates who are spread across the country and that a candidate could encounter difficulty in registration only when he or she does not follow the procedure nor have adequate knowledge of the use of the internet. Adams said candidates might also encounter problem in this respect when they only use ATM card code and not internet pin to be issued by their banks for the purpose of the registration. He added that the college even ensured it protected its website to prevent unauthorised individuals from hacking into it to defraud unsuspected candidates. “But at the same time, those who do not have access to internet will definitely have no option than to patronise cybercafé to apply for the exam since the school does not accept paper registration,” he said. The public relations officer said the school had received about 15, 000 applications so far as at Friday from the over 100, 000 applications expected for the exam which will take place next month. He added that while the college admitted only about 5,000 last year, it is expected to admit more candidates this year. NULGE plans nationwide protest over LG autonomy ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI T he Nigeria Union of Local Governments Employees, NULGE, has threatened mass protest across the country if the National Assembly fails to give local governments the mush desired autonomy in the ongoing constitution amendment. NULGE’s National President, Comrade Ibrahim Khaleel, said autonomy for local councils, which he said was necessary for the nation’s development, should not be toyed with by the lawmakers, especially that it “is the yearning of the majority of Nigerians.” Khaleel spoke in Ado Ekiti during the fifth Quadren- nial State Delegate Conference of Ekiti State branch of the union, which witnessed a change of baton at Ekiti NULGE and the election of Comrade Bunmi Ajimoko, as the new state president. The NULGE National President, who said voting against council autonomy by the National Assembly would be tantamount to subjugating the voice of the people, said the favourable resolution of the House of Representatives had raised hopes that the autonomy would be granted during the harmonisation of the position of the two National Assembly chambers. He said NULGE would need to work on the lawmakers at the state Houses of Assembly to ensure the reali- sation of local government autonomy in the amendment process. Khaleel lamented that the lukewarm attitude of the senators and governors on the autonomy issue had shown that ordinary strike would not be enough for the realisation of the agitation, hence the need to change gear to mass protest. According to him, all the six geo-political zones voted in favour of local government autonomy during at the various public hearings organised by the Senate just as all the 360 federal constituencies in the country also voted in its favour. The NULGE leader, who lauded the Ekiti State Governor, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, for the development witnessed in the state, urged him to urgently attend to all issues bothering on local government workers in the state. In his address, Governor Fayemi, who assured that workers in the state would not be served below the benchmark, described workers as partners in the bid to move the state forward “along the line of the administration’s critical rescue mission.” Fayemi, who was represented by the Labour Commissioner, Mr. Oluwole Ariyo said; “Let us leave politics to politicians. It will be better for the workers to sit back and savour the flavour of neutrality than to join in politicking, because we will invoke the necessary sections of the Public Service rules against anybody that violates it.” National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Strike meant to check neglect of public varsities –ASUU KEMI OLAITAN IBADAN T he strike embarked upon by members of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) may not end soon as the union vowed to resist any attempt by the Federal Government to cripple public universities for private universities to thrive. Chairman of the University of Ibadan chapter of the union, Dr Olusegun Ajiboye, who made the declaration yesterday while participating on a radio programme in Ibadan, the Oyo State capital, described the strike as a nationalistic struggle against the Federal Government’s plan to deny children of the poor university education. He said the union had declared “Operation Save Public Education Campaign (SPEC)” aimed at mobilising global support against the government’s anti-people policies. Ajiboye said: “The strategic plan of the powerful in Nigeria is to cripple public education so that their privately-owned universities can thrive. “What we are defending in this strike is operation safe public education. Let me tell you the truth, Nigerians should be very careful. Some people who have the resources and are well to do, they can afford to send their children to private schools and abroad for university education. Ma- jority of Nigerians cannot do that. These people are intentionally trying to destroy public education so that your own children and my own children will not have access to university education. And if that happens, only their children will be educated. “This strike is aimed at sensitising Nigerians on the danger that is looming. Some people are trying to destroy what is common patrimony. The intention is to destroy public universities so that private universities could thrive. I tell Nigerians to note that the public primary education and secondary education have been destroyed and people no longer have trust in public primary and secondary schools despite the presence of quality teachers at these schools. Now they are targeting public universities because majority of them own private universities. “What we are saying is that their intention is to destroy public universities so that their own universities can sell and thrive. “The intention of every investor is to make gains at the expense of a strong competitor and we are telling Nigerians to stand up and defend what generally belong to all of us. “People should therefore not see this strike as just a strike, but should rise up to save public education. The call by ASUU is a nationalistic call and people should join forces with ASUU to save public universities. We are concerned with how well we can end the strike and not how quickly. How well is when government has been able to inject substantial fund into the universities. Libraries are dry, laboratories are empty.” Ajiboye said the character of a good leader should be seen in his ability to fulfill promises, adding that the strike would have been avoided if the government had kept to her side of the bargain. He said: “Government was pleading with ASUU to go back. The government does not need to apologise to Nigerians on everything. The President apologiSed on the Lagos-Ibadan Road last month. He has apologised for bad healthcare system. He should stop apologising, but put things write. Our strike has passed the level of appeal. Our agreement is sacrosanct and we want our universities to rank at par with others around the globe. They know what is good for their children education. Let them do it for our children’s education too.” He said the strike would not be called until the government injected substantial funds into the university education to make it worth being called university. Ajiboye said: “The government promised to inject N100 billion early last year and would increase it to N300 billion before the end of 2012 for the funding of state and federal universities. If that is done consistently for three years, government would have injected N1.2 trillion into education in Nigeria. Our conviction is that if such amount is injected by the end of 2014, university in Nigeria will have been totally revitalised. But the government has not put a kobo on the table.” Lanlehin warned over comments on Ajimobi T L-R: Osun State Governor Rauf Aregbesola, presenting an award of Lifetime Service to the President, Nigeria Computer Society, Sir Demola Aladekomo and Mr. Tunde Ezichi, during the 11th International Conference of Nigeria Computer Society in Iloko-Ijesa, at the weekend. N igerians yesterday continued to sympathise with the families of the three journalists who died in an accident along Ife-Ilesha Road on Friday. The three journalists died on their way from Abuja. Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) Financial Secretary, Mr. Adolphus Okonkwo; the union’s chairman, Radio Nigeria, Ibadan Network Centre, Mr. Tunde Oluwanike and an official of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Tejuoso, Lagos, Kafayat Odunsi, died Mark, Tambuwal mourn journalists in the crash while 10 others were critically injured. Senate President David Mark, in a condolence message to the President of the NUJ, Mallam Garba Mohammed in Abuja, lamented that the journalists were cut down in their prime. Mark regretted that the journalists departed in a very painful way when their services were most needed to help propagate and strengthen the nation’s democracy. Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, in a statement issued by his Special Adviser on Media and Public Affairs, Mallam Imam Imam, described the victims of the crash as heroes who dedicated their professional lives towards the progress of the country. He said by their sudden death, the nation lost the services of vibrant and consummate professionals who gave their all for the unity and development of their union and the country at large. The Speaker prayed God to give their families the fortitude to bear the loss. He equally prayed for the quick recovery of those injured in the crash. The Northern States Governors’ Forum (NSGF) also sympathised with the NUJ. NSGF Chairman and Niger State Governor, Dr. Babangida Aliyu, also sympathised with the late journalists’ families. In a press statement signed by his Chief Press Secretary, Danladi Ndayebo, Aliyu prayed God to will not political or sentimental. The counsel, Mr. Olalekan Ojo, spoke to journalists at the weekend in Ibadan on what he described as “torrential condemnation” of the judgement by some people. Ojo recalled that there had been similar cases in the past without such sharp reactions. Stressing that he was worried over the reaction, he said: “One thing that has worried me is this, Major Al-Mustapha is not the first person, there were sister cases. In the case of attempted murder of Pa Abraham Adesanya, there was an acquittal by the same Court of Appeal, Lagos Division, nobody quarreled with that. “Gen. Bamaiyi was discharged and acquitted by Hon. Justice Oyewole over the alleged attempted murder of Chief Alex Ibru, nobody quarreled with that. The former Commissioner of Police in Lagos State, James Dambaba; Col Yakubu, the first Military Administrator of Zam- he Senator representing Oyo South, Femi Lanlehin, has been asked to stop his alleged plan to cause disunity among the people of the district. Chairman of the defunct Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Alhaji Bello Adeleke Oladeji, yesterday asked Lanlehin to watch his tongue. give the families the fortitude to bear the loss He said the untimely death of the journalists had created a void in their media organisations and journalism profession. Governor Babatunde Fashola of Lagos State said it was regrettable that the journalists lost their lives in the cause of promoting the interest of their profession as they were returning from a meeting. Fashola said his thoughts and prayers were with NUJ members, adding that he was saddened by the incident. Al-Mustapha: Court’s judgement not political –Counsel KEMI OLAITAN IBADAN C ounsel to Major Hamza Al-Mustapha, the Chief Security Officer (CSO) to the late Head of State, Gen. Sani Abacha, has said that the Lagos Division of the Court of Appeal judgement that acquitted the CSO was fara State, were discharged and acquitted by Hon. Justice Olokooba of the same High Court of Lagos State in respect of the alleged attempted murder of Alex Ibru, nobody quarreled. So, I am at a loss as to why there must have been this kind of torrential condemnation of the judgement just because it is Mustapha?” Oladeji was reacting to an interview granted a national newspaper by Lanlehin in which the Senator was quoted to have passed uncomplimentary remarks on Governor Abiola Ajimobi. In a statement issued yesterday, Oladeji accused the Senator of planning to defect to the Accord Party. According to him, it was uncharitable for Lanlehin to assume the role of the mouthpiece of the Senatorial District when no one had given him any such role. He said: “The Senatorial District Lanlehin hails from has endorsed the governor’s second term bid. We wonder where Lanlehin was when the party made this endorsement which was widely applauded by all our party members. To allege that the governor induced us to do this is the height of anti-party activity and an attempt to play the spoiler’s role.” Alleging that Lanlehin had perfected plan to defect to the Accord Party, Oladejo said the senator would meet his waterloo in his new found love (party). He said: “As he has always done by changing political parties like a prostitute changes partner, Lanlehin is on his way to the Accord Party. If you read his responses to questions he was asked by his interviewer, it was as if former Governor Rashidi Ladoja was speaking.” 10 Fear of sack grips IMT staff DENNIS AGBO ENUGU S ome employees of the Institute of Management and Technology, IMT, Enugu are now living in fear of losing their jobs following the inauguration of a committee set-up by the institution’s Rector, Prof. Mike Iloeje, to regularise the appointment of temporary staff recruited before 2007 and after 2011. The nine-man committee headed by the Deputy Rector, F. N. Okafor, was mandated to carry out the process of regularisation of temporary appointment of various cadres of staff who were employed before 2007 and after 2011 and to determine their suitability for permanent employment. The committee is also to make appropriate recommendation to enable the management take final action on them. However, it was gathered that there is anxiety among those employed before 2007, who were supposed to have been regularised by the former Rector, Prof. Edwin Onyeneje, that they may be weeded out by the new rector. The apprehension arose from the insinuation that Iloeje set-up the committee to witch-hunt those employed by his predecessor. Efforts made to get Iloeje to react to the allegation failed as he did not respond to phones calls or text messages at press time. Monday, August 5, 2013 Only APC can fulfil Igbo’s aspirations –Okorocha •Says his suspension has little political consequence CHRIS NJOKU OWERRI G overnor Rochas Okorocha of Imo State yesterday defended his membership of the All Progressives Congress, APC, saying that the political interest of Ndigbo would better be served in the new mega party. In an apparent reaction to his purported suspension by a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance, APGA, Okorocha said at the Imo State Congress of America 2013 National Convention in Atlanta, United States that the well-being of Ndigbo remained paramount in all his actions. The governor promised to continue to take steps to assist Igbo to regain their rightful place in the country’s politics. He said: “APC remains the best vehicle to promote the interest of our people. The Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, has marginalised the South-East and has nothing to show for all its years in power.” Okorocha urged Ndigbo to embrace APC because it would guarantee them equity and political opportunities which they were denied by PDP. He said his purported suspension was of little political consequence as the party lacked the national spread to ensure Igbo would make significant headway in the country’s political leadership. The governor described APC as a national party made up of progressive elements determined to ensure equitable distribu- ENUGU U nless a proper legislation is made to protect the Free Maternal and Child Healthcare, FMCH, in Enugu State, the initiative may end with the tenure of Governor Sullivan Chime, who introduced it two years ago. This was the view of stakeholders at a media and civil society interactive session in Enugu at the weekend. The stakeholders also expressed worry that the FMHC, aimed at reducing infant and maternal mortality, has already run into hitches following a review of the policy by the government. tion of political offices to all tribes in the country. According to him, as one of the tripods on which the country stands, the APC is set to redress the injustices inflicted on the Ndigbo by the PDP. The governor, therefore, urged all progressives in the South-East to line up behind the new party to ensure it produces the country’s next leaders at all levels. He said: “Igbo have not produced the President, Vice-President, Senate President, Speaker of the House of Representatives or the Chief Justice of the Federation but I am confident under APC, one or more of these positions will come to the zone.” Okorocha urged Ndigbo to channel their energy and resources towards the development of their home- land and suggested that Imo State citizens in the Diaspora should set date to return home to participate in the development of the state. He said: “Our people should learn to leave America and return home at a certain date to contribute meaningfully to the development of our dear state.” The governor pledged the commitment of his administration towards providing enabling environment to assist those willing to return home. He said: “My administration has embarked on projects that have significantly improved infrastructure in the state and has tackled the issue of security such that for the past six months the issue of kidnapping and other social vices have reduced significantly.” L-R: Member, National Executive Committee (NEC), All Progressives Grand Alliance, Chief Emeka Ojukwu Jnr; National Secretary, Alhaji Sanni Shinkafi and National Chairman, Chief Victor Umeh, during the NEC meeting of APGA in Abuja, at the weekend. PHOTO: ROTIMI OSASONA Stakeholders seek legislation for Enugu FMCH DENNIS AGBO National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Women are now required to provide evidence of tax payment by themselves or their husbands before they could access the service. The stakeholders’ views would be presented to a wider healthcare town hall meeting in Nsukka today. Chime had two years ago introduced the FMCH for pregnant women and children below the age of five years. The scheme, expected to be available in some designated public hospitals throughout the state, was designed also to give free access to medical care for the vulnerable in the state. But stakeholders monitoring the implementation of the scheme said yesterday that certain govern- ment policies, including lack of drugs, had greatly hampered the project, stressing that it was not available in several health institutions in the state. A medical practitioner, Mr. Chibuike Onah, said the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, ESUTH, which used to be a beehive of activities because of the huge number of people trooping there on a daily basis, had been deserted since the state government reviewed the scheme. Onah said beneficiaries were now being asked to present evidence of tax payment, adding that even when rural dwellers were made to pay tax collectively, they were not being attended to on presentation of a single receipt issued to them. He said: “Rural dwellers who want to benefit from the free scheme are meant to pay N2,000 as tax. We have a situation where some community pay collectively and present copy of their receipt for the facility and are being rejected. “In some communities, the hospitals are not functioning and there is this confusion on where to obtain the facility. What we have discovered is that since the issue of tax came up, many of the residents especially the rural dwellers now go to quacks or resort to other means for delivery. This is endangering the lives of our women and putting the Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, on health in jeopardy.” Customs seizes N202.7m contraband CHRIS NJOKU OWERRI T he Federal Operations Unit, FOU, Zone ‘C’, of the Nigeria Customs Service, NCS, in Owerri, Imo State, has impounded assorted contraband goods worth over N202.7 million in 22 different seizures. Also the anti-smuggling unit, which covers the SouthEast and the South-South zones, intercepted 13 vehicles with Duty Paid Value, DPV, of N32,607,000 in July. Briefing journalists in Owerri on the activities of the unit in July, the Area Controller of FOU Zone ‘C’, Deputy Comptroller, Victor David Dimka, disclosed that some arrests were made while some cases were in court in connection with the seizures. Dimka said the vehicles seized included FJ Cruiser, Audi A4, Golf 4, Mercedes Benz C200, Infinity QX4, Lexus Jeep, Volkswagen Golf, Man Diesel truck, Lexus RX 330, Chrysler Voyage, two Volkswagen Passat and Nissan Xterra. Giving a breakdown of the contraband that were also impounded, Dimka explained that they included 6,251 packages of foreign furniture, 250 cartons of used footwear, 200 pieces of used tyres, 153 cartons of imported wines, 21 pieces of metal doors, and 500 cartons of diapers. He also assured that the unit’s officers and men, having been empowered and retrained, would not relent in their efforts to make smuggling unattractive in the zone. Guber: Let Anambra North produce Obi’s successor –Aspirant OBIORA IFOH ABUJA O ne of the governorship aspirants in the All Progressives Grand Alliance, APGA, Francis Idigo, has canvassed the need to have the northern senatorial zone of Anambra State produce the next governor. Briefing journalists at the weekend when he picked expression of interest form at the headquarters of the party in Abuja for the November 16 election, Idigo said this would ensure equity and fairness in the politics of the state. The aspirant, who is from the northern senatorial zone, said the zone had not produced a governor in the state since it was created in 1991, arguing that zoning the governorship seat to the area would give the people a sense of belonging. He said: “If you look at the history of democracy in Anambra State, the South and the Central have been doing it. The North has what it takes to govern the state.” Speaking on his plans for the state, Idigo disclosed that he had studied the peculiarities of the state and developed a development template to move it forward from where Governor Peter Obi stopped. He added that if elected, he would focus on security of lives and property in the state. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Group flays ex-militants for rejecting Julius Berger’s offers EMMA GBEMUDU AND TONY ANICHEBE A group in the Niger Delta at the weekend flayed former militants for rejecting employment offers given to them by a construction firm and state governments. It equally expressed worry over the pathetic state of girl-child education in the region which it described as unacceptable. The group spoke at a meeting convened in Port Harcourt by the Leadership, Peace and Cultural Development Initiative (LPCDI) led by its president, Reuben Wilson. Wilson appealed to the former militants to accept the employment offered them by the construction firm. He said praised amnesty committee for training the former militants, but noted that their refusal to accept jobs offered by Julius Berger and the state government was disturbing and retrogressive. According to Wilson, investigation revealed that •45 others graduate from Maritime Academy scores of jobs offered to the former militants by Julius Berger were rejected because of the N65, 000 monthly allowance given them by the amnesty programme. He said: “We are worried by the development and we are reaching out to women groups and youth groups to convince the former militant youths to accept the offer because the amnesty programme will soon. “We have met with the leaders to prevail on the boys and educate them on the need to get a regular job and apply the knowledge acquired during amnesty training. “Rather than taking advantage of the gainful employment offered by the Julius Berger, we learnt our boys opted for the ongoing N65, 000 offered by Federal Government. We have told them that the amnesty programme offer would not last forever.” Wilson, however, urged President Goodluck Jonathan not to forget the pact he signed with the former militant leaders over issues of employment, engagement as security contrac- L-R: Former Deputy Speaker, House of Representatives, Austin Opara; Minister of State for Education, Mr. Ezenwo Nyesom Wike and former ACN National Treasurer, Kenneth Kobani, at the Grassroot Development Initiative mobilisation of support for President Goodluck Jonathan at Bodo in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, yesterday Jonathan’s kinsmen worried over Oloibiri refinery project E MMA G BEMUDU YENAGOA P resident Goodluck Jonathan’s kinsmen yesterday expressed worry on the delay in the take-off of the proposed Oloibiri Green Field refinery project in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. The kinsmen’s men, under the aegis of Ogbia Youth Leaders Forum, urged the Federal Government to begin the execution of the project, describing the location as industrialfriendly. In a statement made available to National Mirror yesterday shortly after its 31st National Executive Council meeting the group’s chairman, Henry Eteli, decried the delay in the take-off of the project. The statement reads: “Why are people frustrating the goodwill and widespread project distribution by Jonathan’s led administration. We call for a rethink.” Eteli expressed reservation over the nonintegration of Ogbia youths into the federal government integration programmes, stressing that Ogbia local government produces oil, but regretted that the area had suffered neglect. Dickson appointed member of Lincoln University’s visitors G overnor Seriake Dickson of Bayelsa State has been appointed into the International Board of visitors of Lincoln University, the United States. In a letter to Dickson, President of the University’s Board of Visitors, Robert Jennings, said the appointment was based on the governor’s achievements in all sectors of the economy, especially in education, infrastructure and humancapacity development. Jennings said that the university, which has closely followed the governor’s developmental strides since his assumption of office, was proud of the steps he had taken to make the state more relevant in all tors and consultants. Meanwhile, no fewer than 45 former militants trained in disaster management and industrial safety at the weekend graduated at Maritime Academy of Nigeria (MAN) in Oron, Akwa Ibom State. Addressing the former militants, the Academy’s Rector, Mr. Joshua Okpo, urged the former militants to be good ambassador of the school and advised them spheres of national life. In his acceptance letter, Dickson, described Lincoln University as an institution with unbreakable historic ties to Nigeria and Africa, being the university that produced great African leaders like the late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. He, however, promised to commit himself to strengthening the vital bridge between the university and Africa, especially Nigeria. While affirming his determination to support every effort geared towards the expansion of the educational, cultural and social links the university shares with Africa and its people, Dickson noted that as the first university to award degrees to African-Americans and having also produced many outstanding individuals that have made valuable contributions to the growth and progress of Nigerians, Lincoln University would continue to hold a special place in the history of the black race. The acceptance letter read: “Being the university that produced Nnamdi Azikiwe, my country’s first President, and other monuments to African progress such as Kwame Nkrumah, Lincoln has unbreakable historic ties to Africa and Nigeria. “I am eager to join you in advancing this rich tradition. As you have extended this honour to me, I reciprocate by committing myself to strengthening the vital bridge between your institution and Africa, particularly Nigeria. You shall find me a reliable friend and emissary in support of efforts to expand the educational, cultural, and social links the University now shares with Africa. As the first university to award degrees to AfricanAmericans and because of the many outstanding graduates who have contributed to the progress of our people, Lincoln holds a special place in the history of the Black race. As a member of the Board of Visitors, I am morally obligated to honour that history.” to shun act that could jeopardise the country’s interest. Okpo said: “Those of you here are extremely lucky and I think you are aware that out there are so many of your colleagues still waiting for this kind of opportunity. So, as you are going into the world, you should shun any act of criminality such as bunkering, kidnapping and restiveness and be useful to yourself, the community and the country at large.’ He assured of the school’s determination to continue to support the Federal Government in the training of former militants and called for more support especially in the area of accommodation. The Special Adviser to the President on Amnesty Progamme, Hon. Kingsley Kuku, who was represented by Mr. Keister, said the Federal Government has so far trained over 10,000 former militants to ensure peace in the Niger Delta. He said President Goodluck Jonathan’s transformation agenda focused on empowerment of youths in order to make them selfreliant. Taxes not initiated to punish individuals, firms –Uduaghan G overnor Emmanuel Uduaghan of Delta State has said that taxes were not introduced to punish individuals and organisations. Speaking at the weekend when he inaugurated the reconstituted the state Board of Internal Revenue in Asaba, Uduaghan said payers should not see collection of taxes by the government as a punishment, but as their civil and moral responsibility to the development of the society. He said: “Tax payment is a civic and moral responsibility which all citizens should willingly exercise. We should all pay our taxes and expect returns through sustained provision of infrastructure in all sectors of the economy. “In all societies, taxes are necessary to prop government’s revenue and shore up its expenditure, especially now that the world is coming to terms with the dire consequences of global economic meltdown.” The governor, who commended the Board of Internal Revenue for increasing the monthly revenue from N1.2 billion to N5.7 billion, urged the board to explore all untapped sources to boost the state’s finances. Uduaghan said: “This board plays a very vital role in the financial health of the state since we cannot fold our hands and wait for whatever accrues from the Federal Account. “We have to critically look at all avenues of collectible revenue to beef up the state’s finances especially as that of the Federation Account is dependent on the vagaries of the international oil market. Oil is a finite commodity and can get exhausted anytime. We have to plan properly and diversify our economy so that we can be insulated from the vagaries of oil price fluctuation.” Uduaghan Health workers threaten strike, give FG 21-day ultimatum MARCUS FATUNMOLE ABUJA H ealth workers have given the Federal Government a 21-day ultimatum to implement the recent verdict of the National Industrial Court of Nigeria, NICN, on their disagreement with the government. The workers, under the aegis of Joint Health Sector Unions, JOHESU, accused the Federal Government of arbitrarily subverting the law and reneging on agreements earlier reached between both parties. A statement jointly signed by the Chairman of JOHESU, Comrade Ayuba Wabba, and Chairman of Joint Health Pro- fessional Associations, Dr. Godswill Okara, at the weekend, urged the Minister of Health, Prof. Onyebuchi Chukwu, “to give life to the judgement by immediately complying with the ruling and decisions of the court within 21 days from the date of this letter” failure of which “JOHESU shall not be able to guarantee industrial peace and harmony in the health industry within the length and breadth of the federation of Nigeria, and the body should not be held responsible for this”. Prolonged conflict between the parties had made them to agree on July 16, 2012 that Minister of Labour and Productivity, Chief Emeka Wogu, refer the matter to the Industrial Court for adjudication, in pursuant to the powers conferred on him under Section 17 of the Trade Disputes Act Cap T8 LFN 2004. Issues brought before the court were “non-skipping of salary CONHESS 10; National Health Bill; Consultancy and Specialist Allowance; and, Call/Shift and other professional allowances”. The Ministry of Health had, among others, allegedly written a circular ordering reversion of the appointments of non-medically qualified health professionals who were previously appointed as consultants while it also allegedly described skipping of CONHESS (Consolidated Health Salary Structure) 10 as illegal. The NICN, led by its President, Justice B. A. Adejumo, held that: “The directive by the Federal Ministry of Health that non-medically qualified health professionals who were previously appointed as consultants be reverted immediately is invalid and hence unlawful… “That concerning all members of JOHESU who were appointed as consultants but whose appointments have now been reverted, the reversion of such appointments is hereby declared null and void and of no effect. “The directive by the Federal Ministry of Health that CONHESS 10 should not be skipped is declared null and void and of no effect. “The status-quo that permitted the skipping of CONHESS 10 shall accordingly remain the norm unless it is appropriately negotiated by the parties.” While the complainant, JOHESU, told the court that it would seek other means to pursue its dissonance with the National Health Bill, currently with the National Assembly, the court directed both parties to apply the clause of collective agreement reached on May 10, 2012 “to the letter”. The same applied to Administrative Allowance and Administrative Non-Clinical Allowance, which were parts of the suit. Among other demands in the statement, JOHESU requested that “those earlier appointed as consultants would continue to enjoy the status with all benefits and the withdrawal of their letters of appointment is irregular, null and void. Hence, they should immediately be returned to their hitherto status with full pay and arrears”. The health workers and the Federal Government have been at loggerheads for years over the issues, resulting in a series of strikes and calls for Chukwu’s sack. PDP panel visits Suntai in New York •Says gov’s recovery impressive T Bishop, Anglican Communion Diocese of Bauchi, Bishop Musa Tula (left), presenting a meritorious award to representative of Bauchi State governor, Pastor Keneth Masau, at the 70th Synod of the diocese in Bauchi, yesterday. PHOTO:NAN PRISCILLA DENNIS MINNA N iger State government has revoked contracts for a total of 90 kilometres roads in nine councils under the state 10 kilometres road construction project in every local government. The affected councils include Bosso, Katcha, Magama, Agaie, Mariga, Shiroro, Rafi, and Gbako. The Permanent Secretary, Ministry for Works, Mr. Adamu Jagaba, explained that the contracts were revoked because the contractors lacked the ability to execute the projects, adding that the projects would be reawarded to other firms. Niger revokes nine road contracts Jagaba said the initial contract sum for each of the project in the council areas supposed to cost the state between N300 million and N800 million. According to him, to ensure that work continues on the projects, arrangements have been concluded to reaward the contracts to more serious-minded contractors. The permanent secretary expressed satisfaction with the quality of work done on road projects in Agwara and Kontagora local governments by the construction firms handling them. Speaking also, the Com- missioner for Information, Prof. Mohammed Kuta Yahaya, said many contractors had left the state because of the critical ap- praisal policy put in place by the administration of Governor Babangida Aliyu to ensure that all projects were properly executed. he Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Fact-finding Committee on the Taraba State Political Situation yesterday visited ailing Governor Danbaba Suntai in New York, United States. The committee, led by Senator Hope Uzodinma, visited the governor at a rehabilitation centre, where he is receiving treatment, following the injury he suffered after an air crash in 2012. Also on the visit were the Special Adviser to the PDP National Chairman on INEC and Inter-Party Affairs, Alhaji Shitu Mohammed, the Special Adviser to the President on Political Matters, Alhaji Ahmed Gulak, Sen. Abubakar Gada and the ConsulGeneral of Nigeria in New York, Ambassador Habib Habu. “We are impressed with what we have seen and we thank God for that. We will take back home what we have seen and we will inform the leadership of the party. “We will also visit Taraba State. We will meet all stakeholders in the state, we will also inform them of what we have seen and our party as a family will make sure that the party continues to grow from strength to strength,” Uzodinma said. He commended President Goodluck Jonathan and the PDP National Chairman, Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, for setting up the fact-finding committee. The consul-general also said that the governor was recovering fast. He said: “I was really amazed about his quick recovery and we must all thank God for the favour done to Suntai, because for anybody to come back from where he had been is not an easy task. “I know when he was brought here; I met him and continued to visit. Now he can take care of himself without any support, his progress is most impressive.” Tension as commercial motorcyclists, soldiers clash in Abuja OMEIZA AJAYI ABUJA T ension enveloped Karu, an Abuja suburb, yesterday following a clash between some commercial motorcyclists popularly called Achaba riders and soldiers attached to the St. Mary Catholic Church. It was gathered that the incident occurred about 1pm when a motorcyclist attempted to park his motorcycle in the “No Parking” zone around the church premises. One of the parishioners, who simply gave her name as Lucy, said irked by the security breach, the soldiers descended on the man, who later fainted. She said: “After he faint- ed, some of his colleagues who probably thought he was dead began to haul stones at the security men who responded by firing several shots into the air. “The incident happened outside the gate, so the soldiers ran inside the premises after that. A few minutes later, the motorcyclists came back with reinforcement. I was held in church for almost three hours.” Wielding daggers and other weapons, the protesting motorcyclists, it was learnt, mobilised some youths in the area and set bonfires on the ever-busy road close to the gate of the church. The incident led to a gridlock in the area for several hours. Monday, August 5, 2013 Monarchs, clerics in politics of endorsement 14 Why Akpabio moved against ex-SSG, Umana TONY ANICHEBE UYO F acts have emerged on why the governor of Akwa Ibom State, Godswill Akpabio, sacked his immediate past Secretary to the State Government, SSG, Umana Okon Umana. National Mirror investigations revealed that the sack was masterminded by some power brokers surrounding the state government. It was gathered that Akpabio was advised never to trust Umana with power as the former SSG was said to be too independentminded and may be difficult to control. Reliable sources within the Akwa Ibom State government revealed that to severe the relationship between the governor and his former SSG, Umana was severally blackmailed before Akpabio by his opponents in the governorship race, just to rubbish his rising fame and popularity over his ambition to become the next governor of the state. Before his exit from office last week, Umana was believed by many to be in pole position to clinch the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, ticket and become the governor in 2015 on the strength of his closeness to Akpabio, although he was yet to formally declare for the governorship seat. National Mirror gathered that Umana’s refusal to swear an oath of allegiance to anyone or group in the state to get power in 2015, was one of the reasons he fell out of favour with some power brokers in Akwa Ibom, who confirmed their earlier fears that he will hardly be manipulated. The refusal of the former SSG to co-operate with the godfathers was interpreted as an affront, thus it was concluded that he could not be trusted with power, hence the plot to cut him off from the line ahead of 2015 gubernatorial race. Akpabio was said to have been advised to be wary of his SSG on power issue, against the background that the governor may not be able to get his loyalty after handing over to him in 2015. Findings revealed that a planted media report that Umana had relinquished his governorship ambition after being nominated for the position of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was a ploy to cause a clash between him and the state governor. The resolve by the former SSG to address the media to purposely affirm his interest in the governorship race was said to have irked the governor on the basis that such could constitute a distraction to his government. Meanwhile, both Akpabio and Umana had attempted to make up following a closed door meeting held at Umana’s residence in Uyo, leading to the former SSG attending the swearing-in of his successor, to show that he was at peace with Akpabio. PDP chieftain alleges non-indigenes detention camps in Lagos OLAJIDE OMOJOLOMOJU A Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) chieftain and a former Commissioner for Health and Transport in Lagos State, Dr. Segun Ogundimu, has raised alarm over the spread of detention camps for non-indigenes in Lagos, operated by the Lagos State government, calling for the close down of such camps with immediate effect. Addressing a press conference at the weekend in Lagos, Ogundimu said it is unconstitutional and illegal for people to be prisoners in their own country, noting that the issue should be thoroughly investigated. His words: “Various non-indigenes that have been captured are labelled destitutes and clamped into concentration camps like common war criminals waiting for execution of sentences or orders from above. These illegal camps, we are told, are scattered all over Lagos.” Speaking against the recent deportation of some Igbos to Anambra State by the Lagos State government, Ogundimu said the act violated the constitutional rights of those concerned as Nigerian citizens. The former commissioner queried: “Is the Constitution of Nigeria no longer operable in Lagos, where in, Nigerians are guaranteed free movement and residence? Where did Lagos government derive its powers in this matter?” Urging President Goodluck Jonathan to use his good sense of judgment to urgently intervene, Ogundimu noted that if the issue is not attended to, it may be an invitation to anarchy that may consume the nation’s democracy. Imo State Governor Rochas Okorocha (middle); Nigeria’s Consul-General in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Ambassador Geoffrey Teneilabe (right) former President, Imo State Congress, USA, Mr. Felix Nnaji; Dr. Chris Nwamba, and Chairman, Imo State Traditional Rulers, Eze Agunwa Ohiri, during the governor’s town hall meeting with members of the congress in US. Ekiti 2014: Adeniran tasks Jonathan, on crisis resolution ABIODUN NEJO ADO EKITI F ormer Education Minister and Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, chieftain, Prof. Tunde Adeniran, has advised President Goodluck Jonathan and the party’s national leadership to leave no stone unturned in the process of resolving the crisis rocking Ekiti State PDP. Adeniran insisted that the approach must be holistic with the interest of the party at heart, saying: “We should do it in such a way that we do not solve a problem today to create another one tomorrow.” Adeniran, who spoke in Ado Ekiti against the backdrop of the crisis in Ekiti State PDP chapter and the ongoing reconciliatory ef- Prosecute ‘Sgt. Rogers’ now; CACOL tells Fashola SINA FADARE T he Coalition Against Corrupt Leaders, CACOL, has urged the Lagos State government to prosecute the star witness in the case of the killer of Kudirat Abiola, Barnabas Jabila, a.k.a Sergeant Rogers, since he had never denied that he was the one who shot her. CACOL chairman, Comrade Debo Adeniran disclosed this at a press briefing in Lagos, arguing that “since Sergeant Rogers only claimed he was bribed to implicate Hamza Al-Mustapha and others, he never denied shooting Kudirat Abiola, why can’t Lagos State government go after him, being the prime suspect?” Adeniran noted that the Lagos State government might have lost the case at the Court of Appeal due to its legal team, “which comprised of civil servants, who are mostly mediocre and non starters unlike the defence legal team made up of seasoned and highly influ- ential Senior Advocates of Nigeria, SANs.” CACOL also lamented that “the murder of Kudirat Abiola is going the way of the likes of Dele Giwa, Harry Marshal, Pa Alfred Rewane, Sola Omotehinwa, Nelson Kassim, Bagauda Kaltho, Madam Suliat Adedeji, Chief Bola Ige and a host of others unsolved murders. fort by the party’s national leadership, assured that “it will end in a situation whereby we will all appreciate ourselves.” He said: “Right now, a reconciliation committee set up by the national leadership is meeting at the Legacy House, Abuja to proffer solutions in the interest of all of us. Meanwhile, here in Ekiti at our level, acrimonies must stop. There is the need for cohesion, temperate language, civility of behavior and altruism both in thought and in action.” Urging the governorship aspirants “to show restraint in their utterances, actions and political pursuits so that the people can continue to find us worthy of their trust and confidence,” Adeniran expressed tacit support for the consensus option, saying: “I am convinced that this is not the time for members to put personal interests above the collective interests of the party as the party remains the vehicle for the realization of the various and legitimate aspirations of individuals.” He attributed the crisis rocking the state chapter of the party to external forces, adding that the leaders “are concerned about the issues involved and there is the general understanding that these challenges would serve as the building blocks of unity, strength and progress for the PDP.” He also said that he had not jettisoned his aspiration for the National Secretary of the party in the forthcoming PDP mini-national convention in Abuja, saying his ambition is enjoying wide support from the six geo-political zones of the country. 14 Politics Monday, August 5, 2013 FELIX NWANERI writes on the recent endorsement of President Goodluck Jonathan for the 2015 elections by some religious and traditional leaders, which has re-echoed the contentious issue of religion and politics in a society where faith carries an enormous weight. T he build-up to the 2015 general elections, especially that of the Presidency has forced some political leaders across the country to return to the game they know how to play best - politics of opportunism with the gale of endorsements of aspirants for the various elective positions that would be contested. While many have reasoned that the early rush to endorse aspirants, especially President Goodluck Jonathan, who is yet to declare his intention to seek a second term amounts to distraction, a worrisome angle emerged lately when traditional and religious leaders joined the trend. Just last week, over 30 bishops of various denominations under the aegis of National Prayer Coalition for Goodluck Jonathan 2015, converged on Abuja to pay a solidarity visit to the President ahead of the election. The leader of the group, made up of church leaders and Christian traditional rulers, Archbishop Bature Leonard Kawaz, who is also the Director, Christian and Religious Affairs of the Goodluck Support Group said they are mobilising Nigerians to understand the strides being made by the Federal Government under the Transformation Agenda. His words: We have taken this appointment very seriously and we have kickstarted, we have swung into action and began our mobilisation work already. We are focusing on helping Nigerians to know the wonderful work of President Jonathan and we are going from church to church, from crusade to crusade and every Christian convention across the country trying to galvanise support and understanding of the people on the good works President Jonathan is doing for the country.” He listed huge investments in the education sector, the transformation of the airports and revival of the rail transport as some of the very visible efforts being made by the Jonathan administration to improve the lives of the people. A similar scenario had earlier played out, when traditional rulers from the South-South and South-East met in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State capital and adopted Jonathan as their candidate for the 2015 presidency. Like the clergies, the monarchs, who expressed their readiness to mobilise their subjects to ensure the actualisation of the President’s ambition, noted that their support for him was borne out of the fact that he has provided effective transformational leadership in spite of the daunting challenges confronting the country. The parley which was originally meant to inaugurate the South-South/SouthEast Traditional Rulers’ Forum turned to Jonathan Oritsejafor a political rally, as most of the monarchs and some politicians in attendance used the opportunity to drum support for the President’s second term bid. A revered royal father in the SouthWest, Oba Okunade Sijuwade (Ooni of Ife) who spoke at the event through the General Secretary of the Council of Yoruba Monarchs, Oba Adedapo Aderemi, described President Jonathan as one of the best leaders Nigeria has ever had. He said: “Dr. Jonathan’s emergence as president of the country was a fulfilment of Chief Obafemi Awolowo’s prediction that an Ijaw man would rule this country some day in the future. We thank God today that we have an Ijaw son as a good and great leader of this country. If you were there on May 29, 2013 in Abuja where I represented the South-West, you will agree with me that this man (Jonathan) has surpassed many leaders we have ever had in this country. “I am not a politician, I am a traditional ruler. Among the Yoruba, we have this saying: ‘You are seeing something, you are hearing the voice but you are still asking; what is this.’ We thank God for giving us this President at this point in this country.” A member of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Board of Trustees, BoT, Chief Emmanuel Iwanyanwu, in his speech called on Nigerians to give Jonathan a second term, arguing that, there was no time the President pledged to serve a single term. He said: “Today, I have gone round everywhere in this country and I feel a sense of joy and happiness that Jonathan has not disappointed us. He has done well. However, I am surprised to hear some people in some circles talking about four years tenure when our constitution allows him (the President) to run for eight years if he wishes to do so. Some people even say there is an agreement to that effect, but I am telling you royal fathers, that there was no such agreement.” The questions against the backdrop of these endorsements are: Should traditional and religious leaders play active role in politics or refrain from stepping into the political sphere? In a country made up of diverse religions, is it possible to separate religion from politics? If celebrities could enjoy political expression, can such be denied of traditional and religious leaders? It is the right of every citizen as provided in Section 40 of the 1999 Constitution that “Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with other persons, and in particular he may form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other association for the protection of his interests,” but analysts who spoke on the current trend in the polity, were however divided over what the role of the traditional and religious leaders should be. Those who saw nothing wrong with the respective endorsements of the President by the monarchs and clergies were of the opinion that politics is not bigger than religion, and so, if dabbling into affairs of the state is going to make the difference for the people, the leaders should influence the issue smartly. “What is the use of religion? It should be for the poor masses and downtrodden. Take a case of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a true saint, who fought for the cause of the poor and tried to uplift them. So, whether any one agrees or not, religion was, and is, the driving force for politics all over the world. To separate them may be the most difficult task,” a legal practitioner, Ben Nwosu told National Mirror. Findings by National Mirror justified Nwosu’s position, as religious and traditional leaders are entitled to political comments like any other citizen in free Monarchs, clerics in politics of endorsement WHETHER ANY ONE AGREES OR NOT, RELIGION WAS, AND IS, THE DRIVING FORCE FOR POLITICS ALL OVER THE WORLD. TO SEPARATE THEM MAY BE THE MOST DIFFICULT TASK National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net societies. Britain’s Chief Rabbi, recently caused controversy for his outspoken views on the Middle East, seen as critical of Israeli government policy. Further examples are the considerable political influence by Muslim clerics in countries like Iran; political dominance of the Hindu Nationalist Party in India despite the fact that the country is a secular state and the pressure by the Philippines Catholic Church leaders on their government to abolish the death penalty. However, a political school of thought, which believes that traditional and religious leaders should not dabble into politics, opined that doing such will amount to hypocrisy, particularly on the part of the latter, as it concerns their teachings. To members of this school, the Church/ Mosque and the government are two separate offices and should not be joined. Former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar, who holds a comparable view, believes it will spare the nation needless controversies. To him, it is important for religious leaders in particular to ensure that they do not give politicians the leverage to “smuggle religion into our politics.” “The interest of our country will be better served if our religious leaders ensure that religion is taken away from politics and by our politicians not dragging politics into religion,” he added. This perhaps explains the recent worry of a former Head of State and presidential candidate of the Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, in the 2011 elections, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, when he accused the President of the Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor, of working for the re-election bid of President Jonathan. Buhari said with many statements credited to the pastor, concerning him (Buhari), it was evident that he was desperate to help the electoral fortunes of the President. He made the accusation while responding to the call for his arrest by the CAN President. Oritsejafor had in a statement, said Buhari is a prime leader of the Boko Haram sect, and should therefore be arrested for questioning. “He (Buhari) is the prime leader of this religious and blood thirsty sect called Boko Haram, a movement that is based on a warped interpretation of a strict adherence to force people of other religions into Islam. This kind of fundamentalism is the driving force behind his failure in each election in the country,” he said. But the CPC leader in a statement by the National Publicity Secretary of the party, Rotimi Fashakin, described Oritsejafor’s statement as lacking in facts. His words: “It is our view that this statement is utterly tendentious and unsupportable by incontrovertible facts. We are aware that as it was before and after the 2011 elections, Pastor Oritsejafor is keen on helping the electoral fortunes of his friend, President Jonathan.” As the debate rages on the involvement of royal fathers and religious leaders in partisan politics, it should however be noted that the separation of religion and state does not mean that those who are religious cannot vote or exercise their right to free speech. To many, religion remains a driving force for the masses, as affinity exists between them and their leaders though the real danger is with those who choose to ferment prejudice. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Garlands for Global Fleet @10 HeartBeat CALLISTUS [email protected] 08054103275 (SMS ONLY) E nergy Group, the holding name of Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim’s business empire is unarguably Nigeria’s fastest growing conglomerate. Once upon a time Global Fleet is was. With that name you have struck the right chord, a familial turf for all the stakeholders. And Global Fleet is what these prosaic strokes by me are all about. Hurrah, Global Fleet was 10 years old yesterday. Many might ask what about it? My answer flows from two realms, the spiritual and physical. Show me one business concern in Nigeria that has taken the global business scene by storm in just 10 years of existence the way Global Fleet has done. Then the spiritual realm, which is what is trilling everyone. Who is more qualified than the visioner to break this down? Yesterday at the NICON Luxury Hotel, VGC, Lagos, the venue of the anniversary thanksgiving cum celebration, he let it be known that the Group had marched into Canaan land, leaving behind it the turbulence of yester years. This 10th year, which he calls the Year of Release, marks the be- Y ou will pardon me for being too personal today. But the issue I am raising is not about my person alone as you may also be a victim of the identity crisis I am illustrating with my person as a Nigerian. In this reflection on the controversial subject of citizenship and indigenousness, I take you through my Egba antecedents, my Ibadan birth, specifically, Oke Foko upbringing, and my Lagos residency, which pull me in three directions of rational loyalty, emotional attachment and functional domiciliation. Itinu awe, after the Ramadan is some few days away when I hope take my entire family to Abeokuta for celebration. Already, I have started preparation for it as my children, all born in Lagos, will not let me be on how grand this year’s event should be. My primary roots are at the base of the historic Olumo Rock in Ikija, Abeokuta, from where my parents hailed. But they sojourned in Ibadan for a greater part of the years they lived on earth (1957-2000) - over four decades. As I, like three others of my four siblings were born and bred in Oke-Foko, Ibadan, I should ordinarily regard myself as a citizen of Oyo State. Indeed, all my four sisters are married to Oyo State indigenes, three of them Ibadan, and one to Iganna, an Oke Ogun town near Iseyin in Oyo State. My mother breathed her last in Ibadan in 1995, and it was only after my dad’s death in 2000, although in Abeokuta, that I bid goodbye to Ibadan as a home. While THE TURBULENCE IS OVER. THE NEXT STAGE IS GROWTH, AND THE INNOVATION FOR GROWTH PROCESS HAS BEGUN. ginning of another era, that of increase and uncommon glory for the conglomerate. Know it: entrepreneurship is not a game for the lily-livered, which is why many fail as soon as they started. In many Third World countries with infinite business opportunities, but limited resources, both physical and soft, it requires a third eye, gut, grit, the right knowledge and access to the limited resources to go into entrepreneurial adventure and come out successful. These are the qualities that make Dr. Jimoh Ibrahim (OFR), the visionary driver of the Energy Group, a phenomenal entrepreneur. He does not shy from telling anyone who cared to listen that he embarked on the entrepreneurial adventure in August 2003 with a petroleum marketing company – Global Fleet Oil and Gas - from a room and parlour office and four staff. Ten years after, a bullish disposition to the adventure backed with uncommon and resounding intellectual applications of modern day business principles has given birth to a behemoth of several subsidiaries and still growing. The Group is into the hospitality, aviation, real estate, insurance, education, media and communications, as well as banking and finance sectors. From Nigeria, Energy Group’s business tentacles have spread to West Africa, Europe, the United States of America and Asia. Warning: If you attempt to use his template, you might not get the same result. Capital is only one of the resources necessary for success in business. Another, (which is key), is the capacity to intellectualise the adventure to successfully do exploit. This singular factor separates the men from the boys in entrepreneurship. The success of Energy Group is grafted from an intellectual rock, the fecund mind of Dr. Ibrahim. Bhaskar Chakravorti, a senior lecturer of business administration at Harvard Business School, tellingly put the issue in perspective when he postulated that good ideas are what you need to transform the capital in your hands into incredible entrepreneurial results. In entrepreneurship, the three fundamental decisions facing the entrepreneur are where to play, how to deliver, and how to win. You must get the three right. I once heard our own professor of entrepreneurship deposed that downturn is the best time to do entrepreneurial exploit, a corroboration of Chakravorti’s expertly given thesis that “shortage and adversity are powerful stimuli for focusing the mind”. It is therefore, not a surprise that several of Dr. Ibrahim’s companies came into Energy Group through acquisition, after which he deployed his managerial ingenuity to turn them around. Why should we not celebrate? The pomp and pageantry of the last one week are worth the time and resources invested in them. Of a fact, Energy House, as the corporate head office of Energy Group is known, was in upbeat mood for the better part of last month with everybody counting the days to August 4 D-Day. We of the media segment of the conglomerate consider it our altruistic responsibility to sing our collective praises in print, if not for anything but for our shared fate and the obvious fact that no one else knows the true story more than us! The story so far is a good one. But for Air Nigeria, the lost sheep of the Group, a development from entrepreneurial challenges posed by intrusion from societal and cultural embeddedness of the work place, it would have been 100 percent success for the enfant terrible of Nigerian entrepreneurship. The turbulence is over. The next stage is growth, and the innovation for growth process has begun. Guess who is taking the conglomerate through this process? Again, it is the visioner himself, the man on whose shoulders the big challenge of sustaining the momentum rests. He spends quality time to load us in his Monday lectures and gets quality value-added from them. Between our root and base they were alive, we were occasional visitors to Abeokuta, for Ileya only, and perhaps when a senior family member passed on. I am sentimentally attached to Ikija, Abeokuta, my parent’s root and so my first root. I am functionally and practically present in Lagos. Who really am I in the Nigerian context? In this paradox of indigenousness and citizenship, I seem to have no identity. But I am certain of one identity: my Nigerian identity. My anomic plight is the experience of many Nigerians who have their roots at one corner of the country and live as citizens in another far flung part, and even may never have visited their roots before because their parents said final goodbye to their original town before they were born. In this crisis of identity, their indigenousness of a state they functionally reside is queried. And many of us in this condition are denied the right to represent our interest or claim our political rights in our functional bases. In our primary roots too, we may be denied the opportunity to raise our heads as citizens because we are considered as indigenous foreigners. In this dilemma, we are not able to give our best, nor is our best appreciated where we live or where we have our primary roots. The son-of-the-soil syndrome is at the root of most of the political, ethno-cultural and religious crises that the nation has had to contend with. Plateau offers a good case study. We slaughter ourselves AT THE ROOT OF THE MALAISE OF LEADERSHIP RECRUITMENT AND CRISIS Mirror of the moment OF REPRESENTATION IN THE NIGERIAN POLITY IS THE CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT OF CITIZENSHIP because of the fear of more competent, economically empowered and better educated foreigners dominating incapable and irresponsible indigenes. We prevent the best a community can offer from rising to the league of the first eleven in that community because their parents were sojourners in the land. In the craze for the son of the soil to always be in power, we import real foreign indigenes without any value, attachment and respect for our culture and impose them on the faithful and loyal citizens even if they were not sons and daughters of the soil. We promote neophytes and frustrate skilled, qualified and experienced ones out of the public domain because they do not belong to that community. We raise managers who were hardly trained to manage affairs because it is their birthright as indigenes of the host community. From this anomalous situation, we breed leaders without lessons in leadership. We sire young, overnight billionaires who siphon the common- ABDUL-WAREES A SOLANKE [email protected], 08090585723 (SMS only) wealth to oppress and corrupt the community to remain in public office. We elect failures and fraudsters as our flag bearers because their fathers and forefathers are financiers and field marshals of the filthy fiefdom called local politics. At the root of the malaise of leadership recruitment and crisis of representation in the Nigerian polity is the controversial subject of citizenship. Many qualified stakeholders have no voice in the politics of where they reside because that is not their state of origin. And the worst tragedy: They are treated persona non grata in their roots except they are willing to play some hard bad ball and settle the local gladiators who call the shots at the conclave of power sharing. Send your views by mail or sms to PMB 10001, Ikoyi, or our Email: mail@ nationalmirroronline.net mirrorlagos@ yahoo.com or 08164966858 (SMS only). The Editor reserves the right to edit and reject views or photographs. Pseudonyms may be used but must be clearly marked as such. 16 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net All the Facts, All the Sides All the Facts, All the Sides A PUBLICATION OF GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD A PUBLICATION OF GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR PUBLISHER BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR PUBLISHER STEVE AYORINDE STEVE AYORINDE YELE AKINROLABU YELE AKINROLABU SEYI FASUGBA SEYI FASUGBA BOLAJI TUNJI BOLAJI TUNJI GBEMI OLUJOBI GBEMI OLUJOBI LANRE OYETADE DOZIE OKEBALAMA DOZIE OKEBALAMA ADESOYE ADEKOYA ADESOYE ADEKOYA CALLISTUS OKE CALLISTUS OKE ISE-OLUWA IGE ISE-OLUWA IGE KAYODE BALOGUN JNR KAYODE BALOGUN JNR FRANK OBOH FRANK OBOH T MD/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MD/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ED OPERATIONS ED OPERATIONS DAILY EDITOR DAILY EDITOR SUNDAY EDITOR SUNDAY EDITOR SATURDAY EDITOR SATURDAY EDITOR GENERAL EDITOR COORDINATOR, EDITORIAL BOARD COORDINATOR, EDITORIAL BOARD CONTROLLER, PRODUCTION CONTROLLER, PRODUCTION EDITORIAL PAGE EDITOR EDITORIAL PAGE EDITOR ABUJA BUREAU CHIEF ABUJA BUREAU CHIEF SM, STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SM, STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT HEAD, GRAPHICS HEAD, GRAPHICS FIBROID Jonathan on implementation of ASUU demands he Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has been on strike for almost a month now. The recent statement credited to President Goodluck Jonathan that ASUU’s demands be implemented, came as a surprise. In the first place, he was part of the late Musa Yar’ Adua government when the agreement between the Federal Government and ASUU was signed a few years back. More importantly, perhaps, is the point that Jonathan government is constituted by many highly educated persons who ought to know the inestimable value of education in a competitive world, a world on the fast lane in pursuit of development. As salutary as the president’s purported statement would appear, it is the opinion of this newspaper that the presidential intervention lacked promptitude. An agreement reached since 2009, and further strengthened by the 2012 Needs Assessment by the government and ASUU on what it would take to make Nigerian universities outstanding ought not to suffer any delay in implementation. ASUU’s 2009 agreement with the government and the 2012 Needs Assessment agreed upon by both parties neuralized the perceived divisions in the education sector. ASUU has always been fighting for the education ACADEMIC FREEDOM WILL ENSURE THAT NIGERIA PRODUCES GRADUATES WHO ARE TRULY INNOVATIVE sector (which includes primary, secondary, technical, teacher training and the university). ASUU’s demands are not holistic, regarding funding for the education sector. Funding covers education infrastructure - like classrooms, libraries, recreational facilities, residential hostels, laboratories, modern teaching aids, internet and artificial intelligence facilities, etc. Salaries and earned allowances which are being demanded feature in the agreement and various understandings between the government and ASUU. It does not appear, however, that the underfunding of education by the Nigerian government is deliberate. What seems apparent is a dubious hidden agenda to downgrade public universities in the country in order to create space for the gluttony of billionaires in and outside Nigeria wishing to either establish private universities or take over existing ones. University autonomy, which is a component of the agreement, is yet to be implemented in the spirit of that agreement. The mathematics behind the composition of university governing councils eventually makes its obvious that government’s position in the universities prevails. Government appointees to the governing councils of universities are politicians or members of the ruling class who work very closely with Vice-Chancellors to ensure that university autonomy is never realised. University autonomy will ensure that erring Vice-Chancellors and academic staff members are disciplined. Competence, pursuit of worthy academic goals thrive when autonomy of universities are guaranteed as has been exemplified by international academic practice. Should the anomaly of subverting university autonomy wait for a strike to be corrected? Closely related to the funding and autonomy of academic institutions is the establishment of a learning – friendly or healthy academic environment. For polities that value education, institutions of higher learning especially are alive 24 hours a day, including during holidays. The universities are meant to be attractive for people to stay and pursue research with zeal. If there is epileptic power supply, no potable water, lack of adequate security on campuses, insufficient reading and lecture rooms etc., the aim of establishing universities becomes defeated. Must the Nigerian government always wait for strikes to get these deficits rectified? Among the list of ASUU’s demands is academic freedom. The employment, promotion and practice of education in Nigeria ensure that only one ideological position holds sway. Private universities make this unilineal ideological trend very explicit. In the private institutions for instance, religion, ethnicity, neo-liberal capitalist doctrines, etc. prevail. Even the entrepreneurship courses espoused by the National Universities Commission (NUC) are part of the illusion that an impoverished or an ill educated Nigerian student can become an entrepreneur overnight without massive economic support. Academic freedom will ensure that Nigeria produces graduates who are truly innovative. Academic excellence from the point of admission into tertiary institutions, to the point of promotion of academic and non academic staff members should be the goal. We believe Jonathan administration is in a position to address all the demands of ASUU, including adequate remuneration, in order to avert further brain drain. ON THIS DAY August 5, 1981 United States’ President, Ronald Reagan sacked 11,359 striking air-traffic controllers who ignored his order that they should return to work. The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) was a US trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following the strike that was broken by the Reagan administration. The incident was said to be recorded as ‘one of the most important events in recent US labor history’. August 5, 2010 Copiapo mining accident occurred, trapping 33 Chilean miners approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) below the ground. The 2010 Copiapo mining accident, also known then as the “Chilean mining accident”, began in the afternoon of Thursday, 5 August 2010 as a significant cave-in at the troubled 121-year-old San Jose copper–gold mine. The buried men, known as ‘The 33’, were trapped about five kilometers underground from the mine’s entrance. August 5, 2012 Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people and wounded four others in a shooting spree at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, United States. Page committed suicide by shooting himself in the head after he was shot in the stomach by a responding police officer. The gunman was an American ‘white supremacist’ and US Army veteran from Cudahy, Wisconsin; and all the victims were members of the Sikh faith. A2 18 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Cover Anxiety pervades the financial market over the decision of the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, to increase the cash requirement ratio (CRR) on public sector deposits to 50 per cent and analysts are divided on how the policy will affect the bottom line of deposit money banks. Will the profit race continue or will the music cease? By Udo Onyeka A s at last week, financial analysts and economic eggheads are sharply divided on whether the Money Deposit Banks, DMBs, would be able to replicate the outstanding earnings which most of them have posted for the 2012 financial year. For instance, Afrinvest Securities Limited, a Lagos-based investment firm in its 2013 banking report titled: “Nigerian Banking Sector Report –Standing on the fourth Pillar,” was of the opinion that the significant earnings growth recorded by Nigerian banks in 2012 may be challenged this year following an anticipated lower yields outlook for fixed income securities as well as increasing cost in the industry. The report, which focused on the 2012 financial reports on banks, stated unequivocally that the era of ‘real banking’ appears to be gradually reemerging as traditional sources of high income and profitability continues to come under threat from competition and regulation. It stated that banks were currently confronted with the need to restructure their cost bases, improve risk and pricing as well as manage customer relationships more efficiently. Afrinvest, therefore, advised banks to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits, expand their geographic footprint and scope as urbanisation gradually remodels cities and sub-urban areas, even as the firm urged mid-tier banks to consolidate and integrate vertically in order to compete with tier 1 banks as economies of scale and scope becomes differentiating success factors. “We expect most bank ratios (particularly liquidity and capital adequacy) to remain in line with 2012 numbers. The outlook for treasury yields in 2013 should down play profitability for banks that have reduction and risk assets. We forecast industry earnings growth declining by more than half compared to the remarkable 128 per cent in 2012. “Our 2013 model forecasts a decline in yields to about 12 per cent, which suggest that banks will strategically reallocate as- sets in favour of risk asset creation. Additionally, we are projecting a decline in the contribution of non-interest income to profits (from 27 per cent industry average in 2012 to sub 15 per cent in 2013, based on our estimates) as the financial inclusion strategy of the CBN takes effect and indirectly reduces potential fees and commission income to banks,” it declared. The research report observed that the six tier-1 banks accounted for 68 per cent of the industry’s total asset, which stood at N21.3 trillion as at December 2012. First Bank led the industry with an asset base of N3.2 trillion (15 per cent of the sector’s gross assets), and was followed by Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI) at N3.1 trillion and Zenith Bank with N2.6 trillion. According to Afrinvest, amongst the mid-tier banks, Diamond bank had the largest asset base of N1.2 trillion as at December 2012, closely trailed by Skye Bank with N1.1 trillion and Union Bank N1 trillion. Furthermore, the report stated that a closer look at the asset turnover gave a deeper insight to the asset use efficiency of the individual banks. GTBank, according to the report, reported the highest turnover Business Courage A Publication of GLOBAL MEDIA MIRROR LTD BARRISTER JIMOH IBRAHIM, OFR  PUBLISHER SEMIU SALAMI ADEJUWON OSUNNUYI TAYO ADELEKE EDITOR STAFF WRITER SENIOR REPORTER OLATOYE RAPHAEL SEYI OKUMODI HEAD, PRODUCTION SENIOR GRAPHIC ARTIST National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A3 19 Cover (12.8 per cent) amongst tier-1 banks while Stanbic IBTC led the industry with 13.6 per cent. With respect to Return-on-Assets (ROA), GTBank was said to have topped the chart with 5.2 per cent as it affirmed its position as the most efficient in generating return from its assets. The report added that “First Bank of Nigeria had the highest deposit growth among tier-1 banks at 23 per cent, followed by United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) at 19 per cent and ETI at 18.2 per cent. On the other hand, ETI (25.3 per cent), First Bank (23 per cent) and GTBank (10.9 per cent), recorded the highest loan growth in that order. “Lending to the oil and gas dominated tier-1 lending portfolio, with Zenith Bank and Access Bank allocating above 20 per cent of gross loans to the sector. Tier-2 banks appear competitive in risk asset accumulation with an average yearon-year total loan growth of 44 per cent. We look forward to seeing credit flowing to the key ‘growth drivers’ of the economy in 2013, particularly telecommunication, agriculture, power and manufacturing sectors.” A further review of tier-1 banks, according to the report, revealed that deposits grew more than loans, except at ETI, while tier 2 banks (particularly Sterling and Unity), grew loans considerably more than deposits. “By and large, the low loans to deposit ratio of Nigerian banks leaves room for growing interest income. As competition thickens amongst surviving Nigerian banks, those with the most efficient cost management systems are better positioned to lead the industry. GTBank maintained its cost leadership position, reporting the lowest cost-to-Income (CIR) amongst tier-1 banks and within the industry (42.7 per cent for full year 2012), followed by Zenith Bank at 53.9 per cent,” it stated. As instructive as the Afrinvest report is, coming on the heels of the latest decision by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to indirectly tighten monetary conditions by raising the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for all public sector funds to 50 per cent from 12 per cent, is seen by many analysts as capable of hurting banks’ earnings as the financial institutions would have to scramble for deposits to maintain their level of liquidity. Afrinvest research believes that the future of the Nigerian banking space will rest on ancillary banking services such as Merchant Banking and Primary Mortgage Institutions; as well as Retail and SME banking. “On a balance of options, we expect a blend of the following service models to characterize the Nigerian banking space within the next five years. “Outlook on yields and fee income remain downwards, necessitating the need for banks to focus on lending to the real sector. Mid-Tier banks will need to consolidate and integrate vertically in order to compete with Tier1 banks as economies of scale and scope increasingly becomes differentiating success factors”, the report said. A reserve requirement is the amount of funded liabilities (in this case deposits), a bank must itself hold as deposits with the central bank. In Nigeria, where the CBN oversees a fractional reserve banking (like in most central banks), this requirement is expressed as the cash reserve ratio, CRR. As for all private deposits remains unchanged at 12 per cent the new requirement on public funds represents an increase of 38 per cent. The MPC’s decision many analysts believe would unsettle the banks “but may at the end of the day bring out the best in the banks” one analyst said. Nigerian banks had over the years depended heavily on public sector funds. The amount of returns the banks got from holding public sector funds had largely caused perceived apathy of some banks towards small savers in the country. Analysts say the huge public sector deposits that are commonly lent back to the government via trading in FGN bonds, treasury bills and open market operations (OMO) securities at high interest rates were responsible for the structural liquidity surfeit in the banking system. But disturbed by this development, the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN’s) MPC which put the total amount of public sector funds sitting in banks at over N1.3 trillion, decided to sterilise public sector funds as it raised the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for public sector funds to 50 per cent. But the CRR for private sector funds was left unchanged at 12 per cent. According to a Lagos based financial analyst Bayo Sanyaolu, 50 per cent DRR, may not necessarily make more money available to the private sector. He said credit to the core private sector has grown to 7.5 per cent from 6 per cent it was the whole of last year. To him what the banks needed to do was to put their acts together and extensively explore sustainable means of increasing their earning in 2013. “I believe that banks can still make good profit in 2013, just as Afrinvest said in their banking sector report, what they should do is to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits, expand their geographic footprint and scope”, he said. However, Fitch Ratings also believes that Nigerian banks Sanusi, CBN Governor will see profitability decline because of tougher regulations and higher funding costs. “We expect new limits on bank charges imposed by the Central Bank of Nigeria to dent what have been highly profitable fees and commissions, particularly for those with large retail franchises,” Fitch said in a statement recently. Monetary policy continues to be tight with the central bank in recent time raising the cash reserve requirement on public sector deposits. Aina The regulation, which applies to about N1.3 trillion ($8.1bn) of deposits, could result in N500 billion of liquidity being withdrawn, Fitch said. An MPC member and an economist, Dr. John Osilaja said that even though he voted against the DRR and making banks’ public deposit CRR 50 per cent for now, the CBN reforms intend to provide adequate environment and regulation that would enable banking industry flourish in the country. But according to Osilaja, it remains to be seen if this latest assault on excess bank liquidity will meaningfully grow private sector credit as desired. “Nonetheless in the shorter term, I would advise private borrowers to hold their breaths” He said that N3 trillion of Nigeria’s N15 trillion deposit base is public sector deposits. Under the old reserve requirement of 12 per cent, public sector deposits alone provided banks with a capacity to lend up to N24 trillion. With DRR, this potential is now reduced to N6 trillion. There remains a further N12 trillion of private de- posits that endows banks with a maximum lending capacity of N96 trillion. He said that clearly expectation of MPC is that more of this remaining and largely unused capacity would be used to grow the economy more productively. A financial consultant and a chartered stockbroker, James Uwandu, said that though the banks may not march their 2012 earning this financial year, the new CBN policy on CRR may benefit the country on the long run, adding that in some other economies, public deposits are kept with the central banks. “Reserve requirements offer central banks a cheaper way of draining surplus liquidity, cheaper than the practice of selling government securities. Central banks are obligated to pay interest on debts sold to banks and the investing public, but central banks are also not obliged to pay interest on demand deposits”, he said. Osilaja however agreed with Uwandu, but added that in fractional reserve banking, increas- ing reserve requirement curtails the availability of credit by contracting the lending capacities of banks. According to Deputy Governor, Financial Stability, CBN, Dr Kingsley Moghalu, banks are making handsome profits by preferring to lend to government instead of lending to the real sector. He said that there is structural excess liquidity in a banking system in which chasing government deposits far outweigh bank lending to the real sector. “Average liquidity ratio stood at 67.8 per cent at the end of June 2013, indicating that funds that could be intermediating in the real economy were sitting in banks or being lent mainly to government at a handsome profit. It is important that the Nigerian banks unhealthy dependence on government deposits which in most countries sit in a central bank be broken to prevent dangerous build-ups of liquidity,” Former President, Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers CIS, Oladipo AIna, said there have been arguments by some stakeholders on the need to reduce MPR in order to free more credit to the real sector, adding that “ the economic reality has shown that a reduction in the MPR does not necessarily translate to more credit for the real sector or the SMEs. Nigerian banks made outstanding profit in 2012, a development which bank operators attributed to the ongoing reform in the banking sector. Skye Bank Plc’s audited results for the year ended December 31, 2012, showed that it recorded a profit after tax of N12.64 billion, a significant increase of 872.6 per cent, compared to the N1.30 billion it realised in 2011. Zenith Bank Plc and Guaranty Trust Bank Plc, two of Nigeria’s foremost banks also gave good account of themselves as each declared huge profit in the financial year ended December 2012. Zenith Bank made a profit before tax of N102.10 billion, an increase of 51.4 per cent above the N67.44 billion recorded in 2011 while GT Bank posted a profit before tax of N103.028 billion, representing an increase by 66 per cent, compared to N62.080 billion in 2011 Also, Fidelity Bank Plc’s profit soared by 239 per cent to N18 billion, while Ecobank Group posted a pre-tax profit $348 million, compared to $277.4 million in 2011. Unity Bank Plc’s and Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, also grew their profits. While Unity Bank’s profit after tax grew by 130 per cent to N6.18 billion in its 2012 financial reports, compared to the N2.69 billion recorded in 2011, Union Bank recorded a profit after tax of N7.9 billion in its 2012 as against a loss of N76.7 billion in 2011 BC A4 20 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net News L-R: Group Head, Strategy & Communication, Sterling Bank PLC, Shina Atilola, His Royal Highness, Abdul-Ganiu Dosumu, the Lemo of Ogijo and the Business Development Manager, Sterling Bank PLC, Fatai Adegbuyi, at the opening of the bank’s new ultra modern branch in Ogijo Town, Ogun State Quality made-inNigeria products are not price competitive – Expert Stories by Emmanuel Ogbonnaya A research expert has disclosed that quality madein-Nigeria products are not price competitive and as such the current trend of low patronage will persist until some practical steps are taken by the government and manufacturers to stem the tide. Director General/ Chief Executive of the Institute of Administrators and Researchers of Nigeria (IARN), Prof Jacob Etinagbedia, in an exclusive chat with Business Courage revealed this in Lagos over the weekend, stressing that contrary to wide-held beliefs, not everyone is trying to patronise foreign products. He said that majority of made in Nigeria products were very expensive and that the manufacturers cannot be blamed because they spend a lot of money on providing some necessary infrastructure that should have been provided for them by the government at subsidised rates such as power. “The challenge for them is that it makes their products uncompetitive in terms of price against imported or foreign products,” he said. On the issue of substandard local products, he attributed it to the fact that most unscrupulous manufacturers have found accomplices in various regulatory bodies like SON and NAFDAC. According to him, “These days, some companies receive products’ approvals over the phone unlike the standard procedure of onsite inspection by officials of regulatory agencies.” Etinagbedia pointed out that it was not morally good enough to pay for approv- als especially as the amount chargeable is not just N2000 or N5000. He advised that the government needed to re-evaluate its policies and really get back to real governance otherwise it would continue to contribute to the ills in the society in a great deal. “There is a budget for those agencies that cover all their expenditure, which implies that there should be enough incentives for the staff and the cost of visits to companies across the country should be comfortably borne by the government,” he said. He decried the situation where organisations that are trying to create the much needed jobs or expand their capacities are asked to part with huge sum for re-certification and apart from that, each member of the inspectorate will have to be given different envelopes. “These are some of the unwholesome practices killing the industry and we need to change our orientation knowing that this is the only country we can call our own and we need to do the right thing at all times to make sure that things work as expected,” he said. The situation he buttressed has led to a lot of compromise on products’ quality standards, which has discouraged a lot of Nigerians who have lost faith in some regulatory agencies from patronising made-in-Nigeria products even when such products are duly stamped with NAFDAC numbers or SON standard certification. He also disclosed that manufacturers had their own blames as research has shown that less than 20 per cent of manufacturers carry out researches to improve the quality and value of their products. “IARN is here to train any manufacturer that comes to us on how to understand the fast changing business environment in order to enhance productivity and sustain profitability like their counterparts who are recording empirical manifestations in developed and even in some emerging economies,” he said. According to Etinagbedia, “because of this problem of lack of patriotism which we have identified, you will discover that most of our manufacturers like to short-change the consumers and as a result, immediately a consumer discovers that the made in Nigeria products are of lesser quality than imported ones, they have no choice than to dump our Nigerian products even if the producer is his brother.” He said that it was untrue that China products are of low standard because it is Nigerians who actually go to China and tell them to reduce the quality of products meant for the Nigerian markets, stressing that such acts also bother on the issue of patriotism. “Until Nigerians are patriotic enough to know that we don’t need to maltreat fellow Nigerians in order to get money, we would continue to suffer the influx of substandard products from China,” he said. CIPE tasks BMOs on members’ expectations, media partnership B usiness membership organisations (BMOs) in the country have been tasked by the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) to live up to members’ expectations and partner with relevant media organisations to promote business advocacy. The country director of CIPE Nigeria, Omowunmi Gbadamosi, gave the advice in Lagos at a workshop organised by CIPE on the role of media in business advocacy, even as she warned that failure of BMOs to meet the expectations of their members could lead to a massive depletion in their membership numbers. “The expectations of a business person are real and as such, business associations Gbadamosi should be well structured to meet them or be prepared to lose membership or have uncommitted members because membership is based on value addition and not emotions,” she said. She tasked them to identify existing laws and regulations that hinder business activity and profitability of their members and offer specific recommendations and policy options. She noted that the private sector was very important to the economy of any nation because they shoulder a bulk (over 80 per cent) of the economy and create most of the available job opportunities. “The support of the private sector to the government cannot be over-emphasised especially in terms of job creation which ensures that the civil service is not overstretched beyond its capacity and sustains a peaceful society for democracy to thrive,” she said. She pointed out that relevant BMOs deserve government’s support and sympathy even as she cautioned against government sponsorship of people who sit in prominent positions in BMOs as a means of breeding compromise and ineffective policy advocacy which is the most important function of a business association. “Advocacy is democracy in action because it creates space for stakeholders to contribute to the growth of the economy,” she said. In her presentation, a market development consultant, Kaneng Rwan-Pam, called for a more symbiotic relationship between BMOs and the media noting that their relationship is currently dysfunctional with gaps and space for improvement. “From a general analysis, messages from BMOs through the media are generally more event than issues driven,” she stated. According to her, issue oriented coverage is empowering and as such business news was important because it affects business and those advocating for a better business environment. Also speaking at the workshop, marketing communications consultant, Haroun Audu, challenged business associations and coalitions to strive to provide direction pointers that will lead to sustainable solutions to the media who in turn could make a case for them using their various platforms. He also enjoined journalists to see their roles in the media as a civic duty to the society in which they live and have a responsibility to be agents of positive change and transformation. “As media practitioners, it is important for you to perform the roles of lead-dog and also watch-dog by aggressively encouraging business coalitions to propose ideas and contributions to policies,” he said. CBN guarantees N25bn agric loans through NIRSAL T he Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) agric initiative – the Nigerian Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) introduced in July last year, has guaranteed N25 billion of agricultural loans, the latest data from the apex bank has revealed. This has effectively lifted lending to the sector to four per cent of banks’ total loans, from the average of 1.5 per cent that it had stagnated since 2009. The Nigerian IncentiveBased Risk Sharing System for Sanusi, CBN Governor Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) guarantees up to 75 per cent of bank loans to the sector. The initiative, which is the brainchild of the CBN, the Bankers’ Committee and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (FMARD), seeks to create incentives and catalyse processes to encourage the growth of formal credit, direct and indirect, for the agriculture value chain, as a mechanism for driving wealth creation among value chain participants. The apex bank plans to spend an estimated $500 million to create further incentives for the banks to sustain the flow of agric credit. There is also a risk-sharing facility of $300 million, planned to address banks’ perception of high-risks in the sector by sharing losses on agricultural loans. There is equally an insurance facility of $30 million intended to expand insurance products for agricultural lending from the current coverage to new products, such as weather index insurance, new variants of pest and disease insurance. Besides, there is a Technical Assistance Facility to $60 million meant to equip banks to lend sustain- National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A5 21 News ably to agriculture, producers to borrow and use loans more effectively and increase output of better quality agricultural products, among others. The increase has been linked to the N200 billion agriculture credit scheme and N600 billion NIRSAL. The current improvement in the sector was also linked to access to credit through the new policy focused on increasing private sector participation, emphasis on the entire agriculture value chain, and using agriculture to boost employment, wealth creation and food security. Analysts have commended the performance by Nigerian banks as demonstrating their fate in the capacity of agriculture to transform the economy. The CBN explained that with the credit trend emanating from the banks, Nigeria might be close to winning its economic diversification objectives that will lead to less dependence on oil. The NIRSAL is one single programme that has brought banks back to their role of intermediation for national economic development. For the economy to be diversified and sustainable development achieved, agriculture has to be given a pride of place as largest employer of labour. CBN, banks take cashless campaign to Ogun T he Bankers’ Committee has taken the cashless policy campaign to Ogun state to enlighten the people on the use and benefits of the initiative. The scheme, which was introduced to Lagos, a year ago, was extended to Ogun, Kano, Anambra and Abia States as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) on July 1. The initiative, which has entered its second phase, saw the CBN and bank officials staging road shows in six delineated zones (Ilaro, Mowe/ Ibafo, Ota, Abeokuta, Sagamu and Ijebu-Ode) in Ogun state, to create awareness on how to use different payment channels such as Automated Teller Machines(ATMs),Point of Sales (PoS), and money transfers. According to a statement from the Bankers’ Committee, the six-day activities saw market men and women, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) among others, being educated on how to transact business electronically. The enlightenment programme, according to the statement, was for six days, commencing from July 22 to 27, 2013. The daily programme was divided into two segments -the stakeholders’ forum, which involved the various stakeholders and the town storming/ neighborhood activation in all six delineated zones. “It was indeed a very interactive session across boards as bankers were on hand to throw more light on the puzzles in the mind of stakeholders,” the statement added. Two brand ambassadors – Mama G-Patience Ozokwo and Latin Bolaji Amusan, added life to the event by thrilling the stakeholders with rib-cracking jokes on the cashless policy. The cashless policy, whose implementation began in Lagos in January, last year, is aimed at reducing the dominance of cash in the system. The policy specifies penal charges for individuals and corporate organizations that want to withdraw or lodge cash above prescribed limits. Under the policy, the CBN pegged the daily cumulative cash withdrawal or deposit limit for individual accounts at N500, 000 per day and N3 million per day for corporate accounts. Since the introduction of the cashless policy, banks have continued to roll out more innovative electronic payment platforms to meet customers’ expectations. The cashless policy has been very successful in Lagos considering when it started and how far it has gone in terms of PoS deployment. At the initial stage of Cashless Lagos, there were less than 10,000 PoS in Lagos, but currently there are over 150,000 PoS machines in the state alone. Peyret MoneyGram partners PocketMoni to pilot remittances By Damilola Ajayi M oneyGram International has concluded arrangement to deploy its clout and network in assisting Nigerians embrace the current cashless policy directive of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) without having to face the often touted inconveniences, pains and frustrations of fund transfer under the new directive. A statement from the company on Friday said it has launched a new partnership with Etranzact to enable PocketMoni customers in the country receive money transfers from all over the world onto their PocketMoni mobile-wallet directly at their convenience, any time of the day, all round the year. Speaking on the new offering,the Regional Director for North West Africa, MoneyGram International, Francois Peyret, noted that the new partnership with Etranzact is in line with MoneyGram’s corporate responsibility strategy aimed at deepening financial inclusion by aggressively developing alternate Channels of seamless, convenient, safe and reliable cash transfer in its countries of operation. “With about one hundred million mobile lines for a population of 150 million, Nigeria enjoys positive penetration of mobile technology. MoneyGram’s concern is how to help Nigerians derive more value by deploying this huge mobile technology penetration to achieve financial transaction that promotes convenience and unlimited accessibility”, he said. The Executive Director, eTranzact International Plc, Sullivan Akala, said “eTranzact is at the forefront in ensuring that the CBN cashless policy drive is a huge success. And eTranzact has built an e-payment service platform that meets the need of every Nigerian by providing a secure, convenient and cost effective way to send and receive payment using their mobile phone”. He further stated that in the past, there had been cases of MoneyGram customers having a challenge because they could not receive their remittances for hospital emergencies at night or over the weekend due to traditional challenges with brick and mortar. NPA still hopeful on hub port status in West Africa Stories by Francis Ezem S even years after port reforms, the Nigerian Ports Authority has said it is more than ever committed to quality and speedy service delivery at the various nation’s seaports and other facilities. Managing Director of the authority, Habib Abdullahi, who made the pledge, assured stakeholders in the maritime industry that the authority is fully committed to the ideals of Abdullahi high quality service delivery in the port system, which is the only way it can achieve its hub seaport status for the West and Central African Sub-region. The Federal Government had at the commencement of the port reform programme some time in 2002 said the exercise was designed to attract private sector investment, enthrone a regime of efficiency, reduce the cost of doing business and therefore make the port a destination for importers in the West and Central African sub-region. The Managing Director, who was represented by the Executive Director Finance and Administration, Olumide Oduntan, at a one-day seminar on excellent service delivery in an organisation put together for the senior management staff by the Servicom Department recently in Lagos, insisted that there is no alternative to efficient and quality service delivery at all the nation’s seaports. According to him, the management is determined to ensure that the authority becomes the hub port in West and Central Africa, a development he said requires that all the staffers of the authority must change their attitude and work culture. He noted that it is only when the members of staff adopt new attitude and work culture that the management’s efforts at repositioning the authority could be meaningful and sustainable. “There is no organisation without people, any complaint about Nigerian Ports Authority is complaint about the people in NPA, you must be proud to make improvement on your desk, lectures and presentations do not really matter, what you do at your individual departments is what matters, you must commit yourselves to a better service delivery and let the organisation feel your impact”, the managing director further admonished. He also urged Servicom Unit, which is charged with the responsibility of promoting prompt and efficient service delivery to embark on sensi- tisation exercise to enable all employees cultivate the habit of providing efficient, effective and timely service to customers and other members of the public. General Manager in charge of the Servicom Unit, Bashir Abdullahi had while presenting a welcome address at the event, disclosed that the department had visited port locations outside Lagos in order to sensitise them on the need to imbibe the culture of efficient service delivery, which he described as very successful. He however pledged that the entire workforce of the authority would be re-awakened for better service delivery with a view to achieving efficient port system in the country. There has been improvement in some aspects of the port operation following the completion of the port reform programme, which also brought private terminal operators to takeover cargo handling from NPA such a reduction in turn around time for vessels which has also reduced berth occupancy. There has also been massive injection of private sector funds in the development port infrastructure and super structure as well as acquisition of modern cargo handling equipment such as rubber tyred gantry cranes and reach stackers, which has relatively enhanced efficiency. But the cost of doing business at the ports has escalated following the imposition of arbitrary cargo handling, rent and demurrage charges by the terminal operators and shipping companies occasioned by the inability of the government to create a commercial regulator for the port industry. Stakeholders have also blamed this development on the inability of the government to put in place a legal framework for the reform as the National Assembly is unable to pass the Port and Harbour Bill seven years after. This rather ugly development seems to make the concessionaires to be in a haste to recoup their investment, which has made the ports so expensive to operate in. CRFFN sets to clampdown on quack freight forwarders B arring any last minute change of mind, the Council for the Regulation of Freight Forwarding in Nigeria (CRFFN) is concluding plans to clampdown on illegal and unregistered freight forwarders practicing in Nigeria’s sea, airports and border stations. This is sequel to the recruitment and inauguration of enforcement officers, A6 22 News Jukwe which also marked a flag-off of its enforcement activities in line with the council’s statutory powers under the CRFFN Act, 2007, designed to rid the nation’s maritime industry of quack and unregistered freight forwarders. Section 30 of the CRFFN Act 16 of 2007 which established the CRFFN defines a freight forwarder as any person or company who arranges the carriage or movement of goods and associated formalities on behalf of an importer or exporter along the international boundaries of sea ports, cargo airports or land border stations. Registrar/Chief executive officer of the council, Mike Jukwe, who confirmed the development in a telephone interview, disclosed that the clampdown would commence in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kano, which will later extent to other seaport, airports and land borders. According to him, the inauguration of the enforcement officers, which also flagged off the enforcement of the relevant aspects of the enabling Act is aimed at flushing out quacks and unregistered freight forwarding practitioners from the system in line with the letters and intentions of the CRFFN Act. He disclosed that affected freight forwarders have been given between two to three weeks to regularize their registration with the council or face the full wrath of the law. “What this implies in practical terms is that at the expiration of this notice in the next two or three weeks, all unregistered freight forwarding practitioners will not be allowed to operate at any sea, airports and land borders in Nigeria”, Jukwe insisted. The CRFFN-boss also noted that this warning had become necessary so that no one will claim that he or she was caught unaware, as the enforcement officers will swoop on them and bar unregistered freight forwarders from practicising. “The recruitment of these enforcement officers, about 30 of them is to enforce provisions of relevant sections of the CRFFN Act, 2007, especially the areas that concern complying with the standard regulations of practice”, he said further. It was gathered that in addition to barring these noncompliant freight forwarders from practicising at the various air, seaport and border locations, culprits may also be prosecuted in line with the provision of the CRFFN Act. The enactment of the Act, which also paved way for the creation of the council was Federal Government’s response to calls for the sanitisation of the industry, as the Act empowers the council to register and license freight forwarding practitioners, set standards of practice and also register and regulate the freight forwarding associations operating in the country. The council had a prelude to the commencement of the clampdown on the illegal practitioners inducted over 4, 000 freight forwarders comprising both corporate and individual members, who are adjudged to have met the necessary criteria and conditions for registration. The council had subsequently put in place various enforcement units and structures at the nation’s sea, airports and land borders to serve as a springboard for these enforcement units to perform their functions, which includes ridding the system of illegal and un-registered operators in line with the provisions of the enabling Act. The enforcement unit is an integral part of Freight Forwarders Consultative Forum, which had met sometime last year to draw modalities for the enforcement activities and had since submitted its report to the management of the council. Prior to the submission of the reports, the sub committees of the forum had exhaustively discussed all the recommendations, amended some where necessary before submission to the governing council of CRFFN for further discussions and approval. Commercial banks tasked over full mortgage services market and save the property industry. “Commercial banks need to start offering full mortgage services and products instead of other loans disguised as mortgages,’’ he said. He urged that commercial banks should be more proactive in discovering and rendering services that would boost the mortgage system. “If more people can afford homes through sound mortgage services, it will improve the Gross Domestic Product which would have positive effects on our economy, ‘’ he said. Olutade said that commercial banks should not use specialisation as an excuse to run away from the services. “In the UK, commercial banks offer full mortgage services. Commercial banks should serve as one-stop shop for all financial activities due to their proximity. Since commercial banks have branches all over the states, they are better equipped to provide mortgage services,’’ he said. Olutade urged the Federal Government to direct the banks to create more consumer-friendly mortgage products and start offering mortgage loans. “If the banks could start offering full mortgage services, it will go a long way to revamp the real estate industry,’’ he said. NIMASA urged to collaborate with American Coast Guard on maritime security A maritime expert, Olu Akinsoji, has urged the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) to continue discussion with the American Coast Guard until Nigeria achieved a satisfactory level of maritime security. Akinsoji told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos that, while the discussion continued, NIMASA should A property management consultant, Segun Olutade, has advised commercial banks to offer full mortgage services to save the property industry from collapse due to financial inadequacies. Olutade, the Executive Director, Shelter-Watch Initiative, said in Lagos that lack of funds was one of the major challenges facing the property industry. He said that commercial banks were strategically positioned to revamp the mortgage Akinsoji fully demonstrate its authority as an agency assigned to handle maritime security. The former Sole Administrator of the Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron, Akwa Ibom, urged NIMASA to provide a foundation for changes that would emerge from the collaboration. “The reform NIMASA needs to embark on should include sponsoring a national law or develop a regulation to capture unlawful acts against maritime navigation. NIMASA should also implement the provisions of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code,’’ Akinsoji, a marine engineer, said. The US Coast Guard will be in Nigeria on Aug. 26, to ascertain the level of Nigeria’s compliance with the ISPS Code. The US team will also assess the effectiveness of antiterrorism measures at Nigeria’s ports and find out the country’s efforts to comply with the ISPS Code. The US Coast Guard expects NIMASA to develop the expertise to tackle insecurity in the nation’s maritime industry and to redress inadequate port access control and failure to ensure effective drills and exercises at the terminals. Akinsoji said that NIMASA should take the issues serious and discuss with the International Port Security Liaison Office Commander, David Gates. The former government Inspector of Ships also urged NIMASA to update information about Nigeria to the shipping world and renew such information every five years. He said that NIMASA should identify the contact persons or authorities concerning the ISPS Code. Cement factory takes off in Enugu in 2014 – Commissioner T he Enugu State Commissioner for Commerce and Industry, Dr Jude Akubilo, has said that the Amechi-Idodo cement factory will commence production in 2014. Akubilo said on Friday that the state had signed a memorandum of understanding with Lafarge West Africa, a cement conglomerate, to ensure its effective take-off. He explained that the initial delay in the operations of the factory was caused by the expiration of its licence which had been renewed. The commissioner said the ministry would soon organise the second phase of its business round table for local and international investors as part of its campaign to attract investors. He said that manufacturers Sullivan Chime, Enugu State Governor in the state would now easily access funds for industrial development following the relocation of the zonal office of the Bank of Industry to Enugu. He also said that the inauguration of the board for small and medium enterprises and the payment of counterpart funds by the state and local governments would add to the ease of access to funds. ‘’Again, the 9th Mile Corner has been designated as a Free Trade Zone and with the development of its master plan as well as the inauguration of two power plants, Enugu State will be the hub for industrial development and export in the South East,’’ he said. Akubilo said the initiative to create a guild of artisans and industry standards would enhance labour export and healthy competition. He said a Chinese company has been given approval to establish an industrial park between Nchatancha-Nike and Umuode communities to fasttrack the industrialisation of the state. He said that a 35-year lease was given to Dao Gia-VTV of Vietnam for the revitalisation of Sunrise Flour Mills while Stallion Group applied for the use of Niger-Steel Company for 300,000-tonne rice processing facility. Telecoms subscribers flay poor porting processes by donor operators T he President, National Association of Telecommunications Subscribers (NATCOMS), Deolu Ogunbanjo, has said that donor operators were frustrating the Mobile Number Portability (MNP) exercise. Ogunbanjo, who spoke in Lagos, said that the donor operators were making it difficult for subscribers to port to other networks. A donor operator is the mobile service provider that is losing a customer that is porting to another network. MNP is the ability for mobile telephone subscribers to National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net News Ogunbanjo switch to a new mobile service provider, while retaining their existing mobile numbers. Ogunbanjo said that the donor service providers were delaying to approve the porting approval requests sent to them, thereby making the porting process take a longer time. “The Mobile Number Portability is a very good concept; it creates competition and it gives the subscriber a variety of choices. So, it is a very good thing that the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) has introduced it in Nigeria. Since April 22 when it was introduced, initially it was okay. But there are complaints now that some networks that subscribers want to leave to another are making it difficult for their subscribers to port,’’ Ogunbanjo said. He said that Nigeria was the 64th nation to embrace the MNP, hence, it should have learnt from other nations to make the exercise viable. NCS, other agencies collaborate on trade facilitation reduction in the tempo of smuggling of poultry products and rice, local rice and poultry farmers were being encouraged to grow their businesses. The customs spokesman said that the achievement was also ``a good testimony for the Nigeria Customs Service that the smugglers had been having a change of mind toward smuggling’’. Adeniyi, however, urged the smugglers to desist from the unpatriotic act, adding that the service would not relent in its statutory duty of combating smuggling Customs seizes vehicles, contraband worth N202.7m T he Federal Operations Unit, Zone ‘C’ of the Nigeria Customs Service seized 13 vehicles and contrabands worth N202.7 million in July. In release signed by the zone’s Public Relations Officer, Ify Onuigbo, the zone which covers the South-East and South-South states made the seizures at different parts of zone. It said that the intercepted vehicles included a FJ Cruiser SUV, Audi A4, Golf 4, Mercedes Benz C200, Infinity QX4, Lexus SUV, Volkswagen Golf and Man Diesel truck. According to the unit, the others seized vehicles are Lexus RX 330, Chrysler Voyage, two Volkswagen Passat and one Nissan Xterra SUV. It said that 6,251 packages of foreign furniture, 250 cartons of used footwear and 200 pieces of used tyres were among the contrabands. T he Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), said on Friday that the service had been collaborating with other government agencies on trade facilitation. National Public Relations Officer of the Service, Adewale Adeniyi, said that the collaboration had resulted into holistic improvements in cargo clearance at the ports. He said that the service had also automated virtually all aspects of its operations, adding that this has helped in blocking revenue leakages. “Customs is only calling for similar automation among other agencies of government and this could be done with the establishment of a shared platform for information and exchange of intelligence, `` Adeniyi said. He said the management of the NCS would assist local vegetable oil producers by stopping the smuggling of the commodity through unapproved routes. Adeniyi said that with the to impose sanctions on unlicensed marketers of cooking gas and those who failed to comply with its provisions on operational safety. The agency’s Head, Gas, Oliver Okparaojiako, said this in Lagos at the 2013 Annual LPG Stakeholders’ Forum organised by the DPR. He said the audit of the licenses was necessary in order to ensure compliance with statutory provisions on operational safety. Okaraojiako said many marketers store and sell cooking without valid licenses, in outright violation of the Provisions of the law, adding that, henceforth, all retail outlets for LPG must be licensed. He urged all LPG plant operators to ensure that their reselling points have valid Abdullahi, Customs Boss DPR reads the Riot Act to cooking gas marketers T he Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) said on Friday that it would commence a facility license audit of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) marketers in the country next month. The development came as the regulatory body threatened Okparaojiako licenses and said that DPR’s inspectors had been directed to ensure compliance. “Plant operators must be conversant with all safety needs of LPG plant operations,” he said. Gbenga Koku, Operations Controller (Lagos Zonal Office), DPR, who also spoke at the meeting, said that there was a significant increase in the number of applicants for Approval to Construct, ATC, by prospective plant owners. He said existing fillings station owners had been applying to install LPG skid or auto gas within their existing petroleum service stations. This, he said, was a manifestation of positive developments indicating the use of LPG as the preferred energy. He warned cooking gas plant owners who continued to sell products to unlicensed distributors and bulk end users to desist, saying that, henceforth, violators would be severely sanctioned. “Some operators have not been renewing their operating license. DPR staff will start constant visits to plants to enforce compliance. “In as much as we encourage the proliferation of LPG plants, prospective plant owners must follow due process to obtain all requisite approvals before the commencement of any construction or installation. “Also, approval should be granted before the commencement of any upgrade or modification of plants. ’’ he added. Quarantine Services lauds farmers for adherence to global standards on vegetable export T he Nigeria Agriculture Quarantine Services says the adherence of farmers to international standards has improved the country’s trade with Europe. Dr Mike Nwaneri, the Services’ Coordinating Director, told newsmen on Friday in Lagos that Nigeria’s fresh vegetables were now the toast of many in Europe. According to Nwaneri, the improvement has remained steady in the last six years. “Before now, fresh vegetables from Nigeria were seized and destroyed because they were pest-infested. The international community wants from farm to table-fresh vegetables and so harps on pest-free and packaging methods.” “In the past, our farmers stored the vegetables in baskets, which was below the global standards, making the vegetables prone to pests and rot. As you know, the international community has standards for consumables and this shortcoming affected Nigeria’s trading relations with Europe. The seizure and destruction of our vegetables in countries like the UK, Germany, France and others have stopped for over six years now,’’ Nwaneri said. The director added that to maintain the global standard, the Service now monitors the pre-planting, planting, harvesting, testing and packaging processes of fresh vegetables. FG to establish National Council on Power for rural electrification T he Federal Government on Friday said it would establish National Council on Power to ensure that its plan to electrify rural communities was implemented. The Minister of Power, Prof. Chinedu Nebo, said this in a statement issued by Timothy Oyedeji, the minister’s Deputy Director of Press, in Abuja. The statement said Nebo announced the establishment of the council when a delegation from the Nigeria Society of Engineers (NSE), led by its President, Mustapha Shehu, paid him a coutesy visit in Abuja. It quoted the minister as saying that President Goodluck Jonathan was committed to strengthening the rural electrification programme in the country. According to him, the proposed council will be responsible for co-ordination of electricity issues at the federal, state and local government levels. He noted that the rural populace had been short-changed for a very long time by the lack of access to electricity. The minister commended the NSE for addressing the problems of its members and urged the members to braceup for an impending growth in the power generation and distribution sub-sectors of the economy. The minister said, ``unless the country has well trained engineers, there will be influx of foreign engineers who will want to take over the jobs from Nigerians. “We now have more Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the country, hence we need more trained engineers to man the power plants.’’ Nebo assured the society that he would grant their request to have a representative on the boards of the National Power Training Institute of Nigeria (NAPTIN) and the Rural Electrification Agency (REA). He added that the request was a right step in the right direction and solicited the support of the NSE in government’s quest to the actualisation of the coal-to-power initiative. He said that his experience in China showed that clean coal technology would guarantee the use of coal with minimal pollution, adding that ``coal is globally used to generate power.’’ The statement quoted the leader of the delegation as saying that the NSE was ready to engage professional engineers who would be saddled with running of the affairs of engineering-based ministries in the country. He requested the minister to assist in positioning engineers to partake in the increased business of power generation and distribution. BC Nebo Toyota raises annual profit forecast T oyota has raised its forecast for annual profit as a weak yen and a recovery in sales in the US continue to boost its growth. It now expects to make a net profit of 1.48 trillion yen ($14.8bn; £9.8bn) for the current financial year, up from its earlier projection of 1.37 trillion yen. The carmaker raised the outlook as it said earnings for the April to June quarter had jumped 93 per cent from a year ago. Many Japanese firms have seen a surge in profits thanks to the weakening yen. The yen has fallen by nearly 25 per cent against the US dollar since November, after the government unveiled a series of aggressive policy moves. A weak currency not only makes Japanese goods more affordable to foreign buyers but also helps to boost profits of exporters when they repatriate their foreign earnings back home. On Friday, Toyota reported a net profit of 562 billion yen in the three months to the end of June, up from 290 billion yen during the same period last year. The company said that cost cutting measures had also helped to lift its earnings during the quarter. “Operating income increased due to the impact of foreign exchange rates and our global efforts for profit improvement, through cost reduction activities such as companywide value analysis,” Takuo Sasaki, chief marketing officer for Toyota, said in a statement. He added that the “enhancement of the model mix and pricing” had also helped to boost profits. Toyota also set a worldwide production target of 10.1 million vehicles for the 2013 calendar year, which would be a record across the industry. It kept its sales goal for the year at 9.96 million vehicles, making it a close race with US rival General Motors for the title of world’s top carmaker. Toyota said it sold 1.3 million vehicles in the US, its biggest market, in the January to July period, up eight per cent from a year ago. The US accounts for nearly a quarter of Toyota’s global sales. However, Toyota saw slower-than-expected growth in Southeast Asia, its third biggest market after North America and Japan. Toyota sold about 539,000 vehicles in the region in the January-June period which was the same as last year, but 15 per cent below the industrywide growth. consumers and the public interest. He said the damages of $85,000 were intended to compensate the distributor, Rainbow Medical, for lost sales. It was denied access to further products by the suppliers after being told it was selling medical equipment too cheaply. Rainbow Medical brought the case to court with a demand for $2.2m (£1.5m) in compensation. It expressed disappointment at the size of the award. China fines US healthcare giant T he health care giant Johnson and Johnson has become the latest foreign company to be accused of misconduct in China. A ruling by a Shanghai court ordered the US company to pay $85,000 (£56,000) to a local distributor for violating anti-monopoly laws. Two subsidiaries of the company were accused of setting a minimum price for the sale of surgical instruments. Multinationals have faced increased scrutiny from the Chinese authorities. Last month, two foreign milk suppliers announced price cuts after the government launched an investigation into possible price-fixing. Four Chinese executives from the pharmaceutical giant - GlaxoSmithKline - have also been detained after being accused of paying bribes. The Chinese authorities are sensitive to consumer prices as the cost of living continues to surge. Some business analysts say that foreign firms are being targeted in order to shore up the market share for Chinese companies. The Shanghai court overturned a judgment by a lower court that cleared the Johnson and Johnson subsidiaries. The judge said the ruling was intended was to protect Li Bin, China Health Minister Bowen Australia unveils levy on bank deposits A ustralia has unveiled a levy on some bank deposits to raise money towards a fund aimed at safeguarding against a banking collapse. Deposits up to A$250,000 will have to pay a levy of 0.05 per cent from January 2016. It will be imposed on banks and not account holders. But banks have warned costs may be passed on to customers. The move comes as the government warned of slower economic growth and a much bigger budget deficit than it had previously forecast. In its updated economic statement, released by Treasurer Chris Bowen, the government said it expected a deficit of A$30bn ($26.7bn; £17.8bn) in the current financial year, compared with its previous projection of A$18bn. Australia’s economic growth over the past few years has been powered mainly by the success of its resources sector. Demand from countries such as China resulted in a commodities boom - which helped sustain the country’s growth through the global financial crisis. However, growth in those economies has slowed recently, driving down demand for commodities as well as their prices. That has not only affected Australia’s economic growth but also hurt the government’s tax revenues. On Friday, the government lowered its growth forecast. It now expects the economy to grow by 2.5 per cent in the current financial year, down from its previous projection of 2.75 per cent. It warned that slowing economic growth was likely to result in a rise in unemployment. “Australia is undergoing an economic transition. Not a crisis, but an economic transition that needs careful economic management,” Bowen said. “This transition has been brought about by the China mining investment boom coming to an end.” He added that as expansion in the mining sector slows, “non-mining sectors of the economy will need to lead growth in future”. The government said that the faster-than-expected drop in commodity prices, coupled with other factors such as lower growth in wages, would also hurt its revenues. It has forecast a revenue shortfall of A$33.3bn over the next four years. The government has announced new measures in an attempt to boost its revenues. This includes a tax rise on cigarettes. Prices will rise by 12.5 per cent a year for four years starting from 1 December. The government said it expected to raise A$5.3bn from the increase. It also announced changes to a fringe benefit tax applicable to cars, which it said would help raise another A$1.8bn. India eases foreign investment rules in retail sector I ndia has eased key rules on foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail in an attempt to attract foreign firms as it looks to boost economic growth. Rules governing sourcing of products, infrastructure investment and selection of cities have been relaxed. India had opened up multibrand retail to foreign investors last year, but no foreign supermarket chain has yet entered the country. The move also triggered a series of protests in India. The previous rules made it mandatory for foreign supermarkets to source 30 per cent of their products from small Indian firms. The government has retained that requirement, but said foreign firms will be given five years in which to reach that target, giving them the option of importing goods from overseas initially. Global chains will also have to put 50 per cent of their initial investment in to building back-end infrastructure such as cold storage facilities. SM Krishna, Indian Foreign Minister Foreign retailers will also be allowed to set up shop in cities with a population of less than one million, which they had been barred from earlier. India, home to more than one billion people, is seen by many foreign investors as a key growth market, not least because of the sheer size of its population. A rise in incomes and a growing middle class has further added to the country’s appeal. As a result, when the government announced that it was opening up the multi brand retail sector to foreign firms many had hoped that foreign companies would jump on the opportunity. However, the conditions set by the government had prompted many chains to hold back on their plans. Some analysts said that the move to ease some of these rules was likely to generate more interest among foreign firms. “The new rules have removed some major stumbling blocks and should encourage foreign retailers to enter India,” said Devangshu Dutta, who heads retail consultancy Third Eyesight. However, the move has also faced opposition in India. There have been concerns that the arrival of big name supermarkets may hurt the small retailers in the country. Critics have argued that given their purchasing power, and the scale of the sales, big players may be able to secure supplies at a much lower rate the smaller shops. As a result, they may be able to sell those goods at a lower price and hurt small scale retailers. Some of India’s opposition parties also have voiced their concerns against the move. Analysts said that with national elections in India due next year, foreign firms may still hold back on any potential investment amid concerns that a change in government may see derail the opening up of the sector. “Most retailers are still likely to wait for the outcome of the elections next year before they make a decision,” said Dutta. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 A9 25 He was born with the proverbial silver spoon, but despite that, he toiled to attain fame and stupendous wealth. This is the story of Bode Akindele, owner of the Madandola Group of companies By Adejuwon Osunnuyi T o many, the golden rule to succeed in life and have the key to unlock the gate of fortune is to first get a good education and probably, a good background. This rule can be said to have applied to Bode Akindele, the Chairman of Modandola Group, who has risen to the pinnacle of success in life, becoming a celebrated multi-billionaire, a successful businessman and uncommon philanthropist. The Ibadan high chief no doubt has an intimidating dossier, with vast business empire. That he has over the years steadily consolidated his vast business network and transformed himself into a very successful entrepreneur, is not in any way conjectural but a real fact with proofs to show for it. Akindele’s conglomerate operates under the name Modandola Group Of Companies, a business empire named after his mother, which translates to ‘God, if you give me the wealth, give me a child that can take care of it.’ Madandola Group spans from maritime to properties, manufacturing, real estates, investments, finance and flour milling. Akindele, the Parakoyi of Ibadanland, is not only respected in Nigeria, he equally commands considerable respect in virtually all countries of the world that matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, where the headquarters of his international operations is located, he is respected and highly regarded as a businessman of repute. His company, Fairgate Group located on Bond Street, London, England, deals mainly in properties. Among the company’s tenants are giant retail stores like Sainsbury and Asda Wall Mart. As at the last quantification, the Fairgate Group was said to be worth over a billion pounds sterling. Akindele Among the subsidiaries of the Madandola Group making waves in the business world include Standard Breweries, Ibadan, Diamond Foods Ltd, Ibadan, United Beverages Ltd, Ibadan, Associated Match Industry, Ibadan which merged with Ilorin, Port-Harcourt and Lagos to form a company with a large share of the Nigerian market and Standard Flour Mills in Lagos. Bode Akindele was born into one of the high class family in those days. In fact, it could be apt to say that he was born with a privileged background, a Silver spoon sort of, particularly through his mother’s pedigree. Though there may be a sense in the fact that his background played pivotal role in his eventual success, those close to the Ibadan high chief admit that even from childhood, Bode had always displayed an unusual zeal and drive to make it in life. Born in June 1932 to Pa Joshua Laniyan Akindele, a senior government official, who was a chief tax clerk for the whole of the Western Region and Rabiatu Adedigba, a politically influential and wealthy Ibadan trader, Bode Akindele, from infant, had been a man imbued with strong determination, hard work, and courage combined. However, Bode Akindele’s formative years, according to those in the know, can be described as both interesting and highly motivating. As a young child, even long before he attained the school age, he had already been part of the school system. Then, while they lived in the Mapo area, trekking the distance, he would help his elder brother carry his school bag to Baptist School, Idikan, Ibadan. So, when he was to later enroll at Olubi Memorial School Ibadan, he had no reason to be apprehensive like most of his peers who where first timers in the school system. However, another interesting thing happened again when he was to proceed to a secondary school. While he had passed the written tests, the fact that he couldn’t pass a physical test made his choice of school changed. Then, pupils were strictly required to put their hands over their heads to touch the ear on the other side Continued on pg A10 A10 26 Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net I did not know that God was preparing me for something great in life. All my friends were in Grammar School or Boys High School but I had a different kind of education, which was strictly commercial of the face before they could be admitted. So, having failed the test, instead of being admitted into a Grammar School and Boys High School, he had to settle for Lisabi Commercial College, in Abeokuta. But according to the business mogul, he never knew that God was preparing him for something great in life. “I did not know that God was preparing me for something great in life. All my friends were in Grammar School or Boys High School but I had a different kind of education, which was strictly commercial.” Basically, feeling inferior being in a commercial school could be quite understandable. In those days, while most parents wanted their children to become lawyers and doctors, hence, commercial education was a no go area as it was not so popular. Yet, Akindele confessed that it was at the Commercial School that he received the training that would later help him build a successful business later in the year. Despite the affluence of his parents, the influence that his parents had on the young Akindele cannot be quantified, especially in the area of discipline. As a matter of fact, he was never spared of being disciplined any time he tried to go astray as against other children of most wealthy people who are always over-pampered. According to him, “I have to thank God for the kind of parents that I had. They were disciplinarians. Even though my mother was not educated, she had a firm grip when it came to discipline. If they said something, you could not question, change or protest against it. My first daughter can best describe my mother, because they went out a lot together. For instance, ‘ ‘ Business Courage if you are offered anything, you must not take it without her permission,” he recalled with fond memories. At a tender age, while still in the primary school, Bode had already had his gaze firmly on business. Then, he tried testing the business waters by starting a small business, selling a particular brand of powder used to mix with sugar. And later, when he got to the college in Abeokuta, he started going to other schools to sell to them and was making profit. Just like it was in the practice in those days when parents had great influence on the career of their children, his father had wanted him to become a civil servant just like him immediately he finished from the commercial school, but Akindele thought otherwise. Having realized his business acumen early enough, he opted to be a businessman to which he enjoyed tremendous support from his mother. To a large extent, Akindele can be said to have taken after his mother, who was also a successful trader herself and she played a huge role in his developing interest in trading. “My mother never left me alone. Even though she was far away, she was constantly supporting me with money. She was a successful businesswoman so she could afford what I needed,” he said. Akindele recalled that he had realised then that becoming a civil servant, which his father had desired, was not what he wanted to do. “My business in the college had developed into something good. My mother had a factory in the North where they prepared dried meat for the market in the South. One day, I told her to appoint me as one of her agents. She was skeptical at first but I convinced her and she started sending the product to me. I sold the first consignment and quickly sent the money to her. When I considered my profit, I knew that I could do better in other businesses,” he said. After completing his secondary school education, Akindele and a couple of his friends had nursed the idea of traveling to the UK to study law, but the growth of his business activities eventually took precedence. Like his other peers, he was given money to obtain a passport but rather than go for the international passport, the young Bode who was more business inclined at that time used the money to place an order for a sewing machine which he sold at good profit. “When I was placing the order, I used my commercial class skill by placing an order for a sample of the machine. So the company told me that I should pay just half of the cost while they would bear the rest. I paid £9 and sold at £21. The war had just ended and the Japanese were beginning to copy original products from Europe. But good product sold at high price,” he recalled. He got his first paid employment in 1952, as secretary to an assistant district officer, one Dina and later became a cadet manger with the United Africa Company, where he was an assistant to the expatriate manager at Oyo, where he was in charge of kereosene, spirits and bicycles. Not long after, the young Akindele left UAC against his father’s wish, for the Western Nigerian Union of Importers and Exporters. “My father was very powerful in the Western region in those days. He was in charge of all the taxes collected by community’ leaders, from where he paid them commission. So, they respected him. He wanted me to become a civil servant like him, particularly when I came out of commercial college. Then, I was writing about 90 words a minute in shorthand and typing about 120 words per minute. So, when I came to the Resident’s Office in Ibadan, they said they were looking for an assistant secretary. And my father was not one to throw his weight around. He would not give you any letter because he wanted you to earn whatever you desired to get,” he said. Akindele recalled that about 40 applicants wrote the test and he was the best of them all. “I was offered £13. I also did the test for a job at the Western Nigerian Union of Importers and Exporters. You would not get a license to import or get foreign exchange if your company didn’t belong to the association. I was also offered a job there at £6 salary. I accepted it because it pointed to my future. Civil service did not appeal to me,” he said. However, having accepted the job offer, he was faced with the problem of how to convince his father as he had sent for his mother and told her that he had done something no one must do in the family by rejecting a better offer. However, it took the effort of one of his father’s friends to explain to him and make him accept his reasons. Of course, his three and half year stay with the company paid off because, according to him, it was during the period that he gained the experience in produce marketing, after which he was able to set up his own trading company, Okebadan Bros Ltd in 1956. By that time, he had already made up his mind to quit paid employment and plunged head on into the entrepreneurial Akindele path. He registered his first company at the age of 20, sourced for goods from anywhere in the world as he sold everything, including medicine, which he got from a pharmacy in Lagos. At a time, he concentrated on the importation of electrical goods and obtained an agency from Thorn Electrical of the United Kingdom which was worth some £10,000 per annum in terms of turnover. The importation of jute bags in competition with UAC, GBO (G.B Ollivant), and later Leventis, proved extremely profitable. He became a regional licenced buying agent (LBA) and used profits from the import trade to finance produce trading in cocoa and palm kernel, advancing credit for 30 to 40 days. Shops were established in Ilesha, Ife and Owo and in 1959; an office was opened in Lagos. He also obtained a sole agency for Japanese sewing machines. He eventually gave up his regional LBA license and took up a federal one with the Nigerian Produce Marketing Board. This gave him a licence to buy, grade and ship produce. Drawing on his experience of the produce trade in the Western Region, he Business Courage A11 27 Monday, August 5, 2013 ‘ With the indigenization decree of 1972, which enforced the sale of foreign equity, Modandola secured a 40 per cent (later 60 per cent) stake in Umarco, the largest shipping agency in Nigeria which owned the Saga Transport of Paris, part of Rothschild empire was able to time his monthly purchases of cocoa and palm kernel to coincide with a period at the end and beginning of each month when other buyers who relied on bank overdrafts to advance money were not active in the market. He was one of two federal agents out of a dozen in Lagos for whom the produce trade was profitable. He bought land ‘ National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net in Agege, a Lagos suburb and constructed a 80ft by 350 ft warehouse where he stockpiled and grade cocoa. The importation of goods and the high volume of cocoa exports led to an interest in clearing and forwarding and road haulage. A company was set up (Coastal Services Ltd.) and that led to the termination of patronage with Umarco and Panalpina. Later, he became a shipping agent, chartering vessels in London and using old school connections with the National Bank of Nigeria which had opened a London office in 1956, to finance his transactions. In 1965, he gave up his federal LBA license because heavy taxation through the marketing board system had made the controlled produce (coffee, gum Arabic, Shea nuts) sell to Japanese trading conglomerate Marubeni. In the non-scheduled produce markets, there was no marketing commission to pay the board and no export duty. At this time, there was no foreign exchange control. He opened his first store in Abuja in 1963 and established 16 branches in the north. The setting up of Coastal Services Ltd was the beginning of the growth of a constellation of shipping and port activities that expanded in the 1970s at a time when Nigerian imports underwent extremely rapid expansion fuelled by the oil boom. Though other private Nigerian enterprises also established port facilities like jetties, port management, warehousing, clearing and forwarding, lighterage and stevedoring, container terminals, shipping agencies and lines, ship repairs and dry dock, but the Modandola Group was probably the most prominent indigenous company in this area. With the indigenization decree of 1972, which enforced the sale of foreign equity, Modandola secured a 40 per cent (later 60 per cent) stake in Umarco, the largest shipping agency in Nigeria which owned the Saga Transport of Paris, part of Rothschild empire. This shareholding was secured in the face of stiff competition from Henry Fajemirokun, the founder and owner of the Henry Stephens Group, a company that had also been active in the produce and clearing and forwarding trade. The clearing and forwarding side of Umarco was bought and merged with Coastal Services and a ten-year management contract drawn up by Akindele. Coastal Services handled a number of large public and private projects in Nigeria including the Ughelli Power Station, the Peugeot assembly plant, the Osogbo steel-rolling mill and the Sokoto Dam for Impresit. It also operated the Ijora container terminal. During the 1970s, the Group opened a large roll-on roll-off (RORO) terminal and warehousing operation at Tin Can Island port. The RORO Terminal Company was the managing agent of the Nigeria Ports Authority for RORO terminals in all Nigerian ports. The Group also started fishing venture after securing four trawlers from Ghana in 1971. Obelawo Farcha Fishing Industries Ltd currently has a fleet of 28 trawlers and five shrimpers are under construction. In the early 1980s, the Group expanded into boat building and ship repair as well as dry-dock facilities in a joint venture with Damen Shipyards of Holland. A new phase in the development of the Group began with the start-up of manufacturing and process industries at Alomaja, a village very close to Ibadan. These included a large brewery, biscuit, plastics and soft-drinks (the largest single unit in Nigeria) factories, four match factories acquired from Lebanese owners and a large flour mill with $80 million invested. The group has also been active in construction, real estate and equity investment and farming. Its first experience in construction was a joint venture with DC Savage, an American company that built the US embassy in Lagos and the Lagos Durbar Hotel. Savage left Nigeria and the Modandola Group sustained some losses before it closed down operations. The Group opened a full service-advertising company, Oricom (Nig.) Ltd in 1983. Initially, the agency did well and made publicity through the ‘Oricom Lectures’, sponsorship of beauty competitions and sporting events. While the Group could be said to maintain a low public profile and its growth going unnoticed, the conglomerate has in its employ over 9,000 persons with about 5,000 working for the construction arm of the group. ARAMED Medical Centre is a huge structure in Ibadan built by the business magnate and philanthropist to assist human kind in the society. Just like the Modandola name was one of his mother’s names, ARAMED is also named after his mother as it stands for Alhaja Rabiatu Adedigba Medical Centre and regards ARAMED as the healing ministry of Bode Akindele Foundation. Bode Akindele said that ARAMED was founded to continue from where his mother stopped. “We thought about what we could do to honour her legacy after she passed away. Patients are poor people who cannot afford treatment. They are treated free at the hospital,” he noted. BC A12 28 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ThebuddingEntrepreneurs The story of Aderonke Ayilara Ozugbakun, Chief Executive, RONKENOLY Craft World, beaded jewelry outfit is a testimony to the truism that no knowledge is lost as the Mass Communication graduate has made a career detour, applying her knowledge in public relations and advertising to turn her bead jewelry outfit into a pot of fortune Ozugbakun By Biodun Alade “S tart where you are. Use what you have. Do what you can” by Arthur Ashe is a popular saying and a truism for Aderonke Ozugbakun, the Chief Executive Officer of Ronkenoly Craft World. The mass communication graduate started her beading business by picking parts of her earrings to fit her nature which does not like bogus wear and that simple exercise developed her passion for making jewelry. When the opportunity came for her to learn handwork, she jumped at the offer to be trained in beaded jewelries alongside some other crafts like hat making, hand fan making et cetera. Amazingly, not the temptation of a work with one of the notable television stations in Lagos was enough to convince her to let go her passion. Ozugbakun dedicated herself to the learning of the craft with a foresight that the future depends on being an entrepreneur- with the privilege to do what she love to do, have control over her time and help empower others. She also had the conviction that beaded jewelries will always be around as they are worn by all classes of people without restriction on religion, tribe or belief. After her training, she decided to start with what she had which was just enough to get her some of the basic tools needed for the job, at least, for a beginner. She reinvested the little profit she made to acquire more tools and woo more clients. Her admiration for beading is also borne out of the conviction that beaded jewelry is the ‘in thing’; with almost 95 per cent of brides using it for their traditional wedding and fashion lovers adorning it. She added that the number of females not wearing beads at any occasion these days can be counted, and if such number of people use beads, then definitely there must be people making them and getting paid. Beaded jewelry is not just for the high class only; there is a bead for everyone, children inclusive, she said. She noted that the use of bead doesn’t just stop with jewelry, as it can be used for other things such as beaded bags, wrist watch straps, foot mats, flower vases, ties for men, decoration items, hair accessories and a lot more, stressing that one can choose to pursue any of these uses of beading and still make good money since there is enough market for it. Getting the clients pose some challenges. Obviously they are not easily to come by especially for a beginner, but with persuasion, Ozugbakun started building her base from her mum and siblings, ensuring that her brothers prefer the purchase of beaded jewelries for their spouses. Recalling how she started the business, she revealed how her customers were only members of the immediate family, noting, “My mum patronises me a lot and my brothers also would rather give a beaded jewelry gift to their lovers, just to encourage their sister and the good thing is that my mum trained us to always pay for services or things purchased from one another, so she pays and my brothers pay too”. From the immediate family, she grew her customer base by precise and timely jobs delivery. Her culture of timely delivery dated back to her training as a journalist where she was taught to live by deadline. She argued that her days at the School of Communication, Lagos State University aided the growth of her business. “The habit of keeping to time has helped the business grow a lot. My knowledge of being objective as a trained reporter has also helped because when I am taking my client orders, I pay attention to every details and the little detail counts a lot. Precise, concise and accuracy have all helped me. So my training as a communicator is an added advantage. Let me shock you a bit, I also gate-keep because there are times that clients make orders and they tell you they want this and that but as an expert, you need to explain to them that this should not be part of the beaded jewelries because it is unnecessary,” she said. Though she says getting customers is difficult, she also admits that retaining those customers is more challenging as a result of competition and the willingness to try something different by some customers. She however said that her ability to build a connection beyond the point of sales of her products makes her unique. “It is important to always meet the needs of the clients and build a relationship with them. The character of each client differs, so you need to study them, understand their needs and relate with them without becoming a pain on their privacy. It is important to relate effectively with your clients, it helps you understand their kind of person and what they like, such as simple or bogus beads; so it helps you know what to design for them,” she said. The skill, she admits, helped her to deal with the clients effectively, especially when they place order without upfront payment which was one of the challenges she faced. She re- Management Principles Tips for conducting employee performance reviews Y ou’ve invested your time, your money, and all your energy into building your company. But no company can function for very long without a team of productive employees supporting it. It’s important not only that your employees feel appreciated, but also that they feel they’re progressing steadily in their careers. One of the best ways to ensure this level of job satisfaction is by holding employee performance reviews at least once a year. However, as essential as these reviews can be for the growth of the company and the well-being of its employees, many small business owners remain uncomfortable with the entire process. To make your performance reviews as productive and as painless as possible, follow these 10 triedand-true suggestions: Be prepared: First of all, make sure you are fully prepared before sitting down with the employee. Decide both what you’re going to say and how you’re going to say it. Lead with the positive: It’s important to reaffirm the employee’s strengths at the beginning of the review. Since job security is the number one concern of most people, the performance review is a good time to tell an employee how much you value their contributions to your business. * Don’t be confrontational: It’s also important not to criticise the employee in general terms. The goal is to evaluate job performance and not the person. A performance review that turns into a gripe session misses the opportunity to raise employee morale. Keep it real: Human resource professionals recommend that you avoid detailed reviews that are too complicated and mechanistic, which can leave the employee feeling like a drone rather than a human being. Be consistent: Make sure to handle performance reviews in a consistent manner. Top performers should hear affirmations from you regarding their exemplary efforts; weak performers need to hear that their performance requires improvement. A simple approach to review criteria is to evaluate work based National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net ThebuddingEntrepreneurs Ozugbakun in the class with students called how disheartening it has been when she starts people’s orders without getting an upfront payment, and some at the end of the work will say they have changed their minds and wont pick up the job. “It was always difficult because I would have used my money to buy the materials needed for it and all,” she said, admitting though that with persuasion and a little PR, she is able to get some of them to have a rethink while she sell or wear the ones she is unable to sell. However, these days, she does not start orders until an upfront has been paid and terms well understood. She also emphasised the roles of advertising in the job, noting that you need to tell people about it and woo them to your brand. Today, Ozugbakun has expanded the business frontier with the establishment of a training school, “Be Your Own Boss (Byob) Skills School”, where she trains people and also empowers them. Within a short period, she told Business Courage that the school has bred entrepreneurs which have been a source of motivation for her. “My act of beading birthed the vocational school, as a way to give back to the society; by empowering as many who enroll, depopulate the unemployment world and as well providing an option of multiple streams of income for as many who want to make extra cash when they are not at work over the weekend,” she said. “I have always loved to empower others from time, I always create an avenue to give back some of what I have and that is why the vocational school came to being. To achieve this, I had to bring in some friends who are also good on quantity and quality relative to the job requirements. Secondary considerations might be employee attitude, willingness to help other personnel with their work when appropriate, and the ability to get along with others. Make it a two-way conversation: An effective performance review requires an interactive discussion with an open agenda. Try to formulate questions that seek the employee’s ideas and input. Remember, this will help the employee feel you value his or her opinions. The review should also be a forum for employees to voice their concerns. Address what’s important to the employee: Since job satisfaction is the most important factor affecting an employee’s attitude (and therefore his or her level of performance and value to your company), an effective review should delve into areas that include issues most important to that employee. Discuss work/life balance: The performance review is a good opportunity to show your concern for the employee’s work/life balance, and to jointly discuss solutions to improve that balance. It’s also a good time to create a plan for the employee’s career advancement and discuss what future opportunities might exist for him or her. Be a good listener: Remember to be an active listener and to pick up on your employee’s verbal and nonverbal cues. Review regularly: Reviews should be done proactively with the purpose of improving employee morale and productivity. When you conduct them on a regular basis, you avoid reviews prompted solely by the need to document an employee’s poor performance. This in turn can imply that the information is being collected as evidence to avoid litigation, should the employee ever be terminated. The sign of a successful performance review is an employee who leaves the meeting feeling motivated and excited about his or her job. If the employee’s job satisfaction needs are unmet, it’s less likely they will be motivated to focus on your goals for the company. But if an employee feels acknowledged, appreciated, and fairly rewarded for past efforts, he or she will indeed become a valuable asset to the future success of your company. BC at what they do and who also understand the place of empowering others and giving back; so the vocational school is run with partners who teach other courses while I teach beaded jewelry. I have Bolatito Kabiawu -25Eleven makeup studio; she takes makeup and gele class, Yinka Idowu –Lush perfections; she takes the event decoration class, Ini Akpan – ini cakes and small chops, she takes the cakes, small chops and cocktail class, while Sola Agbelusi –unicorn jewels, assists me in taking the bead class.” While the prospect of empowering people kept her going, she claimed that her satisfaction comes from her passion for beading and her greatest joy is seeing clients wear her handwork as the growth of some of the graduates from her school has also motivated her. “Seeing someone or people I trained, coming up with their own designs and making money and testifying to the truth that handwork pays. I’m always exceptionally happy on the school’s monthly graduation, because we always have exhibitions to showcase all that the trainees have learned in short time and the great result. What more can be better than finding satisfaction in what you do and as well not being selfish , but giving back and drawing others up ? I have also gotten loads of recognition from the media based on what I do; I have been on a number of interview programmes,” she said. According to Ozugbakun, beading or handwork is the future of the country and one of the easiest ways to create jobs for its teeming youths. She advised government, parents and individual to always encourage the learning of handwork, adding that gone are the days when handwork was for illiterates only. “A good example is the okada riders, checks out how many of them are actually graduates, and some even second degree holders. So, learning a trade is very important. To parents whose wards are waiting for admission or doing nothing during long holidays, I advise them to invest in their children or wards by sending them to acquire a handwork, especially in a structured environment where they would be properly taught. With this, you are sure they would be productively busy and guided from dangers that emanate from idleness. And to graduates who are seeking for jobs, it is good but I advise you learn a handwork while you keep searching for that job, this will help you keep body and soul together and should you take it seriously, you might just transform from a job seeker to an employer of labour, just take a shot at it.” BC Personal Finance Performance review: Closing the gap between a self and supervisor’s review I ncreasingly popular in today’s business world, a professional self-review is usually part of a broader evaluation process that encompasses other traditional forms of performance appraisal. Often, people writing self-reviews tend to undersell themselves, as it can be difficult to talk positively about yourself without fear of sounding self-important. In many cases, a supervisor’s objective assessment will be much more ebullient. However, there may be some distance between your own assessment of yourself and what your supervisor thinks and says about your work performance. You may be surprised when sitting down with your boss to learn that he or she had less positive things to say about your performance than you did. If you do experience such a disconnect when comparing reviews, these tips can help to bridge that gap and make the process a constructive one that helps get you closer to your career goals: Consider the source Just because a supervisor writes something negative (or positive) about your performance doesn’t necessarily make it true. Jealousy, resentment, and other negative emotions are inevitable in the workplace and must be dealt with. If you don’t agree with someone’s assessment of your work, calmly and professionally voice your concerns. Remember to focus on the job duties and not the personalities. The more you can highlight a task, the less personal the discussion becomes. Carefully examine the gaps Sometimes, there’s less distance between two points of view than you might think. In some cases, people use different language to say the same thing. Before you get upset by a boss’s appraisal, read between the lines and try to be objective. For example, if you notice that the responsibilities you describe are not the same as those set forth by your supervisor; look at the wording closely to determine if he or she is simply saying the same things differently. Be open and flexible This sounds easier than it is, but the more open you can be, the more chances you’ll have for success. Let’s say your boss remembered some circumstances — ones that hindered your performance — which you left out of your self-review. You may be surprised and taken aback by the inclusion of this information, but you can still learn from your supervisor’s assessment. It may be tempting to be defensive, but that kind of stance is unlikely to help you. Instead, consider his or her point of view. Don’t be afraid to ask for clarification. You may recall the “offence” but not consider it worthy of inclusion in a review. After some discussion your boss might even agree to remove it. Ask questions Asking questions leads to clarity, knowledge, and sometimes better reviews. When you sit down with your supervisor to discuss the intersection of your self-review and his or her assessment of your performance, ask as many questions as you can. Embrace your fear That sounds a little like New Age self-help, but when it comes to self-reviews, we all can use some extra assistance, especially when we can find it within ourselves. First, prepare for the process. In other words, familiarise yourself with the review process so that you can minimise the surprises. Fear of the unknown often magnifies stress and worry. By educating yourself you can break down some of that performance review stage fright. Assemble a paper trail Electronic communication may be more common these days, but a true paper trail can come in handy. Keep records of all your reviews so that you have something concrete to refer to the next time around. Live and learn Once the review process has been completed, see what you can learn for the next time. This isn’t the first time you’ll be reviewed and it certainly won’t be the last. Be sure to read Learning from Performance Reviews for tips on how to benefit from this experience. *Stay the course It is appropriate to agree to disagree about aspects of your performance you feel strongly about. This entails refuting employer evaluations with specific arguments and, ultimately, acknowledging the supervisor’s point of view while emphasizing your position with supporting facts. BC A14 30 Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Cloud computing has been identified and indeed, become the latest strategic roadmap for ICT development and it’s becoming evident by the day that Nigeria has no choice but to join the bandwagon By Adejuwon Osunnuyi C loud computing is indeed the future of business development. All over the world, business applications have started moving to the cloud and it is not just a fad as the shift from traditional software models to the Internet has steadily gained momentum over the last 10 years. Yet, while about 29 per cent still think the cloud is associated with the weather, according to recent research, almost 60 per cent of companies are already in the cloud as an additional 20 per cent are planning to do so within the next 12 months. Industry experts say the next decade of cloud computing promises new ways to collaborate through mobile devices. This is more so as it is becoming one of the rapidly growing technologies that uses the internet and remote servers to maintain required and desirable files. In other words, it provides a means of computation or usage of data with the help of data centralisation on cloud (that means files or data are located at cloud and user who wants to use that data can use with the help of simple or easy interface). The simple example of cloud computing has been gmail, hosting sites like hostgattor, godaddy and yahoo. You just need an internet connection to access your account at these given sites as you can access them from any part of the world. Talking about email for instance, the emails and management software all remained on the cloud and can be accessed through the internet. Before the coming of cloud computing, traditional business applications have always been very complicated and expensive as the amount and variety of hardware and software required to run them are daunting. You need a whole team of experts to install, configure, test, run, secure, and update them. Adopting the cloud computing has several advantages which include improved information security which ensures that there is great or strong security on data of files available on clouds. Since security is due to the usage of strict ISO standards by the clouds servers, it goes a long way in ensuring that several types of encryption techniques are fulfilled for the purpose of security. In like manner, Cloud computing is said to ensure increase speed. Because cloud computing locates all its files on cloud servers, hence, the particular files when required are available to user very instantly. For instance, using the mail servers like gmail and yahoo, when you send a mail to anyone, then you see that the mail reaches its destination in just a few second. Other reasons why cloud computing has been a must for most businesses include the fact that for businesses, it reduces costs by only paying for the resources you consume as well as increasing protection against computing failures and network outages. While it also helps you go green by lowering carbon emissions and the use of electricity and infrastructure, to sum it up, cloud computing helps businesses of all sizes compete at a higher level than ever before. While Nigerians are yet to embrace the culture of cloud computing, it has not been surprising that with the obvious benefits it has for businesses and the economy at large, software experts under the aegis of Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON) have been aligning that that cloud computing would be the next technology revolution that would transform the Nigerian economy. According to the software gurus, the Cloud has been identified and indeed, become the latest strategic roadmap for ICT development at all levels of engagement. To them, as the Internet continues to transform lives and by extension, the dynamics of national development as well as the global economy, conventional wisdom dictates that the nation must ponder and find new medium and model of constructive engagement. As advances in Information and Communications Technology continue to determine and reshape the way we live, work and play, it has greatly influenced and positively disrupted the existing model for distribution of political power and national resources. As a matter of fact, the cloud, they said, has indeed become a compelling adventure and good news for start-ups and small businesses, particularly for business in the developing countries. Furthermore, the digital business culture now known as cloud economy is fast becoming a reality and future generations will experience its awesome power, when the emerging design and architecture of our planetary digital spider-web is complete and the interfacing links to universal inter-cloud of planetary information system is also complete. It would be recalled that in furtherance of the objectives and mission to enthrone national software late last year, software experts held the second International Software Conference and Competition. The conference with the theme “The Cloud and the future of Software Nigeria ” explored and critically examined the structural impact of this digital cultural shift and how to engage its opportunities, benefits and risks to the nation, the industry, professions and collective interests. Rising from the conference, the experts maintained that there was need to proactively launch a national consciousness awareness initiative on cloud computing as a new and revolutionary concept in Information Technology which, if intelligently applied with strategic vision, is capable of taking Nigeria to its pride of place among the global knowledge giants in the technology ecosystem. Experts identified and emphasized several challenges, opportunities, risks and benefits in cloud computing that will significantly impact on the operations of government, its services to the citizenry, regulatory bodies, businesses, software practitioners, education sector, the young population and generate an overall effect on the Nigerian Economy in the education very near future. The stakeholders advised on the strategic importance of reviewing ICT curriculum at all levels and organising special certification training for ICT lecturers and teachers and support services at all level of the education sector. They advised the government to facilitate the building of massive ICT knowledge capacities and capabilities and explore the windows of opportunities presented by Cloud Computing, ensuring that Nigeria leverages on Cloud Computing Infrastructure as a service (iaas), Platform as a service (paas) and also, Software as a service (saas). Director-General, National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Prof Cleopas Angaye, was also of the opinion that cloud computing offers enormous storage facilities with improved scalability and elasticity that would transform the Nigerian economy, if fully embraced. Angaye ,who categorised cloud computing services into software service, infrastructure service and platform service, said the software service alone was estimated to generate over $21.3 billion globally by 2015, and that software developers in Nigeria could tap into it and transform the Nigerian economy. To Chris Uwaje, President, Institute of Software Practitioners of Nigeria (ISPON), cloud computing is now very much desired as developed countries now based their entire multibillion dollar business models on putting information on the net, and storing the data in the cloud. “Cloud computing offers worldwide access to virtually unlimited processing power, new storage capabilities and National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Angaye Johnson capabilities that are being used to create virtual web platforms, where humanity today and in the future will live out large parts of their everyday lives, educating, working, shopping and talking to private networks of friends and relatives,” Uwaje said. The good news however is that, the Nigerian government is also set to tap into the 21st century technology for efficient and effective use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Minister of Communication Technology, Omobola Johnson, says there is a new move by the government to achieve more with ICT across all Ministries, Departments and Agencies of the Government and spend less. To this end, Galaxy Backbone is said to have embarked on extension and expansion of its infrastructure to provide a shared platform for the delivery of ICT infrastructure services to MDAs through the deployment of a Government Cloud. Government Cloud is also expected to provide unified computing solutions that en- able access through secure networks (or the internet) to a pool of shared resources. Through the cloud, the minister said that MDAs would be able to address a lot of challenges with ICT. According to her, the benefits to the government include: cost effectiveness, explaining that the government cloud computing service model aims at reducing the barrier to acquisition of high technology and skilled staff by MDAs and provides a ready plug-and-play platform for various MDAs. “Smaller or poorly funded MDAs can thus roll out technology based online services without expending huge sums on infrastructure,” she said. Already, IT firms in Nigeria seem to have been beaming their searchlights on the latest technology buzz word. For instance, Olufunlayo Ajayi, country manager of Oracle Corporation in Nigeria, maintained that the present emphasis on cloud computing is opening new vistas for Oracle with prerequisite solutions and hardware to leverage on. She noted that Oracle’s strategy is to reduce complexity and simplify Information Technology, offering choice and flexibility with the most comprehensive, modern and secure portfolio of cloud products and services: Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service and Software as a Service. “We are focused on offering our clients greater agility, less risk, and lower costs through Oracle Cloud solutions,” she submitted. Ajayi said that the Nigerian market has been very receptive, with lots of interest being expressed in cloud solutions. She however, said that “the issue of security is what has slowed the adoption of cloud computing, especially in Nigeria. Somehow, they prefer to have their cloud in Nigeria. We intend to partner with other service providers in Nigeria to be able to provide whatever we need.” Rasheed Jimoh, the regional manager for West Africa of EMC Corporation, a global company which enables businesses and service providers transform their operations and deliver information technology services efficiently, maintained that as cloud computing gains ground worldwide, there could be no better time for the country to approach the cloud than now since Nigeria has automatically become the business hub of many local and international organisations. EMC’s Vice President and Global Chief Technology Officer, Patricia Florissi maintained that the four cardinal drivers of IT businesses in this modern age which include Mobility, Cloud, Big Data and Social media, remains the reason why businesses should take these fundamentals seriously. “IDC projects that the digital universe will reach 40 zettabytes by 2020, an amount that exceeds previous forecasts by 5 ZBs, resulting in a 50-fold growth from the beginning of 2010. With this data growth and in order to meet the service-level demands required by businesses today, IT organisations should recognise the need to transform their infrastructure and operations in order to address the pressing cost, efficiency, scalability, security, and agility questions that they need to manage”. Florissi also said that “while cloud computing offers the promise of transforming IT and significantly lowering operating costs, it is real-time big data analytics that will fundamentally transform businesses across Nigeria by identifying new revenue opportunities through key competitive insights and timely decision-making and improved customer experience. “At EMC, we strive to help customers achieve their objectives and drive business growth and that’s what we have come to showcase at EMC forum.” She reaffirmed. BC with Esther Ozue ([email protected]) 08059234648 (sms only) Monitoring your IT Infrastructures M anaging your IT infrastructures is a decision that can bring real value to your company by ensuring reliable operation and effectiveness of the infrastructures which manages your business critical services. Organisations need to deliver operational analytics in other to have insights across their entire infrastructure, like faults, events, capacity, configurations and security of their storage, server and network elements. The best network monitoring solutions will not only alert you to these changes, but will also help you troubleshoot the issue by allowing you to compare your network’s current state with what it looked like before the change. The aim of monitoring your IT infrastructure is to effectively contribute to the security of your network, resolve issues faster when problem arises by correlating infrastructure problems with service availability and response time, prevent business outages with proactive monitoring across your physical and virtual server, storage/network elements and make informed business decisions with operational analytics such as capacity planning, usage and cost metering, configuration and security tracking. Here are key factors you need to consider in deciding which monitoring solution to use for your IT infrastructures: Decide what you need: You have to be clear in your objectives, what you wish to monitor and what you expect to achieve from it because many IT professionals are confused between stress testing tools and administrative tools. Stress testing tools is used to get an idea of the performance that can be expected from the infrastructure under load while optimisation tool are used to understand how software modules of the application can be optimised to deliver better performance under load. When monitoring tools are deployed, administrators need to be at alert as problems are detected so that they can take corrective action immediately. What you want the monitoring solution to do: You need to first determine which monitoring solution to be deployed in a working environment without adversely impacting their performance. Once you are able to determine this, it will guide you on which monitoring solution to use. What you need to monitor: Once you have made your choice, then you need to consider what you need to monitor and what it intends to achieve. You can monitor your network, system, applications and service. In monitoring your network, you need to use a complete solution that offers in-depth topology views showing the network interconnection and making it easier for administrators to identify where the problem areas of the network are. System monitoring focuses on monitoring the operating system of the servers in the network like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk activity and usage. This solution also for monitoring of the individual application processes running on the servers. Application monitoring solutions must have specialised monitoring for each different application as no two application platforms are similar. Service monitoring is concerned about the availability, performance and usage of services end-to-end usually by observing the real user activity to measure service availability and performance and also understanding the inter dependencies between applications and network devices. Proactiveness of your chosen solution: After choosing a monitoring solution, your emphasis should be on the proactiveness of your chosen solution. A proactive solution should be able to alert administrators before users notice problems. Does your solution offer automatic root cause diagnosis capability? Effective correlation and root cause diagnosis capabilities is a key for effective monitoring and management. True correlation and root cause analysis go hand in hand as correlation involves analysing the state of the service impact to identify where the cause of a problem lies. Cost consideration: A critical factor in choosing a monitoring solution is cost. You need to know your budget and plan according to it and also deploy a solution you can effectively manage considering the setup, installation, training and maintenance. Finally, you need to consider how long it will take to implement the monitoring solution, what hardware and software you need to install, how well the monitoring solution can be used across locations and what kind of personnel that you need to effectively utilise the solution. The advantage of having a monitoring solution that will meet your needs is that you will save money by reducing man power, streamlines your operations, enhance efficiency, increase sales and also improve customer satisfaction which are factors that govern return on investment. BC A16 32 FG prioritises youths, students in ICT policy implementation forts by actively following these developments and ensuring they truly deliver. Stories By Kunle Azeez T he Federal Government has said that Nigeria’s Information and Communication Technology policy implementation places importance on youths and student communities. This was disclosed by the Minister of Communications Technology, Omobola Johnson, while reeling out her ministerial scorecards at a stakeholders’ forum in Lagos recently According to her, a focus on provision of access and empowerment to youth sector and student communities is one of the deliberate strategies of her ministry’s public access avenues to connect Nigerians within a connected Nigeria. According to Johnson, the ministry in collaboration with Federal Ministry of Education, National Universities Commission (NUC), Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) and World Bank is currently deploying a fibre infrastructure under the Research and Education Network to 27 Federal Universities, 12 Medical Colleges, and 28 off campus sites. She indicated that state universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education are to benefit from these infrastructure constructions in 2014/2015. “Besides, a Tertiary Institutions Access Project which has delivered desktop computers, printers, and wireless network facilities to 278 institutions in three years from 2010 to 2012 is running,” she said. Industry watchers say with the kind of progress report by the minister and considering that the Student Computer Ownership Scheme under which students can purchase laptops via low interest rate loan with monthly repayment plan of between N3,500 and N5,800, is in place, it is desirable that student communities in Nigeria should be at work to complement federal government ef- Johnson Cisco makes new appointment to grow African market A s part of its measures to drive focused growth in West African region, a global Information and Communication Technology, Cisco has appointed Dare Ogunlade as General Manager for Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone, effective June 2013. Lagos-based Dare Ogunlade will report directly to Carlos Marques, General Manager, sub-Saharan Africa. Dare joined Cisco Nigeria in October 2006 as an Account Manager for Service Provider, before becoming MTN Strategic Account leader for Nigeria and Ghana in 2011. He is vastly experienced in structuring complex deals and therefore brings the wealth of knowledge and expertise required to accelerate the growth in Nigeria region. Career opportunities and employee growth are very important to Dare, as he attributes his own personal career growth at Cisco to the strong mentoring that he has benefited from over the years. One of his objectives is to ensure that the Nigerian team members have the same opportunity to fulfill their career aspirations. Dare holds a degree in Electrical Engineering and also an MBA from Lagos Business School. He is married and has two children. Cisco has also announced the appointments of David Meads to the role of Cisco’s Vice President (VP) for Africa responsible for the company’s go-to-market strategy across the continent and Sabrina Dar as General Manager, Sales for Cisco East Africa (including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Ethiopia). Africa, with its population of over one billion, is experiencing a business boom, based on solid fundamentals which include growth outpacing most of the world, a rising young population of workers and consumers, plus global demand for the continent’s commodities. As Cisco’s VP for Africa, Meads will be looking at how technology can drive country Monday, August 5, 2013 transformational opportunities within this environment, in particular broadband penetration, and help accelerate governments’ agendas. Newly appointed General Manager, for Cisco in East Africa, Sabrina Dar will also report directly to Carlos Marques. With more than 10 years’ experience in finance, strategy, marketing and sales with Cisco, Sabrina has worked on Cisco’s Emerging Theatre Partner Organization, and was also, as the marketing lead for Cisco’s London 2012 Olympics sponsorship, where she worked as part of the team, which enabled Cisco to deliver the highest rated customer experience for a Cisco-led event. Ogunlade said Cisco was committed to supporting West Africa, as a significant contributor to its overall business success, saying he was delighted to have been appointed to lead this region and take our focus to the next level. “These are exciting times for ICT growth in West Africa as our governments are placing a major focus on country transformation and driving societal change and Cisco is partnering with both government and businesses to support this new wave of societal evolution. I look forward to being part of it.” In his comments, Meads, said, “My key objective is to drive Cisco’s strategy to support African country innovation, prosperity, sustainability, and social inclusion through the building of life-changing networks. Ultimately, Cisco wants to enable customers, nations and organizations in Africa to be more competitive through the adoption and use of technology.” he said. Evans, Etisalat CEO Etisalat commended for role in ISO 26000 promotion N igeria’s forth largest telecoms network, Etisalat, has been lauded for its role in the adoption of the ISO 26000 by the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and ThistlePraxis Consulting Limited. The commendation, according to a statement, was given recently at the launch ceremony of the ISO 26000 Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility in Nigeria. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net The event witnessed the gathering of representatives from different stakeholder groups including Government, Corporate Organisations and NGOs, converge in Lagos for the historical event that is aimed at assisting organisations address their social responsibilities while respecting cultural, societal, environmental and legal differences as well as economic development conditions. Director, Operational Strategy, Etisalat Nigeria, Ndidi Okpaluba, who stood in for the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Steven Evans, said that some of the goals of ISO 26000 is to integrate and implement social responsibility throughout an organisation and its sphere of influence. She said this also included an organisation’s supply chain as well as to provide practical guidance to operationalise social responsibility, identify and engage with stakeholders, and enhance the credibility of reports and claims about social responsibility. Okpaluba said that Etisalat is driving the practice of sustainability through its development of projects that add value to the environment they operate in. “We run the Etisalat Corporate Social Responsibility Centre situated at the Lagos Business School which is designed to advance CSR knowledge and encourage best practices; and recently we commissioned the Etisalat Telecoms Engineering Program at the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. This is the first Masters in Telecoms Engineering in the whole of West Africa,” she said. She reiterated Etisalat’s commitment to promoting the practice of CSR in the country through strategic partnerships. “We believe that with the partnership between Etisalat and the SON, we will provide a joint leadership to both public and private sectors on the way to behave in a socially responsible way”, she said. Describing Etisalat as “Champions of Corporate Social Responsibility”, Chief Executive Officer, ThistlePraxis, Ini Onuk, said, “Etisalat is one of the brands we have closely monitored and we can attest that the CSR activities they have undertaken are really sustainable. It shows a clear thought out strategy which is what we advocate as a company.” In addition, she said that for Etisalat to be part of the adoption process goes to show that they still intend to be in the forefront of sustainability in Nigeria. Speaking in the same vein, the Director-General, SON, Dr. Joseph Odumodu, said the adoption process marked the hallmark of advocating the benchmarking of organizational behavior against a set of internationally negotiated and agreed criteria for social responsibility. On Etisalat’s involvement as technical partners and lead sponsors, Odumodu said that it was a move worthy of emulation while calling on business organisations and various government agencies to integrate their business strategies with the ISO 2600 Guidance Standard. Coulibaly Nigerian heads Airtel Gabon’s operations A Nigerian, Claude Ayo Iguendha, has been appointed by the management of Airtel as Board Chairman for Airtel’s operations in Gabon. Airtel’s Chief Executive Officer, Francophone region in Africa, Tiemoko Coulibaly, said Claude has worked in the financial sector for the past 38 years and has an exceptional track record of accomplishments. “I am confident that with his vast experience, he will guide our organization in the right direction,” he said. Iguendha started his career as an accountant and rose through the ranks thanks to its irreproachable work ethic. For the past 11 years, he has served as the CEO of the International Bank for Trade and Industry of Gabon (BICIG). Coulibaly added: “Airtel is committed to Gabon and is here for the long term. We firmly believe in the continued growth of our Gabon operations and we plan to invest $125 million in the country in the next three years. I am confident that the team, under Ayo Iguendha’s strategic guidance, will help businesses and the youth access world class data services.” With presence across 17 African countries, Airtel is the largest telecom service provider across the Continent in terms of geographical reach and had over 63.7 million customers at the end of quarter ended March 31, 2013. Globally, Airtel is ranked as the 4th largest mobile services provider in terms of customer base. However, Airtel Nigeria has donated an ultra-modern school complex to Ediba community in Abi Local Government Area, Cross River State. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Reflections with Semiu Salamii 07043280449 sms only Bank earnings and the warning signal T here is no gainsaying the fact that Nigerian banks have been finding it quite rosy these days, particularly since the end of the intervention project spare headed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), in 2009. More importantly, since the Asset Management Company of Nigeria, AMCON took charge of various strangulating bad debt that sat comfortably in the bank’s books after the house cleaning exercise. So far, at least, with the 2012 financial results declared by virtually all the deposit money banks, (DMB), it is apt to say that the banks have fully returned to their glorious past, when huge profit and earning became a competitive tool among the banks. From First Bank to Zenith, GTBank, Diamond to Skye, Sterling to UBA, Fidelity, FCMB, Ecobank and Wema to mention a few, the profits have been pouring in torrents. Skye Bank’s audited results for the year ended December 31, 2012, for instance, showed a profit after tax of N12.64 billion, an increase of 872.6 per cent, compared to the N1.30 billion it realised in 2011. Zenith Bank made a pre-tax profit of N102.10 billion reflecting an increase of 51.4 per cent above the N67.44 billion recorded in 2011, while GT Bank’s pretax profit stood at N103.028 billion, representing a 66 per cent increase above the N62.080 billion it reported in 2011. Also, Fidelity Bank Plc’s profit soared by 239 per cent to N18 billion from a gross earnings of N116.361 billion, while the Ecobank Group netted in N54.28 billion ($348 million) as pre-tax profit, representing an increase of N43.27 billion. Unity Bank also had a fair share of the growing profit margin as its profit after tax grew by 130 per cent to N6.18 billion in its 2012 financial reports, against the N2.69 billion recorded in 2011. For Union Bank, one of the banks that was heavily impaired but rescued by AMCON also posted a profit after tax of N7.9 billion in its 2012 audited accounts and reports, as against a loss of N76.7 billion in 2011. Clearly, all these are interesting and heart-warming statistics but the big question remains how long the banks can sustain the new trend, especially in the face of damning reports being churned out by experts and the seeming noose tightening measures currently being implemented by the CBN. Already, financial experts have raised the alarm that the significant earnings growth recorded by the banks in 2012 may be challenged this year following an anticipated lower yields outlook for fixed income securities as well as increasing cost in the industry. In its recently released report titled: “Nigerian Banking Sector Report – Standing on the fourth Pillar,” Afrinvest Securities Limited, an investment firm indicated that the era of ‘real banking’ appears to be gradually re-emerging as traditional sources of high income and profitability continues to come under threat from competition and regulation. The report stated that banks were currently confronted with the need to restructure their cost bases, improve risk and pricing as well as manage customer relationships more efficiently, advising banks to develop and grow the depth of their core retail banking business to retain and amplify cheap deposits. “We expect most bank ratios (particularly liquidity and capital adequacy) to remain in line with 2012 numbers. The outlook for treasury yields in 2013 should down play profitability for banks that have reduction and risk assets. We forecast industry earnings growth declining by more than half compared to the remarkable 128 per cent in 2012. Our 2013 model forecasts a decline in yields to about 12 per cent, which suggest that banks will strategically reallocate assets in favour of risk asset creation. Additionally, we are projecting a decline in the contribution of non-interest income to profits (from 27 per cent industry average in 2012 to sub 15 per cent in 2013, based on our estimates) as the financial inclusion strategy of the CBN takes effect and indirectly reduces potential fees and commission income to banks,” it declared. Curiously, all these assertions are coming at a time the CBN took a decision that have been interpreted to indirectly tighten monetary conditions by raising the cash reserve requirement (CRR) for all public sector funds to 50 per cent from 12 per cent. This, for sure will hurt banks’ earnings as the financial institutions would have to scramble for deposits to maintain their level of liquidity. Quite frankly, maybe the banks may really have to be shaken a bit, if only to make them do real banking which will benefit Nigerians through lending to the real sector. As things stand, what we have is a banking system with structural excess liquidity in which chasing government deposits far outweigh bank lending to the real sector Average liquidity ratio stood at 67.8 per cent at the end of June 2013, indicating that funds that could be intermediating in the real economy were sitting in banks or being lent mainly to government at a handsome profit. This is, perhaps, why I align with the position of Dr Kingsley Moghalu, CBN’s Deputy Governor, Financial Stability, who said that “It is important that the Nigerian banks unhealthy dependence on government deposits which in most countries sit in a central bank be broken to prevent dangerous build-ups of liquidity,” BC ing the week in seven deals in contrast to 40,200 units valued at N3, 112 transacted the other week in seven deals. while NSE-ASeM remained unchanged The Stock Market last week A turnover of 1.364 billion shares worth of N16.168 billion in 28,322 deals were traded last week by investors on the floor of The Exchange in contrast to a total of 2, 500 billion shares valued at N17. 035 billion that exchanged hands the previous week in 28,638 deals. The Financial Services sector (measured by volume) led the activity chart with a turnover of 990, 484 million shares valued at N7.916 billion traded in 15,243 deals; contributing 72.61 per cent, 48.96 per cent, 53.82 per cent to the total equity turnover volume, value and number of deals respectively. The Banking Industries subsector of the Financial Services sector boosted by activity in the shares of Sterling Bank Plc TOP 10 PRICE GAINERS: Company Courtville Business Solution Champion Brew. StanbicIBTC Holdings UBA Capital FIDSON Healthcare Livestock Feeds Multi-Trex Academy Press CUTIX PLC WEMA BANK PLC Open 0.66 11.00 16.00 1.10 2.03 4.67 0.50 1.62 1.83 1.07 Close 0.80 13.31 18.84 1.28 2.27 5.19 0.55 1.78 2.01 1.17 and UBA Plc was the most active subsector on the activity chart with subsector turnover of 638.021 million shares valued at N6.093 billion which exchange hands by investors in 10, 059 deals. Also, the Banking subsector accounted for 46.77 per cent and 37.69 per cent of the total subsector traded volume and value respectively. Traded during last week were 80 units of NewGold Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) valued at N165, 000 executed in two deals compared with a total of 80 units valued at N3.112 million transacted the previous week in seven deals. Also, 1, 470 units of FGN bonds valued at N1.612 million were traded dur- Gain (N) 0.14 2.31 2.84 0.18 0.24 0.52 0.05 0.16 0.18 0.10 % Change 21.21 21.00 17.75 16.36 11.82 11.13 10.00 9.88 9.84 9.35 TOP 10 PRICE LOSERS: Company VONO PRODUCTS PLC. TRANS-NATIONWIDE IHS PLC UNITY BANK PLC AIRLINE SERVICES JOHN HOLT PLC. A.G. LEVENTIS NIGERIA THOMAS WYATT NIG. PLC. WAPIC INSURANCE PLC FCMB GROUP PLC. INDEX MOVEMENT The NSE All-Share Index appreciated by 3.44 per cent to close on Friday at 38, 424.34 while the market capitalization of the listed equities on the main board also appreciated by 3.44 per cent to close at N12. 169 trillion. Also, the NSE 30 Index appreciated by 3.64 per cent to close at 1,805.63. Likewise, the NSE Consumer Goods, NSE Banking, NSE Insurance, NSE Oil/ Gas, NSE-Lotus ll and NSE Industrial Goods appreciated by 3.89, 4.60, 0.42, 0.75, 3.54 and 5.09 per cent respectively Open 1.39 1.32 3.05 0.61 4.80 1.35 1.58 0.89 0.90 4.90 Close 0.93 1.00 2.54 0.54 4.32 1.22 1.43 0.81 0.82 4.53 Loss (N) % Change -0.46 -33.09 -0.32 -24.24 -0.51 -16.72 -0.07 -11.48 -0.48 -10.00 -0.13 -9.63 -0.15 -9.49 -0.08 -8.99 -0.08 -8.89 -0.37 -7.55 SUMMARY OF PRICE CHANGES Fifty equities appreciated in prices during the week lower than 28 equities of the preceding week. Thirty-three equities depreciated in prices lower than 60 equities of the preceding week, while 111 equities remained constant higher than 106 equities of the preceding week. BC A18 34 Behind d Wheels This page is open to sponsorship T he 3 Series wagon returns, as it has finally received the same redesign the sedan got in 2012. In addition, a new four-cylinder diesel engine joins the 2014 BMW 3 Series lineup. It’s available on both the sedan and wagon. There is no 3 Series coupe or convertible for 2014, as BMW has transitioned those body styles to the new 4 Series line. Entry-level luxury cars dominate premium-brand vehicle sales in the United States. These are the cars people buy when they get that big promotion at work, and the BMW 3 Series has long been a favourite with consumers and critics alike. There’s good reason for its success. The 3 Series comes with some of the most powerful and fuel-efficient four- and sixcylinder engines in this class and arguably the nicest interior furnishings. It also has a reputation for providing sporty handling and a fun overall driving experience. Although the current-generation car puts more priority on ride comfort than previous versions, the 2014 BMW 3 Series remains enjoyable whether you’re seeking out roads less traveled or just driving to the office. The 2014 model year brings plenty of change for the 3 Series line. The BMW 3 Series wagon returns to the lineup early in the model year after taking 2013 off, and it shares its platform architecture and engines with the 3 Series sedan. BMW is also introducing a brand-new engine for 2014, and if your heart bleeds for mpg, you’re probably going to like this 2.0-litre, turbocharged diesel four-cylinder. Rated at 180 horsepower and 280 pound-feet of torque, this engine is capable of returning up to 45 mpg on the highway, according to BMW. And while the 2014 328d sedan and wagon won’t be as quick as other 3 Series models, they won’t exactly be slow, as the automaker estimates they’ll deliver you to 60 mph in the low 7-second range. The high fuel economy numbers on the diesel BMW 3 Series will make the potent but pricey ActiveHybrid3 sedan an even tougher sell this year (it rates only 33 mpg on the highway), but every other 2014 BMW 3 Series sedan and wagon is worth serious consideration. Strong competitors like the Audi A4, Cadillac ATS, Infiniti Q50, Lexus IS 250 and IS 350, and Mercedes-Benz C-Class will make your decision much harder, but none of these cars can quite match the BMW’s combination of fantastic road manners, high-end interior furnishings and outright refinement. If you only test-drive one entry-level luxury car this year, let it be the 2014 BMW 3 Series. Body Styles, Trim Levels, and Options Currently, the 2014 BMW 3 Series is available only in the wagon body style. The 328i xDrive model will be offered initially, with the diesel-powered 328d xDrive wagon joining the lineup later. The 328i xDrive wagon comes standard with 17-inch alloy wheels, automatic headlights, fog lights, automatic wipers, cruise control, dual-zone automatic climate control, eightway power-adjustable front seats, driver memory functions, leatherette premium vinyl upholstery, a leather-wrapped tiltand-telescoping steering wheel, an auto-dimming rearview mirror, a trip computer, Bluetooth, the iDrive electronics interface with a 6.5-inch display, and a premium sound system with a CD player, HD radio, an auxiliary audio jack and an iPod/ USB audio interface. BMW offers four optional equipment lines - Luxury, Modern, Sport and M Sport -- that include different wheel designs, colour schemes, trim types, seats and steering wheels and even suspension tuning. Meanwhile, the Technology package provides a hard-drive-based navigation system (with 20GB available for personal music storage), a higher-resolution 8.8-inch display with a 16:9 aspect ratio, real-time traffic data, BMW Apps (a suite of apps for iPhones, including Pandora and Stitcher), BMW Remote Ser- vices (which allows both Apple and Android users to lock the car remotely and turn on the climate control, among various other tasks) and a head-up display. The Premium package is your ticket to leather upholstery, a keyless ignition and a power lift gate that can be opened by swiping your foot under the bumper, while the Driver Assistance package provides a rearview camera (that also shows top and side views of the car), front and rear parking sensors, and blind-spot monitoring. If that’s not enough help, you can also purchase an automated parking system. The Driver Assistance Plus package adds a lane departure warning system and a speed limit info display. The Cold Weather package heats every seat in the car plus the steering wheel, and the Dynamic Handling package bundles the sportier suspension tune from the M Sport line with variable-ratio steering. The Lighting package provides adaptive bi-xenon headlights. Adaptive cruise control and an upgraded Harman Kardon audio system are à la carte extras. Powertrains mance and Perfor- 2014 BMW 3 Series sedans offer a choice between rearwheel drive and the xDrive allwheel-drive system, while AWD is standard on 3 Series wagons. A six-speed manual is available on sedans, but the wagon comes only with an eight-speed automatic transmission (optional on the sedan). Automaticequipped 3 Series cars with the Sport or M Sport package have a “sport” version of this transmission with steering wheel paddle shifters. Both transmissions come with an automatic stop-start function that turns off the engine when the car stops in order to save fuel. The 328i model uses a turbocharged 2.0-litre inline four-cylinder rated at 240 hp and 255 lb-ft of torque. EPA estimates for the automaticequipped 328i are 23 mpg city (22 for the wagon), 33 mpg highway and 26 mpg combined. These are outstanding numbers for this class. Later in the 2014 model year, you’ll see a 320i sedan, a 328d sedan and wagon, a 335i sedan and the ActiveHybrid3 sedan. The 320i has a less powerful version of the 2.0-litre turbocharged engine rated at 180 hp and 200 lb-ft of torque. EPA fuel economy ratings are 24 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 Behind d Wheels This page is open to sponsorship city/36 highway and 28 mpg combined for a rear-drive sedan with the automatic (23/36/27 with the manual). The 328d models have a 2.0-litre, turbocharged diesel four-cylinder rated at 180 hp and a heady 280 lb-ft of torque. This engine only comes with the automatic regardless of which body style you choose. BMW estimates the sedan will earn a 45 mpg highway rating. The 335i sedan has a turbocharged 3.0-litre six-cylinder engine rated at 300 hp and 300 lb-ft of torque. With the automatic, it’s just as fuel-efficient as the 328i, boasting a 26 mpg combined EPA rating. Getting the manual gearbox drops the combined rating to 23 mpg. With AWD, you’re looking at 1 or 2 combined mpg less. Finally, there’s the ActiveHybrid3, which pairs the 335i’s engine with the eight-speed automatic, a rear-drive electric motor and a lithium-ion battery pack. This combination provides 335 hp and 330 lb-ft of torque. The ActiveHybrid3 sedan is quick, as BMW claims it will hit 60 mph in 5.2 seconds, but don’t expect huge mpg numbers, as the EPA rates it at just 23 city/35 highway and 28 mpg combined. Safety Every 2014 BMW 3 Series comes standard with antilock brakes, traction and stability control, front side airbags, side curtain airbags and front knee airbags. The stability control system integrates several features designed to improve braking performance, such as periodically wiping the brake rotors dry when the windshield wipers are in use and automatically snugging the pads to the rotors when the driver abruptly lifts off the throttle. BMW Assist emergency communications is standard and includes automatic crash notification, stolen vehicle recovery and ondemand roadside assistance. A visit to the options list will provide parking sensors (front and rear), a rearview camera, blind spot monitoring, a lane depar- Autocare Top car maintenance mistakes T he cost of maintenance is always connected with a car whether it is a sports car, luxury car, compact car or even a small car made for two. If anyone wants to get better performance of his/her car, they must pay attention to its maintenance. Though, car maintenance always cost high but in certain cases when we make such big blunders the things can be more costly in the long run. Here are top and common maintenance mistakes that result in the multiplication of cost. ture warning system and an automated parking system. Interior design and special features Although the 3 Series cabin has a contemporary feel, BMW has taken pains to make sure it’s still a comfortable and inviting place. The company’s classic analog gauges provide a historical link with BMWs of previous decades, while the Luxury, Modern, Sport and M Sport give you plenty of leeway to customize the cabin to your taste. Materials quality within the cabin is exceptional, and it’s all put together with care. The basic 6.5-inch display screen is adequate, but you’ll want to get the larger, optional screen for a true, luxury electronics interface. Although early versions of BMW’s iDrive electronics interface had a reputation for being complicated and frustrating to use, this latest version ranks near the top of the entry-level luxury car class for sheer ease of use. The menu structure is straightforward, the graphics are crisp and processing times are quick, which helps minimize the amount of time you spend looking away from the road. That said, new owners should sit down and familiarize themselves with iDrive before hitting the road, because it’s still a complex system and you can’t master everything while the car’s in motion. The base-model seats are comfortable and supportive, while the purpose-built seats in the sport packages are even more so. If rear-seat accommo- dations are a priority, you won’t find a more spacious backseat in the entry-luxury car class. Rear legroom is particularly impressive. Trunk space is above average in the sedan (13 cubic feet), while the wagon offers a maximum cargo capacity of 53 cubic feet with its seats folded. That’s more than BMW’s X1 and basically equal to the Audi Allroad. Driving Impressions The 240-hp four-cylinder gasoline engine in the 2014 BMW 328i models is highly impressive. Acceleration is very quick (quicker than some rival six-cylinders, in fact), and there is little difficulty duplicating the EPA fuel economy numbers in real-world driving. Should you want the traditional BMW experience with inline-6 power, though, the 335i satisfies with a huge wallop of midrange torque that you’ll savour every time you execute a highway passing manoeuver. The auto stop-start function can be an annoyance in heavy traffic, because the engine doesn’t restart as quickly or smoothly as we’d like when transitioning between the brake pedal and the gas (fortunately, you can manually disable this feature). Although the latest 3 Series has lost a bit of the previous car’s hard-edged athleticism, the reality is that this car still delivers the best all-around driving experience in the entrylevel luxury sedan class. The ride is smooth and quiet, no matter which wheels and tires you choose, so the car is a natural candidate for road trips. Handling the 2014 BMW 3 Series wagon should be similar to the sedan, which feels nicely composed when going around turns. The steering is the weakest link in this package: Most consumers will find it very precise, but demanding drivers might notice the steering no longer offers the detailed feedback that made older BMWs feel special. BC 1. Putting off schedule maintenance The car manufacturers are always recommending schedule maintenance to keep the car in good condition and to detect any issue at the initial stage. But unfortunately, 75 per cent of car owners never follow the recommendation and then blame the manufacturer for defects. 2. Ignoring Attitude Many car owners have an ignoring attitude because of which they usually ignore minor problems and continue driving until the control buttons and wiring of the car burn out. It is just like ignoring the initial symptoms of a disease that result in a life threatening disorder at the end. The attitude not only increase your maintenance cost but at the same time damage the reliability and durability of your car and so you have to visit the workshop very often. 3. No tire pressure check A new set of tires is never cheap to come by but many car owners become the victims of having to regularly change their tires because they never bother to check the tire pressure and condition of their car’s tires thus resulting in a premature wear out. Moreover, the improper way of driving and braking also affect your vehicle tires negatively. 4. In-time changing of oil A clean and adequate supply of oil increases the life of your car’s Powertrain and so it is important to change oil in time. Thanks to the modern technology offered in the new vehicles that alert the owner when the oil change is necessary. There are many things that affect your oil like the seasons, driving habits and type of oil you are using. 5. Burned out lamps About 90 per cent vehicle owners neglect their vehicle’s lamps that are an important thing to consider and should be a routine task for a car owner to check the bulbs. It is important to check your car lighting once a week. Just back up your car against the wall and check the beam, turn signals, braking lights and fix the problem immediately if any exist. 6. Overloaded trunks and cars The overloaded trunk or car results in extra heat that take you to stay on the road-side with raised hood. This is a very serious issue as with your cooling system the overloaded trunks and cars also result in a broken axle, buckled frames, worn out tires and is a serious safety issue. Remember the cost of fixing broken parts of a car after overwhelming load is very high. 7. Drive when the car overheats Never drive your car when it gets overheated because it will affect your Powertrain negatively and increase the maintenance cost. 8. Quality air and fuel filters Clean filters add life to your engine but there are lots of people who prefer to use a poor quality filter in order to save a few dollars. Remember, it is not saving money but is actually opting for high maintenance cost in near future. 9. Unqualified vehicle service shops Always choose a qualified mechanic shop to service your car. BC A20 36 Berger Paints floats N543m rights issue By Johnson Okanlawon T he Directors of Berger Paints Nigeria Plc and professional parties to the company have completed pre-offer processes for a rights issue of N543.42 million as the leading paints and allied company move to modernize its manufacturing operations. At the completion board meeting at the company’s head office in Lagos, members of the board of directors, issuing houses to the rights issue, stockbrokers to the issue and other parties signed the final documents of the rights issue in the presence of officials of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The completion board meeting paved way for the opening of application list for the rights issue on August 20, 2013. Berger Paints is offering about 72.46 million ordinary shares of 50 kobo each to existing shareholders at N7.50. The rights issue was pre-allotted on the basis of one new ordinary Olowokande share for every three ordinary shares held as at May 31, 2013. The Chairman of the company, Clement Olowokande said the net proceeds of the rights issue estimated at N521.71 million would be used to finance the modernisation of the company’s factory operations. According to him, the modernisation was the main thrust of a strategic plan to ensure that the company continues to operate at the forefront of paint technology by replacing its aging manufacturing infrastructure. He said the modernisation of the company’s factory operations would lead to improved efficiency that will positively impact on turnover and profitability. He outlined that the net proceeds would be used to purchase and install water-based plant and solvent-based plant from Spain. Olowokande said that the company also plans to commit substantial investments on major improvements of its distribution channels. He said the company has taken several initiatives and entered new partnership that would greatly enhance its products and services in the Nigerian paint and coating industry in the period ahead. The company boss noted that Berger Paints has always been the standard-setter in the industry with enviable records of pioneering wide range of popular special products. He said he was confident the company would record significant growth and improvements in its operations in the years ahead in order to create better value for shareholders. He urged all shareholders to participate fully in the rights issue to ensure they continue to maintain their positions in the company. Capital market indices appreciate by 0.35 per cent T ransactions on the Nigerian Stock Exchange closed on a positive note on Friday, as some highly capitalised stocks recorded price gains. The All-share index at the end of trading appreciated by 132 basis points or 0.35 per cent, to close at 38,424.34 points. This is against the 38,292.06 points recorded on Thursday. The market capitalisation also grew by N42 billion to close at N12.168 trillion, when compared with the N12.126 trillion transacted on Thursday. Nigerian Breweries led the gainers’ chart by N2.89, to close at N177.90 per share. Dangote Cement followed with N1.28 to close at N196 per share, while the Zenith Bank share price grew by 73k to close at N20.93 per share. CAP share price appreciated by 69k to close at N48.50, while Unile- ver rose by 45k to close at N63.01 per share. On the other hand, Lafarge Wapco led the price losers by N2, to close at N108 per share. Stanbic IBTC share price dipped by N1.88 to close at N18.84 per share, while ConOil lost N1.66 to close at N32.01 per share. Presco depreciated by N1.42 to close N38.48 per share, while UPL fell by N46 to close at N4.26 per share. In all, investors bought 281.07 million shares worth N3.5 billion traded in 5,407 deals when compared with N239.51 million shares worth N3.5 billion traded in 5,590 deals on Thursday. Transcorp emerged the most traded stock with a total of 20.14 million shares valued at N28.30 million. Zenith Bank followed with 16.90 million shares worth N346.41 million, while Access sold 16.67 million shares valued at N185.82 million. BC Monday, August 5, 2013 The cooking gas conundrum I t is the paradoxical case of “water, water everywhere but none to drink” as prices of liquefied petroleum gas popularly known as cooking gas hit the roof and have remained there in the past few weeks following a huge supply gap that emerged in the domestic market due to the needless face-off between the Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas Company, NLNG, and the Nigeria Maritime Security and Safety Agency, NIMASA over unpaid taxes. With the price of the standard 12.5 kilogramme bottle doubling to N5,000, attention was once again focused on the unsettling reality of Nigerians having to pay ridiculous prices for cooking gas at a time gas prices have eased worldwide and worse, when the quantum of gas flared at our oil fields is enough to power the whole of Africa. Indeed, the failure of policy initiatives that could have made LPG the first choice of fuel for domestic and industrial use, given it many advantages in terms of cleanliness, become more obvious and makes the case to reverse this sorry state of affairs, rather compelling. Even before the NLNG/NIMASA debacle, the LPG market had been bogged down largely by a crippling infrastructure deficit typified by inadequate receiving terminals especially in Lagos, the biggest consumer, dearth of storage facilities, poor distribution networks and most importantly perhaps, cost issues associated with acquisition of cylinders that have all combined prevented gas usage from gaining the necessary mass appeal needed to increase domestic consumption to appreciable levels. At just 0.5 kg per capita, Nigeria is about the lowest consumer of LPG, way behind Senegal, for example, where gas usage is ubiquitous and even villagers are supplied cylinder refills by donkey cart. Even now that the NIMASA blockade has been lifted, gas prices have refused to normalise and we hear stories of dedicated LPG vessels unable to find berthing space to discharge products lifted from NLNG’s Bonny terminal at Lagos reception facilities. The situation in Bonny itself is no better as a backlog of loading scheduled needs to be cleared. However, the larger issue remains how to transform Nigeria into a gas consuming nation instead of the resort to kerosene by many households despite it being ultimately more expensive, much more energy inefficient and leaves a larger carbon footprint than gas. Industrial consumers that would have needed no convincing to choose the gas option are constrained by lack of pipeline infrastructure to ensure delivery to their doorsteps. While some positive outcomes appeared to have followed the NIMASA/NLNG episode with the gas company announcing that domestic supplies will be increased by 67 per cent from 150,000 metric tonnes per day to 250,000 MT based on recent studies that indicated a substantial increase in demand, it is clear that massive investments in gas storage and distribution infrastructure as well as cylinders to keep prices low in addition to a new strategy to communicate the advantages of gas usage targeted largely at addressing fears about safety that had deterred a large chunk of the uninformed populace from embracing gas required since demand will drive supply. It is against this backdrop that stakeholders in the LPG market decided to brainstorm last week in Abuja in an attempt to confront the obvious facts and find a way of moving the market forward. Already, the Managing Director, Nigeria LNG Limited, Mr. Babs Omotowa, is upbeat about the rise in gas demand pointing out that it was in live with the government vision. He was also quick to note that the assurance of steady supply should increase investors’ confidence in the cooking gas industry and bridge the infrastructure gap. Also, the Department of Petroleum Resources, which hosted the LPG stakeholders, announced sweeping set of operational guidelines to inject sanity into standards and safety practices as well as a facilities audit scheduled for September to ensure compliance. Under the new regime, which prescribes a three year jail term for defaulters, risk a three year jail term, every depot handling LPG shall henceforth establish well equipped and functional laboratory for products recertification and install weighing scales, which must be calibrated once a month in the presence of DPR representatives. According to DPR Lagos Zone Operations Controller, Gbenga Koku, while rolling out the new rules facility audit will be conducted yearly on all facilities to ensure compliance with operating procedures and standards with “preventive maintenance schedule of critical equipment to be prepared and submitted to the DPR for monitoring purpose every year” while “every depot shall conduct safety fire drill at least once every month and keep a register for the exercise.” The regulator also declared that henceforth, the life span of every LPG cylinder is 10 years, stressing that refilling plants should take note of the expiry date to avoid disaster. Also LPG storage tanks have their manufacture and expiring dates printed on a name plate placed on the shell of the tank. He also threatened to impose sanction against any LPG plant owner “who continue to sell products to unlicensed distributors and bulk end users despite directives against this practice.” Nonetheless, the key to meeting the government target of one million MT of local LPG consumption by 2015 lies in making it available. In Botswana, for example, cooking gas is supplied door-to-door. All that is required is a phone call. Some petroleum marketing companies such as Oando and Conoil that have seen the huge opportunities in this market are already looking in this direction and bringing in cheap small cylinders and gas burners into the market. A few other companies are already dedicated off takers from NLNG and the entire LPG commercial stakeholders being prepared to expand the market would require government support in the short term to incentivise gas infrastructure investments and consumption. It make more sense and it will cut the huge subsidy bill on kerosene imports and also, crucially, reduce the rate of deforestation, just to put food on the table while also cutting costs for industrial consumers. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Naira fluctuates against major currencies T he Naira depreciated marginally against the dollar at the official segment of the Foreign Exchange Market on Friday. The Naira, which opened at N154.76 to a dollar on Monday, July 29, closed at N155.26 on Friday. The currency, however, slightly appreciated against the pound sterling, at the official market. The Naira, which opened Business Courage Monday, August 5, 2013 at N237.91 to the pound on Monday, closed for the week at N236.39 to the pound on Friday. Also, the Naira also slightly appreciated against the Euro on Friday, closing at N204, compared to N205.44 it was sold on Monday, July 29. The currency, however, remained firm against the dollar at the Bureau de Change seg- A21 37 ment last week. The Naira, which was N160 to the dollar at the Bureau de Change on Monday, closed at the same amount on Friday. The Naira also firmed against the pound and euro at N245 and N212, respectively, at the Bureau de Change since the beginning of the week. The currency was also relatively stable at the black market this week, trading at N160 to the dollar. The Naira was traded for pounds at between N246 and N247 to the dollar at the black market, while it was exchanged at N207 to the euro. BC FMDQ OTC trading platform to start operations T he Financial Market Dealers Association (FMDA) said it has concluded arrangement to launch an overthe-counter (OTC) trading platform known as FMDQ OTC Plc. The FMDQ OTC Plc had received the licensed of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a self- regulatory organisation (SRO) to organise and provide oversight on the OTC market in the Nigerian capital market in November 2012. According to a statement, the FMDQ OTC is expected to provide issuers, investors and end-users of financial market products with world-class market governance for capital transfer. The subscribers to the company’s shares are banks, discount houses and the Nigerian Stock Exchange through its subsidiary NSE Consult. According to the Chairman of the Company, who is also the Group Managing Director/ Chief Executive Officer of Access Aig-Imoukhuede Bank, Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, the FMDQ OTC would add considerable value to the Nigerian financial markets by focusing on areas including enhancing market integrity, market liquidity risk, improving systemic risk management, amongst others. “FMDQ OTC will organise the OTC market and stan- dardise the operations, practice and business conduct of its members and their representatives with a view to protecting investors and the public interest. The immediate focus is the Nigeria interbank markets money, repo, foreign exchange, treasury bills and bonds. “The establishment of the FMDQ OTC will address governance structure and single operating platform, aggregating pre-trade and post-trade data to promote transparency. FMDQ OTC will also promote international best practices (including Straight-throughprocessing (STP)) in clearing and settlement arrangement for OTC products,” he added. The chairman further noted it was an ideal time for the FMDQ OTC project to commence operation given the policy objectives of the SEC, CBN, DMO and the federal government to develop the Nigerian financial markets as a reference point in Africa and catalyst for growth for the real sector. BC Seven-Up Bottling declares N2.20 dividend S oft drinks maker, SevenUp Bottling Company Plc has declared a dividend of N2.20 per share for the year ended March 31, 2013, showing an increase of 10 above the N2 paid in the previous year. The dividend, which amounts to N1.409 billion, would be paid out of the N2.856 billion profit after tax (PAT) the company reported in its audited results for the year made available by the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The results showed that Seven-Up recorded revenue of N64.1 billion, up by seven per cent from N59.9 billion posted in the corresponding period of 2012. Profit before tax rose by 28 per cent from N2.558 billion to N3.262 billion in 2013. However, a reduction in tax- ation and some other expenses, led to the company recording a higher growth of 70 per cent in PAT from N1.678 billion to N2.856 billion. The shares of Seven-Up Bottling Company declined by 2.03 per cent to close at N74.35 per share as investors reacted negatively to the results. Some analysts said considering the current price of the stock and the N2.20 dividend, which translated into a dividend yield of 2.9 per cent, there was no incentive to move the shares higher. Seven-Up Bottling shares have so far appreciated by 77 26 per cent, thereby outperforming the NSE All-Share Index (ASI), which has appreciated by 36.3 per cent. Meanwhile, the market maintained its bullish outlook for the fourth day as investors’ reactions to half-year corporate results continued to spur demand for equities. The ASI appreciated by one per cent from 37,914.33 to close at 38,291.07, while market capitalisation added N119 billion to close at N12.126 trillion. A total of 38 stocks appreciated compared with 19 that lost value. Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nigeria Plc led the price gainers with N5.00 to close at N110 per share. Guinness Nigeria Plc trailed with N4.99 to close at N250 per share, just as Julius Berger Nigeria Plc and Okomu Oil Palm Plc added N3.70 and N3.41 to be at N83.69 and N47.91 respectively. BC Market Indicators for Week Ended 02-08-13 All-Share Index 38,806.45 points Market Capitalisation N12,168,683,476,062.53 Stock Updates GAINERS COMPANY OPENING PRICE Chams Plc: From losing streak to profitability By Johnson Okanlawon C hams Plc recorded 249 per cent growth in its core business segment, strident cost management and internal efficiency initiatives being implemented by the management impacted positively on the top-down profit structure of the group. The improvement in its core identity management business, improved cost management and increased productivity and internal efficiency boosted the performance outlook of Chams Plc in 2012. Audited report and accounts of Chams for the year ended December 31, 2012 showed a major turnaround as the technology innovation group harnessed substantial growth in turnover and improved efficiency to break away from its recent losing streak to profitability. The group’s increasingly efficient cost management was underlined by 51 per cent decline in cost of sales and muted increase of 14 per cent and 1.7 per cent in operating expenses and finance expenses respectively. These turned around the bottom-line from a net loss of N1.24 billion in 2011 to a modest net profit of N87.5 million. While it could not declare any dividend, the positive bottomline locked in values for shareholders and reassured on the prospects of the company. Return on equity turned positive at 1.9 per cent in 2012 as against -30.8 per cent in 2011. Return on total assets also turned around from -15.2 per cent to 1.9 per cent. The liquidity and financing position of the group improved during the period, with more working capital and improved financing for emerging obligations. The structure and composition of its top-line however remained precarious, largely dependent on unpredictable public sector’s projects. Structures Incorporated in 1985 as a private limited liability company, Chams converted to a public limited company in 2007 and listed its shares on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2008 by way of introduction. Chams Plc and its subsidiaries offer complete end to end solution to small and large projects in the areas of identity management, payments, collection and transactional systems, as well as providing digital platform and ICT trainings. The Chams Group consists of four subsidiaries; CardCentre Nigeria Limited, which is engaged in the production and manufacturing of identity, payment and other smart cards; PayMaster Limited, which deals with deployment of POT and POS terminals; ChamsAcccess Limit- ed, a licensed consortium for the deployment of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) which is also involved in the deployment of multi application terminals; and ChamsSwitch, which engages in provision of the e-payment transaction processing platform for the Nigerian Market. Chams is owned by about 8,500 shareholders with substantial shareholdings by financial and asset management companies and institutional investors. Nigerian institutional investors hold 48 per cent equity stake in the company. The board and management of the company have remained stable. Demola Aladekomo, the founding managing director and main promoter of the company, remains the managing director. Meanwhile, Professor Adebayo Akinde retired as the chairman of the company earlier this month and a new chairman, Ayo Richards, was appointed as chairman. Akinde had served on the board for two decades and had been the chairman of the board in the past seven years. The company’s governance and reporting structures comply largely with extant codes of corporate governance and reporting standards. Financing structure Chams Group’s paid up capital remained unchanged at N2.35 billion, consisting of about 4.7 billion ordinary shares of 50 kobo each. Shareholders’ funds rose on the back of modest retained earnings to N4.49 billion, about 12 per cent above N4.01 billion recorded in 2011. Total assets increased by 10.5 per cent from N7.89 billion to N8.72 billion. Current assets had risen by 40 per cent from N4.51 billion to N6.33 billion while longterm assets dropped by 22 per cent from N3.07 billion to N2.39 billion. Total liabilities stood at N4.23 billion in 2012 as against N3.88 billion in 2011, indicating marginal increase of 9.1 per cent. The financing position of the group remained steady. The proportion of equity funds to total assets inched up from 50.8 per cent to 51.5 per cent. Debt-toequity ratio however rose slightly from 23.3 per cent to 24.3 per cent. Current liabilities/total assets ratio was almost flat at 46.1 per cent as against 46.5 per cent while long-term liabilities/total assets ratio reduced from 2.7 per cent to 2.4 per cent. Efficiency There was noticeable improvement in the overall cost efficiency and productivity of the group. On the basis of estimated workforce of 500 persons, average level of productivity per head and relevant cost per unit Liquidity The liquidity position of the group improved considerably with more working capital and improved financing for emerging obligations. Current ratio, which relates available current assets to similar current liabilities, improved from 1.23 times in 2011 to 1.57 times in 2012. The proportion of working capital to total sales almost doubled at 81.4 per cent in 2012 compared with 47.4 per cent in 2011. Debtors/ creditors ratio stood at 622 per cent in 2012 as against 208 per cent in 2011. Aladekomo of production showed improved optimization. Average contribution of each employee to pre-tax profit improved from –N2.40 million in 2011 to N0.34 million in 2012. However, average cost per staff reduced from N1.03 billion to N0.75 million. The company had undertaken staff audit and performance review during the period. Total cost of the business, excluding finance charges, reduced to about 105 per cent of total sales in 2012 as against 181.6 per cent in 2011. The reduction in top-line and operating costs enabled the group to leverage the bottom-line from additional incomes from noncore businesses. Profitability Chams’ profit outlook showed considerable improvement in the intrinsic profit-making capacity of the company as it consolidated expansive sales growth into notable profitability. Both outward and underlying profit and loss measures indicated significant upturn in the profit outlook, headlined by replacement of previous whooping loss of N1.24 billion with a modest profit of N87.5 million. Group turnover rose by about 60 per cent to N2.84 billion in 2012 as against N1.78 billion recorded in 2011. Top-line performance was driven by the group’s identity management solutions business, which recorded 249.3 per cent increase from N700 million to N2.45 billion. While cost of sales dropped by 51 per cent from N1.09 billion to N534 million, gross profit jumped by 235 per cent from N687 million to N2.30 billion. Operating expense remained muted at N2.45 billion compared with N2.14 billion while interest expense was almost flat at N230 million compared with N226 million in previous year. With these, Chams broke away from recent losing streak with a profit before tax of N170 million in 2012 as against pretax loss of N1.20 billion in 2011. After taxes, net profit stood at N87.5 million in 2012 as against net loss of N1.24 billion in 2011, representing an increase of 107 per cent. It thus replaced its basic loss per share of 26 kobo in 2011 with modest earnings per share of 3.0 kobo for 2012. The group’s net asset per share also increased from 85 kobo to 95 kobo. Underlying profitability indices showed generally positive outlook. Gross profit margin more than doubled at 81.2 per cent in 2012 as against 38.6 per cent in 2011. Profit before tax margin, which underlines average profit per unit of sales, turned around from -67.4 per cent in 2011 to 6.0 per cent in 2012. This implies that while Chams lost N67.4 on every N100 worth of operations in 2011, it made a modest profit of N6 on similar unit in 2012. The improved bottom-line also reflected on the underlying returns to shareholders and other stakeholders. Return on equity stood at 1.9 per cent in 2012 as against -30.8 per cent in 2011. Return on total assets also turned around from -15.2 per cent to 1.9 per cent. The company did not pay any dividend for 2012, which underlined the nascent recovery. Its last dividend payment was in 2009. Analyst’s opinion The performance of Chams shows a ray of hopes and reassures on the prospects of the company. It however remains delicate and cautious. While the top-line performance was commendable, it was driven mainly by its one-line identity management contract with the Federal Government. Although the group has made remarkable progress in its private-sector-driven payment solutions, its top-line remained heavily skewed towards the public sector, with penchant for unreliable project timelines and commitments. There is also the operating risk of policy somersault and realignment, which could see a slowdown or reversal of essential public policies on economic payment automation and identity management. There is no guarantee of institutionalization of public policies in Nigeria’s highly politicized public decision-making process. The deficits, created by its previous streak of losses, remained a potential threat. Notwithstanding, there is reasonable basis to be optimistic about the prospects of the company. Governments, across the levels, are increasingly focused on identity management for internal security, planning and revenue generation. The automation of payment system, being driven by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and with general buy-in from major public and private stakeholders, has continued to gather momentum. It’s doubtful that there would be any major reversal in any of these directions. In all these, Chams holds competitive advantages as a stand-alone company and partner-of-choice. Chams holds CBN’s licenses for mobile banking and automated payments including Point of Sale (POS) terminal and PTSP licenses. Its partnership with the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) is on stronger footing, and recent security events have reinforced government’s desire on efficient identity management. BC National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net STOCKWATCH Stock Exchange weekly equities summary as at Friday, August 02, 2013 SECURITY PRICE (=N=) AGRICULTURE/AGRO-ALLIED Crop Production FTN COCOA PROCESSORS PLC 0.50 OKOMU OIL PALM PLC. 48.00 PRESCO PLC 38.48 Fishing/Hunting/Trapping ELLAH LAKES PLC. NT Livestock/Animal Specialties LIVESTOCK FEEDS PLC. 5.19 CONGLOMERATES Diversified Industries A.G. LEVENTIS NIGERIA PLC. 1.43 CHELLARAMS PLC. 4.41 JOHN HOLT PLC. 1.22 S C O A NIG. PLC. 5.32 U A C N PLC. 61.00 CONSTRUCTION/REAL ESTATE Building Construction ARBICO PLC. NT CAPPA & D’ALBERTO PLC. NT Building Structure/Completion/Other COSTAIN (W A) PLC. 1.39 G CAPPA PLC NT Non--Building/Heavy Construction JULIUS BERGER NIG. PLC. 83.69 ROADS NIG PLC. NT Real Estate Development PINNACLE POINT GROUP PLC NT UACN PROPERTY DEV 16.65 Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) SKYE SHELTER FUND PLC NT UNION HOMES REAL ESTATE INV 50.00 CONSUMER GOODS Automobiles/Auto Parts DN TYRE & RUBBER PLC 0.50 Beverages--Brewers/Distillers CHAMPION BREW. PLC. 13.31 GOLDEN GUINEA BREW. PLC. NT GUINNESS NIG PLC 250.22 INTERNATIONAL BREWERIES PLC. 24.65 JOS INT. BREWERIES PLC. 0.90 NIGERIAN BREW. PLC. 177.90 PREMIER BREWERIES PLC NT Beverages--Non-Alcoholic 7-UP BOTTLING COMP. PLC. 74.20 Food Products BIG TREAT PLC NT DANGOTE FLOUR MILLS PLC 9.50 DANGOTE SUGAR REFINERY PLC 11.75 FLOUR MILLS NIG. PLC. 86.30 HONEYWELL FLOUR MILL PLC 3.20 MULTI-TREX INTEGRATED FOODS PLC NT N NIG. FLOUR MILLS PLC. 27.00 NATIONAL SALT CO. NIG. PLC 12.20 P S MANDRIDES & CO PLC. NT U T C NIG. PLC. 0.80 UNION DICON SALT PLC. NT Food Products--Diversified CADBURY NIGERIA PLC. 53.90 NESTLE NIGERIA PLC. 990.00 Household Durables BETA GLASS CO PLC. NT NIGERIAN ENAMELWARE PLC. NT VITAFOAM NIG PLC. 4.40 VONO PRODUCTS PLC. 0.93 Personal/Household Products P Z CUSSONS NIGERIA PLC. 45.60 UNILEVER NIGERIA PLC. 63.01 Textiles/Apparel UNITED NIG. TEXTILES PLC. NT FINANCIAL SERVICES Banking ACCESS BANK PLC. 11.15 DIAMOND BANK PLC 6.89 ECOBANK TRANSNATIONAL INC. 14.60 FIDELITY BANK PLC 2.99 FIRST CITY MONUMENT BANK PLC. NT GUARANTY TRUST BANK PLC. 25.32 SKYE BANK PLC 4.46 STERLING BANK PLC. 2.75 U B A PLC 8.42 UNION BANK NIG.PLC. 12.65 UNITY BANK PLC 0.54 WEMA BANK PLC. 1.17 ZENITH BANK PLC 20.93 Insurance Carriers, Brokers & Services AFRICAN ALLIANCE INS. COY. PLC 0.50 AIICO INSURANCE PLC. 0.91 CONFIDENCE INSURANCE PLC NT CONSOLIDATED HALLMARK INS. PLC 0.50 CONTINENTAL REINSURANCE PLC 1.27 CORNERSTONE INS. COY. PLC. 0.54 CUSTODIAN AND ALLIED INS. PLC 1.60 EQUITY ASSURANCE PLC. NT GOLDLINK INSURANCE PLC NT GREAT NIGERIAN INSURANCE PLC 0.50 GUINEA INSURANCE PLC. NT INTERCONTINENTAL WAPIC INS. PLC 0.90 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INS. PLC 2.25 INVESTMENT AND ALLIED ARN. NT LASACO ASSURANCE PLC. NT LAW UNION AND ROCK INS. PLC. 0.50 LINKAGE ASSURANCE PLC 0.50 MANSARD INSURANCE PLC 2.20 MUTUAL BENEFITS ASSURANCE PLC. NT N.E.M INSURANCE CO (NIG) PLC. 0.72 NIGER INSURANCE CO. PLC. NT OASIS INSURANCE PLC NT PRESTIGE ASSURANCE CO. PLC. 0.53 REGENCY ALLIANCE INS. COY PLC NT SOVEREIGN TRUST INSURANCE PLC 0.50 STACO INSURANCE PLC NT STANDARD ALLIANCE INS. PLC. 0.50 UNIC INSURANCE PLC. 0.50 UNITY KAPITAL ASSURANCE PLC NT UNIVERSAL INS. COMPANY PLC 0.50 Micro Finance Banks FORTIS MICROFINANCE BANK PLC NT NPF MICROFINANCE BANK PLC 0.82 Mortgage Carriers, Brokers &Services ABBEY BUILDING SOCIETY PLC 1.53 ASO SAVINGS AND LOANS PLC 0.50 RESORT SAVINGS & LOANS PLC 0.50 UNION HOMES SAVINGS&LOANS PLC NT Other Financial Institutions CRUSADER ( NIG) PLC. NT DEAP CAPITAL MGT & TRUST PLC 1.82 FBN HOLDINGS PLC 16.93 NIG SEW. MACH. MAN. CO. PLC. NT NIGERIA ENERYGY SECTOR FUND NT ROYAL EXCHANGE PLC. 0.56 STANBIC IBTC HOLDINGS PLC 18.84 HEALTHCARE Healthcare Providers EKOCORP PLC. 4.32 Medical Equipment UNION DIAGNOSTIC &CLINICAL PLC 0.50 Medical Supplies MORISON INDUSTRIES PLC. 2.23 Pharmaceuticals EVANS MEDICAL PLC. 4.49 FIDSON HEALTHCARE PLC 2.27 GLAXO SMITHKLINE CONSUMER PLC 60.00 MAY & BAKER NIGERIA PLC. 2.68 NOTE NT=Not Traded on 02-08-13 QUANTITY N/A 69.50 NT 325 333 384 311 121 528 1 405 402 NT NT 694 534 NT 146 997 NT 0.50 19.90 16.20 95.00 6.60 2.70 43.96 6.70 5.66 0.88 4.22 0.50 4.15 3.64 52.50 1.91 1.00 20.41 3.86 5.66 0.50 4.22 2 000 000 000 5 000 000 000 12 000 000 000 1 879 210 666 7 930 197 658 3 722 493 620 178 200 000 0.00 0.00 0.91 3.79 0.51 0.00 2.50 1.07 0.08 1.13 0.00 N/A 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.59 N/A N/A -2.01 N/A #VALUE! N/A NT 9.50 11.67 86.30 3.15 NT 26.50 12.45 NT NT NT 40 000 000 1 233 375 004 360 000 000 381 328 227 482 N/A NT 16 673 878 4 917 333 3 439 795 9 072 081 NT 13 705 762 14 592 434 13 446 009 30 957 656 929 987 10 933 326 12 229 410 16 900 595 11.70 9.27 17.05 3.20 8.30 29.05 10.17 2.91 8.70 13.09 1.92 1.75 22.75 4.76 2.01 9.97 1.14 3.04 11.64 2.73 0.97 1.64 1.96 0.50 0.50 11.70 17 888 251 479 14 475 243 105 9 873 614 567 28 974 797 023 16 271 192 202 29 146 482 209 13 219 334 676 12 563 091 545 32 334 693 693 13 509 726 273 33 675 576 085 12 821 249 880 31 396 493 790 1.42 0.90 2.81 0.43 0.60 2.10 0.71 0.54 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 4.21 1.32 4.29 -0.33 #VALUE! 2.51 -0.89 4.56 7.54 5.42 0.00 9.35 7.61 10.70 6.80 14.00 3.00 NT 24.70 4.50 2.63 7.83 12.00 0.61 1.07 19.45 400 000 1 488 932 NT 1 000 000 42 000 103 001 1 608 408 NT NT 10 000 NT 721 163 30 000 NT NT 123 965 123 965 105 900 NT 804 692 NT NT 1 103 367 NT 85 000 NT 60 000 708 026 NT 3 627 0.50 1.01 0.64 0.50 1.20 0.50 3.51 0.50 0.69 0.50 0.50 0.97 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.61 0.50 2.30 0.50 0.86 1.11 0.50 2.35 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.61 0.50 0.61 0.50 1.31 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.95 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 20 585 000 000 7 809 391 256 211 626 000 6 000 000 000 10 372 624 157 8 820 010 363 5 100 846 808 8 847 298 420 4 549 947 000 3 827 485 380 720 000 000 5 061 804 000 6 420 427 449 28 000 000 000 7 323 313 227 3 437 330 500 4 083 713 569 10 000 000 000 7 998 705 336 5 332 830 881 5 649 693 923 5 003 506 791 2 508 315 436 6 668 750 000 5 203 757 266 6 141 087 609 8 493 173 450 2 581 733 505 13 000 000 000 16 000 000 000 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.37 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A 0.00 2.33 N/A -5.26 N/A N/A 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.50 0.90 NT 0.50 1.22 0.54 1.57 NT NT 0.50 NT 0.90 2.25 NT NT 0.50 0.50 2.15 NT 0.76 NT NT 0.53 NT 0.50 NT 0.50 0.50 NT 0.50 NT 16 000 SECURITY PRICE (=N=) NEIMETH INT PHARM PLC 1.50 NIGERIA-GERMAN CHEMICALS PLC. 7.36 PHARMA-DEKO PLC. 2.03 ICT Computer Based Systems COURTEVILLE BUSINESS SLN PLC 0.80 Computers and Peripherals OMATEK VENTURES PLC 0.50 Electronic Communications Services MTECH COMMUNICATIONS PLC NT IT Services NCR (NIGERIA) PLC. 18.70 TRIPPLE GEE AND COMPANY PLC. 2.29 Processing Systems CHAMS PLC 0.50 E-TRANZACT INTERNATIONAL PLC 3.47 Telecommunications Carriers STARCOMMS PLC NT Telecommunications Services IHS NIGERIA PLC PREF SHARES NT IHS PLC 2.54 MTI PLC NT INDUSTRIAL GOODS Building Materials AFRICAN PAINTS (NIGERIA) PLC. NT ASHAKA CEM PLC 25.50 BERGER PAINTS PLC 9.61 CAP PLC 48.50 CEMENT CO. OF NORTH.NIG. PLC 9.60 DANGOTE CEMENT PLC 196.00 DN MEYER PLC. 1.58 FIRST ALUMINIUM NIGERIA PLC NT IPWA PLC 1.09 LAFARGE WAPCO PLC. 108.00 PAINTS & COATINGS MANFACT.PLC NT PORTLAND PAINTS & PRDT NIG. PLC 5.64 PREMIER PAINTS PLC. NT Electronic and Electrical Products AUSTIN LAZ & COMPANY PLC 2.00 CUTIX PLC. 2.01 NIGERIAN WIRE AND CABLE PLC. NT NIGERIAN WIRE IND. PLC NT Packaging/Containers ABPLAST PRODUCTS PLC. NT AVON CROWNCAPS & CONTAINERS 1.71 BETA GLASS CO PLC. 10.90 GREIF NIGERIA PLC NT NIG. BAGS MANFACT. COY PLC NT POLY PRODUCTS (NIG) PLC. NT W A GLASS IND. PLC. NT Tools and Machinery NIGERIAN ROPES PLC 7.85 STOKVIS NIG PLC. NT NATURAL RESOURCES Chemicals B.O.C. GASES PLC. 6.77 Metals ALUMACO PLC NT ALUMINIUM EXTRUSION IND. PLC. 10.50 Non-Metallic Mineral Mining MULTIVERSE PLC NT Paper/Forest Products HALLMARK PAPER PRODUCTS PLC. NT THOMAS WYATT NIG. PLC. 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NIG PLC NT Food/Drug Retailers and Wholesalers NT JULI PLC. 2.14 ETF’s Sector ETF NEWGOLD EXCHANGE TRADED FUND 2 638.00 QUANTITY NT 2 948 970 NT 2.25 3.50 0.50 4 400 000 000 4 893 594 400 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A NT 3.79 NT NT 281 795 9 401 185 026 502 826 232 677 10 000 NT 192 063 153 500 NT 3 238 000 NT 3.32 30.00 12.57 43.98 15.49 132.51 3.51 0.75 0.99 56.50 3.36 5.28 13.40 2.86 9.10 7.27 14.50 4.20 95.00 0.93 0.50 0.91 37.00 0.52 2.27 10.93 260 000 000 2 239 453 125 217 367 585 560 000 000 1 241 548 285 15 494 019 668 242 908 200 2 109 928 275 513 696 000 3 001 600 004 792 914 256 400 000 000 75 000 000 0.00 2.14 1.09 2.28 1.47 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.10 0.26 0.23 0.00 N/A 2.00 1.16 3.30 6.08 3.16 N/A N/A N/A 8.54 N/A N/A N/A NT 25.00 9.50 46.95 9.05 190.00 1.48 NT 1.09 99.50 NT 6.00 NT 200 000 407 300 NT NT 2.00 2.50 0.73 2.58 510 396 608 2 220 000 000 15 000 000 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.00 On your next visit to the land of peace... Ghana Weâ€™re there for your financial interest ENERGYBANK ...supporting your aspirations +HDG2IĂ€FH GNAT Heights, 30, Independence Avenue, Accra www.energybankghana.com Contacts: [email protected] +233302234033-4, +233302234309 Monday, August 5, 2013 27 41 Law & Justice [email protected] “On no account should courts of law be hungry or have the gluttony for jurisdiction” JUSTICE NIKI TOBI JSC, RETIRED JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT Litigants groan under high cost of justice •Legal fees, charges on the increase –Lawyers ADERIBIGBE APPROACHED A LEGAL PRACTITIONER TO SEEK REDRESS. ASKED TO PAY AN INI- 1999 Constitution: Piecemeal amendment won’t endure –Braithwaite TIAL DEPOSIT OF Mamman Nasir: From the Bench to the throne HE WAS Justice Ibrahim Auta, CJ, Federal High Court Access to justice is a cardinal issue in the administration of justice. This implies that justice can only be obtained when people have means of seeking redress for the perceived wrongs in the society. KAYODE KETEFE, the Assistant Head, Judiciary, examines the rising cost of litigation in Nigeria and how the masses are being denied justice as a result of exorbitant legal costs. C onflicts are part and parcel of every society as human’s socio-economic and political intercourse are bound to generate frictions. Law is enthroned as an instrument of socio-engineering to balance the conflicting interests and produce redress for the aggrieved elements. Thus law is seen as a “protector” of the society which dissuades belligerence, recourse to self-help and anarchy. However, question often arises on this usefulness of law as a social regulator when a large number of the masses are denied access to justice as result of high cost of seeking it. The following two life examples underscore the extent of the difficulties majority of Nigerians face in seeking justice. 28 year-old Tunde Aderibigbe, used to work for an Indian manufacturing company situated in Otta, Ogun State as factory worker. He recently sustained an industrial accident while operating a machine during official hours as a result of which he lost four of his fingers. Barely weeks after the accident when his condition became stable, the company laid him off for having become an invalid. He was offered no compensation. Aderibigbe approached a legal practitioner to seek redress. He was asked to pay an initial deposit of N100, 000 as professional fee and additional N50, 000 filing fees. As he had been on salary of a meagre N40, 000 per month and had not been paid any compensation, he could not afford these fees and thus, he is now roaming from chambers to chambers seeking for a lawyer who would agree to take the case pro bono (free of charge) Aderibigbe’s case is similar to the case of Toyin Adesina, who had recently been sacked by the new generation bank she worked for. She was alleged to have participated in the worker’s union activities pestering the management for enhanced welfare package. She got no compensation despite the fact that she had worked for five years, the bank insisted she was a “contract staffer” In Adesina’s case, she got a lawyer who was willing to write a letter of protest and demand to the bank pro bono. When the bank refused to pay her any money, she could not file any action as she could not afford the fees for legal services. But this problem is hardly limited to civil litigation alone. There are thousands of awaiting trial inmates across the Nigerian prisons and police cells whose detention was solely as a result of lack of access to legal representation. This explains why every year the Chief Judge of a state would visit prisons with a view to free inmates who had been inordinately detained. Traditionally, the cost of access to the Nigerian court had always been high, but the situation seemed to be getting worse as the costs increase with more and more people below the poverty line being shut out of court. It will be recalled that the Lagos State Judiciary indirectly increased the cost of filing fees early this year when it made ADR mandatory for all cases. This was contained under the 2012 Civil Procedure Rules which provides that “All Originating Processes shall upon acceptance for filing by the Registry be screened for suitability for ADR and referred to the Lagos Multi Door Court House or other appropriate ADR institutions or Practitioners in accordance with the Practice Directions that shall from time to time be issued by the Chief Judge of Lagos State”. These high costs are passed by the lawyers directly to the clients who are the consumers of the legal services. But the lawyers themselves also claim they are feeling the impact as s result of low patronage resulting from the higher costs. Speaking to the National Mirror on the increasing costs of access to court in Nigeria, a number of lawyers said that high legal costs have denied many people justice. The former Second National Vice -President of the Nigerian Bar Association, (NBA) Mr. Adekunle Ojo, said “I think the cost of litigation is Nigeria is still quite high and only the rich or the comfortable can afford it. The costs of filing processes are high while the service charges of lawyers are also high and going by the earnings of an average Nigerian, not many people can afford it. In addition the duration that the cases spend in our court make the fees exorbitant. ‘’For example, there is a case we filed at CONTINUED ON PAGE 44 42 Monday, August 5, 2013 1999 Constitution: Piecemeal amendment As the founder of Nigeria Advance Party (NAP), have you tried to sell your party’s manifestoes any of the political parties? I remember that the late Aminu Kano came to my home with S. G. Ikoku; Abubakar Rimi accompanied them but he sat at the foyer he didn’t join in the negotiation. They came to negotiate collaboration on the ground that the Nigeria Advance Party manifesto was the closest to their own PRP socialist manifesto. Subsequent PRP chieftains have related to us. There was this bright ideologist, a lecturer at Ahmadu Bello University Late Dr. Bala Usman and of course, Balarabe Musa who still interacts with us on the basis of NAP manifesto being one of the best that is closest to bringing widespread socio benefits and relief to the people of this country. In late 70’s in the twilight of Obasanjo’s military junta, when political parties were formed for the 1979 elections, then Col. Ibrahim Babangida brought himself to us and said he found the NAP to be a dynamic and the most progressive of all the parties. In fact, he was telling his friends that NAP was most suitable to usher a fresh breath of life to Nigeria. Although NAP was refused registration, by Babangida’s friends in the junta, he continued, according to him, believing in our programmes. And interestingly, in 1982, after our registration and I was contesting the presidency, alongside some of the founding fathers of the Nigerian state, Babangida came to me and requested that we lend him not only the manifesto and the constitution of the party but the tape of our 1982 convention at the Federal Palace Hotel. He said it was of interest to him, so we lent him, clearly oblivious of his hidden agenda. It took almost two years before I could retrieve the materials from him and I was sending Senator Ben Obi back and forth to retrieve our documents from him. Ben Obi was the publicity secretary of NAP as at that time, as well my Personal Assistant. It took two years to retrieve NAP literature from Babangida. How do you see the ongoing 1999 Constitution amendment by the National Assembly? The entire 1999 Constitution is a document of falsehood. It was never a constitution agreed by the people of this country. The Nigerian Constitution of 1999 is Decree number 14 of 1999. I have been in the forefront for the Nigerian people to produce a new constitution. So, I am not interested in any adhoc amendments of the constitution because the 1999 Constitution deserves not less than a surgical dissection. It does not reflect the aspirations and the ground norm for the well-being of the Nigerian people. It is a document that is self-serving and short-sighted of those who imposed it on the people. The on-going piecemeal amendments would not endure. I do not see how this National Assembly can satisfactorily amend a Constitution through which they are a colossal financial burden on the people of Nigeria. A Constitution Dr. Tunji Braithwaite is a revolutionary lawyer and former presidential candidate of the Nigeria Advance Party (NAP) in the 1983 general elections. He was admitted to the Lincoln’s Inn in England in 1958 and later enrolled as a Barrister of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in March 1961. In this interview with WALE IGBINTADE, he speaks on various legal issues and also shares his experiences and accomplishments as a distinguished legal practitioner and politician. Excerpts: ent generation. So, this generation will now decide their future. But the plan of government is to roll out drums and celebrate, what is you take on that? I call that shameful, infantile and simple-mindedness to celebrate slavery. What are you celebrating? You are celebrating enslavement of your ancestors, instead of breaking the yoke. Let it be understood that the simpleminded proposal of the Jonathan administration to celebrate the century of Nigeria’s Amalgamation in 1914 by the fiat of a British colonial officer is a disgrace to the present generation. What is there to celebrate? Instead of clinking glasses of champagne celebrating and venerating a bad history of enslavement, this generation should rise to the occasion of its centenary to finally destroy its last inglorious relics, and simultaneously birth a modern and progressive nation. It is a generational duty and an imperative for your generation. Braithwaite BEFORE NOW, PEOPLE WILL NOT CHALLENGE CORRUPTION OPENLY, BUT NOW THEY CHALLENGE CORRUPTION IN JUDICIARY, IN THE EXECUTIVE AND IN THE LEGISLATIVE ARMS OF GOVERNMENT that clothes roguish executives with impunity: that concentrates a disproportionate power on the centre, and chokes individual components of the federal units of the country; their autonomy to develop rapidly at their own pace is a negative document that must be discarded with before the next elections. The Jonathan administration is billed to celebrate the century of Nigeria’s amalgamation of 1914. What is your take on this? In legal context, the amalgamation or whatever it was called, by the fiat of a British colonial officer in 1914 that merged the Northern protectorate with the Southern protectorate has no legal or political force on the people of Nigeria. Both in legal as well as political context that amalgamation expires by what is called the doctrine of effluxion of time. It has died. But, you may ask, why did it not expire 50 years ago? It’s because the people did not realize and did not think about it. But, in political and legal context that document is a nonissue. What we are saying is this, since it has expired by effluxion of time, the 100 years anniversary should be the ap- propriate time to bring into effect a new Nigerian Constitution. An occasion for the people to sit down and either reaffirm that amalgamation or revisit the basis for the continuation of that amalgamation. The 100 years anniversary is an appropriate time for the peoples of the country to reaffirm or modify, vary or amend the terms of that amalgamation. Will it not provide an opportunity for some sections of the country to break away? Well, the honest answer is that the dynamics of international politics is that if any section is not disposed to wanting to continue why should you force that section to remain. Historically, a substantial part of Cameroon used to be part of Nigeria until 1960 when they opted out. So, if a section decides to opt out why should you force them to remain. It is not an invitation to disintegrate the country but on the contrary, it is rather an opportunity to strengthen the basis because then people on their own free will, would decide what they want. Do not forget that the generation of Nigerians 100 years ago, is entirely different from the pres- As the founder Nigeria Advance Party (NAP), do you think the present crop of politicians in the country is committed to deliver dividends of democracy to the people? I can tell you that those from our stable who are now in the system, some as governors, some in the National Assembly, inform us that they try to bring the NAP training and culture to bear on the system, but in vain. We know those who are actual members of NAP but still prominent in one political office or the other. You have played a significant role in the politics of this country. We remember the role you played between the 1979 and 1983 elections . Have you retired from politics? Someone like me can never quit the political stage at any age. That does not mean that I want to contest election, I do not need to contest an election to add positive value to the political direction of this country. But, I cannot shutout the issue of well-being of the people of this country because it affects my own children and all children of the Nigerian peoples as well as unborn generation. Till I go home to be with the Lord, I will be interested in the welfare of the people of this country but not to contest election. You have been clamouring for a revolution, what type of revolution are you talking about? Yes, I have been talking about it for quite a time, but now I see no need to talk about revolution any more. This is because; the revolution is already here anyway in one form or the other. It is now a question of its full blown form and this is where we have to be careful. Before now, people will not challenge corruption openly, but now they chal- Law & Justice Monday, August 5, 2013 won’t endure –Braithwaite from the time it was introduced and that stand for the past 52 years is being vindicated now. There are thousands of hardworking, brilliant young Nigerian lawyers who are being discriminated against and they will remain like that throughout their professional life. This is unfair and should not be tolerated. It is the Nigerian people’s penchant for titles for which they will pay anything to get honourary titles, chieftaincy titles, etc. Unfortunately, the Nigerian public is beginning to see that the only worthwhile lawyers for them to consult are those so- called senior advocates. This is sad because, the Nigerian public is the worse for it and it is getting bad. I understand that there some courts, where there are special places for parking for so- called SANs’ vehicles. If you are not a Senior Advocate you cannot park there. This is a country that venerates mediocrity rather than merit. With the culture of corruption in the country, the way and manner of the award of SAN is anything but honourable. Some former colonial countries that adopted this dichotomy from their colonial matters have done away with this anachronism, country like Ghana has done away with it; even South Africa has abolished this dichotomous title. It breeds injustice. lenge corruption in judiciary, in the executive and in the legislative arms of government. How often do Nigerians hear of auditing the NNPC, an institution that is responsible for the nation’s sole earning of the country but Nigerians have started asking questions. People ask me about what is happening in Egypt, they want to know if it was a coup or a revolution. I tell them that it’s not a coup but a revolution. It is the people’s revolution. For instance, take the fuel subsidy protest of two years ago, that could have led to a people’s revolution. I will say no more because the consequences of those protests have not gone away. People are going to ask very soon what happened to the report of the so-called ad- hoc probe? What happened to the case of Femi Otedola and Farouk Lawan? That is but a tip of the iceberg. There is a lot more of this corruption that has actually pauperized Nigerians. On top of that, you have insecurity, some heinous crimes that we never experienced in the past like wholesale kidnapping and wholesale corruption. A man stole N7 billion, he pleaded guilty and you fine him less than N1million. And you have hundreds of thousands of hapless Nigerians being sent to jail for accepting a bribe N500 or for wandering. In the midst of rising widespread pauperization of the people, you find legislators, people in government flaunting ill-gotten wealth right to the face of the masses, which include young brilliant graduates and under graduates. When you do this, you have actually set-off a revolution and it is irreversible. I see a situation where the 2015 elections will not even hold unless a lot is done between now and then to avert an inferno. Part of the things that needed to be done is convoking a National Confer- ence. Let the government be seen to be dealing ruthlessly with the corrupt elements among them. These two things must be addressed before 2015 elections. Addressing the issue of corruption is at the root of the 2015 elections because the people now know that their votes do not count. The people are increasingly being aware of the futility of going to queue and cast ballot because the electoral system is characterized with fraudulent practices. So, people are going to say what is the use. You are one of the foremost legal practitioners clamouring for the abolition of the award of Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN). What do you have against the award? First and foremost, we are a republican country. This class-based title is an importation from England. It is only in that country that you have this dichotomy where they award certain lawyers Queen’s Counsel (QC). It originated from the dark days of the United Kingdom when the average citizen was considered as a subject of their King or Queen. Certain class of lawyers must not represent the subjects; they only must represent the monarchy, and not the citizens that is why they were called Queen’s Counsel. So from its origin itself, you can see that it is not only unfair, but also unjust, moreso when the so-called QCs were usually the dumb and stupid children of the upper-class of the English society. The United States is the biggest democracy with the largest concentration of lawyers and heavy litigations. They do not tolerate such nonsense separating some lawyers from the others by this so called award. Because of my abhorrence for class distinction, I stood against such importation into this country. My stand against it was Will you like to see transparency in the award of the rank? It should be abolished. Let everybody swim according to merit. Let there be a level- playing ground in their profession. If you look at their numbers, I think they award every year about 15 lawyers and look at the number of lawyers that are called to the Bar every year. The legal profession has an unwritten convention whereby seniority at the Bar is recognised and given due honour at any event. This is seniority by years of practice as well as proficiency. So, there is no need again to create an artificial and arbitrary “seniority” having nothing to do whatsoever with merit, integrity and proficiency; and I said it before, especial- 43 I SEE A SITUATION WHERE THE 2015 ELECTIONS WILL NOT EVEN HOLD UNLESS A LOT IS DONE BETWEEN NOW AND THEN TO AVERT AN INFERNO ly in an environment so steep in corruption and evil practices. Recently you visited the inmates at Ikoyi prisons, how do you see our criminal justice system? The Nigerian criminal justice system is still very much archaic. The modern system does not mean that every suspect should be remanded in custody. Magistrates even should be human enough to apply the factors of the social environment of widespread poverty in the country. The condition for bail should be relaxed alongside the prevailing situation in the country. What is you view about corrupt practices in the judiciary? Well, if the present Head of the judiciary can sustain the ongoing cleansing of the system, it will be bring some hope. There may be an end to the stench in the judiciary and it may be people like us will see it before we depart from this earth. How do you see the activities of Governors’ forum? It is not only scandalous but I am happy that the charade of the Governors’ Forum election has been laid bare to the masses to see that elections in this country are stolen and are fraudulent. It is fortuitous that these charades of Governors’ Forum election are coming now. People have now seen that their so called governors are not honourable. That some of them are not fit to occupy the office of governor. In any other nation, that one incident would be enough to demand impeachment. 44 ‘Costs of filing processes are high, beyond reach of poor’ Omole Ojo Otteh the High Court in 2004 that is still pending. Imagine the costs that would have been sunk into it, yet it is still continuing. How many poor people can continue to finance such cases? “Many cases go to appeal, what do you say concerning a case that has spent many years at the High Court going on appeal? You have to start spending from filing the Notice of Appeal. You would compile the Record of Appeal; all your papers would have to be made in 21 copies at the Court of Appeal and 13 copies at the Supreme Court, all these cost money. Remember also that there is only one Supreme Court of Nigeria in Abuja, so if your appeal gets to apex court, you would have to be travelling to Abuja for the case. “Holistically, we really need to reduce the filing fees and lawyers too have to do more pro bono cases to help the poor” The Executive Director of a Lagos-based non-governmental organisation, Mr Joseph Otteh, who complained bitterly over denial of access to justice to many unprivileged Nigerians, added that his organisation is set sets out WE REALLY NEED TO REDUCE THE FILING FEES AND LAWYERS TOO HAVE TO DO MORE PRO BONO CASES TO HELP THE POOR “to defend rights of equal and non-discriminatory access to courts of law, expand access of marginalised people to equal and impartial justice, attack corruption in justice administration, support legal struggles for human dignity and disseminate legal resources that help achieve these purposes.” Speaking in similar, a former Chairman of the NBA, Ikeja branch, Mr. Adebamigbe Omole, said, “Access to justice is still difficult for the poor. The cost of filing has gone astronomical while the charges by lawyers are out of reach of the poor. Delay in determination of cases also makes litigation more expensive because if a case that is supposed to be over within a year lasts five years or more, Mamman Nasir: From the Bench to the throne Judicature FRANCIS FAMOROTI HEAD, JUDICIARY J ustice Mamman Nasir, a former President of the Court of Appeal retired prematurely from the Bench to become the Galadima of Katsina and District Head of Malumfashi in 1992. The jurist is no doubt a northern star and a nationalist who attained the peak of the legal profession before he retired voluntarily to become the Galadima Katsina. Nasir was a Justice of Nigeria’s Supreme Court between 1975 and 1978 and he later humbled himself by moving down to become the President of the Federal Court of Appeal from 1978 and 1992. The judge who once served as the Northern Nigeria Minister of Justice from 1961 to 1966 under late Sir Ahmadu Bello was subsequently appointed as the Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice in North Central Government from 1969 to 1975. Nasir The jurist studied Latin at the University College, Ibadan and attended Council of Legal Education, School of Law (London). He also attended legal courses in London. An insight into Nasir’s profile showed that after a brief stint in the public service, he was offered an opportunity by the colonial administration to read law in United Kingdom as a result of his outstanding contributions. This eventually ushered him into the noble profession. On successful completion of his studies, he returned home and was appointed a pupil Crown Counsel in 1957 in the then Northern Region where he showed lot of commitment, zeal and courage in his assignments. He rose rapidly to become a Senior Crown Counsel. He also became the first indigenous lawyer to head a legal department in Jos. From 1966 to 1967, Nasir was in private legal practice, Mamman Nasir & Co and he later became the SolicitorGeneral North Central State Government in 1968. Nasir was eventually turbaned on May 9, 1992. Having ascended the throne of Galadima Katsina, he at one time or the other also served as a Director of Japaul Oil and Maritime Services Plc. Nasir was a recipient of some national honours and awards and is a fellow Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Member, Body of Benchers and one- time Chairman, Body of Benchers. According to accounts of his interview in an on-line publication, Nasir recalled that himself, former Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN), Justice Mohammed Bello, and Justice Buba Ardo, were the first northern lawyers in government service. The landmark judgements delivered by the retired jurist included the cases of Chief Omu Uzoukwu & ors .v. Igwe Chukwudebelu Ezeike II lgwe of Atani & ors and that of Federal Electoral Commission .v. Alhaji Mohammed Goni & Anor among others. the costs automatically rise. Yet justice delayed is justice denied. “The costs of filing cases should be reviewed, for example only two days ago when we wanted to file a Notice of Appeal that we used to file for just N1,000, we were asked to pay N5, 000. Certainly, something has to be done for the poor to have access to justice. The Lagos State is trying in this regards through the Office of the Public Defender Project, but more still have to be done” Another lawyer, Mr. Yahaya Oladeji, said, “It is trite that only the rich can afford the luxury called justice. The poor only resort to God to do justice for them. I will recommend that indigent litigant should be asked to attach the evidence of their monthly incomes to their originating processes so that a special scale down filing fees would be charged on the deserving poor people” LEGAL TIPS UNDERSTANDING THE REMEDY OF INJUNCTION IN NIGERIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Injunction is an equitable remedy and is therefore, discretionary. It is a particularly useful remedy in contract to restrain a breach, in tort to prevent the continuation of a nuisance, in family law to control domestic violence, and in administrative law to prevent public authorities from acting unlawfully. Breach of an injunction is contempt of court. •The preservation of the subject matter ‘res’ in dispute or the maintenance of the ‘status quo’ is achieved through the judicial process of the equitable order of injunction. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines an Injunction as “a court order prohibiting someone from doing some specified act or commanding someone to undo some wrong or injury”. It may also be defined in the words of Karibi-Whyte JSC (as then was) thus: “...an equitable order restraining the person to whom it is directed from doing the things specified in the order or requiring in exceptional situations the performance of a specified act”. • TYPES OF INJUNCTION Injunction can be classified based on the how long the order is to last i.e. the duration of the order. In this wise, we have (i) interim injunction (ii) interlocutory injunction and (iii) perpetual injunction. Another basis for classification is the nature of act to be prohibited or to be done. In this category we have mandatory and prohibitory injunction. Written by Francis Famoroti, Head, Judiciary. We welcome feedback and reactions from readers via our e-mail: [email protected] National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Monday, August 5, 2013 45 How juju maestro, Ayinde Bakare was killed Ayinde Bakare was a legendary musician in the preindependence era up till the ‘70s. He was extremely popular among the socialite across Yorubaland, especially in Lagos and Ibadan in the 1950s and ‘60s. In October 1972, during one of his performances in Lagos, Bakare suddenly disappeared and he was later found dead. His death became a subject of coroner’s inquest, FRANCIS FAMOROTI, Head, Judiciary writes. A yinde Bakare was a pioneering Yoruba juju and highlife musician. He began recording on the His Master’s Voice (HMV), a British label in 1937 and is thought to have been the first juju musician to use an amplified guitar, in 1949. His amiable nature, his rhythmic music and good melodies made him a towering artiste in his time, not only in Lagos but in the whole of the Yoruba-speaking Western States. Regrettably, his strange death in October 1972 is still shrouded in mystery. In Lagos alone, Bakare so endeared himself to the social elite that they believed his performance at their ceremonies was the only antidote to make the occasion grand. The account told of the circumstances that led to his death 41 years ago was unambiguous and indisputable. It was revealed that during one of his performances on October 1, 1972, he was called to the backstage by some unknown individuals who had pretended to be his fans and admirers. Specifically, on the day, while the nation was caught in the frenzy of festivities of the independence anniversary, Bakare led his Meranda Band to play at a wedding party on Isale-Gangan Street, Central Lagos. The band had played for the first session and thereafter went on a short break. Shortly before the band reconvened for the second session, Bakare was invited to the backstage by some unidentified persons and thereafter he disappeared. As a Daily Times publication, Headlines in its No 230, June, 1992 edition reported ‘’At first, members of the band felt he had probably left with a lover to a hide-out as was the case with most musicians in those days. They never thought that somewhere in the neighbourhood, death could be lurking and unleashing blows on the juju maestro. ‘’ When the band leader was not forthcoming, the deputy band leader, Mr. Ayanniyi Atanda took over the mantle of leadership and held fort till the end of the party. At the end of the performance, Bakare never showed up. Despite his sudden disappearance, the members of the band shared the money realised. The following and subsequent days rolled by, yet Bakare did not return home. Then, it dawn on the family that something serious had happened to him. The matter was reported to the police. After fruitless efforts to locate his whereabouts, the police declared him missing and this was widely reported FAMOUS CASES in the newspapers. About four days later, on October 4, 1972, Bakare’s body was found floating on the Lagos lagoon shore near Bonny Camp on Victoria Island. According to the Nigeria Best Forum, an online publication in a report posted on July 25, 2009, the deceased’s eldest son, Sina recounts: He (Bakare) had an afternoon engagement in Lagos and a night engagement in Ijebu Ode. On account of that, he sent the band to go and wait for him in Ijebu Ode. I was somewhere in Mubi , North Eastern Nigeria playing with my band when I got a telegram from my mum saying my father was missing. His body was discovered four days later on October 4, 1972 at the back of Bonny Camp, Victoria Island.’’ Sadly, the musician was cruelly murdered at the height of his fame. His death caused a deep shock to the police, his family, the Lagos City Council, which registered the death, and thousands of friends and his fans, who had grown fond of him and his music. The Police, which suspected foul play called for an autopsy and a coroner’s inquest into his death. Sina suspected death by drowning. Fans, family members and juju music lovers held opinion far different from death through natural cause. The government ordered an inquest into the circumstances that led to Bakare’s death. The Coroner, Mrs. Grace Akinboboye, then a Magistrate, (later Justice) started her investigation on April 30, 1973 and some witnesses gave evidence during the proceedings. In his testimony, a consultant pathologist, Dr. Olaseni Akinlade, who performed the autopsy, said there were bruises on his body even though his brain was intact. Risikat, one of his widows, suspected two members of her husband’s band who earlier quarrelled with him over the sum of N60. Another widow of the deceased who testified was Madam Iyabo Bakare. All the witnesses said they believed Akinboboye ABOUT FOUR DAYS LATER, ON OCTOBER 4, 1972, BAKARE’S BODY WAS FOUND FLOATING ON THE LAGOS LAGOON SHORE NEAR BONNY CAMP, VICTORIA ISLAND. he was killed, but could not explain the circumstances and by whom. Mr. Daniel Akinola, a former deputy leader of the deceased’s inner Circle Orchestra, the deputy leader of Meranda band, Ayaniyi Atanda and a drummer, Michael Gasper, were all examined and cross-examined during the inquest. For Akinola, the Coroner ordered him to always be present at the inquest until a verdict was given. In his evidence, he explained that he saw Bakare last in May 1972, five months before his mysterious disappearance and only learnt of his death from the pages of newspapers. Atanda was ordered to be detained in custody for perjury after giving his own testimony. He informed the coroner’s inquest that the leader of the band left during the break session without informing anybody. He also admitted that he directed that the money collected during the performance should be shared among those present at the end of the fateful day’s show. Gasper, who was accused of wishing the deceased dead, said he could not have wished him dead ‘’ because he was my guardian when I was young and also he was a close friend of my brother.’’ At the end of the inquest, Mrs. Akinboboye said she was convinced from the evidence before her that the musicians, who testified, knew more about Bakare’s death than they revealed. According to her, ‘’ It is my confirmed opinion that both Atanda and Gasper knew more about the case than they revealed before the coroner and that same goes for Daniel Akinola who testified before me with a smearing contemptuous face, telling nothing but lies.’’ Though she gave a verdict that the deceased died as a result of drowning, she could not link the musician’s death to any of the suspects, due to lack of uncontroverted evidence. Bakare might have gone to the world beyond, but his good works, which includes his music, outlives him since the past 41 years. The deceased is credited to have recorded many music albums with the HMV. His many records included a 1968 LP Live the Highlife, Tribute to the late J.K. Randle; Eko Akete (Lagos Akete); Adura Fun Awon Aboyun (Prayer for the Pregnant Women) ; Ibikunle Alakija; Iwa Lewa (Your Manner is Your Beauty) ; Ore Otito O Si (There’s no true friend); Mo b’eru Aiye (I fear the humanity); Ile Aiye Ile Asan (Life is vanity upon vanity) ; Agboola Odunekan; Olabisi Arobieke; Akambi Balogun. Others are; Se Botimo; Ojowu ‘Birin; Ore Meta; Herbert Macaulay; and Golden faces. 46 Enforcing UN Convention on Child Rights EVENT I L-R: National Secretary General, Arewa Youth Consultative Forum, Ahmed Sule; Retired Bishop of Lokoja, Anglican Communion, Rt. Rev. George Bako and Chairman of the occasion, Justice Mustapha Akanbi, during the ninth annual lecture of Aelex legal practitioners and arbitrators in Lagos recently. L-R: Associate Director, Residence Freedom Project, Berkley Centre for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Prof. Timothy Shah; Mrs. Funke Adekoya (SAN) and Chairman Editorial Board, Thisday newspaper , Mr. Segun Adeniyi, at the event. L-R: Chief Emeka Ngige (SAN); Lagos State High Court judges, Justice Funmilayo Atilade and Justice Dotun Adefope-Okojie. n this discourse on the international legal regime for the protection of child rights, it is appropriate to first define ‘ Rights’’ as those fundamental normative principles or rules relating to what people are allowed or owed by a particular legal system. Rights may be moral, natural or legal rights. It may also be a claim right or liberty right. It may be defined as the permission to do or not to do something or an entitlement to a specific service or treatment. The term “child right” has no generally accepted definition. It is however that point where the law intersects with the life of the child. Child right has been classified into three namely: right to provisions, right to protection and right to participation. It has also been classified into two groups: the first relates to economic, social and cultural rights while the second relate to environmental and developmental rights. Child rights are thus the perceived human rights of the child with particular attention to the rights to special protection and care afforded to the young, rights to association with biological parents, human identity, basic needs for food, universal state paid education, health care, criminal laws and juvenile justice system appropriate for the age and development of the child. It also includes freedom from physical, mental and emotional abuses. Now who is a child? Though a person may be classified into an infant, a child, a young person and an adult, most legal systems defined a child generally to be a person who is below the age of 18 years. The United Nation’s Convention on the Rights THE ADVOCATE OLUGBEMI FATULA 08037213732 (sms only) E-mail: [email protected] of the Child defines a child to be a person under the age of 18 unless the law of the child’s country states a lower age. Due to age, physical attributes and mental capacity the child is generally regarded as the most vulnerable human being. What makes children most vulnerable is their lack of autonomy to make decisions on their own for themselves. Since the society has reserved such right or power to adults such as parents, teachers, guardians, state agencies etc, children are placed at the mercies of these persons who could exploit them and expose them to all manners of abuses. Since the history of children in general is that of violations and abuses by such persons, the society had long realised the need to establish legal and institutional regimes to safeguard the rights of the child against abuses particularly by those whose duties are to protect them. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 and in operation since 1990 alongside its two optional protocols adopted in 2000 represents the main international legal framework for the protection of the child against abuses. The first optional protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflict, while the second optional protocol prohibits the sales of children and child pornography. Both protocols have been ratified by many countries. The Convention brought together in one THE CONVENTION’S PROPER IMPLEMENTATION REQUIRES AN OVERHAUL OF CHILD’S CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP LAWS, IN LINE WITH THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE Mr. Charles Adebiyi and Chief Jonathan Olopade PHOTOS: OLUFEMI AJASA CONVENTION comprehensive documents all the legal rights, benefits and other stipulations which before then were scattered in various international and national statutes on the child. It also specified the rights and responsibilities of children and the duties of governments, parents, authorities and organizations towards the children. Secondly, it applies to all children universally without any consideration for race, colour, language, sex, religion, political, origin, property, etc. Thirdly, its main principle is that in all matters concerning the child, his interest should be the paramount consideration. Fourthly, it required all ratifying countries to report and appear before the UN’s Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically with a view to be examined on their progress with regards to the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their countries. Fifthly, the Convention’s proper implementation requires an overhaul of child’s custody and guardianship laws, in line with the core principles of the Convention. The UN’s monitoring and enforcement mechanisms as regards the Convention include the Child Rights Caucus, United Nations Human Rights Councils, the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Nigeria adopted the Convention in 1991 and domesticated it into a national law as Child Rights Act in 2003. The Act was divided into 24 parts and 11 schedules. Some states in Nigeria have also enacted Child Right Laws in line with the core principles of the Convention. Dr. Fatula, a lecturer writes from Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Osun State. Monday, August 5, 2013 National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net 47 Community Mirror Tax is not a voluntary contribution by members of an association, it is a compulsory levy and if you default in countries where the rule of law is strong, you are a candidate for prison. EDO STATE GOVERNOR; ADAMS OSHIOMHOLE You can’t sack us, chiefs tell monarch OJO OYEWAMIDE AKURE T hree traditional chiefs who were deposed by the Amapetu of Mahin Kingdom in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Oba Lawrence Omowole, have described their purported sack as of no effect. The chiefs are the Oloja of Kofawe, Chief Juwon Shemudara, the Baale of Lerenren, Chief Charles Kehinde Temetan, and Baale of Agbeni, Chief Estrome Agbeni. Oba Omowole had accused them of insubordination and failure to attend the Mahin council of chiefs meetings. Speaking at the weekend, the chiefs warned the Amapetu not to interfere in the affairs of their communities in the interest of peace, insisting that they remain the recognised authorities in their domains. The chiefs, who vowed to institute legal action against Oba Omowole, said his action was contrary to the tradition and customs of Mahin Kingdom and the Ondo State Chieftaincy Law. One of the chiefs, Shemudara, said: “What ignited fire between us and the Amapetu was the fraudulent sales and conversion of my land at Kofawe. The land was given to me by the Mahins with the endorsement of the Amapetu. “All necessary documents in respect of my appointment and allocation of the land were duly perfected and handed over to me. These gestures were in appreciation of the free legal and selfless services I rendered to the Mahin Kingdom and the Amapetu him- self. “Some people alleged that I forged the land document and they later dragged me to the Magistrate Court at Okitipupa presided over by then Magistrate Anthony Akinrinsola, who convicted me for forgery, an offence I did not commit. “But a higher court quashed the verdict and exonerated me. Otherwise, I would have been an ex-convict today. How then do you want me to feel for somebody who fraudulently sold the land without my consent?” Boy kills self with father’s gun Girl set ablaze by mistress dies in hospital OJO OYEWAMIDE AKURE FRANCIS SUBERU T he 11-year-old girl, Ita Bassey-Eno, allegedly set ablaze by her mistress, Mrs. Nkese Iroakazi, two weeks ago in Surulere area of Lagos State, has died. This is just as the State Criminal and Investigation Department, SCID, Panti, Yaba, moved the suspect to their facility for thorough investigation and prosecution. Concerted efforts by doctors to save Ita- Bassey-Eno who was admitted at the Burns and Trauma Unit of Gbagada General Hospital, Gbagada, proved abortive as she died from excruciating pains. Meanwhile, the suspect has denied any culpability, in spite of the statement by the victim from her hospital bed. According to an eyewitness, the suspect accused the deceased of stealing a piece of meat from her soup pot and despite pleading innocence, the mistress was said to have set her ablaze. While on fire, the deceased ran out and attempted plunging into a nearby gutter but collapsed before reaching there. With the help of neighbours and sympathisers, the 11-year-old was rushed to the hospital, even as her skin had peeled from the burns. Despite prompt treatment, the doctors had expressed fears of her recovery given the degree of burns she sustained. The state Police Public Relations Officer, DSP Ngozi Braide, said investigations are still ongoing.” Also speaking, Chief Estrome, a son-in-law of the Amapetu, said his purported deposition was like a dream, as he never expected such from his father-in-law. He said: “The deposition came to me as a shock because I did not deserve it. I did nothing wrong to justify my father-in-law’s action. “This is incredible. Do you know I am married to the Amapetu’s daughter? As I am talking, his daughter is still in my house. “All I know is that I remain the Baale of Agbeni and nobody can remove me expect God.” Flood at Fadaman Mada area of Bauchi metropolis after a heavy rain,, yesterday. PHOTO: NAN Robbers invade home of police boss FRANCIS SUBERU D are devil armed robbers last Saturday, invaded the house of the immediate past Force Public Relations Officer, Mr. Shola Amore, at Alakuko Area of Lagos State and carted away properties worth thousands of naira. The robbers had earlier robbed a branch of the Mountain of Fire and Miracle Ministries, MFM, at Alakuko Bus stop on the LagosAbeokuta Expressway. Sources at Alakuko Police Divisional Headquarters said the robbers also carted away musical instruments and other valuables. It was gathered that, the night guard, escaped by scaling the church fence wall to report the incident at the Alakuko Police Station. It was also learnt that police preliminary investigations revealed that the church robbery incident was facilitated by was an insider. Meanwhile, the robbers who attacked Amore’s home allegedly fired several shots leading to a gun duel in which a stray bullet hit a mother of two, even as she is said to be severely injured and receiving treatment at an undisclosed hospital. Residents of Ademola Abiola Street said the robbery operation took place after the hoodlums had trailed Amore’s wife to the house. It was also gathered from a vigilante group in the area, that the hoodlums entered the Amore’s home in company of his wife. “They carted away several items including cash, jewelries and other unspecified valuables. But we cannot estimate their value”. Residents said the robbers numbering three had trailed Mrs. Amore on a motorcycle and after robbing her, started shooting indiscriminately. It was also gathered that the robbery incident was the third in two months on the same street and the adjacent Adenekan, off Animashaun Road, Alakuko. It was also learnt that community leaders have made several reports to the police regarding the incessant cases of armed robbery but the situation had not been ameliorated. Efforts to speak with the Police Public Relations Officer, PPRO, proved abortive as his cell phone was not getting through. n 18-year-old boy, Sanni Kehinde, has allegedly killed himself with a gun said to belong to his father at Ikare Akoko in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo State. The incident, which has generated a lot of controversy, occurred at a nearby farm settlement known as ‘Aba Ori Okuta’. The deceased’s family was said to have hurriedly buried his remains without informing the police of the incident, fuelling suspicion of foul play. According to a police source, five family members including a 17-year-old boy identified as Bolu have been arrested in connection with the incident. Bolu was said to have been with the deceased at the time and rushed home to report the incident to the family. None of the family members was ready to speak on the matter when our correspondent visited, saying only the police can comment on the matter. The Police Public Relations Officer, PPRO, Wole Ogodo, confirmed the incident, saying that investigations have commenced to unravel the circumstance leading to the death, even as an autopsy report is being awaited. He said: “Immediately the incident happened, neither the family nor the neighbours reported the matter before the corpse was buried. That is why we made some arrests. “When the boy killed himself, the police was supposed to have been informed so that we will visit the crime scene. And if the boy would be buried, the order will come from the police.” 48 Terror alert: U.S. shuts 21 embassies as Ramadan ends “President Putin is behaving like a schoolyard bully” 50 WITH AGENCY REPORTS S outh Africa’s President Jacob Zuma yesterday congratulated Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe on his re-election, in sharp contrast to Western governments which questioned the credibility of a rushed, disputed vote. African monitors broadly approved the conduct of the election but Mugabe’s main rival, Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) leader Morgan Tsvangirai, has said he will challenge the results in court with evidence of massive voterigging, irregularities and intimidation. The sharply divergent views of Wednesday’s vote surfaced after Zimbabwe’s election officials declared a landslide win for Mugabe and his ZANU-PF party, giving Africa’s oldest president five more years at the helm of a nation he has ruled for 33. The standoff raises some fears the southern African nation risks repeating the turmoil that followed another contested vote in 2008. Election violence then forced Zimbabwe’s neighbours to broker a shaky unity government between ZANU-PF and the MDC. But yesterday’s “profound congratulations” extended to Mugabe by Zuma, leader of Africa’s economic powerhouse, reflected a willingness by the continent’s diplomatic bodies to swallow the re-election of Mugabe, 89, for the sake of re- –UNITED STATES SENATOR CHARLES SCHUMER Africa, West at odds over disputed Zimbabwe’s election Tsvangirai gesturing during a news conference in Harare, on Saturday. gional stability. Mugabe, one of the grand old men of southern Africa’s liberation fight that ended white minority rule, is admired as a defiant nationalist by some Africans, though others share the West’s view of him as a ruthless despot who wrecked Zimbabwe. “President Zuma urges all political parties in Zimbabwe to accept the outcome of the elections, as election observers reported it to be an expression of the will of the people,” the South African leader said in his statement. Zimbabwe’s capital Harare was calm yesterday, with many residents going to church. Newspaper billboards proclaimed “ZANU-PF gloats over victory”, “Mugabe romps to victory” and “Tsvangirai disputes election results”. Western observers were barred from Wednesday’s elections. Monitors from the African Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who observed them made a point of stressing that they were peaceful, in contrast to the violence of 2008 polls, and also endorsed them as broadly PHOTO: REUTERS free. In contrast, the United States and European governments, which have sanctions in place against Mugabe over past election-rigging, listed a litany of alleged flaws in the vote, from lack of availability of the voters’ roll to pro-Mugabe bias in the media and security services that skewed the election run-up. In Zimbabwe, independent domestic monitors had described the election as “seriously compromised” by registration problems that may have disenfranchised up to a million people. Egypt’s crisis: Diplomatic push to seek compromise U nited States and European Union envoys have been meeting officials from Egypt’s military-backed government and supporters of ousted President Mohammed Morsi. They are trying to find a peaceful solution to end the political crisis. Their talks took place amid mounting tensions over plans to break up two mass sit-ins by Morsi loyalists in the capital, Cairo. More than 100 Morsi supporters have been The supreme guide of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Badie speaking during a news conference. PHOTO: REUTERS killed in clashes since he was overthrown by the military on 3 July. Just hours after meeting members of Mr Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood and its political party, the US deputy secretary of state, William Burns, sat down for talks with the Egyptian Foreign Minister, Nabil Fahmy. They were joined by the European Union’s envoy, Bernardino Leon. Few official details have been given, but the hope is clearly to prevent further violence and bloodshed, says the BBC’s Yolande Knell in Cairo. Meanwhile, the leader of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood and his deputy will face trial in three weeks’ time for crimes including incitement to murder during protests in the days before the overthrow of President Mohamed Mursi, a Cairo court announced yesterday. Washington and Brussels expressed concern this week after Egypt’s new interim cabinet ordered police to clear two protest sites where thousands of supporters of the ousted president have been calling for his reinstatement. Further talks took place overnight between army chief Gen Abdul Fattah al-Sisi and a prominent group of Islamic clerics. According to an army statement, Gen al-Sisi told the clerics a peaceful solution could be reached if all sides rejected violence. However, the preachers were heavily criticised by Morsi loyalists for taking part in the meeting; they say nothing short of Mr Morsi’s reinstatement will end their protests. On Saturday, the interior ministry renewed its call for the demonstrations to end peacefully, and said this would allow the Muslim Brotherhood to return to a role in the democratic political process. WORLD BULLETIN Mali’s Dembele breaks ranks, backs former PM Keita in run-off The candidate of Mali’s largest political party, who came third in the first round of the country’s presidential election, broke ranks with his own party on Saturday and said he will back former Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keita in a run-off. Dramane Dembele’s move goes against his Adema-PASJ party’s plans and deals a blow to the anti-junta coalition that had formed around former Finance Minister Soumaila Cisse, who will be Keita’s contender in the August 11 second round. Keita - seen as close to leaders of the coup last year that triggered Mali’s current crisis - secured 39 percent of the first round votes, well ahead of Cisse’s 19 percent. Dembele, who scored 9.5 percent, and fourth-placed candidate Modibo Sidibe had been expected to back Cisse. “I’m making a solemn appeal to all Adema-PASJ supporters and my compatriots who voted for me to vote for Ibrahim Boubacar Keita in the second round of the presidential election,” Dembele told a news conference in Bamako. Landmine kills Tunisian soldier, injures seven near Algerian border One Tunisian soldier was killed and seven others wounded yesterday by a landmine near the Algerian border, where security forces have been hunting Islamist militants, an army source said. “The landmine was planted by Islamist extremists. It exploded when their tank rolled over it in a security sweep in Mount Chaambi,” he said, referring to a remote border area where militants killed eight troops last Monday in one of the deadliest attack against Tunisian security forces in decades. Moroccan king to probe Spanish paedophile pardon The Moroccan king has promised an investigation into the royal pardoning of a Spanish man convicted of raping 11 children aged between four and 15. The paedophile was among 48 jailed Spaniards freed by King Mohammed VI, sparking angry protests and violent clashes with police in Rabat on Friday. A royal statement said the king had been unaware of the gravity of the Spaniard’s crimes. Fresh protests are expected in Casablanca and Rabat next week. Daniel Galvan Vina, believed to be in his sixties, was sentenced to 30 years in prison in September 2011. However, last week he was freed by royal decree from a jail in Kenitra, north of the capital. He is reported to have left the country. Dozens of people were injured in violent confrontations between hundreds of protesters and police outside parliament in the Moroccan capital on Friday. World News Terror alert: U.S. shuts 21 embassies as Ramadan ends U nited States military forces in the Middle East region were on alert and 22 diplomatic missions were closed yesterday due to terrorism concerns, officials said. A recent surge of intelligence has pointed to a possible plot by al-Qaida to strike somewhere in the Middle East or North Africa, and the Obama administration decided to close various embassies and consulates Sunday as a precaution. “The president instructed his national security team to take all appropriate steps to protect the American people in light of a potential threat occurring in or emanating from the Arabian Peninsula,” the White House said in a written statement. Obama met Saturday with high-ranking national security officials and the statement added the president “received frequent briefings over the last week on all aspects of the potential threat and our preparedness measures.” The U.S. preparedness measures also included raising the alert status of various military units in southern Europe as well as in the Middle East and North Africa. Sources told CNN a pair of Navy amphibious ships had moved closer to the volatile African nation of Yemen, which is considered a likely potential target of the reported al-Qaida operation. U.S. Marines in Spain and Italy were also ready to immediately respond to trouble. Yesterday was considered to be particularly worrisome because it marks the end of Ramadan. Sunday is considered the “Night of Power” by Muslims and one of the holiest days in Islam. “It all leads us to believe something could happen in the near future,” a senior U.S. intelligence official told CNN. Meanwhile, according to a report from CBS News a major terror plot is underway and a team to carry it out “has been selected and is in place.” While there is no other information—date, time, location—CBS reports that it’s the most specific, credible threat data in years. Which helps explain the State Department’s decision Friday to issue a broad global travel alert for U.S. citizens for the entire month of August, as well as the order to close 21 embassies across the Muslim world beginning yesterday because of an unspecified threat. CBS News reports that officials have noted Yemen as a potential target, as it’s the home base for al Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula, a.k.a. AQAP, widely considered the most dangerous in the world. President Obama was briefed Saturday morning on the potential terrorist Monsoon floods in Pakistan, Afghanistan kill 80 U .S. military forces in the Middle East region were on alert and 22 diplomatic missions were closed yesterday due to terrorism concerns, officials said. A recent surge of intelligence has pointed to a possible plot by al-Qaida to strike somewhere in the Middle East or North Africa, and the Obama administration decided to close various embassies and consulates Sunday as a precaution. “The president instructed his national security team to take all appropriate steps to protect the American people in light of a potential threat occurring in or emanating from the Arabian Peninsula,” the White House said in Many roads in the Pakistani city of Karachi have been blocked by the floods. PHOTO: REUTERS a written statement. Obama met Saturday with high-ranking national security officials and the statement added the president “received frequent briefings over the last week on all aspects of the potential threat and our preparedness measures.” The U.S. preparedness measures also included raising the alert status of various military units in southern Europe as well as in the Middle East and North Africa. Sources told CNN a pair of Navy amphibious ships had moved closer to the volatile African nation of Yemen, which is considered a likely potential target of the reported al-Qaida operation. An Israeli walking a dog in front of US Consulate General building in Jerusalem, Israel, yesterday. PHOTO: UPI threat before departing for Camp David, according to CBS News correspondent Jeff Pegues. August has been an active month for terrorism, CBS News says: 15 years ago this week the U.S. Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania took more than 200 lives and injured more than 4,000. CBS News adds that next month is the first anniversary of the Sept. 11 attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, which killed four Americans, including the U.S. ambassador. “Current information suggests that al-Qa’ida and affiliated organizations continue to plan terrorist attacks both in the region and beyond, and that they may focus efforts to conduct attacks in the period between now and the end of August,” the alert posted on the State Department’s website stated. Rouhani officially inaugurated as Iranian president I ranian President Hassan Rouhani took the oath of office before parliament in Tehran yesterday and was expected later in the day to name a cabinet he said would be chosen from figures across the political spectrum. “In the presence of the holy Koran and before the nation, I swear to the omnipotent God to safeguard the official religion of the country and the Islamic Republic as well as the country’s constitution,” he told parliament and foreign dignitaries in a ceremony broadcast live on state television. Rouhani, elected with a wide margin over conservative rivals in elections in June, has pledged to pursue less confrontational policies abroad in order to ease international sanctions on Iran’s economy over its disputed nuclear program. But Rouhani is very much an insider in the Islamic Republic, having served in senior military and security roles since shortly after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. As well as pressure from the West, Rouhani faces the huge task of trying to fix an economy damaged by sanctions and the profligacy of the previous government. Australian PM calls election for 7 September A ustralian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has called an election for 7 September, six weeks after defeating former PM Julia Gillard in a Labour party vote. The date was announced after he visited the governor-general, a formality preceding an election announcement. The head of the centreleft party faces stiff competition from conservative opposition leader Tony Abbott, who is favourite to win. The economy, asylum seekers and climate change are among the key issues. “It’s on. A few moments ago I saw the governorgeneral and asked that she dissolve this parliament and call the federal election for 7 September,” Rudd said in an email to Labour supporters. Rudd returned to lead Australia’s government three years after he was toppled in a similar Labour leadership contest by Ms Gillard. Alade Odunewu: Long live Allah de CONTINUED FROM PAGE BACKPAGE sector contributions to the conscious effort to enhance professionalism in the media. In 2007, Odunewu acknowledged the awards have impacted heavily on Journalism practice. ‘‘People are now conscious of the fact that they are being looked at; competition is getting keener by the year. Quite a good number of awardees have gone to greener pasture and have done the profession and country proud. We must commend those behind these noble ideas’’, he had said. Beyond the top media jobs he held, Odunewu enjoyed the institutional recognition of the media. This ranged from the Nigeria Union of Journalists to the Nigerian Guild of Editors of which he was a past president, to the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria, to a training school like the Nigerian Institute of Journalism, to the 1999 industry-led initiative of late Tunji Oseni where he was named one of the 14 icons of journalism development in 140 years of Nigerian Journalism, to DAME and Thisday which honoured him with Lifetime Achievement awards. On July 19, 2011, Diamond Publications, with support from the Press Council, presented a major book, Nigerian Columnists and their Art, which I edited, in his honour. A worthy addition to journalism literature, contributors to it include: Adidi Uyo, Mike Awoyinfa, Ben Lawrence, Felix Adenaike, Tony Momoh, Dan Agbese, Gbenga Omotoso, Sunny Obazu-Ojeagbase, Stanley Egbochuku, and Maxim Uzoatu. It also features samples of the writings of such columnists as the late Olabisi Onabanjo, Peter Enahoro, Abiodun Aloba, Alade Odunewu, Sam Amuka, Gbolabo Ogunsan wo, Tunji Oseni, Ray Ekpu, Stanley Macebuh, Olatunji Dare, Adebayo Williams, Odia Ofeimun, Reuben Abati, Ochereome Nnanna, Tunde Fagbenle, Azu Ishiekwene, Pini Jason, Ijeoma Nwogwugwu, Doyin Abiola, Dele Omotunde, Muhammed Haruna, and Sam Omatseye. That work alongside his own published work, Winners take all, should serve as worthy tributes to the craft of informed commentary and remind some of our emerging writers that literary grandstanding or egoistic vituperation is not. That way, even as Alade Odunewu has gone the way of all flesh, Allah de would still be around. May the heavens accept his soul! Idowu, CEO, Diamond Publications and Trustee of the Diamond Awards for Media Excellence (DAME), lives in Lagos. National Mirror www.nationalmirroronline.net Scholar tasks Muslims on polygamy without proper planning P rof. Abdulrahman Oloyede has cautioned Muslims Umah particularly youths against polygamy without proper planning, urging them to have knowledge about their religion before taking any action relating to Islam. Also, Nigerian Muslims have been encouraged to participate in the democratic process to elect credible leaders in governance in accordance with the injunction of Allah as contained in the Holy Quran. Speaking at the 18th Ramadan lecture in honour of Late Alhaji Asifat Owolabi AkanmuEleja, held at the Wings School, Iwo, Osun State yesterday, Alhaji Halilu Husseni Pai reiterated that the nation’s electoral body has put all the necessary machinery in motion to ensure credible election in the next year governorship election in Ekiti State. Delivering his lecture entitled, “Polygamy and Family Planning”, Prof. Abdulrahman Oloyede cautioned Muslim Umah particularly the youths against polygamy without proper planning, urging Muslims to have knowledge about their religion before taking any action relating to Islam. Prof. Oloyede who doubles as the Chief Imam of University of Ibadan, declared that marrying many wives used to lead to poverty among Muslims, saying that Prophet Muhammed directed Muslims with natural and economy strength to marry more than one wife, cautioning Muslims Umah against bastardizing the directive of Prophet on marriage. His words: ‘If you cannot do equal among the women, you should not marry two wives. If you cannot provide for more than one wife, do not engage another one. I want to use this opportuni- ty to caution our young ones against marrying many wives and they should consult Islamic scholars before marrying another wife if the need be for them so as to prevent against challenges surrounding it.” Oloyede who frown at the way and manner some Muslims men abandon their old wife because of new one, urging Muslims to invest so much on both Islamic and western education of their children On family planning, he stressed that birth control in Islam is not compulsory but Islam allows family planning without side effect, adding that husband and wife could take any device that can prevent them from having unwanted birth. Ahead of 2014 governorship election in Ekiti State, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has declared its readiness to conduct free, fair and credible poll in the State, just as it sought for the maximum and total cooperation of the stakeholders in the governorship election in the State. ‘Concentrate on Nigeria’s unity’ Executive members of The Companion giving out deep freezer and generator to one of the beneficiaries during the Zakat distribution organised by The Companion in Lagos recently. Sultan prays for journalists AISHA TITILAYO S ultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Sa’ad Abubakar has condoled with the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) over the death of three officers of the union in an auto crash. This was contained in a press release signed on his behalf by Prof. Ishaq Oloyede, the SecretaryGeneral, Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA), yesterday. “We received with deep grief and sorrow, the news of a road accident in Osun State which reportedly claimed the lives of three members of the union. Coming at this time of our national life, such a disturbing incident only amounts to additional agony for the entire country, especially with daily reports of callous killings in one form or another”. The Sultan noted with concern that such youthful professional men and a woman could lose their lives fortuitously in that manner during their dedicated service to the nation. “The irony of life in this case is that destiny cannot be evaded by any human being, despite any level of carefulness.” While commiserating with the families of the deceased and the national leadership of the NUJ, the Sultan prayed the Almighty God to grant the souls of the victims eternal rest. He also prayed to God to grant their families the fortitude to bear the loss. “We also invoke the mercy of the Almighty God to ensure a speedy recovery for those who were wounded in the accident.” The Sultan equally prayed to God to protect the lives of the teeming Nigerian journalists in the course of their professional duties. “All hands must be on deck to ensure the safety of our roads and the lives of those who are plying them”, the statement added T he Emir of Bauchi, Alhaji Rilwanu Suleiman, has advised Islamic preachers to always concentrate on issues that will promote the country’s unity. Suleiman gave the advice yesterday when Sheikh Abubakar Dikko, who conducted the Tafsir session at the Bakin Kura Quarters Mosque, Bauchi, visited him. “Preachers should always concentrate on propagating issues that will promote peace and unity among Muslims in the state as well as the nation at large,” he said. Dikko, accompanied by some executive officers of the mosque, said the visit was because of the insecurity in the North East area of the country. He stressed the need for traditional rulers to mobilise Imams to always preach what was revealed in the holy book, instead of issues that could mislead their followers. He commiserated with the emir and the people of the emirate over the recent flooding that wreaked havoc in some parts of Bauchi. L-R: Mrs F.T. Kayode Head Teacher, Modupe Cole Memorial Child Care and Treatment School, presenting a letter of appreciation to the Operations Manager of Zakat and Sadaqat Foundation, Mallam Ahmed Ma’aruf for the food items donated by the Foundation to the school recently. 52 CBN to renovate secondary school with N500m DANJUMA WILLIAMS GOMBE T he Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, is to renovate Dukku Community Science Secondary School in Gombe State at the cost of N500 million. Presenting the letter of renovation to the Emir of Dukku, Alhaji Haruna Rashid II, an Assistant Director in the CBN, Suleiman Kumo Mohammed, said the Central Bank would soon send its consultants to monitor the project. National Mirror learnt that the move to renovate the secondary school was in fulfillment of the CBN governor’s promise made earlier this year when he visited the Emir’s palace shortly after being appointed Emir. In a press statement issued to by the Information Unit of Dukku Local Government Area, the Emir of Dukku, Alhaji Haruna Rashid II, commended the CBN Governor, Alhaji Sanusi Lamido Sanusi for initiating such a laudable programme in the community. In his response, Chairman of Dukku Local Government Area, Alhaji Umar Ladan, also expressed his appreciation to the CBN for assisting the community in renovating the school which he said will give the school a befitting status. He commended the federal and state governments for allowing the local government freehand to execute projects that have direct bearing on the lives of the common man in the areas of provision of water, rural electrification, health care, renovation of primary schools and staff quarters and the construction of drainages. CBN Gov., Sanusi FG to decongest prisons to check jailbreak WALE IBRAHIM LOKOJA A s part of efforts to combat the incidence of jailbreak in the country, the Federal Government has said that it is working towards the decongestion of the country’s prisons. The Federal Government also said it has set up a taskforce to monitor prison officers to ensure that they carry out their duties diligently in accordance with the rules of their engagement. Minister of Interior, Abah Moro, who disclosed this while fielding questions from journalists in Lokoja, the Kogi State capital, at the weekend, shortly after the fund raising ceremony for the ultra modern auditorium of a Catholic Cathedral in the state capital, where he represent the Senate President, David Mark, at the occasion. He said the spate of jailbreak in the country is becoming worrisome in recent times, stressing that there are challenges in the prison system in the country as a result of the security challenges the country is facing now. His words; “But much more fundamental is that the spate of jailbreak is as a result of the security challenges we are facing in the country right away. Most of the jailbreak you are talking about is as a result of attack on our prisons by hoodlums who attempt to forcefully free prison inmates.” Moro also pointed out that some of them are as a result of what he characterised as conspiracy on the part of prison officials, adding that in order to forestall jailbreak occurrences, the Federal Government has set up a taskforce to tour all the prison formations unan- nounced to ensure that officers are carrying out their duties in line with the rules and regulations establishing the prisons. “In addition, we have taking steps to install electronic gadgets to monitor the activities of our prisons. We will ensure that we provide adequate parameter fencing in our prisons and obstacle that will prevent people from attacking our prisons. “What we are doing now is to decongest our prisons because the fewer the number of our inmates, the more manageable the prisons,” he posited. L-R: Head of Training, Ilorin International Aviation College, Captain Abdulmumin Abdulkarim; Pilots Sam Gadzama; Babatunde Bakare and Kwara State Governor, Abdulfatah Ahmed, during the delivery of two training aircraft purchased by the state government to the aviation college, yesterday. By-election: Lawmaker accuses CPC of misleading CJN A lawmaker in the upper chamber of the National Assembly, Senator Gyang Pwajok, has accused the defunct Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, of trying to mislead the Chief Justice of Nigeria, CJN, over a court order that nullified his (Pwajok’s) election. Pwajok, who was reacting to a protest letter written by the Plateau State chapter of the CPC over his continued stay in the Senate after the December 20, 2012 nullification of the October 6, 2012 by-election in Plateau North senatorial district, also accused CPC of playing “unclean politics.” The CPC in a letter to the CJN, signed by its Chairman, Alhaji Mubashiru Aliyu and dated July 15, 2013, wondered why Pwajok was still in the Senate after an Abuja Federal High Court nullified his election. The nullification order resulted from a case filed by the CPC, alleging that INEC wrongly disqualified its candidate, Mr. Tony Gaga, from contesting the poll to fill the seat that became vacant after the death of Senator Gyang Dantong, on July 8, 2012. In his judgment, Justice A. F. Ademola, ordered that a fresh election should be held within 90 days, while directing Pwajok to vacate the seat. In the petition, CPC observed that the fresh poll had not been held, while Pwajok was still in the Senate, describing the situation as “a slap on the integrity of the judiciary” which had the tendency to create anarchy. The CPC had earlier written a protest letter to the Senate President on June 26, 2013, in which it declared Pwajok’s stay in the Senate as “illegal,” threatening to embark on a peaceful protest against such injustice. But Pwajok, in a written response to the CPC, dated July 26, 2013, described the letter to the CJN as “very shocking”, especially since Aliyu was “fully aware of the facts on ground.” Specifically, Pwajok, through his counsel, Mr. Sunny-Gabriel Odey, said he had filed an appeal against the judgment nullifying his election in which he challenged the competence of the court to entertain the case. Pwajok had faulted the court’s competence to nullify an election using a preelection matter and noted that only the election petitions tribunal had the powers to nullify elections. “The appeal has been entered as Appeal No. CA/A/45/2013 at the Abuja Division of the Court of Appeal, with the PDP and Senator Pwajok as appellants, while CPC and INEC are respondents. “We, the appellants, also promptly filed a motion for stay of execution and injunction pending the appeal on December 24, 2012, which was equally served on you,” Pwajok noted. Besides, the senator reminded the CPC that it (CPC) had filed an appeal against the said judgment by way of cross appeal on January 13, 2013 and followed that up with a cross appellant’s brief on February 21, 2013, while his (Pwajok)’s cross respondents’ brief was filed on March 21, 2013. Pwajok said the fact that the CPC had filed a cross appeal against the December 20 judgment only confirmed that the party, which filed the case and purportedly secured the said nullification, was equally not satisfied with that judgment. “In addition to the above processes, your counsel has filed other interlocutory applications at the Court of Appeal, all of which are pending for determination,” he said. He also recalled that INEC had filed its own appeal against the judgment under reference, stressing that it was intriguing that the CPC chief could feign ignorance of the facts. 580 houses, farmlands, others lost to flood in Katsina JAMES DANJUMA KATSINA M ore than 580 houses have either been completely or partially destroyed by flood in four villages in Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State. The incident occurred barely 24 hours after a dam’s embankment broke down in Kankia Local Government Area which led to the destruction of farmlands and crops worth millions of naira. Though no lives were lost in the Zango incident, it was however learnt that domestic animals were washed away while several farm produce were also destroyed. Confirming the incident, the council’s Information Officer, Bala Sailsu, said names of the affected villages include Dargade, Dasha, Zango and Tsara. Salisu said more than 300 houses were destroyed in Zango while about 280 houses were affected in the other three villages. In a related development in Gadar-Yantulana village in Charanchi Local Government Area of the state, another flooding incident has destroyed farmlands and domestic animals, rendering the people poorer in the process. It was learnt that a local pond had overflowed into the village with only a mosque surviving the disaster. The victims of the flood are currently taking refuge in a primary school in the neighbourhood while council officials have visited and sympathised with the victims. Some of the victims who spoke with journalists said though no lives were lost, houses, animals and farmlands that were lost in the process were their only source of livelihood which collectively amounted to several millions of naira. Speaking on the incident, the Transition Committee Chairman of the council, Yahaya Galadima, said arrangements have been concluded to move the entire village members to another location. Monday, August 5, 2013 53 Sport For sur sure, I am not putting myself to any pre pressure ahead of the Worlds. I just would like to be myself T/Tennis: African king, Assar, set for Classics 54 NFF warns FAs, clubs as Nationwide League ends T Moses (right) in action for the Super Eagles Moses, Nsofor ready for Mandela Challenge EVEREST ONYEWUCHI C helsea of England winger, Victor Moses, has declared his readiness for the August 14 Mandela Challenge match against the Bafana Bafana in Durban. Super Eagles’ secretary, Dayo Achor, said yesterday that Moses was the first player to confirm his availability for the game. In a statement issued by the Eagles’ Media Officer, Ben Alaiya, Achor said that Moses was looking forward to the match and longing to reunite with his team mates in the senior national team. Also, Obinna Nsofor has made en- …NFF battles Spartak over Emenike quiries about his return to the national team and has also promised to be early for the game in South Africa. Other players who have made enquiries about the friendly so far include power playing Lazio of Italy midfielder, Ogenyi Onazi, Russiabased Ahmed Musa and striker Brown Ideye. Arrival for all the players according to the NFF remains August 11 in South Africa for the game scheduled for Wednesday, August 14. Meanwhile, NFF General Secretary, Barr. Musa Amadu, has reacted quickly to an initial position of Rus- sian side, Spartak Moscow, that it will not release AFCON 2013 top striker, Emmanuel Emenike, for the Mandela challenge. “The NFF will not accept any of such claims that it’s not a FIFA free window, because it is and as I speak with you the NFF scribe has also made his position known to Spartak,” team sources declared. “Don’t forget that the game is also a dress rehearsal for the September World Cup qualifier against the Flames of Malawi and we can’t afford to let anything to chance,” Amadu was quoted as saying. Loan deal: Liverpool, others chase Omeruo AFOLABI GAMBARI WITH AGENCY REPORT L atest reports claimed that several English Premier League clubs like Liverpool, Swansea and West Brom are now on the heels of Super Eagles defender, Kenneth Omeruo on a possible loan deal should the youngster foresee his chances limited at Chelsea. Omeruo has since returned to the Stamford Bridge side after a loan spell at Dutch Eredivise club ADO Den Haag last season. But although he has been reportedly handed a Chelsea squad shirt after the British Home Office granted him a five-year work permit last week, football watchers feel his playing times may be curtailed as he will be up against veteran retired England international, John Terry, in the shirt first when the new season gets underway. According to another account yesterday, however, Omeruo has started training with the Chelsea reserves after he failed to secure a United States visa to join with his mates currently on pre-season tour and will be expected to resume full training just ahead of the first EPL game at home against Hull City on August 18. “I’m happy to be at Chelsea and I’m really looking forward to training with the main squad when they are back from the USA,” Omeruo said yesterday, apparently rubbishing the reports on another loan spell. he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) at the weekend warned clubs in the Nigeria Nationwide League and host State Football Associations to be upright as the final matches of the season in the Divisions 1B and 1D are played tomorrow. NFF’s Director of Competitions, Dr. Mohammed Sanusi, said any club or host State FA found to be involved in any hanky-panky would be visited with severe sanctions. “It is important that the clubs take a cue from what has happened to those four clubs involved in scandalous scorelines. The NFF will not hesitate to deal severely with any club found to be involved in dirty compromise or inducement, or any other silly game for that matter, and the host State FA will not be spared.” In tomorrow’s final matches of the season in the aforementioned divisions, Atiba United square up against J. Atete in Oyo town, while Ajiroba Ooni and Go Round FC light up Ile-Ife. Canaan City host FC Inter and Court of Appeal take on Rhapsody in Lokoja. Dallatu FC are away to Boro United in Kaduna while Bida Lions are home to FC Lokoja and Meridian Airline and Sardauna Kano tackle themselves in Kano. Lobi Jnr. Stars are up against Nigeria Prisons FC in Makurdi. “All State FAs and clubs involved in these matches are warned to abide strictly by the rules and regulations guiding association football. The Secretariat will sanction any misdemeanour by any club while concerned State FAs will not be spared,” Sanusi added. …Sympathises with Kano Pillars T he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) yesterday commiserated with the management of the Kano Pillars over the August 1 road accident involving their team. News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that Pillars’ technical crew had the accident on their way back to Kano from Ilorin after the club’s Federation Cup match against Warri Wolves. NFF’s Director of Competition, Dr. Sanusi Mohammed, who represented NFF’s President, Aminu Maigari, delivered the condolence message when he visited Kano Pillars’ Technical Adviser, Babaganaru Mohammed, at Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano. Mohammed said that Maigari had earlier made contact with the team to ascertain the extent of the accident. The director, who said that he was deeply touched by the unfortunate incident, however, thanked God for sparing the lives of the accident’s victims. “This is what all the clubs face regularly as we go round the country to honour away matches. May Allah protect us from all dangers associated with road accidents,” Mohammed said. Sport Body Building: World athletes due in Lagos A FOLABI GAMBARI A T/Tennis: African king, Assar, set for Classics YEMI OLUS A frican champion and one of the world’s most promising players, Omar Assar of Egypt, has been confirmed for the first Lagos International Table Tennis Classics holding this month. The Egyptian displayed an outstanding performance at the 2013 World Championships held in Paris, when he beat Romania’s Adrian Crisan in the round of 32 and fell against Robert Gardos of Austria in the next round and showed class at the 2013 Mediterranean Games where he won the men’s singles. Executive Director, Egypt Table Tennis Federation (ETTF), Hesham M. Abou-Hashish, who confirmed Assar’s participation at the weekend, said the North Africans had viewed the Lagos Classics with seriousness and were de- termined to excel. Assar was sidelined with shoulder injury in 2011 but he had to undergo surgery to make a return in Mozambique, to become the only player to go through the whole tournament unbeaten in singles matches, during which he won the ticket to London 2012 where he made it to the second round of the tournament. He has also won six titles on the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) Junior Circuit, and in his first outing at the 2011 All Africa Games in Mozambique, the 22-year-old dethroning Nigeria’s Segun Toriola after winning the men’s singles to collect his first major senior title. Classics Director, Ranti Lajide, said yesterday that Assar’s presence would give competitive edge to the tournament. “Certainly, he will be the centre of attraction,” Lajide submitted. …. Quadri squares Maya in exhibition IFEANYI EDUZOR P ortugal-based Nigerian player, Aruna Quadri, and former African champion, Taofeek Maya, will meet in an exhibition game at the launching and fund raising for the Hoffnung Sports Foundation in Lagos tomorrow. According to the Founder, Dapo Akiode, the event scheduled for the Alake Sports Centre in Abeokuta will be preceded by a lecture titled Grassroots Sports Development to be delivered by Hon. Wilfred Allen-Taylor Akiode,who is a former national and African junior table tennis champion while he plied his trade in Germany, remarked that the need to restructure the sport at the grassroots had become expedient in order to enable Nigeria to compete favourably at the global level. “We want to encourage youths to develop more interest in table tennis, espe- cially in this era when most countries in the world are embracing grassroots development,” he said. Dignitaries that include Osile Oke Ona, Oba Adedapo Tejousho, Chief (Mrs) Alaba Lawson and the Ogun State Commissioner for Sports, Mr. Gbenga Otenuga, are expected at the event which has Chief Segun Williams as the Chief Launcher. Quadri bout 300 foreign and local athletes are expected in Lagos soon for the Mr. Flex Body Building Championship billed for the Water Parks, Ikeja on September 28. Organisers told National Mirror yesterday that about N5m prize would be at stake with the star prize winner going home with a power bike and N1million. “Contestants include former Mr. California, David Ekpe, current NPC Champion, Bada Lekan; current Mr. Flex Nigeria champion, Femi Adeoye; and veteran builder, Abdul Rasak, who currently occupies number 6 position in Africa, among others,” Coordinator of the event, Stephen Okoli-Odene, disclosed. The coordinator also said the championship would be sponsored by Challarams Plc, 7UP, and Vitamilk. “The essence is to help athletes to excel in their career and to raise the standard of Nigerian youths in body building and other power sports,” he explained, adding, “We have changed the perception of Nigerians who see body builders as thugs and miscreants and we thank corporate bodies like Simba, Zenith Sports, CWay water and others for their support in this regard.” Okoli, however, said the organisers’ ultimate aim was to establish means of livelihood for the country’s teeming youths. Serena gets Rogers Cup top spot W orld number one, Serena Williams, has been named the top seed at the Rogers Cup women’s tournament smashing off today. Williams, who won the French Open earlier this year, will be playing for her third career title at Rexall Centre in Toronto. Australian Open winner Victoria Azarenka is the number two seed followed by Agnieszka Radwanska. Top-ranked Canadian player Eugenie Bouchard of Westmount, Que., will face Alisa Kleybanova in the first round while the other Canadians at the tournament, Stephanie Dubois of Laval, Que., and Sharon Fichman of Toronto, will play each other in the first round. Williams has recently claimed being in top shape ahead of the US Open at Flushing Meadows in New York this month, after a dismal performance at the Wimbledon. “I honestly believe this should be a dress rehearsal for the main event which I need not emphasise that I have really looked up,” Williams said, adding, “We will take it up from there.” Fabregas Devils to make final Fabregas bid M anchester United is expected to make its final bid for Barcelona midfielder Cesc Fabregas this week. The Red Devils have already had two bids of £26m and £30m rejected, but latest reports said Vice Chairman Ed Woodward is ready to go back in with a third offer of £40m. Interestingly, Barcelona Coach, Gerardo Martino said last week that he would rather his prized player remain in Camp Nou. “Cesc is one of the best players in the squad and I think he will stay,” Martino said. “But it is for him to decide the situation, although it has not occurred to me that I won’t be able to count on him.” Spurs confirms Dempsey’s flight T ottenham Hotspur has revealed that the club’s centre forward, Clint Dempsey, has left the White Hart Lane and returned to the Major League Soccer with Seattle Sounders. The 30-year-old joined Spurs just 12 months ago when the club paid Fulham over £6million for his signature. He scored 12 goals in 43 appearances for the north London club last season, but Manager Andre VillasBoas is happy to let him move on. “Coming into the season I thought I was going to start with Tottenham but the MLS and Seattle Sounders have moved mountains to get me here,” Dempsey, who last played in his homeland back in 2006 when he left New England Revolution, said yesterday. “I’m happy to come back in my prime and be able to make a difference.” Dempsey Ahead Worlds: Kalu tasks Okagbare B Martins scores seventh goal, Igbonu opens Denmark account IKENWA NNABUOGOR N igeria striker Obafemi Martins returned to scoring form in the Major League Soccer in the US for his club Seattle Sounders, netting once in the 3-0 hammering of Dallas yesterday. The former Rubin Kazan of Russia hit man, who had earlier gone three games without scoring, put his side in the front in the eighth minute before US international Eddie Johnson doubled the lead just before the break. The hosts put the game beyond Dallas ramming in the third goal in the added time to catapult themselves in the seventh place in the Eastern Conference of the MLS. Martins lasted the entire duration of the game and has now played 14 matches since he arrived in last January transfer windows from Spanish side Levante. He’s also got a blemish, getting the marching orders and scoring in the 2-0 away win at Chivas USA in early June. Opening his season’s account in Denmark on Saturday was youngster Sylvester Igbonu, scoring in the 2-1 home win over SønderjyskE. The Lagos-born striker, who has attracting interests from top Turkish sides, opened scoring in the 81st minute before the decider was added in the 88th minute to ensure a hard-earned victory for the hosts as they maintained their 100 percent record to remain on top of the Danish Super League after three rounds of games. Igbonu was on from start to finish. He has also covered every blade of grass this season for his club of six seasons. Joining Igbonu in the victory song were his compatriots – Izunna Uzochukwu and former academy player, seven foot plus youngster Ebere Paul Onuachu, who was handed his second senior cap. As usual, Uzochukwu was on for 90 minutes. Lanky Onuachu, who dazzled in the academy to arely four days to the Moscow 2013 World Athletics Championships, former Abia State governor, Dr. Orji Uzor Kalu, feels Blessing Okagbare could do without all the hype. Kalu said yesterday in a statement, “What Okagbare needs now is no pressure at all. Concentration is key. Setting new records in 100 metres and Long Jump is good, but not the end. There is still a long road to travel.” The ex-governor recalled that prior to the London 2012 Olympics the sprint queen had won the 100m in the London leg of the Diamond League, but was unable to climb the podium much later. “She must have grown in experience now. Beating the American duo of Carmelita Jeter and Tiana Madison before the Olympics and hitting a Personal Best (PB) of 10.93 secs during the Games did not guarantee a medal last year as Shelly- Ann Fraser-Pryce went for gold,” Kalu added. Okagbare was out of planet earth last week, equalling Chioma Ajunwa’s 7.14m record in the long jump and raising a new continental best of10.86secs in the sprints. While praising the medal hopeful, Kalu prayed against the tough luck that befell Innocent Egbunike at the Roma ‘87 Championships. “Egbunike was red hot before the competition. Twelve times he made sub 45.0secs alongside Harry ‘Butch’ Reynolds. On August 17 1987, he set African and Commonwealth records in Zurich. Yet, when it mattered most in a couple of weeks, gold eluded Nigeria in Rome as East German dark horse, Thomas Schonlebe, emerged from the blues to win in a new European record of 44.33 secs. That shall not be Blessing’s portion,” Kalu prayed. Igbonu (front) earn his senior cap, played in the last ten minutes. The 19-year-old striker touted as the next big thing in Nigerian footballer had last season seen just eight minutes of action and earned just two bench selections. In England, former Super Eagles central defender Danny Shittu started the 2013/14 season in the Championship on a bad note, as his side Millwall fell 1-0 at home to new comers Yeovil on Saturday. Shittu, captaining the Lions, was on for 90 minutes. Shittu, who played a pivotal role as the Lions reached the English FA Cup semi-finals last season failed to provide enough cover for Republic of Ireland goalkeeper David Forde and stop Edward Upson from firing in the winner with just two minutes left on the clock. The former Bolton Wanderers hard man played a mouth watering 39 times for the promotion play-offs losers last season. In Scotland, Super Eagles defender Efe Ambrose and Celtic Glasgow opened the 2013/2014 season on a bright note, claiming a 2-1 victory over Ross County on Saturday. Ambrose was in the thick of action for 90 minutes, keeping things tight at the rear that was breached only once by the visitors. In Russia, Eagles winger Ahmed Musa failed to find the back of the net for defending champions CSKA Moscow who held hosts Rubin Kazan to goalless draw yesterday. Musa, who was a double champion last season, was on for 90 minutes. Musa was expected to add to his two-goal account but fired blank in the highly explosive encounter. The former VVV Venlo striker has so far played in all four games for the champions this season. In Belgium, former Flying Eagles striker Michael Uchebo was on the losing side of Cercle Brugges, who were discgraced 4-0 before their disappointed home fans by defending champions Anderlecht on Saturday. The giant striker was only introduced at the start of the second half in a desperate bid to cancel out the champions’ goals but he fell pitifully below expectations. Uchebo, who managed only two league goals last season, has played all the two games this season but still in search of his first goal. Okagbare Oldest fossilised animal food store Vol. 03 No. 679 S N150 Monday, August 5, 2013 In November 2003 a team of scientists from the University of Bonn, Germany, announced their discovery of a 17 million-year-old fossilised rodent burrow containing more than 1,200 fossilised nuts. Alade Odunewu: Long live Allah De uddenly, the news hit us July 25; Hadj. Alade Odunewu, journalism’s gift to Nigeria, is no more. As a small measure of his worth, the media have been abuzz with stories of his passage. Tributes have been pouring in from all strata of the society---the media, politicians, academics, titled and untitled Nigerians, sincere patriots; and indeed court jesters for whom our lamented icon gave a wide berth in his lifetime. At his burial, July 26, the media was well represented by a good mix of the ancient and modern practitioners. Last Friday, the 8th day Fidau prayers were offered for the repose of his soul. His passage affords us the opportunity to examine what it was that endeared him to us. On a personal note, I have lost Guest Columnist	i don't know
Which property management group, the largest real estate investment group in the US, owns and operates the Northgate Mall?	Partners \| Olshan Properties Olshan Properties Partners BLDG Management BLDG Management is a real estate company controlled by Lloyd Goldman. Mr. Goldman and Olshan Properties have partnered in various residential and commercial property joint ventures. BRT Realty Trust BRT Realty Trust (NYSE: BRT), has been active in the real estate finance business for over thirty years. BRT is recognized as a national leader in creative short term financing solutions for the commercial real estate industry, specializing in mortgage bridge loans and short-term commercial real estate loans. BRT and its founding members have been partners on numerous joint-ventures with Olshan Properties and its affiliates. Visit BRT Realty Trust online The Community Preservation Corporation CPC is a nationally recognized leader in helping developers finance and build affordable multi-family housing. CPC is sponsored by 70 prominent banks and insurance companies - the world's largest among them. In its 37 years CPC has financed more than 143,000 new or rehabbed units. CPC and Olshan Properties partnered on the acquisition and redevelopment of Parkchester in the Bronx, a property which Olshan Properties continues to asset manage on behalf of the partnership. Visit The Community Preservation Corporation online Feil Organization The Feil Organization, a New York City based real estate development and management firm, has successfully acquired, developed and managed over 26 million square feet of retail, commercial and industrial properties, over 5,000 residential rental units, as well as hundreds of net leased properties and thousands of acres of undeveloped land across the country. Olshan Properties has partnered with the Feil Organization in various residential and commercial property joint-ventures as well as being founding members of the RCG Longview series of debt and equity funds. Visit The Feil Organization online The Georgetown Group Founded in 1975, the Georgetown Group is a real estate owner, developer and joint venture partner in significant markets throughout the United States. Olshan Properties has partnered with Georgetown on various New York City commercial and residential properties as well as the 1.7m square foot Easton Town Center in Columbus, Ohio. Kimco Realty Kimco Realty Corporation, a real estate investment trust (REIT), owns and operates North America's largest portfolio of neighborhood and community shopping centers. As of June 30, 2011, the company owned interests in 946 shopping center properties comprising 138 million square feet of leasable space across 44 states, Puerto Rico, Canada, Mexico and South America. Public since 1991, the company has specialized in shopping center acquisitions, development and management for 50 years. Olshan Properties has been a partner of Kimco for over thirty years, originally in the acquisition and then disposition of City Stores and currently in two retail developments in Philadelphia, PA Visit Kimco Realty online The Limited Brands Established in 1963 by Leslie H Wexner in Columbus Ohio, The Limited Brands operate over 2,600 stores throughout the United States, with products sold in over 800 company-owned and franchised locations worldwide. Limited Brands recorded sales of $9.6 billion in 2010 and employs more than 90,000 associates throughout the United States. The Limited Brands and Olshan Properties are partners in the 1.7m square foot Easton Town Center in Columbus, Ohio. Visit The Limited Brands online Malkin Holdings Established in 1934, Malkin Properties and its affiliates own and manage over 14 million square feet of office, retail, residential and warehouse/distribution properties located in 15 states. Malkin and Olshan Properties have been partners for over thirty years, most notably in the acquisition and re-development of the B. Altman portfolio. Visit Malkin Holdings online Normandy Real Estate Partners Founded in 2002, Normandy Real Estate Partners is a privately owned real estate investment firm. Having successfully invested nearly $2.7bn of capital, Normandy has acquired or developed over 25 million square feet of commercial space, 2,500 residential units, 1,100 hotel rooms, and numerous land development sites. Olshan Properties was a founding partner of Normandy and continues to be a General Partner of its venture funds. Visit Normandy Real Estate Partners online O’Connor Capital Partners Over the past 25 years, O'Connor Capital Partners has acquired or developed more than $20 billion of property on behalf of various investment funds, institutional clients, and its own account, encompassing all major property types. Olshan Properties has partnered with O'Connor Capital Partners and its predecessor company on various ventures including the development of the Westchester Mall and the acquisition and redevelopment of Parkchester in the Bronx. Visit O’Connor Capital Partners online One Liberty Properties Established in 1982, One Liberty Properties (NYSE: OLP) is a self-administered and self-managed REIT. One Liberty Properties owns and manages 94 properties in 29 states for a total of nearly 5.5m square feet. Olshan Properties partnered with OLP on the acquisition of a portfolio of top tier multiplexes throughout the country. The partnership has since sold the portfolio. Visit One Liberty Properties online RCG Longview Established in 1999, the RCG Longview lending platform was established to make mezzanine, acquisition, construction, bridge and preferred equity investments. To date, RCG Longview has invested over $2bn through various investment funds. Olshan Properties was a founding partner of Longview and now RCG Longview and is a Managing Member and General Partner of all of its funds to date. Visit RCG Longview online Simon Property Group Simon Property Group (NYSE: SPG) is an S&P 500 company and the largest real estate company in the U.S. The Company owns or has an interest in 391 retail real estate properties comprising 261 million square feet of GLA in North America, Europe and Asia. Olshan Properties co-developed and remains a significant partner of Simon in the Westchester Mall in White Plains, NY Visit Simon Property Group online Steiner & Associates Established in 1993, Steiner & Associates partnered with Olshan Properties to co-develop 7.4 million square feet of retail and mixed-use space. Visit Steiner & Associates online Taubman Centers, Inc. Founded in 1950, Taubman began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1992 (NYSE:TCO) as a Real Estate Investment Trust. Taubman currently operates a portfolio of 26 regional and superregional malls throughout the United States. Olshan Properties is a 50/50 partner in and co-developer of the Fair Oaks Mall in Fairfax, Virginia. Visit Taubman Centers, Inc. online Winter Properties Established in 1989 to preserve historic structures in the Atlanta-metro area, Winter Properties has owned, managed, and developed numerous properties throughout Georgia as well as in Charlotte, North Carolina. Olshan Properties and Winter have partnered on numerous office, multifamily and condominium properties in Georgia and North Carolina.	Simon Property Group
What former basketball player and shoe salesman lends his signature to every pair of Converse All-Star sneakers?	Mall Owner Stocks Go From First to Last as Spending Slows - Bloomberg Bloomberg the Company & Its Products Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere Login Bloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Customer Support Advertising Bloomberg Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Customer Support Mall Owner Stocks Go From First to Last as Spending Slows Brian Louis Mall owners, the best-performing U.S. property stocks for four years, have tumbled to the worst as sluggish retail sales and limited opportunities to expand drive investors to look elsewhere for earnings growth. Real estate investment trusts that own regional malls reported the smallest increase in tenant sales per square foot in three years in the second quarter, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Nordstrom Inc. cut its revenue forecast for the year and Macy’s Inc. and Aeropostale Inc. disclosed declines in consumer purchases. Slowing sales among retailers and rising borrowing costs are sparking concern that mall landlords, including the two largest, Simon Property Group Inc. and General Growth Properties Inc., could be hurt too. Mall REITs have enjoyed strong tenant-sales growth since the credit crisis and recession, letting them increase rents. Now they face difficult comparisons to past results and limited avenues for external expansion. “REITs have had a tough year across the board, and the mall REITs have had a tougher year in general,” said Benjamin Yang, an analyst at Evercore Partners in San Francisco. “Fundamentals are good but they’re slowing down.” The Bloomberg mall REIT index has fallen 5.2 percent this year, the worst performing part of the industry, after posting the biggest increases from the start of 2009 through 2012. Even shares of outlet-center operator Tanger Factory Outlet Centers Inc., whose sole business is in one of the best-performing segments of the retail-property market, are down 5.2 percent this year. Growth Peaks Growth in mall-tenant sales, which rose 4.3 percent in the second quarter from a year earlier, peaked in the three months through June 2012 and has slowed each quarter since, according to Bloomberg Industries. Simon Property and General Growth last quarter beat analysts’ estimates for funds from operations, a measure of cash flow used by the REIT industry. While results have been positive for mall REITs overall, they’ve been overshadowed by the potential impact of higher borrowing costs on property valuations, said Keith Bokota, an analyst at Principal Global Investors, part of insurance and financial services company Principal Financial Group Inc. “When we look at the fundamentals that these companies are delivering, they’re strong,” said Bokota, whose Des Moines, Iowa-based firm owned shares of mall REITs including Simon and Taubman Centers Inc. at the end of July. “The rising interest rates have impacted the way REITs have traded recently.” Treasury Yield The 10-year Treasury yield has climbed to 2.9 percent from 1.63 percent on May 2, its low for the year, while the Bloomberg mall REIT index has fallen 18 percent since May 21, its high for 2013. The cost of raising money from the commercial mortgage-backed securities market has also increased. Top-ranked bonds linked to commercial mortgages are yielding 129 basis points more than Treasuries from 88 basis points on Jan. 14, according to a Bank of America Merrill Lynch index. The spread peaked at 153 basis points, or 1.53 percentage points, on July 8. Simon shares have fallen 18 percent since May 21, even as the company on July 29 reported an increase in second-quarter funds from operations and raised its FFO forecast for the year as it redevelops centers domestically and expands overseas. “Our business is strong and our cash flow is growing,” Chairman and Chief Executive Officer David Simon said. Borrowing Costs Aside from higher borrowing costs, REITs have few chances to buy high-quality malls because those properties rarely come on the market, with publicly traded landlords owning most of the best-performing centers, said Rich Moore, an analyst at RBC Capital Markets in Solon, Ohio. “They’re so lucrative that no one gets rid of them,” he said. Regional-mall transactions are down 49 percent to $4.5 billion this year from the same period in 2012, according to Real Capital Analytics Inc., a commercial-property research firm in New York. “There continues to be robust demand from investors for these high-quality assets,” Bokota said. “There’s just a scarcity characteristic.” Slowing sales in the second quarter were reported by retailers including traditional mall anchor Macy’s, and apparel chains Aeropostale and Abercrombie & Fitch Co. said traffic at stores declined. Sales Forecasts Nordstrom, the Seattle-based department-store chain, last month lowered its total-sales forecast for the year to an increase of 3 percent to 4 percent, down from a previous estimate of 4 percent to 6 percent. Cincinnati-based Macy’s cut its forecast for earnings for the year ending in January as sales at stores open at least a year fell 0.8 percent in the second quarter from a year earlier. Aeropostale, a New York-based clothing store that targets young people, said on Aug. 22 that second-quarter net sales fell 6 percent and comparable sales, including online sales, dropped 15 percent. Mall owners may be cushioned from the impact of their tenants’ slowing sales because occupancies are high, said Cedrik Lachance, an analyst at Green Street Advisors Inc. in Newport Beach, California. Vacancies Fall At regional malls, which typically include department stores, vacancies fell to 8.3 percent in the second quarter from 8.9 percent a year earlier, and rents rose to $39.62 a square foot from $39.12, according to data from New York-based research firm Reis Inc. “The malls currently are better occupied than they’ve ever been,” Lachance said. “That does provide some pricing power to the landlords despite some softness emerging in retailer sales and retailer profitability.” The struggles of J.C. Penney Co. have led to questions about the health of malls. While the decline in sales has slowed under new CEO Mike Ullman, they were down 12 percent in the second quarter . That compared with a 23 percent decline a year earlier, when former CEO Ron Johnson led the company. The company owns 429 of the 1,104 department stores it operates in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, according to the company’s latest annual report. Even if J.C. Penney got into more serious trouble, the impact on mall REITs would be minimal -- and “it’s highly unlikely” it will disappear, said Rich Moore, an analyst at RBC Capital Markets in Solon, Ohio. Big Box “Most of the landlords would tell you they would love to get their J.C. Penney box back,” Moore said, adding that the stores could be rented to another department-store chain or torn down and replaced with smaller shops, movie theaters or restaurants. “Most of these guys would say, ‘Great.’” Outlet centers, where brand-name retailers sell goods at discounted prices, are performing better than other retail-property types as consumers seek more-affordable apparel and other goods, according to Craig Guttenplan, a REIT analyst at CreditSights Inc. in London. “Consumers like the bargains still,” he said. “They’re still cautious on spending.” The popularity of outlet centers has led some traditional-mall REITs, including CBL & Associates Properties Inc., Taubman and Macerich Co., to enter the business. ‘Good Price’ Chudi Aguanunu, who works at Street Talk, a mobile-phone accessories kiosk in Macerich’s Shops at North Bridge on Chicago’s Michigan Avenue, goes to outlet malls or online when he wants something. The Shops at North Bridge, which caters in part to tourists, has stores including Nordstrom and Hugo Boss. “It’s got to be at a good price,” said Aguanunu, 25, a former walk-on offensive lineman with the University of Illinois football team. “I’m not going to spend $100 for a T-shirt.” The shares of Tanger, which operates only outlet malls, may be under pressure because of increased competition from other landlords expanding into the business, said Yang of Evercore. Greensboro, North Carolina-based Tanger owned and operated 36 outlet centers as of June 30, and held stakes in seven other properties, including three in Canada, according to a regulatory filing. “There’s clearly an abundance of new players in a sector that for the most part is much healthier than the malls,” Yang said. “During and following the recession, consumers were clearly looking for value.” Top Performers Hoteliers and self-storage landlords are the top-performing REIT sectors this year. Since REIT shares peaked on May 21, lodging and storage companies have fallen less than other groups, while the performance of single-tenant, health-care and mall REITs -- which have longer leases, giving them less flexibility to raise rents -- has been among the worst as other REIT types become more appealing to investors. “It’s all about choices,” Yang said. “There appear to be more-attractive, better-accelerating core growth stories, perhaps, in some of the other sectors.” With few high-quality malls for sale, landlords are focusing on sprucing up their existing properties to boost traffic and rents at their properties. “The one other growth avenue that a lot of the companies are pursuing is active redevelopment,” Bokota said. “That’s where they’re putting a lot of their cash flow and new dollars to work.” Redevelopment Spending Simon, based in Indianapolis, had $212 million in mall redevelopment projects in progress in the second quarter, with a projected rate of return of 8 percent, according to a regulatory filing. The figure is Simon’s share of construction costs at properties it owns outright or has an ownership stake. Chicago-based General Growth has invested $356 million on redevelopment and expansion with an expected return of as much as 11 percent, according to a regulatory filing. The most important business stories of the day. Get Bloomberg's daily newsletter.	i don't know
In geology, what is the process by which organic material is turned to stone by naturally impregnating it with silica or iron and sulfur?	Geological and Mineralogical Glossary Dictionary Accretion: The accumulation of sediment by deposition, often occurring along a shoreline or in a river delta. Acicular: A mineral growth formation consisting of fine needle-like crystals. Adamantine: Having a brilliant luster like that of a Diamond. Adit: A passage, or opening, driven into a mine from a hill or mountainside. Adularescence: A white or silver blue iridescent haze displayed by moonstone and other gems. The adularescent sheen resembles a cloud of light that appears within the gem when it is turned to a certain angle. Aggregate: A grouping of crystals. Or, a mineral habit where the crystals are packed closely together so they resemble grains, with the crystal structure not easily discernible. Albitite: A porphyritic dike rock that is coarse-grained and composed almost entirely of albite. Common accessory minerals are muscovite, garnet, apatite, quartz, and opaque oxides. Alkaline: An alkaline rock contains more than average amounts of potassium and sodium bearing minerals. Allochromatic: Pertaining to color resultant from a mineral impurity, such as minor chemical substitutions or radiation damage. Alloy: Combining two or more metals to increase durability, ductility, and other desirable properties. Alluvial Deposit: An accumulation of dense mineral grains at the bottom of a sediment pile by the weathering action of a moving fluid such as water or wind. Or, gem deposits found in water after they have been separated from the mother or host rock. Alpha and Beta Quartz: Quartz is the most stable and most common form of silica. Beta Quartz is only stable at temperatures above 1063ï¿½ F (573ï¿½ C). Thus, all Quartz specimens we see are Alpha Quartz. Once a sample of Beta Quartz is lowered below the above-mentioned temperature, it automatically transforms into Alpha Quartz. However, it preserves the original shape, but decreases in symmetry and adds some trigonal faces. Occasionally, in specific circumstances, the Beta Quartz transforms into Alpha Quartz without losing symmetry, and therefore does not add the trigonal faces. Such specimens are shaped as bipyramidal hexagons, and are sold by dealers as "Beta Quartz". They obviously cannot be Beta Quartz at the current temperature, but are Alpha Quartz paramorphs of Beta Quartz. Amber: A prehistoric fossil resin that usually has plants and other debris, including insects trapped inside which then hardens over thousands of years, usually found underground in areas what used to be deep forest vegetation. Ambroid ~ Amberoid: Manmade reconstructed or pressed Amber. It is produced by melting small bits of Amber together under pressure.ï¿½ Amorphous: Not having form. There is no internal or regular crystalline structure, such as with Amber or Jet. Amphibole: A mineral group that consists of common, dark-colored, rock-forming silicate minerals, such as Hornblende, Tremolite, and Actinolite. Some fine crystals can be rather fibrous, almost asbestos-like. Amulet ~ Talisman: An object sometimes fashioned and engraved with a symbol that is believed to provide magical, medicinal, or protective power. Synonym: Talisman. Amygdule ~ Amygdale: A formation which occurs when the gas bubbles or vesicles in volcanic lava or other extrusive igneous rocks are infilled with a secondary mineral such as Calcite, Quartz, Chlorite or one of the Zeolites. Andesite: An extrusive igneous rock consisting primarily of plagioclase feldspars, plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Anhedral: This refers to a crystal with no well-formed external faces. Anhydrous: Lacking any water. Anion: A negatively charged ion that is attracted to the positively charged anode of an electrolyte cell. Aplite: A fine-grained, light-colored intrusive granitic rock consisting primarily of feldspar and quartz. Appraisal: An evaluation performed by a licensed gemologist to determine the value of a gem or item of jewelry. Arborescent: Minerals having a treelike form with branches similar to the ones on a tree. Argillacious: A type of material, or matrix, which is mostly composed of clay. Asbestiform: A mineral with fibers looking and feeling like those of Asbestos. It is a particular kind of fibrosity in which fibers have high tensile strength and flexibility. Asbestos: A group of naturally fibrous silicate minerals, such as Chrysotile. Ash: (Volcanic) A harsh abrasive type of ash that is made up of small rocks, minerals, and volcanic glass fragments. Assay: A test of the purity of an alloy. Official assay offices determine whether a piece qualifies for an appropriate hallmark. Asterism ~ Star: A star-like luminous effect that reflects light in some gemstones, such as Sapphire, Ruby, Garnet, and Sunstone. The majority of Stars are either 4 rayed or 6 rayed. The rays will intersect. They are usually caused by fibrous inclusions of Rutile. Atmospheric Shock Wave: An atmospheric shock wave is compressed air that is formed by a volcanic eruption. Atom: An atom is composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Aventurescence: A colorful play of glittering reflections of small plate-like inclusions, such as Hematite, Goethite, or Fuschite. This is not to be confused with Play-of-Color. Axis: (Crystal Axis) A reference direction in a crystal that is parallel to symmetry directions or the intersection of faces. Plural: Axes. Ballistic Fragment: A piece of rock that is ejected from a volcano with great speed. Banding ~ Banded: The presence of color zoning lines, or bands, in or on some minerals, such as Agate and Malachite. Basalt: A common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. It is the bedrock of the ocean floor and also occurs on land in extensive lava flows. Batholith: A batholith is a huge body of igneous rock that solidified under the Earth but now has at least 100 square kilometers (40 square miles) exposed. Half Dome at Yosemite National Park, California, USA, is a granite batholith. Mt. Rushmore was carved from the northeastern edge of the Harney Peak Granite Batholith. Bedrock: The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. Bi-Colored: A mineral specimen or gemstone with two distinct colors which are clearly separated from each other. This is most commonly seen in Tourmaline and Ametrine. Biomass: The amount of animal and plant life in an area. Biomass is usually expressed in units of weight per volume. Birefringence: It is the magnitude of the difference in the refractive indices of birefringent minerals. Birefringent ~ Doubly Refractive: Having two or three refractive indices, a characteristic of minerals not possessing cubic symmetry. Bituminous: Containing much organic, or at least carbonaceous matter, mostly in the form of the tarry hydrocarbons, which are usually described as bitumen. This term also pertains to bituminous coal. Bladed: A mineral growth pattern appearing elongated and flattened. Block: (Volcanic) A volcanic block is a chunk of rock (over 64 mm) that is ejected (thrown) from a volcano. Blocks usually originate from the volcano's cone and are solid chunks of older lava flows. A block is one size of tephra. Blocky: Minerals which are block-like in appearance. This type of crystal habit can be found in minerals such as the feldspars, which can nearly be as thick as they are long. Blowdown: An area of trees that has been blown over by a volcanic blast. Bort: A term for industrial grade diamonds. Botryoidal: A mineral growth pattern resembling bubbles or a cluster of grapes. Breccia: Broken rock held together by a clastic cement or fine grained material. Brilliance: The degree to which a faceted gem sparkles and returns light from within; dependent upon the gemï¿½s cut and refractive index. Synonyms: Life, Liveliness Brittle: Breaks or powders easily. Bubbles: Spherical or tear-shaped bubbles of gas captured in glass stones. Bubbles can also be found in resins (like plastics and amber), and much less-frequently in minerals. Butte: A flat-topped rock or hill formation with steep sides. Cabochon: A gem cut style distinguished by its smooth convex top and no facets. It is flat on the bottom. It is the most common form of gem cutting. Cabochon, Buff Top: It has the smooth convex top of a cabochon with a faceted bottom. It is a relatively new cut. Caldera: A large depression formed from a collapsed volcano. Calderas are often circular or elliptical. Campbellite: This is the nickname for a combination of several minerals, therefore it is not recognized as an individual mineral. It is a pretty combination of Copper (Native Raw), Calcite, Cuprite, Chrysocolla, Turquoise, Malachite, Tenorite, Chalcotrichite, and may contain other assorted minerals, such as Azurite, Gibbsite, Manganese, Quartz, Cohenite, and Graphite. It was found many years ago in the Campbell Mine in Bisbee, AZ, which is now sealed off, so this material is becoming more and more difficult to find. Most of it was saved by the miners and has been kept in private collections. Carat: The standard unit of gem weight (mass); 1 ct. = 0.2 grams. Carbonaceous: Referring to a rock or sediment that is rich in carbon. It also refers to a sediment containing organic matter. Carbonatite: Intrusive or extrusive igneous rocks defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals. Cataclastic Rock: Metamorphic rock produced by the crushing and grinding of pre-existing rocks, which are still visible as crushed fragments. Cation: A positively charged ion that is attracted to the negatively charged cathode of an electrolyte cell. Cave: A deep hollow or natural passage under, or into, the earth that has one or more openings to the surface. Cavern: A large cave. Chatoyancy ~ Catï¿½s Eye: A Catï¿½s Eye appearance when a stone is illuminated. It is caused by parallel arrangement of tiny needle-like inclusions within a crystal. Chemical Formula: The standard way of stating the chemical composition of a mineral in terms of the number of atoms of each element contained in that mineral. Chert: This is a hard, dense, fine-grained type of sedimentary rock, a crystalline aggregate of silica. It was formed from deposits of silica-based skeletons of microscopic marine organisms and other organic matter. Black Chert is called Flint . Cinder Cone: A cone-shaped volcano. Its steep sides are formed by volcanic cinders that fall to the Earth close to the vent. Cinders: Small fragments of lava that are about 1/2 inch (1cm) across. Clastic: Consisting of fragments of minerals, rocks, or organic structures that have been moved individually from their places of origin. A synonym for Detrital. Clay: A naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried or fired. Cleavage: The tendency of a mineral to break along a plane due to a direction of weakness in the crystal. Cluster: A group of crystals showing an underlying order in their placement. This order may be either two or three dimensional. Cockscomb ~ Coxcomb: This term refers to an aggregate composed of flaky or tabular crystals that seem adjoined from a base, with grooves between long, slender, arc-like crystals. Colloform: Formed of ultra-fine grained particles into a reniform or botryoidal shape. It is usually finely banded from variations in the content of the suspended material forming it. Colluvial Deposit: A loose deposit of rock debris and sediment which has been deposited or built up at the bottom of a low-grade slope or against a barrier on that slope, transported by gravity. The deposits that collect at the foot of a steep slope or cliff are also known by the same name. Color: An important property when evaluating a gem. The quality of a gem can be measured based on either the presence or the absence of color. Color Change: A ï¿½color changeï¿½ stone changes color between two really obvious different colors. For more details on pleochroic and color changing gems and minerals, click here: Pleochroism Color Shift: A ï¿½color shiftï¿½ stone will show a change of hues within the same basic color family, such as from yellowish green to grass green, or from yellowish red to brownish red. It is not really a color change, just a ï¿½shiftï¿½ in color. For more details on pleochroic and color changing gems and minerals, click here: Pleochroism Columnar: An aggregate defined as a mineral which has parallel, slender, compact, adjoining crystals. Composite Volcano: A composite volcano is a volcano that has a steep volcanic cone that is built up by dense lava flows and pyroclastic debris. Concentric: An aggregate described as having foliated masses that are somewhat spherical and rotate about a center; appearing like a rose (rosette). It is also used to describe a form of banding where the bands are circular, forming rings about a central point. Conchoidal: Shell-shaped; the more compact rocks, such as flint, which break with concave and convex surfaces, are said to have a conchoidal fracture. Concretion: A hard, compact mineral-mass of mineral matter that forms usually in sedimentary rock around a center such as bone, shell, leaf, or fossil. Conduit: (Volcanic) A passage through which magma (molten rock) flows in a volcano. Conglomerate: A cemented clastic rock containing rounded fragments of pebble size gravel; the consolidated equivalent of gravel. The composition of rock or mineral fragments may vary widely in size, but are usually rounded and smoothed from transportation by water or wave action. Continental Drift: This refers to the movement of the Earth's continents. The land masses are hunks of Earth's crust that float on the molten core. The Earth was once one large supercontinent called Pangea, or Pangaea. For more detailed information and maps, click here: Pangea ~ Pangaea ï¿½ Continental Plates: The crust of the Earth is broken into plates. The plates are enormous chunks of rock that float atop the soft mantle. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Continental plates are thicker, older, and less dense than oceanic plates. These plates are about 125 kilometers thick and are made of granite that is about 3 billion years old. Continental Shelf: The continental shelf is the part of the ocean floor next to each of the continents. The sea floor slopes gradually from the continent to a depth of about 650 feet (200 m). Beyond the continental shelf the sea floor drops steeply. Contra Luz: This term refers to a color phenomenon found in some transparent Precious Opals. They display a brilliant play of iridescent colors only when light shines through the stone. When the light is on the same side as the viewer, the iridescence is not readily seen. Unlike other Opals, Contra Luz Opals are usually faceted to enhance this beautiful display of colors. Copal: A type of resin produced from plant sap, often from members of the genus Copaifera. It is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more "gummy" resins and Amber. It is geologically younger than Amber. It is commonly found with inclusions of insects and/or vegetation debris. Coprolite: This is fossilized animal excrement embedded in rock. Colorful specimens of dinosaur coprolite are commonly found and polished. Coralloidal: Having the form or appearance of Coral. Core: The innermost layer of the Earth. It consists of iron-nickel; it is under great pressure and is very hot. The inner core is solid; the outer core is molten. Crater: A circular depression in the ground. It has steep sides and contains a volcanic vent. Crust: The Earth's crust is its outermost rocky layer. Cryptocrystalline: Being constituted of submicroscopic crystals, such as Chalcedony. Agates and Jaspers are also classified as cryptocrystalline quartz. Crystal : A solid body having a regularly repeating arrangement of its atomic constituents; the external expression may be bounded by natural planar surfaces called ï¿½faces.ï¿½ Crystal Face: The flat exterior surface of a crystal. Crystalline: Having the properties of a crystal: a regular internal arrangement in three dimensions of constituent atoms. Crystallization: A liquid to solid phase change. Crystallography: The study of crystals, including their growth, structure, physical properties, and classification by form. For more details on crystal systems, click here: Crystal Systems Cubic: (Crystal System) Defined by three mutually perpendicular axes of equal lengthï¿½the highest symmetry class. Cultured Pearls: These Pearls are produced by inserting a Mother-of-Pearl bead into a live oyster and then returning it to the water, usually into "farming beds" to grow its nacre coating. Dacite: A type of volcanic rock that is light-colored and rich in silica. Decomposition: Some minerals may disintegrate or decompose due to a molecular breakdown. It is unpredictable and occurs randomly most commonly in Sulfide minerals. Deliquescence: The opposite of efflorescence. Water gets absorbed into the structure of a mineral, causing it to dissolve. Dendrites: The presence of tree-like, or fern-like inclusions. They are confined to thin layers and produce interesting and unique effects. They are deposits of minerals, such as Manganese oxides, that precipitated along thin fractures of the host mineral. Dense: Compact, fine-grained, lacking pore space. A rock or mineral with a high specific gravity. Density: See Specific Gravity. Deposit: Earth material of any type that has accumulated by some natural process and is large enough to invite exploration, such as a mineral or ore. Detritus: Very small, loose fragments of rock caused by weathering, mechanical breakage or blasting of rock and mineral masses. Devitrification: This is a process in which natural glass substances change their structure into that of crystalline solids. Diabase: A mafic, holocrystalline, intrusive igneous rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diamagnetism: A magnetic property which causes a mineral to be repelled from magnetic fields. Diaphaneity: The degree of transparency, or ability to pass light, without interfering with that passage. The same meaning as transparency in reference to minerals. Diatreme: A volcanic vent or pipe that is formed by gas-charged magma. Dichroism: The ability of some gems to display a second color when viewed from a different angle. For more details on pleochroic and color changing gems and minerals, click here: Pleochroism Diffraction: A modification which light undergoes especially in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow openings and in which the rays appear to be deflected. Diffusion Treatment: Diffusion treated stones are color-enhanced stones. The diffusion process only colors the outer surface of the stone, so chipping or repolishing will result in a loss of color. Diffusion-treated stones are already-cut stones that are heated in the presence of other compounds that will infuse the extreme outer surface stone with color. Dike: A tabular body of igneous rock injected into a fissure when molten and cuts across the structure of the adjacent rocks. Dispersion: The systematic variation of refractive index with color in a substance; colors separate during refraction of white light. It leads to ï¿½fireï¿½ in a gem. Or, more simply, the splitting of light as it enters a gemstone. For a list of the Dispersion values of various gemstones, click here: Dispersion Values ï¿½ Disseminated: Fragments of minerals dispersed in a rock. Divergent: A radiating crystal habit. Dome: A lava dome is a dome-shaped mound that is formed around a vent by viscous lava. Dormant Volcano: A volcano that is not active now, but may erupt in the future. Double Refraction: A phenomenon which occurs when the ray of light entering a crystal is refracted and divided into two rays instead of one. This is most commonly seen in Calcite and Zircon. Doublet: A stone made of two components, generally held together with a clear adhesive. Most commonly found with Opals. Drip Stones: Stalagmites or stalactites. Druse ~ Drusy: (Druze ~ Druzy) A cavity in a rock or vein with walls encrusted with small projecting crystals. Ductility: The ability of a metal to be hammered or drawn. Dull: Minerals in which there is a total absence of luster, as with chalk or kaolin. Dunite: A plutonic ultramafic igneous rock consisting almost entirely of olivine. Effervesce: To bubble or hiss, as in carbonated water. Efflorescence: The growth of mineral crystals or crusts on the surface of rock in a mine, or elsewhere, caused by the evaporation of the water which that mineral is dissolved in. Ejecta: Material blown out of a volcano during an eruption. Ekerite: An alkaline or soda granite containing aegirine and alkali amphibole with quartz and feldspar. As the quartz contents decrease, it changes to a syenite. Electron: Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus of an atom. Element: A substance composed of atoms bearing an identical number of protons in each nucleus. An element cannot be decomposed into other substances (except by radioactive decay or bombardment with high-speed particles). An element's structure is made up of only a single type of atom which is 100% pure, containing no other substances. Emery: A rock which is a mixture of granular corundum and other minerals. It usually contains spinel and/or iron oxides, such as magnetite and hematite. Enhanced Stones: Stones that have been treated to improve their color, clarity, finish, strength, or other characteristics. Some common enhancements are heat-treatment, irradiation, coating the surface, filling cracks, oiling, surface diffusion (coating the surface then applying heat), bleaching, dyeing, etc. For more details on gemstone treatments, click here: Gemstone Treatments Enhydro ~ Fluid Inclusion: A mineral or crystal containing a pocket of water, or other liquid. The crystal or mineral grows around the liquid deposit. Epitaxial Growth: A crystal of one mineral grows on or around a crystal of another mineral. Epoch: An epoch is a division of a geologic period; it is the smallest division of geologic time, lasting several million years. For more details on the Earthï¿½s geologic time scale, click here: Earth's Geologic Time Scale having the same, or nearly the same, diameter or the same dimensions in all directions. Era: Two or more geological periods comprise an era, which is hundreds of millions of years in duration. For more details on the Earthï¿½s geologic time scale, click here: Earth's Geologic Time Scale Eruption: (Volcanic) An eruption is volcanic activity in which lava, tephra, or gases are released. Euhedral: Showing no outward crystal form. The growth of the crystal was bounded by contact with neighboring crystal growth, preventing the crystal faces from showing. Evaporation: The change by which a substance is converted from a solid or liquid state into a vapor state. Exsolution: A process which occurs when a homogeneous solid solution separates into at least two different crystalline minerals without the addition or removal of any materials. In most cases it occurs upon cooling, when the temperature is below that of mutual solubility or the stability of the solution. Extinct Volcano: A volcano that is not likely to erupt again. Extrusive: A term used to describe igneous rock that has been erupted onto the earth's surface. Facet: The cut and polished part of a gemstone. Faceting: Cutting a gemstone to have multiple polished and angled flat surfaces. This is done to bring out the brilliance of a gem. Felsite: A light-colored, dense, fine-grained igneous rock consisting mainly of feldspar and quartz. Fenite: A quartzo-feldspathic rock that has been altered by alkali metasomatism at the contact of a carbonatite intrusive complex. It is mainly alkalic feldspar. Ferromagnesian: Containing iron and magnesium. Applied to certain dark silicate minerals, especially Amphibole, Pyroxene, Biotite, and Olivine. Ferruginous: This refers to a material containing iron, or having an iron-like appearance. Fiber: The smallest single strands of asbestos or other fibrous materials. Fibrous: Applied to minerals that occur in fibers, such as Asbestos. Or, consisting of fine threadlike strands. Filiform: A mineral occurring as thin threads, often twisted like the strands of a rope, such as Native Copper. Findings: Metal parts used in jewelry construction and repair, such as bails, posts, and ear nuts. Fire: The division of colors in a colorless transparent gem such as Diamond due to dispersion. White light disperses into a rainbow of colors. Fissure: A fissure is a crack in a rock. A volcanic fissure is one from which lava erupts. Flaw: An imperfection in a gemstone. Flaws include: cracks, inclusions of other minerals or liquid-filled cavities. Flaws can greatly reduce the value of a stone, but in some cases, like moss agate or rutilated quartz, the flaws increase the value of the stone. Fluorescence: An instantaneous optical effect arising from the movement of electrons within the structure of a material. It is most commonly observed by exposure to shortwave and/or longwave ultraviolet lamps. Or, the emission of visible light by a substance exposed to ultraviolet light. For more details on fluorescence, click here: Fluorescence Fluvial Deposit: Mineral deposits found in rivers. Fold Mountains: A type of mountain range that is formed when two continental plates collide (or one continental plate colliding with an oceanic plate). The colliding crust is compressed and pushed upwards (uplifted), forming mountains. For example, the Himalayas were slowly formed when the Indian plate collided with the Asia-European plate millions of years ago. Foliated: Substances made up of thin leaves, like Mica. Fossil: The remains of ancient animals and plants, the traces or impressions of living things from past geologic ages, or the traces of their activities. Fossils come in many different mineral and organic forms, including plain-looking rocks, marble-like casts of ancient animals, opals, and amber. Fossil Fuel: Petroleum (oil), natural gas and coal are fossil fuels, organic materials that are high in energy. Fossils fuels are formed in a process that takes millions of years. The organic material (dead plants and animals) is covered by layers of sediment, then heat, pressure, and bacterial action change the material into pools of oil and gas (or are compressed as coal). Fracture: A break with an uneven or irregular surface crack. Friable: This describes a mineral which crumbles easily. Fulgurite: Fulgurites form naturally by the very high temperature melting of quartz sand or bare rock during a lightning strike. The result is an irregular, branched, and often foamy hollow tube of silica glass called a Fulgurite. Fulgurites may be referred to as "Petrified Lightning." Fulgurites are found worldwide in desert sands. The largest Fulgurites have been found in the sands of Florida . Also see Lechatelierite Fumarole: A vent hole in a volcanic area from which hot smoke and gases escape, and around which some minerals, such as sulfur may condense. Gabbro: A coarse, dark, intrusive, igneous rock. The crystals are large enough to see without a microscope. Chemically, gabbro is the same as basalt (gabbro forms when magma cools below the surface of the Earth, but basalt forms when the lava cools on the surface). Gangue: Minerals with no metal ore value. Waste rock that is placed in the mine tailings dump. Gem: A natural mineral, crystal, or gemstone that has been fashioned to enhance its natural beauty. The term ï¿½gemï¿½ or ï¿½gemmyï¿½ may also be applied to a mineral or crystal of excellent quality, such as one with outstanding color and clarity. Gemologist: A person who has successfully completed recognized courses in gemology and has proven skills in identifying and evaluating gem materials. Gemology: The study, science, art, and profession of identifying and evaluating gemstones. Gemstone: A substance that has beauty, durability, and rarity and that can be fashioned into an item of personal adornment. Geode: A sphere or oval shaped hollow or solid rock cavity containing crystallized minerals. Mineral crystals which may be found in Geodes are Quartz, Agate, Calcite, Peridot, Celestite, and many more. Geological Time: The history of the Earth is described in geological time, which is measured in millions of years and billions of years. The divisions used are: eon, era, period, and epoch. For more details on the Earthï¿½s geologic time scale, click here: Earth's Geologic Time Scale Geothermal: Heating due to the increasingly high temperatures that occur as the depth below surface level increases. Geothermally heated water is responsible for geysers and other hydrothermal processes. German Silver: An alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc. It does not contain any silver. Geyser: A natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water and steam into the air. This is the most commonly seen hydrothermal process. Glacier: A river of accumulated of snow, compacted by gravity and weather into ice, often found on the upper slopes of mountains. Their movement is extremely slow, usually measured in centimeters, or meters, per day. Glassy: Igneous rocks that have no crystals, only super-cooled magma, such as Obsidian. Globular: A smooth rounded surface of crystalline intergrowth. Gneiss: A high grade metamorphic rock that has been subjected to more heat and pressure than schist. It is coarser than schist and has distinct alternating banding of feldspar, mica, quartz, hornblende, muscovite, biotite, and garnet. Gneiss can be formed from sedimentary rock or from the metamorphism of the igneous rock. Gossan: An iron-bearing weathered product overlying a sulfide deposit. It is formed by the oxidation of sulfides and the leaching-out of sulfur and most metals, leaving hydrated iron oxides and rarely sulfates. Grain: A mineral or rock particle which is less than a few millimeters in diameter and generally lacking well-developed crystal faces, such as a grain of sand. Granite: A common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. It was formed by slowly cooling pockets of magma that were trapped beneath the earth's surface. Granites usually have a medium to coarse grained texture. Granitic Magma: A type of molten rock from which granite is formed. Granular: Consisting of grains of approximately equal size and ranging from two to ten millimeters. Greasy: A definition of minerals which are oily to the touch or sight. Greenhouse Effect: An increase in the temperature of a planet as heat energy from sunlight is trapped in the atmosphere. Excess carbon dioxide and water vapor increase this effect. The greenhouse effect is strong on Earth and Venus, maintaining warm temperatures. Group: (Mineral Group) A set of minerals that share the same crystal structure. For more details on the mineral group classifications, click here: Mineral Groups Habit: A characteristic shape of a mineral, either a crystal shape or the shape and style of polycrystalline intergrowths. Hardness: Resistance to abrading or scratching; measured from 1 to 10 on the Mohs Hardness Scale. For a list of the Mohs Hardness values of various minerals and gemstones, click here: Mohs Hardness Scale ï¿½ Heat Treatment: The application of heat to a gemstone for the purpose of improving its depth, clarity, or richness of color. The most routinely heat treated gem is Sapphire. Chemicals may also be used in conjunction with the heat treatment. Be aware of the true treatment the gem has undergone. There are many unscrupulous dealers out there! Hexagonal: (Crystal System) Defined by three equal axes lying in a plane and intersecting at 120 degree angles and a fourth perpendicular axis that is a six-fold rotation. Hopper Crystal: A crystal with a ï¿½hopperedï¿½ shape. The edges of ï¿½hopperedï¿½ crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. The interior sections never filled in because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time for the material to completely fill in the gaps. These crystals usually have very intricately detailed inner structures which can be quite delicate. They are also known as Skeletal, Fenster, and Window crystals. Hornfels: A fine-textured metamorphic rock formed by contact metamorphism. Contact metamorphism occurs when a mass of hot magma intrudes into pre-existing rock. Rock in close proximity to the magma is temporarily softened or melted and recrystallizes with an altered texture, producing a hornfels. The term hornfels is often restricted to rocks produced by contact metamorphism of shale, slate, or mudstone. Hot Spot: A hot spot is an area in the Earth's lithosphere through which magma (molten rock) rises. Volcanoes often erupt over hot spots. This term also applies to dark smoky spots found on some quartz crystals which have been exposed to natural radiation at some time in their growth cycle. Hydrocarbons: Organic substances that are composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrologic Cycle ~ Water Cycle: The journey water takes as it circulates from the Earth to the sky and back again. Hydrothermal Veins: Mineral veins which are formed at relatively high temperatures (300-500 degrees Celsius) and at relatively great depth. Hydroxides: Compounds of metallic elements combined with water and hydroxyl. Hygroscopic: Readily absorbing water, especially from the air. Ice Age: A time lasting thousands of years during which the Earth is very cold and largely covered by ice and glaciers. Idiochromatic: Color is inherent and due to some aspect of chemical composition and crystal structure. Igneous Rock: Rock which was formed by the solidification of magma from a volcano. It can be either volcanic rock or plutonic rock. See the individual listings. Imitation: A substance that simulates a genuine gem, although typically applied to glass, plastic, and other non-crystalline materials. Impact Event: The collision of a meteorite, asteroid, comet, or other celestial object with the Earth or another planet. Impactite: An informal term describing a rock created or modified by the impact of a meteorite. The term encompasses shock metamorphosed target rocks, melts, and mixtures of the two, as well as sedimentary rocks with significant impact derived components. The latter includes shocked mineral grains, tektites, anomalous geochemical signatures, etc. Inclusion: An inclusion is material trapped within the body of a crystal which is different from the primary elements of the host crystal. Inclusions are generally other minerals, but they can also be water, gas, or petroleum based. In some cases they may even be organic in nature. Incrustation Pseudomorph: This is a type of pseudomorph which occurs when one mineral forms a coating over another mineral, causing the coated mineral to dissolve. A hollow cast of the mineral that coated the dissolved mineral remains. Also see Pseudomorph. Infiltration Pseudomorph: This is a type of pseudomorph which occurs when some atoms of a mineral are replaced by different atoms, forming another mineral. Also see Pseudomorph. Intergrowth: A composite of two or more crystals in intimate contact resulting from their simultaneous crystallization. Intrusion: An intrusion is a body of igneous rock that has crystallized from molten magma below the surface of the Earth. Bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the earth are called plutons, named for Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld. Correspondingly, rocks of this kind are also referred to as igneous plutonic rocks or igneous intrusive rocks. This is to be contrasted with extrusive rocks. Ion: An atom, or group of atoms, that have acquired a net electric charge by the gain or loss of one or more electrons. Iridescence: A play of color in a mineral, crystal, or gemstone resulting from inclusions or layers of other minerals, either internal or on the surface. Limonite deposits or inclusions frequently exhibit an iridescent rainbow of colors. Irradiation: The act of being exposed to radiation. Many stones are irradiated in order to enhance their color. Being irradiated changes the crystal structure of the mineral by moving electrons. Irradiation techniques bombard the crystal with high-energy radiation, producing a stone with very little radioactivity and a change of color. Some color changes caused by irradiation are permanent, others are unstable and can be reversed by heating or exposure to sunlight. Isomorphous: This refers to two minerals having the same molecular arrangement, or crystal form, while being composed of different elements. Jasperoid: This name applies to rocks that consist mainly of silica and have been formed by replacement or metasomatic alteration. Kimberlite: A dark-coloured, heavy, often altered and brecciated, intrusive igneous rock that sometimes contains diamonds in its rock matrix. It occurs in the Earth's crust in vertical structures known as "pipes." It is formed deep within the mantle and rises to the Earth's surface through its volcanic pipes. K-T Extinction: The mass extinction that occurred 65 million years ago, at the boundary of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Labradorescence: Iridescence in metallic hues, like Schiller, found especially in Labradorite and Spectrolite. Blues and greens are most commonly seen, but the whole color spectrum can be found in these minerals. Lahar: A landslide or rapidly moving mudflow, or the deposit left by one, of volcanic ash and fragments mixed with water. It occurs on the flanks of a volcano, or the stream beds and channels below it. Lamellar: A growth pattern consisting of thin layers, plates, or scales. Lamproite: An ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rock. It forms from partially melted mantle at depths exceeding 150 km. The molten material is forced to the surface in volcanic pipes, bringing with it xenoliths and sometimes diamonds from the harzburgitic peridotite or eclogite mantle regions where the diamond formation is stabilized. Lapidarist: A person who is a cutter, polisher, or engraver of precious stones. Lapidary: The art and practice of cutting gem stones and minerals. Lapilli: Pieces of rock or lava that range from 2 and 64 millimeters across. Lipilli are thrown into the air by volcanic explosions. Lateral ~ Side Blast: (Volcanic) A volcanic eruption that occurs on the side of a volcano; the energy of the blast is directed horizontally. Lechatelierite: An amorphous silica glass which can form in several different ways. It forms naturally by the very high temperature melting of quartz sand or bare rock during a lightning strike. The result is an irregular, branched, and often foamy hollow tube of silica glass called a Fulgurite. Fulgurites may be referred to as "Petrified Lightning." Fulgurites are found worldwide in desert sands. Lechatelierite also forms naturally as the result of high pressure shock metamorphism during meteorite impacts and volcanic explosions. Lechatelierite is also a common component of a type of glassy ejecta called a Tektite. Lechatelierite may also form artificially. One example is the Trinitite produced by the melting of quartz sand at the first nuclear bomb explosion at Trinity Flats, White Sands, New Mexico. Another way it is artificially produced is when a high voltage electrical distribution network breaks and the lines fall onto a conductive surface with sand beneath. Lechatelierite is a mineraloid, as it does not have a crystal structure. Although it is not a true mineral, it is often classified in the quartz mineral group. Also see Fulgurite and Tektite. Leptite: A quartz-feldspathic metamorphic rock that is fine-grained with little or no foliation; formed by regional metamorphism of the highest grade. Lignite: A low-grade brownish black coal. Limb Cast: Agate is deposited in the vacant cavities of tree branches once covered by hot volcanic ash. The wood itself burned away and left the vacant cavities. The original form of a tree limb is maintained. Some casts may show bark and/or wood textures, or become opalized. Limestone: A sedimentary rock which is composed of calcite that came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes. It also contains skeletal fragments of marine organisms. Lithophysa ~ Lithophysae: A small cavity, or cavities, found in felsic volcanic rocks believed to be caused by expanding gases in tuffs before solidification. If it has become lined with crystals it may be referred to as a geode or a thunderegg. The word lithophysae is from the Latin for "rock bubble." Lithosphere: The lithosphere is the outer solid part of the earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is about 100 km thick, although its thickness is age dependent. Older lithosphere is thicker. The lithosphere contains a rich variety of minerals. Lithospheric Plates: A series of slabs that make up the Earth's hard outer shell. There are 16 major lithospheric plates that float on softer layers of the Earth's mantle. Littoral Zone: (Intertidal) This zone is where the sea meets the land. Lode: A deposit consisting of several veins spaced closely enough so that all of them, together with the intervening rock, can be mined as a unit. Loess: A deposit of tiny windblown particles. Luminescence: A collective term for the emission of visible light under the influence of certain rays (other than incandescent and daylight), as well as by some physical or chemical reaction, but not including pure heat radiation. It is most commonly seen as fluorescence under ultraviolet lighting. For more details, click here: Fluorescence Luster: The manner in which a substance reflects light from its surface; it is affected by the surfaceï¿½s smoothness and the substanceï¿½s reflectivity. Macle: This term refers to a twinned or double crystal. Mafic: Dark colored rock; usually applied to igneous and metamorphic rocks containing magnesium and iron rich minerals. Magma: Mobile molten rock material from which igneous rocks form by solidification. It is also called as ï¿½liquid rock.ï¿½ Magnet: This is described as an object that is surrounded by a magnetic field, thereby causing iron or steel materials to be attracted to it. Magnetic: Materials which give off magnetic fields, or materials that are attracted to magnetic fields. For more detailed information on magnetic minerals, please click here: Minerals With Magnetic Properties Magnetic Field: This refers to an area encompassing a magnet or electric current which has the ability to attract or repel certain objects anywhere within the field. Magnetic Field (Earth's): The Earth's magnetic field is aligned with the north and south poles, and has reversed many times during geologic history. Magnetism: This is the ability of certain metals to attract other metals. Malleable: Having the ability to be hammered into thin sheets without breaking, such as with gold or silver. Mammilary: An aggregate described as being smooth, rounded, agglomerations. Rounded agglomerations of mammilary aggregates are larger than reniform agglomerations and considerably larger than botryoidal agglomerations. Manganese Oxides: A generic name given to manganese oxides and hydroxides of mixed composition. Included are the following: Akhtenskite, Asbolane, Birnessite, Buserite, Coronadite, Cryptomelane, Feitknechtite, Groutite, Hausmannite, Hollandite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrochroite, Pyrolusite, Ramsdellite, Rancieite, Romanechite, Todorokite, and Wad. Mantle: The layer of the Earth located between the crust and the molten core. Marble: A non foliated metamorphic rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed mostly of calcite. Mass Extinction: The process in which huge numbers of species die out suddenly. The dinosaurs and many other species went extinct during the K-T extinction, which was probably caused by an asteroid colliding with the Earth. Massif: A large mountain, or group of connected mountains, that are a part of, but independent from, a mountain range. Matrix: A mineral or mineral compound within, or upon, which another mineral or mineral compound occurs. Matter: Anything which has mass and occupies space. Melee: A small faceted diamond, under .20 carats. Metacryst: A large crystal developed in metamorphic rock by re-crystallization from another mineral. Metallic: Minerals having the luster of a metal. Metallurgy: The science and art of separating metals and metallic materials from raw ore by mechanical and chemical means. This term also applies to the study of the physical properties of metals as affected by composition, mechanical working, and heat treatment. Metamict: The disruption of the crystalline structure at the atomic level by radiation, yet retaining the original macroscopic crystal form or shape. This is common among radioactive minerals, and those minerals that are found close to them. Metamorphic: Rocks which have been altered by heat or intense pressure at a depth in the earth's crust causing new minerals and new structures in the rock to be formed. Metasomatism: The alteration of the chemical composition of a rock or mineral by interaction with dissolved chemicals and gases in capillary fluid. This causes the mineral to be changed into another mineral without melting, and usually with little or no change in volume or shape. Metavolcanic Rock: A type of metamorphic rock which was first produced by a volcano, either as lava or tephra. It was then buried underneath subsequent rock and was subjected to high pressures and temperatures, causing the rock to recrystallize. It often contains the minerals quartz, feldspar, amphibole, and pyroxene. Meteorite: A meteor that has fallen to Earth. Meteorites are either stone, iron, or stony-iron. Meteoroid: Tiny stones or pieces of metal that travel through space. Miarolitic: Igneous rock that has many small, irregular cavities. These cavities are usually more angular and irregular than those of a vug. Micaceous: Material composed of or resembling Mica. It occurs in thin plates or scales like Mica. Microcrystal: Crystals of less than 0.01 millimeters in their greatest dimension. These crystals, usually occurring in masses, are so small that only their speckle reflections are all that betray their existence at 30X magnification. Micromount: A natural mineral specimen requiring magnification for proper observation. The specimen should contain distinct crystals. Milling: The first stage of mineral processing in which the ore pieces from the mine are further mechanically reduced in size to maximize efficiency of the concentration process. Miner: A person who professionally excavates and searches for gemstone and mineral specimens. Mineral: A natural geologically occurring substance (usually inorganic) that is crystalline and has a composition that can be defined by a simple chemical formula. Or, solid matter composed of elements in specific combinations and arrangements. Mineralogist: A person who studies the formation, occurrence, properties, composition, and classification of mineral specimens. Mineralogy: An earth science focused on the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals, their distribution and identification. Mineraloid: A mineral-like substance that does not have a crystal structure and possesses a chemical composition that varies beyond the accepted range for a specific mineral. Mine: An underground area or cave where precious gems, semi-precious gems, and minerals are excavated. Mohs Hardness Scale: See Hardness. Molecule: A molecule consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. It is the smallest particle, composed of two or more similar or different atoms, into which an element or a compound can be divided down to without changing its chemical and physical properties. Monoclinic: (Crystal System) Defined by three nonparallel axes where there are only two right angles between the axes and no high-order rotation axes. Monogenetic Volcano: One that was formed during a relatively short time period and during a single eruption. Most monogenetic volcanos are basaltic. Mountain Leather: This term refers to several different asbestiform minerals which occur in a fibrous, flexible, and matted intergrowth which is leather-like in appearance. A few examples of "Mountain Leather," which may also be referred to as "Mountain Cork," "Mountain Wood," or "Leatherstone" are: Actinolite, Palygorskite, Saponite, Sepiolite, and Tremolite. MYA: This is an abbreviation used to indicate "Million Years Ago." Native: Occurring in nature, either pure or uncombined with other substances. This term is usually applied to metals. Natural: (Diamond) A small portion of the original Diamond crystal surface is left unpolished on the girdle of the gemstone. This area, which is called a "natural," indicates that little material was wasted in cutting to obtain a heavier carat weight. Its presence is not desirable on a polished Diamond. Natural Glass: This is igneous rock that formed during rapid cooling of molten rock. It cooled down too quickly for crystallization to occur. Natural glasses are amorphous with rounded shapes and they usually contain conchoidal fractures. Obsidian is a type of natural glass. Also see Lechatelierite Negative Crystal: A type of inclusion in which voids, or empty cavities, are bounded by the growing host crystal walls. More simply put, they are a cavity within a crystal. They are in the shape of the original crystal contained within the void/cavity. Small Quartz crystals within a larger Quartz host crystal are a good example of negative crystals. Negative crystals may even contain fluids and/or gases within them. Neutron: A non-charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Nodule: A small rounded lump of a mineral or aggregate, normally without internal structure, and having a contrasting composition from the enclosing sediment or rock in which it is embedded. Novaculite: A hard, dense, white-to-grayish-black sedimentary rock, composed of microcrystalline quartz. It is a form of chert or flint found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Nucleus: The center of an atom which is composed of protons and neutrons. It also contains the majority of the atom's mass. Nugget: A lump of native gold, silver, platinum, copper, etc. Ochre: An amorphous yellow to red substance composed of iron compounds, such as Hematite and Limonite. Oiling: A process of applying mineral oil to a stone in order to enhance it and mask inclusions, make them more transparent, and darken their color. Emeralds are frequently oiled to mask their many inclusions. Oily: Poorly reflective luster, similar in appearance to oil. Oolitic: Having concentric globular deposits smaller than the size of a pea. Opalescence: A type of iridescence that is most often a light blue colored glow or pearly appearance. Opaque: Light does not pass through it. It is not transparent or translucent at all. Ophite: A mottled green rock composed of diabase in which elongate crystals of plagioclase are embedded in pyroxene. Orbs: These are round designs of any size or color which resemble eyes. They can be found on many minerals, but they are most commonly seen on Agate and Jasper varieties.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Rocks or minerals that can be mined for a profit. Organic Compound ~ Non-Mineral: Substances which are Organic in origin and composition. Their sources are from living organisms. They are amorphous, having no crystalline structure. Organic Gem: Matter that is not technically a gemstone, but it is derived from animal or plant life. Some organic gems are Amber, Coral, Ivory, Pearl , Jet, and Shells. Orient: Iridescence in Pearls. It is created through diffraction and interference of the light by the shingle-like layers of Aragonite platelets near the Pearls's surface. Orthorhombic: (Crystal System) Defined by three unequal mutually perpendicular axes. Outcrop: The part of a rock formation that appears at the ground's surface. Outgassing: The release of gases into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. A lot of our atmosphere (including water vapor, nitrogen, and argon) came from outgassing. Oxidation: A chemical process in which oxygen atoms bond to atoms of a material, like a metal, and electrons are transferred from the oxided material to the reduced material. Iron oxidizes when exposed to air and moisture, forming iron oxide (rust). Silver oxidizes (tarnishes) when it is exposed to hydrogen sulfide in the air forming silver sulfide. Ozone Layer: A region of the stratosphere which contains most of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. It is about 10-25 miles (15-40 km) above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays that come from the Sun. The ozone layer is becoming depleted, and there is an "ozone hole" over Antarctica. Pacific Ring of Fire: The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean . It is shaped like a horseshoe and it is 40,000 km long. It is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic mountain ranges and/or plate movements. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt. For more detailed information and a map, click here: Pacific Ring of Fire Paleontology: The branch of biology that studies the forms of life that existed in former geologic periods, chiefly by studying fossils. Pangea ~ Pangaea: The Earth was once a single super-continent named Pangea, or Pangaea. See Continental Drift. For more detailed information and maps, click here: Pangea ~ Pangaea ï¿½ Paragenesis: The order in which closely associated minerals have been formed, including their interactions with one another from contact. Paramorph: This is a pseudomorph involving two minerals with identical compositions, but with different crystal structures. Due to unstable conditions, the original mineral transforms into the other mineral (with the same chemical structure) while retaining the original crystal's shape. Also see Pseudomorph. Parti-Colored: A mineral specimen or gemstone with multiple distinct colors blended together which are seen at different angles of observation. This is most commonly seen in Tourmaline and Sapphire. Patina: The change of an object's surface layer that results from aging. Exposure to the air for an extended period of time oxidizes many metals, turning copper and bronze green, and gold reddish. Artificial patinas can be applied to newer objects by using acids or electrolytes. Pearlescent ~ Nacreous: A material that shows a luminous quality similar to that of the surface of a Pearl . Pearl Essence: A liquid coating (derived from the scales of herring fish) which adds a pearl-like luster to simulated pearls. Pegmatite: Coarsely grained igneous rock found usually as dikes associated with a large mass of finer grained plutonic rock. Peraluminous Rocks: Igneous rocks that have a molecular proportion of aluminium oxide greater than that of sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide combined. Some examples are: biotite, muscovite, cordierite, andalusite, and garnet. Perthitic: The separation of one mineral from another by solid precipitation, forming a lattice type intergrowth, usually as thin, roughly parallel, layers in a host crystal. Petrified: This is an organic substance which has become stone. Organic substances such as shells, stones, and wood embedded in sediments become converted into stone by the gradual replacement of their tissues, particle by particle, with corresponding amounts of infiltrated mineral matter. Petrology: This is the science of the origin, history, occurrance, structure, chemical composition, and classification of rocks. Phantom: This is a phenomenon exhibited when a crystal grows and a new growth grows over the old crystal in the same direction. It leaves its inscription on the crystal. Phantoms can be left by whatever mineral washes over the original crystal in the groundwaters passing over it at any time during its growth cycle. Exposure to natural radiation during the crystalï¿½s growth cycle is also known to cause phantoms, especially in the varieties of the Quartz family. The phantoms caused by radiation are usually a dark smoky color. Additional growth may be present, so more than one phantom may be found in a crystal. The phantoms commonly take on the same shape as the crystal itself. Phenocryst: A relatively large and conspicuous crystal found in a fine grained matrix in porphyritic igneous rock. Volcanic phenocrysts often show flow banding, a parallel arrangement of lath shaped crystals. Phosphorescence: This may occur after fluorescence. The energy from some shifting electrons (caused by exposure to shortwave and/or longwave ultraviolet lamps) can be "stored" within the material and be released at a later time. If the energy release is delayed for a period of seconds, minutes, hours, or days, it is known as phosphorescence. Or, a mineral which continues to glow for an interval after the ultraviolet light source has been turned off. For more details on phosphorescence, click here: Fluorescence Photomicrograph: A photograph taken through a microscope. Phyllite: A type of foliated metamorphic rock primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and chlorite. It represents a gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and mica schist. The foliation is commonly crinkled or wavy in appearance. Piezoelectric: Capable of producing a surface electric charge when deformed elastically; a property of some minerals without a center of symmetry. Pillow Lava: This is lava that cools under the sea with an interconnected sack-like form. Placer Deposit: An alluvial or glacial deposit where heavier minerals (such as gold and platinum) are deposited in the lower layers. Platy: A mineral habit with flat, thin crystals. Play-of-Color ~ Color Play: A range of colors seen in a gemstone such as Opal when it is viewed from different angles. The phenomenon is due to optical diffraction interference from small microscopic spheres of Cristobalite included in a silica gel. Pleochroism: The phenomenon whereby the color intensity or the actual color is different depending on the orientation in which a crystalline substance is observed. The changes in color may be seen from changes in position/angle or lighting conditions. A true color change stone. For more details on pleochroic and color changing gems and minerals, click here: Pleochroism Plumose: Having a feathery appearance. Plutonic Rock: A general name pertaining to igneous rocks formed at great depths. It solidifies as it cools, before it reaches the earth's surface. Pneumatolysis: A metamorphic process of rock alteration or mineral formation brought about by the action of gases being emitted from solidifying magma. Points: Units of measurement to express the carat weight of a gem. One carat is equal to one hundred points. Polymorphs: These are minerals having the same chemical equivalence of another mineral, but with different atomical arrangements, such as Diamond and Graphite. Porous: Containing voids, pores, cells, and other openings that may or may not interconnect. Porphyry: Any of a group of igneous rocks that is characterized by extremely fine grain and which may contain phenocrysts. Potch: Native material around a gemstone, like Ironstone surrounding Opal. Precious Gem: A high quality gem that has beauty, durability and rarity. There are presently four official precious gems: Diamond, Emerald, Ruby, and Sapphire. Precious Metals: They are defined by the industry as Gold, Silver, and Platinum. Palladium (a member of the Platinum family) is sometimes included under this term. For more details about the precious metals, click here: Precious Metals Primary Deposit: Where a gem, crystal, or mineral is found residing in its original host rock or matrix. Prism: A crystal form with three or more similar faces parallel to a single axis. Prismatic: A crystal habit described as being a crystal with four or more sides similar in length and width. Prismatic crystals are usually elongated in one direction. Property: One of the physical or chemical characteristics of a material. Proton: A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Pseudochromatic: Coloring due to physical causes such as dispersion or foreign included particles and internal boundaries. Pseudomorph: This is a type of mineral formation in which one mineral has chemically replaced another mineral, without changing the external form of the original mineral. They occur in three ways: as paramorphs, infiltration pseudomorphs, and incrustation pseudomorphs. See the indiviual definitions. For more detailed information on pseudomorphs, please click here: Pseudomorphs Pulverulent: Easily reduced to powder. Pumice: An igneous rock which was formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. It is a naturally occuring volcanic glass containing numerous empty gas cavities. It is very light in weight, porous, and resembles foam. It often floats on water. Pyramidal: A crystal form which has three, four, six, eight, or twelve nonparallel faces that meet at a point. Pyroclastic Flow: A ground-hugging avalanche of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and volcanic gases, traveling down the side of a volcano at 100 km/hour, or faster. It can have a temperature greater than 500ï¿½ C. When it comes to a rest, its component solids may compact, deform (flatten) and weld together due to its intense heat and weight. Pyroelectric: Capable of producing a surface electric charge when temperature changes; a property of some minerals that do not have a center of symmetry. Pyroxene: This mineral group consists of common, dark-colored, rock-forming silicate minerals. The most common are Diopside and Augite. Quarry: An open excavation, or pit, from which rock and stone, as opposed to a mineral ore, is obtained by digging, cutting, or blasting. Quartzite: A hard metamorphic rock which was originally Sandstone. When sandstone is metamorphosed to quartzite, the individual quartz grains recrystallize along with the former, cementing material to form a strong interlocking mosaic of quartz crystals. Quaternary Period: "The Age of Man," 1.8 million years ago to the present, is the most recent period of geological time. Radiated: This name is given to crystal aggregates that radiate from a center point without producing star-like forms. Radiation: Subatomic particles or high energy photons emitted by a radioactive substance, such as Uranium or Thorium. Radical: Radicals are compounds that act as a single atom when combining with other elements to form minerals. Radicals contain one or more unpaired electrons. Radioactive: This refers to substances that contain atoms whose nuclei are unstable. This causes the substance to slowly decay and emit radiation. Radioactivity: A property of minerals that contain radioactive elements. Radioactive elements contain disintegrating nuclei and emit alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Uranium and Thorium are the most well-known radioactive elements. Minerals containing these elements in their structure are known as radioactive minerals. Rare Earths Elements: Oxides of a series of 15 metallic elements. They are not especially rare in the earth's crust, but economic concentrations are. The rare earth metals resemble one another very closely in chemical and physical properties, so it is difficult to separate them. Lanthanum, Lutetium, Yttrium, and Scandium are a few of them. For more detailed information, click here: Rare Earth Elements Reconstructed Stones: This is an old method of fusing stones made from chips and/or other unusable pieces of stone. In other words, fake, not natural. Refraction: The bending of light (or any wave phenomenon) when it moves between media with different conductive velocities. For more details about refraction, click here: Refraction Refractive Index: A mathematical constant equal to the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in the substance; it determines the angle at which light bends when it enters a substance obliquely. It is important for gem identification. For a list of the Refractive Index values of various gemstones, click here: Refractive Indicies Values ï¿½ Reniform: A term meaning kidney-shaped, which is used to describe rounded mineral surfaces. Resinous: Having the luster of resin. Reticulated: This refers to a mineral with cross meshes, like a net. Reticulite: (Thread-lace Scoria) A very light form of pumice. It is formed during very high fountaining volcanic eruptions, when a lot of air is included in the rock. Rift ~ Graben: A valley between two faults. Rock: A consolidated assemblage of grains of one or more minerals. There are three broadly defined groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rosette: An intergrowth of numerous platy crystals overlapping like the petals of a rose. Rough: The raw natural state in which a mineral or gem comes out of the ground. It has not yet been polished, tumbled, or faceted. Rutile: A titanium dioxide mineral which forms needle-like inclusions within a mineral, crystal, or stone. The needles can be found in many different colors. It is most frequently found in Quartz crystals. Rutile needles can also produce some amazing gem phenomena, such as Stars and Cat's Eyes in Sapphire, Ruby, and many other gems. Rutilated: Containing Rutile needles. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation and compaction of sand and held together by a natural cement, such as silica. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar. Sanidinate: A type of igneous rock composed chiefly of Sanidine. Scaly: Consisting of scales or tabular crystals. Scepter: A crystal form that is characterized by a sudden increase in diameter at its termination, resembling a royal scepter. The large end of the crystal appears to be sitting on a rod. Or, a convex crystal on a small stem. Schiller: This is an iridescent or bronze-like luster occuring in some minerals. It is referred to as labradorescence when it occurs in feldspars. This optical effect is caused by submicroscopic lamella contained within the mineral. It can produce a bronze-like luster, golden iridescence, red play of color, and/or a blue-green sheen that flashes when viewed from certain angles. Schist: A metamorphic rock having a sub-parallel alignment of the principal constituent Mica or Mica-like (platy) minerals. Scoria: This term refers to bomb-sized (greater than 64 mm across) pyroclastic fragments that are formed as blobs of lava cool when they are blasted through the air. Scoria are filled with cavities formed by trapped air bubbles. Seamount: An underwater mountain that rises at least 50-100 m above the sea floor. Some seamounts rise above the water's surface. Most seamounts are volcanic in origin; only a few are non-volcanic. Secondary Deposit: A deposit of gems, minerals, or crystals that has been worn away from its original site, usually by the effects of weather. An example would be an Alluvial Deposit. Sectile: Capable of being cut with a knife into thin shavings. Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks that were originally formed from sediment, including shale and sandstone. They are also composed of fragments of other rocks deposited after transportation from their original source. This includes those formed by precipitation or by the secretions of animals, as in certain limestones. Seismic: A term for vibrations within the earth, both natural and artificial. Septarium ~ Septarian: An irregular mass of mineral substances (Concretion) having cracks filled in with another mineral, usually calcite. Series: Any number of rocks, minerals, or fossils having characteristics, such as growth patterns, succession, composition, or occurrence, that make it possible to arrange them in a natural sequence. Serpentinite: A metamorphic rock composed of one or more serpentine group minerals. Shaft: A vertical, horizontal or inclined passage providing access from the working surface of underground ore bodies. Shale: A fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud, which is a mixture of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. Shatter Cones: Geological features that have been known to form in the bedrock beneath meteorite impact craters, volcanoes, or underground nuclear explosions. They are evidence that the rock has been subjected to a shock with pressure. They are conical shaped fragments of rock which display striations radiating from the apex of the cone. Sheen: The way a mineral reflects light. It can be affected by characteristics just below the mineral's surface. Shield Volcano: A volcano that has gently sloping sides. Shield volcanoes are composed mostly of basalt. The biggest volcanoes on Earth (like those on the islands of Hawaii) are shield volcanoes. Shock Metamorphism ~ Impact Metamorphism: These terms describe the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events. The formation of similar features during explosive volcanism is generally discounted due to the lack of metamorphic effects unequivocally associated with explosions and the difficulty in reaching sufficient pressures during such an event. Silica: A dioxide of silicon, which occurs in crystalline form as Quartz, Cristobalite, and amorphous Opal. It is an essential constituent of the silicate group of minerals. Siliceous Rock: A type of sedimentary rock which has silica as its principal constituent. The most common siliceous rock is Chert. Silky: Having the luster of silk. It may also refer to silk-like inclusions found in Sapphire and Ruby. Silt: A particulate material made from loose bits of rock and/or mineral sediment. Silt is finer than sand, but coarser than clay. Silt is carried by moving water. Once it has been deposited it is called sediment. Simulated Gemstone: Artificial gems of various constructions that look similar to natural gems. Sinter: A whitish porous incrustation or sediment, usually consisting of amorphous silica, which is deposited from hot springs and/or geysers. It sometimes forms conical mounds (geyser cones) or terraces. Sixling: A twin intergrowth of six crystals that appears to have hexagonal symmetry; a common habit for Chrysoberyl. Skarn: A metamorphic rock which usually forms by chemical metasomatism of rocks during metamorphism and in the contact zone of magmatic intrusions, like granites with carbonate-rich rocks such as limestone or dolostone. : Hollow or imperfectly developed crystals formed by rapid crystallization. Also see Hopper Crystals. Slag: A glassy substance formed as a by-product from the smelting of metallic ores. Slate: A fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. Smelting: Extracting metal from concentrated ore by pyrometallurgical processes. Reducing agents may or may not be used. Soluble: Capable of being dissolved in a fluid. Spalling: This is the chipping, upward, and outward heaving of rock caused by release of pressure. Specific Gravity: This is the weight ratio of a mineral due to the density of the atomical arrangement and the heaviness of the elements it contains. For a list of the Specific Gravity values of various minerals and gemstones, click here: Specific Gravity Values ï¿½ Speleothem: A mineral deposit formed in a cave. Speleothems are made when calcium carbonate or other minerals precipitate (drip out of solution) from slow-moving cave water. Stalactites and stalagmites are examples of speleothems. Spelunker: A person who enjoys exploring caves. Spelunking: The hobby or practice of exploring caves Sphenoidal: Wedge shaped. A tabular habit having the appearance of a book. Spherules: Rounded masses of acicular crystals, radiating from a central point. Splintery: The property of certain minerals or rocks to break or fracture into elongated fragments like splinters of wood. Spongy: A term applied to vesicular rock structures with thin partitions between the vesicles, resembling a sponge. Spreading Ridge: An area of the ocean floor in which new crust is being formed as magma erupts. Stalactite: An icicle-shaped mineral deposit, usually of Calcite or Aragonite, which hangs down from the ceiling of a cave. It is formed from the dripping of mineral-rich water that slowly evaporates and deposits some of its dissolved mineral. Stalactitic: Like a stalactite, a conical or cylindrical mineral deposit that hangs from the ceiling of a cave. Stalagmite: A mineral deposit usually in the shape of a conical pillar, commonly made of calcite or aragonite. It is built up on the floor of a cave from the dripping of mineral-rich water that slowly evaporates and deposits some of its dissolved mineral. Stellate: An aggregate of crystals in a star-like arrangement. Streak: A mineral's powder color. It is most easily observed by rubbing the mineral on a piece of white unglazed porcelain (a streak plate). For a list of the Streak Colors of various minerals, click here: Streak Colors ï¿½ Striations: These are grooves, lines, and scratches found naturally in and/or on some minerals. Subduction Zone: An area on the planet's crust in which the edge of an oceanic continental plate is being pushed beneath another plate. Subfossil: Remains whose fossilization process is not complete, either for lack of time or because the conditions in which they were buried were not optimal for fossilization. Subhedral: An individual crystal that is partly bounded by its own crystal faces and partly bounded by surfaces formed against preexisting crystals, leaving it with partially developed crystal faces. Sublimate: Changing directly from a solid to a gas, or a gas to a solid, without becoming a liquid. The condensate from such a change is also called a condensate. Water and Sulfur have this property. Substrate: A thin layer of mineral, often of calcium carbonate, underlying a mineral deposit, and separating it from the host rock. Subvitreous: Luster not as highly reflective as adamantine, but more so than vitreous. Suevite: A rock consisting partly of melted material, typically forming a breccia containing glass and crystal or lithic fragments, formed during an impact event. It forms part of a group of rock types and structures that are known as impactites. Supervolcano: An enormous volcano that is an order of magnitude larger than ordinary volcanoes. A supervolcano occurs when a huge magma chamber in the Earth's crust erupts after being under great pressure, causing a large caldera to form as the land over the magma chamber collaspses. This type of eruption is probably able to cause a major climate change and a mass extinction as it ejects dust, debris, and caustic gases into the atmosphere. Supervolcanos do not look like the familiar cone-shaped volcano. A supervolcano looks like a huge collapsed crater. Yellowstone National Park is a supervolcano. It is due to erupt soon (in terms of geological time). Syenite: A coarse-grained igneous rock, similar in appearance and composition to granite. Unlike granite, it contains little or no quartz. The chief minerals in syenite are the feldspars, with mica, hornblende, and pyroxene. Symmetry: The correspondence in shape or length of elements of a body; as repeated by a mirror, rotation about an axis, or inversion through a point (center of symmetry). Synthetic Gemstone: A man-made stone that, unlike a simulant, has the same chemical composition and crystal structure as its natural counterpart. Tabular: A crystal habit with the appearance of a paper tablet. Tailings: The fine grained remnant of ore that has had the economically extractable valuable material removed from it by the concentration process. Talisman: A good luck charm. Also see Amulet Tectonic Activity: The shifting of the planet's surface because of changes deep inside the body. Earthquakes, fissures, rifts, and volcanoes are some results of tectonic activity. Tektite: (Meteoric Natural Glass) This is a natural glass formed from meteorite or other cosmic impacts melting the local rock. Depending on the nature of the latter, the composition of tektites is variable. Many varietal names are given to tektites from different localities. These are just a few of the named tektites and their place of origin: Bediasite and Georgiaite are found North America, Moldavite is found in Central Europe, Ivorite is found in West Africa, and Australian and Asian tektites are known as Indochinite, Australite, Zhamanshinite, Irgizite, and Darwin Glass. Some feel that it is still unclear if they originated as molten material from meteorites, or as terrestrial rock melted by the meteorite's impact on Earth. Also see Lechatelierite Tenacity: The strength of a mineral. It is also its resistance to breaking, crushing, bending, or tearing.ï¿½ Tenebrescence: It is also known as reversible photochromism. It is the ability of certain minerals to change color when exposed to sunlight and other types of illumination, such as ultraviolet lighting. The effects can be repeated indefinitely, but will be destroyed by heating. It is most commonly seen in the minerals Tugtupite and the Hackmanite variety of Sodalite. Tephra: Volcanic material that is airborne, like lava bombs, lapilli, and ash. Termination: The end of a crystal that is much longer than it is wide or thick. Tetragonal: (Crystal System) Defined by three mutually perpendicular axes, two of which are of equal length. Thermoluminescence: A phenomenon exhibited in certain minerals in which they give off light, like a glow, when heated. This can only be observed in a dark area. Till: An unstratified, unconsolidated mass of boulders, pebbles, sand, and mud deposited by the movement or melting of a glacier. The size and shape of the sediments that constitute till vary widely. Trachyte: A lightly colored and very finely grained extrusive igneous rock which is chiefly composed of alkali feldspar, along with minor amounts of dark colored minerals, such as biotite, amphibole, or pyroxene. Transformation: This occurs when minerals transform into other minerals under stress, heat, prolonged exposure to light, or upon loss of water. Transparency: The degree to which light passes through a material. Trap Rock: A type of igneous rock. This solidified lava often contains pockets of crystals. Triboelectric: The property of certain crystals of generating an electric charge when in contact with another material. Triboluminescence: A property exhibited by certain minerals which causes them to give off orange or yellow flashes of light when they are sawed or struck together. It is best observed in a dark area. Trichroism: Gems that display three different colors when viewed from different angles. For more details on pleochroic and color changing gems and minerals, click here: Pleochroism Tri-Colored: A mineral specimen or gemstone with three distinct colors which are clearly separated from each other. This is most commonly seen in Tourmaline. Trigonal: (Crystal System) Defined by three equal axes lying in a plane and intersecting at 120 degree angles and a fourth perpendicular axis that is a three-fold rotation axis. Trilling: This is a twin intergrowth of three crystals that appear to have trigonal symmetry. Triplet: A man-made stone of three parts that includes a clear protective top layer fused together with a thinly sliced gem, a dark backing material, and a clear or colored adhesive. Most commonly found with Opals. Troposphere: The lowest region in the Earth's atmosphere. On the Earth, it goes from ground or water level up to about 11 miles (17 kilometers) high. The weather and clouds occur in the troposphere. In the troposphere, the temperature generally decreases as altitude increases. Tube Agate: During the growth of the agate, tiny thin parallel mineral rods (mineral inclusions) can start to grow within the silica gel of some types of agates. At a later time, the microcrystals agate grow around the tubes. The tube shaped inclusions may either weather away and leave the hollow tubes, or they may fill in with silica. Tufa: A terrestrial sedimentary rock which is formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature bodies of water. This is not to be confused with tuff, which is listed below. Tuff: This is a porous igneous rock composed of volcanic ash compacted together. Tufted: This is a crystal aggregate in the form of fibrous crystal clumps. Tumbling: This is the simplest form of gem polishing, in which the rough mineral is put into a revolving barrel with progressively finer abrasives until a fine polish is obtained. It is a very time consuming project. It may also be done by hand in some cases. Tuya: A volcano which erupts under a glacier. Twin: (Twinned Crystal ) A nonparallel intergrowth of separate crystals related by symmetry not possessed by the substance. Or, two intergrown crystals that share a common internal or external axis or plane. Type Locale: The source location of a mineral specimen first used to determine and describe a mineral's physical, optical and chemical properties. Ultramafic Rocks: A type of igneous rock composed mostly of the mafic minerals: hypersthene, augite, and/or olivine. Ultraviolet Light: Electromagnetic radiation that is not readily visible, having the wavelength of from 4 nanometers to 400 nanometers (just beyond the violet in the visible spectrum). There are four bands of ultraviolet light: Long Wavelength, Medium Wavelength, Short Wavelength, and Vacuum Ultraviolet Light. Shortwave and Longwave UV lighting reactions are readily used as diagnostic tools in identifying some minerals. For more details about UV light, click here: Ultraviolet Light Unit Cell: The unit cell is the smallest divisible unit of a mineral that still possesses the atomic symmetry and physical properties of the mineral. Valence : This is the number of electrons that an atom will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms. Variety: (Gemstone) A named specific color or other quality of a gemstone species, such as Ruby for red corundum. Vein: A zone or belt of mineralized rock lying within boundaries clearly separating it from neighboring rock. It includes all deposits of mineral matter found through a mineralized zone or belt coming from the same source, impressed by the same forms, and appearing to have been created by the same method. Vent: An opening in the Earth's surface through which volcanic materials erupt. Vesicle: A small cavity in a glassy, igneous rock formed by the expansion of a gas bubble or steam during the solidification of the rock. Viscosity: A measure of the resistance to the flow of a liquid. Viscous liquids flow very slowly; less viscous fluids flow more quickly. For example, water has a low viscosity, while oil has a higher viscosity. Vitreous: Luster similar to freshly broken glass; brightly reflective. Volatile Elements: They have very low boiling temperatures. Examples include nitrogen, helium, water, and carbon dioxide. Volatiles are usually found in liquid or gaseous form, except at very cold temperatures. Volatiles: (Components) In ï¿½magma, those materials that readily form a gas and are the last to enter into and crystallize as minerals during solidification. Volcanic Rock: A type of igneous rock that was originally lava, or magma. It reached the surface of the earth before it hardened. Volcano: An opening in the earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected. Volume: The amount of space which is occupied by a mass. Vug: An open cavity in a rock which is often lined with tiny crystals. Wad: An old mining term for any black manganese oxide or hydroxide mineral rich rock in the oxidized zone of various ore deposits. Typically they are closely associated with various iron oxides. Weathering: This is the process of chemical and mechanical disintegration of rocks and minerals by exposure to the atmosphere, sun, rain, heat, cold, oxidation, and reactions with other environmental agents. White Light: This is visible light that has all of the visible spectrum present, so it appears white. Xenolith: Rock which is enclosed in volcanic magma. Zeolite: Zeolites are a group of microporous aluminosilicate minerals that are related in structure, habits, and occurrence. They are usually found in zeolite deposits which are of igneous origin. 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August 9th is the anniversary of the resignation of one Richard Milhous Nixon from the office of the President of the United States of America. In what year did this happen?	Geology Answers to my Evolutionist Friends, Geology Thomas F. Heinze Geology is the study of the earth, its structure, composition, and history. How did the rocks we see around us on the earth’s surface form? Some are of volcanic origin. These are called igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks, on the other hand, were formed as sediments were deposited and turned to stone. Some rocks have later been shaped by erosion. Most sediments are deposited under water, and most erosion occurs on land. People who lived before Darwin generally believed that disasters, such as floods, particularly the great flood at the time of Noah, were responsible for stirring up and redepositing much of the sediment which now forms the rocks of the earth’s crust. This point of view was called catastrophism. Geologists that Changed the World Georges Cuvier who was put in charge of French science after the French revolution of 1789 observed 28 layers of rocks beneath the streets of Paris. He recognized that they had been laid down as sediments which had been carried by water but found it difficult to believe that one flood had caused them all. He maintained that each layer was laid down by a separate local flood, and contained fossils of the plants and animals that were living at that time. {Ian Taylor, The Genesis Flood, p. 2-3} The Scottish geologist James Hutton who lived in the same period of time felt that the strata were produced gradually by the same slow processes we see going on every day: “The idea that ‘the present is the key to the past’ was developed by (1788)....Hutton asserted that ‘the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.’” {1998 Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia, “Uniformitarianism”}. Great floods and other great disasters were not considered to have been important in the formation of the earth: Sir Charles Lyell built upon these ideas: “In opposition to the catastrophist school of thought, the British geologist Charles Lyell proposed a uniformitarian interpretation of geologic history in his Principles of Geology (3 vols., 1830-33)” {Encyclopedia Britannica CD 1998 }. Lyle’s idea was put forth to oppose the idea that many of the earth’s features were formed by rapid events, particularly the Biblical flood. His chosen weapon to combat the flood of Genesis 6-8 was not the sniper’s rifle, but the shotgun. He got rid of the Biblical flood by shooting down all big floods and other great catastrophes. “The first volume (1830) of his Principles of Geology contained a vigorous indictment of catastrophism, the then-popular view that most of the Earth's history could be relegated to a short period of violent upheaval and flooding. Lyell argued instead that geological phenomena could be explained in terms of currently observed natural processes operating gradually over long periods of time, a concept termed uniformitarianism.” {Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia, 1998} In Lyell’s time it became known that strata corresponding to those under Paris were also found in Ireland and Russia. Clearly no local flood could be responsible for laying down strata over such a wide area. Lyell suggested that after each layer was laid down, the land rose back up out of the water, then settled back under it and another layer was laid down, a slow process which was believed to have taken millions of years: “The subsequent writings of Sir Charles Lyell, particularly the many editions of his Principles of Geology, popularized the uniformitarian idea among English-speaking geologists. Lyell's work, however, extended the meaning of the concept to include the assertion that past geologic processes have operated at a more or less constant rate equivalent to the rates seen today and that the most important geologic processes are slow. Most geologists jumped on Lyell’s bandwagon, and for the next 100 years, Uniformitarian Geology was the dominant way of interpreting the earth’s strata. While the idea was still popular Webster defined it: "A geological doctrine that existing processes acting in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity as at present are sufficient to account for all geological changes." {Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged), 1964, p. 2498}. The words “the same intensity” are important, as the idea that geologic changes in the past have occurred at more or less the same average speed as they happen today become the basis for the very long geological ages. Darwin, who felt that each category of plant or animal was gradually and constantly evolving into new kinds of plants and animals, needed all the time he could get, and uniformitarian geology provided the long ages which convinced him: “....One of the most important influences of uniformitarianism was on the development of the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin obtained a copy of Lyell's Principles of Geology shortly before boarding the Beagle and read it on the voyage that led to his theory.” {Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia, 1998, “Uniformitarianism”}. The view that all the geographic features that we see around us (mountains, etc.) were built very gradually was for many years a sacred dogma of geology. From around 1980 to 1990 it gradually become less accepted. Most modern geologists today call themselves actualists, and don’t believe that nonsense any more. While they still believe in the long ages which were brought in by the old one grain at a time uniformitarian thinking, they recognize the fact that there have been many cataclysmic events which did very rapid geological work. Even though his theory needed the time that uniformitarianism provided, Darwin admitted in writing that the fossil record did not show the slow continuous evolution that he imagined must have happened: “But just in proportion as this process of extermination has acted on an enormous scale, so must the number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed, be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record”. {Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, First Collier Books Edition, p. 308}. Darwin was right in observing that fossils did not show the transitions between one major category of plant or animal and another. The missing links were really missing. His explanation was that not enough fossils had been discovered. However, after the discovery of millions more fossils, the “truly enormous” number of intermediate links that Darwin admitted should be shown in the fossils if his theory were correct, are still lacking. Evolutionists, through the years, have usually pretended that this is not true, but: “In 1972, Mr. Gould truly shook up the field when he and Niles Eldredge published a famous paper coining the term "punctuated equilibrium." {Richard Monastersky, Chronicle of Higher Education, 3/15/2002, p14-} What was it about the punctuated equilibrium idea that shook up their fellow evolutionists? Gould and Eldredge wanted them to accept: “… the fossil evidence at face value, regarding it as a true representation of how evolution worked.” {Richard Monastersky, Chronicle of Higher Education, 3/15/2002, p14-} That is, he wanted his fellow evolutionists to tell the truth: The fossils do not show continuous gradual evolution, and we should not pretend that they do. That “truly shook up the field.” Gould believed the evolutionists should accept the fossil record as it was and figure out how evolution could have produced the fossils instead of claiming the fossil record showed transitions that it did not show in an effort to support the old way of looking at evolution. Gould, who until his death in 2002 was one of the most anti creationist atheists imaginable, announced that the missing links were really missing and would always be missing because evolution had not occurred gradually and continually as Darwin had thought. Gould’s suggestion was that after long periods without significant change which he called “stasis”, evolution had advanced rapidly in isolated groups so small that none of them happened to leave fossils. The long periods of little change called “stasis” are actually observed in the fossils. The invention of short episodes of rapid evolutionary change which don’t leave fossil evidence offered a solution to the problem of the lack of transitional sequences without the need of pretending that the fossil record was different than it was. “Mr. Eldredge and especially the more rebellious Mr. Gould were suddenly telling their colleagues to stand up for themselves and for the message that fossils were sending. "Stasis is data," the two proclaimed.” {Richard Monastersky, Chronicle of Higher Education, 3/15/2002, p14-} “Stasis is data” means that the stable periods without evolutionary change are what the fossils actually show. Niles Eldridge explained this lack of evidence for evolution in the fossils: “… once a species evolves, it will not usually undergo great change as it continues its existence—contrary to prevailing expectation that indeed goes back to Darwin.” {Eldridge, N., Time Frames; The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium, 1985, p. 15. Quoted by Jerry Bergman, The century and a half failure in the quest for the source of new genetic information, TJ 17 (2) 2003, p. 23} Because the isolated groups where evolution allegedly took place where too small to have left any fossils, the transitional steps that show that one group evolved from another can only be seen with the eye of faith. Most evolutionists object to this, and continue to insist that mutations and natural selection have slowly produced one animal from another by a series of small changes until a bacterium became a biologist. In either case, real fossil evidence for the transitions has not been found. One group of evolutionists pretends that the evidence for transitions is there, while the other group has faith that the transitions happened, but left no evidence. The fact that evolutionary experts disagree among themselves as to which animals were the ancestors of almost every group of animals shows that the problem is real. The Cambrian Explosion One evidence against a gradual evolution was the sudden appearance of living things in what is called the Cambrian explosion, so called because fossils of many animals suddenly appeared in the fossil record, as if they had come out of nowhere. The layers where these fossils are found in such abundance are called the Cambrian strata. These strata were thought to include some from every phyla except vertebrates, though recently, fossils of fish which are vertebrates, have been reported in the Cambrian as well. The Precambrian fossils that have been found are by comparison very few, and to have little relation to the Cambrian fossils. Instead, all at once, apparently out of no where, were present representatives of every phyla (plural of phylum) which exists today. I include here the system that is used to classify living things. Each category is a subdivision of the one above. You will notice that the phylum is one of the most basic categories. Kingdom (animals) (Plants) Genus Species In the strata below the Cambrian, called Precambrian, relatively few fossils are found. The oldest of these have been dated at 3.6 billion years of age and appear identical to fossils of certain modern bacteria that arrange themselves in a filament, or string like shape. Neither these, nor the other known Precambrian fossils, seem to be possible direct evolutionary ancestors to the Cambrian fossils. Obviously, if evolution gradually made all other plants and animals from bacteria as evolutionists believe today, it must have also gradually formed all of their organs. Consider the trilobite, one of the index fossils for the Cambrian, the earliest period with numerous fossils. This may be the earliest eye in the fossil record. "Paleontologist Niles Eldredge of the American Museum of Natural History commented: These lenses— Technically termed aspherical, aplanatic lenses—optimize both light collecting and image formation better than any lens ever conceived. We can be justifiably amazed that these trilobites, very early in the history of life on Earth, hit upon the best possible lens design that optical physics has ever been able to formulate. {Found in Reason and Revelation, Oct. 03, as quoted in Ellis, Richard (2001), Aquagenesis(New York: Viking)} Though Darwin and the evolutionists who have followed him accept the vast ages that the uniformitarian system provided, thinking that for the theory of evolution to work vast ages would have been necessary, the fit is not good. Getting evolution and the long ages to go together in the details reminds me of a shoe salesmen trying to jam a woman’s foot into a shoe that is three sizes too small and convince her that it will fit just right after she gets it broken in. Geologists dated the fossil bearing Cambrian strata at 540 million years ago, feeling that it would take that long for uniformitarian processes to slowly, lay down the Cambrian strata and the many layers of sediments that overlie the Cambrian a grain at a time over the vast geologic ages. There is a good deal of evidence that something is wrong, and these dates are not valid. Uniformitarian Problems How are strata laid down? I mentioned that around 1789 Georges Cuvier noticed that there were 28 layers of rocks beneath the streets of Paris, and that in Lyell’s time corresponding strata were also found in Ireland and Russia. Theories of the land settling and rising again do not really explain how the strata could have been spread out over such a wide area. Rivers could hardly have spread dirt uniformly over areas many times longer and wider than the valleys of the rivers themselves. Did the sediment sprinkle down on the ocean from heaven? Sometimes sediments do. I remember living in Tillamook near the Oregon coast for a short period just after Mt. St. Helen's had erupted in 1980. Though the prevailing winds are from the west, an east wind came through while Mt. St. Helen's was spewing out ash, and nearly an inch fell out on Tillamook. In those days trees were a crop to be planted and harvested, and log trucks frequently swept back and forth past our house blowing up ash and sending it billowing into the air. Some people wore dust masks just to walk down the street. When it rained, it seemed to wash all dust away, but as soon as it dried up there was the ash again. Not all of the ash fell out near Mount St. Helen's. Some blew so high in the air that it circled the globe several times. Ash literally sprinkled down from heaven all over the world. It is easy to see how ash fallout could make very widespread strata covering huge areas. Mud is a problem. How do clay and sand make strata? The idea that one strata was laid down at a time is foundational to evolution. That way, a fossil which is found in a higher strata is considered younger than one found in a lower strata. But how did the strata themselves get there? Mud that is washed off of a mountain settles out rapidly when the river gets to the sea. How did strata get spread out from Paris to Russia for example? Mud seldom falls from heaven in sufficient quantity to form a stratum. A video showing an experiment which took place in the Engineering Research Center at Colorado State University, Foothills Campus is very logical, and should have come as no surprise to me. It did surprise me, however, because I had a vague, and completely incorrect idea of how ordinary strata are laid down. The experiment was carried out in a four foot wide flume or vat 60 foot long. A mixture of fine white sand and course black sand was added to water and expelled through a very large pipe into one end of the vat. The equipment used made it easy to see how the sand stratified as it was deposited. After the sand was laid down in the vat under steady discharge conditions, a deposit of sand three or four feet deep remained in the vat. The sand was deposited in a number of stratified layers, with the strata progressing out over the length of the vat. How did the stratified layers sedimentary deposits on the earth get there? I thought the bottom strata must have been laid down first, then the second, third, etc. When I think it through now, I can think of no physical way in which this could happen. The vat is designed so the scientists could observe the process of sedimentation while it was happening. A very large pipe dumped the water carrying the mixture of fine white sand, and course black sand in at one end of the vat. As the mixture came rushing out of the pipe, it did not lay one fine layer of mostly course black sand over the whole length of the 60 foot long vat, followed by a layer of mostly fine white sand. How could it? Instead, the sand immediately began to drop out of the water, not falling vertically, but rolled along by the flow of the water, it soon filled in to a fairly level flood plain with a height of three or four feet with a downward slope at the leading edge. The slope began at the left end of the vat where the water sand mixture first entered. As sand dropped out of the water, the water washed over the top of the sand which had already been deposited, maintaining a rather flat topped deposit while pushing the new sand along on top of what had already been laid down. This is as close as I can show how the deposition occurred with the built in characters on my keyboard: First it looked like —\. As the sand filled in, the sloping leading edge extended farther and farther out into the vat ——\. I would judge that the slope was probably a bit steeper than 45 degrees. As the sand water mixture continued to pour from the pipe, the slope moved forward, ————\ leaving a fairly flat mass of stratified sand around three feet or four feet deep behind the slope ———————\. When the end of the vat was reached, a fairly level flood plain had been built up. The entire vat was nearly filled with stratified sand, one strata on top of another, all looking like they had they been laid down one layer at a time, first the bottom layer, then the second, etc. In actuality, all of the strata at the entry end were laid down before any of the strata at the far end. In the process of being rolled down the slope by the rushing water, the sand had somewhat separated itself into layers of smaller and larger sand. Perhaps because the grains with a larger circumference rolled farther with each rotation? In any event, the entire vat was left with horizontal strata of mostly smaller white sand interspersed with mostly larger dark sand. The strata were clearly visible as lighter and darker layers. It could hardly have stratified better if the sand had fallen from heaven one layer after another over the whole length of the vat. This raises a serious problem. Geologists determine which kinds of animals lived earlier and which lived later by their positions in the strata. The deeper down they are, the longer ago they lived. This principle has been applied for years, and the theory of evolution depends upon it to a large extent. Is it right? Only if in the past sediments were deposited in some way completely different than the way they are deposited in the vat at the Engineering Research Center at Colorado State University, Foothills Campus. If the sand in the vat had contained animals which later became fossilized, a clam in the top layer at the entry end of the tank would have been laid down before a clam on the lowest level at the far end. Their height in the strata was not determined by the order in which they were laid down, so their order would not determine their relative age. Changing the velocity, the amount of sand, etc. leaves ripple marks, cross bedding, etc. which are commonly found in the rocks. Because such evidence of rapid deposition is so often found in the rocks of the earth, a revolution has been going on for a number of years in the estimates of the time it took to lay down strata. If what happens in that vat in Colorado shows us anything about what happened when the strata of the earth were being laid down, the estimates of the time it took to lay down the strata will continue to diminish. Instead of a year, or many years to lay down one stratum, followed by more years to lay down the following strata, a big flood, could have laid down many stratified layers in a few minutes on the same day. We know it can happen because similar stratification has been observed to occur in deposits laid down in a short time by surging ocean waves from hurricanes, deposits from Mount St. Helens, etc. Now think of deposition over a much wider area, such as the deposits seen in the Grand Canyon. The examination of outcroppings and bore holes show strata extending out over a number of states. If we can't think of a reasonable way you could put strata down one layer at a time that would cover an entire 60 foot vat, how much more difficult it would have been to lay down one strata at a time over an area which covers several states. If floods use the method of deposition that took place in the vat, it would explain how the sediments could have been laid down in stratified layers like we see in the Grand Canyon. Do they? The Missoula Flood Years ago, a Canadian glacier moved down near the site of present day Missoula, Montana where it ran into a mountain and formed a natural dam. Water from rivers behind the glacier were backed up by the ice, producing a huge lake. When the lake became deep enough, it may have floated the glacier a bit and rapidly flowed out below it causing a flood. Some think this may have happened a number of times as the glacier continued to creep forward against the mountain. In any event, the time came when the force of that colossal lake seems to have overcome the strength of the glacier and to have broken it away completely, causing a huge devastating flood: “We postulate… that the largest… Missoula Flood resulted from a cataclysmic failure of the impounding ice dam of glacial Lake Missoula. This large release may have been the result of a complete rupture of the ice dam.” {Jim O'Connor and Victor Baker, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104 (3) p. 267}. A lesser flood seems incapable of accomplishing the tremendous amount of erosion which this flood is believed to have performed, particularly the erosion of the hard volcanic basalt rock of the Columbia River Gorge. “Erosion is possible only during catastrophic floods exceeding those thresholds of stream power below which no work is expended in erosion. In fact, despite the multiple outbursts which occurred during the late Pleistocene, only a few of them had the required magnitude to overcome the threshold conditions and accomplish significant geomorphic work.” {Gerardo Benito, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 22(5) 1997, p. 457}. By examining the mountains beside the Columbia, the height of the flood has been determined: “Maximum depth 285 m. (around 900 feet) at Hood River, 105 m. Portland.” {Gerardo Benito, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 22(5) 1997, p. 459} The rapidly rushing water eroded whatever it touched, continually scraping up more and particles of dirt and rock, carrying them along across Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington, then flushing them through the Columbia River gorge cutting it wider and deeper. Where Portland is now, some of the water of the Missoula Flood turned and went up the Willamette Valley carrying sediment which covered much of the valley with 50 feet of dirt. Much more washed out into the sea where it fell out of the water forming many strata on the sea bottom. Evidence that deposits from this flood stratified is seen in the Burlingame canyon near WallaWalla Washington. It is a deep steep sided canyon which was cut into Missoula Flood deposits when water poured from an irrigation ditch for a couple of weeks. Each of the 100 or so strata is defined by fine particles grading into courser particles. Can you think of any way the Missoula Flood could have laid down one stratum from Missoula Montana to the coast, followed by another thin stratum from Missoula to the coast, followed by, you get the point. This has been a problem to geologists with a uniformitarian background. Some have suggested that each of the 100 strata represents another Missoula Flood. Others believe in 10, 20 and 40 floods that each somehow laid down multiple strata. They refer to the Missoula Floods. The problem with any gradual deposition view is the ample evidence that there really was a huge flood that cut through large amounts of hard basalt rock, and filled the Columbia Gorge at Hood River with floodwater to a maximum depth of 900 feet. The biggest problem I see in accounting for the strata by one small flood after another, is that when the 900 foot flood came, one would have to believe that it eroded away few if any of the strata from the previous floods, and laid down few, if any, of its own. Yet there must have been a big one, because small floods could hardly have cut through the hard basalt rock which was clearly cut out. If it did not have the erosive force to cut out the various strata of soft of mud and dirt recently deposited by the previous floods, how could it have cut through huge amounts of hard basalt rock? One big flood rushing through at the 60 to 80 miles an hour which have been estimated would have had the power to cut through the rock, and in the places where it could spread out and slow down have laid down many strata all at once. How does water cut through rock anyway? Bubbles? When water is running rapidly, it brings into play the terrific destructive capacity of — bubbles! The process is called cavitation. Here is the best description I have found: “Cavitation–bubble implosion–can make pieces of steel look as if they’ve been pummeled by artillery. An increase in internal pressure or a drop in the pressure of the surrounding fluid bloats a bubble to a hundred times its original size and creates an almost perfect vacuum inside. When normal pressure returns, the bubble collapses violently; if it’s on a surface, this launches a minuscule dagger of water through its center. . . . A cavitating bubble on a ship propeller, for instance, sends its water jet smashing into the metal at up to 560 miles per hour. . . .the continuous pounding can ruin a new propeller in a matter of days. {Fenella Saunders, “Bubble,” Discover, Aug. 1999, p. 50} What cavitation does to rock was shown when a flash flood over filled the lake above the Glen Canyon Dam. This forced the dam’s crew to open the spill way which was built in the form of a big vertical tube made of concrete and steel three feet thick, and attached to the bedrock. This spill way ran from the top of the dam down to near the bottom where it curved up a bit to squirt the water out into the canyon. When the water behind the dam had to be lowered as rapidly as possible, due to cavitation, it eroded all the way through the three feet of concrete and steel, and then down into the bedrock to a maximum depth of around 40 feet, tearing out six foot boulders and one which was much larger. How many months did all that erosion take? The spill way was opened a total of one day! Cavitation may have helped the mighty Missoula flood dig out the Columbia River Gorge. Estimates I have read of its velocity through the Columbia River Gorge vary from 60 miles per hour to 80. While I have not found an authoritative figure, I have heard that cavitation probably starts at around 60 mph. Cavitation may also have come into play in the Biblical flood. The spin of the earth while it was completely covered by the flood may have swirled the water around somewhat like it affects the earth’s weather patterns today, bringing it up to the speed of cavitation. If not, the floodwaters still would probably have moved fast enough early and late in the flood when funneled through a narrow valley, or when blocked and channeled by mountain ranges. Strata which cover wide areas Other than the wish that the Bible could not have been right about the big flood, why should we believe that most of the world’s sedimentary deposits containing fossils were laid down one layer at a time? Certainly volcanic ash which falls from heaven can lay down one widespread strata with each ash eruption. Lime mud can also be laid down as if dropped from heaven as fish and plankton defecate, die, and fall to the bottom. But how does one account for deposits such as clay and sandstone? This leads to another problem. Where there are huge deposits covering many states and not confined to one drainage system, a larger flood is probable. There are many formations for which a world wide flood seems to be either the only, or at least the best explanation. Since the Missoula flood deposited its mud in stratified layers, one on top of the other like the experiment in the vat, why would not a worldwide flood do the same thing? As well as eroding and redepositing earth and rock layers on land, it would also scour up and redeposit ocean bottom sediments. {For a more technical, complete, and well documented explanation see geologist Steven A. Austin’s, Grand Canyon, Monument to Catastrophe, 1994, p. 28-39, and John Morris and Austin, Footprints in the Ash, 2003, p. 50-62, 70-77, 93-103.} A very large flood would seem to provide the best explanation for groups of sedimentary strata which extend over large expanses of territory. Now imagine that two clams were picked up and redeposited by the rushing water which left them to fossilize somewhere within the many strata of mud that resulted. If a uniformitarian researcher found one clam a half mile under the other, he would believe that the lower clam had been deposited millions of years earlier than the upper clam. Was it? Fossils under Uniformitarian Conditions? Let me illustrate another of the problems of old earth geology with two experiences. The first was in Portland at OMSI, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. The museum hosted a traveling display of flexible moving statues of Australopithecines, Homo erectus, etc. The purpose of the display was to persuade people to believe that man had gradually evolved from ape like ancestors. A lifelike statue of Louis Leakey explained (by a tape recording) how the fossils of the creatures in the display were formed. The tape said that a person or an animal might die on the shore of a lake. Over a period of a thousand years or so, its body would gradually be covered by sediments, after which it might start to fossilize. This was a classic uniformitarian explanation of fossilization. In the real world, when an animal dies, the carcass is soon eaten. When I was a kid I went hunting a lot. I would see the remains of deer that had died this year. Some bones from the year before probably still existed too, but I don’t recall ever seeing any. In a drier climate the remains would probably have held up longer, but when an animal dies on land, and its defenseless body is left lying on the surface, sooner or later, coyotes, vultures, bacteria, wind, rain, freezing, and thawing destroy it. If it is in the water it is eaten by fish, bacteria, etc. Long before a thousand years have passed or even a hundred, its body has returned to the dust. Instead, fossils normally form when animals or plants are rapidly covered by waterborne sediment (although a fall into tar pits, pitch, etc. sometimes works as well). For years creationists stood almost alone against a solid wall of uniformitarian geologists. The creationists argued that there was something wrong with a theory which, to explain normal fossils, had to rely on bodies becoming covered gradually over hundreds or thousands of years. As I write this, most geologists have accepted the fact that a body will not fossilize unless it is covered rapidly. Some, however, still blindly accept uniformitarian doctrine. They are afraid that if they admit that floods and other catastrophes could cover bodies with sediment rapidly, they may also be opening the door to the biblical flood which would cause them to loose the huge amounts of time that they consider necessary for evolution. When I have pinned down geologists who still have uniformitarian leanings with the speed at which dead bodies are eaten and decompose, they tend to suggest that fossils formed in strange environments such as oxygen free lakes, but this only works in theory. Actually, oxygen free lakes contain huge numbers of bacteria which live without oxygen, so plants and animals which end up in these lakes still rot out rapidly, even though they are not eaten by larger scavengers. For this and other reasons, most geologists now admit that when things die they normally have to be covered rapidly in order to fossilize. Philip Curie with the Royal Tyrell Museum put it this way: “... if you can get buried, you can get fossilized.” {The Oregonian, Mar. 22, 2000, p. A6} Enough evidence has piled up to convince what are probably the majority of geologists now, that most of the strata, fossil bearing or not, have been deposited rapidly by flood action. Let me illustrate this shift in belief with another personal experience. On entering the museum in the John Day Fossil Beds, an impressive foot high fossilized animal skull caught my eye. On a wall nearby was a poster that said that it had taken 39 million years to lay down the mile deep sediment of these fossil beds. By simple division I found that at that rate, on the average, it would have taken over 700 years to cover a foot high skull. In much less than 700 years, the top of the big fossil skull would have completely worn away, yet the top of the fossil showed no more erosion than the bottom which would have been covered and protected much sooner. I pointed this out to the well informed person in charge. After having read the poster on the wall, I had expected a uniformitarian explanation, so her answer surprised me: “It did not take 700 years. Fossils are formed rapidly!” This newer position is sometimes called actualism. It still accepts an old earth, but it recognizes how fossils actually form, and accepts occasional local floods and other disasters which accomplish in a short time what under uniformitarianism would have taken many years. Actualists are still committed, however, to the ages which had been assigned to the strata earlier when geologists believed the old, unmodified uniformitarian theory. This raises an obvious problem. When she told me that the large animal skull had been covered and fossilized “rapidly,” I pointed out: “Fossils don’t form in a vacuum, but in strata, so all the layers of sediment which it took to cover this fossil and the others in the museum must also have been deposited rapidly.” (Fossils that extend through several strata are called polystrate fossils). Most numerous were fossilized leaves, which are found in great numbers throughout the strata. Leaves are very delicate and would certainly have been destroyed if not covered rapidly. In fact, none of the fossils would have formed if they had been covered gradually, so every fossil in the John Day fossil beds represented a number of years that needed to be subtracted from the dates which were so prominently displayed. Since all, or most of the strata in the John Day fossil beds contained fossils, the dates must have been too old by something over 99%. When I mentioned this she became a bit flustered but jumped straight to the heart of the problem saying: “That could well be true, but the important thing is to realize that the more complex animals evolved from the simpler ones.” She realized the danger to evolution theory if the long ages which had convinced people to believe in the theory of evolution were taken away. Later, when I mentioned to a group of old earth geologists the problem of bones not lasting long if not rapidly covered by sediments, I was surprised when two of them said they thought that while the flesh would be eaten or rotted fairly rapidly, the bones would often hold up for 10 years before being buried, and one said that he had seen large bones 100 years old. This was quite a decrease from the 1000 years which were being taught by the traveling evolution display on a basis of uniformitarianism. Plants and animals must be rapidly covered with sediments if they are to form fossils. Yet for generations, most geologists were willing to believe impossible things about how sediments were laid down and how fossils were formed in order to claim that the Genesis flood had never happened, and to manufacture the long ages necessary for evolution to have made men out of molecules. To counterbalance the obvious weight of this evidence, my old earth geologist email friends started pointing out evidence that they thought supported a very old earth. Why believe the earth is old? Varves They introduced me to the varves of the Green River formation. These varves are very thin layers of strata that are claimed to have been laid down two a year: a layer of courser darker sediment followed by a layer of finer lighter colored sediment found on the bottoms of ancient lakes. While similar varves occur elsewhere around the world, my experience since has been that the Green River Formation is the example most frequently used as evidence for slow and regular deposition over a very long period of time. A young earth geologist in our group was well acquainted with the Green River formation, and noted that it was famous for its abundance of fish fossils, particularly catfish, many of which were fossilized whole so that the fossils represented not just the bones, but the flesh and scales. Many bird fossils are also found. These catfish were up to 24 cm long. Their fossils are not smashed flat to fit within a varve, but are often as high as a stack of varves that are claimed to have taken a good number of years to lay down. Obviously the speed at which these varves were laid down has been misinterpreted. Perhaps a pair were laid down by each wave that passed over. In any event, enough varves to cover a fish must have been laid down before the flesh and skin could be eaten or rot: “Experiments by scientists from the Chicago Natural History Museum have shown that fish carcasses lowered to the muddy bottom of a marsh decay quite rapidly, even in oxygen poor conditions. In these experiments, fish were placed in wire cages to protect them from scavengers, yet after only six and one half days all the flesh had decayed and even the bones had become disconnected.” {R. Zangerl and E. S. Richardson, “The paleoecological history of two pennsylvanian black shales,” Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 4, 1963. Quoted in Creation 19(3) June-August, 1997} In addition to the fish fossils are many fossils of thin hollow bird bones which are not easy to preserve. John Morris has written of another evidence that these varves did not take millions of years to form: “… a huge lake without disruptive storms or variable river input, year after year for six million years? Surely some things cannot be.” {Acts and Facts, Jan 2003, Jan. 2003, p. d} Diatoms The email from another old earth geologist cited thick deposits of diatoms (which are ground up to make talcum powder) as evidence of an old earth because they would have taken huge lengths of time to lay down. I quote: “Diatoms grow in the ocean, but they take much time. Why? Because their skeletons are made of silica and the ocean waters don't contain much silica in solution. A very thin layer of diatoms would deplete the local waters of their silica content requiring more silica to be dissolved before more growth could take place.” Art Chadwick, the same young earth geologist who had known about the abundant fossil fish of the Green River formation emailed back that he had been excavating whale fossils in a diatom deposit in Peru. He explained that the tiny sea animals, whose skeletons pile up to make the diatom deposits, grow and reproduce very rapidly after eruptions of volcanic ash fall into the sea. The ash is mostly silica, but also contains iron which the diatoms need for rapid growth called a bloom. Whale fossils like other fossils have to be buried rapidly to be preserved. Since whales are thicker than many strata of slowly deposited materials, it takes a big bloom to cover whales with diatoms. Usually, diatom remains are not the major component of bottom sediments. So many things like fish poop, dead fish, plankton and dirt also fall to the bottom that the diatoms are generally a rather minor part of the bottom sediments. Pure diatom deposits such as are mined for talcum powder could not form at all if they were not deposited rapidly. The diatoms must form and fall to the bottom in such abundance that they completely outnumber the contaminants. If it were not for the times of rapid bloom, all diatom deposits would be dirty and contaminated. Old limestone formations Limestone is easily eaten away by water which contains a bit of acid, usually the acid which forms when carbon dioxide is absorbed in water. Caves are the result we usually think of, but other strange forms result as well. Water runs down little cracks in the rock, enlarging them, and developing underground water circulation systems. All these features are included in the general name karst. Some think that certain karst features only form on the surface exposed to the air, and that some of these became buried many millions of years ago preserving these features, called “paleokarst.” These features are claimed to have taken many years to form, to sometimes exist one on top of another and show that the earth is very old. Emil Silvestru, one of the world’s greatest authorities on limestone caves opposes this idea, because water continues to dissolve limestone even when it has been covered with sediment. He writes: “Moreover, even under a thick rock cover, karstification continues unchecked, making it highly unlikely that old Karst features could survive unchanged. If such long periods of time had been available, most of the limestone deposits should have been dissolved away a long time ago.” “… By the time erosion and uplift brings the paleokarst to the surface again, clear neokarst features should be superimposed on the original paleokarst.” “However, it is important to understand that at no location is an extended paleokarst surface displayed. All descriptions of such surfaces have been extrapolated from boreholes, and consequently they reflect pre-existent theoretical models.” {Emil Silvestru, “Paleokarst, a Riddle inside Confusion,” CEN Technical Journal, 14(3) 2000, p 100, 104} At the rate limestone is being dissolved today, if Karst features were really many millions of years old, they should already have been dissolved away, and no longer exist. Stalactites When you visit a cave and the guide shows you those beautiful stalactites hanging from the ceiling and stalagmites growing up from the floor, he will often tell you that it takes millions of years to grow one, yet, they are sometimes found in the basements of buildings built from limestone, under bridges, etc. Why? The millions of years claimed for them do not come from measuring the speed with which they are forming today, but from radiometric dates. The measured accumulation, however, while much more rapid than the radiometric ages, is often quite slow. Does the speed with which the dripstone is deposited ever change? Of course. It depends on the acidity of the water, and how nearly saturated with dissolved lime it is. Other factors also enter in. Here’s one: While we were being guided through a cave in the country that was then called Yugoslavia, I noticed a handrail with a covering of hard heavy stalagmite around an inch thick all the way around it. When I asked the guide how long the handrail had been there, he said it had been put in about 20 years earlier. As we moved on in the cave, the guide told us that the cave had been used during the second world war to move troops under ground where they could not be seen. Then he showed us a connection to outdoors had been dug to let the soldiers in and out. A door had been put in to close off the new entrance. When the door was open, a breeze blew through from the front opening of the cave. The guide said the door was often left open. The dry air blowing in from the front of the cave and out the door allowed the water which contained lime to evaporate rapidly from the stalactites and stalagmites, causing them to grow rapidly. The openings of old caves tend to gradually close off as dripstone builds up, cutting off air circulation and greatly slowing the rate at which stalactites grow with the passing of time. Their present rate of growth may have nothing to do with the rate years ago when natural doors were open. Polystrate trees Fossilized trees standing upright through as many as thirty feet of strata are found all over the world. Examples can be seen on John Mackay’s website: http://www.creationresearch.net/email/emailup020925a.ht Such fossils often go up through a large number of strata, showing in each case that these strata were laid down in less time than it took the tree or whatever to rot out and fall down. Even if the deposition of a group of strata is claimed to have taken millions of years, if the strata are penetrated by a polystrate tree fossil it is clear that the time was really less than it takes for a tree to rot out and fall down. It would be a good project for someone to collect all the examples possible, and find where they were supposed to lie in the geologic column. Many of them probably overlap each other, and would show that larger sections of the column than the length of any one of the polystrate trees were all laid down rapidly. Coal is used as an evidence for a very old earth. To account for coal, evolutionists generally claim that it formed very gradually over thousands or millions of years as organic material grew in a swamp, accumulated and turned into peat and then to coal. One interesting polystrate tree turned to coal connects two coal seems that are hundreds of feet thick. The usual theory on coal formation is evidently not the way that these two seams of coal formed. They must have formed in less time than it took for the tree to rot and fall down. Then there are the cases of very pure deposits of coal hundreds of feet thick. It is hard to think of millions of years, or even hundreds of thousands of years of peat gradually forming and changing into coal without dirt, clay, or other contaminates that the peat grew in, or that fell into it being found in the coal. Ripple Marks Ripple marks which have turned to stone are among the most common formations found in the strata. At the beach we have all seen these marks left in the sand by waves or current. How long could a ripple mark hold up if it were not covered rapidly by another layer which would protect it? In rough shallow water, ripple marks might last until the next wave hits. If the water is deep and usually calm, perhaps until the tide turns or even until the next storm. Even if rough water never comes again, crabs, worms and bottom fish are constantly reworking the ocean floor and before long ripple marks are destroyed. Yet ripple marks exist in huge numbers, turned to rock in the strata. Ripple marks and cross bedding turned to rock are visible in many of the strata of the Grand Canyon and in sedimentary rocks throughout the world. The time between the formation of a ripple mark and the formation of the layer which covered it was clearly very brief. Ariel Roth writes of an experience when living in an underwater lab at a depth of 15 meters studying coral: “One night I could not sleep because of a storm severe enough to rock our underwater laboratory. The next morning, to my surprise, I noted that the storm had left a neat pattern of ripple marks all over the sandy floor of the ocean. Three days later fish, clams, crabs, snails, and worms which persistently forage on the sand had erased the pattern.” {Origins, Linking Science and Scripture, 1998, p.244} I suppose the question comes to each of you as it did to me: If the strata had really been laid down slowly and steadily, so that millions, or thousands or hundreds of years passed after one layer had been deposited and before the next, why are ripple marks (and cross bedding) among the most common formations found throughout the strata? Stubborn Geologists An interesting part of the Missoula Flood story is that even though a great deal of the earth’s surface in the northwestern part of the United States was shaped by this flood, for many years after the evidence was first reported geologists refused to believe it had ever happened. Why? The question of where the water had come from entered in, but mostly they refused to believe because uniformitarianism blinded them to the evidence. Admitting that the Missoula flood had indeed occurred might again open the door to big floods. For many geologists this was unthinkable. If erosion and deposition had not always happened slowly, creationism and the Biblical flood might come sweeping back in. The evidence for uniformly slow processes and against big floods was like that in favor of the emperor’s new suit of clothes. The abundant evidence against it made no difference. Almost all geologists could clearly see it. Then, in 1923 the unthinkable happened. The little boy who blurted out: “The emperor is naked!” was a geologist named J. Harlan Bretz. He became a laughing stock, scorned by his colleagues because they realized that if his discovery proved to be right, floods would be in and Uniformitarianism, the reason they knew that the earth was old enough for evolution to have taken place, would be discredited. Bretz pointed out huge now dry rivers and waterfalls, tremendous canyons and other evidence, but that generation of geologists had to pass off the scene before his discovery of 1923 would be accepted around 1960. Drifting Continents Shove Out Old Ideas It had long been noticed how the west coast of Africa seemed to match the east coast of the Americas, but it was considered to be nothing more than a strange coincidence. Then a man named Alfred Wegener wrote a book in which he proposed that the continents had been together at one time and had moved apart. Like J. Harlan Bretz, who reported the Missoula flood, Wegener became a laughing stock as most geologists clung to their presuppositions: “The scorn being bestowed on the idea of moving continents . . . was severe enough that to show support for the idea could damage ones scientific reputation” {Ariel A. Roth, Origins, 1998, p. 36}. Peer pressure can be a terrible thing. It can blind our eyes. It makes millions of people take up smoking or drugs though they obviously destroy the health, finances, and often the character of those who use them. It is hard to find a rational reason why anyone would ever take the first step down that slope, yet millions are able to rationalize in ways that are clearly contrary to the evidence. We have all seen fathers who did not have enough money to buy clothes for their kids blow most of their pay check on booze, gambling, cigarettes, etc. Geologists are people too. They found it hard to give serious consideration to evidence which went against what they wanted to believe, particularly when they knew that if they accepted the evidence, their reputation would be destroyed. In the long run, though, most became convinced that earth’s crust is formed by big plates that float on molten rock (called plate tectonics). Where the plates run into one another the front edge of one dives below the trailing edge of another and melts. In less than half a century the foundations of modern geology had moved almost as far as the continents: Floods and moving continents came in. Uniformitarianism was going out. Many geologists who lived through the transformation are every bit as sure they understand these things correctly now as they were before when they believed the opposite. How Long Did It Take to Lay Down the Strata? I have mentioned the uniformitarian displays at museums with their message that it took 700 years to cover one fossil around a foot high, and in another place and time, 1000 years to cover a six or eight inches fossil. The Missoula flood, however, laid down 50 feet of sediment in parts of the Willamette valley in a few days. Geologist Steve Austin has pointed out evidence that most of the strata of the Grand Canyon were laid down very rapidly. {Steven A. Austin, Grand Canyon Monument to Catastrophe, 1994} Most old earth geologists today call themselves actualists, and agree that large parts of the geologic column were laid down much more rapidly than the uniformitarian geologists before them had thought. How much less time do they now think it took to lay down the sediments of the geologic column? This is hard to believe, but they don’t think there was any reduction at all in the time! They realize that the strata were laid down much more rapidly than they had believed when they still believed in uniformitarianism which had helped establish 4.6 billion years as the age of the earth, and 540 million years as the time from the Cambrian till now. Now that they believe that the strata were laid down much more rapidly than the uniformitarian theory had permitted them to believe before, how old do they think the earth is? The same 4.6 billion years. How long from the Cambrian till now? The same 540 million years as before. How can they believe that the strata formed much more rapidly, but still took the same length of time? They now claim that most of the time that it took to build up the geologic column ticked off waiting for the next shoe to drop. That is, after one group of strata had been deposited rapidly, there was a long wait before the ocean began to drop out the sediments that would form the next layer. “Strata that we had thought took a million years to be deposited were actually laid down in a night? No problem! after that night, the sediment just sat there for a million years before the next layer was laid down.” Most of the missing time is put between layers that give some evidence of time having passed, erosion for example. However, in other cases they put millions of years between layers that don’t look like a day had passed. The speed with which the strata of the geologic column appear to have been laid down makes no difference whatsoever in the time old earth geologists believe it took to build up the column. To come out with the same timing the uniformitarianists and radiometric dates had given before, they simply claim that millions of years were hidden here and there between strata. They see those years with the eyes of faith. “The present is the key to the past.” This was the key phrase of the uniformitarian geologists. Today’s geologists no longer believe it. Most strata appear to have been laid down rapidly by water, and they believe that for the most part they were. The term “old earth geologists” more accurately describes most of today’s geologists who often call themselves “actualists.” How many of the years they believe have passed were actually in the gaps between strata rather than laying down the strata? Old earth geologists now say: “Most of them.” I wondered how many years of the 540 million years that they believe have passed since the Cambrian layer (the earliest strata with lots of fossils) would be hidden between the layers: 300 million years? 400 million years? 500 million years? I asked the old earth geologists in our email group how long they thought it had taken to actually lay down the strata of the Grand Canyon from the Cambrian on up to the top. I chose the Grand Canyon because it exposes more of the layers than any other place on earth, and has been studied extensively. At first the only answer I could get was: “I wouldn’t want to guess!” However, after a bit of prodding, Jonathan, a university geology professor, sent me a long, carefully studied email in which he went through the individual strata of the Grand Canyon giving what he considered a reasonable minimum and maximum time period for the formation of each layer. At the end, he added them all up. I was amazed at his answer: “Total deposition time from the Cambrian layer to the present: two and a half to five million years.” Even the longer five million year figure is less than 1% of the 540 million years that geologists for well over 100 years had claimed. Could peer pressure and the fear of a come back for the Biblical flood make such a stupendous change in the way the same scientists view the same evidence at different times in their lives? It did! As more and more is learned of the strata of the Grand Canyon, the time geologists believe it took to deposit the strata is getting shorter. For example, we now know about the thin layer of nautiloid fossils within the Redwall Limestone, the thickest layer you see as you look at the canyon wall. These two foot long six inch thick cigar shaped animals were a sort of a squid in a shell. The force of the mud flow aligned them in a particular direction as they were carried along and then deposited. The several foot thick deposit of these fossils is now known to be so widespread that it covers at least portions of several states. It takes a powerful current to spread a thin layer that far. Crossbedding is another evidence of rapid deposition. It is caused by a wave carrying in and depositing material on an angle to other strata. There are crossbeds 30 feet thick in the Redwall Limestone! While lime deposits also form gradually as animals die and fall to the bottom, this formation was deposited rapidly as powerful currents scooped up lime mud and dumped them there. If one does not accept the Biblical flood as the cause of these powerful currents, he must either pretend the limestone was deposited slowly as the uniformitarians who did not know about the nautiloid fossils did, or try to invent some other source of such powerful currents. Earlier the uniformitarian geologists had won a great victory over the young earth geologists by proclaiming with one voice that it had taken huge amounts of time for the ocean to gradually let fall to the bottom the grains of sediment that now form the many layers which have since turned to rock. Today most old earth geologists believe that this idea was wrong. They look at the strata and admit that the time it took to deposit the sediments was much shorter than uniformitarian geologists had thought. Does that mean they admit that the total time that elapsed was too short for evolution to have taken place? “No!” they say. “The rest of the time, perhaps 535 or 537.5 million years out of 540 million from the Cambrian until now ticked off between the layers!” What a revolution in old earth thinking took place in 40 years! When time has elapsed between one layer and another, the contact line between the layers is called an unconformity. The type of unconformity where there is no physical evidence that time passed between the layers, is called a paraconformitiy. While most of the time is put between layers where there is evidence that some time did pass, old earth geologists maintain that other millions of years of the history of the Grand Canyon were hidden in paraconformities where physical evidence of time having passed between the deposition of one layer and the next is just not there. It is called an unconformity for other reasons which have to do with the dates that they accept for the rocks. If the fossils the rocks contain, or radiometric dating methods make them think time has passed, for them that trumps the physical evidence that one layer was laid down right after another. Evidence of Time having passed How can you tell if time has passed between one layer and another? When not under water, land is constantly eroding leaving gullies and valleys. Animal burrows and soil are formed. When another layer of sediment is laid down on top of these features and turns to rock, the evidence of time having passed between the layers is preserved. Strata which remain under water for long periods of time without being eroded by the waves or rapidly covered by another layer of sediment, gradually become covered with a layer of muddy lime from what is left of dead plankton and other sea creatures, fish droppings, pieces of shell, etc. Worms, clams, and other sea animals make burrows. When another layer of sediment is dumped on top and turned to rock, the evidence of time having passed is preserved. If you look at a place like the Grand Canyon where many layers of strata are easy to see, most appear to have been laid down one right after another under water. Some contacts between strata actually do show evidence of some time having passed between the layers, and for the most part geologists have chosen to put the contact lines where the greatest amount of time has passed between these strata. In other cases, millions of years are claimed to be hidden between layers which show little or no evidence of any time having passed after one layer was laid down and before the next. The contacts are straight and level, apparently just like the contacts with the strata above and below. The book Grand Canyon, Monument to Catastrophe, 1994, by Steven Austin, a creationist geologist who is respected and taken seriously by old earth geologists explains the problem. In his pictures on pages 42 to 78 you can see the contact lines called unconformities where millions of years have been tucked out of sight between two layers of rock. Some show physical evidence at the contact line of time having passed, and others do not. Old earth geologists have told me that this just shows how much better it is to follow radiometric dates instead trying to calculate how long the evidence of the strata would seem to indicate. It could also show how much peer pressure, and ones worldview, can determine what he believes. Remarkable! They admit that their old opinion of the time that it took to lay down the strata, was off by perhaps 99% and now they want me to not only accept their new opinion, but to believe that the time that passed was identical! Radiometric Dating Evolutionists feel that evolving men from microbes takes lots of time, and that the earth is very old. There are many ways of dating the earth and, as we will point out later, almost all give dates far to recent to allow enough time for germs to evolve into geologists. Until a few years ago, the idea that sedimentation had been very slow, yielded the old dates evolutionists needed. Since geologists now admit that real rates of laying down sediment do not allow enough time for evolution, radiometric dates which come from interpreting the breakdown of radioactive elements are used instead. God was certainly capable of making the earth whenever He wanted to, whether recently or long ago, so evidence that the earth was old does not constitute evidence that God did not create it. However, the lack of long geological ages would exclude the possibility of evolution having slowly made men from molecules. How Does Radiometric Dating Work? Whether the radioactive material be carbon, potassium, uranium, or some other substance, the general method is the same. The substance which is breaking down by shooting off atomic particles must be accurately measured, and the products of this breakdown must be accurately measured. Then by knowing the rate of disintegration and assuming it to have been constant throughout the ages, calculations can be made to determine the age. It is much like determining how long a candle has been burning by measuring what is left of the candle, and calculating the rate at which it presently burns. If the candle has always burned at that speed, and you guess right as to its original length, you can be quite accurate. You can never know for sure, however, that the assumptions of speed and original length were correct. {Woodford, Historical Geography, p. 218}. Radioactive dates are now fundamental to the idea of an old earth, but they depend on assumptions which cannot be proved, some of which seem unlikely: • The rate of breakdown has never changed. • None of the daughter product of the radiation was present at the beginning. • None of either the radioactive element or the daughter element has ever been washed in or out. When we are dealing with potassium argon dates, because argon is a gas, when a rock is completely melted, as when it comes out of a volcano, all of the argon is considered released and the clock reset. Therefore, radiometric dates indicate the number of years since the eruption. Basic Problems Radiometric dates are important to the conflict between creation and evolution because they are used to date fossils. However, the fossils in question cannot themselves be dated. Neither can the sedimentary rocks in which fossils are usually found. Dates of the sedimentary strata which contain the fossils in question must be calculated by their position above or below strata of volcanic origin. These contain radioactive materials which can be dated. The exception is the carbon 14 method of radioactive dating which will date the fossils themselves. With recent advances in its accuracy carbon 14 will date specimens containing carbon with dates up to 90,000 years ago. It seems strange to people who believe in an old earth, but all carbon samples date at less than 90,000 years. Dinosaur fossils are usually dated by potassium argon at 70 to 150 million years ago. They are often found together with carbonized wood which should be much too old to be datable by carbon 14. Instead, they are datable at less than 90,000 years, generally less than half that. Scientists who want their fossils to receive old dates, do not have them dated by radiocarbon. Creationists who want to compare potassium argon dates to radiocarbon dates send specimens of each to separate labs. Even coal is datable. Everything seems to be datable by radiocarbon. A problem is that the original element and the product of its breakdown (called the daughter element) have differing degrees of solubility in ground water and the various mineral solutions it contains. Ground water is constantly passing through the earth on its way to the ocean. It is impossible to be certain that it has not dissolved and carried away any of the radioactive materials which are used in dating. This problem is greatly compounded if one believes that the ground water has been working at leaching elements out of his sample for millions or billions of years. Adding to the leaching problem are the high pressures deep underground caused by the weight of rock and water above that are pushing the water along through the rock. When basements are built under modern houses, a layer of plastic is spread out before the cement is poured so moisture won’t come up through the cement. I have a basement that was poured before this kind of plastic was invented. Since water evaporates from the surface more rapidly than it comes up through the cement, the floor looks dry and feels dry. However, when I store a cardboard carton of my things on the concrete and come back in a year to pick it up, the bottom falls out of the box. Sometimes the contents are ruined by the moisture which came up through the cement. Cement is about as much like rock as anything man makes. Even if some rock is much better at stopping water than cement, how sure can we be that in the millions, or billions of years which are suggested by radiometric dates, not even one drop of water has seeped through? If it has, some of the materials which must be accurately measured to calculate the correct date may have been leeched out. In the case of potassium argon dating, which is the method most commonly used for dating fossils which are believed to be old, the potassium does not remain as an element, but forms compounds, many of which are easily soluble in water. If any of the potassium has leached out, the sample will yield a date which will make the rock appear to be older than it is. If more argon (the daughter element) has escaped or been leached out, the rock will seem to be younger. If either of the elements has washed into the rock from somewhere else, the method's accuracy will be reduced in the opposite direction. Even being sure of accurate measurements is not easy. In the case of the argon, the sample must first be freed of argon contained in the air by heating, and then further heated to release the radioactive argon in the sample. Known Dates When rock melts, the argon which is a gas boils off and the clock is reset. A way has been found to test the accuracy of these dates: Scientists have taken samples of rock from recent eruptions whose dates were known. They have sent these rocks to the laboratories which do the radiometric dating to check up on the accuracy of radiometric dates. Whenever I have seen these tests written up I have saved them. Usually the potassium argon method has been used because it is the method most commonly used to date fossils. I have noticed two types of problems: • Different rocks from the same recent eruption often yield dates that differ from each other, even by millions of years. • These rocks came from volcanic eruptions whose dates are known, and were molten lava a few years ago. The radiometric dates for these rocks are much older, usually hundreds of thousands or millions of years old. Usually old earth geologists suggest that these dates were wrong because on the way up through the volcano, the molten lava picked up tiny pieces of rock with a higher melting point which did not melt. In that case the atomic clocks for those pieces would not be reset and dates which included them would be wrong. Because this is possible, creationists have tried crushing the rock and taking out anything that looked suspicious. They have also divided the grains into the specific minerals contained in the lava, sending each as a separate sample. Almost all dates are much too old. We would expect the same problem to have affected the accuracy of the samples whose dates were not already known. Why would that problem just affect those samples that some one was having tested to check up on the accuracy of the dating method? One geologist claimed that the creationist who was checking the accuracy of the dates was dishonest to do it because potassium argon dates under three million years old are inaccurate. If his criticism is valid, virtually all dates which have been used to show that man evolved, must also have been dishonest, because dates for Australopithecus from whom we are claimed to have evolved range from 750,000 to four million years ago, so only a handful of the very oldest dates for this extinct ape would be valid. One scientist who had sent in samples to test the accuracy of the dating method wrote later: “We know the true ages of the rocks because they were observed to form less than 50 years ago. Yet they yield 'ages' up to 3.5 million years which are thus false. How can we trust the use of this same 'dating' method on rocks whose ages we don't know? If the method fails on rocks when we have an independent eye-witness account, then why should we trust it on other rocks where there are no independent historical cross-checks?” {Andrew Snelling, “Radioactive ‘dating’ failure,” Creation, 22(1), Dec. 1999-February, 2000, p. 20) In his book, Grand Canyon, Monument to Catastrophe, geologist Steven Austin analyses the published dates for lava flows from volcanoes at the top of the Grand Canyon, and has sent in other samples to be dated himself. Some of the lava has flowed like a waterfall all the way down the face of the canyon. Unlike water which dries up and goes away, the lava is still there, stuck to the surface of the layers of strata, from the top to the bottom. While the exact historical date of these flows is not known, they are obviously younger than any of the layers of rock under them. Perhaps because they are in a famous place, they have been dated by various geologists and by various dating methods. The youngest date was one Potassium argon date of 10,000 years. Another sample of the same flow gave a date of 117 million years. A flow which extended all the way down to the river dated at 1.2 million years. These dates contrast strongly with the Rb-Sr dates which range from 1.3 billion years, and the Pb-Pb age of 2.6 billion years. All these are dates for volcanic rocks on top of all the other layers of Grand Canyon strata. At the bottom, underneath all the layers of sedimentary rocks, lie the Precambrian rocks called Cardenas Basalt which lie down below all the layers which contain fossils. Radiometric dating places these underlying rocks from 791 million years to just over one billion years. The radiometric dates for the rocks on the bottom are younger than the majority of the dates for the lava flows on top! Why are such inconsistencies of radioactive dating important? Previously old earth geologists believed that the sediments of the geologic column had been deposited very slowly. Dating based on that belief had been largely comparative. A layer was considered to be laid down before another if it contained fossils of simpler plants and animals. Radiometric dates gave seemingly solid numbers that went very well with the time it was believed to have taken to slowly deposit the sediments, and were accepted. Now that geologists have abandoned uniformitarianism, radiometric dates are the main source of dates that evolutionists to believe allow enough time for evolution to have taken place. Experiments have been done recently on tiny radioactive zircon crystals in granitic rock. They contain radioactive Uranium and Thorium atoms which produce helium in the course of their radioactive decay. Helium is the very light weight gas that makes blimps and balloons rise into the air. Because its atoms are so small, they are constantly diffusing out of the zircons. Zircons can be dated by comparing the rate with which the helium diffuses out with the rate at which it is produced. Zircons dated by the uranium lead method at 1.5 billion years, have also been dated by the helium they still contain. They were only 6000 years old. [The ICR publication, Impact, Dec. 2003, p.iii} The difficulties are being glossed over, but when we dig down below the gloss, radiometric dates lead to some impossible conclusions. Where they can be checked out, they are wrong. Where they cannot be checked out evolutionists for the most part swear by them. With the death of uniformitarianism, they are the only thing left that gives enough time for evolution. Did Hot Act Cold? Old earth geologists tell us that the earth has cooled a great deal from what it was in the past. What would it have been like in the past when it was hotter? We can tell because a hot moon of Jupiter called Io is much hotter than earth, and has been observed. A rocket was sent near it from earth. Because of its heat, Io is known for its violent geologic activity. One of its volcanoes: “puts out more energy than all the volcanoes on the earth combined, and has ... a lava fountain that shoots more than a mile above the moon’s surface....”{Michael Carroll, “Galileo meets Io,” Popular Science, April 2000, p. 26} Another shoots a plume 300 kilometers into the air. {NASA Space Science News, Oct. 4, and Nov. 5, 1999, http://www.spacescience.com/newhome/headlines/ast04oct99_1.htm}. Its tallest mountains seem not to have been volcanoes, but to have been pushed up from below, and “soar to 52,000 feet above the sulfur encrusted plains.” {Michael Carroll reference above}. Since heat drives volcanism, when a moon or planet is hotter, it has more volcanoes and mountains are uplifted more rapidly then when it is cooler. In fact, the NASA article also stated: "Io is the next best thing to traveling back in time to Earth's earlier years. It gives us an opportunity to watch, in action, phenomena long dead in the rest of the solar system." {http://www.spacescience.com/newhome/headlines/ast19nov99_1.htm} Scientific American expressed the same thought this way: “Io may thus be giving scientists an unexpected glimpse into Earth’s geologic youth, a time when its interior temperatures were higher....” {Torence V. Johnson, “The Galileo Mission to Jupiter and Its Moons,” Scientific American, Feb. 2000, p. 47} Sounds reasonable. The problem is, if radiometric dates are correct the exact opposite occurred on earth! Evolutionists feel that earth started to form around 4.6 billion years ago. Old earth geologists believe that our planet was built up gradually as space junk passing by was pulled in by the earth’s gravity. The friction of the impacts of the bits of matter slamming together to form the earth made it very hot but it had cooled enough to have an ocean and continents by around four billion years ago. Then the continents moved apart from an original super continent and separated one from another, but are the same continents, made of lighter rock that floats on molten heavier rock. For almost a billion years it was too hot and battered to support life. “But by around 3.8 billion years ago, heat flow had evidently diminished to a level about four times greater than that at present … .” {Life’s Origin, edited by J. W. Schopf, 2002, Schwartz and Chang, “From Big Bang to Primordial Planet,” p. 65} Here is the problem: By measuring the amount of sediment deposited on the bottoms of the oceans, and the rate at which the earth’s rivers are dumping sediment into the ocean today, it has been determined that all the sediment on the bottoms of the oceans could have been dumped there by the earth’s rivers at the present rate in just 15 million years if there were no other source, just the sediments that are being washed off of the continents. Naturally the huge currents of the Biblical flood would have greatly speeded up the erosion and redeposition process, but even without the flood, if earth is really 4.5 billion years old, it should have built up far more than 15 million years of sediment in its oceans. This is a huge problem to old earth geologists. In an attempt to solve it, many of them claim that deposition in the past averaged only one hundredth of the speed of deposition today, and the farther back one goes, the slower it was. At one hundredth the speed of today, to cover a six or eight inch skull would not have taken the thousand years uniformitarianists claimed it takes, but 100,000 years. There is a much more serious problem, however. When the earth had cooled enough to have a solid crust but was still quite hot, like Io is now, old earth geologists tell us that deposition on earth was at its slowest speed ever. There was very little volcanism and very little mountain building with the result that there was very little erosion, causing the rate of deposition to be so slow as to have been almost non existent. Most people have never thought through these things. If they did, they too would have to choose between believing: • Radiometric dates are correct. In that case the earth really is very old, but billions of years ago when it was very hot, it was incredibly inactive. If radiometric dates are accurate, as you go back in time, sediment accumulated at an ever slower rate. Then, after the earth had cooled off, more volcanoes erupted with greater violence, and mountains were pushed up ever more rapidly. More mountain building leads to more erosion so that sediments are now being laid down in the sea at higher rates than ever before. If we are to believe this made up little story, the normal laws of physics work backwards. The colder earth gets, the hotter it acts. The other possibility is: • Radiometric dates are faulty. The earth, like any place else follows the laws of physics. Therefore, if in the past earth were much hotter, volcanoes, mountain building, erosion, and deposition must have been more rapid then they are now, not slower. The problem is not that earth violated the laws of physics, but that the dates are not correct. Attempts to solve the mystery of the missing sediments Moving plates ate the evidence: Naturally attempts have been made to resolve the problem of why there are no more sediments than could accumulate in 15 million years at today’s rates if the continents came up from 2.5 to 3.5 billion years ago. Some say that sediment really has been accumulating for billions of years, but that as the plates were moving the continents around, most of the sediment on the bottom of the ocean plunged into the molten interior of the earth and was lost (subducted). This view has serious problems: • Those who believe it generally reject the suggestion that the movement of the plates was much more rapid in the past, and believe that plate movement, though perhaps not always as slow as today, has always been very slow. The slower the plates move, the less material is subducted. • Most of the sediment which would otherwise go under with the plates is actually scraped off instead. • As a plate moves in the ocean, material is only subducted on the side toward which it is moving. On the other side of each plate nothing is being subducted. Some ocean bottom sediments have been found that were dated at 2.5 billion years. If these dates were right, at least those places were not subducted and should have had very deep layers of sediment. • As the sediments wash off of the continents and are dumped into the oceans by the rivers, the great majority of the sediments settle out close to shore. The movement of the plates is away from the middle of the oceans which are getting wider, and toward the continents. The oceanic plates, however, dive under the continental plates at a distance which probably averages hundreds of miles off shore. Not much sediment would stay in suspension long enough to be deposited out past this distance where it would have a chance of being subducted. The rest should still be there. Because of the problems involved in explaining away the huge discrepancy in the amount of sediment that is actually on the bottom of the ocean and the amount there should be if it has been piling up for billions of years, some try a different solution: Inflate the 15 million years Some geologists try to increase the 15 million figure by as much as possible. The longest accumulation time I have heard suggested, however, is still only 85 million years, and this is just for the sediments where the Mississippi dumps into the Gulf of Mexico. Agriculture increases erosion Others suggest that the 15 million years at today’s rates should be adjusted to 35 or 40 million years because today’s rates of erosion and deposition are faster than would have been the case before around 6000 years ago when agriculture began to destroy some of the plants that had been holding the soil. This argument cuts both ways. Evolutionists believe that the first real land plants evolved about 400 million years ago. This would mean that the vegetation that now protects the earth from erosion has existed for less than 400 million of the 2.5 to 3.5 billion years they think the continents have been around. If erosion has been speeded up for the last 6000 years because farming has taken off some of the vegetation, it would also have been speeded up for the first two and a half billion years or so when old earth people believe that the earth was bare because vegetation had not yet evolved! Some of the sediment was redeposited on the continents Some old earth geologists try to alleviate the problem by saying that some of the sediment which eroded from the continents was deposited again before it got off of the continents. This is true, but the rate of deposition in the ocean is calculated on a basis of the sediments which rivers really are dumping into the ocean, and does not include sediments which don’t get to the ocean. Ideas like these which might gain a few years are of little help. At least 2.5 billion years of sediments need to be found or explained away. None of these suggested solutions come even close. Was Deposition Faster? Most volcanic ash is not counted Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the Cascade Mountain range exploded in 1980 and sent a plume of ash so high into the air that it went all the way around the world. Since most of the earth’s surface is ocean, much of this ash fell directly into the ocean, and was not counted among the sediments that enter the oceans through streams. The same is true of all the eruptions of the past. The prevailing winds that carry off ash that blows into the atmosphere from the Cascades blow from west to east. Driving through the cuts made for the highways east of the Cascades, we see many whitish gray strata of ash, some of them quite thick. Many of them represent big eruptions that threw much ash high into the air to circle the globe before dropping into the oceans. This ash does not pass through the rivers whose loads were measured. Sediment that is not counted in the 15 million years shortens the time it takes to build up the amount of sediments in the ocean. The earth’s volcanoes are now throwing out around four cubic kilometers of material a year. If they had always thrown it out at today’s rate, which must be slower than when the earth was hot, volcanoes would have dumped a layer 19 kilometer’s thick over the whole surface of the earth in just the last 2.5 billion years. {Ariel. Roth, Origins, 1998, p. 267-268}. If volcanoes had been spewing ash into the oceans for 3.5 or even just 2.5 billion years, we should still see it piled high in the air above the level of the ocean in the places which never had any subduction. Ok, it would erode down, but you get the idea. It is not there, so either there was very little volcanic action in the past when the earth should have been hotter and more active, or the time in which it has been accumulating was much shorter. Radiometric dates lead to impossible conclusions. Dissolved material is not counted Particles of sediment can be measured as rivers dump them into the ocean, but some continental material is completely dissolved. {Ritter, D. F., R. C. Kochel and J. R. Miller, 1994, Process Geomorphology, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, p. 188-189} Many areas have “hard” water which leaves deposits in kettles and steam irons. In other localities iron, or other dissolved minerals are present in the water. When conditions are right dissolved minerals petrify wood, fossilize bone, and cement sediments together. Ocean water is constantly evaporating, so after dissolved materials arrive in the ocean, they become more and more concentrated until conditions are right for them to precipitate out of solution. Much of this material is hard to measure and may not be deposited in the same places as the granular sediments. Under the right conditions, dissolved minerals may precipitate out very rapidly, so rock does not have to take long to form, as witnessed by the fact that clocks, bottles, and what not are sometimes found cemented into the rock around wrecked ships. The problem I told you about the display at Portland’s Museum of Science and Industry with the taped presentation that taught that a body would lie for 1000 years while being gradually covered, a grain or so of dirt at a time, and that unless a body is buried rapidly it gets eaten and does not fossilize. I also mentioned that there is not enough sediment on the ocean bottom to go with the radiometric dates, so some old earth geologists say that deposition in the past averaged only one hundredth of the speed of deposition today, and that in this case, to cover a six or eight inch skull would have taken 100,000 years. The geologic column was a philosophic idea. The strata containing simpler fossils were believed to be laid down first, a bit more complex next, etc. All of the strata had never been found all together in one place in the right order. Recently, however, a geologist has claimed to have found the whole column from the Cambrian to the present in the Williston Basin of western North Dakota, and that it is 15,000 feet thick. {email from an old earth geologist} If this is true, it would have taken 18,000 years to cover a fossil half a foot thick. Using radiometric dates, I can find no way to come out with a reasonable figure for the time it would take to cover a fossil. There would be no fossils. Here It Is in a Nut Shell: At the rate that the world’s rivers are depositing sediments in the ocean, all the sediments on the ocean bottom would have built up in only 15 million years. If the earth is really billions of years old it should have much more sediment. In the past when old earth geologists believed the earth was much hotter, mountain building, erosion and deposition should have taken place much more rapidly. However, to square their idea of the age of the earth to the amount of sediments which have piled up, old age geologists have been forced into the position that the farther back one goes the slower the rate of deposition. The small amount of sediment on the ocean bottoms is evidence that the earth is far to young for evolution to have made cells into sailors. The Continents Are Eroding Away The rate at which the continents are eroding away has been measured and calculated. In the U. S. the generally accepted figure is 6.1 centimeters (2.44 inches) per thousand years. The average height of the continents is 623 meters above sea level. Therefore, if all of the continents are eroding at about the same rate, they would erode down to sea level in 10.2 million years. {Email from geologist Art Chadwick (who also has a doctor’s degree in biology). Art cites S. Judson, and D. F. Ritter (the geologists who established the presently accepted rate), “Rates of Regional Denudation in the United States,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 69, 1964, 3395, p. 3401. See also, S. Judson,. Erosion of the Land — or what's happening to our continent? American Scientist, 56, 1968, p 356-374} Chadwick states: “The estimate of 10 Million years given above has been a well-accepted figure (Schumm 1963) and has subsequently been referred to in a number of publications including Dott and Batten (1971, p. 136)” Proponents of an old earth believe that in spite of the fact that at the measured rates at which sediments from the continents are now being dumped into the ocean, these same continents have been wearing down for 2.5 to 3.5 billion years. That is a far cry from the 10 million years it would take to erode the continents down to sea level. If the old earthers are right, at the measured rate, the continents would have eroded down to sea level 100 times every billion years. and the continents have been lifting up and wearing down for billions of years. If this were really true, there should be a tremendous amount of sediment in the ocean. If the continents have been eroding for billions of years, why did they leave so little sediment , and why are they still here? Let’s examine the possible explanations: First, though the continents are eroding, perhaps they still exist because they were being uplifted at about the same rate that they were being eroded. Problems with this possibility: • Four billion years of uplift and erosion should have left hundreds of times the small amount of sediment that has been deposited on the bottom of the oceans. • If the continents would have eroded away in 10.2 million years, but were still here because they had been uplifted as fast as they were being eroded, there should be few rocks left that date older than 10.2 million years. Instead, radiometric dates for most of the earth’s geologic column are much older than that. Even though mountains erode much faster than lowland, old earth geologists believe that the Appalachian Mountains are around 250 million years old. In that length of time, they should have eroded down to sea level many times. {Ariel A. Roth, Origins, 1998, p. 263-264} If new rock were forming and pushing the mountains up, they should not give old dates. The rocks that cap the rocky mountains and the Colorado Plateau are thought by old earth geologists to be 100 my old and not to have been under water since being thrust up 70 my ago. The rocks thought to be on the surface at the time of the uplift are still on the surface with little sign of erosion. However, he states that at present erosion rates, all continents would be reduced to sea level in 14 my. {John Morris, The Young Earth, p. 88-90 cites: Judson, Erosion of the Land, American Scientist, vol. 56, p 356-374) Based on these figures, Morris feels that the uniformitarian position lacks internal consistency. A second possibility is chosen by many old earth geologists: Recent erosion is rapid, but past erosion was so slow as to be almost non existent. In addition to the earth having been hotter and more active in the past, erosion from the ocean waves around the perimeter which we will discuss in a moment would still have destroyed the continents. Perhaps the continents have left little sediment in the ocean and are still here because they are recent. They have not really been here for the billions of years that are claimed. The last of these three possibilities seems most likely to me. Here’s another good reason: Erosion by Ocean Waves In addition to erosion of the surfaces of the continents by wind, rain and rivers, the ocean waves are hurling water, sand and rocks against the coastline 24 hours a day. Where there are beaches, much of the force of the waves is absorbed by the sand, but headlands which jut out into the ocean are hit by the full force of the waves which undercut the cliffs and dislodge rocks from above. How hard can waves hit? “At the lighthouse at Tillamook, Oregon, waves tossed a 61-kilogram (130-pound) boulder over the light; the rock crashed through the keeper's roof, 40 meters (130 feet) above sea level”. {email from Art Chadwick} After such rocks are dislodged from the cliffs, the waves keep on hurling them against the coastline which gradually retreats under the onslaught. At the Eastern side of the continent, the landmark lighthouse at Cape Hatteras, built more than 1500 meters (5000 feet) inland in 1879: “...reopened Friday in a maritime forest set 1,600 feet from the ocean surf that had threatened to topple it, requiring that it be moved last year.” {The Oregonian, May 27, 2000, p. A2} At this particular point the sea has been moving in at a rate of a mile in 150 years, (once around the earth in less than four million years). This is much faster than the ten million year figure which is usually cited as the time it would take at to erode the surface of the continent down to sea level. Other points along the coast are eroding much less rapidly, and others are probably being uplifted, so while the rate of erosion at the light house can not be applied everywhere, the ocean is eroding the continents away from around the edges. Old Mountains Our study of conflicting viewpoints that are believed at the same time by the same people would not be complete without considering the old mountains. The Appalachians in the eastern United States will serve as an example. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, they were formed “...from about 290 million to 245 million years ago” {“Alleghenian orogeny,” Britannica CD 98). Because of their commitment to their belief in an old earth, some people are able to believe this and at the same time know that at today’s rate, the entire American continent would erode down to sea level in 10.2 million years. Since I don’t have that commitment, the two beliefs seem contradictory to me. In 245 million years the continent should have worn down to sea level 24 times. If they still exist because they have been uplifted, many times more sediment would have been carried off into the oceans than is out there, and no old fossils should be found in the mountains. Flat Plains On every continent, but particularly Africa and Australia, are found flat or slightly sloped plains, often hundreds of miles across, where the rock has been ground down flat. Their cause is a mystery. One old earth geologist said they must have been caused by glaciers in the ice age, but it is not generally believed that there have been glaciers in Africa for hundreds of millions of years. With the continents rapidly eroding down to sea level ten times in every hundred million years, why are these surfaces still flat? Erosion is beginning to carve out some small canyons now, but for the most part these plains are amazingly flat and give evidence of having been formed recently even though many of them are found high above sea level where erosion is more rapid. Old earth geologists have dated these plains both by radiometric dating and by the fossils they contain. Because of this, in spite of their young appearance, they consider the age of most of these flat surfaces to be in the millions of years, and even date some of them at over a hundred million years. {Michael J. Oard, “Antiquity of Landforms: Objective Evidence that Dating Methods Are Wrong,” CEN Technical Journal, 14, 1, 2000, p. 35-39. See also C. R. Twidale, “Antiquity of Landforms, an Extremely Unlikely Concept Vindicated,” Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 45, 1998 p. 657-668}. While it would take a good deal of time to erode the top layer of some of these landforms because it is fairly hard rock, others are capped with soft, easily erodible rock. Surface runoff and river erosion do not retain a flat surface, but dig canyons and valleys. In many cases, these flat plains are covered by rocks, gravel and quartzite boulders which seem to have come from sources hundreds of miles away. These rocks have been rounded, evidence that they were transported by water. Streams could hardly have carried these rocks, some of which are quite large, without making canyons and valleys. The evidence seems to indicate that these rocks were transported by a great flood. The flood interpretation is reinforced by the fact that many similar rounded quartzite rocks are also found lying on top of other kinds of surfaces, even high in the mountains. Those who place radiometric and fossil dating above any other evidence claim that great level plains and high plateaus have existed for periods ranging from a few million to 160 million years, Why are they still flat? The problems of unbelievably little erosion of both the plains and the old mountains, and of not enough sediment on the ocean bottoms are all solved by accepting a recent creation. We are told that priests have evolved from protons because the time was so unimaginably long. As we examine the evidence more closely, the huge periods of time that are claimed to have made evolution our creator evaporate away. The idea that God, created recently in a short time, would solve a lot of problems. Deltas Deltas provide a practical illustration of how the old earth dating system does not fit the facts of nature. At present rates at which sediments are deposited, if the continents have really existed for the long geologic ages of the old earth theory, many deltas should already have wound themselves all the way around the world time after time! The Yangtse river in China, for example, adds around a mile of delta every 80 years, but the Yangtse delta is now less than 500 miles long. If the evolutionary dates are correct, just since the time of the last dinosaurs it should have grown to around 875,000 miles long. Since one lap all the way around the world is less than 25,000 miles, this delta shouts out: “The time which has really been available to evolution is far too short for it to have changed a germ into a geologist!” “The Mississippi enters the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles downstream from New Orleans, through a 10,000 square mile delta. Because almost 500 million tons of sediment are deposited annually, the delta extends about 300 feet each year.” {“Mississippi River” Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia, 1998, using the US measurements, rounded off}. Since fast ocean currents often wash sediment away, a higher sea level in the past could have washed older Mississippi sediments away. But according to old earth research, sea level has not been higher for any significant period in the last 20 million years. As sediments build up, rivers change channels from time to time, moving their deltas to one side or the other. This spreads the sediment out over a wider area than the part of the delta which is building up at any one time. If the Mississippi delta had always built up at a rate of 300 feet a year, in 20 million years, it would have added over a million miles. That’s the distance of 1000 strips of delta all the way across the Gulf of Mexico, or one strip around the world 40 times. Even if the ocean had extended clear up to the border with Canada 20 million years ago, and the Mississippi delta had filled in from there, that’s only a thousand miles. Remember, in 20 million years at today’s rate of speed it would have covered that distance a thousand times. I admit, deltas do take longer to build up as they get into deeper water farther from shore, but, if radiometric dates are right, the Mississippi has been dumping sediment in the gulf not just for 20 million years, but for at least two and a half billion years! Obviously, the Mississippi need not always have built up its delta at its current speed. There may have been geological ups and downs, but no matter how they spin it, the fact is, the Mississippi delta and the old earth dating system don’t go well together. Either the dates are much too long, or the delta is much too short! To try to solve the problem of too little sediment, some old earth geologists have suggested that the weight of the sediment being added pushes down the sediment already there, thus slowing delta building almost to a halt. Obviously no theory like this one that explains why a delta can’t grow is valid for a delta like this that is in fact growing. Because of this, I only mention deltas whose growth rate has been checked, and which are growing too fast to be explained by old earth dates. The Tigris-Euphrates According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the city of Ur on the delta of the Tigris-Euphrates rivers was on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the year 3,500 BC. In the ensuing 5,500 years the delta built up so much that the ancient city is now 200 miles inland. If delta building didn’t take longer as deltas extend out to deeper water, that rate of build up would take it once around the world in less than 700,000 years. The Po on the east side of Italy is another large river for which historical and archeological records are available. It has built up most of its delta in a few thousand years. {Harold Coffin, Origin by Design, 1983, p. 335} The Po empties into the Italian side of the Adriatic sea, a body of water about 500 miles long, 100 miles wide, and relatively shallow. The Po enters the Adriatic around 30 miles from its closed north end, near the gulf of Venice. At that point, the Adriatic is less than 60 miles wide. This makes the delta of the Po very significant, because if there were earlier sediments, they would be harder to hide here than if they had poured into a deep ocean with strong currents that might more easily carry them away. Since 1000 BC, 16 miles of delta have built up. That appears to be almost all of the existing delta because according to historic records the 1000 BC coastline was relatively straight instead of bulging out at the delta. Measuring from the 1000 BC coast line, in 3000 years the delta has gone 1/4 of the way across the Adriatic. If the present is the key to the past, had the delta had 12,000 years in which to build up, it would have made it all the way across the Adriatic from the Italian to the Slovakian shore. Let’s project this back into the past. Evolutionists say that evolution had three and a half to four billion years to work, and that in that much time it succeeded in producing its masterpiece, YOU! This delta is moving at a rate that would completely cross the Adriatic around 83 times in each million years. No one really knows how long the Po has been dumping sediment, but at its average rate for the last 3000 years, in four billion years it would have deposited over 150,000 laps of sediment all the way around the world. If you believe in an earth history of billions of years, you hold that position by faith, and whether you know it or not, that faith is mostly based on radiometric dates, and is contradicted, as we have seen, by many other facts. Deltas provide another measurable way of determining age. Glance at the mouths of rivers in a world atlas. Notice that some rivers have significant deltas and some don’t. Of those which do, I could not locate one delta that could be explained on a basis of old earth geology. It was as if a huge Biblical flood had erased them clean at some time from around three to five thousand years ago and they all started out fresh at that time. In fact, one old earth geologist admitted to me that all the earth’s Deltas could be accounted for in 7000 years. Water Gaps Rivers frequently have cut right through mountains, even high mountains, instead of flowing around them as gravity would seem to dictate. These cuts called water gaps are found around the world. They would be easily explained if the whole mountain were covered by flowing water. In the spots where the rock was softer, split, etc. it would tend to erode more rapidly than in the harder places. As the flood receded and was no longer able to pour over the whole mountain, huge amounts of water would be channeled through the gap. The theory of those who do not believe in a flood that covered mountains is that the land under the river rose so gradually that the river was able to erode through it. If it rose more rapidly, or in jerks, the mountain would dam up the river which would then flow around the mountain instead of cutting through it. The mountain covering flood explanation seems the more natural explanation for many of the water gaps. So What? In less than a half century the foundations of modern geology have moved almost as far as the continents: Uniformitarianism is out. moving continents and fairly big floods are in. In fact most geologists today have moved so far as to believe that a flood probably did cover a whole planet. No, not our planet, Mars! The geologists who lived through the whole period of transformation in geological thinking are, for the most part, just as sure they understand things correctly now, as they were before, when they held the opposite opinions. Nevertheless, they often tell me that since I believe the Bible I have presuppositions that keep me from understanding science while they are objective and only follow the evidence. We need not be carried away by scientific sounding condemnations of the Bible in the points in which today’s geology differs with it. My critics are right. I don’t know where all the water for the flood came from. Some came from rain. If earth had been hit by a flock of comets, that might account for some of it. “… the number of comets required to deliver an amount of water sufficient to fill all the oceans on earth is around one thousand….” {Iris Fry, The Emergence of Life on Earth, 2000, p. 115, referring to T. Owen and A. Bar-Nun, Comets, Impacts, and Atmospheres, 1995, p. 228} Perhaps most of the water came from what Genesis 7:11 calls the breaking up of the fountains of the great deep. John Mackay, a creationist, reports: “Japanese scientists have studied the chemical composition of minerals believed to make up the lower mantle of the earth and found they contained enough water to fill the earth's oceans five times over. The lower mantle is layer between 650 and 2,900 km below the earth's surface. Geologists believe there are also several oceans worth of water in the transition zone between the lower and upper mantle.” {John Mackay’s News Update 17th April 2002 referring to a report in Nature Science Update (www.nature.com/nsu) 8 March 2002}. The strongly evolutionist publication, Discover, responding to a reader’s question says: “Michael Drake, director of the university of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Tucson, answers: ‘Not only does Earth have a lot of visible water—oceans cover 70 percent of the surface—but another 10 oceans’worth of water may be entombed deep inside.’” {Discover, July 2004, p. 16} I readily admit that I don’t have the answers to all the problems on the creationist side, but remember, the majority position among geologists today includes believing with the left brain that the old mountains and even some very flat plains have been standing in pretty much their present positions for hundreds of millions of years without developing the canyons and other erosion features one would expect, while at the same time the right brain knows that continuing at the present rate, our present continents will erode down to sea level in 10.2 million years. Most Geologists were convinced by uniformitarianism that the Biblical flood could not have happened and deposition was very slow. These same geologists now admit that uniformitarianism was wrong. Big floods and rapid deposition did happen, just planet covering floods are impossible, except perhaps on Mars. The statements that the Bible makes about the earth, on the other hand, do not change. If the Bible had been in agreement with the geologists who did not accept big floods and plate tectonics, it would not be in agreement with even these same old earth geologists who have changed their minds, and now believe that continents move and that some huge floods, the Missoula flood for example, have rapidly eroded and redeposited large amounts of sediment. The Scriptures will probably never agree perfectly with the majority opinion of geologists at any particular moment, but don’t condemn the Bible for that. This generation of geologists does not agree with the last generation of geologists either. Uniformitarianism’s insistence that sediments were laid down very slowly were an attack on the Biblical flood. For overkill it rejected all big floods. It was wrong. Many today are just as sure that the Biblical Flood did not happen as the uniformitarian geologists were that no big floods happened. They know this by faith, even though the flood left a lot of evidence that they can’t account for. Some have faith that there was no way that earth could have gotten that much water. Perhaps others believe that the Biblical flood could not have happened just because they oppose the Bible which says it did. This is just one of a long series of attacks on the Bible. As well as being the most loved book in the world, is also the most hated. In addition to intellectual of attacks, thousands of times more copies of the Bible have been physically burned, torn up, and destroyed in other ways than any other book. Yet, in spite of attacks of all kinds, the Bible remains the all time best seller. One reason for this is because throughout history it has been vindicated and the attackers shown to be wrong time after time. The attack by uniformitarian geology laid the foundation for a very old age for the earth and inspired Darwin with unimaginably long ages in which he thought evolution could take place. But uniformitarianism was wrong! Rather than being considered a theory to test carefully, it had been rapidly accepted as a truth into which, at all costs, the evidence must be crammed. Most geologists today accept the fact that it was wrong. They even give me, a creationist an occasional friendly jab for following uniformitarianism when I insist that something or other in the past would have worked somewhat like things do today. Most geologists still accept the doctrines of evolution and an old earth, which were based on uniformitarianism, but now they admit that the sediments were laid down much more rapidly than uniformitarianism admitted, and search for slots between the strata in which to tuck the billions of years that are left over. Apart from the long ages given by some radiometric dates, as I see it, most evidence does not fit a really old earth. Even while old earth geologists believe that billions of years went by, now hidden between layers of strata, they know that at present rates of erosion, our whole continent would be worn down to sea level in 10.2 million years, and that all the sediment on the ocean floor would build up in around 15 million years. The attacks don’t quit when the Bible is vindicated in some point, they shift. While I personally can’t agree with the old earth presuppositions which underlie the theory of evolution, I must admit that many old earth geologists have a great faith. Their belief that the earth is very old overcomes tremendous scientific obstacles. Many of you believe you exist because evolution had huge periods of time in which to make men out of molecules. My prayer is that you will shift your faith to the Savior who has the power both to create and to save rapidly. He said: “I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me” (John 14:6). I like the advice of Paul Abramson, the editor of creationism.org, “Decide where you want to be in 100 years, and aim for it.” Heaven or Hell? Is it really that tough a choice? Sure it takes faith! You have to believe that Jesus Christ is the Savior, that He died for your sins and rose again. “ For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3:16). When you think of some of the things old earth people have faith in, that’s not hard at all. Try it! When you confess your sins to God and trust Jesus Christ to save you from them, his Holy Spirit will guide you into a life of fellowship with Him and His Father. Read your Bible to find out how.	i don't know
On August 9, 1944, The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring what iconic hat wearing, shovel carrying character for the first time?	Today in History... - Page 93 Fun & Games Today in History... If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. August 4 70 – The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus by his father and associated to the throne aged eight. 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: Emperor Wï¿½ndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo (Korea) during the Manchurian rainy season, with a Chinese army and navy. 1265 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Evesham – the army of Prince Edward (the future king Edward I of England) defeats the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, killing de Montfort and many of his allies. 1327 – First War of Scottish Independence: James Douglas leads a raid into Weardale and almost kills Edward III of England. 1532 – the Duchy of Brittany is united to the Kingdom of France. 1578 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir – the Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed in the battle, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal. 1693 – Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of Champagne, although he actually did not have anything to do with sparkling wine. 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Gibraltar is captured by an English and Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles. 1783 – Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing about 1,400 people. The eruption causes a famine, which results in an additional 20,000 deaths. 1789 – In France members of the National Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism and abandon their privileges. 1790 – A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard). 1791 – The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: Napoleon leads the French Army of Italy to victory in the Battle of Lonato. 1821 – Atkinson & Alexander publish The Saturday Evening Post for the first time as a weekly newspaper. 1824 – The Battle of Kos is fought between Turkish and Greek forces. 1854 – The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships. 1863 – Matica slovenskï¿½, Slovakia's public-law cultural and scientific institution focusing on topics around the Slovak nation, is established in Martin. 1873 – American Indian Wars: while protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer clashes for the first time with the Sioux near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed. 1892 – The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home. 1902 – The Greenwich foot tunnel under the River Thames opens. 1906 – Central railway station, Sydney opens. 1914 – World War I: Germany invades Belgium. In response, the United Kingdom declares war on Germany. The United States declare their neutrality. 1915 – World War I: The German 12th Army occupies Warsaw during the Gorlice–Tarnï¿½w Offensive and the Great Retreat of 1915. 1924 – Diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Soviet Union are established. 1936 – Prime Minister of Greece Ioannis Metaxas suspends parliament and the Constitution and establishes the 4th of August Regime. 1944 – The Holocaust: a tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find and arrest Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and four others. 1946 – An earthquake of magnitude 8.0 hits northern Dominican Republic. 100 are killed and 20,000 are left homeless. 1947 – The Supreme Court of Japan is established. 1958 – The Billboard Hot 100 is published for the first time. 1964 – American civil rights movement: civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney are found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21. 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin incident: U.S. destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy report coming under attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1965 – The Constitution of Cook Islands comes into force, giving the Cook Islands self-governing status within New Zealand. 1969 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, American representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail. 1974 – A bomb explodes in the Italicus Express train at San Benedetto Val di Sambro, Italy, killing 12 people and wounding 22. 1975 – The Japanese Red Army takes more than 50 hostages at the AIA Building housing several embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The hostages include the U.S. consul and the Swedish Chargï¿½ d'affaires. The gunmen win the release of five imprisoned comrades and fly with them to Libya. 1977 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy. 1984 – The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso. 1987 – The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to present controversial issues "fairly". 1991 – The Greek cruise ship MTS Oceanos sinks off the Wild Coast of South Africa. 1993 – A federal judge sentences Los Angeles Police Department officers Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating motorist Rodney King's civil rights. 1995 – Operation Storm begins in Croatia. 2002 – Soham murders: 10 year old school girls Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells go missing from the town of Soham, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. 2005 – Prime Minister Paul Martin announces that Michaï¿½lle Jean will be Canada's 27th Governor General. 2006 – A massacre is carried out by Sri Lankan government forces, killing 17 employees of the French INGO Action Against Hunger (known internationally as Action Contre la Faim, or ACF). 2007 – NASA's Phoenix spaceship is launched. Battle of Alcï¿½cer Quibir The Battle of Ksar El Kebir, also known as Battle of Three Kings, or "Battle of Oued El Makhazeen" in Morocco, and Battle of Alcï¿½cer Quibir in Portugal (variant spellings are legion: Alcï¿½cer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, meaning grand castle in Arabic), was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir and Larache, on 4 August 1578. The combatants were the army of the deposed Moroccan Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, with his ally, the King of Portugal Sebastian I, and a large Moroccan army nominally under the new Sultan of Morocco (and uncle of Abu Abdallah Mohammed II) Abd Al-Malik I. The Christian king, Sebastian I, had planned a crusade after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover his throne. Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from him with Ottoman support. The defeat of Portugal and attendant death of the childless Sebastian led to the end of the Aviz dynasty, and the integration of the country in the Iberian Union for 60 years under the Philippine Dynasty in a dynastic union with Spain. For Portugal, the battle was an unmitigated disaster. Despite the lack of a body, Sebastian was presumed dead, at the age of 24. In his piety, he had remained unmarried and had sired no heir. His aged, childless uncle Henry of Portugal, a Cardinal of the Roman church, succeeded to the throne as closest legitimate relative. His brief reign (1578–1580) was devoted to attempting to raise the crippling financial reparations demanded by the disastrous Morocco venture. After his death, legitimate claimants to the throne of the House of Aviz, which had ruled Portugal for 200 years, were defeated by a Castilian military invasion. Philip II of Spain, a maternal grandson of Manuel I of Portugal, and nearest male claimant (being an uncle of Sebastian I), invaded with an army of 40 000 men, defeating the troops of Anthony, Prior of Crato at the Battle of Alcï¿½ntara and was crowned Philip I of Portugal by the Cortes of Tomar in 1581. Mount Asama Mount Asama (浅間山 Asama-yama?) is an active complex volcano in central Honshū, the main island of Japan. The volcano is the most active on Honshū. The Japan Meteorological Agency classifies Mount Asama as rank A. It stands 2,568 metres (8,425 ft) above sea level on the border of Gunma and Nagano prefectures. It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan. A cruiser class of the Imperial Japanese Navy was named after it, including lead ship Asama. The Treaty of Sistova (Turkish: Ziştovi Anlaşması) ended the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91) (and, by extension, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars) between the Ottoman Empire and Austria. It was signed in Sistova in present-day Bulgaria on August 4, 1791. Austria had been pushed back in the first year of the war, but had then conquered Belgrade, and gained another victory near Calafat in 1790. Their ally Russia had also been very successful. But in the treaty of Sistova, Austria's gains were very meagre: only the town of Orşova and two small places on the Croatian frontier were ceded to Austria. One reason was the threat of an attack from Silesia by Prussia, Ottoman's ally. Another reason was the outbreak of the French Revolution, which demanded Austria's urgent attention. The Convention of Reichenbach between Prussia and Austria settled their differences and led to an alliance against France : the Declaration of Pillnitz of August 27. Austria had to abandon any expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire; in return Prussia promised not to expand to the east and not to support the Brabant Revolution. This treaty between Emperor Leopold II and Sultan Selim III ended the Austro-Ottoman Wars, as Austria didn't participate anymore in the Russian-led wars against the Ottomans during the 19th and 20th century. Lizzie Borden Lizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who was tried and acquitted in the 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother (Andrew Jackson Borden and Abby Durfee Gray Borden, Andrew's second wife) in Fall River, Massachusetts. The case was a cause cï¿½lï¿½bre throughout the United States. Following her release from the prison in which she had been held during the trial, Borden chose to remain a resident of Fall River, Massachusetts, for the rest of her life, despite facing significant ostracism. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected to charge no one else with the murder of Andrew and Abby Borden; speculation about the crimes continues into the 21st century. African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–68) The African-American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1955 and 1968, particularly in the South. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56) in Alabama; "sit-ins" such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina; marches, such as the Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that restored and protected voting rights; the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, that dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional European groups; and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to action. A wave of inner city riots in black communities from 1964 through 1970 undercut support from the white community. The emergence of the Black Power Movement, which lasted from about 1966 to 1975, challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its nonviolence, and instead demanded political and economic self-sufficiency. Phoenix (spacecraft) Phoenix was a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program. The Phoenix lander descended on Mars on May 25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the lander to search for environments suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to research the history of water there. The multi-agency program was headed by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, under the direction of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The program was a partnership of universities in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, NASA, the Canadian Space Agency, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Lockheed Martin Space Systems, MacDonald Dettwiler & Associates (MDA) and other aerospace companies. It was the first mission to Mars led by a public university in NASA history. It was led directly from the University of Arizona's campus in Tucson, with project management at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and project development at Lockheed Martin in Denver, Colorado. The operational funding for the mission extended through November 10, 2008. Phoenix was NASA's sixth successful landing out of seven attempts and was the first successful landing in a Martian polar region. The lander completed its mission in August 2008, and made a last brief communication with Earth on November 2 as available solar power dropped with the Martian winter. The mission was declared concluded on November 10, 2008, after engineers were unable to re-contact the craft. After unsuccessful attempts to contact the lander by the Mars Odyssey orbiter up to and past the Martian summer solstice on May 12, 2010, JPL declared the lander to be dead. The program was considered a success because it completed all planned science experiments and observations. Attached to the deck of the lander (next to the US flag) is the "Phoenix DVD", compiled by the Planetary Society. The disc contains Visions of Mars, a multimedia collection of literature and art about the Red Planet. Works include the text of H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds (and the radio broadcast by Orson Welles), Percival Lowell's Mars as the Abode of Life with a map of his proposed canals, Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles, and Kim Stanley Robinson's Green Mars. There are also messages directly addressed to future Martian visitors or settlers from, among others, Carl Sagan and Arthur C. Clarke. In 2006, The Planetary Society collected a quarter million names submitted through the Internet and placed them on the disc, which claims, on the front, to be "the first library on Mars." This Phoenix DVD is similar to the Voyager Golden Record that was sent on the Voyager 1 & 2 missions. The Phoenix DVD is made of a special silica glass designed to withstand the Martian environment, lasting for hundreds (if not thousands) of years on the surface while it awaits discoverers. The text just below the center of the disk reads: “ This archive, provided to the NASA Phoenix mission by The Planetary Society, contains literature and art (Visions of Mars), greetings from Mars visionaries of our day, and names of 21st century Earthlings who wanted to send their names to Mars. This DVD-ROM is designed to be read on personal computers in 2007. Information is stored in a spiral groove on the disc. A laser beam can scan the groove when metallized or a microscope can be used. Very small bumps and holes represent the zeroes and ones of digital information. The groove is about 0.74 micrometres wide. For more information refer to the standards document ECMA-268 (80 mm DVD Read-Only Disk). ” Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 5 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as emperor after a period of political turmoil, restoring the Han Dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin Dynasty. 642 – Battle of Maserfield – Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Northumbria. 910 – The last major Danish army to raid England is defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall by the allied forces of Mercia and Wessex, led by King Edward the Elder and Earl Aethelred of Mercia. 939 – The Battle of Alhandic is fought between Ramiro II of Leï¿½n and Abd-ar-Rahman III at Zamora in the context of the Spanish Reconquista. The battle resulted in a victory for the Emirate of Cordoba. 1068 – Byzantine–Norman wars: Italo-Normans begin a nearly-three-year siege of Bari. 1100 – Henry I is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey. 1278 – The Siege of Algeciras ends in the context of the Spanish Reconquista pitting the forces of the Kingdom of Castile against the Emirate of Granada. The battle resulted in a Granadan victory. 1305 – William Wallace, who led the Scottish resistance against England, is captured by the English near Glasgow and transported to London where he is put on trial and executed. 1388 – The Battle of Otterburn, a border skirmish between the Scottish and the English in Northern England, is fought near Otterburn. 1583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes the first English colony in North America, at what is now St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. 1600 – The Gowrie Conspiracy against King James VI of Scotland (later to become King James I of England) takes place. 1620 – The Mayflower departs from Southampton, England on its first attempt to reach North America. 1689 – 1,500 Iroquois attack the village of Lachine in New France. 1716 – The Battle of Petrovaradin takes place. 1735 – Freedom of the press: New York Weekly Journal writer John Peter Zenger is acquitted of seditious libel against the royal governor of New York, on the basis that what he had published was true. 1763 – Pontiac's War: Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run. 1772 – The First Partition of Poland begins. 1781 – The Battle of Dogger Bank takes place. 1824 – Greek War of Independence: Constantine Kanaris leads a Greek fleet to victory against Ottoman and Egyptian ships in the Battle of Samos. 1858 – Cyrus West Field and others complete the first transatlantic telegraph cable after several unsuccessful attempts. It will operate for less than a month. 1860 – Charles XV of Sweden of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway in Trondheim. 1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872). 1861 – The United States Army abolishes flogging. 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge – along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops attempt to take the city, but are driven back by fire from Union gunboats. 1864 – American Civil War: the Battle of Mobile Bay begins – at Mobile Bay near Mobile, Alabama, Admiral David Farragut leads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses and seals one of the last major Southern ports. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: the Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a Prussian victory. 1874 – Japan launches its postal savings system, modeled after a similar system in the United Kingdom. 1882 – The Standard Oil of New Jersey is established. 1884 – The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloe's Island (now Liberty Island) in New York Harbor. 1888 – Bertha Benz drives from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back in the first long distance automobile trip, commemorated as the Bertha Benz Memorial Route since 2008. 1901 – Peter O'Connor sets the first IAAF recognised long jump world record of 24 ft 11.75 in (7.6137 m) The record will stand for 20 years. 1906 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, King of Iran, agrees to convert the government to a constitutional monarchy. 1914 – World War I: the German minelayer Kï¿½nigin Luise lays a minefield about 40 miles (64 km) off the Thames Estuary (Lowestoft). She is intercepted and sunk by the British light-cruiser HMS Amphion. 1914 – In Cleveland, Ohio, the first electric traffic light is installed. 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula. 1925 – Plaid Cymru is formed with the aim of disseminating knowledge of the Welsh language that is at the time in danger of dying out. 1926 – Harry Houdini performs his greatest feat, spending 91 minutes underwater in a sealed tank before escaping. 1940 – World War II: the Soviet Union formally annexes Latvia. 1941 – World War II: The Battle of Smolensk concludes with Germany capturing about 300,000 Soviet Red Army prisoners. 1944 – World War II: possibly the biggest prison breakout in history occurs as 545 Japanese POWs attempt to escape outside the town of Cowra, New South Wales, Australia. 1944 – World War II: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners. 1944 – World War II: The Nazis begin a week-long massacre of anywhere between 40,000 and 100,000 civilians and prisoners of war in Wola, Poland. 1949 – In Ecuador, an earthquake destroys 50 towns and kills more than 6,000. 1949 – The Mann Gulch fire kills 13 firefighters in Montana. 1957 – American Bandstand, a show dedicated to the teenage "baby-boomers" by playing the songs and showing popular dances of the time, debuts on the ABC television network. 1960 – Burkina Faso, then known as Upper Volta, becomes independent from France. 1962 – Nelson Mandela is jailed. He would not be released until 1990. 1963 – The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty. 1964 – Vietnam War: Operation Pierce Arrow – American aircraft from carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation bomb North Vietnam in retaliation for strikes against U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1965 – The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 begins as Pakistani soldiers cross the Line of Control dressed as locals. 1969 – Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7 1971 – The first Pacific Islands Forum (then known as the "South Pacific Forum") is held in Wellington, New Zealand, with the aim of enhancing cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean. 1974 – Vietnam War: the U.S. Congress places a $1 billion dollar limit on military aid to South Vietnam. 1979 – In Afghanistan, Maoists undertake an attempted military uprising. 1981 – Ronald Reagan fires 11,359 striking air-traffic controllers who ignored his order for them to return to work. 1989 – General elections are held in Nicaragua with the Sandinista National Liberation Front winning a majority. 1995 – The city of Knin, a significant Serb stronghold, is captured by Croatian forces during Operation Storm. The date is celebrated in Croatia as Victory Day. 2003 – A car bomb explodes in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta outside the Marriott Hotel killing 12 and injuring 150. 2010 – 2010 Copiapï¿½ mining accident occurs, trapping 33 Chilean miners approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) below the ground. 2010 – Ten members of International Assistance Mission Nuristan Eye Camp team are killed by persons unknown in Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan. 2012 – The Oak Creek shooting took place at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, killing six people; the perpetrator was shot dead by police. Battle of Tettenhall The Battle of Tettenhall (sometimes called the Battle of Wednesfield or Wōdnesfeld) took place, according to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, near Tettenhall on 5 August 910. The allied forces of Mercia and Wessex met an army of Northumbrian Vikings in Mercia. The allied army scored a great victory over the Viking force, the last major army sent by the Danes to ravage England. With the Northern Danes subdued, the forces of Wessex and Mercia could be focused against those who had settled further South. It was also the defeat of the last great raiding army from Denmark to ravage England. With allied strength rising, England was soon united under one domestic monarch, and Danish expansion was quelled permanently. Battle of Alhandic The Battle of Alhandic (Spanish: Batalla de Alhandic), also known as Zamora's trench Battle (Batalla del Foso de Zamora), was a battle that occurred on August 5, 939 in the city of Zamora, Spain. The battle occurred when the troops of Abd-ar-Rahman III assaulted the walls of Zamora. The defending troops were those loyal to Ramiro II of Leï¿½n, King of the Kingdom of Leon. The fighting was so bloody that the tide of the battle did not turn until the ditch surrounding the city walls was entirely filled with corpses. The troops of Aberraman III won the day and were able to seize the city of Zamora. This battle should not be confused with the Day of Zamora (Dï¿½a de Zamora or Jornada del Foso de Zamora) which took place a few decades before in the year 901. William Wallace Sir William Wallace (Medieval Gaelic: Uilliam Uallas; modern Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; Norman French: William le Waleys; died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish landowner who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, and was Guardian of Scotland, serving until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston near Glasgow and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him summarily hanged, drawn, and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. Since his death, Wallace has obtained an iconic status far beyond his homeland. He is the protagonist of the 15th-century epic poem The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Noble of Elderslie, by Blind Harry. Wallace is also the subject of literary works by Sir Walter Scott and Jane Porter and of the 1995 Academy Award-winning epic film Braveheart. Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow. Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway, Philip IV of France, and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found on Wallace and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave. Mayflower The Mayflower was the ship that in 1620 transported 102 English Pilgrims, including a core group of Separatists, to New England. Their story is one of travail and survival in a harsh New World environment. The voyage is one of the most famous in early American colonial history, and the Mayflower Compact is cited as influential in the establishment of democracy and self-government in British North America. The Mayflower embarked about sixty-five passengers in London, probably off Blackwall or Wapping, about the middle of July 1620 and proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to Southampton Water, the rendezvous, where for seven days she awaited the coming of the Speedwell, bringing the Leiden church members, who had sailed from Delfshaven about the 22nd of the month (Bradford). About August 5, the two ships set sail for their destination. The unseaworthy Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after they put into Dartmouth for repairs. After the repairs, a new start was made. They were more than two hundred miles beyond Land’s End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. Since it was now early September, they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Soon after the Mayflower continued on her voyage to America, Speedwell was sold, refitted, and, according to Bradford, “made many voyages…to the great profit of her owners.” Bradford later assumed that the Speedwell master Mr. Reynolds’s “cunning and deceit” (in causing what may have been ‘man-made’ leaks in the ship) had been motivated by a fear of starving to death in America. In addition to the 102 passengers, the officers and crew consisted of about 50 persons, including about 36 men before the mast, bringing the total persons on board the Mayflower to about one hundred and fifty. John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 – July 28, 1746) was a German American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal. He was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence, known as "The Zenger Trial", that determined that truth was a defense against charges of libel ." In late 1733, Zenger began printing The New Weekly Journal to voice his opinions critical of the colonial governor, William Cosby. In November 1734 Zenger was arrested by the sheriff on the orders of Cosby and after a grand jury refused to indict him was charged with libel in January 1735 by the attorney general Richard Bradley. Revenue Act of 1861 The Revenue Act of 1861, formally cited as Act of August 5, 1861, Chap. XLV, 12 Stat. 292, included the first U.S. Federal income tax statute (see Sec.49). The Act, motivated by the need to fund the Civil War , imposed an income tax to be "levied, collected, and paid, upon the annual income of every person residing in the United States, whether such income is derived from any kind of property, or from any profession, trade, employment, or vocation carried on in the United States or elsewhere, or from any other source whatever [ . . . .]” Rates under the Act were 3% on income above $800 (adjusted for inflation: $18,875 in as of 2009 dollars ) and 5% on income of individuals living outside the country. The Revenue Act of 1861 was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln. This Act introduced Federal income tax as a flat rate tax. The income tax provision (Sections 49, 50 and 51) was repealed by the Revenue Act of 1862. (See Sec.89, which replaced the flat rate with a progressive scale of 3% on annual incomes beyond $600 ($12,742 in 2009 dollars) and 5% on incomes above $10,000 ($212,369 in 2009 dollars) or those living outside the U.S., and perhaps more significantly it was explicitly temporary, specifying termination of income tax in "the year eighteen hundred and sixty-six"). Battle of Smolensk (1941) The First Battle of Smolensk was the first major battle during Operation Barbarossa in World War II that significantly delayed the advance of Hitler's Wehrmacht in the USSR. It took place in the region around the city of Smolensk between July 10 and September 10, 1941, i.e., it raged for two full months about 400 km west of Moscow. At that point the Wehrmacht had advanced 500 km into the USSR without major difficulties in the mere 18 days that had elapsed since the initial invasion of June 22, 1941. The Wehrmacht fielded Army Group Centre's 2nd Panzer Group and the 3rd Panzer Group and the Red Army fielded the Western Front, the Soviet Reserve Front, the Soviet Central Front, and the Soviet Bryansk Front. Ultimately, the Soviet 16th, 19th and the 20th Armies were encircled and destroyed just to the south of Smolensk, though significant numbers from the 19th and 20th Army managed to escape the pocket. Albeit a huge temporary success for Hitler, the losses in terms of men and materiel incurred by the Wehrmacht during this drawn-out battle were enormous and—together with the 2-month delay in the march towards Moscow—proved decisive for the Wehrmacht's defeat by the Red Army at the end of the Battle of Moscow three months later in December 1941. 1949 Ambato earthquake The 1949 Ambato earthquake was the largest earthquake in the Western Hemisphere in more than five years. On August 5, 1949, it struck Ecuador's Tungurahua Province southeast of its capital Ambato and killed 5,050 people. Measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale it originated from a hypocenter 40 km (25 mi) beneath the surface. The nearby villages of Guano, Patate, Pelileo, and Pillaro were destroyed, and the city of Ambato suffered heavy damage. The earthquake flattened entire buildings, and subsequent landslides caused damage throughout the Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Cotopaxi Provinces. It disrupted water mains and communication lines and opened a fissure into which the small town of Libertad sank. Moderate shaking from the event extended as far away as Quito and Guayaquil. Earthquakes in Ecuador stem from two major interrelated tectonic areas: the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate and the Andean Volcanic Belt. The 1949 Ambato earthquake initially followed an intersection of several northwest-southeast-trending faults in the Inter-Andean Valley which were created by the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge. Strata of rock cracked as the earthquake ruptured the faults, sending out powerful shockwaves. Today threats exist throughout the country from both interplate and intraplate seismicity. Nelson Mandela On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with Cecil Williams near Howick. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, he was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, in his cell he began correspondence studies for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of London. His hearing began on 15 October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional kaross, refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 6 1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean. 1506 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk 1538 – Bogotï¿½, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jimï¿½nez de Quesada. 1661 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: The bloody Battle of Oriskany prevents American relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix. 1787 – Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1806 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire. 1819 – Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States. 1825 – Bolivia gains independence from Spain. 1845 – The Russian Geographical Society is founded in Saint Petersburg, Russia. 1861 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos, Nigeria. 1862 – American Civil War: the Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with USS Essex near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: the Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a Prussian victory. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: the Battle of Wï¿½rth results in a decisive Prussian victory. 1890 – At Auburn Prison in New York, murderer William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed by electric chair. 1901 – Kiowa land in Oklahoma is opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation. 1912 – The Bull Moose Party meets at the Chicago Coliseum. 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Atlantic – two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea. 1914 – World War I: Serbia declares war on Germany; Austria declares war on Russia. 1915 – World War I: Battle of Sari Bair – the Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay. 1917 – World War I: Battle of Mărăşeşti between the Romanian and German armies begins. 1926 – Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim across the English Channel. 1926 – In New York, New York, the Warner Bros.' Vitaphone system premieres with the movie Don Juan starring John Barrymore. 1930 – Judge Joseph Force Crater steps into a taxi in New York and disappears never to be seen again. 1940 – Estonia was illegally annexed by the Soviet Union. 1942 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands becomes the first reigning queen to address a joint session of the United States Congress. 1945 – World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. 1956 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network makes its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena in New York in the Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena series. 1960 – Cuban Revolution: Cuba nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation. 1962 – Jamaica becomes independent from the United Kingdom. 1964 – Prometheus, a bristlecone pine and the world's oldest tree, is cut down. 1965 – US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law. 1976 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto lays the foundation stone of Port Qasim, Karachi. 1986 – A low-pressure system that redeveloped off the New South Wales coast dumps a record 328 millimeters (13 inches) of rain in a day on Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 1988 – The Tompkins Square Park Riot in New York City spurs a reform of the NYPD, held responsible for the event. 1990 – Gulf War: the United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. 1991 – Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW debuts as a publicly available service on the Internet. 1991 – Takako Doi, chair of the Social Democratic Party, becomes Japan's first female speaker of the House of Representatives. 1996 – NASA announces that the ALH 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms. 2001 – Erwadi fire incident, 28 mentally ill persons tied to chain were burnt to death at a faith based institution at Erwadi, Tamil Nadu. 2008 – A military junta led by Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz stages a coup d'ï¿½tat in Mauritania, overthrowing president Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi. 2010 – Flash floods across a large part of Jammu and Kashmir, India, damages 71 towns and kills at least 255 people. 2011 – A peaceful march in protest of the death of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, London ends in a riot, sparking off a wave of rioting throughout the country over the following four nights. 2012 – NASA's Curiosity rover lands on the surface of Mars. Battle of Meloria (1284) The Battle of Meloria was fought between 5 and 6 August 1284 near the Meloria islet, in the Tyrrhenian Sea between the Genoese and the Pisan fleet, as part of the Genoese-Pisan War. The victory of Genoa, and the destruction of the Pisan fleet marked the decline of the Republic of Pisa. As Pisa was also attacked by Florence and Lucca it could never recover from the disaster. Two years later Genoa took Porto Pisano, the city's access to the sea, and filled up the harbor. As a permanent consequence of this defeat, Pisa lost once and for all its role as a major Mediterranean naval power and as regional power of Tuscany, being overshadowed and finally conquered, in 1406, by Florence. The count Ugolino was afterwards starved to death with several of his sons and grandsons in the manner made familiar by the 32nd canto of Dante's Inferno. One famous captive of the battle was Rustichello da Pisa, who co-wrote Marco Polo's account of his travels, Il Milione. Treaty of The Hague (1661) The Treaty of The Hague (also known as the Treaty of Den Haag) was signed in 1661 between representatives of the Dutch Empire and the Portuguese Empire. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Dutch Republic recognized Portuguese imperial sovereignty over New Holland (Dutch Brazil) in exchange for an indemnity of 4 million reis, conversion from 2 million Caroli Guilders, over the span of 16 years. After Portuguese reconquered New Holland, and with the end of the First Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch Republic began, in May 1654, to demand New Holland back. The Grand Pensionary of Holland Johan de Witt didn't agree with these strong-arm tactics because he thought that commerce was more important than the possession of territories. Therefore, a peace treaty was signed on 6 August 1661 at The Hague whereby New Holland was sold to Portugal for the equivalent of 63 tonnes of gold. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor As the leader of the large multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, Francis felt threatened by Napoleon's social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe with the expansion of the first French Empire. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI and Queen consort of France, had been guillotined by the revolutionaries at the beginning of his reign. Francis, on the whole, was indifferent to her fate (she was not close to his father Leopold, and Francis had met her, but when he was of an age that was too young for him to remember). Georges Danton attempted to negotiate with the Emperor for Marie Antoinette's release from captivity, but Francis was unwilling to make any concessions in return. Later, he led Austria into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles. He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the Second and Third Coalition, when after meeting crushing defeat at Austerlitz, he had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, weakening the Austrian Empire and reorganizing Germany under a Napoleonic imprint that would be called the Confederation of the Rhine. At this point, he felt his position as Holy Roman Emperor to be untenable, so on 6 August 1806, he abdicated the throne and declared himself to be Francis I, Emperor of Austria. Russian Geographical Society The Russian Geographical Society (Russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество ï¿½РГОï¿½) (RGO) is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes exploration and geography with research programmes in fields including oceanography and ethnography. The society was founded on 6 August 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917, it was known as the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. The Society changed its name to the State Geographical Society in 1926 and to the Geographical Society of the USSR in 1938. After Shokalsky its presidents were geneticist Nikolai Vavilov (1931–40), zoologist Lev Berg (1940–1950), parasitologist Evgeny Pavlovsky (1952–64), glaciologist Stanislav Kalesnik (1964–77), polar explorer Aleksei Treshnikov (1977–91). The Society has convened numerous congresses and has awarded four types of medals, Big Gold Medal (tri-annual) and three, named after Litke, Semyonov, Przhevalsky (bi-annual), and also Semen Dezhnev prize (bi-annual). By 1970, it had published more than 2,000 volumes of geographical literature, including the annual Zapiski (since 1846) and Izvestiya (since 1865). The society reverted to its original name upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main offices of the Society are in St. Petersburg. In September 2010, Albert II, Prince of Monaco was made an honorary member of the Society. Since 2002 the society has sponsored an annual seasonal ice base in the Arctic, Camp Barneo. Battle of Wï¿½rth (1870) The Battle of Wï¿½rth, also known as the Battle of Reichshoffen or as the Battle of Frï¿½schweiler, should more correctly be called the second battle of Wï¿½rth, as the first one occurred on 23 December 1793. This second battle of Wï¿½rth took place on 6 August 1870 in the opening stages of the Franco-Prussian War. Troops from Germany commanded by Crown Prince Frederick and directed by his Chief of Staff, General Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, defeated the French under Marshal Mac-Mahon near the village of Wï¿½rth in Alsace, on the Sauer, 10 km north of Haguenau. The losses of the Germans were 9270 killed and wounded and 1370 missing, or 13%. Those of the French were about 8000 killed and wounded, and perhaps 12,000 missing, and prisoners, representing a total loss of about 41%. Some French regiments retained a semblance of discipline after suffering enormous losses. The 2nd Turcos lost 93%, 13th Hussars 87%, and thirteen regiments in all lost over 50% of their strength. Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I) The Atlantic U-boat Campaign of World War I was the naval campaign fought by German U-boats in Atlantic waters - the seas around the British Isles, the North Sea, and the coast of France. Initially directed against the British Grand Fleet, later it was extended to include action against the trade routes of the Entente Powers. The campaign was highly destructive, and resulted in the loss of nearly half of Britain's merchant marine fleet during the course of the war. The campaign and the Allied response is also known as the Battle of the Atlantic. To counter the German submarines, the allies moved shipping into convoys guarded by destroyers, blockades such as the Dover Barrage and minefields were laid and aircraft patrols monitored the U-boat bases. The U-boat campaign was not able to cut off supplies before the US entered the war in 1917 and in later 1918, the U-boat bases were abandoned in the face of the Allied advance. Joseph Force Crater Joseph Force Crater (January 5, 1889 – on or after August 6, 1930) was a judge in New York City who disappeared on the night of August 6, 1930. He was last seen leaving a restaurant on 45th Street. He had stated earlier that he was planning to attend a Broadway show. His disappearance became one of the most famous in American history and pop culture, and earned him the title of "The Missingest Man in New York". Little Boy "Little Boy" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon. The second, the "Fat Man", was dropped three days later on Nagasaki. The weapon was developed by the Manhattan Project during World War II. It derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. Approximately 600 to 860 milligrams (9.3 to 13.3 gr) of matter in the bomb was converted into the energy of heat and radiation. It exploded with an energy of 16 kilotons of TNT (67 TJ). It has been estimated that 66,000–166,000 people had died as a result of its use by the end of December 1945. Because of the scarcity of enriched uranium at the time, Little Boy's relatively simple design was not tested in advance, unlike the more complex plutonium-fuelled Fat Man. Cuban Revolution In 1959, Castro travelled to the United States to explain his revolution. He said, "I know what the world thinks of us, we are Communists, and of course I have said very clearly that we are not Communists; very clearly." Hundreds of Batista-era agents, policemen and soldiers were put on public trial for human rights abuses, war crimes, murder and torture. Most of the people accused were convicted by revolutionary tribunals of political crimes, and were executed by firing squad; others persons received long sentences of imprisonment. A notable example of revolutionary justice was after the capture of Santiago, Raul Castro directed the execution of more than seventy Batista POWs. For his part in taking Havana, Che Guevara was appointed supreme prosecutor in La Cabaï¿½a Fortress. This was part of a large-scale attempt by Fidel Castro to cleanse the security forces of Batista loyalists and potential opponents of the new revolutionary government. Though many were killed or imprisoned, others were fortunate enough to be dismissed from the army and police without prosecution, and some high-ranking officials of the Batista administration were exiled as military attachï¿½s. "Our revolution is endangering all American possessions in Latin America. We are telling these countries to make their own revolution." — Che Guevara, October 1962 Allan Hills 84001 Allan Hills 84001 (commonly abbreviated ALH 84001) is a meteorite that was found in Allan Hills, Antarctica on December 27, 1984 by a team of U.S. meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project. Like other members of the group of SNCs (shergottite, nakhlite, chassignite), ALH 84001 is thought to be from Mars. However, it does not fit into any of the previously discovered SNC groups. On discovery, its mass was 1.93 kilograms (4.3 lb). It made its way into headlines worldwide in 1996 when scientists announced that it might contain evidence for microscopic fossils of Martian bacteria based on carbonate globules observed. Curiosity (rover) Curiosity is a car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL). Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 10:02 EST aboard the MSL spacecraft and successfully landed on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC. The Bradbury Landing site was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a 563,000,000 km (350,000,000 mi) journey. The rover's goals include: investigation of the Martian climate and geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale Crater has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; and planetary habitability studies in preparation for future human exploration. Curiosity's design will serve as the basis for a planned unnamed 2020 Mars rover mission. In December 2012, Curiosity's two-year mission was extended indefinitely. In April and early May 2013, Curiosity went into an autonomous operation mode for approximately 25 days during Earth-Mars solar conjunction. During this time, the rover continued to monitor atmospheric and radiation data, but did not move on the Martian surface. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 7 This day marks the approximate midpoint of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and of winter in the Southern Hemisphere (starting the season at the June solstice). 322 BC ï¿½ Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon. 461 ï¿½ Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer. 626 ï¿½ The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople. 936 ï¿½ Coronation of King Otto I of Germany. 1420 ï¿½ Construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore begins in Florence. 1427 ï¿½ The Visconti of Milan's fleet is destroyed by the Venetians on the Po River. 1461 ï¿½ The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor. 1679 ï¿½ The brigantine Le Griffon, commissioned by Renï¿½-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the south-eastern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America. 1714 ï¿½ The Battle of Gangut: the first important victory of the Russian Navy. 1782 ï¿½ George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart. 1789 ï¿½ The United States Department of War is established. 1791 ï¿½ American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War. 1794 ï¿½ U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. 1819 ï¿½ Simï¿½n Bolï¿½var triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacï¿½. 1879 ï¿½ The opening of the Poor Man's Palace in Manchester, England. 1890 ï¿½ Anna Mï¿½nsdotter becomes the last woman in Sweden to be executed, for the 1889 Yngsjï¿½ murder. 1909 ï¿½ Alice Huyler Ramsey and three friends become the first women to complete a transcontinental auto trip, taking 59 days to travel from New York, New York to San Francisco, California. 1927 ï¿½ The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York. 1930 ï¿½ The last confirmed lynching of blacks in the Northern United States occurs in Marion, Indiana. Two men, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, are killed. 1933 ï¿½ The Simele massacre: The Iraqi government slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Simele. The day becomes known as Assyrian Martyrs Day. 1938 ï¿½ The Holocaust: The building of Mauthausen concentration camp begins. 1940 ï¿½ World War II: Alsace-Lorraine is annexed by the Third Reich. 1942 ï¿½ World War II: the Battle of Guadalcanal begins ï¿½ United States Marines initiate the first American offensive of the war with landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. 1944 ï¿½ IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I 1947 ï¿½ Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) journey across the Pacific Ocean in an attempt to prove that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-Tiki 1947 ï¿½ The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). 1955 ï¿½ Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering, the precursor to Sony, sells its first transistor radios in Japan. 1959 ï¿½ The Lincoln Memorial design on the U.S. penny goes into circulation. It replaces the "sheaves of wheat" design, and was minted until 2008. 1959 ï¿½ Explorer program: Explorer 6 launches from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida. 1960 ï¿½ Cï¿½te d'Ivoire becomes independent. 1964 ï¿½ Vietnam War: the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces. 1965 ï¿½ The infamous first Reyes party between Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters and motorcycle gang the Hells Angels takes place at Kesey's estate in La Honda, California introducing psychedelics to the gang world and forever linking the hippie movement to the Hell's Angels. 1966 ï¿½ Race riots occur in Lansing, Michigan. 1970 ï¿½ California judge Harold Haley is taken hostage in his courtroom and killed during in an effort to free George Jackson from police custody. 1974 ï¿½ Philippe Petit performs a high wire act between the twin towers of the World Trade Center 1,368 feet (417 m) in the air. 1976 ï¿½ Viking program: Viking 2 enters orbit around Mars. 1978 ï¿½ U.S. President Jimmy Carter declares a federal emergency at Love Canal due to toxic waste that had been negligently disposed of. 1979 ï¿½ Several tornadoes strike the city of Woodstock, Ontario, Canada and the surrounding communities. 1981 ï¿½ The Washington Star ceases all operations after 128 years of publication. 1985 ï¿½ Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts. 1985 ï¿½ The White House Farm murders took place near the English village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex, England. 1989 ï¿½ U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia. 1998 ï¿½ The United States embassy bombings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya kill approximately 212 people. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Un...bassy_bombings 1999 ï¿½ The Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades the neighboring Russian Dagestan. 2007 ï¿½ Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants breaks baseball great Hank Aaron's record by hitting his 756th home run. 2008 ï¿½ Georgia launches a large-scale military offensive against South Ossetia, in an attempt to reclaim the territory from Russia, starting the 2008 South Ossetia war. 2012 ï¿½ 3 gunmen kill 19 people in a church near Okene, Nigeria. Battle of Crannon The Battle of Crannon (322 BC), fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and rebellious Greek forces led by the Athenians, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War. Macedonian victory, though militarily unspectacular, convinced the Greeks to sue for peace. This marked the end of city-state freedom from Macedonian hegemony in Greece. While the Greek army was still intact, it was clear that the Macedonians had gained the advantage in the war. After conferring with his cavalry commander Menon of Pharsalus, Antiphilus therefore sent an embassy to Antipater the next day asking for terms. Antipater however refused to conclude any general peace with the Greek alliance as a whole, insisting instead that each city sent its own ambassadors. While these terms were at first rejected, the subsequent Macedonian capture of several Thessalian cities caused a rush of defections as each city strove to make a separate peace. Athens, abandoned by her allies, was at last forced to surrender unconditionally. In the peace imposed by Antipater, the Athenians were forced to accept a Macedonian garrison as well as a replacement of democracy with an oligarchy under the leadership of Phocion. Florence Cathedral The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (English: Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) is the main church of Florence, Italy. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival faï¿½ade by Emilio De Fabris. The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. The three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting the region of Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches, and until development of new structural materials in the modern era, the dome was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori. Rebellion of Cao Qin The Rebellion of Cao Qin was a day-long uprising in the Ming Dynasty capital of Beijing on August 7, 1461, staged by Chinese general Cao Qin (曹钦; died 1461) and his Ming troops of Mongol and Han descent against the Tianshun Emperor (1457ï¿½1464). The rebellion was orchestrated by Cao and his officers due to fear of being next on Tianshun's purge-list of those who helped him gain back the throne from his half-brother the Jingtai Emperor, who had earlier succeeded during the 1449 Tumu Crisis. The leaked plot of rebellion was a failure, three of Cao's brothers were killed during the ensuing battle, and Cao Qin was forced to commit suicide during the effort of a last stand against imperial troops storming his Beijing residential compound. The rebellion marked the high point in political tension over allowing Mongols to be employed in the Ming military command structure. Ming Chinese officials often made recompense with Mongol subordinates for military merits while at the same time strategically relocating their troops and families away from the capital. Battle of Gangut The Battle of Gangut (Russian: Гангутское сражение, Finnish: Riilahden taistelu, Finland Swedish:Slaget vid Rilax, Swedish: Sjï¿½slaget vid Hangï¿½udd) took place on 27 July./ 7 August 1714. during the Great Northern War (1700ï¿½21), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko, Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperial Russian Navy. It was the first important victory of the Russian fleet in its history. Russians later embellished the description of the battle of Gangut by reclassifying the oared flat-bottomed gun pram Elefanten into a full sailing frigate. The battle was the first major victory of the Russian galley fleet, and is occasionally as such compared by Russians with the Battle of Poltava. The victory is even nowadays celebrated by the Russian Navy, which has a long tradition of always having one vessel named Gangut. The first series of Dreadnought battleships for the Imperial Navy was also named the Gangut class. The first monument to commemorate the Russian Navy, a wooden cross, was erected on the site in 1869 by Rear Admiral Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The wooden cross was replaced by a more permanent stone cross in 1870 by the order of Tsar Alexander II. Badge of Military Merit The Badge of Military Merit is considered the first military award of the United States Armed Forces. Although the Fidelity Medallion is older, after being issued to three soldiers for a specific event in 1780 it was never awarded again, so the Badge of Military Merit is often considered the oldest. The Purple Heart is the official successor decoration of the Badge of Military Merit. After the Revolutionary War, the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse although it was never officially abolished. In 1932, the United States War Department authorized the new Purple Heart Medal for soldiers who had previously received either a Wound Chevron or the Army Wound Ribbon. At that time, it was also determined that the Purple Heart Medal would be considered the official "successor decoration" to the Badge of Military Merit. United States Department of War The United States Department of War, also called the War Department (and occasionally War Office in the early years), was the United States Cabinet department originally responsible for the operation and maintenance of the United States Army. The War Department also bore responsibility for naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798 and for most land-based air forces until the creation of the Department of the Air Force in 1947. The Secretary of War headed the war department throughout its existence. The War Department existed from 1789 until September 18, 1947, when it split into Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force and joined the Department of the Navy as part of the new joint National Military Establishment (NME), renamed the United States Department of Defense in 1949. The Secretary of War, a civilian with such responsibilities as finance and purchases and a minor role in directing military affairs, headed the War Department. Poor Man's Palace Openshaw Citadel was the third Salvation Army corps opened in Manchester. A comparison of corps incomes in suggests that Lower Openshaw had a large number of soldiers with little money when it opened in 1884. Lower Openshaw corps became known as 'Poor man's Palace'. It closed in the 1970s when the Corps moved to Grosvenor St., Manchester (previously known as the Temple). Later it moved to Sale. The building is still there, albeit used as a garage. Peace Bridge The Peace Bridge is an international bridge between Canada and the United States at the east end of Lake Erie at the source of the Niagara River, about 20 kilometres (12.4 mi) upriver of Niagara Falls. It connects the City of Buffalo, New York, in the United States to the Town of Fort Erie, Ontario, in Canada. It is operated and maintained by the binational Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority. The Peace Bridge consists of five arched spans over the Niagara River and a Parker through-truss span over the Black Rock Canal on the American side of the river. The total length is 5,800 feet (1,768 m). Material used in the construction included 3,500 feet (1,067 m) of steelwork, 9,000 tons of structural steel and 800 tons of reinforcing steel in the concrete abutments. The Peace Bridge was named to commemorate 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada. It was constructed as a highway bridge to address the needs of pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic which could not be accommodated on the International Railway Bridge, built in 1873. Simele massacre The Simele Massacre (Syriac: ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ pramta d-Simele, Arabic: مذبحة سميل‎ maḏbaḥat Summayl) was a massacre committed by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Iraq during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians of northern Iraq in August 1933. The term is used to describe not only the massacre in Simele, but also the killing spree that took place among 63 Assyrian villages in the Dohuk and Mosul districts that led to the deaths of between 600[1] and 3,000 Assyrians. The Assyrian people were still recovering from one of the darkest periods of their history. During the Assyrian Genocide during and after World War I, more than half of their population was massacred by Turkish Nationalist and Kurds. The term 'genocide' was coined by Raphael Lemkin, who was directly influenced by the story of this massacre and the Armenian Genocide. Explorer 6 Explorer 6 (1959-004A or S-2) was a United States satellite launched on August 7, 1959. It was a small, spheroidal satellite designed to study trapped radiation of various energies, galactic cosmic rays, geomagnetism, radio propagation in the upper atmosphere, and the flux of micrometeorites. It also tested a scanning device designed for photographing the Earth's cloud cover, and transmitted the first pictures of Earth from orbit. Viking 2 The Viking 2 mission was part of the American Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the Viking 1 mission. The Viking 2 lander operated on the surface for 1,281 Mars days and was turned off on 11 April 1980 when its batteries failed. The orbiter worked until 25 July 1978, returning almost 16,000 images in 706 orbits around Mars. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 9 48 BC ï¿½ Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus ï¿½ Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. 378 ï¿½ Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople ï¿½ A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths. Valens is killed along with over half of his army. 1173 ï¿½ Construction of the campanile of the cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa 1329 ï¿½ Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop. 1483 ï¿½ Opening of the Sistine Chapel in Rome with the celebration of a Mass. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel 1810 ï¿½ Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire. 1814 ï¿½ Indian Wars: the Creek sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving up huge parts of Alabama and Georgia. 1842 ï¿½ The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains. 1854 ï¿½ Henry David Thoreau published Walden. 1862 ï¿½ American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain ï¿½ At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope. 1877 ï¿½ Indian Wars: Battle of Big Hole ï¿½ A small band of Nez Percï¿½ Indians clash with the United States Army 1892 ï¿½ Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph. 1902 ï¿½ Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1907 ï¿½ The first Boy Scout encampment concludes at Brownsea Island in southern England. 1925 ï¿½ A train robbery takes place in Kakori, near Lucknow, India 1930 ï¿½ Betty Boop made her cartoon debut in Dizzy Dishes. 1936 ï¿½ Summer Olympic Games: Games of the XI Olympiad ï¿½ Jesse Owens wins his fourth gold medal at the games becoming the first American to win four medals in one Olympiad. 1942 ï¿½ Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in Bombay by British forces, launching the Quit India Movement. 1942 ï¿½ World War II: Battle of Savo Island ï¿½ Allied naval forces protecting their amphibious forces during the initial stages of the Battle of Guadalcanal are surprised and defeated by an Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser force. 1944 ï¿½ The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey Bear for the first time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Bear 1944 ï¿½ Continuation War: The Vyborgï¿½Petrozavodsk Offensive, the largest offensive launched by Soviet Union against Finland during the Second World War, ends to a strategic stalemate. Both Finnish and Soviet troops at the Finnish front dug to defensive positions, and the front remains stable until the end of the war. 1945 ï¿½ World War II: Nagasaki is devastated when an atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped by the United States B-29 Bockscar. 39,000 people are killed outright. 1965 ï¿½ Singapore is expelled from Malaysia and becomes the first and only country to date to gain independence unwillingly. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore 1965 ï¿½ A fire at a Titan missile base near Searcy, Arkansas kills 53 construction workers. 1969 ï¿½ Followers led by Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate (wife of Roman Polanski), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent. 1971 ï¿½ The Troubles: The British security forces in Northern Ireland launch Operation Demetrius. Hundreds of people are arrested and interned, thousands are displaced, and twenty are killed in the violence that followed. 1974 ï¿½ As a direct result of the Watergate scandal, Richard Nixon becomes the first President of the United States to resign from office. His Vice President, Gerald Ford, becomes president. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal 1988 ï¿½ Wayne Gretzky is traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial player transactions in hockey history, upsetting many Canadians. 1993 ï¿½ The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan loses a 38-year hold on national leadership. 1995 ï¿½ The original members of the rock band Kiss reunite during the taping of MTV Unplugged. 1999 ï¿½ Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet. 2006 ï¿½ At least 21 suspected terrorists were arrested in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot that happened in the United Kingdom. The arrests were made in London, Birmingham, and High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, in an overnight operation. Battle of Adrianople The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles (13 km) north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths. Part of the Gothic War (376ï¿½382), the battle is often considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Adrianople actually was fought between the Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire, which ultimately withstood the Gothic invasions and developed into the Byzantine Empire. Isaac Asimov claims that Gothic cavalry adopted technology reverse-engineered from the Huns: iron, full-footed stirrups. This stirrup allowed mounted cavalry not only the ability to throw spears and shoot arrows accurately, but to put the full weight of a horse's mass behind a thrusting spearpoint during a charge. Most recent scholarship holds that neither the Gothic nor the Roman cavalry used stirrups in this period, instead using horned saddles which also enabled riders to use the bow and lance. Stirrups first appear in Europe in the 6th century, probably brought by the Avars. Battle of the Big Hole The Battle of the Big Hole was fought in Montana, August 9ï¿½10, 1877, between the U.S. Army and the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans during the Nez Perce War. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Nez Perce withdrew in good order from the battlefield and continued their long fighting retreat that would result in their attempt to get to Canada and asylum. Gibbonï¿½s success in surprising the Nez Perce caused Looking Glassï¿½s prestige as a leader to plummet. He had promised them they would be safe in Montana and instead nearly every Nez Perce family had suffered a loss in the battle. Chief Joseph seems to have resumed his role as the principal leader of the Nez Perce although Looking Glass would continue to be a battlefield leader. For the Nez Perce the losses in the battle were grievous. They had anticipated that, by leaving Idaho, they might leave the war behind them and live peacefully. Now, they knew that all white men were their enemies and they could expect no quarter in future battles. Howardï¿½s forces, newly arrived on the battlefield, took up the pursuit and followed Joseph toward Yellowstone National Park. The Nez Perce would again clash with the army on August 20 at the Battle of Camas Meadows. The battlefield is preserved in the Big Hole National Battlefield Unit of the Nez Perce National Historical Park. Betty Boop Betty Boop is an animated cartoon character created by Max Fleischer, with help from animators including Grim Natwick. She originally appeared in the Talkartoon and Betty Boop film series, which were produced by Fleischer Studios and released by Paramount Pictures. She has also been featured in comic strips and mass merchandising. Despite having been toned down in the mid-1930s to appear more demure, she became one of the best-known and popular cartoon characters in the world. Betty Boop made her first appearance on August 9, 1930, in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes; the sixth installment in Fleischer's Talkartoon series. Although Clara Bow is often given as being the model for Boop, she actually began as a caricature of singer Helen Kane. The character was originally created as an anthropomorphic French poodle. Max Fleischer finalized Betty Boop as a human character in 1932, in the cartoon Any Rags. Her floppy poodle ears became hoop earrings, and her black poodle nose became a girl's button-like nose. Betty Boop appeared as a supporting character in 10 cartoons as a flapper girl with more heart than brains. In individual cartoons, she was called "Nancy Lee" or "Nan McGrew" ï¿½ derived from the 1930 Helen Kane film Dangerous Nan McGrew ï¿½ usually serving as a girlfriend to studio star, Bimbo. Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement (Hindi: भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन Bhārat Chhodo Āndolan), or the August Movement (August Kranti) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for 'Satyagraha' (independence). The All-India Congress Committee proclaimed a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "an orderly British withdrawal" from India. The call for determined, but passive resistance appears in his call to Do or Die, issued on 8 August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai on year 1942. The British were prepared to act. Almost the entire INC leadership, and not just at the national level, was imprisoned without trial within hours after Gandhi's speechï¿½at least 60,000 people. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the Muslims, the Communist Party, the princely states, the Imperial and state police, the Indian Army, and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen were profiting from heavy wartime spending and did not support Quit India. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to Indian demands. The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed. The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war ended. Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country but the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945, and suppressed civil rights, freedom of speech and freedom of the press. In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of heavy-handed suppression, weak coordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of action. However, the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully Nagasaki Nagasaki (長崎市 Nagasaki-shi?) (About this sound listen (helpï¿½info)) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century on the site of a small fishing village, formerly part of Nishisonogi District. It became a center of Portuguese and other European peoples' influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki have been proposed for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War. Its name means "long cape". During World War II, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii gate and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. Nagasaki remains first and foremost a port city, supporting a rich ship building industry and setting a strong example of perseverance and peace. On January 4, 2005 the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima, all from Nishisonogi District, were merged into Nagasaki. Charles Manson Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s.:163ï¿½4, 313 He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's objective. Manson believed in what he called "Helter Skelter," a term he took from the song of the same name by The Beatles. Manson believed Helter Skelter to be an impending apocalyptic race war, which he described in his own version of the lyrics to the Beatles' song. He believed his murders would help precipitate that war. From the beginning of his notoriety, a pop culture arose around him in which he ultimately became an emblem of insanity, violence and the macabre. The term was later used by Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi as the title of a book he wrote about the Manson murders. At the time the Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed ex-convict, who had spent half of his life in correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. Before the murders, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with Dennis Wilson, founding member and drummer of The Beach Boys. After Manson was charged with the crimes of which he was later convicted, recordings of songs written and performed by him were released commercially. Various musicians, including Guns N' Roses, White Zombie and Marilyn Manson, have covered some of his songs. Manson's death sentence was automatically commuted to life imprisonment when a 1972 decision by the Supreme Court of California temporarily eliminated the state's death penalty. California's eventual reinstatement of capital punishment did not affect Manson, who is currently incarcerated at Corcoran State Prison. MTV Unplugged - Kiss MTV Unplugged is a TV series showcasing many popular musical artists usually playing acoustic instruments. The show has received the George Foster Peabody Award and 3 Primetime Emmy nominations among many accolades. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 10 The term 'the 10th of August' is widely used by historians as a shorthand for the Storming of the Tuileries Palace on the 10th of August, 1792, the effective end of the French monarchy until it was restored in 1814. 955 ï¿½ Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. 991 ï¿½ Battle of Maldon: the English, led by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon, Essex. 1270 ï¿½ Yekuno Amlak takes the imperial throne of Ethiopia, restoring the Solomonic dynasty to power after a 100-year Zagwe interregnum. 1316 ï¿½ The Second Battle of Athenry takes place near Athenry during the Bruce campaign in Ireland. 1512 ï¿½ The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu, during the War of the League of Cambrai, sees the simultaneous destruction of the Breton ship La Cordeliï¿½re and the English ship The Regent. 1519 ï¿½ Ferdinand Magellan's five ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe. The Basque second in command Juan Sebastiï¿½n Elcano will complete the expedition after Magellan's death in the Philippines. 1557 ï¿½ Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars. 1628 ï¿½ The Swedish warship Vasa sinks in the Stockholm harbour after only about 20 minutes of her maiden voyage. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_%28ship%29 1675 ï¿½ The foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London, England is laid. 1680 ï¿½ The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico. 1755 ï¿½ Under the orders of Charles Lawrence, the British Army begins to forcibly deport the Acadians from Nova Scotia to the Thirteen Colonies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians 1776 ï¿½ American Revolutionary War: word of the United States Declaration of Independence reaches London. 1792 ï¿½ French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace ï¿½ Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody as his Swiss Guards are massacred by the Parisian mob. 1793 ï¿½ The Musï¿½e du Louvre is officially opened in Paris, France. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre 1809 ï¿½ Quito, now the capital of Ecuador, declares independence from Spain. This rebellion will be crushed on August 2, 1810. 1813 ï¿½ Instituto Nacional, is founded by the Chilean patriot Josï¿½ Miguel Carrera. It is Chile's oldest and most prestigious school. Its motto is Labor Omnia Vincit, which means "Work conquers all things". 1821 ï¿½ Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state. 1846 ï¿½ The Smithsonian Institution is chartered by the United States Congress after James Smithson donates $500,000. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution 1861 ï¿½ American Civil War: Battle of Wilson's Creek ï¿½ the war enters Missouri when a band of raw Confederate troops defeat Union forces in the southwestern part of the state. 1901 ï¿½ The U.S. Steel Recognition Strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers begins. 1904 ï¿½ Russo-Japanese War: the Battle of the Yellow Sea between the Russian and Japanese battleship fleets takes place. 1905 ï¿½ Russo-Japanese War: peace negotiations begin in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1913 ï¿½ Second Balkan War: delegates from Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece sign the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the war. 1920 ï¿½ World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sï¿½vres that divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies. 1932 ï¿½ A 5.1 kilograms (11 lb) chondrite-type meteorite breaks into at least seven pieces and lands near the town of Archie in Cass County, Missouri. 1944 ï¿½ World War II: American forces defeat the last Japanese troops on Guam. 1944 ï¿½ World War II: The Battle of Narva ends with a combined Germanï¿½Estonian force successfully defending Narva, Estonia, from invading Soviet troops. 1948 ï¿½ Candid Camera makes its television debut after being on radio for a year as Candid Microphone. 1949 ï¿½ U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment, streamlining the defense agencies of the United States government, and replacing the Department of War with the United States Department of Defense. 1954 ï¿½ At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Saint Lawrence Seaway is held. 1961 ï¿½ First use in Vietnam War of the Agent Orange by the U.S. Army. 1969 ï¿½ A day after murdering Sharon Tate and four others, members of Charles Manson's cult kill Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. 1971 ï¿½ The Society for American Baseball Research is founded in Cooperstown, New York. 1977 ï¿½ In Yonkers, New York, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") is arrested for a series of killings in the New York City area over the period of one year. 1978 ï¿½ Three members of the Ulrich family are killed in an accident. This leads to the Ford Pinto litigation. 1981 ï¿½ Murder of Adam Walsh: the head of John Walsh's son is found. This inspires the creation of the television series America's Most Wanted. 1988 ï¿½ Japanese American internment: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, providing $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who were either interned in or relocated by the United States during World War II. 1990 ï¿½ The Magellan space probe reaches Venus. 1990 ï¿½ More than 127 Muslims are killed in North East Sri Lanka by paramilitary troops. 1993 ï¿½ An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter Scale hits the South Island of New Zealand. 1995 ï¿½ Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain for his testimony. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing 1998 ï¿½ HRH Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is proclaimed the crown prince of Brunei with a Royal Proclamation. 2001 ï¿½ 2001 Angola train attack, 252 deaths. 2003 ï¿½ The highest temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom ï¿½ 38.5 ï¿½C (101.3 ï¿½F) in Kent, England. It is the first time the United Kingdom has recorded a temperature over 100 ï¿½F (38 ï¿½C). 2003 ï¿½ Yuri Malenchenko becomes the first person to marry in space. 2009 ï¿½ Twenty people are killed in Handlovï¿½, Trenčï¿½n Region, in the deadliest mining disaster in Slovakia's history. Solomonic dynasty The House of Solomon was the former Imperial House of Ethiopia. Its members claim lineal descent from Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, the latter of whom tradition asserts gave birth to Menelik I after her biblically described visit to Solomon in Jerusalem. These claims of Solomonic descent make the Ethiopian royal house among the two oldest in the world (the other being the Imperial Dynasty of Japan). Emperor Yekuno Amlak (Amharic: ይኵኖ አምላክ?; throne name Tasfa Iyasus) was nəgusï¿½ nï¿½gï¿½st (r. 10 August 1270 ï¿½ 19 June 1285) of Ethiopia and founder of the Solomonic dynasty. He traced his ancestry through his father, Tasfa Iyasus, to Dil Na'od, the last King of Axum. Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernï¿½o de Magalhï¿½es, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w ï¿½ɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [ferˈnando ï¿½e maɣaˈʎanes]; c. 1480 ï¿½ 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Magellan's expedition of 1519ï¿½1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (For background see Exploration of the Pacific.) Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, which he was the first European to note; the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies; the twin lunar craters of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A; and the Martian crater of Magelhaens. Juan Sebastiï¿½n Elcano (1476, Getaria, Gipuzkoa, Spain ï¿½ 4 August 1526, Pacific Ocean) was a Spanish Basque explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of the world. As Ferdinand Magellan's second in command, Elcano took over after Magellan's death in the Philippines. Royal Observatory, Greenwich The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO), in London played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation, and is best known as the location of the prime meridian. It is situated on a hill in Greenwich Park, overlooking the River Thames. The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August. At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, to serve as the director of the observatory and to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation." He appointed John Flamsteed as the first AR. The building was completed in the summer of 1676. The building was often given the title "Flamsteed House", in reference to its first occupant. The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century, and the Greenwich site is now maintained as a tourist attraction. 10 August (French Revolution) On 10 August 1792, during the French Revolution, revolutionary Fï¿½dï¿½rï¿½ militias ï¿½ with the backing of a new municipal government of Paris that came to be known as the "insurrectionary" Paris Commune and ultimately supported by the National Guard ï¿½ besieged the Tuileries palace. King Louis XVI and the royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly. This proved to be the effective end of the French Bourbon Monarchy (until it was restored in 1814, although the monarchical system of an empire had been introduced ten years earlier). The formal end of the monarchy occurred six weeks later, as one of the first acts of business of the new Convention. This insurrection and its outcome are most commonly referred to by historians of the Revolution simply as "the 10 August"; other common designations include "the journï¿½e of the 10 August" (French: journï¿½e du 10 aoï¿½t), "the insurrection of the 10 August", or even "the revolution of the 10 August". Missouri Missouri (see pronunciations)ï¿½nicknamed The Show-Me Stateï¿½is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821. Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County. Ethnically, the majority of Missourians are of German descent. Battle of the Yellow Sea The Battle of the Yellow Sea (Japanese: 黄海海戦 Kōkai kaisen; Russian: Бой в Жёлтом море) was a major naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, fought on 10 August 1904. In the Russian Navy, it was referred to as the Battle of 10 August. The battle foiled an attempt by the Russian fleet at Port Arthur to break out and form up with counterparts from Vladivostok, forcing them to return to port. Four days later, the Battle off Ulsan similarly ended the Vladivostok group's sortie, forcing both fleets to remain at anchor. The strategic objective was obvious for both sides: breakthrough to Vladivostok with at least a substantial part of the force (including capital ships) for the Russians, preventing this for the Japanese (with the added twist of preventing heavy damage or loss of their capital ships, which Japanese yards could not yet rebuild). Thus, strategically the battle had been a Japanese victory, since the Russian fleet never again attempted to break out into the open sea. By December 1904, the land battles had converged around Port Arthur itself, and heavy artillery would soon be brought to bear on the Russian warships remaining inside Port Arthur; sinking or damaging all of the survivors of the Yellow Sea battle. Tactically, the issue is less clear. For the Japanese, the goal would most likely be destruction of the Russian squadron (or at least the capital ships) there and then, again without incurring too many losses of their own. This was not achieved. Whether the tactical outcome is considered a draw or a Russian victory depends on what the Russian tactical goal was: causing more significant damage to the Japanese than vice versa, which was not achieved, or forcing the Japanese to withdraw while preserving the Russian squadron as a "fleet in being", which was achieved. Archie, Missouri On August 10, 1932 a meteorite fell near Archie that received national attention. A fragment is on display in the Smithsonian' s National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC. The name of the meteorite is "Archie". Agent Orange Agent Orange is the combination of the code names for Herbicide Orange (HO) and Agent LNX, one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.S. military as part of its chemical warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam estimates 400,000 people were killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects as a result of its use. The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to Agent Orange. Japanese American internment Japanese American internment was the World War II internment in "War Relocation Camps" of about 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the United States. The U.S. government ordered the internment in 1942, shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The internment of Japanese Americans was applied unequally as a geographic matter: all who lived on the West Coast were interned, while in Hawaii, where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans comprised over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned. Sixty-two percent of the internees were American citizens. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (Pub.L. 100ï¿½383, title I, August 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 904, 50a U.S.C. ï¿½ 1989b et seq.) is a United States federal law that granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II. The act was sponsored by California's Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, an internee as a child, and Wyoming's Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, who first met Mineta while visiting an internment camp. The third co-sponsor was California Senator Pete Wilson. The bill was supported by the majority of Democrats in Congress, while the majority of Republicans voted against it. The act was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. Magellan (spacecraft) The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a 1,035-kilogram (2,280 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus using Synthetic Aperture Radar and measure the planetary gravity. It was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the Space Shuttle, the first to use the Boeing Inertial Upper Stage booster for launch, and was the first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for circularizing an orbit. Magellan was the fourth successful, NASA funded mission to Venus and ended an eleven-year U.S. interplanetary exploration hiatus. Yuri Malenchenko Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (Russian: Юрий Иванович Маленченко; born December 22, 1961) is a Russian cosmonaut. Malenchenko became the first person to marry in space, on 10 August 2003, when he married Ekaterina Dmitrieva, who was in Texas, while he was 240 miles over New Zealand, on the International Space Station. As of March 2011, Malenchenko ranks tenth for career time in space due to his time on both Mir and the International Space Station (ISS). Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 11 3114 BC – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Mayans, begins. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoame...Count_calendar 2492 BC – Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation. 106 – The south-western part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II. 490 – Battle of Adda: The Goths under Theodoric the Great and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer on the Adda River, near Milan. 1332 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Dupplin Moor – Scots under Domhnall II, Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol. 1473 – The Battle of Otlukbeli: Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire decisively defeats Uzun Hassan of Aq Qoyunlu. 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brï¿½cke. 1786 – Captain Francis Light establishes the British colony of Penang in Malaysia. 1804 – Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria. 1812 – Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda 1858 – The Eiger in the Bernese Alps is ascended for the first time by Charles Barrington accompanied by Christian Almer and Peter Bohren. 1898 – Spanish–American War: American troops enter the city of Mayagï¿½ez, Puerto Rico. 1918 – World War I: the Battle of Amiens ends. 1919 – The constitution of the Weimar Republic is adopted. 1920 – The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, which relinquished Russia's authority and pretenses to Latvia, is signed, ending the Latvian War of Independence. 1929 – Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio. 1934 – The first civilian prisoners arrive at the Federal prison on Alcatraz Island. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz_Island 1942 – Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil receive a patent for a Frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication system that later became the basis for modern technologies in wireless telephones and Wi-Fi. 1945 – Poles in Krakï¿½w engage in a pogrom against Jews in the city, killing 1 and wounding 5. 1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, gives a speech to the Constituent Assembly, the contents and meaning of which remain contentious today. 1952 – Hussein bin Talal is proclaimed King of Jordan. 1959 – Sheremetyevo International Airport, the second-largest airport in Russia, opens. 1960 – Chad declares independence. 1961 – The former Portuguese territories in India of Dadra and Nagar Haveli are merged to create the Union Territory Dadra and Nagar Haveli. 1962 – Vostok 3 launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev becomes the first person to float in microgravity. 1965 – Race riots (the Watts Riots) begin in the Watts area of Los Angeles, California. 1968 – The last steam hauled train runs on British railways 1972 – Vietnam War: the last United States ground combat unit leaves South Vietnam. 1975 – East Timor: Governor Mï¿½rio Lemos Pires of Portuguese Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a coup by the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin. 1982 – A bomb explodes on Pan Am Flight 830, en route from Tokyo, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii, killing one teenager and injuring 15 passengers. 1984 – "We begin bombing in five minutes" – United States President Ronald Reagan, while running for re-election, jokes while preparing to make his weekly Saturday address on National Public Radio. 1999 – The Salt Lake City Tornado tears through the downtown district of the city, killing one. 2003 – NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna...sistance_Force 2003 – Jemaah Islamiyah leader Riduan Isamuddin, better known as Hambali, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand. 2006 – The oil tanker M/T Solar 1 sinks off the coast of Guimaras and Negros Islands in the Philippines, causing the country's worst oil spill. 2012 – At least 306 people are killed and 3,000 others injured in a pair of earthquakes near Tabriz, Iran. Hayk Hayk (Armenian: Հայկ) or Hayg, also known as Haik Nahapet (Հայկ Նահապետ, Hayk the Tribal Chief) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (410 to 490). Hayk and his men soon discovered Bel's army positioned in a mountain pass (Moses of Chorene located the site as Dastakert), with the king in the vanguard. At Dyutsaznamart (Armenian: Դյուցազնամարտ, "Battle of Giants"), near Julamerk southeast of Lake Van, on August 11, 2492 BC (according to the Armenian traditional chronology) or 2107 BC (according to "The Chronological table" of Mikael Chamchian), Hayk slew Bel with a nearly impossible shot using a long bow, sending the king's forces into disarray. The hill where Bel with his warriors fell, Hayk named Gerezmank meaning "tombs". He embalmed the corpse of Bel and ordered it to be taken to Hark where it was to be buried in a high place in the view of the wives and sons of the king. Soon after, Hayk established the fortress of Haykaberd at the battle site and the town of Haykashen in the Armenian province of Taron (modern-day Turkey). He named the region of the battle Hayk, and the site of the battle Hayots Dzor. Battle of Dupplin Moor The Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of the infant David II, the son of Robert the Bruce, and rebels supporting the Balliol claim in 1332. It was a significant battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence. The battlefield is currently under research to be inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011. A few weeks after the battle Edward Balliol was crowned king at Scone. But dangerously isolated in a hostile country he moved his forces south to the old Balliol patrimony in Galloway, the only part of Scotland that showed any kind of support for the new king. In December at Annan he was surprised by a party of Bruce loyalists and chased half-dressed across the English border. Any future attempt to recover his throne would have to be with the open support of the English king. Battle of Otlukbeli The Battle of Otlukbeli or Otluk Beli was a battle between Ak Koyunlu and the Ottoman Empire that was fought on August 11, 1473. Mehmed II returned with his army in 1473 to defeat Uzun Hasan. The Turcomans had a traditional army that contained considerable amounts of light cavalries. On the other hand, the Ottoman army was using the latest technology. They came with rifles and cannons. This difference between the natures of the two armies marked the result of the battle. The Ottoman side gained a decisive victory, where as the Turcoman army was nearly destroyed in a single day. Ottomans nearly destroyed the power of the Ak Koyunlu in the East. Ak Koyunlu would be destroyed completely by Shah Ismail of Iran in later years. This victory of the Safavid Empire would create a new enemy for Ottoman Empire in the East. The race between two empires ended with the fall of the Safavid dynasty from power in the 18th century. Francis Light Captain Francis Light (1740 – 25 October 1794) was the founder of the British colony of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia) and its capital George Town in 1786. A street near the heritage district of George Town, Penang is named after him. Convent Light Street, one of Penang's oldest girls' schools, is located along the street. Battle of Amiens (1918) The Battle of Amiens (also known as the Third Battle of Picardy (French: 3ï¿½me Bataille de Picardie)), which began on 8 August 1918, was the opening phase of the Allied offensive later known as the Hundred Days Offensive that ultimately led to the end of the First World War. Allied forces advanced over seven miles on the first day, one of the greatest advances of the war, with Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army playing the decisive role. The battle is also notable for its effects on both sides' morale and the large number of surrendering German forces. This led Erich Ludendorff to describe the first day of the battle as "the black day of the German Army". Amiens was one of the first major battles involving armoured warfare and marked the end of trench warfare on the Western Front, fighting becoming mobile once again until the armistice was signed on 11 November 1918. The occupation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the invasion of Goa, when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian Union forces with the support of the Indian authorities. Dadra and Nagar Haveli were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the Daman district, totally surrounded by territory of the Indian Union. The connection between the exclaves and the costal territory of Daman had to be made by crossing about 20 km of Indian Union territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli did not have any Portuguese military garrison, but only police forces. The Indian Government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Aveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman. In July 1954, pro-Indian Union forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans (UFG), the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO), the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, started to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing police sergeant Aniceto do Rosï¿½rio and constable Antï¿½nio Fernandes while resisting to the attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station. Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross their territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which was denied. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian Authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the International Court of Justice, which, in the decision of 12 April 1960 "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", was favourable to the Portuguese cause, stating its sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. However, no military actions were taken by the Portuguese authorities to reoccupy the exclaves. The Indian Government went forward with the official integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in its territory, only after the invasion of Goa in 1961. Until then, it enjoyed a de facto independence, although not internationally recognised. Vostok 3 Vostok 3 (Russian: Восток-3, Orient 3 or East 3) was a spaceflight of the Soviet space program intended to determine the ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness and test the endurance of the Vostok 3KA spacecraft over longer flights. Cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev orbited the Earth 64 times over nearly four days in space, August 11–15, 1962, a feat which would not be matched by NASA until the Gemini program (1965–1966). Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart on trajectories that brought the spacecraft within approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one manned spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario. Watts Riots The Watts Riots (or Watts Rebellion) took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day riot resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. On the evening of Wednesday, August 11, 1965, 21-year-old Marquette Frye, an African American man behind the wheel of his mother's 1955 Buick, was pulled over by white California Highway Patrol motorcycle officer Lee Minikus on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Minikus was convinced that Frye was under the influence and radioed for his vehicle to be impounded. Marquette's brother Ronald, a passenger in the vehicle, walked to their house nearby, bringing their mother, Rena Price, back with him. When Rena Price reached the intersection of Avalon Boulevard and 116th Street that evening, she scolded Frye about drinking and driving, he recalled in a 1985 interview with the Orlando Sentinel. The situation quickly escalated: Someone shoved Price, Frye was struck, Price jumped an officer, another officer pulled out a shotgun. Backup police officers attempted to arrest Frye by using physical force to subdue him. After rumors spread that the police had roughed Price up and kicked a pregnant woman, angry mobs formed. As the situation intensified, growing crowds of local residents watching the exchange began yelling and throwing objects at the police officers. Frye's mother and brother fought with the officers and they were eventually arrested along with Marquette. After Price's and the Frye brothers' arrests, the crowd continued to grow. Police came to the scene to break up the crowd several times that night, but were attacked by rocks and concrete. A 119-square-kilometer (46-square-mile) swath of Los Angeles would be transformed into a combat zone during the ensuing six days. Mï¿½rio Lemos Pires On 14 November 1974, Lemos Pires was appointed by the new Portuguese Government (following the Carnation Revolution) as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the overseas province of Portuguese Timor. Posted to what was thought to be one of the more peaceful Portuguese territories, Lemos Pires found himself in the middle of a brewing conflict in Timor, while charged by the government to prepare Timor for independence. One of his first decrees made upon his arrival in Dili was to legalise political parties in preparation for elections to a Constituent Assembly in 1976. In August 1975, one of the those political parties, the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) staged a coup against the Portuguese administration, prompting the outbreak of a three-month civil war, with many UDT politicians and supporters fleeing across the border to West Timor in Indonesia, where they were required to sign a petition calling for East Timor's incorporation into Indonesia. As a result of the conflict, Lemos Pires ordered the withdrawal of the Portuguese administration to the island of Atauro, off Dili. With opinion at home becoming increasingly detached from political developments in Timor, and more concerned with decolonisation in its African colonies of Angola and Mozambique than with Timor, Lemos Pires' attempts to broker an agreement between the UDT and the other prominent Timorese party, FRETILIN, were undermined, even while he insisted that he was awaiting instructions from the government in Lisbon. Without any possibility of support from Portugal, Lemos Pires maintained his administration for three months until he ordered a withdrawal of staff and left his post for Lisbon on 27 November 1975. Less that two weeks later, on 7 December, Indonesia invaded East Timor, leading to a situation of Indonesian occupation that would last until 1999. At the 2003 Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings held by East Timor, Lemos Pires explained his position at the time, as well as to why Portugal had failed to support Timor during the invasion: "We were so much more worried about what happened in Portugal than what happened in Timor. For example, they couldn't dispense forces - in good condition and with goodwill - to go to Timor to ensure security there. At the same time, for instance, we had no ambassador in Jakarta - and that was a very important post for us. And the political credibility of Portugal at that time was so low. Of course, if Portugal was prepared and had the force and political respect at that moment, we could have done better. The problem was that I became alone in that moment. Portugal forgot East Timor because on the one hand it was the revolution, on the other it was African decolonisation, and so many Portuguese there in such bad conditions." Guimaras oil spill The Guimaras oil spill occurred in the Panay Gulf on August 11, 2006, when the oil tanker M/T Solar 1 sank off the coast of Guimaras and Negros Islands in the Philippines, causing what is considered as the worst oil spill in the Philippines. Several causes have been cited, including bad weather and human error. Allegations have been made stating that the tanker only had a capacity of 1.2 million liters, implying the possibility of overloading. Other investigations have claimed that the ship's Captain was not qualified to sail the vessel. On August 17, British oil experts, sent by SMDC's foreign insurer, arrived in Guimaras to assess the situation. SMDC stated that the experts will check the extent of the oil pollution. The Britons conducted an aerial survey over Guimaras Island and made recommendations based on their findings. A four-man team from the U.S. Coast Guard arrived on August 23 to assist in determining the exact location of the tanker. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 12 It is the peak of the Perseid meteor shower. It is also known as the "Glorious Twelfth" in the United Kingdom, as it marks the traditional start of the grouse shooting season. 30 BC ï¿½ Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last ruler of the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, commits suicide, allegedly by means of an asp bite. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII 1099 ï¿½ First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. 1121 ï¿½ Battle of Didgori: the Georgian army under King David IV wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi. 1164 ï¿½ Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din Zangi defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch. 1323 ï¿½ Signature of the Treaty of Nï¿½teborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia), that regulates the border between the two countries for the first time. 1480 ï¿½ Battle of Otranto: Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam; they are later honored in the Church. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman...ion_of_Otranto 1499 ï¿½ First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets. 1624 ï¿½ The president of Louis XIII of France's royal council is arrested, leaving Cardinal Richelieu in the role of the King's principal minister. 1676 ï¿½ Praying Indian John Alderman shoots and kills Metacomet, the Wampanoag war chief, ending King Philip's War. 1687 ï¿½ Battle of Mohï¿½cs: Charles of Lorraine defeats the Ottoman Empire. 1779 ï¿½ The Royal Navy defeats the Penobscot Expedition with the most significant loss of United States naval forces prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. 1793 ï¿½ The Rhï¿½ne and Loire dï¿½partments are created when the former dï¿½partement of Rhï¿½ne-et-Loire is split into two. 1806 ï¿½ Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires re-takes the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina after the first British invasion. 1831 ï¿½ French intervention forces William I of the Netherlands to abandon his attempt to suppress the Belgian Revolution. 1851 ï¿½ Isaac Singer is granted a patent for his sewing machine. 1877 ï¿½ Asaph Hall discovers the Mars moon Deimos. 1883 ï¿½ The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam, Netherlands. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga 1898 ï¿½ An Armistice ends the Spanishï¿½American War. 1898 ï¿½ The Hawaiian flag is lowered from ʻIolani Palace in an elaborate annexation ceremony and replaced with the flag of the United States to signify the transfer of sovereignty from the Republic of Hawaii to the United States. 1914 ï¿½ World War I: the United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary; the countries of the British Empire follow suit. 1914 ï¿½ World War I: the Battle of Haelen a.k.a. (Battle of the Silver Helmets) last cavalry style attack from the German army on the city of Halen, Belgium. 1944 ï¿½ Waffen-SS troops massacre 560 people in Sant'Anna di Stazzema. 1944 ï¿½ Nazi German troops end the week-long Wola massacre, during which time at least 40,000 people were killed indiscriminately or in mass executions. 1944 ï¿½ Alenï¿½on is liberated by General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, the first city in France to be liberated from the Nazis by French forces. 1948 ï¿½ USS Nevada (BB-36) is struck from the naval record. 1950 ï¿½ Korean War: Bloody Gulch massacreï¿½American POWs are massacred by North Korean Army. 1952 ï¿½ The Night of the Murdered Poets: 13 prominent Jewish intellectuals are murdered in Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_o...Murdered_Poets 1953 ï¿½ Nuclear weapons testing: the Soviet atomic bomb project continues with the detonation of Joe 4, the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon. 1953 ï¿½ The islands of Zakynthos and Kefalonia in Greece are severely damaged by an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale. 1958 ï¿½ Art Kane photographs 57 notable jazz musicians in the black and white group portrait "A Great Day in Harlem" in front of a Brownstone in New York City. 1960 ï¿½ Echo 1A, NASA's first successful communications satellite, is launched. 1964 ï¿½ South Africa is banned from the Olympic Games due to the country's racist policies. 1964 ï¿½ Charlie Wilson, one of the Great Train Robbers, escapes from Winson Green Prison in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom. 1969 ï¿½ Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside. 1976 ï¿½ Between 1,000 and 3,500 Palestinians are killed in the Tel al-Zaatar massacre, one of the bloodiest events of the Lebanese Civil War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_massacre 1977 ï¿½ The first free flight of the Space Shuttle Enterprise. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests 1977 ï¿½ The 1977 riots in Sri Lanka, targeting the minority Sri Lankan Tamil people, begin, less than a month after the United National Party came to power. Over 300 Tamils are killed. 1978 ï¿½ The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China is signed. 1980 ï¿½ The Montevideo Treaty, establishing the Latin American Integration Association, is signed. 1981 ï¿½ The IBM Personal Computer is released. 1982 ï¿½ Mexico announces it is unable to pay its enormous external debt, marking the beginning of a debt crisis that spreads to all of Latin America and the Third World. 1985 ï¿½ Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes into Osutaka ridge in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, killing 520, to become the worst single-plane air disaster. 1990 ï¿½ Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton found to date, was discovered by Sue Hendrickson in South Dakota. 1992 ï¿½ Canada, Mexico and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 1993 ï¿½ Pope John Paul II starts his 8th annual World Youth Day in Denver's Mile High Stadium. 1994 ï¿½ Major League Baseball players go on strike. This will force the cancellation of the 1994 World Series. 2000 ï¿½ The Oscar class submarine K-141 Kursk of the Russian Navy explodes and sinks in the Barents Sea during a military exercise. 2005 ï¿½ Sri Lanka's foreign minister, Lakshman Kadirgamar, is fatally shot by an LTTE sniper at his home. 2007 ï¿½ The bulk carrier M/V New Flame collides with the oil tanker Torm Gertrud at the southernmost tip of Gibraltar, ending up partially submerged. Battle of Ascalon The Battle of Ascalon took place on August 12, 1099 shortly after the capture of Jerusalem, and is often considered the last action of the First Crusade. The crusader army led by Godfrey of Bouillon defeated and drove off the numerically-superior Fatimid army, securing the safety of Jerusalem. The crusaders spent the night in the abandoned camp, preparing for another attack, but in the morning they learned that the Fatimids were retreating to Egypt. Al-Afdal fled by ship. They took as much plunder as they could, including the Standard and al-Afdal's personal tent and burned the rest. They returned to Jerusalem on August 13, and after much celebration Godfrey and Raymond both claimed Ascalon. When the garrison learned of the dispute they refused to surrender. After the battle, almost all of the remaining crusaders returned to their homes in Europe, their vows of pilgrimage having been fulfilled. There were perhaps only a few hundred knights left in Jerusalem by the end of the year, but they were gradually reinforced by new crusaders, inspired by the success of the original crusade. Although the battle of Ascalon was a crusader victory the city itself remained under Fatimid control, and it was eventually re-garrisoned. It became the base of operations for invasions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem every year afterwards, and numerous battles were fought there in the following years, until 1153 when it was finally captured by the crusaders in the Siege of Ascalon. Battle of Harim The Battle of Harim (Harenc) was fought on 12 August 1164 between the forces of Nur ad-Din Zangi and a combined army from the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia. Nur ad-Din won a crushing victory, capturing most of the leaders of the opposing army. Nur ad-Din resumed the siege and captured Harim a few days later. With Amalric absent in Egypt, all three crusader states were now without their rulers, but Nur ad-Din did not want to attack Antioch itself for fear of provoking a Byzantine response, as the Principality was technically an Imperial fief. To his critics he replied, "I would rather have Bohemund as a neighbor than the King of the Greeks!". Nur ad-Din went on to besiege and capture Banias. Amalric abandoned Egypt and marched north with Thierry of Alsace to relieve Nur ad-Din's pressure on Antioch. Bohemund was released from captivity in 1165 but Raymond remained in prison until 1173. Cardinal Richelieu Armand Jean du Plessis, cardinal-duc de Richelieu et de Fronsac (French pronunciation: [ʁiʃəljï¿½]; 9 September 1585 ï¿½ 4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered. The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister". As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve his goals. Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Acadï¿½mie Franï¿½aise, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'ï¿½minence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal. As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the retention of New France, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associï¿½s and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America. He is also a leading character in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, pï¿½re and its subsequent film adaptations, portrayed as a main antagonist, and a powerful ruler, even more powerful than the King himself, though events like the Day of the Dupes show that in fact he very much depended on the King's confidence to keep this power. Penobscot Expedition The Penobscot Expedition was an American naval expedition sent to reclaim Maine, which the British had conquered and renamed New Ireland. It was the largest American naval expedition of the American Revolutionary War and is sometimes thought the United States' worst naval defeat until Pearl Harbor. The fighting took place both on land and on sea, in what is today Castine, Maine. In June 1779, British Army forces established a series of fortifications centered on a fort located on the Majabigwaduce Peninsula in Penobscot Bay, with the goals of establishing a military presence on that part of the coast and beginning a new colony to be known as New Ireland. In response, the state of Massachusetts, with some support from the Continental Congress, raised an expedition to drive the British out. The Americans landed troops in late July and attempted to establish a siege of the British fort in a series of actions seriously hampered by disagreements over control of the expedition between Commodore Dudley Saltonstall and General Solomon Lovell. The operation ended in disaster when a British fleet under the command of Sir George Collier arrived on August 13th, driving the American fleet to total self-destruction up the Penobscot River. The survivors of the American expedition were forced to make an overland journey back to more-populated parts of Massachusetts with minimal food and armament. Over the course of the siege, Colonel David Stewart claims the British garrison suffered 25 killed and 34 wounded. Stewart gives no figures for captured or missing but 26 prisoners are known to have been taken by the Americans. Apart from the 100 men killed and wounded during the assault of July 28, the known American casualties throughout the siege came to 12 killed, 16 wounded and 1 captured, in addition to "several wounded" on August 4. This adds up to at least 130 killed and wounded. The History of Penobscot says that "our whole loss of men was probably not less than 150". The chaotic retreat however, brought the American loss up to 474 killed, wounded, captured or missing. Asaph Hall Asaph Hall III (October 15, 1829 ï¿½ November 22, 1907) was an American astronomer who is most famous for having discovered the moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, in 1877. He determined the orbits of satellites of other planets and of double stars, the rotation of Saturn, and the mass of Mars. Hall won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1878, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1879, the Arago Medal in 1893, and was made a Chevalier in the Ordre national de la Lï¿½gion d'honneur (French Legion of Honor) in 1896. Hall crater on the Moon as well as Hall crater on the Martian moon Phobos are named in his honor. Asteroid 3299 Hall is also named in his honor. Sant'Anna di Stazzema Sant'Anna di Stazzema is a village in Tuscany in central Italy. Administratively, it is a frazione of the comune of Stazzema, in the province of Lucca. In 1944, it was the site of a notorious Nazi atrocity during World War II. The village was only partially rebuilt after the war. Since 2000, it has been the site of the Italian National Park of Peace (Parco Nazionale della Pace) with memorials and a museum dedicated to the massacre. Joe 4 Joe 4 (Warhead name: RDS-6s (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi; Special Jet Engine)) was an American nickname for the first Soviet test of a thermonuclear weapon on August 12, 1953. It utilized a scheme in which fission and fusion fuel (lithium-6 deuteride) were "layered", a design known as the Sloika (Russian: Слойка, named after a type of layered puff pastry) model in the Soviet Union. A ten-fold increase in explosive power was achieved by a combination of fusion energy and neutron-initiated ("boosted") fission. A similar design was earlier theorized by Edward Teller, but never tested, in the USA as the "Alarm Clock". The Soviet thermonuclear weapons program initially researched two weapon designs. One design was the Sloika (RDS-6s), the other design was the Truba (RDS-6t). The RDS-6t was a two stage gun-type bomb with a deuterium-tritium secondary and was similar to the U.S. ï¿½classical Superï¿½ design. When the United States detonated a hydrogen bomb in the Pacific in 1952 (Ivy Mike), higher priority was given to the RDS-6s design, which was considered to be more likely to work. Joe 4 detonated with a force equivalent to 400 kilotons of TNT. The Soviet physicist Yuli Khariton estimated that Joe 4's yield was 15% to 20% fusion, the rest fission boosted by the fast neutrons released in the fusion. Being a single-stage weapon, though, it was not capable of being scaled up indefinitely like "true" hydrogen bombs (see Teller-Ulam design for more details on the distinctions between fusion weapons). The first Soviet test of a "true" hydrogen bomb was on November 22, 1955, the RDS-37 warhead. All were at Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan. Like RDS-6, it was a "dry" weapon, using lithium-6 deuteride instead of liquid hydrogen. Project Echo Project Echo was the first passive communications satellite experiment. Each of the two American spacecraft, launched in 1960 and 1964, was a metalized balloon satellite acting as a passive reflector of microwave signals. Communication signals were bounced off them from one point on Earth to another. IBM Personal Computer The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida. Alongside "microcomputer" and "home computer", the term "personal computer" was already in use before 1981. It was used as early as 1972 to characterize Xerox PARC's Alto. However, because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the term PC came to mean more specifically a microcomputer compatible with IBM's PC products. Russian submarine Kursk explosion The explosion of the Russian class 949a "Antey" submarine Kursk occurred on 12 August 2000, when it sank in the Barents Sea. An investigation showed that a leak of hydrogen peroxide in a torpedo led to explosion of its fuel, causing the submarine to hit the bottom which in turn triggered the detonation of further torpedo warheads about two minutes later. This second explosion was equivalent to about two to three tonnes of TNT, large enough to register on seismographs across Northern Europe. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever Re: Today in History... August 13 1516 – The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. 1521 – Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City) falls to conquistador Hernï¿½n Cortï¿½s. 1536 – Buddhist monks from Kyoto, Japan's Enryaku-ji temple set fire to 21 Nichiren temples throughout in what will be known as the Tenbun Hokke Disturbance. (Traditional Japanese date: July 27, 1536). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism 1553 – Michael Servetus is arrested by John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland as a heretic. 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim – English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops. 1792 – King Louis XVI of France is formally arrested by the National Tribunal, and declared an enemy of the people. 1806 – Battle of Mišar during the Serbian Revolution begins. The battle will end two days later, with a decisive Serbian victory over the Ottomans. 1814 – The Convention of London, a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United Provinces, is signed in London, England. 1831 – Nat Turner sees a solar eclipse, which he believes is a sign from God. Eight days later he and 70 other slaves kill approximately 55 whites in Southampton County, Virginia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner 1868 – A massive earthquake near Arica, Peru, causes an estimated 25,000 casualties, and the subsequent tsunami causes considerable damage as far away as Hawaii and New Zealand. 1898 – Spanish–American War: Spanish and American forces engaged in a mock battle for Manila, after which the Spanish commander surrendered in order to keep the city out of Filipino rebel hands. 1898 – Carl Gustav Witt discovers 433 Eros, the first near-Earth asteroid to be found. 1906 – The all black infantrymen of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Regiment are accused of killing a white bartender and wounding a white police officer in Brownsville, Texas, despite exculpatory evidence; all are later dishonorably discharged. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville_Affair 1913 – Otto Witte, an acrobat, is purportedly crowned King of Albania. 1913 – First production in the UK of stainless steel by Harry Brearley. 1918 – Women enlist in the United States Marine Corps for the first time. Opha Mae Johnson is the first woman to enlist. 1918 – Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) established as a public company in Germany. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW 1920 – Polish–Soviet War: the Battle of Warsaw begins and will last till August 25. The Red Army is defeated. 1937 – The Battle of Shanghai begins. 1942 – Major General Eugene Reybold of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authorizes the construction of facilities that would house the "Development of Substitute Materials" project, better known as the Manhattan Project. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project 1954 – Radio Pakistan broadcasts the "Qaumī Tarāna", the national anthem of Pakistan for the first time. 1960 – The Central African Republic declares independence from France. 1961 – East Germany closes the border between the eastern and western sectors of Berlin to thwart its inhabitants' attempts to escape to the West. 1962 – Representatives from the Russian Orthodox Church and Vatican City meet in Metz, France, and come to an agreement wherein the Russian church would send observers to the Second Vatican Council and in exchange, the Roman Catholic Church would refuse to condemn Communism. 1964 – Peter Allen and Gwynne Evans are hanged for the Murder of John Alan West becoming the last people executed in the United Kingdom. 1968 – Alexandros Panagoulis attempts to assassinate the Greek dictator Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos in Varkiza, Athens. 1969 – The Apollo 11 astronauts are released from a three-week quarantine to enjoy a ticker tape parade in New York, New York. That evening, at a state dinner in Los Angeles, California, they are awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Richard Nixon. 1977 – Members of the British National Front (NF) clash with anti-NF demonstrators in Lewisham, London, resulting in 214 arrests and at least 111 injuries. 1978 – 150 Palestinians in Beirut are killed in a terrorist attack during the second phase of the Lebanese Civil War. 1979 – The roof of the uncompleted Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont, Illinois collapses, killing 5 workers and injuring 16. 2004 – Hurricane Charley, a Category 4 storm, strikes Punta Gorda, Florida and devastates the surrounding area. 2004 – 156 Congolese Tutsi refugees are massacred at the Gatumba refugee camp in Burundi. 2008 – South Ossetian War: Russian units occupy the Georgian city of Gori. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war 2010 – The MV Sun Sea docks in CFB Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada, carrying 492 Sri Lankan Tamils. Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan (Classical Nahuatl: Tenochtitlan [tenotʃˈtitɬan]) was an Aztec altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. At its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. When paired with Mexico the name is a reference to Mexica, the people of the surrounding Aztec heartland. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City. Traditionally its name was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl [tetɬ] ("rock") and nōchtli ['noːtʃtɬi] ("prickly pear") and is often thought to mean "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks". However one attestation in the late 16th century manuscript known as "the Bancrot dialogues" suggest the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain. Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexican altepetl (city-states), the other being Tlatelolco. Michael Servetus Michael Servetus (Spanish: Miguel Serveto Conesa), also known as Miguel Servet, Miguel Serveto, Revï¿½s, or Michel de Villeneuve (29 September? 1509 or 1511 – 27 October 1553), was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation. He was a polymath versed in many sciences: mathematics, astronomy and meteorology, geography, human anatomy, medicine and pharmacology, as well as jurisprudence, translation, poetry and the scholarly study of the Bible in its original languages. He is renowned in the history of several of these fields, particularly medicine and theology. He participated in the Protestant Reformation, and later developed a nontrinitarian Christology. Condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was arrested in Geneva and burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant Geneva governing council. Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 The Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as the Convention of London) was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Netherlands in London on August 13, 1814. It was signed by Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, for Britain and Hendrik Fagel (or Henry Fagel) for the Dutch. The treaty returned the colonial possessions of the Dutch as they were at January 1, 1803 before the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, in the Americas, Africa, and Asia with the exceptions of the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana), where the Dutch retained trading rights. In addition, the British ceded the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra in exchange for the settlement of Cochin in India and its dependencies on the coast of Malabar. The Dutch also ceded the district of Bernagore, situated close to Calcutta, in exchange for an annual fee. The treaty also noted a declaration of June 15, 1814, by the Dutch that ships for the slave trade were no longer permitted in British ports and it agreed that this restriction would be extended to a ban on involvement in the slave trade by Dutch citizens. Britain also agreed to pay ï¿½1,000,000 to Sweden to resolve a claim to the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe (see Guadeloupe Fund). The British and the Dutch agreed to spend ï¿½2,000,000 each on improving the defences of the Low Countries. More funds, of up to ï¿½3,000,000, are mentioned for the "final and satisfactory settlement of the Low Countries in union with Holland." Disputes arising from this treaty were the subject of the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824. 1868 Arica earthquake The 1868 Arica earthquake occurred on August 13, 1868, near Arica, then part of Peru, now part of Chile, at 21:30 UTC. It had an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0. A tsunami (or multiple tsunamis) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake, which was recorded in Hawaii, Japan and New Zealand. The earthquake caused the almost complete destruction of Arica, Tacna, Moquegua, Mollendo, Ilo, Iquique, Torata and Arequipa, giving rise to an estimated 25,000 casualties. The tsunami drove three ships that had been anchored in the port nearly 800 m inland: the 1560-ton Peruvian corvette America, the U.S. gunboat Wateree and the U.S. store ship Fredonia, which was completely destroyed in the process. The English brig Chaï¿½arcillo and two Chilean schooners, Rosa Rivera and Regalon were also lost. The tsunami also caused the near complete destruction of the port city of Pisco. The tsunami caused considerable damage in Hawaii, washing out a bridge along the Waiohi river. In New Zealand, substantial damage occurred on the Chatham Islands and the Banks peninsula with many houses washed away and boats damaged, but only one death was recorded. Carl Gustav Witt Carl Gustav Witt (October 29, 1866 – January 3, 1946) was a German astronomer who used to work at the popular observatory of the Urania astronomical association of Berlin (Urania Sternwarte Berlin). He wrote a doctoral thesis under the direction of Julius Bauschinger. He discovered two asteroids, most notably 433 Eros, the first known asteroid with an unusual orbit occasionally approaching the Earth's (today it is classified as an Amor asteroid). The other one, Berolina, bears the Latin name of his adoptive city. Several decades after his death, minor planet (2732) Witt was named in his honor. Battle of Warsaw (1920) The Battle of Warsaw, often hailed as the Miracle at the Vistula was the decisive Polish victory in 1920 in the Polish–Soviet War. Poland, on the verge of total defeat, suddenly rebounded and defeated the invading Red Army, then pushed it back. It was, and still is, celebrated as a great victory for the Polish people over Russia. As Soviet forces invaded Poland in summer 1920, the Polish army retreated westward in disorder. The Polish forces seemed on the verge of disintegration and observers predicted a decisive Soviet victory. The battle of Warsaw was fought from August 12–25, 1920 as Red Army forces commanded by Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached the Polish capital of Warsaw and the nearby Modlin Fortress. On August 16, Polish forces commanded by Jï¿½zef Piłsudski counterattacked from the south, disrupting the enemy's offensive, forcing the Russian forces into a disorganized withdrawal eastward and behind the Neman River. Estimated Russian losses were 10,000 killed, 500 missing, 30,000 wounded, and 66,000 taken prisoner, compared with Polish losses of some 4,500 killed, 10,000 missing, and 22,000 wounded. Berlin Wall On 15 June 1961, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference, "Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!" (No one has the intention of erecting a wall!). It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer (wall) had been used in this context. The record of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year, suggests that it was Khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came. However, other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall, fearing negative Western reaction. What is beyond dispute, though, is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time, arguing that East Germany's very existence was at stake. At midnight, the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and, by Sunday morning, 13 August, the border with West Berlin was closed. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres (97 mi) around the three western sectors, and the 43 kilometres (27 mi) that divided West and East Berlin. The barrier was built slightly inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point. Later, it was built up into the Wall proper, the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August. During the construction of the Wall, National People's Army (NVA) and Combat Groups of the Working Class (KdA) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect. Additionally, chain fences, walls, minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany's western border with West Germany proper. A huge no man's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees. Apollo 11 ticker tape parade On August 13, they rode in parades in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Many nations honored the first manned Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins. The term originated in New York City after a spontaneous celebration held on October 28, 1886 during the dedication of the Statue of Liberty, and is still most closely associated with New York City. The term ticker tape originally referred to the use of the paper output of ticker tape machines, which were remotely-driven devices used in brokerages to provide updated stock market quotes. Nowadays, the paper products are largely waste office paper that have been cut using conventional paper shredders. The city also distributes paper confetti. On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them. Lebanese Civil War The Palestinian movement relocated most of its fighting strength to Lebanon at the end of 1970 after being expelled from Jordan in the events known as Black September. The umbrella organization, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)—by itself undoubtedly Lebanon's most potent fighting force at the time—was little more than a loose confederation, but its leader, Yassir Arafat, controlled all factions by buying their loyalties. Arafat allowed little oversight to be exercised over PLO finances an he was the ultimate source for all decisions made in directing financial matters. Rex Brynen provides a detailed account of how this worked. Arafat's control of funds, channeled directly to him by the oil producing countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Libya meant that he had little real functional opposition to his leadership and although ostensibly rival factions in the PLO existed, this masked a stable loyalty towards Arafat so long as he was able to dispense financial rewards to his followers and members of the PLO guerrilla factions. Unlike the Lebanese people, the Palestinians were not sectarian. Christian Palestinians supported Arab Nationalism during the civil war in Lebanon and fought against the Maronite Lebanese militias. The PLO mainstream was represented by Arafat's powerful Fatah, which waged guerrilla warfare but did not have a strong core ideology, except the claim to seek the liberation of Palestine. As a result, they gained broad appeal with a refugee population with conservative Islamic values (who resisted secular ideologies). The more ideological factions however included Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), and its splinter, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP). Fatah was actually instrumental in splitting the DF from the PFLP in the early days of the PFLPs formation so as to diminish the appeal and competition the PFLP posed to Fatah. Lesser roles were played by the fractious Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) and another split-off from the PFLP, the Syrian-aligned Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC). To complicate things, the Ba'athist countries of Syria and Iraq both set up Palestinian puppet organizations within the PLO. The as-Sa'iqa was a Syrian-controlled militia, paralleled by the Arab Liberation Front (ALF) under Iraqi command. The Syrian government could also count on the Syrian brigades of the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), formally but not functionally the PLO's regular army. Some PLA units sent by Egypt were under Arafat's command. Friends are like diamonds and diamonds are forever	Smokey Bear
For a point each, name the 2 countries that share a physical border with the Republic of El Salvador.	Retro icon of the week Subject: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/02/07 at 9:27 pm I've decided to dedicate a thread to all of the retro icons that have celebrated memories throughout all of our lives. Each week I will feature a new icon, some pictures, facts about the icon. Feel free to discuss it. After the week is over, I will post a new icon to feature. This week's icon will be: The Planter's Peanut AKA Mr. Peanut http://img470.imageshack.us/img470/9595/mrpeanutgj9.gif Amedeo Obici (Ah-may-day-o O-bee-chee), founder of Planters, was born in 1876 in the small town of Oderzo near Venice, Italy. When Obici was old enough to read, his widowed mother would show him his uncle's glowing letters from America. Thus began Obici's dream. At age eleven, reality had him pulling up at Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York. An Italian immigrant, 11 years old, not knowing any English, but going on to become prosperous business innovator. His willingness to work showed even at this early age. He started his career as a bellhop and fruitstand vendor in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Later, Obici moved to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and opened his own fruit stand and invested in a peanut roaster. Here he linked his life's fortune with the peanut. In a few years, Obici turned peddler, using a horse and wagon, and called himself "The Peanut Specialist". In 1906, Obici went into partnership with Mario Peruzzi. He had developed his own method of blanching whole roasted peanuts, doing away with the troublesome hulls and skins; and so with six employees two large roasters, and crude machinery, Planters was founded. Amedeo Obici realized that prices and first profits were not nearly so important as repeat business. He proved his operation based on quality and brand name were important for continued success. Two years later, the firm was incorporated as Planters Nut and Chocolate Company. Mr. Peanut, Planters mascot is such a nut, everybody's just crazy about him! Since his introduction in 1916, to help advertise the sales of the country's first roasted peanut company, Mr. Peanut has become one of the nation's best-known advertising characters. Based on the original drawing of a 13-year-old boy, Antonio Gentile, who won a $5 prize in a 1916 contest for his "little peanut person." The mascot made its debut in 1918 in The Saturday Evening Post. According to the company, Mr. Peanut's hat, shoes, cane, and monocle symbolize fresh taste. The gloves do not symbolize anything; Mr. Peanut simply likes them. Since his conception, Mr. Peanut has appeared in many TV commercials as an animated cartoon character. More recent commercials have shown him computer animated in a real-world setting. His appearances are often accompanied by an elegant accented narrator, and throughout his extensive television life, Mr. Peanut has rarely, if ever, spoken. Throughout the decades, Mr. Peanut has gained celebrity. During World War II, Mr. Peanut helped promote saving stamps and was a star attraction at the New York World's Fair in the 1960s. His notoriety in the United States stretched from coast to coast, all of which he traveled in the Planters "Nut Mobile." In Hollywood, Mr. Peanut has a star on Hollywood's Melrose Avenue Character Walk and his own fan club, the "Peanut Pals." Mr. Peanut also has long been associated with Broadway. His first appearance was in 1942, when his billboard appeared in Times Square. In 1997, he made his inaugural appearance in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and still travels the country in the Planters Nut Mobile. http://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4257/2037bbg2.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/12/07 at 9:25 am This week's retro icon is Tony the Tiger...famous for the comment, "They're GRRRREAT!!" TONY THE TIGER PRODUCT: Kellogg's Sugar Frosted Flakes (later Frosted Flakes) DATE INTRODUCED: 1951 CREATOR: Leo Burnett Co. Only one famous feline (sorry, Morris) can rightfully claim he's the cat's meow of commercials: Tony the Tiger. Adland's premier promotional pussycat was born in 1951, when Burnett was hired to create a campaign for Kellogg's new cereal, Sugar Frosted Flakes. Tony was originally one of four animated critters created to sell the cereal, but he quickly edged out Katy the Kangaroo, Newt the Gnu and Elmo the Elephant to become the sole star of the cereal maker's ad efforts. Tony's original designer, children's book illustrator Martin Provinsen, first created an orange cat with black stripes and a blue nose who walked on all fours. But like most celebrities, Tony has undergone extensive cosmetic changes over the decades. The most dramatic alteration occurred early in his career, when Tony's football-shaped head was replaced with a rounder, softer form. That was followed by a series of other minor face-lifts such as an eye color change from green to gold and the addition of "whisker bones" and contours. When America started heading for the health clubs, Tony also got a slimmer, more muscular physique. He's also risen in stature from a scrawny, cereal-box size pussycat who ambled on all fours to a 6-foot figure with a towering, upright stance. One thing that remained constant for much of Tony's life was his voice. Thurl Ravenscroft provided the sole voiceover for Tony and his trademark growl: "They're Grrrreat!" In 1952, Tony's son, Tony Jr., was introduced into the campaign. And in the early 1970's, Mama Tony, Tony's wife; and Antoinette, Tony's daughter (born in 1974, the Chinese year of the tiger), also came on board. The expansion of the Tony family broadened his audience appeal. http://img366.imageshack.us/img366/779/icontonyln9.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tam on 02/12/07 at 2:39 pm Mr. Peanut scared me when I was little. I don't even know why or can't remember. Now, Tony the Tiger on the other hand..... gggrrroooowwwwllllllll! ;D What an awesome thread idea Erin! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/12/07 at 3:51 pm Mr. Peanut scared me when I was little. I don't even know why or can't remember. Now, Tony the Tiger on the other hand..... gggrrroooowwwwllllllll! ;D What an awesome thread idea Erin! hey, thanks Tam. BTW....if you ever go to amiwrong to take quizzes....I just posted 6 different retro advertising icons matching quizzes today...they should be up tomorrow. :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Ashkicksass on 02/15/07 at 2:57 pm This is a great thread Erin! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/15/07 at 3:02 pm This is a great thread Erin! :) Thanks Ash! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: karen on 02/16/07 at 4:18 am In the UK Tony the Tiger is the icon for Frosties. Same cereal, different name but same catchphrase. I seem to recall Tony jr was used to promote Ricicles which were sugar frosted rice krispies if I recall correctly Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: lorac61469 on 02/16/07 at 11:20 am Tony The Tiger!! LOVE HIM!!! He's GRRRREAT!!!! I also love Thurl Ravenscroft's voice. I wonder what they're going to do now since he passed away. :( Did you know he also was the vocalist of the song "You're A Mean One, Mr. Grinch"? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 02/16/07 at 4:37 pm Great thread idea, Erin. :) My husbands name is Tony so whenever we see something with Tony the Tiger on it, we try to pick it up for him, and his favorite cereal is Frosted Flakes. I remember when it was called Sugar Frosted Flakes, but I guess they changed it to try to take the focus off of the fact that it's full of sugar, even though I don't think they took any of the sugar out of it. :-\\ Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/19/07 at 10:37 pm Tony The Tiger!! LOVE HIM!!! He's GRRRREAT!!!! I also love Thurl Ravenscroft's voice. I wonder what they're going to do now since he passed away. :( Did you know he also was the vocalist of the song "You're A Mean One, Mr. Grinch"? wow...I didn't know that! Thanks for the little tidbit of info! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/20/07 at 7:04 am This week's icon is: Orville Redenbacher.....the famous popcorn guru. http://img179.imageshack.us/img179/2414/orvilleredenbacherjv8.jpg http://img65.imageshack.us/img65/9639/orvillepc5.jpg Orville Redenbacher (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American businessman most often associated with the brand of popcorn that bears his name. Born in Brazil, Indiana, he attended Purdue University, joining Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity and graduating with a degree in agronomy. He spent most of his life in the agriculture industry, serving as a Vigo County Farm Bureau Extension agent in Terre Haute, Indiana, and at Princeton Farms in Princeton, Indiana. He earned a small fortune in fertilizer, but in his spare time, he indulged in an obsession he had had since he was a child with developing the perfect popcorn. He bought the George F. Chester and Son dent seed corn plant with partner Charlie Bowman, later named Chester Hybrids, in 1951 near Valparaiso, Indiana, and tried tens of thousands of hybrid strands of popcorn before achieving success. He and Mr. Bowman initially named the breakthrough hybrid RedBow but were advised by an advertising agency to use the name Orville Redenbacher to market the corn. It was good advice which they took to heart, and Orville was suddenly everywhere. For example, Redenbacher can be first seen on national T.V. around 1971 or 1972, long before his signature commercial appearances as himself promoting his gourmet kernels. In an episode of the popular game show, To Tell The Truth, he stumped the panelists including Kitty Carlisle, Bill Cullen, Joe Garagiola, and Peggy Cass, all of whom were shown munching on and enjoying samples of Redenbacher's then-"new" novelty popcorn flavors including "chili," and "bar-b-que." In 1976 he sold the company to Hunt-Wesson Foods, which was a division of Norton Simon, Inc. In 1983, Esmark purchased Norton Simon; the following year Beatrice Foods acquired Esmark; and in 1990 Beatrice Foods was taken over by agribusiness giant ConAgra. Redenbacher then moved to Coronado, California. He continued to promote his popcorn, appearing in numerous television commercials (including later ones with his grandson Gary Redenbacher), always wearing his trademark bowtie. His wholesome image and folksy name confused many consumers, some even writing the company to ask if Redenbacher was a real person, and not an actor. He responded to this by appearing on various talk shows, professing his identity. After the initial sale to Hunt-Wesson, the City of Valparaiso started their first Popcorn Festival in 1979. Celebrating Redenbacher's development of his popcorn in Valparaiso, the Festival featured Orville and Gary appearing several times as Grand Marshall of the signature event, the Popcorn Parade. On September 19, 1995, while in the whirlpool tub of his condominium in Coronado, Redenbacher suffered a heart attack and drowned. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. His brand of popcorn continues to be among the most popular in the United States. 2005 marked the 40th anniversary of Orville Redenbacher's popcorn, still the #1 selling brand in America. To celebrate the man behind the popcorn, ConAgra developed a special website that highlights some of the classic Orville Redenbacher television commercials. One of his most famous and recognizable commercials states, "My gourmet popping corn pops up lighter and fluffier than ordinary popping corn. Eats better, too." On January 15, 2007 during the Golden Globe Awards, an advertisement featuring a digital re-creation of Redenbacher appeared on TV for the first time. It was the first time a digital representation of a deceased individual appeared that could be made to say and do anything. Gary Redenbacher, responding to questions about how he felt about the advertisement stated that "Grandpa would go for it. He was a cutting-edge guy. This is a way to honor his legacy." Prior to his death, Redenbacher also hosted the SFM Holiday Network syndicated movie broadcast package along with his grandson. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Ashkicksass on 02/20/07 at 10:40 am On January 15, 2007 during the Golden Globe Awards, an advertisement featuring a digital re-creation of Redenbacher appeared on TV for the first time. It was the first time a digital representation of a deceased individual appeared that could be made to say and do anything. Gary Redenbacher, responding to questions about how he felt about the advertisement stated that "Grandpa would go for it. He was a cutting-edge guy. This is a way to honor his legacy." As much as I love Orville and his popcorn, that commercial was just CREEPY! Great job here, Erin! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/20/07 at 10:59 am As much as I love Orville and his popcorn, that commercial was just CREEPY! Great job here, Erin! :) I didn't see that commercial...I can imagine it would be though! :o BTW, thanks Ash! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 02/23/07 at 7:37 pm As much as I love Orville and his popcorn, that commercial was just CREEPY! Great job here, Erin! :) You're right about the commercial, it totally freaked me out when I saw it! But the popcorn is awesome! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: lorac61469 on 02/26/07 at 6:28 pm As much as I love Orville and his popcorn, that commercial was just CREEPY! Great job here, Erin! :) I agree, AWFUL commercial. It gives me the creeps. Somethings just shouldn't be done with computers. Popcorn is great, though. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/08/07 at 11:39 am This Week's Retro Icon is.... Mr. Clean http://img527.imageshack.us/img527/3913/adtour06tq6.jpg http://img527.imageshack.us/img527/1851/mrcleancirclesd2.jpg Mr. Clean is a brand name of household cleaner from Procter & Gamble, first introduced in 1958. Mr. Clean is known as Mr. Proper in mainland Europe, and probably to avoid confusion with Mr. Sheen and Mr. Muscle in the United Kingdom it is known as Flash. Mr. Clean also makes the Melamine foam cleaner under the name-brand of Magic Eraser. In Spain, the name changed from Mr. Proper to Don Limpio (limpiar is the Spanish verb for "to clean"), while in Mexico he is named Maestro Limpio (Master Clean). In Italy he is named Mastro Lindo (Master Clean, as in Mexico). Its mascot is the character Mr. Clean, a muscular, American, bald man who cleans things very well. According to the company, his image is supposed to be that of a sailor, although most people think he is a genie based on his earring, folded arms, and tendency to magically appear at the appropriate time. Mr. Clean has always smiled on the packaging, except for a brief time in the mid 1960's when he was frowning on the package. Mr. Clean's theme song has been around since the product's introduction, initially sung as a pop-music style duet between a man and a woman. The Mr. Clean advertising jingle was written by Thomas Scott Cadden. It has been played as recently as 2005, usually in a contemporary musical setting or instrumental version. Mr. Clean gets rid of dirt and grime And grease in just a minute Mr. Clean will clean your whole house And everything that's in it Mr. Clean, Mr. Clean, Mr. Clean Mr. Clean in popular culture Mr. Clean's bald head and muscular appearance has evoked comparisons to skinheads, although the character doesn't dress in typical skinhead styles, nor does he display other aspects of the skinhead subculture. Mr. Clean's appearance with his tight muscle shirt, ear piercing, stylishly handsome looks, fastidious habits, and helpful but deferential persona in television commercials, has made Mr. Clean into something of a Chelsea boy-style gay icon. Mr. Clean has been used as a derisive term in the same manner as goody two shoes or Boy Scout, describing someone who displays conspicuous morally upstanding behavior. The term has been used by Dick Vitale to describe a basketball play that at first glance appeared to be a foul but, in fact, was not. In the ABC series Lost, Sawyer addresses Locke as Mr. Clean, in a reference to Locke's bald head and strong build. In Space Quest VI, by clicking on a Mr. Soylent machine, you will hear a jingle similar to that of Mr. Clean. In Linux kernel the command make mrproper cleans the kernel source directory and returns it to the distribution state. This command is more thorough than make clean. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 03/08/07 at 2:11 pm "Mr. Clean will clean your whole house, Mr. Clean Mr. Clean Mr. Clean!" The one thing Mr. Clean always makes me think of is an old episode of "Who's the Boss" when Tony dressed up like him :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Ashkicksass on 03/08/07 at 3:18 pm I'm a big fan of all things clean, especially when there's a big strong man attached! ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/08/07 at 11:33 pm I'm a big fan of all things clean, especially when there's a big strong man attached! ;) ya, I'm not usually into bald men....but there's just something about that guy! ;D ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 03/09/07 at 7:17 pm Another fun icon Erin! I keep looking forward to seeing what you'll post next! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/10/07 at 3:52 am Another fun icon Erin! I keep looking forward to seeing what you'll post next! :) awww...thanks Rhonda! :-* Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 03/10/07 at 5:33 am awww...thanks Rhonda! :-* Well, you know how I love retro stuff! Your new avatar is awesome! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/10/07 at 2:25 pm Well, you know how I love retro stuff! Your new avatar is awesome! :) thanks! I found this website with oodles of them. I'll have to find it and post the link. ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 03/16/07 at 12:19 pm Mr. Clean made it fashionable for guys to wear earrings and still be "macho". :D ;D ;D Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/21/07 at 10:19 am This week's retro icon is.... McGruff The Crime Dog http://img124.imageshack.us/img124/7131/mcgruff2di8.jpg http://img124.imageshack.us/img124/3452/mcgruffdogmk5.jpg McGruff the Crime Dog is an anthropomorphic cartoon bloodhound created for the National Crime Prevention Council for use by American police in building crime awareness among children. He debuted in July 1980. The character was created by Sherry Nemmers. The motto "Take a Bite out of Crime" was invented by Jack Keil, who also did McGruff's voice for many years. After two years on the air, a nationwide contest was opened to name the character. The most common entry was "Shure-lock Bones". Other entries included "J. Edgar Dog", "Sarg-dog", and "Keystone Kop Dog". The winner, McGruff the Crime Dog, was submitted by a New Orleans police officer. In some of McGruff's advertisements, he appears with his nephew "Scruff McGruff". McGruff reaches kids through commercials, songs and booklets from the National Crime Prevention Council, talking about drugs, bullying, safety and the importance of staying in school. Recently, McGruff has appeared in commercials addressing identity theft. The character is often used with his motto "Take a bite out of crime!" He also reaches kids through personal appearances as both puppets (often used in classrooms) and costumes worn by police officers nationwide. It was announced that when Jack Keil retires, he will be succeeded by Sgt. Steve Parker, a sheriff's deputy from Burlington, Iowa. As of mid-2006, this changeover has not been announced officially; Parker does fill in for Keil on occasion presently. A McGruff House is a designated house bearing a McGruff logo indicating that it is a safe refuge for children who feel they are in danger. The first McGruff House was opened in Utah in 1982, and there are presently about 700 McGruff House programs throughout the United States. The program is similar to one in the 1970s in which a picture of a red hand was placed in the window of neighborhood houses that provided refuge. Similarly, there is a program whereby public utility and government work trucks can display a decal identifying the occupant as someone who can be approached if a child feels that they are in danger, or lost, or otherwise distraught. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 03/21/07 at 11:43 am I loved those commercials for McGruff. "Take A Bite Out of Crime" I had one of McGruff's Crime Activity Books back in the 80s, but I don't remember what it looked like Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 03/21/07 at 4:55 pm Geez, I was 19 when McGruff had his debut? I thought I was younger when I started seeing that commercial! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Ashkicksass on 03/22/07 at 2:16 pm I loved Mr. McGruff! I remember seeing the McGruff signs in neighborhood windows as a kid and always felt like someone was looking out for me. Great job Erin! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Dominic L. on 03/24/07 at 10:23 am Any Smokey the Bear coming soon? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 03/24/07 at 11:08 pm Any Smokey the Bear coming soon? Oooo..Oooo....hmm, maybe I will take requests! :D ;D ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/05/07 at 7:03 pm This week's reto icon: http://img134.imageshack.us/img134/7660/ronald20mcdonaldjq7.jpg http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMicKjRVGQSUB7AujzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTA4NDgyNWN0BHNlYwNwcm9m/SIG=11qncalvm/EXP=1175903882/http%3A//theimaginaryworld.com/rnn11.jpg Ronald McDonald is a clown spokesman for McDonald's fast-food restaurant chain. According to the book Fast Food Nation (2001), 96% of school children in the United States can identify Ronald McDonald, making him the United States' most recognized fast food advertising icon. Only Santa Claus was more commonly recognized. Many of the restaurants are decorated with a life-size statue of the clown holding out his hand to greet customers at the entrance for children to shake hands with him. Sometimes the figure is sitting on a bench, allowing children to sit next to him or on his lap. In television commercials, the clown inhabits a fantasy world called McDonaldland, and has adventures with his friends Grimace, Hamburglar, Birdie the Early Bird, and The Fry Kids. The McDonald's Corporation has also characterized Ronald McDonald as being able to speak 31 different languages including Mandarin, Dutch, Tagalog, and Hindi. In recent years, the "childish" McDonaldland has been largely phased out, and Ronald is instead shown interacting with normal kids in their everyday lives. Putting on the Ronald McDonald clown face is a painstaking process of applied foundation, spirit gum, white base and detail makeup that would sometimes take two hours to apply. Actors are strictly selected by the McDonald's Corporation and Leo Burnett Advertising for their ability to project energy, warmth and compassion that reflected the desired brand image. Ronald's wig is usually kept in a freezer before shoots to keep a uniform red look when applied to the actor's head. Ronald's nose prosthetic is made from a wax paraffin mold, modelled from the actor's own nose. Ronald's oversized clown shoes were at times very painful for the actors to wear as they were injected with a silicone gel to give them weight and a rubberlike appearance. The modern version of Ronald's costume has inflatable balloons in the pants to make them look oversized. The balloons are adjustable to conform to the actor's buttocks. Many people work full-time making appearances in the Ronald McDonald costume, visiting children in hospitals. There are also Ronald McDonald Houses, where parents can stay overnight when visiting sick children in nearby chronic care facilities. Due to the controversy over fast food, critics have likened McDonald to Joe Camel, the former mascot of Camel cigarettes. Since August 2003, McDonald has been officially recognized as the "Chief Happiness Officer" of the McDonald's Corporation. Two conflicting versions of Ronald McDonald's origins exist. One claims that the original character and design of Ronald McDonald, including facial design and costume (featuring "french-fry bag pockets" and "food-tray hat"), were created by Terry Teene and George Voorhees. Voorhees, a professional clown, supposedly first portrayed the character for a hired performance at a Los Angeles, California drive-in restaurant McDonald's. When his homosexuality became public, the performer was subsequently legally enjoined from performing as, or exhibiting the likeness of, the character in any form. The other version of Ronald McDonald's origins involves Willard Scott (a local radio personality who also played Bozo the Clown on WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. from 1959 until 1962), who performed using the moniker "Ronald McDonald, the Hamburger-Happy Clown" in 1963 on three separate television spots. These were the first three television ads featuring the character, whose appearance was substantially similar to George Voorhees' Ronald Mcdonald (spelled with a lower-case "d") as shown in the Valley News and Green Sheet, a San Fernando Valley newspaper of the time. Scott, who went on to become NBC-TV's "Today" show weatherman, claims to have "created Ronald McDonald" according to the following excerpt from his book Joy of Living: "At the time, Bozo was the hottest children's show on the air. You could probably have sent Pluto the Dog or Dumbo the Elephant over and it would have been equally as successful. But I was there, and I was Bozo... There was something about the combination of hamburgers and Bozo that was irresistible to kids... That's why when Bozo went off the air a few years later, the local McDonald's people asked me to come up with a new character to take Bozo's place. So, I sat down and created Ronald McDonald." McDonald's does not mention Voorhees or claim that Willard Scott "created Ronald" in their statement: "The smile known around the world," Ronald McDonald is second only to Santa Claus in terms of recognition. In his first TV appearance in 1963, the happy clown was portrayed by none other than Willard Scott." But on March 28, 2000 Henry Gonzalez, McDonald's Northeast Division President, thanked Scott for creating Ronald McDonald, during a taped tribute to Scott on the "Today" show. Various forms of the name "Ronald McDonald" as well as costume clown face persona, etc. are registered trademarks of McDonald's. McDonald's trains performers to portray Ronald using identical mannerisms and costume, to contribute to the illusion that they are one character. Willard Scott's costume was in several minor ways different from the Voorhees' Ronald Mcdonald version (but notably, retaining the "fast food tray" hat design) and, as Ronald, Mr. Scott's clown face was substantially the same as that of his personification of Bozo the Clown, a well-known character whose widespread syndication in early television made him the best-known clown character in the United States. Thus, his use of the character may not violate the clown code. McDonald's marketing designers and stylists changed elements of the Ronald McDonald's character, persona, style, costume and clown face when they adopted the clown as a trademark, possibly in deference to "The Code", the tradition of clowns to scrupulously avoid copying other clowns' appearance or performance style. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/05/07 at 11:26 pm I like Ronald McDonald. I wish they still showed commercials with him, and the whole McDonalds gang. When I was a kid, I used to go to McDonalds and get what was called a "Treat of the Week", a weekly toy that was given out free to kids I still have one .. it's a little cardboard wheel thingy with a blank Ronald face and a bunch of other blank faces. On top are two plastic wheels with eyes and mouths. You spin the wheels to mix and match the faces ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tam on 04/06/07 at 12:05 am Ronald McDonald and Grimace used to scare the crap out of me when I was little!! ;D ;D ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/06/07 at 12:44 am Ronald McDonald and Grimace used to scare the crap out of me when I was little!! ;D ;D ;D http://www.palomar.edu/kksm/onairs/grimace.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tam on 04/06/07 at 12:53 am Thanks Jason! I am sure to have nightmares for the next week!!! ;D Seriously, I have no idea why they scared me - look at him. He ispurple and rolly pollie! All innocent and stuff ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/06/07 at 9:32 am I like Ronald McDonald. I wish they still showed commercials with him, and the whole McDonalds gang. When I was a kid, I used to go to McDonalds and get what was called a "Treat of the Week", a weekly toy that was given out free to kids I still have one .. it's a little cardboard wheel thingy with a blank Ronald face and a bunch of other blank faces. On top are two plastic wheels with eyes and mouths. You spin the wheels to mix and match the faces ;D I used to LOVE those commercials with the whole McDonald's Gang. We've had many b-day parties at McDonalds....they used to have this caboose out back of the restaurant, that they would host parties in...it was so cool 8) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 04/06/07 at 10:52 am I remember getting these cheapy little plastic puppets when I was little and we thought that was a big deal. Now, the toys are way cooler! :) Do they still have the Mcdonaldland characters in any of the commercials? Mayor McCheese, Grimace, The Hamburgler? I really never paid much attention, but if not, they need to bring them back. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/06/07 at 11:27 am I remember getting these cheapy little plastic puppets when I was little and we thought that was a big deal. Now, the toys are way cooler! :) Do they still have the Mcdonaldland characters in any of the commercials? Mayor McCheese, Grimace, The Hamburgler? I really never paid much attention, but if not, they need to bring them back. I haven't seen those characters in their commercials in a long time. I LOVED those characters!! Just look at them...I miss seeing all of them! http://img267.imageshack.us/img267/616/mcdonaldsrn2.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/06/07 at 1:25 pm I remember getting these cheapy little plastic puppets when I was little and we thought that was a big deal. Now, the toys are way cooler! :) Do they still have the Mcdonaldland characters in any of the commercials? Mayor McCheese, Grimace, The Hamburgler? I really never paid much attention, but if not, they need to bring them back. In the 90s, they were down to just Ronald, Grimmace, Birdy and the Hamburglar. Slowly, they faded each one out, and nowadays, Ronald is the only one to appear in McDonalds commercials, and it's somewhat of a rare sight to even see him in a commercial McDonalds sure isn't as great as it used to be. Those commercials were always fun :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/06/07 at 1:26 pm I used to LOVE those commercials with the whole McDonald's Gang. We've had many b-day parties at McDonalds....they used to have this caboose out back of the restaurant, that they would host parties in...it was so cool 8) I used to love having my B-Day parties at McDonalds. When I was like 5 or 6, I remember one of my parties, I invited this kid from my class who was somewhat large, and ended up eating 3 Big Mac's ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tam on 04/06/07 at 1:29 pm In the 90s, they were down to just Ronald, Grimmace, Birdy and the Hamburglar. Slowly, they faded each one out, and nowadays, Ronald is the only one to appear in McDonalds commercials, and it's somewhat of a rare sight to even see him in a commercial McDonalds sure isn't as great as it used to be. Those commercials were always fun :) Jason - remember the Sports Memories McDonald's on Bath Rd? Well, we have one down here that is similar, but not. It has all of the characters in mylar on the windows, and inside it has all kinds of the old Happy Meal toys, and cardboard happy meal boxes. Has a painting on one wall of car delivery with a female on roller skates, and another painting of a big Cookie I think... I rarely go in there but the place is amazing! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/06/07 at 1:31 pm I used to love having my B-Day parties at McDonalds. When I was like 5 or 6, I remember one of my parties, I invited this kid from my class who was somewhat large, and ended up eating 3 Big Mac's ;D I remember one year, my sister and I had a combined b-day party in the caboose at McDonalds..it was in the middle of January and we had this huge snow blizzard....yet, most of our friends still made it out to the party. There we were...sitting cozily in the little caboose, while outside it was a winter wonderland!! :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 04/06/07 at 2:44 pm Ok, ok. I know I have told this story a few times before but I HAVE to repeat it. When I was student teaching, Ronald McDonald came to the school to do a presentation. I was "volunteered" to join in. I did a "Vanna White" type thing (revealing letters) and I was having fun and hamming it up. Ronald made a comment about the way I was doing it and then said, "We should go for coffee sometime". Now, I have been asked out by a bunch of clowns before but this one definately took the cake. Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/06/07 at 9:06 pm Jason - remember the Sports Memories McDonald's on Bath Rd? Well, we have one down here that is similar, but not. It has all of the characters in mylar on the windows, and inside it has all kinds of the old Happy Meal toys, and cardboard happy meal boxes. Has a painting on one wall of car delivery with a female on roller skates, and another painting of a big Cookie I think... I rarely go in there but the place is amazing! I remember the Sports McDonalds. I miss that one big time. It was neat to go in there and see all the sports memorabilia. It's a "Pizza Pizza" now Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/06/07 at 11:28 pm Ok, ok. I know I have told this story a few times before but I HAVE to repeat it. When I was student teaching, Ronald McDonald came to the school to do a presentation. I was "volunteered" to join in. I did a "Vanna White" type thing (revealing letters) and I was having fun and hamming it up. Ronald made a comment about the way I was doing it and then said, "We should go for coffee sometime". Now, I have been asked out by a bunch of clowns before but this one definately took the cake. Cat karma for making me laugh!! :D ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/06/07 at 11:30 pm Ok, ok. I know I have told this story a few times before but I HAVE to repeat it. When I was student teaching, Ronald McDonald came to the school to do a presentation. I was "volunteered" to join in. I did a "Vanna White" type thing (revealing letters) and I was having fun and hamming it up. Ronald made a comment about the way I was doing it and then said, "We should go for coffee sometime". Now, I have been asked out by a bunch of clowns before but this one definately took the cake. Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 04/07/07 at 11:43 am Was Carlos jealous? We were only dating at the time. When I told him, he did laugh and said, "Who knows, he could be really handsome under all that make-up." Trust me, Carlos had nothing to fear that I would have left him for Ronald McDonald. :D :D Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/24/07 at 5:17 am I wanna do the next Retro Icon ... I don't know much about this one, and info on the net seems hard to come by, but here is Mr. Mini-Wheat In the USA, Mr. Mini-Wheat had a face on two sides, and they would often argue which was better: The frosted side or the wheat side. He now has a face on just the one side ... http://www2.kelloggs.com/uploadedImages/Kellogg/Featured_Content/Mini-Wheats_button.jpg In Canada, Mr. Mini-Wheat has a face on one side, and in his early days, he would contemplate his Frosted side, and in several commercials in the 80s and 90s, he was seen sitting in a psychiatrist's office discussing the matter. At the end of the commercials, he would yell "Stupendous!" ... http://www.kelloggs.ca/french/whoweare/images/char_mw.gif Here's some of the latest commercials featuring Mr. Mini-Wheat: Frosted Mini-Wheats - 3 commercials (America) http://www.mini-wheats.com/advertising.shtml Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/24/07 at 1:42 pm hey...thanks Jason!! Karma to you for the good idea for this week's retro icon. :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tanya1976 on 04/26/07 at 1:28 pm Is he really a retro icon? I've only seen him fairly recently. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/26/07 at 1:35 pm Is he really a retro icon? I've only seen him fairly recently. no, he's not really an older icon, to the best of my knowledge....unless he's more of a Canadian thing and been around longer there! ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 04/26/07 at 4:09 pm Is he really a retro icon? I've only seen him fairly recently. no, he's not really an older icon, to the best of my knowledge....unless he's more of a Canadian thing and been around longer there! ;) It might be more of a Canadian thing, but I can't really find much info on him. I know he's been around since the 80s, cause I used to watch the ads when I was a kid lol Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 05/17/07 at 12:42 pm I know I've been slacking a bit, but now I'm back. Anyway, Cat gave me a wonderful idea for the new retro icon of the week...and I had forgotten that Doms requested it awhile back, so thanks to both of them...here it is!! :) This week's icon: Smokey Bear and Fire Prevention "Remember -- Only You...."...Can Prevent Wild Fires!" Smokey Bear has warned people about the ravages of wild fire for so long that few people remember how this famous bear first captured our nation's attention. Dressed in a Ranger’s hat and blue jeans, often sporting a shovel, his famous slogan is one of the most recognized advertising phrases in the world, and is protected by federal law. http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/9102/firstsmokeyposterja5.gif In 1937 President Roosevelt kicked off a national campaign to reduce the number of fires caused by people. With approximately forty million acres lost to fire each year across the nation, this campaign featured Uncle Sam as a forest ranger. The message spoke to human element of fire, emphasizing people’s responsibility in protecting the forest. The message- “Your Forests – Your Fault – Your Loss” was a powerful message for the public. http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/7581/unclesamposterzh1.jpg Following the attack on Pearl Harbor during WWII, the Japanese also attacked an oil field near the Los Padros National Forest in California. With so many men in the military and only a skeleton staff of firefighters remaining, the potential for wild fires struck terror across the country. Americans feared that a fire could destroy our forest resources when wood products were greatly needed for the war effort. As the prevention of wild fires came into focus, the Wartime Advertising Council developed fire prevention posters with slogans such as, "Forest Fires Aid the Enemy," and “Careless Matches Aid the Axis.” http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/1356/ww2jappostergh0.jpg In 1944, Walt Disney released the movie “Bambi,” and allowed the Forest Service to use the deer on their campaign posters for one year. This proved effective and showed that a forest animal helped get the message across. The Forest Service decided to continue using an animal and chose a bear for their fire safety mascot. http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/4701/bambiposterdh6.gif The Forest Service chose the name to be Smokey Bear, after “Smokey” Joe Martin, who had been the Assistant Chief of the New York City Fire Department. On August 9, 1944, the first poster of Smokey Bear was produced, drawn by Albert Staehle. The poster depicted a bear pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The next year Rudy Wedelin became Smokey’s official artist. Smokey Bear soon became popular, so popular that he was given his own zip code because he received such a large amount of fan mail. His image has been seen in stuffed toys, records, pens, sports items, clothing, and books, and he has become one of the most recognized characters worldwide. The Story of the Real Bear. http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/7729/smokeyvetpz8.jpg In 1950, some careless person started the terrible Capitan Gap wild fire on the Lincoln National Forest in New Mexico. When a strong wind suddenly swept the fire toward a group of courageous firefighters, 24 of them had to run to a rock slide, lay face down, and cover their faces with handkerchiefs to escape the deadly flames. They emptied their canteens over their clothes and swatted their burning clothes. After an hour, the fire moved on. All 24 survived. When the smoke cleared and they caught their breath, they saw a scorched hillside where once a great forest stood. Amongst the smoldering ashes was a tiny black bear cub, burnt and afraid, clinging to a tree. The cub was nicknamed “Hotfoot Teddy.” They searched for the cub’s mother, but could not find her. The cub needed veterinary aid for the burns on his paws and hindquarters, so he was flown to Santa Fe to receive professional treatment. While his wounds were healing, he stayed at the home of Ray Bell, the game warden who flew him to Santa Fe. Ray's daughter Judy befriended the little bear and helped nurse him back to health. The little bear had gained nationwide attention and was soon renamed Smokey after the symbol for fire prevention. Smokey was presented by the New Mexico State Game Warden to the the Chief of the Forest Service to be used to aid the fire prevention program. Now the question was, “Where will Smokey live?” Little cubs grow up very fast, and Ray Bell’s house was no longer an option as the bear’s home. It was decided that Smokey’s permanent home would be the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. Smokey became the most popular exhibit at the Zoo. Two other bears, both from New Mexico, eventually joined Smokey in Washington. Goldie, a female black bear, was introduced in 1962 as a possible mate for Smokey. However, no cubs were born of the two so Smokey II was introduced to carry on for Smokey in his old age. The original Smokey retired from the public display in 1975, after 25 years of service. He passed away later that year. His adopted son carried on for him until 1990. The character of Smokey lives on, a reminder to people across the world of the dangers of fire. Smokey was the first individual animal to ever be honored on a postage stamp. This stamp commemorated Smokey's 40th birthday in 1984. http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/9788/40thannivstampiq6.gif Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 05/17/07 at 1:06 pm Thanks Quirk. I was at the National Zoo sometime in the 70s. I went to see Smokey but he was in his "cave" (he was old at the time) but I did see Smokey Jr. (who was just a cub). Shortly after that, I heard that Smokey died. :\'( :\'( So, I missed seeing him. Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 05/17/07 at 1:30 pm Thanks Quirk. I was at the National Zoo sometime in the 70s. I went to see Smokey but he was in his "cave" (he was old at the time) but I did see Smokey Jr. (who was just a cub). Shortly after that, I heard that Smokey died. :\'( :\'( So, I missed seeing him. Cat aww, that's a shame you didn't get to see him. I always liked Smokey the Bear...he was along the lines of McGruff the Dog....those kind of safety icons were always neato. Speaking of safety icons, an idea just popped into my head of another one for next week's icon! ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 05/17/07 at 2:04 pm I used to love seeing those Smokey the Bear commercials on TV! :) I always wondered what would ever happen if Smokey the Bear and Yogi the Bear ever came face to face? ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 05/17/07 at 2:14 pm I used to love seeing those Smokey the Bear commercials on TV! :) I always wondered what would ever happen if Smokey the Bear and Yogi the Bear ever came face to face? ;D Just as long as Yogi doesn't have to start a fire to heat up his picnic basket, I think it will be fine. :D ;D ;D Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 05/30/07 at 9:41 am I really want some of this riht now. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 05/30/07 at 1:21 pm Kool-Aid Man is awesome! I used to love the commercials when I was a kid! There was a Kool-Aid Man game for the Atari 2600. Never had it, but always wanted to play it lol Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 06/04/07 at 6:50 pm I really want some of this riht now. Oh Yeah!! Kool aid man! :D Kool aid was the only thing I could drink the morning after a long night of drinking lots and lots of beer! ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 06/04/07 at 8:24 pm Thanks again for another great retro icon idea...Kool Aid Man it is!!! :D ;D Kool-Aid Man is the mascot for Kool-Aid, a popular drink. The character has appeared in television and print advertising as a fun-loving and avuncular beverage provider, bursting through walls and yelling "Oh yeah!" to share the drink with kids. He is a gigantic anthropomorphic pitcher, filled with Kool-Aid (usually cherry, though other flavors have been used) and marked with a fingerprinted smiley face. http://img470.imageshack.us/img470/9994/180pxkoolaidmanau0.jpg HISTORY The smiling Kool-Aid pitcher first appeared in 1954, a year after Kool-Aid was purchased by General Foods. It was designed by Marvin Potts, an art director at the New York office of the Foote, Cone & Belding advertising agency. He was asked to illustrate the ad slogan "A five-cent package makes 2 quarts". Apparently inspired by his son drawing on a frosty windowpane, he produced three different frosted pitcher designs: one had 5¢ drawn in the frost, one had a heart-and-arrow, and one had the smiling face. Kool-Aid Man was introduced in 1975 by adding arms and legs to "Pitcher Man." The name Pitcher Man was conceived as a pun on the idea of the corporate "pitch man.' Already well-known from its company's advertising campaign, Kool-Aid Man starred in a comic book in the 1980s, originally published by Marvel and later Archie Comics. In these comics, he battled long-tongued aliens known as the Thirstees, and later a pyromaniac named Scorch. Also in the 1980s, two video games created by M Networks, and based on the comic books out, were made for the Atari 2600 and Intellivision systems. Both involved Kool-Aid Man having to prevent the Thirstees from stealing all the Kool-Aid from the kids. http://img238.imageshack.us/img238/8938/koolaidig2.jpg The voice of the Kool-Aid Man in television commercials — known for the catch phrase "Oh yeah!" — is currently Frank Simms, who sings back-up for singers David Bowie, Madonna, Billy Joel, Carly Simon, Al Green, Chaka Khan, Elvis Costello, and many others. The current character has been modernized, sometimes wearing clothing, or talking with kids in their own slang. http://img238.imageshack.us/img238/6071/kool2600ww9.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: AL-B Mk. III on 06/17/07 at 1:12 am This thread is turning into a "retro icon:" http://www.inthe00s.com/index.php?topic=9314.435 Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 06/18/07 at 10:54 pm This week's retro icon is: Woodsy Owl http://img106.imageshack.us/img106/346/woodsy2520owlkv8.jpg Woodsy Owl is an owl mascot for the United States Forest Service most famous for the motto "Give a hoot — don't pollute!" Woodsy's current motto is "Lend a hand — care for the land!" Woodsy's target audience are children 5 to 8 years old and was designed to be seen as a mentor to children, providing them with information and advice to help them appreciate nature. In 2006 a "New" Woodsy Owl mascot was introduced. The "Give a Hoot, don't Pollute" slogan was created in 1970 by US Forest ranger Chuck Williams, who was the Forest Service's technical consultant for the "Lassie" TV show which featured a Forest Service ranger and his family. Williams, along with Glenn Kovar, also of the US Forest Service, and Harold Bell of Western Publishing (producer of Smokey Bear and Lassie TV show) then brainstormed the idea for the Woodsy motif. http://img106.imageshack.us/img106/4962/150pxwoodsyowloriginalul0.jpg Several songs have been used in conjunction with the Woodsy Owl environmental campaign, including "The Ballad of Woodsy Owl" and "Help Woodsy Spread the Word". Several other environmentalism, conservation or outdoor themed comics have appeared over the years including Mark Trail and Smokey Bear. Woodsy Owl appeared as a comic by Gold Key Comics from 1973 to 1976. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: chiefyamick on 06/19/07 at 9:26 pm OMG!! LOL I had forgotten all about that one!! Thanks for the flashback! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 06/26/07 at 5:31 pm This week's retro icon is: Woodsy Owl http://img106.imageshack.us/img106/346/woodsy2520owlkv8.jpg I have a great woodsy the owl tshirt that i've had for about 5 years. i love it. he's the ma-....owl. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Tanya1976 on 06/26/07 at 7:51 pm haha I remember him. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 06/27/07 at 2:05 pm I remember Woodsy. He was great. If I remember, the rest of the jingle went "Give a hoot, don't pollute! Never be a dirty bird" Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 06/28/07 at 10:17 pm I remember Woodsy. He was great. If I remember, the rest of the jingle went "Give a hoot, don't pollute! Never be a dirty bird" Yep...that was totally it! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 06/30/07 at 2:46 pm check this out! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: lorac61469 on 06/30/07 at 6:55 pm check this out! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 07/02/07 at 4:55 pm Check what out? Rats. I forgot the link. I posted this days ago. now i'll have to go thru my history and find the page. devil! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/06/07 at 11:52 pm This week's retro icon: http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9iby55.G49GxoYAfxSjzbkF/SIG=12f4vfr9s/EXP=1183870206/http%3A//www.thebestlinks.com/images/thumb/4/47/200px-KFC.png http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9iby4AgG49GQGMAdDKjzbkF/SIG=122n65pvr/EXP=1183870112/*http%3A//www.agelesslifestyles.com/colonel01.jpg Harland David Sanders, better known as Colonel Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). Early life and career Sanders was born in Henryville, Indiana. His father died when he was five years old, and since his mother worked, he was required to cook for his family. He dropped out of school in seventh grade. During his teen years, Sanders worked many jobs, including firefighter, steamboat driver, insurance salesman, railroad worker, farmer, and enlisted in the Army as a private in 1907 in Cuba. Also was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha international fraternity. At the age of 40, Sanders cooked chicken dishes for people who stopped at his service station in Corbin, Kentucky. Since he didn't have a restaurant, he served customers in his living quarters in the service station. Eventually, his local popularity grew, and Sanders moved to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people and worked as the chef. Over the next nine years, he perfected his method of cooking chicken that used the same eleven herbs and spices that are used today at KFC. Furthermore, he made use of a pressure cooker that enhanced the flavor and allowed the chicken to be cooked much faster than pan-frying. He was given the honorary title "Kentucky colonel" in 1935 by Governor Ruby Laffoon. Unusually, Sanders chose to call himself "Colonel" and to dress in a stereotypical "southern gentleman" costume as a way of self-promotion. Sanders sold his franchise in 1964, although he remained their corporate spokesman until his death. http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/456985156_181d51c3be.jpg?v=0 Death and legacy Sanders died at age 90, on December 16, 1980, of leukemia. He was buried in his characteristic white suit and black bow tie in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky, after lying in state in the rotunda of the Kentucky State Capitol. A later cartoon version of Colonel Sanders (voiced by actor Randy Quaid) has appeared in more recent KFC commercials, and he has an almost-identical impersonator, Thomas Rost, to the considerable consternation of many in the Sanders family. To this day, the Colonel's secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices remains one of the best-kept trade secrets in business. According to a profile of KFC done by the Food Network television show Unwrapped, portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only copy of the recipe is kept in a vault in corporate headquarters. In 1985, investigative journalist William Poundstone wrote a book, Big Secrets, which analyzed and revealed (among other things) the secret recipe for Kentucky Fried Chicken (lab tests found only traces of salt, black pepper, and MSG, not eleven herbs and spices), and provided readers several methods for duplicating the product. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 07/07/07 at 1:29 am Col. Sanders is cool! Within the last few years, they changed his look to showcase him wearing an apron. I was shocked the day I noticed this; I thought he looked cool. He looks more modern now http://web.mit.edu/cms/bcc/blogpics/colonel_sanders.gif Wanna see a shocker? Based on the American menu, Canadian locations of KFC do NOT serve the following ... - Honey BBQ Sandwich - Brownies - Apple Turnover I'm not surprised. It's an American institution that appeals to American tastes. So when such companies go into other countries they have to go with the tastes of the culture. In this case, damn what do Canadians like. I've seen Poutine and ew. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 07/07/07 at 12:04 pm I heard that KFC changed to the initials rather than the old name, Kentucky Fried Chicken. the did this because there actually is littl 'chicken' in the product. i personally think that was bunk. i wish i were a retro icon. here's a good one: i love to old guinness ads. but why th toucan? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/07/07 at 12:43 pm I heard that KFC changed to the initials rather than the old name, Kentucky Fried Chicken. the did this because there actually is littl 'chicken' in the product. i personally think that was bunk. i wish i were a retro icon. here's a good one: i love to old guinness ads. but why th toucan? oh, that's a cool ad. Retro icons are cool..I think I'd like to be one also! ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: karen on 07/09/07 at 6:36 am here's a good one: i love to old guinness ads. but why th toucan? I always assumed it was because the colours were the same. but apparently not. The original idea was to use a pelican Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/19/07 at 3:20 pm This week's retro icon: http://img71.imageshack.us/img71/8912/150823af7.jpg http://img71.imageshack.us/img71/5893/55campbellskidwo3.jpg The chubby, cherub-faced twins created by Philadelphia illustrator, Grace Wiederseim Drayton in 1904 for a series of streetcar advertisements have been the Campbell Soup Company mascots for nearly a century. Their images have appeared in print ads, TV commercials and a myriad of promotional products such as postcards, lapel buttons, and dolls etc. In the 1950s Campbell soup twins appeared on commercials produced for such highly rated shows as LASSIE and promoted their wholesomeness in ads touting the slogan "M'm! M'm! Good! M'm! M'm! Good!, That's what Campbell's soups are, M'm! M'm! Good!" (introduced in the 1930s on the CAMPBELL PLAYHOUSE radio series). In January, 1990 with the record production of some 20 billion cans of Campbell's condensed tomato soup, the company sponsored a new television commercial featuring Campbell Kids singing a rap song about the benefits of their fine soups. This marked the first time since 1958 that the Campbell Soup Twin voices had been heard. In 1998, the company updated their traditional "M'm! M'm! Good!" advertising slogan with "Good for the Body, Good for the Soul." The Campbell twins were also made a bite more slender to reflect the prevailing health conscious culture. For a history of the Campbell company log onto their website at http://www.campbellsoup.com or you can visit the Campbell Museum (opened in 1970) located in Camden, New Jersey that showcases the company's soup tureen collection. http://img71.imageshack.us/img71/9158/4073gr6.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 07/19/07 at 4:25 pm "Mmmm Good! Mmmm Good! That's why Campbell's Soups are Mmmm Good!" When I was a kid, my mom used to sing this jingle when she would yawn ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 07/19/07 at 5:27 pm reminds me of... Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/19/07 at 7:57 pm reminds me of... awww...the Gerber baby is SO cute! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/27/07 at 1:48 pm This week's retro icon (special thanks to Cat for the great suggestion of this one ;)): The Morton Salt Umbrella Girl The Morton Umbrella Girl has been an enduring icon since she first appeared on our table salt packaging in 1914. In 1911, Morton’s first advertising campaign for a series of ads in Good Housekeeping created the idea for the girl and her slogan, "When it Rains it Pours." One of the concepts presented to Morton was an image of a little girl holding an umbrella in one hand to ward off falling rain and a package of salt in the other hand that was tilted back with the spout open and salt running out. Morton loved the picture that expressed the Morton message — that salt would run even in damp weather. But the copy that went with it, "Even in rainy weather, it flows freely," was too long. Morton felt it needed to be shorter and snappier. So the advertising agency came up with: "Flows Freely," "Runs Freely," "Pours" and finally, an old proverb, "It never rains, but it pours." The adage was rejected for being too negative. A more positive spin on it resulted in the now famous slogan, "When it Rains it Pours." The Umbrella Girl remains ageless, but she has continued to changed with the times. Makeovers to modernize her looks began in 1921 and continued in 1933, 1941, 1956 and 1968. The Umbrella Girl through the Years 1914 The original Morton Salt Umbrella Girl appeared in 1914 with the now familiar slogan 'When It Rains It Pours". http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/5470/umbgirl1914xv0.jpg 1921 The second Morton Salt Umbrella Girl danced on the scene 1921. The twenties were roaring and the little Morton girl was still pouring. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/527/umbgirl1921ac0.jpg 1933 In the post-Depression years from 1933 to 1941, jazz was king. And as it reigned, our little girl kept pouring. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/7638/umbgirl1933it2.jpg 1941 The fourth Morton Salt Umbrella Girl was introduced to America in 1941. While our boys were off to war, our little girl was serving at home. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/3286/umbgirl1941ve4.jpg 1956 Rock and roll was starting to shake things up in 1956 and our little girl was still filling salt shakers. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/1724/umbgirl1956ys2.jpg 1968-Today Since her most recent makeover in 1968, the current Umbrella Girl has been with us through moon launches, hip-hop and the growth of the Internet. http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/8377/umbgirl1968ol3.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gemini on 07/27/07 at 6:28 pm Awww, cute! I've always loved that one. :) Hey Erin, I found this neat site of advertising icons, I think you'll like it. http://www.advertisingiconmuseum.com/ Just click on gallery to see 'em. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/27/07 at 11:53 pm Awww, cute! I've always loved that one. :) Hey Erin, I found this neat site of advertising icons, I think you'll like it. http://www.advertisingiconmuseum.com/ Just click on gallery to see 'em. hehe!! I found that awhile ago..and that's where I get a lot of my ideas for the thread from. Wouldn't it be divine to visit there? :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 07/28/07 at 1:10 am This is one I don't know, partly because in Canada, Morton Salt is known as Windsor Salt http://www.designedgecanada.com/images/windsorsalt.gif Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/28/07 at 9:21 am This is one I don't know, partly because in Canada, Morton Salt is known as Windsor Salt http://www.designedgecanada.com/images/windsorsalt.gif well, that's a funky retro design, now...isn't it? :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 07/28/07 at 1:26 pm has anyone mentioned the lovely coppertone girl? and the monopoly guy! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 07/28/07 at 7:33 pm well, that's a funky retro design, now...isn't it? :D I still get Windsor Salt just for the awesome box it comes in 8) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: coqueta83 on 07/28/07 at 11:38 pm This is one I don't know, partly because in Canada, Morton Salt is known as Windsor Salt http://www.designedgecanada.com/images/windsorsalt.gif Ooooh, I love that packaging! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 07/28/07 at 11:44 pm I haven't bought Windsor Salt in a long time, but I notice they changed the packaging for a more modern look ... http://www.windsorsalt.com/images/food_salt_images/1and2kg.gif I just love those blue and gold spheres 8) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 07/29/07 at 12:12 pm Awww, cute! I've always loved that one. :) Hey Erin, I found this neat site of advertising icons, I think you'll like it. http://www.advertisingiconmuseum.com/ Just click on gallery to see 'em. That looks like it could be either two of my sisters' rooms. One collects fast food toys (who knows how many she has) and the other collects dolls (again, who knows how many). The one who collects the toys used to have them all in her bedroom (until the toys took over and she had to move out :D ;D ;D ). One time, my niece brought home her boyfriend for the first and my sister was thinking about asking him, "Do you want to come into my bedroom and see my toys?" My niece looked at her and said, "DON'T YOU DARE!!!!" :D ;D ;D ;D ;D Yeah, my sister was a good girl and didn't embarrassed her daughter-that time. :D ;D ;D Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/29/07 at 7:48 pm I haven't bought Windsor Salt in a long time, but I notice they changed the packaging for a more modern look ... http://www.windsorsalt.com/images/food_salt_images/1and2kg.gif I just love those blue and gold spheres 8) Man, they always have to go and ruin a good thing. ::) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/09/07 at 9:08 am This week's retro icon is: Alfred E. Neumann http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/89/Alfred.jpg Alfred E. Neuman is the fictional mascot of EC Publications' Mad magazine. The face had drifted through American pictography for decades before being claimed by Mad editor Harvey Kurtzman after he spotted it on the bulletin board in the office of Ballantine Books editor Bernard Shir-Cliff, later a contributor to various magazines created by Kurtzman. http://img116.imageshack.us/img116/3088/auroramadsd7.jpg History Since his debut in Mad, Neuman's likeness, distinguished by jug ears, a missing front tooth, and one eye disquietingly lower than the other, has graced the cover of all but a handful of the magazine's 450+ issues. His face does not translate well to profile, and thus he has almost always been shown in full frontal view or in silhouette. The first use of this face by Kurtzman came November 1954 on the back cover of Ballantine's The Mad Reader, a paperback collection of reprints from the first two years of Mad. The character's first appearance in the comic book was on the cover of Mad 21 (March 1955), barely visible as part of a mock ad: a rubber mask bearing his likeness with "idiot" written underneath was offered for $1.29. Kurtzman began to introduce other running gags at this time, notably the word Potrzebie. His third appearance was in the border of the first magazine version of Mad 24 (July 1955) with his now-familiar signature phrase "What, me worry?" written underneath. Initially, the phrase was rendered "What? Me worry?". This border would be used on the cover of every issue up until Mad 30 (December 1956) and thereafter appear on the table of contents page of the reprint series More Trash from Mad from 1958 to 1960 and The Worst from Mad from 1958 to 1961. Neuman also appeared, by name only, in an early Don Martin feature, "Alfred E. Neuman Answers Your Questions." In it, Neuman answered a letter from a suicidal reader by giving "expert advice" on the best technique for tying a hangman's knot. The character was also briefly known as Mel Haney. In Mad 25, the face and name were brought together as Alfred E. Neuman, but in that same issue, the face appears with the name Mel Haney. In late 1956, Neuman's identity became fixed, when he appeared on the cover of Mad #30 as a write-in candidate for the Presidency. His features, which had first been rendered in black-and-white by Bill Elder, were fine-tuned and recreated in color by Norman Mingo. It was this image that appeared on the cover of issue 30, and which became the character's defining portrait. Beginning with issue 30, and continuing to the present day, Neuman has appeared on the cover of every issue of Mad and its spinoffs, in one form or another, with the exception of a small handful of issues. One such exception was Mad 233 (September 1982) which replaced Neuman's image with that of Pac-Man. Mingo painted seven more Neuman covers through 1957 and later became the magazine's signature cover artist throughout the 1960s and 1970s, although Kelly Freas rendered Neuman for Mad from 1958 to 1962. A female version of Alfred, named Moxie Cowznofski and occasionally described in editorial text as Alfred's "girlfriend," appeared briefly during the late 1950s. Alfred and Moxie were sometimes depicted side-by-side, defeating any speculation that Moxie was possibly Alfred in female guise. Her name was inspired by Moxie, a soft drink manufactured in Portland, Maine which was sold nationwide in the '50s and mentioned almost obsessively (usually as the butt of a joke) in early issues of Mad. Mad routinely combines Neuman with another character for its cover images. Neuman has appeared in a slew of guises, including Santa Claus, Darth Vader, George Washington, King Kong, Baby New Year, Lawrence of Arabia, Batman, Robin, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Rosemary's Baby, George S. Patton, the Fiddler on the Roof, Alex from A Clockwork Orange, Barbra Streisand, Mr. T, Indiana Jones, Radar O'Reilly, Bruce Springsteen, Mr. Spock, Pee Wee Herman, Michael Jackson, a California Raisin, Don King, Robin Hood, Abraham Lincoln, Guns N' Roses' Slash, the Man in the Moon, an Oscar statuette, Jabba the Hutt, Wolverine, Gollum, Spongebob Squarepants, Agent Smith from The Matrix,Kurt Cobain Shrek, Dr. Octopus, The Incredibles' Jack-Jack, George W. Bush, Justin Timberlake, Harry Potter, Barry Bonds, the Mona Lisa, and Uncle Sam ("Who Needs You?") among many other familiar faces. Since his unsuccessful run in 1956, he has periodically been re-offered as a candidate for President with the slogan, "You could do worse... and always have!" Considering Neuman's ubiquity as a cover boy, it is perhaps ironic that the single highest-selling issue of Mad depicted only his feet. The cover image, spoofing the 1973 film The Poseidon Adventure, showed Neuman floating upside-down inside a life preserver. Along with his face, Mad also includes a short humorous quotation credited to Neuman with every issue's table of contents. Some of these quotations were collected in the book, Mad: The Half-Wit and Wisdom of Alfred E. Neuman (Warner Treasures, 1997), illustrated by Sergio Aragonés. Neuman is now used exclusively as a mascot and iconic symbol of the magazine, but before this status was codified, he was referenced in several early articles. In one, he gave "advice" to supposed letters; in one of his replies, a suicidal reader was instructed on the best way to tie a knot. Other articles featured the school newspaper of "Neuman High School," and a bulletin from "Alfred E. Neuman University." An article entitled "Alfred E. Neuman's Family Tree" depicted historical versions of Neuman from various eras. Since then, Neuman has appeared only occasionally inside the magazine's articles. A recurring feature titled "Poor Alfred's Almanac" showed his face atop the page, but otherwise the character had no involvement. In an issue in 1968, Alfred's face was assembled, feature by feature, from parts of photographs of well-known politicos, including then-President Lyndon B. Johnson (left ear), Richard Nixon (nose), Oregon Governor Mark Hatfield (eyes), and Ronald Reagan (hair). The gap in his teeth (using the grin of Dwight D. Eisenhower,) came from "The 'Credibility Gap' Created by Practically All Politicians." Neuman's famous catch phrase is the intellectually uncurious "What, me worry?" This was changed for one issue to "Yes, me worry!" after the Three Mile Island nuclear meltdown in 1979. On the cover of current printings of the paperback The Ides of MAD, as rendered by long-time cover artist Norman Mingo, Alfred is portrayed as a Roman bust with his catch phrase engraved on the base, rendered, of course, into Latin-- Quid, Me Vexari? Over the decades, Neuman has often appeared in political cartoons as a shorthand for unquestioning stupidity. In recent years, Alfred E. Neuman's features have frequently been merged with those of George W. Bush by editorial cartoonists such as Mike Luckovich and Tom Tomorrow. The image has also appeared on magazine covers, notably The Nation, ) and in numerous Photoshop images and GIF files in which Neuman's face morphs into Bush's. A large Bush/Neuman poster was part of the Washington protests that accompanied Bush's 2001 inauguration. The alleged resemblance between the two has been noted more than once by Hillary Clinton. On July 10, 2005, speaking at the Aspen Institute's Ideas Festival, she said, "I sometimes feel that Alfred E. Neuman is in charge in Washington," referring to Bush's purported "What, me worry?" attitude. Neuman's features have also been compared to others in the public eye, including Prince Charles, Ted Koppel, Oliver North and David Letterman. Alfred E. Neuman's surname is very frequently misspelled as "Newman." Alfred E. Neuman's most prominent feature is his gap-toothed grin, which has appeared on nearly every issue of Mad. A notable exception was the November 2001 issue, the first to be produced following the 9-11 terrorist attacks in the United States. The cover showed a close up of Neuman's mouth, but his gap was now filled with a red, white and blue tooth in the pattern of an American flag. In 1983, Neuman was featured with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The cover showed E.T. preparing to board his spaceship, using his famous "healing finger" to touch Alfred E. Neuman's mouth and make a new 32nd tooth appear, giving him a full smile. Neuman also appeared as himself in a political cartoon, after Newsweek had been criticized for using computer graphics to retouch the teeth of the mother of the McCaughey septuplets. The cartoon had a split-screen comparison, where Alfred E. Neuman was featured on the cover of Mad with his usual gap-toothed grin, then also featured on the cover of Newsweek, but with a perfect smile. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Gis on 08/09/07 at 4:01 pm Has always given me the creeps SHUDDERS* Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/09/07 at 4:05 pm That guy gave me the creeps too :o Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Green Lantern on 08/28/07 at 12:14 pm Has always given me the creeps SHUDDERS That guy gave me the creeps too :o Gives you the creeps! Wad ya mean!? >:( ??? .... Mr. 'Mad' himself ... my inspiration ... the man whose boots I am not fit to lick! My hero! 'Alfred E. Neumann'! Alfred for President! Well, I suppose he could be King of England one day. Those ears look suspiciously like Prince Charles'! :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 09/03/07 at 10:18 pm Well now, it's long overdue for a new retro icon...so, without futher ado, the retro icon of this week is: The Jolly Green Giant http://img405.imageshack.us/img405/7637/260pxbejggjt9.jpg The Jolly Green Giant is a symbol of the Green Giant food company of the United States, appearing as a smiling green-skinned giant wearing a tunic, wreath and boots made of leaves. In 1973, JGG teamed up with "Little Green Sprout", the diminutive young green giant. Created by Leo Burnett, the Giant first appeared in advertisements in 1928; the name originally came from a variety of unusually large pea called the "Green Giant" that the company canned and sold. Portrayal Len Dresslar, born 1925, provided the voice of the Jolly Green giant in television commercials, saying only "Ho, ho, ho." Dresslar was also a successful as a jazz and popular music singer in Chicago entertainment circles. Despite being over 6ft (1.82m) tall, Dresslar never portrayed the Giant in TV commercials. The figure viewers saw on screen was Keith R. Wegeman, an Olympic ski jumper and father of soap opera actress Katherine Kelly Lang from The Bold and the Beautiful. The original televised Jolly Green Giant was nothing more than a puppet that, through the use of stop-motion animation, stalked through the "valley" and said little more than "fo fum fi fe" (perhaps a reference to the fable Jack and the Beanstalk). The commercial, which first aired in 1953, was deemed too scary for younger viewers and the puppet was discarded. The next commercial featured several different animated elves (similar to the Keebler elves) working in a "factory" around the valley while Keith Wegeman (shown in far-away shots) stood over the area, chanting the now-famous "ho, ho, ho" phrase. http://img405.imageshack.us/img405/8436/grgiant1sh4.jpg Statue In 1978, the town of Blue Earth, Minnesota paid $43,000 to erect a 55-foot (16.8 m) fiberglass statue of the Jolly Green Giant to commemorate the linking of the east and west sections of Interstate 90. It was permanently erected on July 6, 1979. The statue attracts over 10,000 visitors a year. Jolly Green Giant in popular culture ~The mascot became so well-known that the name came to be used for other sorts of things that were large and green in color. ~The HH-3E rescue helicopters that the United States Air Force used during the Vietnam War were called Jolly Green Giants, while the larger HH-53 helicopter received the nickname "Super Jolly Green Giant." ~The green superhero monster, The Incredible Hulk, is often described in jest as "The Not-So-Jolly Green Giant." ~There is a large billboard of the Green Giant in Le Sueur, Minnesota, with the Green Giant's companion Little Green Sprout (though trees are in the way). ~In an oft-replayed bit from The Tonight Show, Johnny Carson is dressed as the "Little Green Sprout" and is standing between the lower legs of the Giant. He looks up and says, in his "Art Fern" voice, "Ho-ho-ho, Jolly Green Giant! Show us your Niblets!" whereupon he is showered with gigantic kernels of corn. He then looks up and mouths an obscenity at the Giant while the audience roars. ~In the film Full Metal Jacket Crazy Earl says, "We are jolly green giants, walking the Earth with guns." ~The giant was the subject of several questions on the popular 1970s game show Match Game. ~In the film Demolition Man the "Valley of the Jolly Green Giant" song is heard while in a Taco Bell restaurant. ~The Kingsmen, the Royal Guardsmen, and several other groups recorded songs titled The Jolly Green Giant. ~In the film Ghostbusters 2 After bringing the Statue of Liberty to life, Bill Murray's character says "Keep kickin' Libby. If you make this work, we'll pop for a weekend in Vegas with the Jolly Green Giant!" Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 09/03/07 at 11:17 pm I alwais liked Little Sprout. He was a cute lil' fella. In the old napster days, there used to be this gal who came into the chat often and her handle was Lil' Sprout and I always used to joke by asking her where the Green Giant was ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 09/03/07 at 11:23 pm The Jolly Green Giant always struck me as a hot sort of character....right up there with Mr. Clean. hubba hubba! :D ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: lorac61469 on 09/04/07 at 11:19 am When I was a kid the Jolly Green Giant was played by a real person...I used to be afraid of him ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: coqueta83 on 09/04/07 at 7:59 pm I used to get the Jolly Green Giant confused with the Incredible Hulk when I was really little. ;D I actually miss those commercials with the Jolly Green Giant; I haven't seen them in many years! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 09/17/07 at 8:50 am The Retro Icon of the Week is: Aunt Jemima http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/1627/auntjemimasmlvp0.jpg Aunt Jemima is a trademark for pancake flour, syrup, and other breakfast foods. The trademark dates to 1893, although Aunt Jemima pancake mix debuted in 1889. The phrase "Aunt Jemima" is sometimes used as a female version of "Uncle Tom" to refer to a black woman who is perceived as obsequiously servile or acting in, or protective of, the interests of whites. The 1950s television show, Beulah, came under fire for depicting a "mammy"-like black maid and cook who was somewhat reminiscent of Aunt Jemima. Today, "Beulah" and "Aunt Jemima" are regarded as more or less interchangeable as terms of disparagement. The name "Jemima" is biblical in nature and is an anglicized version of the feminine Hebrew name Yamimah, the second of Job's daughters born to at the end of his self-titled book of the Bible. http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/3217/auntjemimanz3.jpg History The direct inspiration for Aunt Jemima originates from a minstrelsy/vaudeville song of the same name. Chris L. Rutt of the Pearl Milling Company saw the song being sung by blackface performers Baker & Farrell wearing an apron and kerchief, and appropriated the character. Aunt Jemima is depicted as a plump, smiling, bright-eyed, black woman, originally wearing a kerchief over her hair. She was represented as a slave and was the most commonplace representation of the stereotypical "mammy" character. The character of Aunt Jemima also appeared in vaudeville, played by comedienne-singer Tess Gardella (a white actress, who performed the role in blackface). The woman whose likeness was painted for the logo was Anna Short Harrington. Nancy Green, born a slave in Montgomery County, Kentucky, was hired by R.T. Davis Milling Company to play the Jemima character from 1890 to her death on September 24, 1923. Green (as Jemima), operated a pancake-cooking display at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois during 1893, beside the "world's largest flour barrel." Harriette Widmer also portrayed the character on radio. There is also speculation that Ohio woman Rosie Riles (1901–1969) modelled for the first conception of the Aunt Jemima character. Aunt Jemima was not the only depiction of a black person to be used in early advertising. Black caricatures were often featured prominently as trademarks of several products. Most commonly, such images were used to sell food, cleaning agents, agricultural produce, and products that were black or brown, such as coffee, ink, and chocolate. Examples include Cream of Wheat, featuring a cook named "Rastus," Fairbank's Gold Dust, a powdered laundry detergent, featuring "Goldie" and "Dusty," the "Gold Dust Twins," J & P Coat's Threads, featuring "Topsy" and "Mammy" cookie jars. Objections to the depiction of Aunt Jemima and other black advertising date back to the 1920s. According to Slave in a Box by M.M. Manring, one black professional polled in 1928 responded, "I positively hate this illustration." The actress Aubrey Andreozzi recently depicted her in a Thursday morning television program, entitled Breakfast at the Firepit. She had chosen to be a "white Jemima," wearing only the apron and bandana, but it worked well. The Aunt Jemima trademark has been modified several times over the years. She has been made younger and more physically attractive, and her kerchief has been eliminated for a more modern hairstyle and pearls. This new look remains with the products to this day. http://img250.imageshack.us/img250/7776/iconjemimaqa5.jpg Quaker Oats bought the brand in 1926. Aunt Jemima frozen foods were licensed out to Aurora Foods in 1996 and in 2004 absorbed into Pinnacle Foods Corporation. 1964: Aunt Jemima receives Key to the City of Albion on January 25, 1964. She visited Albion many times for fundraisers. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: karen on 09/29/07 at 9:30 am Out shopping the other day I needed to buy some cooking salt. I bought Morton's purely because you mentioned it on this thread! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 09/29/07 at 7:14 pm Out shopping the other day I needed to buy some cooking salt. I bought Morton's purely because you mentioned it on this thread! oh cool! They should give us royalties for the plug that we gave them, eh? ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 09/29/07 at 8:08 pm I love Aunt Jemima. The only syrup I buy is Aunt Jemima. No other brand will do Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 09/29/07 at 8:09 pm I love Aunt Jemima. The only syrup I buy is Aunt Jemima. No other brand will do I wonder....if aunt jemina and mrs. butterworth are related? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 10/07/07 at 2:52 pm I wonder....if aunt jemina and mrs. butterworth are related? nah but they both dated uncle ben Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 10/23/07 at 10:14 am I've been slacking, I know....but here is this week's retro icon: This one is an oldie, but goodie.... MARKY MAYPO the Maypo Cereal Boy http://img527.imageshack.us/img527/3199/hofmaypofs3.jpg http://img527.imageshack.us/img527/9252/lin12vz0.jpg In 1956 the Fletcher, Richards, Calkins & Holden Advertising Agency created a successful Maypo ad campaign entitled "Marky Maypo" about the frustrations of a father trying to get his young son Marky (who was dressed in a cowboy costume) to eat a new maple-flavored oatmeal breakfast food called Maypo. After a few tries to get his son to eat Maypo the father said "Tell you what, I'll be an airplane, you be the hangar. Open the doors, here it comes (Whrrrrrrrr!) loaded with delicious (Whrrrrrrr!) maple-flavored (Whrrrrrrr!) Maypo!" Just as the spoon reaches the boy's mouth, he snaps it shut. Frustrated, the father accidentally puts the spoonful of Maypo in his mouth, and immediately his young son cried "I want my MAYPO!" In 1958, the Brian & Houston ad agency made a follow-up commercial where Marky was robbed of his cowboy hat and his favorite cereal by his Uncle Ralphie. In frustration, he wailed "I want my Maypo!" A sequel commercial entitled "Marky's Horse," had the little cowboy jump onto the snoring pot belly of Uncle Ralphie. Marky then rode his uncle's tummy like a bronco until he got some Maypo. The voice of Marky was provided by Mark Hubley, the four-year-old son of John and Faith Hubley, the animators of these now classic B/W commercial spots. Marky Maypo made his debut on New York and New England television stations in September 1956. John Hubley contributed to the "flat" UPA animation style used on such cartoons as "Mister Magoo." In 1951 Hubley worked on the Academy Award animated short Gerald McBoing Boing. The Maypo Company recruited popular sports figures for their INSTANT MAYPO CEREAL. The ad spots featured Gil Hodges who orders Tom Seaver to go in and pitch and he cries "I want my Maypo"; as well as Mickey Mantle , too,. who cries "I want my Maypo!" http://img527.imageshack.us/img527/7968/hubleymayport2.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 10/23/07 at 11:51 am Another one I don't remember. Is Maypo cereal still made today ? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 10/23/07 at 4:08 pm Another one I don't remember. Is Maypo cereal still made today ? you know what? I have no idea. I just always remember my dad quoting one of their commercials over and over again, through the years. ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 11/09/07 at 8:27 am This week's retro icon: The Crash Test Dummies http://img155.imageshack.us/img155/1849/vinlar6lq8.jpg Vince and Larry - Otherwise known as "The Crash Test Dummies," Vince and Larry were two hardworking crash test dummies who appeared in a series of public service announcement jointly produced by the Ad Council and the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration beginning in 1985. In the commercials (created by the Leo Burnett Ad Agency), Vince and Larry actively demonstrated what could happen when a person did not wear a seatbelt. Unlike, humans who die or become crippled in real crashes, Vince and Larry dusted themselves off after each crash and lived to joke another day. Vince (who wears grey) is the veteran of the duo while Larry, (who wears blue) is the new comer - eager to prove himself and ready to loose an arm, leg or head for the cause. http://img155.imageshack.us/img155/6457/vincedummygu5.jpg The success of the Crash Test Dummies Seat Belt Education campaign motivated a large majority of states to enact laws mandating the use of safety belts. In 1990, the campaign was recognized with a Gold Effie award from the New York chapter of the American Marketing Association. Reportedly, by 1994, seat belt usage had increased from 21% to 73%, saving an estimated 75,000 lives and preventing more than 1.5 million moderate to critical injuries. In 1999, Vince and Larry along with their campaign tagline, "You Could Learn A Lot From a Dummy" were retired when the U.S. Department of Transportation revised the campaign. The new slogan advised "Buckle Up. Always." TRIVIA NOTE: When the Crash Test Dummies made personal appearances, local actors were hired to wear their costumes. To preserve the integrity of the original TV and radio voices, Vince and Larry never talked in person. They just do skits and interviews using a pre-recorded tape. The popularity of the Crash Dummies inspired the Department of Transportation to sell the merchandising right to a New Jersey Toy Company in 1992 who created spin-off action figures. This decision motivated the CBS, ABC and NBC networks to pull off the air (for a time) the Vince and Larry ad campaign to disassociate the toy's message of "mayhem" from the ad council's original message of safety. In 1993/94, there was also a computer game developed by Software Creations called "The Incredible Crash Dummies." The program featured a storyline about a kidnapped crash dummy designer named Dr. Zub who is kidnapped by the villain Junkman. It's up to the Crash Dummies to save the day and rescue the Zub, But first they must overcome many junkbot obstacles as they drive through the Crash Test Center, Construction Site, and Military Testing Zone. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Brigitte on 11/10/07 at 12:51 pm http://www.crashtestdummies.com/ Inspiration! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: apollonia1986 on 11/15/07 at 9:52 pm The Crash Test Dummies scared the crap outta me when I was little. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 11/15/07 at 10:45 pm one of them (Larry I believe) was voiced by the late Lorenzo Music, whom is best remembered as the voice of Garfield the Cat or as Carlton the Doorman on "Rhoda". Or if you were a kid in the 80s like me, you will also remember him as the voice of Tummi on "The Gummi Bears" and as Peter Venkman on "The Real Ghostbusters" I loved the Crash Test Dummies spoof in the movie "Stay Tuned" ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 11/15/07 at 10:54 pm one of them (Larry I believe) was voiced by the late Lorenzo Music, whom is best remembered as the voice of Garfield the Cat or as Carlton the Doorman on "Rhoda". Or if you were a kid in the 80s like me, you will also remember him as the voice of Tummi on "The Gummi Bears" and as Peter Venkman on "The Real Ghostbusters" I loved the Crash Test Dummies spoof in the movie "Stay Tuned" ;D oh, that's right...I knew that voice sounded familiar. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: apollonia1986 on 11/23/07 at 6:03 pm Oh the Gummi Bears. I remember watching them a long time ago. It was a cute show. ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 12/04/07 at 12:57 am This week's retro icon is: Yipes the Fruit Stripe Gum Zebra http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/158/prremiums128gm9.jpg Fruit Stripe is artificially flavoured fruit chewing gum that is notorious for its strong but fleeting flavor. It is packaged in zebra wrappers and every stick now comes with one or more temporary tattoos. Fruit Stripe is the only gum with painted on stripes. http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/464/yumzebrafruitygumob1.gif Fruit Stripe gum was invented by James Parker, and launched in the early-1960s as an extension of the Beech-Nut gum line. Farley's & Sathers Candy Company, Inc. acquired Fruit Stripes in 2003 from Hershey Foods Corporation. http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/5821/prremiums163xv4.jpg Fruit Stripe gum wrappers contain tattoos of Yipes inline skating, hang gliding, playing basketball, bicycling, snowboarding, surfing, playing soccer, and playing tennis. In the 1980s or '90s, Yipes was moulded into a plastic Zebra. This zebra was utilized as a promotional tool for Fruit Stripes. The Zebra models currently value at approximately $30-$50 in collector marketplaces. http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/8729/for56ol3.jpg In 1996, Fruit Stripe gave 5 cents from the sale of each Jumbo Pack and Variety Multipack to the World Wildlife Fund, totaling up to $100,000, for the preservation of endangered animals and their habitats. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: lorac61469 on 12/04/07 at 3:50 pm I used to love this gum when I was a kid. I bought some not too long ago, still tastes the same but I don't like it as much as I did. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: coqueta83 on 12/04/07 at 8:01 pm I think the last time I had Fruit Stripe gum was in my early junior high days. I don't even see this gum anymore. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 12/04/07 at 8:10 pm Man, I haven't thought about Fruit Stripe Gum in years. It was good stuff. I haven't seen it around anymore :( Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Jessica on 12/04/07 at 11:17 pm Man, I haven't thought about Fruit Stripe Gum in years. It was good stuff. I haven't seen it around anymore :( They sell it at the Meijer over here. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 12/04/07 at 11:31 pm Fruit Stripe gum never held it's flavor very long...and it sometimes left a bad taste in your mouth! :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 12/05/07 at 12:44 pm I think the Fruit Stripe is a kid thing. Like many have already said, loved it as a kid but as an adult.... probably the sugar factor. I haven't had it in DECADES! Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: apollonia1986 on 12/06/07 at 4:26 pm Does anyone remember a gum called Zebra Stripe. It was like Fruit Stripe but it had a little zebra on the package. :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 12/24/07 at 3:56 am Does anyone remember a gum called Zebra Stripe. It was like Fruit Stripe but it had a little zebra on the package. :) I do. It was good gum :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 12/24/07 at 10:47 am Have we paid homage to two of my favs yet???? The 7Up Spot http://i102.photobucket.com/albums/m98/valeb1235/fun%20stuff/ththshakeit.gif ? & The Domino's Pizza Noid? http://i84.photobucket.com/albums/k5/Blanceezy/pitfall_lost_expedition_noid.jpg AVOID THE NOID!!!! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 12/24/07 at 6:58 pm I loved the Noid. Ever see the Family Guy episode where Mayor West beats him bloody, then snaps his neck? I just about died laughing at that ;D I used to have the game "Yo! Noid" for the NES and I even had a little figurine that I got from Domino's when I was a kid 7-Up Spot was also cool. I liked him better than Fido Dido. I remember he had his own NES game as well called 'Cool Spot'. I never played it though Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 12/24/07 at 6:59 pm I loved the Noid. Ever see the Family Guy episode where Mayor West beats him bloody, then snaps his neck? I just about died laughing at that ;D I used to have the game "Yo! Noid" for the NES and I even had a little figurine that I got from Domino's when I was a kid 7-Up Spot was also cool. I liked him better than Fido Dido. I remember he had his own NES game as well called 'Cool Spot'. I never played it though I never played the games but I do have a stuffed Noid and a Stuffed spot at home! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 01/02/08 at 12:27 pm This week's retro icon is: Miss Chiquita Banana http://img88.imageshack.us/img88/4964/bananachiquita2fo7.jpg http://img88.imageshack.us/img88/6430/osmiss50bee6.jpg Female banana character (first drawn by artist Dik Browne) who wore a headdress of fruit and sang the trademark Chiquita Banana song (voice first provided by singer Patti Clayton) that began "Hello Amigo...I'm Chiquita Banana and I've come to say/You eat the banana in a special way/And when it's fleck with brown and has a golden hue/That's when bananas are the best for you...." (Music © 1945 Shawnee Press Inc.) The Chiquita Banana jingle was created in 1944 for the United Fruit Company by a BBDO advertising team headed by Robert Foreman. The song's lyrics, written by Garth Montgomery and music composed by co-worker Ken MacKenzie, instructed Americans on how to ripen and properly use this golden tropical fruit, for example, putting them in pies, or salads and to never to put the equator grown fruit in the refrigerator. In 1945 and 1946, Puerto Rico-born Elsa Miranda portrayed Miss Chiquita in numerous personal appearances in the movies, in radio commercials. June Valli (popular for her 1954 hit song "Crying in the Chapel) was the singing voice of Chiquita Banana in the TV commercials in the 1950s. In 1987, the image of Miss Chiquita changed from a banana character when artist Oscar Grillo, creator of the Pink Panther, transformed her into a beautiful brown skinned woman with a teasing smile who wore the traditional fruit-filled sombrero, gold loop earrings along with a blue dress adorned with ruffled sleeves and hems edged in yellow. In 1997, Chiquita held a consumer contest to update their lyrics. Joyce Appelquist, a fifth grade teacher from San Mateo, California, won the contest. http://img88.imageshack.us/img88/5543/oshistccurrbnc6.jpg I'm Chiquita Banana, and I've come to say Bananas have to ripen in a certain way. And when they are flecked with brown and have a golden hue, Bananas taste the best, and are the best for you. You can put them in a salad. You can put them in a pie - aye. Anyway you want to eat them it's impossible to beat them. But bananas like the climate of the very, very tropical equator. So you should never put bananas in the refrigerator. 1997 Version: I'm Chiquita Banana, and I've come to say I offer good nutrition for you every day. And when you buy Chiquita you will always know, You've got the best bananas anyone can grow! Underneath the crescent yellow, you'll find vitamins And fiber, instant energy to feel good. Our bananas make a meal good. It's a gift from Mother Nature and a natural addition to your table. A wholesome, healthy, pure banana; look for Chiquita's label! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: apollonia1986 on 01/03/08 at 8:04 pm Omg! Chiquita Bananas! I remember having to sing this in grade school with our little chorus for all the parents. It was so cute! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: wsmith4 on 01/04/08 at 7:58 am Fruit Stripe gum never held it's flavor very long...and it sometimes left a bad taste in your mouth! :D ;D I was just saying this to my bf yesterday! That's so funny. It did taste pretty nasty after a very short time. But those first 3 seconds were pure bliss LOL Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 01/04/08 at 11:44 am ;D I was just saying this to my bf yesterday! That's so funny. It did taste pretty nasty after a very short time. But those first 3 seconds were pure bliss LOL hahaa...yes, it was all worth the nasty taste that it left in your mouth, for hours on end...for those few seconds of heaven!! ;D :D ;) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 01/20/08 at 11:03 pm I totally forgot all about Miss Chiquita Banana. I best remember her in the modern pic on the bottom, though you don't really see her as much as you used to Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 01/21/08 at 8:00 am the ever gentlemanly johnny walker http://www.airmuseum.ca/040504h3.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 01/24/08 at 5:03 am This week's retro icon: http://img152.imageshack.us/img152/5455/campaignmarlborojb1.jpg http://img152.imageshack.us/img152/1514/220595644f8c5d754b6un1.jpg The most powerful -- and in some quarters, most hated -- brand image of the century, the Marlboro Man stands worldwide as the ultimate American cowboy and masculine trademark, helping establish Marlboro as the best-selling cigarette in the world. Today, even a mention of the Marlboro Man as an effective ad icon brings protests from healthcare workers who see first-hand the devastation wrought by decades of cigarette smoking. More than any other issue, the ethics of tobacco advertising -- both morally and legally -- have divided the advertising industry. But even those ad professionals who abhor the tobacco industry will, when pressed, agree that the Marlboro Man has had unprecedented success as a global marketing tool for selling Philip Morris Cos.' brand. In the beginning back in the 1950s, a time when cigarettes were accepted in even the politest society, Burnett created the macho icon as a way to reposition Marlboro from a "mild as May" ladies cigarette to a product with broader appeal. The original newspaper ad from Burnett carried the slogan "delivers the goods on flavor" and it immediately sent sales skyrocketing. By the time the Marlboro Man went national in 1955, sales were at $5 billion, a 3,241% jump over 1954 and light years ahead of pre-cowboy sales, when the brand's U.S. share stood at less than 1%. Despite his appeal, the cowboy wasn't the only rough-and-tumble image used to sell the brand's image. Over the next decade, Burnett experimented with other manly types -- ball players, race car drivers and rugged guys with tattoos (often friends of the creative team, sporting fake tattoos). All the pitches worked. Even with the release in 1957 of the first article in Reader's Digest linking lung cancer to smoking, the real men of the Marlboro ads kept ringing up sales ($20 billion that year), attracting new smokers of both genders. In 1964, the company revived the cowboy but this time he was in mythical Marlboro Country. This vivid image paid off in 1971 when cigarette ads were banned from TV. The striking print shot of cowboys enjoying a smoke on horseback continued to fuel sales growth. In 1972, Marlboro became the No. 1 tobacco brand in the world. As the anti-smoking movement has spread, the Marlboro Man has come under particular attack for his role in luring new customers to a cancer-causing habit. As a commercial icon, he is both reviled and revered. Yet one measure of this icon's clout is that no matter how minimal the imagery gets -- reduced on occasion to little more than a saddle and splash of red -- it still remains instantly evocative of a mythical Marlboro country, of a mythical American cowboy and of the No. 1 brand of cigarettes that gave that cowboy real lung cancer. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 01/24/08 at 1:43 pm wait.....why did my picture of Johnny Walker have a swastika on it? ??? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 01/24/08 at 6:25 pm wait.....why did my picture of Johnny Walker have a swastika on it? ??? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Dominic L. on 01/24/08 at 11:19 pm wait.....why did my picture of Johnny Walker have a swastika on it? ??? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 01/24/08 at 11:31 pm wait.....why did my picture of Johnny Walker have a swastika on it? ??? I thought I saw that yesterday but don't see it now...did you change the pic? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: KKay on 01/25/08 at 10:59 am I thought I saw that yesterday but don't see it now...did you change the pic? i didn't....BUT at closer examination, it seems to be painted on the side of a vehicle...perhaps a bomber plane? that would expalin lots of the stuff on that image. i'm a knucklehead. so. I know he goes way back..can anyone find a good retro shot of the maytag repair man? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 01/26/08 at 12:43 pm i didn't....BUT at closer examination, it seems to be painted on the side of a vehicle...perhaps a bomber plane? that would expalin lots of the stuff on that image. i'm a knucklehead. oh yeah now I see it again... Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 01/26/08 at 12:45 pm so. I know he goes way back..can anyone find a good retro shot of the maytag repair man? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/27/08 at 12:39 pm The retro icon of the week: THE KEEBLER ELVES http://img166.imageshack.us/img166/1069/keeblergroupjx3.gif http://img166.imageshack.us/img166/7107/keeblerwd0.gif The Keebler Elves - Community of elfin creatures living in a hollow tree on a variety of TV spots produced for the United Biscuit Company (No. 2 in the cookies and crackers market). Their chief spokesman is Ernie the Elf, who sported white hair, and a business outfit that included a red hat, white shirt with yellow tie, green jacket, red vest, and yellow pants with red socks. Created in 1968 by the Chicago-based Leo Burnett Co., for the Keebler Company, Ernie and his industrial baker elves espoused the "uncommonly good" products from the Hollow Tree Bakery. Ernie was immortalized in fudge when Keebler created E. L. Fudge, a fudge-coated shortbread cookie in the shape of Ernie the Elf. Other elves seen include a pudgy Fryer Tuck, who touted the goodness of "Munch 'ems," two teenage elves Zoot and J.J., Zoot's best friend who pushed pizza taste of "Pizzarias," as well as Ma Keebler, Ernie's mother; Elmer Keebler, a baker-in-training; Buckets, who splashes fudge on cookies; Fast Eddie, the cookie and cracker wrapper; Sam, the peanut butter maker; Roger the cookie jeweler, Doc, the doctor and cookie maker; Zack, the fudge shop foreman; Flo the Tree Accountant; Leonardo the artist; and Professor, Edison, Larry, and Art. TRIVIA NOTE: Located at One Hollow Tree Lane in Elmhurst, Illinois 60126. the Keebler Company was named after Godfrey Keebler, a baker who opened a shop in Philadelphia in 1853. In 1927 the Keebler bakery joined forces with other bakers to form the United Biscuit Company (later headquartered in West Drayton, Middlesex, England.) On March 2001, the Kellogg Company from Battle Creek, Michigan acquired Keebler Foods Company for $3.9 billion. The Keebler Company also makes Zesta Crackers, Wheatable, O'Boises, Ripplin' Snack Chips and Town House Crackers. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/02/08 at 8:30 am This week's retro icon: Lucky the Leprechaun: Lucky Charms Cereal http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/384/423218448f26aa24f11nl7.jpg Lucky Charms is a popular brand of breakfast cereal produced by the General Mills cereal company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The cereal consists of two main components: small, toasted bits of oats and multi-colored marshmallow bits (or marbits) in various "magical" shapes making up over 25 percent of the cereal's volume. The label features an affable leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials. The cereal was created in 1963 by a team headed up by the manufacturing vice-president of General Mills, John Holahan. The team was to use the available manufacturing capacity from either of General Mills' two principal cereal products — Wheaties or Cheerios — and do something unique to them. Lucky Charms were first invented by mixing Cheerios with bits of Kraft Circus Peanuts. http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/2117/luckycharmspr1.jpg An advertising company employed by General Mills suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets.Thus the charms of Lucky Charms were born. The mascot, Lucky the Leprechaun, was also born in 1963, a cartoon character whose voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992. Following launch, the General Mills marketing department found that sales performed dramatically better if the composition of the marbits changed periodically. Various other features of the marbits were also modified to maximize their appeal to the cereal's target young consumers. In focus groups and market research, more brightly colored charms resulted in better sales than dull or pastel colors. Holahan called Lucky Charms a "lesson in creative marketing." Currently, General Mills conducts frequent "concept-ideation" studies on Lucky Charms. For a brief period of time in 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was replaced as the cereal's mascot by Waldo the Wizard, who performed better in focus groups and initial market tests than Lucky. Waldo was quickly retired, and Lucky once again reinstated a year later. In the 1990s the cereal was sold in the United Kingdom, including Northern Ireland, but is no longer retailed in any part of the UK, and neither in the Republic of Ireland. The cereal can be obtained through specialty internet/mail-order companies, or upmarket stores such as Selfridges in the UK at greatly inflated prices however. (Due to the nature of importing items from the US to the UK) The main selling point for Lucky Charms has always been the marshmallows (or "marbits" as General Mills calls them). The first boxes of Lucky Charms cereal contained marshmallows in the shapes of pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers. The lineup has changed occasionally over the years, beginning with the introduction of blue diamonds in 1975. Purple horseshoes joined the roster in 1984, followed by red balloons in 1989, rainbows in 1992, pots of gold in 1994, leprechaun hats in 1996, and shooting stars in 1998. http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/733/1706113025fcdf6315ali5.jpg Generally as General Mills introduces new shapes, older marshmallows are phased out. The first marbits to be phased out were the yellow moons and blue diamonds, as General Mills introduced their "Pot of Gold" marshmallow. Since they already had a yellow marbit, they changed the yellow moons to blue moons and eliminated the blue diamonds. Sometimes the marbit phase outs are done quietly, other times the changes form the basis for various commercials and other promotional materials. The current assortment (October 2006) thus consists of purple horseshoes; red balloons; blue moons; orange and white shooting stars; yellow and orange pots of gold; pink, yellow, and blue rainbows; two-tone green leprechaun hats; pink hearts (the only shape to survive since the beginning); with the most recent addition being the return of the clovers in 2004. There have also been slight cosmetic changes in the marbits, as when the orange star changed from six points to five in 1995 and when all of the colors were brightened that same year. Other marshmallows have appeared as short-term promotions, such as a whale shape in 1986, shapes based on the Olympic Games in 1996, and marshmallows shaped like various world landmarks in 1999. The marshmallows also grew in size in 2004. Recent changes to the marshmallows include: the star shape took more of a "shooting star" design, the orange 5 pointed star being added together with a white "trail" (though making the 5th point in the star almost invisible). More recently, in late 2005 another different kind of marshmallow was added, the "Hidden Key". It is a solid yellow marshmallow that resembles the shape of an older designed door (similar to the shape of a tombstone; flat at the bottom, flat sides with a round top). When liquid is added to the cereal, the sugar inside the marshmallow dissolves and the shape of an older key "appears" as if "by magic". The new tagline for this is "Unlock the door with milk!" This "new" marshmallow type has been used in other kinds of hot and cold cereals, but with mixed success (from characters "hidden" inside a bigger marshmallow to letters appearing). Also to note, this new "Hidden Key" marshmallow only appears in the "regular" Lucky Charms; NOT in the Chocolate or Berry Versions. In early June 2006, General Mills introduced a new Lucky Charms marshmallow, Magic Mirror marshmallows. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 04/02/08 at 10:26 am remember when the marshmallows were a solid color? http://i258.photobucket.com/albums/hh270/stagedolphin/countchocula.jpg I prefer count chocula.... again I liked it better when the marshmallows were all brown... I also used to like Frankenberry and BooBerry but now FrankenBerry is too sweet for me and Booberry gives me the runs. ::) http://i49.photobucket.com/albums/f255/brightneoncliffs/countchoculaandfriends.gif Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 05/24/08 at 7:19 pm Lucky Charms and Count Chocula are both awesome! For some reason, Frankenberry and Boo Berry were never sold in stores aorund here (perhaps they were not sold in Canada). In the 70s, and 80s, General Mills created a line of the monster cereals, that also included the ling discontinued 'Yummy Mummy' and 'Fruite Brute'. Fruit Bruite, which was discontinued in 1982, can be seen in the Quentin Tarantino movies 'Resevoir Dogs' and 'Pulp Fiction' Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 05/25/08 at 7:17 pm I love those cereals! I just bought Vaughn Frankenberry a few weeks ago..and I ate some too! I always see Count Chocula...but I hardly ever see Boo Berry (only usually around Halloween). Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 06/09/08 at 10:29 pm Jeepers! It's been forever since I've posted a new retro icon. So...without further ado, here goes..... This week's retro icon is: Snap, Crackle, & Pop (Rice Krispies) http://img262.imageshack.us/img262/8170/historyfe2.jpg The three elf characters were originally designed by illustrator Vernon Grant and made their debut in 1933. The names of the elves are derived from a Rice Krispies radio ad. The ad said "Listen to the fairy song of health, the merry chorus sung by Kellogg's Rice Krispies as they merrily snap, crackle, and pop in a bowl of milk. If you've never heard food talking, now is your chance." Inspired by this ad, Grant drew three elves and named them Snap, Crackle, and Pop. He brought the characters to Kellogg's, who bought them on the spot. In the United States and Canada, opinion varies concerning Crackle's occupation, but Snap is always portrayed as a baker and Pop as a soldier. http://img262.imageshack.us/img262/1261/21755607525e7108de94vq5.jpg Snap is the oldest and the leader of the group. He solves the problems his two brothers create and wears a baker’s hat. Crackle is the good-hearted, fun middle child. He gets stuck keeping order between his brothers’ personalities and wears a red-and-white-striped stocking cap. Pop is the mischievous, clumsy younger child. He plays jokes, doesn’t take things seriously and wears a military hat. http://img262.imageshack.us/img262/5091/ricekrispies1960sng7.jpg The Elves' large ears and noses have been reduced and softened over the years. With the introduction of television, the Snap! Crackle! Pop! campaign, with animated characters, initially targeted such children's shows as The Howdy Doody Show. The voices of the original elves were provided by the late Daws Butler, Paul Winchell, and Don Messick, and in more recent days by Chris Evans and Keith Chegwin, as well as Chad Doreck, Eddie Deezen and Thom Adcox-Hernandez. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 06/09/08 at 10:32 pm I remember in the 80s and 90s, animated ads for Rice Krispies were massive. They almost gave the Keebler Elves a run for their money. You don't hardly see Snap, Crackle and Pop! too often anymore :\'( Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 06/09/08 at 10:34 pm I remember in the 80s and 90s, animated ads for Rice Krispies were massive. They almost gave the Keebler Elves a run for their money. You don't hardly see Snap, Crackle and Pop! too often anymore :\'( I know..that's very true. Oh, if you go here (http://www.ricekrispies.com/The_Tale.aspx), you can see what the front of the cereal box looked like from the year 1932 to 2008. Pretty impressive! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Gis on 06/27/08 at 10:13 am the ever gentlemanly johnny walker http://www.airmuseum.ca/040504h3.jpg It's off the side of a Lancaster bomber. I recognised it because i have seen the plane in the flesh so to speak! ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 08/11/08 at 1:34 pm Does anyone remember this icon from my childhood? I could not miss this show....http://images-19.jpegimages-17.jpegimages-18.jpeg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/11/08 at 11:15 pm Does anyone remember this icon from my childhood? I could not miss this show....http://images-19.jpegimages-17.jpegimages-18.jpeg the image didn't show up. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 08/12/08 at 2:42 pm Dang I can not get the images to go. But it was the Captain (and not the Captain I am now so fond of) but the Captain of Kangaroo variety. With Moose and the ping pongs - man I loved that guy. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/12/08 at 9:25 pm I know it's been awhile since I've made a retro icon (I totally deserved that smite ;)). Here goes... Sailor Jack--Cracker Jacks http://i55.photobucket.com/albums/g131/katpc99/180px-Crackerjack2.jpg Cracker Jack is a US brand of snack consisting of caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts. It is also well known for being packaged with a "Toy Surprise Inside" of nominal value. This attained pop-culture status with the term "came in a Cracker Jack box" referring to an object of limited value. The product's name is often misstated in a plural form, as in "Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jacks..." from the song "Take Me Out to the Ball Game," even though it is in the singular in the proper version of the song. http://img185.imageshack.us/img185/1474/crackerjacksjh4.jpg http://img185.imageshack.us/img185/1474/crackerjacksjh4.7276506334.jpg HISTORY 1893: Frederick William Rueckheim (known to friends and family as "Fritz") and his brother Louis mass produce Cracker Jack and sell it at the first Chicago World's Fair in 1893. At the time, it was a mixture of popcorn, molasses, and peanuts and was called "Candied Popcorn and Peanuts". 1896: Rueckheim devises a way to keep the popcorn kernels separate. As each batch was mixed in a cement-mixer-like drum, a small quantity of oil was added -- a closely-guarded trade secret. Before this change, the mixture had been difficult to handle as it stuck together in chunks. 1912: Prizes included in Cracker Jack boxes for the first time. In recent years, the toy and trinket prizes have been replaced with paper prizes displaying riddles and jokes. 1918: Mascots Sailor Jack and his dog, Bingo, are introduced (though they were not registered as trademark logos until 1919. 1964: The Cracker Jack Company is purchased by Borden after a bidding war between Borden and Frito-Lay. 1997: Borden sells the brand to Frito-Lay. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/12/08 at 10:03 pm As a kid, I always loved a gool ol' Box of Cracker Jack complete with cool toy inside. You used to be able to get cool decoder rings. Nowadays, Cracker Jack comes in a bag, and the surprise inside is a chinsy lick on tatoo Realistically, you buy Cracker Jack for the sweet buttery caramel taste of the popcorn, but screw that. I want my fcking decoder ring ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/12/08 at 10:15 pm As a kid, I always loved a gool ol' Box of Cracker Jack complete with cool toy inside. You used to be able to get cool decoder rings. Nowadays, Cracker Jack comes in a bag, and the surprise inside is a chinsy lick on tatoo Realistically, you buy Cracker Jack for the sweet buttery caramel taste of the popcorn, but screw that. I want my fcking decoder ring ;D I know what you mean. The prizes were always something to look forward to when we were younger...now, it's pure crap. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Reynolds1863 on 08/20/08 at 4:10 pm As a kid, I always loved a gool ol' Box of Cracker Jack complete with cool toy inside. You used to be able to get cool decoder rings. Nowadays, Cracker Jack comes in a bag, and the surprise inside is a chinsy lick on tatoo Realistically, you buy Cracker Jack for the sweet buttery caramel taste of the popcorn, but screw that. I want my f*cking decoder ring ;D I never got a decoder ring. :\'( I think they've also changed the recipe. It doesn't taste the same. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 08/20/08 at 10:25 pm I never got a decoder ring. :\'( I think they've also changed the recipe. It doesn't taste the same. You're right about the taste. Also I always got the crappy tatoo Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/20/08 at 11:40 pm You're right about the taste. Also I always got the crappy tatoo It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: bookmistress4ever on 08/21/08 at 12:19 am It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png Sorry dude, I'm not licking Howard's face and sticking him to my arm. No way no how-hard) ;) ;D That was very very funny though Jason Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 08/21/08 at 12:38 am Sorry dude, I'm not licking Howard's face and sticking him to my arm. No way no how-hard) ;) ;D That was very very funny though Jason you're on a roll tonight!!! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 10:50 am It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png mmhahahaah!!! That's flippin'great! Hey wait, why didn't I ever get that kind of prize? ??? :D ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 08/21/08 at 11:30 am mmhahahaah!!! That's flippin'great! Hey wait, why didn't I ever get that kind of prize? ??? :D ;D wow you have a pretty loose description on what you refer to as a prize... just kidding howard. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Reynolds1863 on 08/21/08 at 3:11 pm It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png It's all downhill from here folks. :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 7:47 pm It's all downhill from here folks. :D haha..I wonder what that person was thinking when they discovered that Howhard was the prize? ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/21/08 at 7:52 pm haha..I wonder what that person was thinking when they discovered that Howhard was the prize? ;D They probably questioned if that sticky coating over the popcorn was caramel or not ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 7:53 pm They probably questioned if that sticky coating over the popcorn was caramel or not ;D Ugh. Baby batter coated popcorn. No thanks. 8-P Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/21/08 at 7:55 pm I think I might have just ruined Cracker Jack for everyone ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 7:55 pm I think I might have just ruined Cracker Jack for everyone ;D just think of the name itself....cracker JACKS. ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/21/08 at 8:00 pm just think of the name itself....cracker JACKS. ;D Crack Her Jacks. Sounds like something women on street corners charge big $$ for ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 8:17 pm Crack Her Jacks. Sounds like something women on street corners charge big $$ for ;D ;D ;D ;D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 08/21/08 at 9:55 pm They probably questioned if that sticky coating over the popcorn was caramel or not ;D http://i24.photobucket.com/albums/c3/pagingdr/Forum/smileys/vomit-smiley-9529.gif I think I might have just ruined Cracker Jack for everyone ;D yes, yes you did! Ugh. Baby batter coated popcorn. No thanks. 8-P Baby Batter... that's a new one for me... I like it about as much as I like the term Spunk... Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 08/21/08 at 10:36 pm Suddenly a topic about a box of Cracker Jack turned into a discussion about Howard and sex. Man, can I totally twist a conversation into knots or what? :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 08/21/08 at 10:40 pm Suddenly a topic about a box of Cracker Jack turned into a discussion about Howard and sex. Man, can I totally twist a conversation into knots or what? :D ya...I was about to say that this is the most traffic this thread has EVER had! :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Reynolds1863 on 08/22/08 at 3:51 pm haha..I wonder what that person was thinking when they discovered that Howhard was the prize? ;D Probably, what the hell did I do to deserve this? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Reynolds1863 on 08/22/08 at 3:52 pm They probably questioned if that sticky coating over the popcorn was caramel or not ;D That's disgusting. 8-P Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: gibbo on 08/22/08 at 5:15 pm That's disgusting. 8-P That's what the popcorn eater said....... Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: CatwomanofV on 08/26/08 at 5:48 pm It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png That is WAY too funny. Karma for making me laugh so hard (or is that "How hard?" lol) Cat Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 08/27/08 at 6:54 pm this whole conversation is giving me the willies http://www.inthe00s.com/smile/04/eek7.gif http://www.inthe00s.com/smile/04/eek2.gif http://www.inthe00s.com/smile/04/eek.gif I never liked Cracker Jacks to begin with - now I don't think my children will ever get to experience it. EWWWWWWWWWWWWW Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: greenjello74 on 08/28/08 at 8:52 am It's more than just tattos. You can get all sorts of prizes inside Cracker Jack ... http://img513.imageshack.us/img513/5240/crackerjackzu6.png Thats too funny, at least he got in a box!!!!!! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 09/23/08 at 8:11 pm What no more retro Icons???? I will have to think of some,,,, ??? ??? ??? ??? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 09/23/08 at 9:11 pm I have one ... THE GREAT A&W ROOT BEAR He was first introduced in 1974 as the mascot for A&W Restaurants in Canada, and was later adopted for the American franchise of A&W as well. In Canada, he was well-seen in long running ad-campaigns for A&W Restaurants. Each commercial featured an instrumental tuba song that was so recognizable Canada-wide that it was released as a single titled "Ba-Dum, Ba-Dum" and credited to the artist Major Ursus The Great Root Bear's role has greatly decreased in today's times. Despite his appearance on A&W Root Beer cases in Canada and images in A&W restaurants, he has largely been replaced by "The Burger Family" as the mascot of A&W Restaurants in Canada. He plays a much larger role in America, even though his appearance there is quite sparse as well You can always tell the difference between the American Root Bear (pictured on the right) and the Canadian one (seen on the left) as the logo for each franchise is different. http://www.townchronicles.com/images/dancing_20bear.gif http://www.geocastle.com/terrace/clients_terrace/a_w/Bear2.gif A&W Commercial in Canada with Tuba jingle at the end http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBEiLw-V7zw Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 09/25/08 at 5:40 pm I have one ... THE GREAT A&W ROOT BEAR He was first introduced in 1974 as the mascot for A&W Restaurants in Canada, and was later adopted for the American franchise of A&W as well. In Canada, he was well-seen in long running ad-campaigns for A&W Restaurants. Each commercial featured an instrumental tuba song that was so recognizable Canada-wide that it was released as a single titled "Ba-Dum, Ba-Dum" and credited to the artist Major Ursus The Great Root Bear's role has greatly decreased in today's times. Despite his appearance on A&W Root Beer cases in Canada and images in A&W restaurants, he has largely been replaced by "The Burger Family" as the mascot of A&W Restaurants in Canada. He plays a much larger role in America, even though his appearance there is quite sparse as well You can always tell the difference between the American Root Bear (pictured on the right) and the Canadian one (seen on the left) as the logo for each franchise is different. http://www.townchronicles.com/images/dancing_20bear.gif http://www.geocastle.com/terrace/clients_terrace/a_w/Bear2.gif A&W Commercial in Canada with Tuba jingle at the end http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBEiLw-V7zw Is it just me or does the A&W Bear look A LOT like (a retro icon of my childhood - My father was an avid beer drinker and bar collectibles) the Hamm's Bear in a sweatshirt??????? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 09/25/08 at 5:43 pm Is it just me or does the A&W Bear look A LOT like (a retro icon of my childhood - My father was an avid beer drinker and bar collectibles) the Hamm's Bear in a sweatshirt??????? I forgot the pictures - doh!!!! Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 02/25/09 at 8:36 am I thought this would be a good time to revive this thread, it's been long enough. :D The featured retro icon is: TOUCAN SAM http://i223.photobucket.com/albums/dd146/jlab1/toucansammypopsandpuddin.gif Toucan Sam is the avian mascot of Froot Loops cereal. The character is a blue cartoon toucan with a striped beak. Although his beak originally had two pink stripes, during the 1970s it became a tradition that each stripe on his beak represented one of the flavors of the pieces in the cereal: (red = cherry, yellow = lemon, orange = orange). The additions of new colors have made this color scheme no longer accurate. There are now seven colors of this cereal. The first new color was green, which was introduced in 1991. After that came purple in 1994, then blue in 1997. The newest color, gold, was introduced in 2006. The colors perhaps represent different flavors present in the cereal, but each color has the same flavor. http://i16.photobucket.com/albums/b32/spiffywonderboy/10182007/Fruit-Loops-Posters.gif http://i59.photobucket.com/albums/g313/barniesgirl/Cereal/12957.jpg Biologically speaking, Toucan Sam appears to be a Keel-billed Toucan. Keel-billed Toucans are well-known for their colorful beaks and propensity for fruit in their diets, two features which are very consistent with the character. In commercials featuring Toucan Sam, he exhibits the ability to smell out Froot Loops from great distances. He invariably locates a concealed bowl or box of the cereal while intoning, "follow my nose! It always knows!" Sometimes followed by "the flavor of fruit! wherever it grows!" http://i266.photobucket.com/albums/ii244/fruitloops4u/fruitloops.gif http://i250.photobucket.com/albums/gg248/A_M_Y_827/48_fruit_loops.jpg History The cartoon character Toucan Sam was created by Manuel R. Vega and originally voiced by Mel Blanc, using an ordinary American accent. Blanc's original commercials were noted for their use of Pig Latin (referring to the cereal as OOT-fray OOPS-lay). The ad agency later decided to switch to the English accent more commonly associated with the character. They then employed Paul Frees to do what is, in effect, an imitation of Ronald Colman. In the most recent cartoon advertisements for Froot Loops, Toucan Sam's voice is now performed by Canadian voice actor Maurice LaMarche after Paul Frees death. Since 1994, Toucan Sam has been joined onscreen by Puey, Susey, and Louis. The nephews are voiced by two notable voice over artists: Frank Welker and Jim Cummings. In recent commercials, Toucan Sam's nephews have joined him in opposition to many practical Froot Loop-loving enemies through a series of integrated commercials (each of them as well appropriately advertise the cereal itself). In recent recordings Mike Leboff will be voicing yet another one of Sams foes. The first of these enemies were Dr. Peacock, a peacock modeled after a stereotypical mad scientist who stole Toucan Sam's color with a giant laser called a color ray, thus rendering him black and white. Toucan Sam and his nephews find Dr. Peacock's lair and use the color ray to return his colors, and add Rainbow Loops to the cereal as voted by kids everywhere. Another enemy, an alien called the Nasty Alien Froot Monster, lands on Earth in search of the ultimate fruit taste of Froot Loops. He captures Toucan Sam, but thanks to online voting, Toucan Sam's nephews gave the Froot Monster what he wanted, allowing Toucan Sam to escape. The Froot Monster, however, wanted more and stole Toucan Sam's cereal box. When Toucan Sam and his nephews found him, the Froot Monster devoured the entire box, and turned from bad to good by changing from green to yellow and creating Alien Berry Froot Loops, which he shared with everyone. Then after, the smell of Froot Loops travels through the mirror to the land of Froot Scents, where the Froot Queen owns all fruity aromas. When she smells the Froot Loops, she declares it the best fruit scent and orders her guards (humans with fruit for heads) to capture the Froot Loops. The guards successfully stole the Froot Loops and broke the mirror in the process. Toucan Sam and his nephews fix the mirror, and Toucan Sam follows them inside, commenting on the land's wonderful and strange fruit, and takes back the Froot Loops from the Froot Queen. The Froot Queen orders her guards to capture Toucan Sam, but the confusion allows Toucan Sam to take some of the land's fruit, where kids decided through online voting that the new loop should be Cherry-Cherry. Toucan Sam then escaped and added the Cherry-Cherry to the cereal. He even gave the new Froot Loops to the Froot Queen, whom after taking a bite, turned into a pretty good queen and rewarded her guards with Cherry-Cherry loops. A current series of commercials for Froot Loops follow the adventures of Toucan Sam and his nephews finding a treasure map and following it to a treasure that once belonged to a toucan pirate, Blackbeak (the name is a pun on Blackbeard). In each exploit, they reach a new destination that holds a new variety of Froot Loops, the most recent being "Golden Bars" (in reality, just 3 Yellow Froot Loops stuck in a line). Blackbeak looks very similar to Toucan Sam. Toucan Sam's age is not known. Currently, the Toucan Sam campaign is produced at Pepper Films (www.pepperfilms.net) by director, Jean Perramon. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 02/25/09 at 12:03 pm Woo Hoo! The Retro Icon is back....and what a cool pick! LUV YA TUCAN! hmmm suddenly I'm craving some cereal Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: whistledog on 02/28/09 at 1:08 am The last time I saw a Froot Loops commercial, Toucan Sam had his little nephews with him LOL I have a plush Toucan Sam toy, as well as a Tony the Tiger LOL Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 03/04/09 at 6:33 pm I still think they should make a perfume that smells like fruit loops. I could always Identify the Sassafras tree in college because if you broke a twig of (or scratched it) it would smell like fruit loops (amoung other distinguishing factors, but the smell test was my favorite ;D). I love Fruit Loops, I actually prefer fruity pebbles, but fruit loops will definitely work for me. My favorite time is opening a new box, rip open the bag and take a huge wiff. DELICIOUS, FRUITY, WONDERFUL, SMELLLS Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 03/04/09 at 11:45 pm I still think they should make a perfume that smells like fruit loops. I could always Identify the Sassafras tree in college because if you broke a twig of (or scratched it) it would smell like fruit loops (amoung other distinguishing factors, but the smell test was my favorite ;D). I love Fruit Loops, I actually prefer fruity pebbles, but fruit loops will definitely work for me. My favorite time is opening a new box, rip open the bag and take a huge wiff. DELICIOUS, FRUITY, WONDERFUL, SMELLLS I always get the lemon scent at the car wash because it reminds me of fruit loops....or is it trix? same dif. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Reynolds1863 on 03/04/09 at 11:49 pm I always get the lemon scent at the car wash because it reminds me of fruit loops....or is it trix? same dif. The Trix scents were more distinct individually. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: bookmistress4ever on 07/21/09 at 12:18 am In honor of the 40th anniversary of the Moon Landing, I thought I'd look up advertising with moon stuff. Here are a couple: http://www.plan59.com/images/JPGs/arma59moon01.jpg From 1959: STEPS IN THE RACE TO OUTER SPACE. This 30-foot high Unicycle is designed for preliminary exploration of the Moon, once a base camp has been established. It's entirely constructed of inflated, rubberized fabric, with the exception of strengthening members, hatches and a few other items. Electricity for the motors comes from solar batteries mounted in the "parasol." The cleated, rotating wheel upon which the Unicycle travels is made of inflated tubes. A spare wheel, carried around the body, acts as a bumper in traversing narrow defiles. Living quarters make up a middle deck. http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/mvo0061l.jpg Hip-hop astronauts dance on an alien moon... until their space buggy gets jacked and their ship gets stolen, in this Bridgestone ad from the Superbowl. I have to admit a weakness for dancing space-dudes. http://io9.com/5144099/the-moon-is-no-place-to-lose-your-tires http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htFyOaQxt54 Hummer H2 moon commercial http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/d/images/differ_armstrong.JPG Apple computers - Think Different campaign http://www.thirdwayblog.com/images/400/Miller%20Girl%20in%20the%20Moon.jpg Miller High Life beer ad http://adland.tv/n1rv4n4g8/2006/augjpgs/basketballmoonadland.jpg Adidas shoes Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 07/21/09 at 3:12 pm that's awesome Patty! :) Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 07/24/09 at 11:04 am In honor of the 40th anniversary of the Moon Landing, I thought I'd look up advertising with moon stuff. Here are a couple: http://www.plan59.com/images/JPGs/arma59moon01.jpg From 1959: STEPS IN THE RACE TO OUTER SPACE. This 30-foot high Unicycle is designed for preliminary exploration of the Moon, once a base camp has been established. It's entirely constructed of inflated, rubberized fabric, with the exception of strengthening members, hatches and a few other items. Electricity for the motors comes from solar batteries mounted in the "parasol." The cleated, rotating wheel upon which the Unicycle travels is made of inflated tubes. A spare wheel, carried around the body, acts as a bumper in traversing narrow defiles. Living quarters make up a middle deck. http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/mvo0061l.jpg Hip-hop astronauts dance on an alien moon... until their space buggy gets jacked and their ship gets stolen, in this Bridgestone ad from the Superbowl. I have to admit a weakness for dancing space-dudes. http://io9.com/5144099/the-moon-is-no-place-to-lose-your-tires http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htFyOaQxt54 Hummer H2 moon commercial http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/d/images/differ_armstrong.JPG Apple computers - Think Different campaign http://www.thirdwayblog.com/images/400/Miller%20Girl%20in%20the%20Moon.jpg Miller High Life beer ad http://adland.tv/n1rv4n4g8/2006/augjpgs/basketballmoonadland.jpg Adidas shoes Michael Jordan did an Adidas commercial/advertisement ??? :o Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 07/24/09 at 12:41 pm Michael Jordan did an Adidas commercial/advertisement ??? :o Jordan never played for the T-Wolves! :P Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 07/24/09 at 1:08 pm Jordan never played for the T-Wolves! :P Never noticed uniform - thanks... Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 07/24/09 at 1:44 pm Never noticed uniform - thanks... you saying all basketball players look alike? ??? Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: 2kidsami on 07/24/09 at 2:17 pm you saying all basketball players look alike? ??? No silly, I just did not look at it well enough to even notice the uniform... I glanced and posted :P :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: snozberries on 07/24/09 at 2:23 pm No silly, I just did not look at it well enough to even notice the uniform... I glanced and posted :P :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/23/12 at 10:28 am Hey guys! Wow, it's been a long time. So, here's a new retro icon for ya! MICKEY MOUSE http://www.starstore.com/acatalog/Mickey_Mouise-retro.jpg Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. He is one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world and is the mascot of The Walt Disney Company, the world's largest media conglomerate in terms of annual revenue. Mickey debuted in November 1928 in the animated cartoon Steamboat Willie after initially appearing in a test screening earlier that year. He went on to appear in over 130 films including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also in a few feature-length films. Nine of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NYR92N7qBB0/TJ61cCcU_pI/AAAAAAAACiw/WUcGPk-aiX0/s1600/dlrp_mickey_minnie_retro_013105.gif Beginning 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic strip character. His self-titled newspaper strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books and in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He also appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising, and is a meetable character at the Disney parks. Mickey typically appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Horace Horsecollar, Donald Duck, and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). http://images.sodahead.com/slideshows/000002989/vintage-mickey-28807492490_xlarge.jpeg Originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey's increasing popularity led to his being rebranded as an everyman, usually seen as an ever cheerful, yet shy role model. In 2009, Disney announced that they will begin to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality, starting with the video game Epic Mickey. http://www.polyvore.com/cgi/img-set/BQcDAAAAAwoDanBnAAAABC5vdXQKFkxOcmNlQUgwM2hHVUhHVVNyemJXTncAAAACaWQKAXgAAAAEc2l6ZQ.jpg "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse." —Walt Disney, Disneyland; October 27, 1954 Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios. In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Mintz owned Oswald and thought he had Disney over a barrel. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff, but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. (A male frog, also rejected, would later show up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.) Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from his old pet mouse he used to have on his farm. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney. "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be. Actor Mickey Rooney has claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him. https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtRtIWmnZMjGOGh5zmxIE6sE9tcAVw-Z8ECh14_vq2NpmC72aPyw In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with the Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper. Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the frame. Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004. Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment, starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles. His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 1995's short Runaway Brain, while in 1999–2004, he appeared in made-for-video features, like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas; Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers; and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas. Many television programs have centered around Mickey, such as the recent ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999—2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001—2003) and Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–present). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons". Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering around Mickey, Donald and Goofy. http://www.vintagepostcards.org/auctions/orlando-fl-florida-walt-disney-world-disneyana-mickey-mouse-firefighter-firefighting.jpg As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of George W. Bush, Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson. Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, Magic Kingdom as "Mickey's Toontown Fair") is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters. Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces the Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks and merchandise. https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFcAJ9dwZKHXVHj9vgd4B3V6xvTyGmR7eRYfKasowkZxLAPOpKoQ Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey's Ultimate Challenge, and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Ashkicksass on 04/23/12 at 11:10 am Oh Mickey you're so fine, you're so fine you blow my mind! :D Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: quirky_cat_girl on 04/23/12 at 11:19 am Oh Mickey you're so fine, you're so fine you blow my mind! :D http://dummidumbwit.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/2795141.jpg Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Foo Bar on 04/25/12 at 1:10 am http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gamelife/2012/04/larry1joke.jpg Leisure Suit Larry is 25. And the original designer wants to reboot it, independently of the major game publishing houses. We'll come back to that point, but first... ...going back another ten years, Leisure Suit Larry is a descendant of one of the first adventure games for the Apple ]Softporn Adventure. Now with a name like that, I'd be remiss if I didn't contrast the provocative box art: http://www.filfre.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/SoftpornAdventure.jpg Yes, in that hot tub is Roberta Williams, developer of King's Quest, who could sling code as much as her husband Ken Williams, who's serving champagne. ...with the reality of what computing was like back in the day: http://www.filfre.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/softporn1.png Reviewer's comment: "As you can see above, the actual sex is pretty much left to the imagination; staying period specific, Softporn is very much Porky’s rather than Debbie Does Dallas" Hey guys! Wow, it's been a long time. So, here's a new retro icon for ya! Since Quirk came back to mention the Mouse, I'll bring us all the way from 80s retrocomputing back to The Mouse: "No doubt about it: There were two people that had a heavy influence on Sierra: Bill Gates and Walt Disney. These two companies were our role models. I read every book written on both companies. I did everything to try to understand how they thought, and how they did business." - Ken Williams of On-Line Systems, aka Sierra On-Line, as interviewed in 2006. As of this writing (Apr 24), the effort to Make Leisure Suit Larry Come Again is at $493,495 of $500,000 goal, and 10,970 people have signed on as backers. Subject: Re: Retro icon of the week Written By: Foo Bar on 04/28/12 at 2:34 am As of this writing (Apr 24), the effort to Make Leisure Suit Larry Come Again is at $493,495 of $500,000 goal, and 10,970 people have signed on as backers. Update: 12,187 backers, $534,655 raised. Leisure Suit Larry will come again.	i don't know
What can be a brand of shoe polish, a fruit, or a bird?	KIWI. It's a bird, it's a shoe polish - no, it's a small, hairy brown fruit with emerald-green brilliance inside - CSMonitor.com KIWI. It's a bird, it's a shoe polish - no, it's a small, hairy brown fruit with emerald-green brilliance inside By John Edward Young, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor September 5, 1984 Save for later Saved When I was a youngster and my mother sent me to the store for kiwi, I came home with shoe polish. There wasn't any choice. Not anymore. When New Zealand kiwifruit hit the international market several years ago, it quickly became the darling of nouvelle cuisine. Chefs fell for it instantly - which is not surprising. A slice of round, clear, emerald-green fruit sprinkled with tiny black seeds looks like a jewel, has a delicious, not-too-sweet taste, and a touch of exotica. ''It's the only naturally green edible fruit,'' says Winifred Morice, a spokeswoman for the New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority. ''Of course there are limes , but nobody sits down and eats a lime. The fact that it isn't too sweet makes it complimentary to both sweet and savory dishes,'' she adds. Photos of the Day Photos of the day 02/08 Although this egg-shaped little fruit - named after New Zealand's indigenous flightless, nocturnal bird - is growing more popular, Ms. Morice thinks nature's little way of packaging has held it back somewhat. ''Many people don't realize that the beautiful green fruit they've seen in color photographs in magazines is inside that brown fuzzy skin.'' She has heard it described as everything from a turtle egg or old tennis ball to a fruit with hair. But most people aren't too sure what it is in its unpeeled state. ''We were at a food conference last year in Chicago,'' Ms. Morice recalls. ''Although most people knew what they were when we handed them out, one man refused to try it and dismissed it with, 'No thank you. That's that strange vegetable from South America.' '' Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinesis) is thought to be from the Yangtze Valley in China. The grapelike vines were introduced to New Zealand about 80 years ago. Most kiwifruit comes from New Zealand to California by way of surface mail. From there it is shipped around the country. It is also grown in California. Israel, too, is growing it and will be harvesting its first crop this year. But there's not much rivalry between the established growers of New Zealand and the budding California industry. ''There's no conflict, because the season for New Zealand fruit is May to October and in California it's from November to April,'' Ms. Morice says. ''New Zealand growers often host California growers and help them out as well.'' She suggests that kiwis may be bought when the fruit is firm, but should not be eaten until they begin to soften. They will soften at room temperature in one to three weeks but may be kept in the refrigerator up to six months. Ripening may be quickened by placing the fruit in a plastic bag with an apple or banana. Both emit ethylene gas, which will ripen the kiwi in a few days. ''But don't forget to peel them before you eat them,'' Ms. Morice warns. ''And if you whip them up in a blender for a drink, don't process them too long or the seeds will break down and the kiwi will turn gray,'' she adds. ''I like to put a peeled kiwi in the blender with a glass of orange juice, whip it up for a few seconds, pour it into a glass, and top it off with club soda,'' she says. Here is another of Ms. Morice's kiwi recipes. Chinese Kiwifruit Salad 2 whole chicken breasts, steamed, boned, skinned, and shredded 1/4 cup soy dressing (recipe follows) 1/2 pound cooked shrimps 1 can (8 ounces) sliced water chestnuts, drained 1 medium cucumber, sliced 4 kiwifruit, peeled and sliced 3 green onions (scallions) sliced diagonally 1 medium head lettuce Saute almonds in butter until golden. Remove and drain on paper towel. Combine chicken with soy dressing. Chill at least one hour. Arrange almonds, chicken, shrimps, water chestnuts, cucumber, kiwifruit, green onions, and lettuce in separate bowls. Let guests design their own salads on beds of lettuce and serve soy dressing separately. Or combine, toss with dressing, and arrange on lettuce in large bowl or platter. Makes 4 to 6 servings. Soy Dressing	Kiwi
Air Jordan, first introduced in 1985, are a brand of shoes made by what shoe company?	Kiwi \| San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants Apteryx haasti, A. mantelli, A. rowi, A. australis CLASS: Aves (Birds) SPECIES: haasti (great spotted kiwi or roroa), mantelli (brown kiwi), rowi (row), australis (tokoeka) ABOUT The word "kiwi" often brings to mind the image of something small, brown, fuzzy, and found in the produce section of your local supermarket. But the kiwi is not a fruit—that's kiwifruit, which is native to eastern Asia! About the size of a chicken, the kiwi is a small, flightless, and nearly wingless bird found only in New Zealand. Like its larger cousins the cassowary, emu, ostrich, and rhea, the kiwi is classified as a ratite. Most birds have a special ridge on their sternum, called a keel, where flight muscles attach, but ratites don't need keels because they don't fly. Scientists thought for many years that the kiwi's closest relative was another ratite called a moa, an extinct bird that was also native to New Zealand. However, recent genetic studies have shown that Africa's ostrich is related to the moa while the kiwi is more closely related to Madagascar's extinct elephant bird. Regardless of what it’s related to, this odd-looking bird resembles a large, hairy pear! Its wings are only about 1 inch (3 centimeters) long and are useless, completely hidden under the feathers. The kiwi has no tail but does have very strong, muscular legs, which make up about a third of the bird’s total body weight, that are used for running and fighting. Four toes (other ratites have only two or three) on each thick foot allow the flightless bird to pad silently through the forest in search of food. Despite its small size and awkward appearance, the kiwi can outrun a human and is quite wary. Looking quite different from any other bird, the kiwi has many body parts that make it seem more like a mammal. While most birds have thin skin and hollow bones to make them lighter for flying, the kiwi's skin is a bit thicker and tough, and its bones are heavy and filled with marrow. Its wings have a cat-like claw on the tip, like some bats’ wings have, but it is nonfunctional. The kiwi digs burrows instead of building a nest. Its feathers are long, loose, and hair-like, and it has modified feathers that serve as whiskers on its face and around the base of its beak. The kiwi also has a relatively low body temperature (100 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius) that is much more like a mammal than a bird. HABITAT AND DIET The kiwi lives in forested areas of New Zealand that tend to be very steep and wet, surrounded by shrubs and trees found nowhere else on Earth. Since it is not able to fly up into trees to nest, rest, or escape from danger, the kiwi makes its home in burrows in the ground of its swampy forest or grassland habitat. The bird digs multiple burrows within its territory, using strong toes and claws. Nest burrows, dug early in the season, become overgrown at the entrance to provide great camouflage by the time the female is ready to lay her eggs. Most birds sleep at night, and it has long been thought that the kiwi is nocturnal, since it is rarely seen during the day. But researchers studying the bird on New Zealand's Stewart Island have seen them out and about during the day. Still, the kiwi usually rests in deep underground burrows or hollow logs during the day, and as night begins to fall, it slowly pokes its bill out to sniff the air. If the coast is clear, the bird cautiously emerges to begin a nightly routine of gorging on worms and other invertebrates. Kiwis evolved sharing their habitat with another bird, the weka, that eats their eggs, so they had to get “sneaky” in hiding their burrows. However, their casual “sleeping burrow” has a noticeable dirt arrow pointing right to it, as the kiwis fling the dirt behind them while making the opening! Because they did not evolve with any mammal predators around, kiwis lack the appropriate anti-mammal predatory response; kiwi chicks are vulnerable to nonnative predators like domestic cats and dogs, as well as stoats, weasels, ferrets, and rats. Sadly, this species suffers from a 95-pecent chick mortality rate! The kiwi is the only bird in the world that has nostrils at the tip of its bill. It also has a highly developed sense of smell. Using only scent to find food and sensory pads at the tip of the bill to catch its food, the kiwi lives on grubs, worms, bugs, berries, and seeds. If dirt gets sniffed up in it nostrils, the kiwi can sneeze it out! It can also use its sturdy, powerful feet to kick apart rotting logs to find beetles to eat. Foraging from dusk to dawn, these birds can be heard snuffling around in their territory; if alarmed, they run off and then stick their bills into the air, sniffing to see if it's safe to return. Their ears are large, giving them a very good sense of hearing. They have been seen tipping their head toward a sound to listen more clearly, much like humans do. A kiwi is very protective of its own territory—it doesn’t want other kiwis taking all the good food and burrows it worked so hard to make. So, the kiwi patrols its area every night, leaving smelly droppings to mark boundaries to keep other kiwis away—a very unbird-like behavior. To keep track of each other in the dark, kiwis can shriek loudly, a half scream, half whistle that also serves to scare others away. This cry sounds like “kee-wee, kee-wee,” which is how the bird got its name. The kiwi can also grunt, snort, and hiss when angry. FAMILY LIFE Kiwi pairs use gentle grunts and snuffles with each other and their chicks, and males purr during mating. Pairs do fight, and the larger female may kick the male away if she is not in the mood for his company. If another kiwi invades a pair’s territory, a kicking fight ensues, and kiwis have been known to fight to the death, although this is rare in the wild. An adult male and female kiwi typically pair for life, but a female may choose a new male if a more desirable one wanders by. The male doesn't have beautiful songs or fancy feathers to attract a female. Instead, he follows one around constantly while grunting. If she's not interested, the female might wander off or try to scare him away. Breeding season is late winter to early summer. Nests might be in hollow logs or in underground burrows dug by the male. The female kiwi lays up to six eggs every year. Kiwi eggs are smooth and white, off-white, or pale green in color. They are also huge in comparison to the mother: one egg might reach up to 20 percent of her weight; that would be like a 120-pound (54 kilograms) human female giving birth to a 24-pound (11 kilograms) baby! Compared to the relative weights of other birds and their eggs, the female kiwi should weigh about 31 pounds (14 kilograms) rather than its typical weight of 2 to 8 pounds (0.9 to 3.6 kilograms). Kiwi eggs contain almost twice as much yolk as most birds their size and have natural antibacterial and antifungal properties. This is important because the kiwi’s damp, underground burrows are fertile breeding grounds for bacteria and fungus. How did the kiwi evolve to create such a huge egg? Probably due to an abundant food source providing plenty of raw material for egg production, the kiwi’s loss of flight, eliminating the weight limit on the egg, and the lack of predatory pressure on a bird that historically had no native New Zealand predators. The large egg results in a long incubation period. As ancestral kiwis decreased in size, the egg stayed the same size, allowing for a more developed (precocial) chick needing less parental care. After the egg is laid, the male takes over parenting duties. He incubates the egg and maintains the nest for nearly 75 to 85 days, but if the female returns to lay another egg, the male has to sit on the clutch that much longer. Unlike most bird parents, kiwis do not turn their eggs. Lacking an egg tooth, the chick must kick its way out of the shell. It hatches wearing shaggy adult feathers and looking like a miniature version of its parents. No ugly baby phase for these birds! The youngster is not fed by the adults but gets its nourishment from a large reserve of yolk in its abdomen. The chick stays in the nest for its first few days, gaining strength. The young kiwi then leaves the burrow and, accompanied by Dad, begins the search for food. It stays with the male up to 20 days and may stick around in the adults' territory for months or even years. It was long thought that the kiwi mates for life, but as researchers come to know individuals during research in the wild, it has become clear that the kiwi “divorce rate” was quite high, with birds changing mates every couple of years, in areas where kiwis were abundant. AT THE ZOO The San Diego Zoo’s first kiwi arrived from the Auckland Zoo in New Zealand in December 1954, the only kiwi at that time to live in the Western Hemisphere. That zoo’s director had visited our zoo and determined, after looking it over carefully, that a kiwi would do well here. The bird was named Belle, after our director at that time, Belle Benchley. Ornithologists and scientists came from around the U.S. just to view our kiwi. The San Diego Chapter of The Kiwis (formerly American Airlines flight attendants) donated funds for the construction of a kiwi enclosure. The bird came with this greeting from the Auckland Zoo: “The kiwi we are sending you is an adult. The biographical details are that this bird was sent to us three and a half years ago from Opotiki, a town not far from Rotorua in a district where there is still quite a lot of native bush. It is a typical North Island kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli. We have no great ideas as to longevity of kiwis. I hope you have a very successful time with the bird and commiserate with you in advance over the difficulties you will have trying to marry in the desire for everyone to see the kiwi and your desire to keep it healthy and getting enough sleep.” This concern was well-founded. With its nocturnal habits, the kiwi preferred to sleep in a secluded spot in its well-shaded enclosure during the day and forage for food at night. Mrs. Benchley noted in the Zoo’s member magazine, ZOONOOZ, in 1955, “… the kiwi is here, located in an excellent cage, and since this cage was designed to give the bird a maximum of security and a minimum of excitement or fear for its own security, I know that you, the Zoo visitor, will have to be satisfied with fleeting glances, or partial success in seeing your first kiwi, just as you might in the wild…” A few years later, Belle the kiwi turned out to be a male and was renamed Benjamin. He was introduced to his potential mate, Nancy, in 1967, a gift from the Wellington Zoo, the Wellington City Council, and the Government Wildlife Division of New Zealand. Nancy arrived via a well-advertised Kiwi Flight on Air New Zealand. Both Benjamin and Nancy died in 1968. In 1969, a nocturnal exhibit was built for a new pair of kiwis, given to the City of San Diego on its 200th anniversary by New Zealand Wildlife Service. The home for Toa and Uha, whose names are Maori for “male” and “female,” had a unique feature at the time: it was dimly lit by a blue light during the day so Zoo guests could see them most active, and brightly lit at night, to encourage the birds to sleep. Toa died in 1972, but a new mate for Uha, named Toa II, arrived on loan from the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. in 1973. Yet, like Belle/Benjamin, Uha had difficulty living up to “her” name, and the discovery that both birds were male did little for our hoped-for kiwi breeding program. It was not until 1979 that a breeding program was started here in earnest, with kiwis from the San Diego Zoo, the National Zoo, which had hatched a kiwi in 1975, and the Auckland Zoo. However, utilizing both indoor and outdoor exhibits and rotating the five kiwis in the breeding program still produced nothing but 16 infertile eggs in 4 years. In 1983, the right combination was found at last, and our first kiwi hatched. Sadly, the chick died from a bacterial infection three weeks later. A second chick hatched in 1986. Since then, we’ve had much better success with kiwi hatchings. Currently, there are four brown kiwis at the Zoo, but they live in an off-exhibit area as part of our conservation breeding program for this species. CONSERVATION The kiwi existed for millions of years with only one natural predator—the now-extinct laughing owl—and no threats of any kind. When the Maori people established themselves in New Zealand in the 1300s, they used kiwi feathers to adorn cloaks worn by their chiefs and used the birds as food, hunting them at night by imitating kiwi calls. But in the late 1800s, settlers moved into kiwi territory, bringing dogs, cats, ferrets, stoats, and rats that ate kiwi eggs or the birds themselves. The settlers prized kiwi feathers, too—for trout flies! Kiwi leg bones were popular as well for making pipe stems. New Zealand passed a law in 1908 prohibiting the hunting, capture, or killing of kiwis, but the $100 penalty did little to control the situation, and in 1921 the kiwi was declared an “absolutely protected bird.” Its popularity grew, and the kiwi was adopted as New Zealand’s national emblem. Coins, postage stamps, fighting troops, and shoe polish all carry the name or image of the unique bird. New Zealanders even accepted the nickname “kiwis” given them by their allies during World War II. Today, 80 percent of kiwi habitat has been destroyed, and the birds continue to fall prey to dogs, weasels, cats, ferrets, pigs, people, cattle guards, cars, swimming pools, and possum traps. Still, the birds are highly adaptive and have been seen in New Zealand cow pastures and plantations. Every year, 95 percent of all kiwi chicks are killed before they reach the age of 6 months, and every 2 years the kiwi population decreases by about 10 percent. A few years ago, New Zealand began a kiwi recovery program. People living near kiwi areas have learned to keep their dogs leashed and to slow their cars when they see a kiwi caution sign by the road. Operation Nest Egg collects eggs from the wild and raises the chicks until they are large enough to defend themselves against predators following release into the wild. In 2009, San Diego Zoo Global formed collaborations with local ranchers on a private island off the coast of western New Zealand, Massey University, in-country scientists, and the native Maori people to delve into the ecology of the brown kiwi, which has been in decline for decades. Learning about the reproductive ecology of this bird is the only way to ensure that its populations will survive and thrive. The island is secluded, protected habitat with a high density of kiwis. Techniques were developed in our labs to identify individual kiwis by their DNA and, and ultrasound procedures were used to monitor growth of ovarian follicles to estimate egg-laying time. This newfound knowledge was then successfully applied to birds on the island. Eggs laid by zoo kiwis tend to be much smaller and have a much lower fertility rate than their wild counterparts. By monitoring egg development in the wild, we hope to discover ways to improve fertility and survival of eggs at our facilities. Important data can also be gleaned from radio-tracking devices on the birds. After months of fieldwork, 47 adult kiwis on the island now have a radio transmitter attached to a leg, and 41 kiwi nests were documented, allowing us to explore the importance of habitat and behavior on the nesting success of this rare and reclusive species. The birds are identified with transponder tags, such as those used to microchip domestic pets. The radio transmitters reveal a great deal about where the birds go and how far they travel for food. One area of study is mate choice and how long kiwis stay together. Ongoing research will compare hormone levels in wild birds to those in managed care and also observe chick dispersal patterns for this long-lived bird. A few fascinating facts have emerged from our efforts so far, such as finding three males incubating a single egg! LIFE SPAN	i don't know
Who was the mythical Greek king of Thebes who killed his father so he could marry his mother?	Oedipus \| Greek mythology \| Britannica.com Greek mythology Antigone Oedipus, in Greek mythology , the king of Thebes who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. Homer related that Oedipus’s wife and mother hanged herself when the truth of their relationship became known, though Oedipus apparently continued to rule at Thebes until his death. In the post-Homeric tradition, most familiar from Sophocles ’ Oedipus Rex (or Oedipus the King) and Oedipus at Colonus, there are notable differences in emphasis and detail. Oedipus and the Sphinx, interior of an Attic red-figured … Album/Oronoz/SuperStock According to one version of the story, Laius, king of Thebes, was warned by an oracle that his son would slay him. Accordingly, when his wife, Jocasta ( Iocaste ; in Homer, Epicaste), bore a son, he had the baby exposed (a form of infanticide ) on Cithaeron . (Tradition has it that his name, which means “Swollen-Foot,” was a result of his feet having been pinned together, but modern scholars are skeptical of that etymology.) A shepherd took pity on the infant, who was adopted by King Polybus of Corinth and his wife and was brought up as their son. In early manhood Oedipus visited Delphi and upon learning that he was fated to kill his father and marry his mother, he resolved never to return to Corinth. The blind Oedipus asks Creon to banish him from Thebes. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Traveling toward Thebes, he encountered Laius, who provoked a quarrel in which Oedipus killed him. Continuing on his way, Oedipus found Thebes plagued by the Sphinx , who put a riddle to all passersby and destroyed those who could not answer. Oedipus solved the riddle, and the Sphinx killed herself. In reward, he received the throne of Thebes and the hand of the widowed queen, his mother, Jocasta. They had four children: Eteocles, Polyneices, Antigone , and Ismene. Later, when the truth became known, Jocasta committed suicide, and Oedipus (according to another version), after blinding himself, went into exile, accompanied by Antigone and Ismene, leaving his brother-in-law Creon as regent. Oedipus died at Colonus near Athens , where he was swallowed into the earth and became a guardian hero of the land. Similar Topics	Oedipus
What Latin phrase, which translates as "by the fact itself", is taken to mean that a certain phenomenon is a direct consequence, a resultant effect, of the action in question?	Oedipus facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Oedipus Oedipus Oedipus was a tragic hero of Greek mythology, a king doomed to a dire fate because he unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. His story is the tale of someone who, because he did not know his true identity, followed the wrong path in life. Once he had set foot on that path, his best qualities could not save him from the results of actions that violated the laws of gods and men. Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama: the flawed nature of humanity and an individual's powerlessness against the course of destiny in a harsh universe. The Myth. The story begins with a son born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta of Thebes. The oracle at Delphi told them that their child would grow up to murder Laius and marry Jocasta. Horrified, the king fastened the infant's feet together with a large pin and left him on a mountainside to die. However, shepherds found the baby—who became known as Oedipus, or "swollen foot"—and took him to the city of Corinth. There King Polybus and Queen Merope adopted him and raised him to think that he was their own son. When Oedipus was grown, however, someone told him that he was not the son of Polybus. Oedipus went to Delphi to ask the oracle about his parentage. The answer he received was, "You are the man fated to murder his father and marry his mother." Like Laius and Jocasta, Oedipus was determined to avoid the destiny predicted for him. Believing that the oracle had said he was fated to kill Polybus and marry Merope, he vowed never to return to Corinth. Instead, he headed toward Thebes. oracle priest or priestess or other creature through whom a god is believed to speak; also the location (such as a shrine) where such words are spoken destiny future or fate of an individual or thing Along the way, Oedipus came to a narrow road between cliffs. There he met an older man in a chariot coming the other way. The two quarreled over who should give way, and Oedipus killed the stranger and went on to Thebes. He found the city in great distress. He learned that a monster called the Sphinx was terrorizing the Thebans by devouring them when they failed to answer its riddle and that King Laius had been murdered on his way to seek help from the Delphic oracle. The riddle of the Sphinx was "What walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening?" Oedipus gave the correct answer: "A human being, who crawls as an infant, walks erect in maturity, and leans on a staff in old age." With this answer, Oedipus not only defeated the Sphinx, which killed itself in rage, but won the throne of the dead king and the hand in marriage of the king's widow, Jocasta. * See Names and Places at the end of this volume for further information. Oedipus and Jocasta lived happily for a time and had two sons and two daughters. Then a dreadful plague came upon Thebes. A prophet declared that the plague would not end until the Thebans drove out the murderer of Laius, who was within the city. A messenger then arrived from Corinth, announcing the death of King Polybus and asking Oedipus to return and rule the Corinthians. Oedipus told Jocasta what the oracle had predicted for him and expressed relief that the danger of his murdering Polybus was past. Jocasta told him not to fear oracles, for the oracle had said that her first husband would be killed by his own son, and instead he had been murdered by a stranger on the road to Delphi. Suddenly Oedipus remembered that fatal encounter on the road and knew that he had met and killed his real father, Laius. At the same time, Jocasta realized that the scars on Oedipus's feet marked him as the baby whose feet Laius had pinned together so long ago. Faced with the fact that she had married her own son and the murderer of Laius, she hanged herself. Oedipus seized a pin from her dress and blinded himself with it. Some accounts say that Oedipus was banished at once from Thebes, while others relate that he lived a miserable existence there, despised by all, until his children grew up. Eventually he was driven into exile, accompanied by his two daughters, Antigone and Ismene. After years of lonely wandering, he arrived in Athens , where he found refuge in a grove of trees called Colonus. By this time, warring factions in Thebes wanted him to return to that city, believing that his body would bring it luck. However, Oedipus died at Colonus, and the presence of his grave there was said to bring good fortune to Athens. Legacy. Thus runs the best-known account of the myth of Oedipus, preserved in Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus, two dramas by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles . Most versions of the story have followed the pattern that Sophocles set down, although an earlier version, mentioned by Homer in the Greek epics the Iliad and the Odyssey , says that after Oedipus's identity was revealed, Jocasta hanged herself. Oedipus, however, continued to rule Thebes, died in battle, and was buried with honor. prophet one who claims to have received divine messages or insights epic long poem about legendary or historical heroes, written in a grand style The story of Oedipus has inspired artists and thinkers since ancient times. The Roman philosopher Seneca wrote a tragedy entitled Oedipus that influenced writers such as England 's John Dryden and Alexander Pope and France 's Voltaire and Pierre Corneille. Later artistic treatments of the Oedipus story include a translation of Sophocles' work by Irish poet William Butler Yeats, a play entitled The Infernal Machine by Jean Cocteau of France, music by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, and the movie Oedipus Rex by Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini. Sigmund Freud , one of the founders of modern psychiatry, used the term Oedipus complex to refer to a psychological state in which boys or men experience hostility toward their fathers and are attracted to their mothers. See also Antigone; Greek Mythology; Homer; Jocasta; Sphinx. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA	i don't know
“From the Halls of Montezuma, To the shores of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles” promises which branch of the US military?	From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for. - Documents Documents of 11 ×Close Share From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for. Embed <iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/from-the-halls-of-montezuma-to-the-shore-of-tripoli-we-fight-our-countrys.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/from-the-halls-of-montezuma-to-the-shore-of-tripoli-we-fight-our-countrys.html" title="From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for." target="_blank">From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for.</a></div> size(px) start on Link From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for. by gabriel-collins Comments Description Download From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for. Transcript From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shore of Tripoli; We fight our countryâs battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title of United States Marines. Our flagâs unfurled to every breeze From dawn to setting sun; We have fought in every clime and place Where we could take a gun; In the snow of far off northern lands And in sunny tropic scenes; You will find us always on the job The United States Marines. Hereâs to health and to our Corps Which we are proud to serve; In many a strife weâve fought for life And never lost our nerve; If the Army and the Navy Ever look on Heavenâs scenes; They will find our streets are guarded by United States Marines.	Marines
What serial killer, who buried the remains of 26 of his victims in his Chicago crawl space, was known as the "Killer Clown"?	Quote By Anonymous Quote By Anonymous From the halls of Montezuma, To the shores of Tripoli, We fight our country’s battles On the land as on the sea. The Marines’ Hymn [1847], st. 1 The Marines’ Hymn [1847], st. 1 Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment Next Login / Sign up User profiles are currently in beta. Please sign up below and we’ll send you an invitation as soon as one becomes available! Why Join? Add popular quotes and authors to your own personalized collection, follow other users, upload picture quotes, and get the quote of the day. Use Email Email* Cite This Source Using the appropriate style guide, simply copy and paste the information below to add the citation to your bibliography. American Psychological Association (APA): Quote By Anonymous. (n.d.). Quotery. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from http://www.quotery.com/quotes/from-the-halls-of-montezuma-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/ “Quote By Anonymous.” Quotery. n.d. Fri. 20 Jan. 2017. <http://www.quotery.com/quotes/from-the-halls-of-montezuma-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/>. “Quote By Anonymous.” Quotery. Accessed January 20, 2017. http://www.quotery.com/quotes/from-the-halls-of-montezuma-to-the-shores-of-tripoli/.	i don't know
Bengal, Sumatran, and Siberian are all types of what?	Information and Facts about Tigers and Types of Tigers and Where they come from. Types of Tigers I – Siberian tigers Siberian tigers are muscular, packed with large heads and powerful forelimbs. Their colors vary from orange to brown that are splashed with white areas and black stripes. Their faces have long whiskers that are longer in male tigers, featuring eyes that don rounded pupils that have been accentuated by yellow irises. The ears, however, are small and rounded with black markings that surround white areas called ocelli, which are not decorative but actually contribute to communication within the species. The stripe pattern is different in each tiger. The markings are so unique, like human fingerprints, that researchers actually use them to identify a particular tiger.You may have heard of scientists trying to follow up what has happened to one particular tiger they have encountered before. The stripes could also be used as a means of camouflage, which is advantageous when they silently follow and pounce at their prey. The tiger, among large cats, has the most varied size even when compared to leopards and lions. II – Bengal tigers The tiger has nine subspecies. Three of these are already extinct. The historical range of tigers all across Asia is now significantly smaller. The surviving subspecies of the Pathera tigris trigris, which is popularly known by its common name, Bengal tiger can be found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal. It is still the subspecies with the most living individuals left, even with its mere 2,500 adult tiger population. Bengal tigers can be found in alluvial grasslands, rainforests of both the tropical and subtropical kinds, mangroves, deciduous forests and scrub forests. Male Bengal tigers can reach up to 270 to 310 centimeters (110 to 120 inches) while the females reach up to 240 to 265 centimeters (94 to 104 inches). The males are also heavier, at 175 to 260 kilograms (390 to 570 pounds), while the females weigh around 100 to 181 kilograms (220 to 400 pounds). Places also have an effect on the weight and length of the Bengal tiger, with those living in Nepal and India growing to become the largest bunch. Project Tiger was established in India in 1972. This project was launched by those concerned about the tiger population in the hopes of ensuring that it would remain viable. This effort does not only have biological but also cultural importance. Ironically, culture is partly to blame for poaching. There is an illegal demand for tigers' body parts, especially their bones, which can be used to create Traditional Chinese medicine. From the years of 1994 to 2009, there have been 893 cases of tiger killing as reported by the Wildlife Protection Society of India. This really shows the dangers that the tigers are always facing. There are some efforts to conserve the tiger population, however, as in the case of special conservation areas such as the one found within the Terai Arc Landscape. Such a conservation area aims to treat tigers as one meta-population or one population despite the fact that they are not exactly living together in one broad area. Another goal is for the species to have a conserved habitat that could be put forward as a rural development plan. In Nepal, a tourism and county project is aiming to not only promote the tiger population but also to regenerate forests that have been stripped down. Would these efforts be enough to save the tigers? Only time and our continued efforts will tell. III – Indochinese tigers The Panthera tigris corbetti, more commonly known as the Indochinese tiger, can be found in several Asian countries such as Burma, Cambodia, Laos, China, Vietnam and Thailand. They are darker in color and smaller in size than Bengal tigers but they are not lightweights either, with their capacity to reach the maximum weight of 420 pounds for males and 310 pounds for females. Indochinese tigers prefer to live in forests in areas that are either hilly or mountainous. There aren't a lot of these tigers anymore. The government estimates the subspecies population to be at a mere 350. Even those that have been left behind are still in danger of being poached or even of starving due to the fact that their primary choice of prey, such as wild pigs and deer, are decreasing. In Vietnam, about 75% of the tigers have been poached to serve as Chinese pharmacy stock. IV – Malayan tigers The Panthera tigris jacksoni, otherwise known as the Malayan tiger, can only be found in the south of the Malay Peninsula. The Malayan tiger was only recognized as a subspecies in 2004. A research conducted by Luo and others, from the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity Study (part of the United States' National Cancer Institute), came up with the new subspecies classification. There are about 500 still-living Malayan tigers but they are endangered by poaching. These are the smallest subspecies on the mainland and even the second smallest living tiger subspecies. The males average at 120 kilograms while the females average at about 100 kilograms. Note that the Malayan tiger has a cultural significance in Malaysia as it has made it to the country's coat of arms. It is also the logo of Maybank, a Malaysian bank. V- Sumatran tigers The Panthera tigris sumatrae, commonly known as the Sumatran tiger, can only be found in Sumatra, which is an Indonesian island. If you think the other subspecies are in danger of extinction, this particular subspecies has reached the critical point. Sumatran tigers are the smallest of all living subspecies of the tiger. Adult males weigh between 100 and 140 kilograms (220 to 310 pounds) and the females weigh 75 to 110 kilograms (170 to 240 pounds). This subspecies is small because it adapts to the dense forests of Sumatra. The prey available on the island is also small, which does not do much for the Sumatran tiger's build. While the population of Sumatran tigers in the wild are around 400 to 500, which is similar to that of other subspecies, genetic testing has shown that the Sumatran tiger may develop or evolve into a different species altogether if it even manages to evade extinction. Because of this fact, there have been suggestions that the particular subspecies should be prioritized when it comes to conserving tiger subspecies. Habitat destruction is still considered to be the main threat to the Sumatran tiger population. However, there are also records of tigers being killed by shooting near the end of the twentieth century. Those shot and killed made up 20% of the then population. VI – South China tigers Panthera tigris amoyensis, also known as the South China tiger, is actually the most endangered tiger subspecies. They are even more endangered than the Sumatran tigers, which are already heavily watched by conservationists. The South China tiger has even made the list of the world's ten most endangered species. The South China tiger belongs to a group of smaller tiger subspecies, with lengths spanning from 2.2 to 2.6 meters (87 to 100 inches). The range of the length of South China tigers is true for both male and female tigers. Males have a weight range of 127 to 177 kg (280 to 390 pounds); females, on the other hand, have a weight range of 100 to 118 kilograms (220 to 260 pounds). South China tigers were so endangered that between the years 1983 and 2007, they have not even been seen in the wild. A farmer actually had to show some photographs of a South China tiger but those photos were actually debunked as fakes. This sighting ended up becoming part of a huge scandal back in 2007. The Chinese government made it a law to ban the killing of tigers in 1977. This could be a move that was just a little too late because of the possibility of the wild tigers being already extinct. If they are extinct then there may be less than a hundred South China tigers left, 59 of which are known to be captives. These tigers are believed to be the offspring of only six animals. This is bad news because in order for the subspecies to continue to exist, genetic diversity is needed. There are no efforts to breed the tigers to speak of right now, anyway, and no efforts to bring the tigers back to their natural habitats. Some of the other subspecies tigers are actually a lot rarer and may even be extinct. Extinct subspecies I – Bali tigers Some tiger subspecies may still be mentioned in books but they have already been extinct as habitats continue to be destroyed. The Panthera tigris balica, which is popularly known as the Bali tiger, used to be limited to Bali, which is an Indonesian island. When it still existed, the Bali tiger was the smallest tiger subspecies, with the males weighing 90 to 100 kilograms (200 to 220 pounds) and the females weighing 65 to 80 kilograms (140 to 180 pounds). It is unfortunate that people can no longer appreciate the beauty of a Bali tiger in its compact size. The tigers have become extinct because of hunting. The last of its kind, which is an adult female, was believed to have been hunted and killed in Sumbar Kima. Back in September 37, 1937, there was no Bali tiger left captive in West Bali. However, today, it should be noted that the tiger is still regarded with importance in Balinese Hinduism. II – Caspian tigers The Panthera tigris virgata is better known as the Caspian tiger as well as under other names, such as the Hyrcanian or the Turan tiger. This tiger subspecies used to be found in sparse forests. It was also found south and west of the Caspian Sea. At least, it wast still sighted in the wild up to the early 1970s. The closest living subspecies to the Caspian tiger is the Amur tiger. III – Javan tigers The Panthera tigris sondaica, otherwise known as the Javan tiger, used to live only on the island that it was named after. Sightings have been recorded up to the middle part of the 1970s. The tigers in these subspecies are bigger than Bali tigers, with the males weighing 100 to 140 kilograms (220 to 310 pounds) and the females weighing 75 to 115 kilograms (170 to 250 pounds). Sadly, the Javan tiger has no longer been sighted after 1979 when it was last seen around the Mount Betiri area. During a Mount Halimun Salak National Park expedition back in 1990, there was no definite evidence to support that there are still living Javan tigers. Tiger Hybrids We have talked about tiger subspecies that exist and also about those that are extinct. There are other species, however, which can be considered to be part of the tiger family such as the hybrids, examples of which are the Liger and the Tigon. The concept of hybrids has been around for a long time, in fact going back to the 19th century. During that time, people were interested in creating hybrids because they wanted to be able to display odd-looking creatures for profit. The ligers and tigons have been made possible because lions are already known to breed effectively with tigers, especially those from the Bengal and Amur subspecies. There was a time that it was common for these hybrids to be bred in zoos. However, the practice has now been discouraged because of the efforts to conserve species, as well as subspecies. Despite this discouragement, Chinese zoos and private menageries still breed hybrids. The liger is a hybrid that results from the mating of a male lion and a tigress. The male lion contributes a growth-promoting gene while the tigress is not able to contribute the growth-inhibiting gene. Because of this, ligers can become a lot bigger than either of their parents at lengths of 10 to 12 feet and weights of 800 to 1,000 pounds or even more. They do, however, display the looks and behavior of both parents. As a result, a liger has both spots and stripes stamped on sandy fur. Male ligers have a fifty percent chance of growing a mane. When they actually do, their manes will not be that large, at only about half of a pure lion's. Though the resulting liger is definitely beautiful and interesting to look at, there may be some fertility problems along the way. Male ligers are, after all, sterile even when their female counterparts are usually fertile. The tigon, which is the result of the breeding between a male tiger and a lioness, is a less common hybrid. Tiger Colors Tigers may also be categorized based on colors. Looking at the colors will help people who are less familiar with subspecies. I – White tigers The white tiger is produced with the help of the allele called chinchilla albinistic and is rather a rare sighting in the wild. It has, however, a very attractive color, which makes it a popular choice in zoo breeding. The color trait is recessive. So, breeding white tigers usually ends up in inbreeding. Inbreeding should be avoided because it can cause several physical defects, which include scoliosis, strabismus (crossed eyes) and cleft palates. White tigers, even the healthiest ones, have shorter lives. There have been attempts to breed white tigers to orange ones to try to fix the situation. When orange and white tigers mix, there is a mixing of subspecies. White tigers were first bred back in the early 19th century. They can result from two parent tigers that carry the rare gene that are present in white tigers. This gene is so rare that it occurs only once every 10,000 births. White tigers are only produced when both parent tigers carry the rare gene. Do remember that white tigers do not make up a separate subspecies. The difference it presents is only in the color. In the wild, the only tiger subspecies in the wild that have been observed to carry the white color is the Bengal tiger. Even all the white tigers that have been held captive are partly Bengal in subspecies. It is believed that the rare recessive gene that carries the white color comes from Bengal tigers only. Scientists have not yet been able to delve further into the reason for this. There are a few misconceptions about the white tiger. Some believe that the white tiger is more endangered compared to the species as a whole. It is also wrongfully believed that white tigers are albinos, which may have been an old misconception considering the fact that their scientific name comes with the word "albinistic". Pigment, after all, exists in the stripes and the blue eyes of the white tiger but in albinos of whatever species. II – Golden tigers Another recessive gene can result into an interesting "golden" hue. The color is sometimes called "golden tabby" and also sometimes called "strawberry". Golden tigers actually have gold-colored fur, with pale orange stripes and supported by strong but pale-colored legs. They have thicker fur than what is usual for tigers. As of the last count, there are only around 30 golden tigers that are held captive. Golden tigers, like white tigers, are also part Bengal. In fact, some of them come with the white tiger gene. So, it is possible that when two golden tigers mate, they can end up producing a white tiger with no stripes. Just like the white tiger, the golden tiger is also larger than the average Bengal tiger. III – Tigers with other colors Other colors of tigers have been reported. There have been reports of a black tiger but none of these are authenticated except perhaps a Chittagong dead specimen back in 1846. Blue or slate-colored tigers have been heard of but not really confirmed. These tigers are called Maltese tigers. Another unconfirmed tiger color is predominantly black. If such a tiger exists, it may be a mutation instead of a separate, distinct species.	Tiger
In the Peanuts comic strip, which of Snoopy's brothers wears a fedora and lives in the California desert?	Tigers - Siberian, South China, Indochinese, Bengal, and Sumatran Tiger CLICK HERE TO SEE ANIMAL WEBCAMS Physical Description: Tigers are the biggest cats in the world. They live in steamy hot jungles as well as icy cold forests. There are five different kinds or subspecies of tiger alive in the world today. These tigers are called Siberian, South China, Indochinese, Bengal, and Sumatran. Their Latin name is Panthera tigris. Tigers are an endangered species; only about 5,000 to 7,400 tigers are left in the wild. Three tiger subspecies, the Bali, Javan, and Caspian tigers have become extinct in the past 70 years. Habits: Unlike some big cats like lions, adult tigers like to live alone (except for mother tigers with cubs). This is partly because in the forest, a single tiger can sneak up and surprise its prey better than a group of tigers can. Map from tigers.ca (a comprehensive tiger foundation and website) White Tiger Pictures Range & Habitat: The size of a tiger's territory depends on the amount of food available, and usually ranges from about 10 to 30 square miles (26-78 sq. km). Siberian tigers sometimes have really big territories (as large as 120 square miles). Although tigers usually live alone, tiger territories can overlap. A male tiger's territory usually overlaps those of several female tigers. Today only about 5,0007,000 wild tigers live across Asia. The past and present ranges of the remaining five tiger subspecies are illustrated. The northernmost living tiger, the Amur or Siberian tiger , lives primarily in southeastern Russia. The South China tiger occurs only in southern China. The range of the Indochinese tiger extends across most of Southeast Asia. The Bengal tiger is found primarily in India, while the Sumatran tiger is restricted to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Bali, Caspian, and Javan tigers have become extinct in the past 70 years. Click Here to listen to their powerful tiger growl Reproduction and Rearing:Female tigers reach maturity when they are about 3 years old, males a year or so later. In temperate climates, a tigress comes into estrus (heat) only seasonally; however in tropical climates, she may come into estrus throughout the year (unless she is pregnant, or is raising cubs). She signals her readiness with scent markings and locating roars. The brief act of copulation occurs continually for a five day period. Tigers are induced ovulators, and must be stimulated through frequent copulation in order to become pregnant. To help stimulate ovulation, the male tiger's penis has spines. Following mating, the gestation period for tigers is approximately103 days. The male tiger does not stay with the female after mating, and does not participate in raising the cubs. The average litter size of tigers is 2 or 3 cubs (the largest is 5). One usually dies at birth. Once a tigress has mated and given birth to cubs, she will not come into estrus again until her cubs are between one and a half and three years of age, with enough skills to begin life on their own. Click Here to Find Out Where Golden Tigers Come From Diet: Over much of the tiger's broad geographic range, wild pig, wild cattle and several species of deer are its major prey. All prey are forest or grassland ungulates that range in size from 65 to 2,000 pounds (30-900 kg). Typically, wild tigers gorge themselves on fresh kills, and can eat as much as 40 pounds (18 kg) of meat at one time. The tiger will not eat again for several days. Status:At the beginning of this century it is estimated that there were 100,000 wild tigers, today the number is less than 8,000. Simply put, tigers are disappearing in the wild. Tiger poaching , habitat loss and population fragmentation are the main threats to tigers. Conservation & Ecology: Across all of Asia, once vast forests have fallen for timber or conversion to agriculture. Only small islands of forest surrounded by a growing and relatively poor human population are left. As forest space is reduced, the number of animals left in the forest is also reduced, and tigers cannot find the prey they need to survive. As a result, tigers begin to eat the livestock of villagers who live near them. Sometimes tigers even attack humans. People sometimes kill the tigers in order to protect themselves and their livestock. As human populations move farther into the forest, groups of tigers become separated from each other by villages and farms. This means that tigers in one area can no longer mate with tigers in nearby areas. Instead, tigers must breed repeatedly with the same small group of animals. Over time, this inbreeding weakens the gene pool, and tigers are born with birth defects and mutations. Even though it is illegal to kill a tiger, wild tigers are still being poached today because their bones, whiskers and other body parts can be sold on the black market for a lot of money. Tiger parts are used in traditional Chinese medicine because some people believe that tiger parts have special powers. Forestry and wildlife departments are too understaffed and under budgeted to be effective against the onslaught of poachers. While the exact number of tigers being poached is unknown, some sources have estimated that one tiger a day is being killed in India.	i don't know
Construction began on 13 Aug 1961 on an 87 mile long barrier dividing what city?	Berlin is divided - Aug 13, 1961 - HISTORY.com Berlin is divided Publisher A+E Networks Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city. After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans–including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals–were leaving every day. In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei (“Volpos”) patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night. Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure. The Berlin Wall was one of the most powerful and iconic symbols of the Cold War. In June 1963, Kennedy gave his famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” (“I am a Berliner”) speech in front of the Wall, celebrating the city as a symbol of freedom and democracy in its resistance to tyranny and oppression. The height of the Wall was raised to 10 feet in 1970 in an effort to stop escape attempts, which at that time came almost daily. From 1961 to 1989, a total of 5,000 East Germans escaped; many more tried and failed. High profile shootings of some would-be defectors only intensified the Western world’s hatred of the Wall. Finally, in the late 1980s, East Germany, fueled by the decline of the Soviet Union, began to implement a number of liberal reforms. On November 9, 1989, masses of East and West Germans alike gathered at the Berlin Wall and began to climb over and dismantle it. As this symbol of Cold War repression was destroyed, East and West Germany became one nation again, signing a formal treaty of unification on October 3, 1990. Related Videos	Berlin
On August 12, 1908, the first of over 15 million of what landmark automobile rolled off the assembly line?	In the last phase of the wall´s development, the "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would-be escapees from the East. Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003.The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer or Antifaschistischer Schutzwall in the former German Democratic Republic), an iconic symbol of the Cold War, was initially constructed starting on August 13, 1961 and dismantled in the weeks following November 9, 1989. Part of the Iron Curtain, the Berlin Wall was the most prominent part of the GDR border system. Conceived by the East German administration of Walter Ulbricht and approved by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the wall was a long separation barrier between West Berlin and East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for a period of 28 years. It was built during the post-World War II period of divided Germany, in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from East to West Berlin, and the attendant defections, which had political and economic consequences for the Communist bloc. It effectively decreased emigration (escapes - "Republikflucht" in German) from 2.5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5,000 between 1962 and 1989.[1] However, the creation of the Wall was a propaganda disaster for East Germany and for the communist bloc as a whole. It became a key symbol of what Western powers regarded as Communist tyranny, particularly after the high-profile shootings of would-be defectors. Political liberalization in the late 1980s, associated with the decline of the Soviet Union, led to relaxed border restrictions in East Germany, culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the East German government. When a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on November 9, 1989, masses of East Germans approached and then crossed the wall, and were joined by crowds of West Germans in a celebratory atmosphere. The Wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks, and its fall was the first step toward German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990. Background Occupied Germany in 1945After the end of World War II in Europe, what territorially remained of pre-1945 Germany had been divided into four occupation zones, each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers: the Americans, British, French and Russians. The old capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was itself similarly subdivided into four zones. Although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern Germany together inside the 1947 borders, the advent of Cold War tension caused the French, British and American zones to be formed into the Federal Republic of Germany (and West Berlin) in 1949, excluding the Soviet zone which then formed the German Democratic Republic (including East Berlin) the same year. Divergence of German states From 1948 onwards, West Germany developed into a western capitalist country with a social market economy ("Soziale Marktwirtschaft" in German) and a democratic parliamentary government. Prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30-year "economic miracle". Across the inner-German border, East Germany established an authoritarian government with a Soviet-style command economy. While East Germany became one of the richest, most advanced countries in the Eastern bloc, many of its citizens still looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity. The flight of growing numbers of East Germans to non-communist countries via West Berlin led to East Germany erecting the GDR border system (of which the Berlin Wall was a part) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus. Massive emigration From 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from East to West Berlin - earning the name "Grenzgänger" - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western Europe funded by the Marshall Plan (one day the entire Mathematics Department of the University of Leipzig defected). Furthermore, many West Berliners travelled into East Berlin to do their shopping at state-subsidized stores, where prices were much lower than in West Berlin. This drain of labour and economic output threatened East Germany with economic collapse. This had ramifications for the whole Communist bloc and particularly the Soviet Union, because East Germany's economy was being subsidised by the Soviet government, and simultaneously, the now-threatened East German production was responsible for all war reparations to Poland and the Soviet Union. Proposed barrier The impetus for the creation of the Berlin Wall came from East German leader Walter Ulbricht, approved by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev but with conditions imposed. Ulbricht's proposal for a second air blockade was refused, and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of barbed wire. If the Allies challenged the barrier, the East Germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances. Construction begins, 1961 Construction of 45 km (28 miles) around the three western sectors began early on Sunday 13 August 1961 in East Berlin. That morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by East German troops. The barrier was built by East German troops and workers, not directly involving the Soviets. It was built slightly inside East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point; if one stood next to the West Berlin side of the barrier (and later the Wall), one was actually standing on East Berlin soil. Some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles, and a barbed-wire fence was erected, which was later built up into the full-scale Wall. It physically divided the city and completely surrounded West Berlin. During the construction of the Wall, NVA and KdA soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect. Additionally, the whole length of the border between East and West Germany was closed with chain-fences, walls, minefields, and other installations (see GDR border system). Immediate effects Many families were split. Many East Berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement; West Berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land. West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, led by their mayor Willy Brandt, who strongly criticised the United States for failing to respond. Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city. John F. Kennedy had accepted in a speech on 25 July 1961 that the United States could only really hope to defend West Berliners and West Germans; to attempt to stand up for East Germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown. Accordingly, the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels, but without fervour, even though it was a violation of the postwar Four Powers Agreements, which gave the United Kingdom, France and the United States a say over the administration of the whole of Berlin. Indeed, a few months after the barbed wire went up, the U.S. government would inform the Soviet government that it accepted the Wall as "a fact of international life" and would not challenge it by force. The East German government claimed that the Wall was an "anti-fascist protection barrier" ("antifaschistischer Schutzwall"), intended to dissuade aggression from the West, a ridiculous assertion when compared with the fact that all of the wall's defenses pointed inward to East German territory. Thus, this position was viewed with skepticism even in East Germany; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the Wall, and the Western view that the Wall was a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering West Berlin was widely seen as being the truth. Secondary response It was clear both that West German morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of West Berlin. If West Berlin fell after all the efforts of the Berlin Airlift, how could any of America's allies rely on her? On the other hand, in the face of any serious Soviet threat, an enclave like West Berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons. As such, it was vitally important for the Americans to show the Soviets that they could push their luck no further. Accordingly, General Lucius D. Clay, who was deeply respected by Berliners after commanding the American effort during the Berlin Airlift (1948–49), and was known to have a firm attitude towards the Soviets, was sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank as Kennedy's special advisor. He and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday 19 August. They arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the "Berlin Brigade", which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd Battle Groups of the 6th Infantry, with Company F, 40th Armor. The battle groups were pentatomic, with 1362 officers and men each. On 16 August, Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced. Early on 19 August, the 1st Battle Group, 18th Infantry (commanded by Col. Glover S. Johns Jr.) was alerted. On Sunday morning, lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the Helmstedt-Marienborn checkpoint at 06:34. At Marienborn, the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German/East German border, U.S. personnel were counted by guards. The column was 160 km (~100 miles) long, and covered 177 km (~110 miles) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear, with VoPos (East German police) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along. The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon, to be met by Clay and Johnson, before parading through the streets of Berlin to an adoring crowd. At 0400 on Monday, 21 August, Lyndon Johnson left a visibly reassured West Berlin in the hands of Gen. Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade, now of 4224 officers and men. Every three months for the next three and a half years, a new American battalion was rotated into West Berlin by autobahn to demonstrate Allied rights. The creation of the Wall had important implications for both Germanies. By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany, the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country. However, the Wall was a propaganda disaster for East Germany and for the communist bloc as a whole. It became a key symbol of what Western powers regarded as Communist tyranny, particularly after the high-profile shootings of would-be defectors (which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany). In 1987, Ronald Reagan gave a famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate, at which he challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall". In West Germany, dismay that the Western powers had done nothing to prevent the Wall's creation led directly to the policy of Ostpolitik or rapprochement with the east, in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two Germanies. Layout and modifications Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints (1989)The Wall was over 155 km (96 miles) long. In June 1962, work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (100 yards) further in, with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated. A no man's land was created between the two barriers, which became widely known as the "death strip". It was paved with raked gravel, making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees; it offered no cover; it was mined and booby-trapped with tripwires; and, most importantly, it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards. Over the years, the Wall went through four distinct phases: Basic wire fence (1961) Concrete wall (1965-1975) Grenzmauer 75 (Border Wall 75) (1975-1989) Satellite image of Berlin, with the wall's location marked in yellow.The "fourth generation wall", known officially as "Stützwandelement UL 12.11"(Retaining wall element UL 12.11), was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall. Begun in 1975[2] and completed about 1980,[3] it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete, each 3.6 m (12 ft) high and 1.2 m (4 ft) wide, and cost 16,155,000 East German Marks.[4] The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe, intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it. It was reinforced by mesh fencing, signal fencing, anti-vehicle trenches, barbed wire, over 116 watchtowers,[5] and twenty bunkers. This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs, and surviving fragments of Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth-generation Wall. Official crossings and usage There were eight border crossings between East and West Berlin, allowing visits by West Berliners, West Germans, western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin, as well as visits of East German citizens into West Berlin, provided they held the necessary permit. Those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it (East Germans, West Germans, West Berliners, other countries). The most famous was Friedrichstraße (Checkpoint Charlie), which was restricted to Allied personnel and non-German citizens. Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany. These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin, for visits by West Berliners into East Germany, for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark), and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit. After the 1972 agreements, new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste be transported into East German dumps, as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin's exclaves (see Steinstücken). The famous you are leaving and... ...you are entering at Glienicker Brücke 1985 During most of the history of the Wall, Allied military personnel, officials, and diplomats were able to pass into East Berlin without passport check; likewise Soviet patrols could pass into West Berlin. This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements. West Berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions; all crossing points were closed to West Berliners between August 26, 1961 and December 17, 1963, and it was not until September 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a Four Powers Agreement on transit issues. Passage in and out of West Berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the Wall, though all but two of these were reserved for Germans. Four motorways usable by West Germans connected West Berlin to West Germany, the most famous being Berlin-Helmstedt autobahn, which entered East German territory at the town of Helmstedt (Checkpoint Alpha) and connected to Berlin at Dreilinden (Checkpoint Bravo) in south-western Berlin. Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway (four routes) and by boat using canals and rivers. Foreigners frequently and legally crossed the Wall, and the East Germans welcomed their hard currency. They were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving. When exiting, the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage. East Germans were occasionally given permission to cross, particularly when they were too old to work. At the border section in Potsdam the captured U-2 pilot Gary Powers was traded for Russian spy Rudolf Abel. One location where Westerners could cross the border was Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin. When the Wall was erected, Berlin's complex public transit networks, the S-Bahn and U-Bahn, were divided with it.[6] Some lines were cut in half; many stations were shut down. Three Western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory, passing through eastern stations (called Geisterbahnhöfe, or ghost stations) without stopping. Peter Fechter lies dying after being shot by East German border guards. This photo achieved international notoriety, 1962.Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstrasse, which became a major crossing point for those (mostly Westerners) with permission to cross. Escape attempts During the Wall's existence there were around 5,000 successful escapes (a form of illegal emigration) into West Berlin. Varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross[7][8] and many more injured. Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved. Later successful escape attempts included long tunnels, sliding along aerial wires, flying ultralights, and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at Checkpoint Charlie. Another airborne escape was by Thomas Kruger, who landed a Zlin Z-42M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik, an East German youth military training organization, at RAF Gatow. His aircraft, registration DDR-WOH, was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road, complete with humorous slogans painted on by RAF Airmen such as "Wish you were here" and "Come back soon". DDR-WOH is still flying today, but under a different registration. The most notorious failed attempt was that of Peter Fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media, on August 17, 1962. The last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on February 6, 1989. The fall, 1989 On August 23, 1989, the communist Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria, and in September more than 13,000 East German tourists in Hungary escaped to Austria. Mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began in the autumn of 1989. The long-time leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the wall would stand for a "hundred more years" if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change. The new Krenz government decided to allow East Berliners to apply for visas to travel to West Germany. Günter Schabowski, the East German Minister of Propaganda, had the task of announcing this; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated. Shortly before a press conference on November 9, 1989, he was handed a note that said that East Berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission, but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information. These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier, and were to take effect the following day, so as to allow time to inform the border guards. However, nobody had informed Schabowski. He read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect, he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied "As far as I know effective immediately, right now". Tens of thousands of East Berliners heard Schabowski's statement live on East German television and flooded the checkpoints in the Wall demanding entry into West Berlin. The surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors, but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force, as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty. The guards and the East Berlin government were not willing to use lethal force, so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded, opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks. The ecstatic East Berliners were soon greeted by West Berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. November 9 is thus considered the date the Wall fell. In the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs, demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process. These people were nicknamed "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers). The East German regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend, including some in symbolic locations (Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, Bernauer Straße). Crowds on both sides waited there for hours, cheering at the bulldozers who took the Wall elements away to make way for new (old) roads. Photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled "dismantling of the Wall", even though it was "merely" the construction of new crossings. New border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990, including the most famous one at the Brandenburg Gate on December 22, 1989. West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa free travel starting December 23, 1989. Until then they could visit East Germany and East Berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before, which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance, and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay, all of which hindered spontaneous visits. Thus, in the weeks between November 9 and December 23, East Germans could travel "more freely" than Westerners. Technically the Wall remained guarded for some time after November 9, even though at an ever decreasing intensity. In the first months, the East German military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "wall peckers". Gradually these attempts ceased, and guards became more and more lax, tolerating the increasing demolitions and "unauthorised" border crossing through the holes. On June 13, 1990, the official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military began in Bernauer Straße. On July 1, the day East Germany adopted the West German currency, all border controls ceased, although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that. The dismantling continued to be carried out by military units (after unification under the Bundeswehr) and took until November 1991. Only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials. The fall of the Wall was the first step toward German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990. Celebrations "Irgendwann fällt jede Mauer" - "Eventually every wall falls"On December 25, 1989 Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including Beethoven's 9th symphony (Ode to Joy) with the chorus' word "Joy" (Freude) changed to "Freedom" (Freiheit). Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall in Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990, with guests including the Scorpions, Bryan Adams, and Van Morrison. David Hasselhoff performed his song "Looking for Freedom", which was very popular in Germany at that time, standing on the Berlin wall. Some believe November 9 would have made a suitable German National Holiday, since it both marks the emotional apogee of East Germany's peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first German republic, the Weimar Republic, in 1918. However, November 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of 1938 and, therefore, October 3 was chosen instead. Part of this decision was that the East German government wanted to conclude reunification before East Germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on October 7, 1990. Aftermath and implications Almost all of the remaining sections of Berlin Wall were rapidly chipped away. Photo December 1990. A temporary memorial of over 1,000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross.The fall of the Wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the M-Bahn. An experimental magnetic levitation train system around 1.6 km (1 mile) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in July 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall. Legacy Little is left of the Wall in Berlin, which was destroyed almost everywhere, except for three locations: an 80 meter (300 ft) section near Potsdamer Platz, a longer section along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke nicknamed East Side Gallery, and a third section in the north at Bernauer Straße, which was turned into a memorial in 1999. Even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the Wall's original appearance: they are badly damaged (since so many people attempted to pick up "original Berlin Wall" pieces), and today graffiti is prevalent on the eastern side of the Wall, which obviously would not have been possible while the Wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany. Previously, graffiti was exclusively on the western side. Fragments of the Wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world. Even people in the US and China wanted a fragment of this time period. Museum Fifteen years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre (656 ft) section close to Checkpoint Charlie, although not in the location of the original wall. They also erected over 1,000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the West. The memorial was installed in October 2004 and demolished in July 2005.[10][11] Cultural differences Even now, some years after reunification, there is still talk in Germany of continuing cultural differences between East and West Germans (colloquially Ossis and Wessis), sometimes described as "Mauer im Kopf" ("The wall in the head"). A September 2004 poll found that 25% of West Germans and 12% of East Germans wished that East Germany and West Germany were again cut off by the Berlin Wall.[12] Many German public figures have called these numbers "alarming". links	i don't know
Known as the Golden State, what was the 31st state to join the Union on Sept. 9, 1850?	California Admission Day September 9, 1850 Media Contacts California Admission Day September 9, 1850 In February of 1848, Mexico and the United States signed a treaty which ended the Mexican War and yielded a vast portion of the Southwest, including present day California, to the United States. Several days earlier, January 24, 1848, gold had been discovered on the American River near Sacramento, and the ensuing gold rush hastened California’s admittance to the Union. With the Gold Rush came a huge increase in population and a pressing need for civil government. In 1849, Californians sought statehood and, after heated debate in the U.S. Congress arising out of the slavery issue, California entered the Union as a free, nonslavery state by the Compromise of 1850. California became the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The Golden State’s rich history has since been shaped by people of every ethnic background who traveled here seeking economic, social and educational opportunity, and a life of quality and breathtaking beauty. California situated its first capital in San Jose. The city did not have facilities ready for a proper capital, and the winter of 1850 - 1851 was unusually wet, causing the dirt roads to become muddy streams. The legislature was unsatisfied with the location, so former General and State Senator Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo donated land in the future city of Vallejo for a new capital; the legislature convened there for one week in 1852 and again for a month in 1853. Again, the facilities available were unsuitable to house a state government, and the capital was soon moved three miles away to the little town of Benicia, inland from the San Francisco Bay. The strait links San Pablo Bay to Grizzly and Suisun Bays deep in the interior. A lovely brick statehouse was built in old American style complete with white cupola. Although strategically sited between the Gold Rush territory of the Sierra Foothills and the financial port of San Francisco, the site was too small for expansion, and so the capital was moved further inland past the Sacramento River Delta to the riverside port of Sacramento in 1854. Sacramento was the site of John Sutter's large farm and his fort. In 1846, during the midst of the Bear Flag Revolt, the fort was an oasis. A war was being fought between American and Californio soldiers in the southern part of the province for control of California. But at Sutter's Fort, life on the frontier continued with rhythm of the seasons and arrival of new soldiers. The town was founded by John Sutter, Jr. while the elder Sutter was away, at the river's edge and downhill from the fort. Sutter Sr. was indignant since this place, shaded by water-needy Cottonwood trees, was often under water. Indeed, every hundred years or so, the whole Great Valley from Chico to Bakersfield, was one great freshwater sea. However, lots were already sold, so there the town of Sacramento stayed. At the end of the century, the streets were raised a full story, so buildings in Old Town Sacramento are now entered through what were once doors to the balconies shading the sidewalks below. The Greek word "Eureka" has appeared on the state seal since 1849, when California sought statehood, and means " I Have Found It ." The words were probably intended to refer to the discovery of gold in California. Archimedes, the famed Greek mathematician, is said to have exclaimed "Eureka" when, after long study, he discovered a method of determining the purity of gold. In 1957, attempts were made to establish "In God We Trust" as the state motto, but "Eureka" was made the official state motto in 1963. Related Pages Address: 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 \| P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296 Public Information Inquiries: (916) 653-6995 \| (800) 777-0369	California
What is the DVD region code for the US?	California Facts California Facts California Facts California is the most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). Area, 158,693 sq mi (411,015 sq km). Pop. (2000) 33,871,648, a 13.8% increase since the 1990 census. Capital, Sacramento. Motto, Eureka (I Have Found It). State bird, California valley quail. State flower, golden poppy. State tree, California redwood. Ranking third among the U.S. states in area, California has a diverse topography and climate. A series of low mountains known as the Coast Ranges extends along the 1,200-mi (1,930-km) coast. The region from Point Arena, N of San Francisco, to the southern part of the state is subject to tremors and sometimes to severe earthquakes caused by tectonic stress along the San Andreas Fault. The Coast Ranges receive heavy rainfall in the north, where the giant cathedrallike redwood forests prevail, but the climate of these mountains is considerably drier in S California, and S of the Golden Gate no major rivers reach the ocean. Behind the coastal ranges in central California lies the great Central Valley , a long alluvial valley drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In the southeast lie vast wastelands, notably the Mojave Desert, site of Joshua Tree National Park. Rising as an almost impenetrable granite barrier E of the Central Valley is the Sierra Nevada range, which includes Mt. Whitney , Kings Canyon National Park, Sequoia National Park, and Yosemite National Park. The Cascade Range , the northern continuation of the Sierra Nevada, includes Lassen Volcanic National Park . Lying E of the S Sierra Nevada is Death Valley National Park. California has an enormously productive economy, which for a nation would be one of the ten largest in the world. Although agriculture is gradually yielding to industry as the core of the state's economy, California leads the nation in the production of fruits and vegetables, including carrots, lettuce, onions, broccoli, tomatoes, strawberries, and almonds. The state's most valuable crops are grapes, cotton, flowers, and oranges; dairy products, however, contribute the single largest share of farm income, and California is again the national leader in this sector. The state also produces the major share of U.S. domestic wine. California's farms are highly productive as a result of good soil, a long growing season, and the use of modern agricultural methods. Irrigation is critical, especially in the San Joaquin Valley and Imperial Valley. The gathering and packing of crops is done largely by seasonal migrant labor, primarily Mexicans. Fishing is another important industry. California continues to be a major U.S. center for motion-picture, television film, and related entertainment industries, especially in Hollywood and Burbank. Tourism also is an important source of income. Disneyland, Sea World, and other theme parks draw millions of visitors each year, as do San Francisco with its numerous attractions. California Facts - Facts and Figures about the State of California General California Facts Entered Union: Sept. 9, 1850 (31st state) Motto: Eureka (I have found it) State Colors: blue and gold State Song: I Love You, California Nickname: Golden State	i don't know
You dial 911 for emergency services and 411 for information (now taken over by 555-1212). What is the FCC mandated call before you dig number?	Call811 \| BEFORE YOU DIG... Calling 811 is the most important step! Call 811 at least a few days before you start any digging project. Whether you are planning to do it yourself or hire a professional, smart digging means calling 811 before each job. Ready to dig? We'll help you do it safely! FIND OUT MORE 811 in Your State Each state has its own 811 call center to help you get digging. Choose your state to find information about your area. An 811 representative will take information about your project and notify appropriate utility companies to mark buried lines so you can dig safely around them! Get Involved Calling 811 is for everyone! Learn more about how you can get involved in promoting safe digging. FIND OUT MORE Did You Know? Digging without knowing the approximate location of underground utilities can result in damage to gas, electric, communications, water and sewer lines, which can lead to service disruptions, serious injuries and costly repairs. Call Before You Dig! An underground utility line is damaged once every six minutes nationwide because someone decided to dig without first calling 811. Reduce the Risk of Damage There are more than 20 million miles of underground utilities in the United States, according to data compiled by CGA from various industry groups. That figure equates to more than one football field’s length (105 yards) of buried utilities for every man, woman and child in the U.S. Don't Be a Statistic Approximately 38.6 million people will dig this year without first having underground utility lines marked. Buried utilities are everywhere There are more than 20 million miles of underground utilities in the United States. That figure equates to more than one football field’s length (105 yards) of buried utilities for every man, woman and child in the United States. To know what’s below, always call 811 before digging! Ready to Dig? Start Here! Planning a home improvement job? Planting a tree? Installing a fence or deck? For every project, every time, call 811!	eight hundred and eleven
Which of the seven is the smallest (in area) continent?	Midcontinent Business Solutions Service Guide by Jacci Carey - issuu issuu phone > data > video > television advertising > Business Solutionsâ„˘ Guide to Services >Guide Contents Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Account Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 phone > data > video > television advertising > â„˘ > Welcome Creating Solutions That Work Thank you for choosing Midcontinent as your communications service provider. As things change in the business world and in our industry, you can depend on Midcontinent to be there when you need us most. As always, we continue to strive for excellence in all we do and remain flexible to embrace what comes next. Our pledge to you is that Midcontinent Business Solutions will bring your vision up-to-speed in every sense of the word. As part of that pledge we are committed to staying on top of the latest in telecommunications, providing local support you can count on day or night, putting you in direct contact with account representatives who will always give you a straight answer and, most importantly, giving you the tools you need to succeed. If you have any questions about your new services or need to reach our Customer Support Team, please call us at 1.800.888.1300. You may also visit midcontinent.biz to view all our products and services or to contact us through email. Again, thank you for your trust and welcome! We look forward to serving your business needs for many years to come. Patrick McAdaragh President & CEO Phone Services phone > data > video > television advertising > ™ > In This Section Any phone company can provide you with a dial tone. At Midcontinent, that dial tone is backed by outstanding customer service, unmatched network reliability and competitive prices from a company you can trust. We keep you connected with your customers because that’s what keeps you in business. And nobody knows that better than us. We’re Here When You Need Us Most Our Customer Care team is always just a phone call away at 1.800.888.1300 or online at midcontinent.biz. We are here for you anytime - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Section Contents Phone Service Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Rights and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Phone Service Taxes and Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Phone Package Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Using Your Voicemail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Voicemail Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Feature Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 midcontinent.biz 1 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Phone Service Notices We have set up your business phone line to provide the features that you requested on your order. Your directory listing will be as you requested and will remain the same unless you direct us to change it. If you choose a Midcontinent Business Solutions local service line only, you may select both an in-state long distance carrier and an out-ofstate long distance carrier of your choice for 1+ dialing. With Midcontinent Business Solutions Telephone service, you also have easy access to Telephone Relay Services by dialing 711. For the latest road conditions simply dial 511. In the event you feel your services have been “slammed,” or taken by a telephone company without your authorization, you may contact your state’s public utilities/service commission. SD Public Utilities Commission 500 East Capitol Street Pierre, SD 57501-5070 1.800.332.1782 ND Public Service Commission 600 East Broadway, Dept. 408 Bismarck, ND 58505-0480 1.701.328.2400 MN Public Utilities Commission Consumer Affairs Office 121 7th Place East, Suite 350 Saint Paul, MN 55101-2147 1.800.657.3782 The Midcontinent Business Solutions’ Telephone Service Terms and Conditions in its entirety can be found on our website at midcontinent.biz. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Phone Service Notices Telephone Fraud The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires telemarketers to make certain disclosures and prohibits certain misrepresentations. It also gives you the power to stop unwanted telemarketing calls and provides state law enforcement officers the authority to prosecute fraudulent telemarketers operating across state lines. The FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rule covers most types of telemarketing calls to consumers, including calls to pitch goods, services,“sweepstakes,” prize promotions, and investment opportunities. For more information about telephone fraud and the rules governing phone telemarketing, contact the Federal Trade Commission at 1.877.382.4357. Midcontinent Business Solutions reserves the right to terminate phone service due to fraudulent usage. Caller ID “Spoofing” Caller Identification or “Caller ID” allows you to identify a caller before you answer your telephone. This service, however, is susceptible to fraud. Using a practice known as “Caller ID Spoofing,” disreputable parties can deliberately falsify the telephone number relayed as the Caller ID number to disguise the identity and originator of the call. For more information visit: fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/callerid. 3 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Rights & Responsibilities Local Phone Service If you switch your local telephone service to Midcontinent Business Solutions and choose to keep your existing telephone number(s), Midcontinent Business Solutions will contact your current local service provider to transfer your existing numbers and terminate your existing service. However, any additional phone lines (including toll-free and long distance service), data, or cable service you will need to cancel with your previous provider. We recommend cancelling after your phone service is active with us to avoid disruption. If you switch your local telephone service to Midcontinent Business Solutions and choose a new Midcontinent Business Solutions telephone number, you must notify your current carrier of the change after your new telephone number has been installed. If you relocate to a different address, you must contact our Customer Care Team to verify your new 911 address information. In the event of an extended power outage, 911 service may be limited or not available. Long Distance Phone Service If you are changing to Midcontinent Business Solutions long distance service, you must notify your current carrier that you want to terminate your long distance service with them. Some carriers will require written authorization. If you choose to keep your current long distance carrier, you must notify them that Midcontinent Business Solutions is now your local telephone service provider. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Phone Service Taxes and Fees Your Midcontinent Business Solutions telephone bill includes taxes and fees mandated by law that include the following: • • • • Federal Access Line Charge. This is a charge authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which covers the cost of providing access to, and maintenance of, the local network Local Number Portability Surcharge. The FCC allows telephone companies to add this charge to all telephone lines. This fee compensates the companies for their work in creating systems which allows people to change local telephone companies and take their telephone number with them State governments impose a monthly Federal Telecom Relay Service (TRS) and Administration fee, which helps to provide telephone services to the hearing and speech impaired County Government 911 Surcharge. This fee helps pay for the emergency 911 calling system State and Federal Taxes. The amount of your State and Federal taxes varies with your location. All telephone companies assess the same percentages Federal Universal Service Fund. The Federal Universal Service Fund (FUSF) supports the telecommunications needs of consumers in low-income households, schools, libraries, and rural health care providers Calls to “1-900” telephone numbers are subject to fees Depending upon your location, other taxes and fees may apply. Midcontinent Business Solutions bills for recurring services (line, features and options/packages) one month in advance. Your first bill will include your regular monthly charges in addition to any installation fees and partial month charges incurred since installation. 5 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Phone Package Features Call Waiting A quick beep signals that you have another call when you are on the phone. You can put the original caller on hold while taking the second call, or flip between the two. How To Use: 1. When you hear the tone, flash hook† your phone and greet your new caller. 2. To alternate between calls or return to your first caller, flash hook your phone. 3. To end either conversation, simply hang up. 4. If one of your callers is still on the line, your phone will ring. When you pick up the call, you will be connected to the caller. To Turn Off Call Waiting Before a Call: 1. Push 70 on your touch-tone phone. You will hear three short tones followed by a dial tone. 2. Place your call. 3. Call Waiting is automatically restored when you hang up. To Turn Off Call Waiting During a Call: 1. During your conversation, flash hook your phone. (If you do this at a Call Waiting indication you will answer the incoming call.) 2. Push 70 on your touch-tone phone. You will hear three short tones followed by a dial tone. 3. Flash hook your phone to return to your conversation. 4. Call Waiting is automatically restored when you hang up. † Flash hook, also called hook flash, is a quick press and release of the receiver button on a phone. Some phones have a key specifically designed for this purpose. Please consult your phone manual or vendor for more information. Features may not be compatible with some phone systems. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Phone Package Features (cont’d) 3-Way Calling Do you need to talk to two people at the same time? With 3-Way Calling, you will be able to add a second person to your call or put one person on hold and make a second call. You can use 3-Way Calling for both Local and Long Distance Calls. How To Use: 1. To place your first caller on hold, flash hook your phone. 2. You will hear a brief stutter tone. When you hear the normal dial tone, you can make your second call. 3. When the second caller answers, flash hook to connect all callers. 4. If the second caller does not answer or you reach a busy signal, flash hook to return to the first caller. 5. If either party disconnects, you can continue talking with the remaining party. 6. To end the call completely, simply hang up. Available on a “per call use.” Per call use incurs a small fee each time the feature is used. Call Transfer The Call Transfer service functions the same as 3-Way Calling except that when the originating caller hangs up, the two remaining parties can continue speaking to each other. Please see “3-Way Calling” instructions above for how to use Call Transfer. Some features may be unavailable because they are incompatible with other features you have requested. Please consult your original contract to verify which features you have requested on the lines. For more information, consult your monthly statement, call 1.800.888.1300, or visit the Midcontinent Businesss Solutions website at: midcontinent.biz. 7 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Phone Package Features (cont’d) Call Forwarding Universal Are you leaving the office and don’t want to miss that important call? Call Forwarding Universal allows you to forward calls temporarily to another number you select. Toll charges will apply to your bill for calls forwarded outside of your local calling area. How To Use: 1. On your touch-tone phone, press 72. 2. When you hear the dial tone, dial the number to which you want your calls forwarded and wait for the person to answer. 3. If no one answers the phone, or the line is busy, hang up and repeat steps one and two. When Call Forwarding has been activated, you will hear a fast busy signal. 4. To verify your calls are being forwarded, press 72 on your touch-tone phone. If you hear a busy signal, your Call Forwarding is working. If not, repeat steps one and two. 5. To de-activate call forwarding, press 73 on your touch-tone phone. The stutter tone followed by dial tone indicates to you that your calls are no longer being transferred. Caller ID Want to find out who is calling you before you pick up the phone? Use Caller ID. Your phone must have, or you may purchase separately, a display unit that stores names and numbers of recent callers. NOTE: This service may be susceptible to fraud known as “Caller ID Spoofing.” Disreputable parties can falsify the telephone number relayed as the ID number to disguise the identity and originator of the call. For more information visit: fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/callerid. When Using: 1. Upon activation of your Caller ID service, follow the directions provided by your display unit. 2. “PRIVATE” or “ANONYMOUS” calls come from callers who have their names and numbers blocked. 3. “UNKNOWN” or “OUT OF AREA” calls come from areas or phone systems that do not support Caller ID. midcontinent.biz • 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Phone Package Features (cont’d) Options To Block/Unblock Your Caller ID Upon initial installation of your digital telephone service, your name and number will not be blocked unless you have elected Caller ID Blocking Service. Blocking Your Caller ID You can block your name and number so when you place an outgoing call parties using Caller ID equipment will not see your Caller ID information. “Private” will be displayed instead. Dial 67 before you place a call. When you hang up your outbound Caller ID Service will be restored. Unblocking Your Caller ID Block (with Caller ID Blocking Service) You can unblock your Caller ID block service on a per call basis. Dial 82 before you place a call. When you hang up your Caller ID blocking service will be restored. Anonymous Call Rejection This is a service to Caller ID customers allowing them to block all “PRIVATE” or “ANONYMOUS” incoming calls. Callers will hear a message informing them to turn off their Caller ID blocking in order to complete the call to you. To “Turn On” Anonymous Call Rejection, lift the handset and press 77. Two fast busy signals confirm that the service has been activated. To “Turn Off” Anonymous Call Rejection Lift the handset and press 78. A stutter dial tone indicates the service has been cancelled. Hunting When a call comes in and your primary phone line is busy, the call will cycle through a pre-defined list of numbers (in your preferred sequence) for the call to be answered or go to a designated voicemail. To set up and enable this feature, please contact Customer Care. All Hunting numbers must be part of your service on the same account. 9 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Optional Features Simultaneous Ring Not at your main phone line all the time and you want to be sure to receive a call? With Simultaneous Ring, a caller dials one phone number and it rings simultaneously on up to four phone lines that you choose. The first line that answers receives the call. How To Activate From Your Main Line: 1. Lift handset and dial 80. 2. Press # to add a phone number. 3. Enter number to be added, then press # key. • System will repeat phone number for confirmation • Press # key again to add another phone number 4. Press 3 to activate Simultaneous Ring. How To Activate From Another Phone: 1. Lift handset and dial 1.877.430.7464. 2. Enter 10-digit pilot/main telephone number and press the # key. 3. Enter PIN number (the last four digits of main telephone number). 4. Press # to add a phone number. 5. Enter number and then press # key. • System will repeat phone number for confirmation • Press # key again to add another phone number after number confirmation is read. May add up to four phone numbers 6. Press 3 to activate. How To Deactivate From Your Main Line: 1. Lift handset and dial 80. 2. Press 3 to deactivate. How To Deactivate From Another Phone: 1. Lift handset and dial 1.877.430.7464. 2. Enter 10-digit pilot/main telephone number and press the # key. 3. Enter PIN number (the last four digits of main telephone number). 4. Press 3 to deactivate. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 â„˘ > Optional Features (contâ€™d) Distinctive Ringing Do you want to know when priority people are calling? Distinctive Ringing will let you know when designated people are calling with a special ring. You can store up to 15 different priority numbers. How To Use: To set up or turn Distinctive Ringing on or off for the most recent phone number that called you, pick up your phone after your call has ended, dial 61, and follow the recorded instructions. Non-Published Service This means your number is not published in the phone book, nor is it available from 411 information. Non-Listed Service This means your number is not published in the phone book, but is available from 411 information. Voicemail (includes eVOICE) Voicemail allows callers to leave you a message when you are not able to take their call. With eVOICE you can retrieve your voicemail through email as well as from a telephone. eVOICE To turn eVOICE on, call our Customer Care Team at 1.800.888.1300 to let us know the email address you want to use to access your voicemail messages. When you receive an email stating you have a voicemail message, you have the option of listening to it online or through your phone. You can also click to delete the message from voicemail access if you know you do not want to keep it for later retrieval from a phone. 11 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Using Your Voicemail Accessing Your Main Menu From Your Own Phone 1. Dial 611 or your local access number† depending upon where you live (if Auto Login is ON then you may skip steps 2 and 3). 2. Press #. For customers with Optional Sub-Mailboxes: If you are the Group Administrator Press * to access the Group Greeting Menu then follow the prompts or enter your sub-mailbox number. 3. If requested, enter your password then press # (default password: 0000). From Another Phone 1. Dial your business phone number or 1.877.556.0241. 2. Press * while your greeting is playing or enter your phone number. For customers with Optional Sub-Mailboxes: If you are the Group Administrator Press * to access the Group Greeting Menu then follow the prompts or enter your sub-mailbox number. 3. Enter your password then press # (default password: 0000). Main Menu Options • Press 1 to retrieve messages • Press 7 to hear current date and time • Press 9 for your mailbox setup menu Menu Options for Optional Sub-Mailboxes • Press 1 to retrieve messages • Press 5 to hear which boxes have messages • Press 9 for your sub-mailbox setup menu † Contact Customer Care for your local access number. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Using Your Voicemail (cont’d) Mailbox Setup Menu Four Options Available in the Setup Menu: • Press 1 for greetings options (see below) • Press 2 to change password (see below) • Press 4 to enable/disable auto login • Press * to return to the Main Menu Greetings Options (Pressing 1 from menu) • Press 1 to listen to your greeting • Press 2 to save greeting (must save to activate) • Press 3 to delete greeting • Press 4 to record greeting • Press * to return to the mailbox setup menu Changing Your Password (Pressing 2 from menu) 1. Enter your NEW password, followed by #. (Your password can be up to 16 digits long - be sure to record your new password for future reference.) 2. Re-enter your NEW password to verify it. 1 13 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Using Your Voicemail (cont’d) Retrieving Messages† Three Options Available in the Retrieve Menu: • Press 1 to go to new messages • Press 2 to go to saved messages • Press * to return to the Main Menu While Listening to Messages You Can: • Press 1 to play message • Press 2 to save message and go to next one • Press 3 to delete message and go to next one • Press 4 to save message as new • Press 7 to back up 3 seconds • Press 8 to pause/continue message • Press 9 to go forward 3 seconds • Press * to return to the Main Menu † You may also listen to voicemail through email. See eVOICE for more information. 1 > Quick Reference Voicemail Features Accessing Your Voicemail: • Press 611 to access your voicemail from your phone • Enter your password when prompted and press # • Dial your phone number and press * to access from another phone. While your greeting is playing, enter your password then # Call Waiting Cancel: • Press 70 (for a single call only) Retrieving Messages: • Press 1 for new messages • Press 2 for saved messages • Press for the main menu While Listening You Can: • Press 1 to play message • Press 2 to save message/ go next • Press 3 to delete message/ go next • Press 4 to save message as new • Press 7 to back up 3 seconds • Press 8 to pause/continue message • Press 9 to go forward 3 seconds • Press * to return to the Main Menu To setup your mailbox: • Press 1 for greetings options • Press 2 to change password • Press 4 to enable/disable auto login • Press * to return to the Main Menu Voicemail Password: Call Forwarding Universal: • Press 72 to turn ON • Press 73 to turn OFF Anonymous Phone Rejection: • Press 77 to turn ON • Press 78 to turn OFF Caller ID Blocking: (before a call) • Press 67 to turn ON • Press 82 to turn OFF Simultaneous Ring: • Press 80 to turn ON/OFF Call Trace: • Press 57 Last Call Return: • Press 69 Continuous Redial: • Press 66 to activate • Press 86 to deactivate Distinctive Ringing: • Press 61 to turn ON/OFF Features may not be compatible with some phone systems. Midcontinent telephone service also includes: • 911 Emergency • 811 One Call Dig Locates • 711 Telecommunications Relay for hearing and speech assistance • 611 Voicemail/Customer Care† • 511 Highway Information • 411 Local Directory Assistance†† † Not available in all areas. ††411 Directory Assistance fee applies per each use of the service. 15 Data Services phone > data > video > television advertising > ™ > In This Section With Midcontinent’s Data Services, you get reliability you can count on. More speed. More security. More productivity. Better yet, our data packages are backed by DOCSIS 3.0 – a technology unmatched by anyone in our region. With speed like this, you can put your business light years ahead of the competition. We’re Here When You Need Us Most Our Customer Care team is always just a phone call away at 1.800.888.1300 or online at midcontinent.biz. We are here for you anytime - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Section Contents Data Service Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Data Package Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Setting Up Your Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Changing Your Email Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Setting Up Your Email on a BlackBerry® Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Useful Tips for Improving Your Internet Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Data Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 midcontinent.biz 17 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Data Service Notices Minimum System Requirements Computers must meet the minimum requirements for the operating systems currently supported by MicrosoftTM and Apple.TM Approved Cable Modems We are only able to provide service for cable modems listed on our approved modems page, available at: midcocomm.com/resourcecenter. If you plan on purchasing a cable modem for new service, we require the modem to be at least a minimum of a DOCSIS 3.0 modem. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Data Package Features Hosting Services Website hosting offers: • Between 100 MB and 200 MB webspace • Our hosting system supports any standard HTML, generated by any program (Dreamweaver, FrontPage, OSX Pages) and PHP/Perl for CGI/interactive applications • Not supported are ASP, SQL, or database applications • Domain registration and renewal is included if requested Email hosting offers: • Up to 80 different email addresses • Spam/Virus protection included with Midcontinent hosted email. For customers that have their email hosted outside of Midcontinent, it is recommended they provide their own Spam and virus protection. We also recommended that you have your own personal antivirus to help protect against viruses and spyware/malware • Our hosting does not include a web control panel Email Services @midconetwork.com emails • Small Office/Home Office package - up to 5 email addresses • Network package - up to 20 email addresses • Advance package - up to 40 email addresses • All addresses must be added by calling or emailing Customer Care You will need to provide desired email address and password Monitoring Services Cable modem customers: To run speed test go to support.midco.net. Enterprise customers: To view bandwidth utilization percentages, connectivity, traffic, and other graphical information, go to netmonitor.midco.net. Username: Password: Monitoring services information will be provided upon setup. Record your username and password for future use. 19 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Data Package Features (cont’d) Spam and Virus Protection To help guard against malware, all Midcontinent Business Solutions data customers get Spam and virus protection for all email accounts at no additional charge. If we find a virus, we’ll block it before it ever reaches your computer. Remember, this is just one layer of protection. We recommend that you also have a firewall and anti-virus software installed on your computer to protect you when surfing the Web. A firewall blocks hackers from getting into your computer and stealing personal information such as credit card and bank account numbers. With your connection always on, we recommend you purchase firewall software online or from a local retailer. It’s important for you to remember that a firewall program is different from a virus protection program, which only screens for computer viruses. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Data Package Features (cont’d) Networking Capabilities Networking is convenient and efficient, but it can be challenging to set up and troubleshoot. Midcontinent Business Solutions technicians can troubleshoot connectivity issues involving one computer connected directly to the cable modem. However, any configuration beyond that (networking included) becomes a customer issue outside the scope of Customer Care Internet Support. If you don’t have computer networking experience, please have a qualified computer technician assist you with your network setup. A router is needed for setting up a network. There are two types of routers: Ethernet and Wireless. A wireless router is a popular choice for a network. It allows more distance between computers, does not require wiring inside walls and does not confine the computer to one physical location in the business location. Wireless options can cost more and have additional security concerns. Please make sure your wireless settings properly restrict Internet access, since you are responsible for anonymous Internet activity through your wireless network. Adding Additional Computers to Your Network Your network can be configured for additional computers/network devices (i.e. PDAs, routers, firewalls, etc.) so they can access your service in the office at the same time. See the information below for the number of static IP’s allotted within your package: • • • Small Office/Home Office: Up to 5 Network: Up to 5 (with additional requiring justification) Advanced: Up to 5 (with additional requiring justification) Please contact us when adding devices to your account. Technical support assistance is available -- but please note that technicians do not set up or troubleshoot networks or network devices. 21 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Setting Up Your Email Windows Live Mail 1. Open Windows Live Mail. 2. From the Mail tab, click on ADD EMAIL ACCOUNT. a. Email address: Your full email address b. Password: Password for your email address c. Remember password: Check this box d. Display Name: The name you wish to display 3. Click NEXT. 4. In the “Incoming mail server information” section, enter the following information: a. Select POP3 for the server type b. Incoming server: pop.midco.net c. Login ID: Your full email address 5. In the “Outgoing server information” section, enter the following information: a. Outgoing server: smtp.midco.net 6. Click NEXT 7. In the “Add an email account” window click FINISH. 8. From Windows Live Mail, click TOOLS then ACCOUNTS. 9. In the “Accounts” window, select your email account and click PROPERTIES on the right side. 10. Click the ADVANCED tab and remove the check from “Leave a copy of message on server.” 11. Click APPLY then OK in the “Properties” window. 12. Click CLOSE in the “Accounts” window. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Setting Up Your Email (cont’d) Outlook 2010: 1. Open Outlook. 2. Click on FILE and then on ADD ACCOUNT. 3. On the “Auto account setup” window, enter the following information: a. Your Name: The name you wish to display b. Email Address: Your full email address c. Password: Password for your email address d. Reenter Password: Password for your email address e. Check “Manually configure server settings or additional server types” 4. Click NEXT. 5. Confirm Internet EMail is selected and click NEXT. In the “Internet email settings” section, enter the following information: a. Your Name: The name you wish to display b. E-mail Address: Your full email address c. Account Type: POP3 d. Incoming Mail Server: pop.midco.net e. Outgoing Mail Server (SMTP): smtp.midco.net f. Username: Full email address g. Password: Password for your email address h. Check “Remember password” i. Do not check “Require logon using secure password authentication (SPA)” 6. Click NEXT. 7. Click FINISH on the next page. 8. Click ACCOUNT SETTINGS. 9. Select your mail account and click CHANGE. 10. Click MORE SETTINGS. 11. Click the ADVANCED tab and remove the check from “Leave a copy of message on server.” 12. Click OK then CLOSE on “Account settings.” 23 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Setting Up Your Email (cont’d) Mac Mail using OS X 10.6: 1. Open Mail. 2. Click on FILE and then select ADD ACCOUNT. 3. In the Add Account window, enter the following information: a. Full Name: The name you wish to display b. Email Address: Your full email address c. Password: Password for your email address 4. Uncheck “Automatically set up account.” 5. Click CONTINUE. 6. Select POP for “Account type.” 7. Give your account a description if you choose. 8. Enter the following information on the Incoming Mail Server window: a. Incoming Mail Server: pop.midco.net b. User Name: Your full email address c. Password: Password for your email address 9. Click CONTINUE. 10. On the “Incoming mail security” window, make sure nothing is checked. 11. Click CONTINUE. 12. Enter the following information on the “Outgoing mail server” window: a. Description: Optional description b. Outgoing Mail Server: smtp.midco.net c. Uncheck “Use authentication” 13. Click CONTINUE. 14. On the “Outgoing mail security” window, make sure nothing is checked. 15. Click CONTINUE. 16. Confirm your account setting in the “Account summary.” 17. Check “Take account online.” 18. Click CREATE to finish. 19. From Mail, click MAIL then PREFERENCES. 20. Click ACCOUNTS then select your mail account. midcontinent.biz • 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Setting Up Your Email (cont’d) 21. Click ADVANCED and add a check to “Remove copy from server after retrieving a message.” 22. Click the drop-down menu and select when Mail should remove messages from the Midcontinent mail server. 23. Close the Accounts window and save changes if prompted. 25 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Changing Your Email Program If you’d like to change your email program to automatically load a new account’s email, please use the following mail settings: Standard • Incoming: pop.midco.net • Outgoing: smtp.midco.net • Username: full email address (ex: [email protected]) • Password: password for email address If you are not connected to a Midcontinent Business Solutions Internet connection, outgoing emails cannot be sent. The secure settings below can be used when sending and receiving email outside of the Midcontinent Business Solutions network. (Example: Using someone else’s wireless connections such as a hotel, airport or using a non-BlackBerry® smartphone.) Secure • Incoming: popa.midco.net • If POP server, server port number = 995 • If IMAP server, server port number = 993 • Outgoing: smtpa.midco.net • Port 25 or Port 465 • Check Requires A Secure Connection (SSL) or TLS must be checked (depending on the device) • Outgoing server settings may require full username and password. • Select Outgoing Server Requires Authentication (required) • Do not select Secure Password Authentication (SPA) • Username: full email address (ex: [email protected]) • Password: password for email address midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Setting Up Your Email on a BlackBerry Smartphone Setting up and maintaining email functionality on a BlackBerry device is the responsibility of the cell phone service provider. You Will Need the Following Information: • Full email address • Password • POP (incoming) server: pop.midco.net You Will NOT Need Any Outgoing Server Information to Set Up an Email: • BlackBerry users are required to subscribe to a data package • Provider of data package (a.k.a. BlackBerry Internet Service or BIS) will process outgoing email Additional Information: • BlackBerry devices configured for Midcontinent email default to using pop.midco.net over the IMAP protocol on port 143 • BlackBerry devices configured for Midcontinent email will check periodically for new mail and retrieve new messages. There is no Send/Receive option that will retrieve new messages sooner than the pre-set schedule • Messages from other email services (Gmail, Yahoo!, MSN, etc.) may show up faster than Midcontinent email. This is due to some email providers using a “push” email system to work with BlackBerry devices which may allow messages to be received on the BlackBerry in next to real time Accessing Your Email Using WebMail • • • Enter mail.midco.net into your browser’s address bar Enter your username (full email address) and password in the areas designated Open, read, save or delete messages just as you would on your office computer* Note: Save email messages you wish to keep to your office computer by using the SAVE AS option in WebMail or by using a separate email program. Once saved, your messages will still be available to you after our routine email maintenance periods. 27 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Useful Tips for Improving Your Internet Speeds Reboot Hardware Occasionally, you’ll need to restart your equipment (computer, modem and router if applicable) to help it function optimally. Follow these steps to reboot: 1. Unplug the power connection from the back of the modem for about 10 seconds, then plug it back in. The modem will take about 2 minutes to come back online. You’ll know it’s online when the Power, Downstream (DS) and Upstream (US) lights are lit solid. 2. If you have a router, reboot it by unplugging the power connection from the back of the router for about 10 seconds, then plug it back in. 3. Restart your computer. Shut the computer down completely and then start your computer again. Check Your Hardware and Software Compatibility If you have a router connected, bypass it temporarily by connecting the network cable directly from the modem to your computer. This will identify where any slowdowns may be occurring. If speed test results improve with the router out of the equation, contact the manufacturer of the device for further support. Your computer will need to meet (or exceed) the minimum hardware requirements that your operating system specifies. Older routers may not be able to support the current speeds that your services are capable of delivering. Check your router’s users’ guide or contact the manufacturer to determine how much speed it can handle. If your router isn’t capable of supporting your broadband speeds, you may need a newer model. Contact Customer Care for more information. Maintain Your Computer Over time, a computer’s performance and speed may be impacted by a number of factors. Be sure to run regularly scheduled updates as recommended by your hardware and software manufacturers. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Useful Tips for Improving Your Internet Speeds (cont’d) Scan For Viruses, Spyware and Other Malware Viruses, trojans, spyware and malware can impact Internet speeds. Before scanning for virus and spyware issues, update your anti-virus software. If your computer isn’t protected with firewall and anti-virus software, you can purchase it locally or download it from places such as download.com. There are also places online that allow you to scan your computer for viruses at no cost such as antivirus.com. Clear Temporary Internet Files/Cookies/History Internet browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, store information within them and may need to be cleared out regularly. Clear out Internet Explorer by clicking on TOOLS, then INTERNET OPTIONS, then DELETE TEMPORARY INTERNET FILES, COOKIES, and HISTORY. Repair Connection To repair a network connection in Windows XP: Click START, then CONTROL PANEL, then NETWORK CONNECTIONS. Right-click LOCAL AREA CONNECTION and click REPAIR. To repair a network connection in Windows Vista: Click WINDOWS, then CONTROL PANEL, then NETWORK AND INTERNET, then NETWORK & SHARING CENTER, then MANAGE NETWORK CONNECTIONS. Right-click LOCAL AREA CONNECTION and click DIAGNOSE, then RESET THE NETWORK ADAPTER. To repair a network connection in Windows 7: Click WINDOWS, then CONTROL PANEL, then NETWORK AND INTERNET, then NETWORK & SHARING CENTER, then TROUBLESHOOT PROBLEMS. Click NETWORK ADAPTER and follow prompts through troubleshooting assistant. 29 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Useful Tips for Improving Your Internet Speeds (cont’d) Check Cabling and Connections Quality cabling connected securely to the cable modem and computer can impact the performance of your Internet connection. By reseating all connections one at a time, you are confirming that each one is connected properly without having to remember where each and every connection came from or went to. Remove Any Unnecessary Coaxial Splitters While checking all coaxial connections, if there are any splitters inline that are unneeded, remove them. If there are any splitters with unused ports on them (a six-way splitter when only a two-way splitter is needed), replace them with a splitter that is suitable for the amount of connections needed. Optimizer Programs There are programs available online that will allow you to customize network settings of your computer that may optimize download and upload speeds. These programs may be free to use, free for trial or require purchase. Before installing any of these, or any program, check with your IT vendor or look for reviews from other users. This may help you decide which program will work best for you. To help locate some of these programs, search for the following terms in your preferred search engine: • • • • TCP tuning TCP tweaks TCP/IP tuning TCP/IP tweaks Remember, you can always test your download and upload speeds at support.midco.net for cable modem customers and netmonitor.midco.net for Enterprise customers. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Data Quick Reference Account Information Use the below area to keep track of your email usernames and password. If security is a concern, you may wish to record the information in a separate location. Username: Password: Username: Password: Username: Password: Username: Password: Username: Password: Username: Password: Username: Password: Remember that passwords are case sensitive. “A” is different than “a,” so it is important to record passwords and usernames exactly as you created them. Server Settings Incoming Mail (POP3): pop.midco.net Outgoing Mail (SMTP): smtp.midco.net 31 Video Services phone > data > video > television advertising > ™ > In This Section With the most up-to-date news, weather, and financial reports, as well as the best in national and regional sports and entertainment, Midcontinent’s cable services will enhance your overall place of business and work environment. And, our experienced reps will fit you with the best cable package, at a great value, to suit all your needs. We’ll make it work for you. We’re Here When You Need Us Most Our Customer Care team is always just a phone call away at 1.800.888.1300 or online at midcontinent.biz. We are here for you anytime - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Section Contents Video Package Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Interactive Program Guide Quick Menu Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Using Your Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 midcontinent.biz 33 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Video Package Features Interactive Program Guide 1. To start, press the GUIDE button on your remote to see channel listings and current programs available. 2. Press the PAGE button (located vertically on the right side of your remote) to scroll through all available channels or enter a specific channel to view show listings and times. 3. To find out information about a TV program, highlight the show and press INFO on your remote. This will give you an overview of a current or future program. At the bottom of the screen, you’ll see these icons: 4. Looking forward to viewing your favorite program or series? Using the reminder feature ensures that you will never miss it. Setting a reminder is easy – simply follow the steps below. First, highlight the bell icon and press OK/SEL. 5. Select Remind. A reminder is now set for this particular show and time. If you return back to the information screen, you will see the bell icon in the upper middle of the screen indicting that a reminder has been set. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Video Package Features (cont’d) 6. To customize the frequency and timing for reminders, return to the Reminder Menu and press the bell icon. 7. Choose Reminder Options. By using the arrow keys, you can set repeating reminders once a week, every day or Monday through Friday. Other options include customizing a start and end time for your reminder. When you set a reminder, you have the option of bypassing Parental Control locks placed on the program. You can then tune directly to the program from the reminder without having to enter your 4-digit PIN to bypass parental locks. 8. Once preferences have been set, select the bell icon. If you decide not to set the reminder, select the cancel icon. 9. To view all upcoming times for this program, press the clock icon and press OK/SEL. 10. Select the arrow icon and press OK/SEL 11. Using the arrows on your remote, choose a program you would like to view and press OK/SEL. 12. To return to normal TV viewing, select the EXIT button on your remote. In screen picture not available with all digital receivers. See page 37 for menu icon key. Digital Music Add soothing sounds to your office and sales floors with Midcontinent’s continuous, high-quality music from every genre. Just browse our music channels (generally 901-946) to find your favorites. Subscription to service required. 35 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Optional Features Sports Packages for Public View The following channels are sold a la carte to businesses identified as a Public View Establishments: • • • • Golf Channel: Standard pricing regardless of public viewing area FOX Soccer: Standard pricing regardless of public viewing area Big Ten Network: Pricing based on estimated viewing area Fox Sports North: Minnesota systems only, pricing based on estimated viewing area To be a Public View Establishment, your business must: 1. Have an on-premise beer or liquor license. 2. Receive at least 80% of your revenue from entrance or membership fees or from the sale of food or beverage. If your establishment qualifies for this service, please our Customer Care Team at 1.800.888.1300 for setup. Pay-Per-View Events Contact Customer Care in advance to order a one-time event or sports package. Be prepared to supply your business fire occupancy for pricing information. High Definition (HD) Services Midcontinent has the ability to provide High Definition (HD) service to hotels/motels in most of the larger franchises for an additional charge. Please contact us today to learn more. Why HD? • • • 16:9 aspect ratio for a 33 percent wider picture More pixels for a sharper, clearer picture - 2,073,600 pixels per image vs. 210,000 pixels per image with standard TV CD-quality sound with 5 separate channels - perfect for a surround sound system To receive a true high definition experience in addition to your HDTV you will need a HD receiver and HD programming. Our Customer Care Team can help you with both. midcontinent.biz Turns On/Off two, three, four or all five devices with one button press SYSTEM ON/OFF â„˘ Turns On/Off two,DVD, three,VCR, four or five AUX, TV,allCBL with button Useddevices to select theone device you press wish to operate and indicates remote AUX, DVD, VCR, CBL controlTV, activity Used to select the device you wish to operate and indicates MENU remote control activity Displays the Applications Menu > Interactive Program Guide Quick Menu Icons MENU GUIDE Displays Applications Menu Displays the the program guide listings GUIDE SETTINGS Displays the the program guide listings Displays Applications Menu Go Back Displays the Applications Menu highlighted screen options View ProgramSelects OK/SEL MUTE Selects highlighted screen Press options Silences the audio. to TV Guide Main Menu On Demand Pay-Per-View HDTV activate. Press this key again to MUTE restore sound to the previous level. Silences the audio. Press to activate. Press this keyVOL again to yx restore sound to thethe previous Raises or lowers soundlevel. level VOL FAV yx Raises orViews lowersfavorite the sound level channels y y Search Skip forward or backward (Half-circle arrow icon)a whole day in thethe program guide Replays previous few seconds of a program (Half-circle arrow icon) Replays the previousLIST few of a program Displays aseconds list of programs that you have recorded, allowing LIST you to select one for viewing Displays a list of programs that you have recorded, allowing SWAP to select one for viewing viewing Swaps the you content of the main screen between the programming on the SWAP two internal tuners of the DVR Swaps the content of the main viewing screen between the programming on the two internal tuners of the DVR Parental Controls Record Set or Cancel a Reminder View Upcoming Times Options Donâ€™t Listings Function not available with business video services. 37 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Using Your Remote Control SYSTEM ON/OFF Turns On/Off two, three, four or five devices with one button press AUX, DVD, VCR, TV, CBL Used to select the device you wish to operate and indicates remote control activity MENU > Using Your Remote Control (contâ€™d) POWER Allows you to turn on/off your AUX, DVD, VCR, TV and CABLE equipment individually INFO Displays information about the program currently playing or highlighted in the program guide EXIT Exit from current screen PAGE +/- Accesses pages above or below the information currently displayed Highlight an item from the on-screen choices CH . Selects the next or previous channel LAST Accesses the previously tuned channel VOD Direct access to Video On Demand LIVE Displays live television programming VCR/DVD/VOD Keys Perform standard VCR and DVD functions when in VCR and DVD mode, and Video On Demand functions when in Cable mode Number Pad Enter numbers to tune to channels. Also, make numeric entries on on-screen menus. LIGHT Press to turn the keypad light on for 10 seconds. Pressing again will turn light off if it is already on Function not available with business video services. Remote features vary by model. Contact Customer Care at 1.800.888.1300 for more information. 39 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Account Administration Weâ€™re Here When You Need Us Most Our Customer Care team is always just a phone call away at 1.800.888.1300 or online at midcontinent.biz. We are here for you anytime - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Section Contents Online Bill Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Service Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Privacy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 â„˘ > Online Bill Pay Online Bill Pay for Business allows you to view and pay your current statements online, file paid statements, add recurring payments and even set payment reminders. To setup a MyMidco account, visit mymidco.com/b2b. Customers that have more than one account on billing together in a hierarchy may need to contact Customer Care at 1.800.888.1300 to have online bill pay set up correctly. Coming soon: Get updates and special offers, edit your account and order services -- and do it all safely and securely online with mymidco/b2b. *Popup blockers will need to be disabled or set to allow for the above site to access online bill pay. For most browsers you can do so by holding the CTRL key while clicking login. 41 phone > data > video > television advertising > > Service Policies General Installation and Maintenance Policies 1. Please be sure your TVs, computers, telephones, etc. are where you would like them before our technician arrives to maintain or connect new service(s). 2. Standard installation charges may apply. If custom work is required, additional charges may apply. These charges will be discussed with you prior to completing your service request. 3. Equipment leased from Midcontinent Business Solutions to support your service remains the property of Midcontinent Business Solutions and is required to be returned within three calendar days after disconnecting service. 4. If equipment is returned damaged or it is not returned after three business days, your account will be charged for the cost of the equipment. If you return the equipment within a reasonable amount of time, as defined in our terms and conditions on midcocomm.com, we will reverse the charges. 5. Tampering with our equipment or the use of purchased equipment to receive unauthorized broadband or other communications services is prohibited by law, and Midcontinent Business Solutions will take action to deter theft of service, including service termination, restitution, and civil actions for legal damages and, in some cases, criminal prosecution. Repair Policy Midcontinent Business Solutions will repair or replace equipment used to provide your service at no charge. In the event the equipment shows evidence of damage due to negligence or beyond normal wear and tear, Midcontinent Business Solutions may charge for the equipment replacement cost. If you are experiencing problems, call to schedule a service appointment. While most service and repair calls are free, charges may be applied for issues not related to provided services. midcontinent.biz 1.800.888.1300 ™ > Privacy Policy Personal Privacy Protection We consider the privacy of our subscribers to be very important and we are committed to keeping nonpublic personal information about our subscribers secure and confidential. Federal law requires that we provide this summary of our Privacy Policy. A copy of Midcontinent Business Solutions’ Privacy Policy can be found at midcontinent.biz or by request by calling 1.800.888.1300. Midcontinent Business Solutions will strive to protect your privacy and will not release personal information in relation to your account without your consent except to those businesses or individuals lawfully permitted to receive it. We may disclose personally identifiable information about you to others without your consent if necessary to conduct a legitimate business activity related to a service that we provide to you. For example, if necessary, we may occasionally disclose your name, address, or other subscriber information we have collected to an affiliate or another unrelated company for the following purposes: (a) to assist us in providing administrative, customer assistance, or other customer services; (b) to prepare, print, or deliver monthly invoices for our services or other marketing or informational materials that we distribute to our customers; (c) to prepare and conduct subscriber surveys that allow us to assess and enhance the services we provide to you; (d) to collect a past due bill; or (e) to develop or maintain software for us. We also will refuse to disclose any personal information pertaining to you to a governmental agency unless forced to do so by a court order or subpoena. We will notify you before responding to such requests, unless we are legally prohibited from doing so, to give you a chance to contest the government’s request if permitted by law. However, under certain circumstances, the government may obtain a court order blocking us from giving you notice of the government’s request before we are required to respond to it. In any case, however, we will not reveal records concerning your selection of video programming. 43	i don't know
Box-end, monkey, and crescent are all types of what?	What are the four basic types of crescent wrenches? \| HowStuffWorks What are the four basic types of crescent wrenches? NEXT PAGENEXT Although the term "crescent wrench" is thrown around as though it were a type of tool, crescent wrenches got their name from the Crescent Tool Company in the early 1900s. It was first created by inventor Karl Peterson, although a wrench by the Swedish company BAHCO may have inspired Peterson's design. The term crescent wrench has since become a generic name for a type of adjustable wrench. Crescent wrenches have one fixed jaw and one movable jaw; they differ from monkey wrenches in that the jaws on a crescent wrench are nearly parallel to the handle, whereas the jaws on a monkey wrench are perpendicular to the handle. In both types, the jaws are adjusted using a worm gear that you turn with your thumb. Crescent-brand wrenches come in all forms nowadays, but there were four basic historic types of Crescent wrench: the 8-to-10-inch double-ended adjustable wrench; the 6-to-8-inch double-ended adjustable wrench; the 8-inch adjustable wrench; and the 12-inch adjustable wrench. They differed in size, jaw opening and whether they had one set of jaws on one end, or a set on each end. Up Next Tool Safety Quiz Over time, adjustable wrenches acquired the nickname of "knucklebuster" because of the tendency of the jaws to slip off whatever you're loosening, causing you to scrape your hand against the nearest surface. That's why it's important when you're using an adjustable wrench that you position the wrench so that you're pulling toward yourself and not a potentially dangerous knuckle-busting surface. Other important adjustable-wrench rules are that the jaws should tightly hug at least three points on the nut or bolt you're loosening so you have a good grip; that you retighten the jaws any time you move the wrench to a new position; and that you position the sliding jaw so that it faces you in order to put the most pressure on the fixed jaw.	Wrench
Steinway & Sons has been manufacturing what type of musical instrument for over 150 years?	The History of Hardware Tools and the Circular Saw By Mary Bellis Updated August 21, 2016. Hardware hand tools are used by craftsmen and builders in manual operations like chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing and forging. The date of the earliest tools is uncertain, but some found in northern Kenya in 1969 may be about 2.6 million years old. 1. Chain Saws One of the earliest references to chain saws comes from the Canadian Medical Association Journal in an article written by Wolf Seufert, MD, DSc: "Orthopedics became a specialty with the help of a new instrument, the osteotome, invented around 1830 by the German Bernard Heine. This illustration from a contemporary inventory of surgical tools shows clearly that this clever master of prosthetics had in fact invented the chain saw. The links of the chain carried small cutting teeth with the edges set at an angle; the chain was moved around a guiding blade by turning the handle of the sprocket wheel." Several major manufacturers of chain saws claim to have invented the first one. All their claims point to the 1920s, but this 1830 osteotome would predate them all. One claim states that a California inventor named Muir was the first person to put a chain on a blade for logging purposes. But Muir's invention weighed hundreds of pounds and required a crane. This invention was neither a commercial or practical success. The 1861 Hamilton saw was hand-cranked by one or two men and looked like a spinning wheel. The American riding saw of the 1880s resembled a rowing machine that cutters could sit upon. A saw driven by a two-cylinder, water-cooled marine-type motor is reported to have sawed through a 10-foot log in four and a half minutes in Eureka, California in 1905. It was set at 90 degrees from its normal position. German mechanical engineer Andreas Stihl patented the "Cutoff Chain Saw for Electric Power" in 1926 and the first gasoline-powered chain saw in 1929, which he called the "tree-felling machine." These were the first successful patents for hand-held mobile chain saws designed for woodcutting. Andreas Stihl is most frequently credited as being the inventor of the mobile and motorized chain saw. Finally, Atom Industries began manufacturing their own chain saws in 1972. It was the world's first chain saw company to offer a complete range of saws with patented electronic ignitions and patented turbo-action, self-cleaning air cleaners. 2. Circular Saws Large circular saws are found in saw mills and are used to produce lumber. Samuel Miller invented the circular saw, a round metal disk saw that cuts by spinning, in England in 1777. Tabitha Babbitt, a Shaker sister, invented the first circular saw used in a saw mill in 1813. Babbitt was working in the spinning house at the Harvard Shaker community in Massachusetts when she decided to improve upon the two-man pit saws that were being used for lumber production. Babbitt is also credited with inventing an improved version of cut nails, a new method of making false teeth, and an improved spinning wheel head. William Newberry invented a band saw in 1807. 3. The Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge The Bourdon tube pressure gauge was patented in France by Eugene Bourdon in 1849. It's still one of the most common instruments used to measure the pressure of liquids and gases of all kinds, including steam, water and air up to pressures of 100,000 pounds per square inch. Eugene Bourdon founded the Bourdon Sedeme Company to manufacture his invention. The American patent rights were bought by Edward Ashcroft in 1852. Ashcroft played an important role in the widespread adoption of steam power in the U.S. He renamed Bourdon's gauge, calling it the Ashcroft gauge. 4. Drills and Drill Chucks A. I. Jacobs is credited with inventing the first three-jaw drill chuck, which he called “Jacob's Chuck.” He founded the Jacobs® Chuck Manufacturing Company in 1902. Martin Cherrington invented horizontal directional drilling in 1972. 5. The Pneumatic Hammer Charles Brady King of Detroit invented the pneumatic hammer driven by compressed air in 1890. He received a patent for his invention in 1894. King exhibited two of his inventions at the 1893 Worlds Columbia Exposition: a pneumatic hammer for riveting and caulking and a steel brake beam for railroad road cars. 6. The Hydraulic Jack In 1851, founder of Richard Dudgeon, Inc. and inventor Richard Dudgeon was granted a patent for his "portable hydraulic press" – the hydraulic jack. It proved to be vastly superior to the screw jacks in use at the time. Other inventions attributed to Dudgeon include roller boiler tube expanders, pulling jacks, filter press jacks, steam forging hammers, railroad lifting equipment, heavy plate hydraulic hole punches, and many types and sizes of lifting jacks. Dudgeon was renowned for his inventions. He astounded New Yorkers by driving from his home to his place of business in an innovative steam carriage in 1855. The noise and vibration generated by the "Red Devil Steamer" frightened horses so badly that city authorities confined it to a single street. Although Dudgeon claimed the carriage could carry 10 people at 14 mph on one barrel of anthracite coal, it was far ahead of its time and failed to gain popular favor. 7. Plyers, Tongs and Pincers Plyers are hand-operated tool used mostly for holding and gripping objects. Simple plyers are an ancient invention: Two sticks probably served as the first uncertain holders but bronze bars may have replaced wooden tongs as early as 3000 BC. Round-nose plyers are used for bending and cutting wire. Diagonal cutting plyers are used for cutting wire and small pins in areas that cannot be reached by larger cutting tools. Adjustable slip-joint plyers have grooved jaws, and the pivot hole in one member is elongated so it can pivot in either of two positions to grasp objects of different sizes. 8. Wrenches A wrench, also called a spanner, is a typically hand-operated tool that's used for tightening bolts and nuts. The tool works as a lever with notches at the mouth for gripping. The wrench is pulled at a right angle to the axes of the lever action and the bolt or nut. Some wrenches have mouths that can be tightened to better fit various objects that need turning. Solymon Merrick patented the first wrench in 1835. Charles Moncky invented the first "monkey" wrench around 1858. Robert Owen, Jr. invented the ratchet wrench, receiving a patent for it in 1913. Another patent was granted to Daniel C. Stillson, a steamboat fireman, for a wrench in September 1870. Stillson had invented the pipe wrench. He suggested to the heating and piping firm Walworth that they manufacture a design for a wrench that could be used for screwing pipes together – serrated blacksmith tongs had previously been used for this purpose. James Walworth told Stillson to make a prototype and “either twist off the pipe or break the wrench.” Stillson's prototype twisted the pipe successfully. His design was then patented and Walworth manufactured it. Stillson was paid about $80,000 in royalties for his invention during his lifetime. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) engineer John Vranish is credited for coming up with the idea for a "ratchetless" wrench. 9. Welding Tools Nikolai Benardos and Stanislav Olszewski were granted a patent for an electric arc welder with a carbon electrode called the "Electrogefest" in 1885. Benardos and Olszewski are considered the inventors of the welding apparatus.	i don't know
August 11, 1988 is generally accepted as the creation date of what terrorist organization, whose name translates as "the base"?	Terrorism 2002/2005 — FBI Foreword Since the mid-1980s, the FBI has published Terrorism in the United States, an unclassified annual report summarizing terrorist activities in this country. While this publication provided an overview of the terrorist threat in the United States and its territories, its limited scope proved inadequate for conveying either the breadth or width of the terrorist threat facing U.S. interests or the scale of the FBI’s response to terrorism worldwide. To better reflect the nature of the threat and the international scope of our response, the FBI expanded the focus of its annual terrorism report in the 2000/2001 edition to include discussion of FBI investigations overseas and renamed the series Terrorism. This second edition of Terrorism provides an overview of the terrorist incidents and preventions designated by the FBI as having taken place in the United States and its territories during the years 2002 through 2005 and that are matters of public record. This publication does not include those incidents which the Bureau classifies under criminal rather than terrorism investigations. In addition, the report discusses major FBI investigations overseas and identifies significant events—including legislative actions, prosecutorial updates, and program developments—relevant to U.S. counterterrorism efforts. The report concludes with an “In Focus” article summarizing the history of the FBI’s counterterrorism program. While the discussion of international terrorism provides a more complete overview of FBI terrorism investigations into acts involving U.S. interests around the world, Terrorism is not intended as a comprehensive annual review of worldwide terrorist activity. The chronological incidents, charts, and figures included in Terrorism 2002-2005 reflect only those incidents identified in the Terrorism/Terrorism in the United States series. For more complete listings of worldwide terrorist incidents, see the Worldwide Incidents Tracking System maintained by the National Counterterrorism Center at www.nctc.gov and the Terrorism Knowledge Base compiled by the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism at www.tkb.org. The FBI hopes you will find Terrorism 2002-2005 to be a helpful resource and thanks you for your interest in the FBI’s Counterterrorism Program. A full-text and graphics version of this issue, as well as recent back issues of Terrorism and Terrorism in the United States, are available for on-line reference on the FBI home page at www.fbi.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Division FBI Policy and Guidelines In accordance with U.S. counterterrorism policy, the FBI considers terrorists to be criminals. FBI efforts in countering terrorist threats are multifaceted. Information obtained through FBI investigations is analyzed and used to prevent terrorist activity and, whenever possible, to effect the arrest and prosecution of potential perpetrators. FBI investigations are initiated in accordance with the following guidelines: Domestic terrorism investigations are conducted in accordance with The Attorney General’s Guidelines on General Crimes, Racketeering Enterprise, and Terrorism Enterprise Investigations. These guidelines set forth the predication threshold and limits for investigations of U.S. persons who reside in the United States, who are not acting on behalf of a foreign power, and who may be conducting criminal activities in support of terrorist objectives. International terrorism investigations are conducted in accordance with The Attorney General Guidelines for FBI Foreign Intelligence Collection and Foreign Counterintelligence Investigations. These guidelines set forth the predication level and limits for investigating U.S. persons or foreign nationals in the United States who are targeting national security interests on behalf of a foreign power. Although various Executive Orders, Presidential Decision Directives, and congressional statutes address the issue of terrorism, there is no single federal law specifically making terrorism a crime. Terrorists are arrested and convicted under existing criminal statutes. All suspected terrorists placed under arrest are provided access to legal counsel and normal judicial procedure, including Fifth Amendment guarantees. Definitions There is no single, universally accepted, definition of terrorism. Terrorism is defined in the Code of Federal Regulations as “the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” (28 C.F.R. Section 0.85). The FBI further describes terrorism as either domestic or international, depending on the origin, base, and objectives of the terrorist organization. For the purpose of this report, the FBI will use the following definitions: Domestic terrorism is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives. International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. International terrorist acts occur outside the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to coerce or intimidate, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. The FBI Divides Terrorist-Related Activities into Two Categories: A terrorist incident is a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States, or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. A terrorism prevention is a documented instance in which a violent act by a known or suspected terrorist group or individual with the means and a proven propensity for violence is successfully interdicted through investigative activity. Note: The FBI investigates terrorism-related matters without regard to race, religion, national origin, or gender. Reference to individual members of any political, ethnic, or religious group in this report is not meant to imply that all members of that group are terrorists. Terrorists represent a small criminal minority in any larger social context. Terrorism 2002-2005 Introduction This edition of Terrorism highlights significant terrorism-related events in the United States and selected FBI investigative efforts overseas that occurred during the years 2002 through 2005. Additionally, this report provides a wide range of statistical data relating to terrorism in the United States during the past two decades. This material is presented to provide readers with an historical framework for the examination of contemporary terrorism issues. In keeping with a longstanding trend, domestic extremists carried out the majority of terrorist incidents during this period. Twenty three of the 24 recorded terrorist incidents were perpetrated by domestic terrorists. With the exception of a white supremacist’s firebombing of a synagogue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, all of the domestic terrorist incidents were committed by special interest extremists active in the animal rights and environmental movements. The acts committed by these extremists typically targeted materials and facilities rather than persons. The sole international terrorist incident in the United States recorded for this period involved an attack at the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport, which claimed the lives of two victims. The terrorism preventions for 2002 through 2005 present a more diverse threat picture. Eight of the 14 recorded terrorism preventions stemmed from right-wing extremism, and included disruptions to plotting by individuals involved with the militia, white supremacist, constitutionalist and tax protestor, and anti-abortion movements. The remaining preventions included disruptions to plotting by an anarchist in Bellingham, Washington, who sought to bomb a U.S. Coast Guard station; a plot to attack an Islamic center in Pinellis Park, Florida; and a plot by prison-originated, Muslim convert group to attack U.S. military, Jewish, and Israeli targets in the greater Los Angeles area. In addition, three preventions involved individuals who sought to provide material support to foreign terrorist organizations, including al-Qa’ida, for attacks within the United States. Whereas the violent global jihadist movement manifested itself primarily in terrorism preventions in the United States from 2002 through 2005, internationally the movement claimed major attacks against U.S. and Western targets that resulted in American casualties. Most of these incidents were perpetrated by regional jihadist groups operating in primarily Muslim countries, and included attacks committed by Indonesia-based Jemaah Islamiya and al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula. The coordinated suicide bombing of London’s mass transit system by homegrown jihadists, however, brought the violent jihadist movement and the tactic of suicide bombing to a major European capital. In addition to these incidents and preventions, the years 2002 through 2005 saw the resolutions to high-profile prosecutions in the fight against terrorism. These included the October 4, 2002, sentencing of John Walker Lindh to 20-years in prison for conspiring with the Taliban to kill U.S. citizens; the January 30, 2003, sentencing of Richard Colvin Reid to life in prison for attempting to bomb a transcontinental flight using a shoe bomb; the December 2003 sentencings of the Lackawanna Six terror cell members, who received prison terms ranging from seven to 10 years for providing material support or resources to al-Qa’ida; the sentencings in 2003 and 2004 of members of a Portland terrorist cell, who received prison terms ranging from three to 18 years for plotting to provide assistance to the Taliban and al-Qa’ida in fighting against U.S. troops in Afghanistan; the September 29, 2004, sentencing inYemeni court of six individuals for their roles in the USS Cole bombing, two of whom received the death penalty; the April 6, 2005, sentencing of Matthew Hale, leader of the white supremacist Creativity Movement, to 40 years in prison for solicitation of violence and obstruction of justice; the July 18, 2005, sentencing of Eric Robert Rudolph to life in prison for perpetrating several bombings, including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, Georgia; the April 26, 2005, sentencing of Ali Al-Timimi to life in prison for encouraging others to receive military training from the designated foreign terrorist organization Lashkar-e-Tayyiba to fight U.S. troops in Afghanistan; and the August 30, 2005, sentencing of white supremacist Sean Michael Gillespie to 39 years for the synagogue firebombing in Oklahoma City. FBI counterterrorism initiatives since the 9/11 terrorist attack have focused on preventing future attacks through the timely gathering, analysis, and dissemination of information; the facilitation of appropriate sharing of terrorism-related information between federal, state, and local partners; and the advancement of intelligence and law enforcement partnerships worldwide. FBI and U.S. counterterrorism organizational changes from 2002 through 2005 include the creation of the National Joint Terrorism Task Force; the establishment of the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force; the consolidation of government terrorist watch lists into the Terrorist Screening Center; the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security; and the restructuring of the U.S. Intelligence Community under the newly created Office of the Director of National Intelligence. These and other federal initiatives are discussed in greater detail in the concluding In Focus retrospective of the FBI’s counterterrorism program. 2002 In Review The FBI recorded seven domestic terrorist incidents, one international terrorist incident, and one terrorism prevention in 2002. The seven domestic terrorism incidents included a string of attacks over a period of several months claimed by special interest movements. These attacks are attributed either solely to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), an extremist environmental movement active in the United States during the past 20 years, or jointly to the ELF and the Animal Liberation Front, an extremist animal rights movement that has carried out numerous terrorist attacks since 1987. The international terrorist incident involved fatal shootings at the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport. In the one terrorism prevention, law enforcement in Florida exposed a plot to attack Islamic facilities in the United States in response to international events, including the September 11 attacks. Two deaths resulted from terrorist activity carried out in the United States in 2002. A major international terrorist incident during 2002 involved the October 12 bombing of the Kuta Beach nightclub area on Bali, Indonesia. The attack, carried out by the Jemaah Islamiya, a terrorist organization active in Southeast Asia, resulted in 202 deaths, including those of seven Americans. Terrorist Incidents Erie, Harborcreek, and Warren, Pennsylvania (Six acts of Domestic Terrorism) Between March 2002 and November 2002, a series of animal rights and ecoterrorism incidents occurred in Erie, Harborcreek, and Warren, Pennsylvania. On March 18, 2002, Pennsylvania State Police discovered heavy equipment used to clear trees at a construction site in Erie, Pennsylvania, spray painted with the statements “ELF, in the protection of mother earth,” and “Stop Deforestation.” On March 24, 2002, police responded to the same construction site, where a large hydraulic crane had been set on fire, causing approximately $500,000 in damage. A facsimile, purportedly from ELF, claimed responsibility for the arson and vandalism. ELF also claimed responsibility for an August 11, 2002, arson on the U.S. Forestry Scientific Laboratory in Warren, Pennsylvania. In separate incidents in May and September 2002, unknown subjects released approximately 250 mink from a fur farm in Harborcreek, Pennsylvania. On November 26, 2002, the barn on the same Harborcreek fur farm was destroyed by arson. On the ELF Web site, ELF and ALF jointly claimed responsibility for these mink releases and the arson. On August 11, 2002, unknown individuals committed arson on the U.S. Forestry Scientific Laboratory in Warren, Pennsylvania. In separate incidents in May and September 2002, unknown subjects released approximately 250 mink from a fur farm in Harborcreek, Pennsylvania. On November 26, 2002, the barn on the same Harborcreek fur farm was destroyed by arson. On the ELF Web site, ELF and ALF jointly claimed responsibility for these mink releases and the arson. On August 11, 2002, unknown individuals committed arson on the U.S. Forestry Scientific Laboratory in Warren, Pennsylvania. July 4, 2002 Attack on El Al Ticket Counter in Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California (One act of International Terrorism) On July 4, 2002, Hesham Mohamed Ali Hedayat began shooting randomly while standing in line at the ticket counter of El Al Israeli National Airlines at the Los Angeles International Airport. During the attack, an El Al ticketing agent and a bystander were killed. Hedayat was subsequently killed by an El Al security officer. A worldwide investigation determined that Hadayat’s religious and political beliefs were the primary motivation for the attack, and not personal revenge. Following these investigative findings, this case was officially designated as an act of international terrorism. August-October 2002 Vandalism and Destruction of Property Henrico County, Virginia Goochland County, Virginia (One act of Domestic Terrorism) During the period of August–November 2002, Aaron L. Linas, John B. Wade, and Adam V. Blackwell carried out several acts of vandalism and destruction of private property, in apparent acts of environmental terrorism. Many of these acts were attributed to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF). On several days in August 2002, the individuals damaged 12 construction vehicles at a construction site in Goochland, Virginia, by pouring sugar into the gas tanks. The individuals also vandalized two homes under construction in the area, writing the word “sprawl” on one of the homes. In September 2002, the individuals vandalized construction vehicles in Henrico County, Virginia, and attempted to burn a backhoe and construction crane. On September 28, 2002, 25 sport utility vehicles (SUVs) were damaged at an Henrico County Ford Dealership, including the etching of the letters “ELF” and “SUV” into some of the vehicles. Also in September, vandalism occurred at two fast food restaurants. A Jeep Liberty was also damaged, and the vandals left a note on the vehicle stating “SUVs are killing the world” and “Earth Liberation Front.” In October of 2002, vandals claiming to be part of ELF apparently used an axe to damage three SUVs parked in the River Lake Colony subdivision of Henrico County, Virginia. Notes were left on all of the vehicles claiming the attack was an effort to raise environmental and political awareness. Linas, Wade, and Blackwell pled guilty to conspiracy to commit these acts and were subsequently convicted and sentenced to three years and six months, three years and one month, and 10 months in federal prison, respectively, and ordered to divide the total restitution payment of $204,021.86 between them. Terrorist Preventions Planned Attack against Islamic Center of Pinellas County Pinellas Park, Florida (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On August 22, 2002, police in Pinellas County, Florida, responding to a domestic dispute detained Robert J. Goldstein after finding numerous weapons and explosives and a “mission statement” threatening to attack Islamic facilities in the United States. Goldstein was later arrested and charged with weapons violations and an attempt to destroy property. Michael Wallace Hardee, Samuel V. Shannahan III, and Goldstein’s wife, Kristi Goldstein, were also arrested and charged in connection with the plot. An investigation revealed that the intended target of Goldstein’s planned attack was the Islamic Center of Pinellas County, in Pinellas Park, Florida, and that the attack had been planned to coincide with the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. Investigators also determined that Goldstein intended to target the Islamic Center in perceived retaliation for Palestinian suicide bombings in Israel. The four pled guilty in the Middle District of Florida to their roles in the plotting, and in 2003 received federal prison sentences ranging from three years to Robert Goldstein’s 12 years and seven months. Significant Events January 19, 2002 Kathleen Ann Soliah Sentenced. On January 19, 2002, Kathleen Ann Soliah was sentenced to two consecutive 10 years to life terms for her role in a 1975 car bombing plot associated with the Symbionese Liberation Army. On October 31, 2001, Soliah pled guilty to two counts related to the car bombing plot. Soliah remained a fugitive for 23 years until her arrest on June 16, 1999, when she was living under the alias Sara Jane Olsen. March 14, 2002 Appeal Denied in the Pan Am 103 Bombing Case. On March 14, 2002, an appeal filed by Abdel Basset Ali Al-Megrahi, seeking to overturn his conviction of bombing Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, was denied. Al-Megrahi had filed the appeal at the Scottish Court of Appeal in Camp Zeist, The Netherlands. Al-Megrahi was convicted on January 31, 2001, for the 1988 bombing, which killed the 259 passengers of the flight and 11 individuals on the ground. Al-Megrahi was sentenced to life in prison. June 15, 2002 Donald Rudolph Sentenced for 1999 Propane Plot. On June 15, 2002, Donald Rudolph was sentenced to five years in prison for his role in a plot to destroy a propane storage facility near Elk Grove, California. Rudolph had pled guilty on January 19, 2001, to withholding knowledge of a conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction in connection with the propane plot. The plot to attack the propane storage facility was disrupted on December 3, 1999, when members of the Sacramento Joint Terrorism Task Force arrested Kevin Ray Patterson and Charles Dennis Kiles. Patterson, Kiles, and Rudolph were associated with an antigovernment group active in the central region of the state. When arrested, Patterson and Kiles were in possession of a detonation cord, blasting caps, grenade hulls, and various chemicals—including ammonium nitrate—and numerous weapons. Patterson and Kiles were convicted in May 2002 for conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction and conspiracy to use a destructive device. October 12, 2002 Nightclub Bombing Bali, Indonesia On October 12, 2002, three bombs, including a large vehicle bomb and a possible suicide bomber, devastated a nightclub area at Kuta Beach on the Indonesian island of Bali. The blasts killed 202 people, including seven Americans, and injured as many as 350. Most of those killed and injured were foreign tourists. This bombing has been attributed to members of the Jemaah Islamiya (JI) terrorist organization, a Southeast Asian-based terrorist network with links to al-Qa’ida, which allegedly helped finance the attack. The Bali bombing may have been carried out in response to audiotaped appeals from al-Qa’ida leader Usama Bin Ladin and his senior deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri broadcast on the al-Jazeera network beginning on October 6, 2002, that urged renewed attacks on U.S. and Western interests. The FBI joined several other international antiterror agencies to assist Indonesia in the investigation of the attack. The investigation has yielded approximately 30 convictions overseas; including three suspects sentenced to death after being convicted of planning and carrying out the bombing. Notable among the convictions is Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir, who is suspected of being the spiritual leader of JI. Bashir was sentenced in March 2003 to 30 months in prison for his part in the criminal conspiracy leading to the attack, although he was cleared of charges of planning a terrorist attack. Investigators believe JI militants Noordin Mohammad Top and bomb-maker Azahari Husin were the masterminds behind the Bali nightclub attacks and several other Southeast Asian terrorist attacks. Husin was killed by Indonesian police during a shootout on November 9, 2005, in East Java, Indonesia. Top remained a fugitive at the end of 2005. On October 23, 2002, President George W. Bush designated JI as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) under Executive Order 13224. Investigation into the Bali bombing is ongoing. June 21, 2002 Two Smugglers Convicted in Terror Financing Case On June 21, 2002, Mohamad Hammoud and Chawki Hammoud were convicted for their roles in a Charlotte, North Carolina-based, cigarette smuggling ring with ties to terrorism financing. Both men were convicted of cigarette smuggling, money laundering, racketeering, and credit card fraud. Mohamad Hammoud was also convicted of providing financial support to Hizballah, a designated foreign terrorist organization believed to have received financing through Hammoud’s smuggling enterprise. Chawki Hammoud was not found guilty of Hizballah ties. June 21, 2002 FBI Fly Team Established On June 21, 2002, FBI Director Mueller announced the creation of the Fly Team in the Counterterrorism Division to enhance the Bureau’s capabilities in the areas of counterterrorism and intelligence collection. The Fly Team deploys rapidly and proactively worldwide on missions to identify and prevent acts of terrorism, respond to crisis incidents, and pursue the arrests and prosecutions of terrorists who have engaged in or aided and abetted those who engaged in acts of terrorism. July 2002 Creation of National Joint Terrorism Task Force In July of 2002, the National Joint Terrorism Task Force (NJTTF) was created by order of the Director of the FBI. The NJTTF, staffed by representatives from 40 federal, state, and local agencies, is tasked with coordinating the flow of information between its participating entities and the Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs) located in FBI field offices and resident agencies across the country. October 4, 2002 John Walker Lindh Sentenced On October 4, 2002, U.S. citizen John Walker Lindh was sentenced to 20 years in prison after pleading guilty in July to terrorism charges related to his association with the Taliban in Afghanistan. In February, a grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia indicted Lindh on 10 counts, charging him as an al-Qa’ida-trained terrorist who conspired with the Taliban to kill U.S. citizens. In addition to criminal charges that had previously been levied against Lindh, the indictment added charges of conspiracy to contribute services to al-Qa’ida, contributing services to al-Qa’ida, conspiracy to supply services to the Taliban, and weapons charges. November 25, 2002 Signing of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 On November 25, 2002, President Bush signed House Resolution 5005, the Homeland Security Act of 2002, officially establishing the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The act combined various government agencies dealing with transportation, border, and other security issues from the U.S. Departments of Justice, Defense, Treasury, and Commerce into a single cabinet department, consolidating the U.S. government’s homeland security efforts. 2003 In Review In 2003, the FBI recorded six terrorist incidents and five terrorism preventions. Domestic terrorists, specifically animal rights and environmental extremists, were responsible for each of the six incidents. Three of the incidents were perpetrated by followers of the Earth Liberation Front extremist movement and involved acts of arson or vandalism and destruction of property. The other three incidents were perpetrated by extremists within the animal rights movement, and included and act of vandalism claimed by the Animal Liberation Front, and two bombings at businesses affiliated with Huntingdon Life Sciences, a frequent target of the extreme animal rights movement. Each of the five preventions involved domestic terrorist organizations or extremists. These included a white supremacist in Pennsylvania, who planned attacks against abortion clinics and minority targets; a constitutionalist and tax protestor in Idaho, who attempted to arrange for the murders of federal persons involved in a tax evasion case against him; an individual in Texas associated with antigovernment militia members, who was found in possession of heavy weaponry, sodium cyanide, and plans to weaponize sodium cyanide; an anarchist, who planned to bomb a U.S. Coast Guard; and an anti-abortion extremist in Florida, who planned to bomb abortion clinics. No deaths or serious injuries resulted from terrorist activity carried out in the United States in 2003. Major international terrorist incidents involving U.S. casualties included two attacks stemming from the violent global jihadist movement. In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, al-Qa’ida operatives conducted coordinated assaults on three residential compounds housing Western workers. Nine of the 35 people killed in the attack were Americans. In addition, Jemaah Islamiya bombed the JW Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia. The attack resulted in 11 fatalities and 144 injuries, including injuries to two U.S. citizens. Terrorist Incidents Girard, Pennsylvania (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On January 1, 2003, an unknown individual(s) set two pickup trucks and one sport utility vehicle on fire at a car dealership in Girard, Pennsylvania, causing $96,000 in damages. This arson followed the series of environmental and animal rights extremist incidents in northwest Pennsylvania discussed in the preceding 2002 terrorist incidents section. ELF claimed responsibility for the arson. March 3, 2003 Chico, California. (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On March 3, 2003, an unknown number of individuals placed two one-gallon jugs filled with kerosene near a McDonald’s restaurant in Chico, California, and vandalized the restaurant with graffiti. The graffiti included statements such as “Animal Liberation Front,” “Meat is Murder,” and “Species Equality.” Two communiques were discovered claiming responsibility for the attack. Robert Brooks and Harjit Singh Gill were convicted in the Eastern District of California for making false statements to a grand jury in connection with the attack, and, in June 2005, received sentences of a $500 fine and 36 months probation, respectively. August 1, 2003 San Diego, California. (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On August 1, 2003, the San Diego Fire Department and San Diego Police Department responded to an arson fire at the Garden Condominium, a five-story, 206-unit condominium complex under construction in the University Town Center area of San Diego. The fire caused an estimated $20 million in damages to the building and surrounding construction equipment. Investigators found graffiti at the site implicating Earth Liberation Front (ELF) extremists with the incident, including the message “IF YOU BUILD IT – WE WILL BURN IT. THE ELF’S ARE MAD. On September 19, 2003, two other new home sites were also set on fire, with similar messages left at the scene. The fires destroyed four homes and damaged two others, causing an estimated loss of $3 million. The August 1 and September 19 arson incidents remain under investigation. Bombings of Residential Compounds Riyadh, Saudi Arabia On the evening of May 12, 2003, al-Qa’ida operatives assaulted three residential compounds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that house Western guest workers. At least fifteen assailants in six vehicles, two vehicles at each location participated in the attacks against the Al-Hamra Oasis Village, Jedawal compound, and Vinnell Company compound located in suburban Riyadh. After breaching manned security barriers at two of the three sites, the attackers detonated vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs) in the compounds, killing 35 people, including nine Americans, and injuring nearly 200 others. This assault followed a string of al-Qa’ida operations, including the August 7, 1998, East African embassy bombings; the October 12, 2000, bombing of the USS Cole in Aden, Yemen; the September 11, 2001, attack in the United States; and attacks on November 28, 2002, carried out against primarily Israeli targets in Mombasa, Kenya, involving simultaneous attacks against multiple targets. The May 12 attack reflected a high degree of planning, pre-operational surveillance, and coordination among teams—traditional hallmarks of al-Qa’ida operations. It also reflected a highly refined approach to suicide bombings that may have incorporated lessons learned from the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings and other attacks. Preliminary investigation indicates that operatives traveling in lead vehicles attacked guards at each of the sites with small arms fire and hand grenades to quickly breach gates and other security measures to gain access to the compounds. Once inside the compounds, assailants may also have fired weapons to draw the attention of residents to window areas to maximize casualties. The FBI and foreign partners have identified approximately 30 individuals thought to be involved in the planning and execution of the attack. Nearly all of these individuals have been killed or arrested by Saudi security forces. Bombing of JW Marriott Hotel Jakarta, Indonesia On the afternoon of August 5, 2003, a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) exploded in front of the JW Marriott Hotel located in Mega Kuningan, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The blast killed 11 people, not including the suicide bomber, and injured 144 others, including two U.S. citizens. The blast caused extensive damage to the hotel and an adjacent office building. Investigation by the Indonesian National Police, the Australian Federal Police, and the FBI traced responsibility for the bombing to Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), a transnational Southeast Asian terrorist organization based in Indonesia with close links to al-Qa’ida, which helped to finance the bombing. The international investigation has identified over 30 individuals involved in the conspiracy to bomb the JW Marriott Hotel in Jakarta. Witness testimony has identified Noordin Mohammed Top as the leader of the operation and Dr. Azahari Husin as the bombmaker. Approximately 30 of the conspirators have been arrested, tried, and convicted in Indonesian courts and have received prison sentences ranging from three to 14 years. Husin was killed by Indonesian police during a shootout on November 9, 2005, in East Java, Indonesia. Top remained a fugitive at the end of 2005. The investigation into the bombing of the JW Marriott Hotel in Jakarta is ongoing. August 22, 2003 Vandalism and Destruction of Property West Covina, California. (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On August 22, 2003, individuals associated with the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) carried out acts of vandalism in the Los Angeles, California, area, damaging roughly 125 vehicles and one commercial building. Much of the damage was caused by spray-painted graffiti, although in two cases, individuals set fire to sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Some of the graffiti associated SUVs with “terrorism.” On April 18, 2005, William Jensen Cottrell was sentenced to eight years and four months in federal prison and fined $3.5 million for the incident. Two other suspects in the attack—Tyler Johnson and Michie Oe—remained at large at the end of 2005. August 28, 2003 Emeryville, California (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On August 28, 2003, an improvised explosive device (IED) was detonated near the front door of Chiron Life Science Center in Emeryville, California, causing damage to the building. A second device detonated in another Chiron building shortly after first responders arrived at the scene, also damaging the building and the surrounding area. Chiron had previously received harassing e-mails, telephone calls, and faxes, and some Chiron employees had been harassed at their residences. Chiron, an animal testing laboratory, is associated with Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS). HLS, and individuals and companies associated with it, have regularly been targeted by animal rights extremists. Daniel Andreas San Diego is suspected of having carried out the bombing and remained a fugitive at the end of 2005. September 26, 2003 Pleasanton, California. (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On September 26, 2003, an improvised explosive device was detonated at Shaklee Corporation in Pleasanton, California. Shaklee Corporation is a subsidiary of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., which has been targeted by animal rights extremists in the past. Daniel Andreas San Diego is suspected of having carried out this bombing and the August 28, 2003, bombing at Chiron Life Science Center. San Diego remained a fugitive at the end of 2005. Terrorist Preventions Planned Attacks on Abortion Clinics and Minority Targets Amwell Township, Pennsylvania. (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On February 13, 2003, law enforcement officials arrested David Wayne Hull, a long-time member and self-professed leader of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Hull had been exploding pipe bombs on his property in Amwell Township, Pennsylvania, had built and detonated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) during KKK events, and was recorded instructing individuals on how to place IEDs to cause maximum damage. Hull had also made threats against minorities and abortion clinics. Hull was indicted in March 2003 for firearms charges, witness tampering, and instructing persons on procedures for creating destructive devices. A jury in the Western District of Pennsylvania convicted Hull on seven counts of the ten-count indictment. On February 25, 2005, Hull was sentenced to 12 years in prison, followed by three years of probation. April 4, 2003 Planned Murder Plots against Federal Judge, AUSA, and IRS Agent Grangeville, Idaho (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On April 4, 2003, the FBI arrested David Roland Hinkson, a constitutionalist and tax protestor, for attempting to arrange the murders of a federal judge, an Assistant U.S. Attorney, and an IRS Agent whom he blamed for his legal problems regarding a tax evasion case against him. Between December 2002 and March 2003, Hinkson offered two individuals $10,000 for committing all three murders. On January 27, 2005, Hinkson was found guilty on three counts of solicitation to commit murder after a three week jury trial in Boise, Idaho. On June 3, 2005, Hinkson was sentenced to 43 years in federal prison. April 10, 2003 Tyler, Texas (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On April 10, 2003, the FBI arrested William Joseph Krar for fraud-related charges stemming from his attempt to deliver numerous false identification badges—including a United Nations Observer Badges, Defense Intelligence Agency identification, and a Federal Concealed Weapons Permit—to Edward Feltus, a member of the New Jersey Militia. Krar had also been identified as a potential weapons supplier associated with extremist militia activities. In a search of Krar’s Texas residence at the time of his arrest, FBI investigators found firearms, explosives, blasting caps, machine guns, over 100,000 rounds of ammunition, approximately 800 grams of sodium cyanide, and plans to weaponize the sodium cyanide. Krar and a co-conspirator, Judith Bruey, pled guilty to federal weapons charges, and in May 2004 were sentenced to 135 months and 57 months in federal custody, respectively. Feltus pled guilty to aiding and abetting the transportation of false IDs, and was sentenced in May 2004 to 18 months probation and fined $1,500. June 9, 2003 Planned Bombing of a U.S. Coast Guard Facility Bellingham, Washington (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On June 9, 2003, the FBI arrested Paul Douglas Revak for plotting to bomb a U.S. Coast Guard facility in Bellingham, Washington. Revak, who had previously declared himself to be an anarchist, was reportedly attempting to precipitate a revolution in the United States and had discussed the targeting of several nearby military installations. Revak was arrested when he negotiated with an undercover FBI employee for the purchase of explosive device components. Under a plea agreement, Revak was charged with threatening to use a weapon of mass destruction and sentenced to five years’ probation. November 11, 2003 Planned Bombings of Abortion Clinics Miami, Florida (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On November 11, 2003, Stephen John Jordi was arrested in Miami, Florida, for plotting to attack several abortion clinics. Jordi had openly discussed his intentions to attack abortion clinics, had expressed solidarity with anti-abortion extremists, and had associated with individuals from the anti-abortion extremist group Army of God. Jordi set out potential targets and a specific time frame for the attacks, and had cased and videotaped numerous Miami-area abortion clinics. He had also purchased several items to carry out the attack, including containers of gasoline and propane, flares, starting fluid, and a silencer purchased from an FBI source. Jordi was indicted on November 15, 2003, for attempting to damage and destroy property used in interstate commerce, distribution of information relating to the manufacture or use of explosive or destructive devices, and possession of a firearm that was not registered to him. On July 8, 2004, a federal judge in Miami sentenced Jordi to five years in prison. Significant Events January 30, 2003 Richard C. Reid Sentenced On January 30, 2003, Richard Colvin Reid was sentenced to life in prison for his December 2001 attempt to bomb American Airlines flight 63 with an explosive device concealed in his shoe. Reid had been indicted on January 16, 2002, on nine terrorism-related counts, and pled guilty on October 4, 2002. February 14, 2003 Kathleen Ann Soliah Sentenced On February 14, 2003, Kathleen Ann Soliah, a former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) serving time for her role in a 1975 car bombing plot, was sentenced for the 1975 murder of Myrna Opsahl. Soliah received six years added to the sentence she was already serving, after pleading guilty on November 7, 2002, for her role in the 1975 SLA bank robbery that killed Opsahl. Terrorism by event 1980-2005 pie chart. The graphic of pie chart shows 318 total events broken into categories; 209 bombings, 43 Arsons 20 malicious destructions, 16 shootings 10 hostile takeovers, 8 robberies, 4 assaults, 2 Hijackings, 2 Kidnappings, 2 rockets, 1 assassinanation and 1 WMD. February 19, 2003 Arrests and Indictments of Palestinian Islamic Jihad Members On February 19, 2003, four members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) terrorist organization—Sami Amin al-Arian, Sameeh Hammoudeh, Hatim Naji Fariz, and Ghassan Zayed Ballut—were arrested and charged with operating a racketeering enterprise from 1984 to 2003 in support of violence. The indictment, which was unsealed on February 20, 2003, also charged the individuals with “conspiracy within the United States to kill and maim persons abroad, conspiracy to provide material support and resources to PIJ, conspiracy to violate emergency economic sanctions,” extortion, perjury, obstruction of justice, and immigration fraud. Four other individuals were also charged under the same indictment—Ramadan Abduallah Shallah, Bashir Musa Mohammed Nafi, Mohammed Tasir Hassan Al-Khatib, and Abd Al Aziz Awda—but were overseas and remained fugitives at the end of 2005. February 28, 2003 Cigarette Smugglers Sentenced in Terror Financing Case On February 28, 2003, Mohamad and Chawki Hammoud were sentenced to prison terms for their roles in a Charlotte, North Carolina-based, cigarette smuggling ring with ties to terrorist financing. Both men were convicted of cigarette smuggling, money laundering, racketeering, and credit card fraud. Mohamad Hammoud, who was found guilty of providing support to Hizballah in addition to smuggling charges, was given a maximum 155-year prison sentence. Chawki Hammoud, who was convicted in the smuggling case but was not found to have ties to Hizballah, was sentenced to 51 months in prison. March 1, 2003 Capture of Khalid Shaykh Mohammed On March 1, 2003, counterterrorism forces in Pakistan captured Khalid Shaykh Mohammed, an al-Qa’ida operational commander and the man believed to have been the mastermind of the September 11, 2001, attack. Shaykh Mohammed is also believed to have played a role in a number of other attacks and planned attacks, including the 2002 bombings in Bali, Indonesia, the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, and a 1995 plot to blow up multiple U.S. commercial airliners. April 14, 2003 Plea Agreement for Earnest James Ujaama On April 14, 2003, Earnest James Ujaama pled guilty in Seattle federal court to conspiring to provide goods and services to the Taliban in Afghanistan. As part of the plea agreement, federal prosecutors dropped charges alleging that Ujaama had plotted to establish a terrorist training camp in Bly, Oregon. In return, Ujaama was sentenced to 24 months in prison. August 18, 2003 Sentencing of Enaam Arnaout On August 18, 2003, Enaam Arnaout, the director of Benevolence International Foundation, was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison after pleading guilty on February 10, 2003, to terrorism-related racketeering conspiracy charges. Arnaout had been indicted on October 9, 2002, for conspiracy to fraudulently obtain charitable donations in order to provide financial assistance to al-Qa’ida and other organizations engaged in violence and terrorism. The indictment charged Arnaout with conspiracy to engage in racketeering, conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, money laundering, mail fraud, and wire fraud in his attempt to fraudulently use the charitable contributions of Muslim Americans, U.S. corporations, and other donors to support terrorism overseas. Benevolence International Foundation was registered as a tax-exempt charitable organization; Arnaout allegedly used it as a racketeering enterprise. August-December 2003 Plea Agreements and Sentencing for Portland Terror Cell Suspects Between August and December 2003, six of seven members of a Portland, Oregon-based terrorist cell pled guilty to terrorism-related charges. The six were indicted in October 2002 for conspiracy to provide assistance to Taliban and al-Qa’ida forces by planning to travel to fight U.S. troops stationed in Afghanistan. Charges against the seventh defendant, Habis Al Saoub, were dismissed after he was killed in Pakistan by Pakistani troops on October 3, 2003. On August 6, 2003, Maher Hawash pled guilty to conspiracy to supply services to the Taliban. On September 18, 2003, brothers Ahmed and Muhammad Bilal pled guilty to federal weapons charges and conspiracy to contribute services to the Taliban. On September 26, 2003, October Martinique Lewis, the ex-wife of Jeffrey Leon Battle, pled guilty to money laundering for the purpose of assisting Battle in willfully supplying services to the Taliban. On October 16, 2003, Battle and Patrice Lumumba Ford pled guilty to seditious conspiracy. Prison sentences for cell members taken into custody ranged from three to 18 years. October 7, 2003 Sentencing of Raymond Anthony Sandoval On October 7, 2003, a U.S. District judge in New Mexico sentenced Raymond Anthony Sandoval to 84 months incarceration and to make restitution payment of $3 million for having initiated the June 1998 Oso Complex wildfire near Espanola, New Mexico, and attempting to bomb the Santa Fe, New Mexico, offices of the Forest Guardians environmentalist group on March 19, 1999. On June 25, 2003, Sandoval pled guilty to charges of manufacturing a destructive device, possession of an unregistered firearm, arson on federal land, and willfully injuring property of the United States. Law enforcement officers with the FBI, U.S. Forest Service, and Espanola, New Mexico Police arrested Sandoval on February 14, 2003. October 28, 2003 Iyman Faris Sentenced for Material Support to al-Qa’ida On October 28, 2003, a federal court in the Eastern District of Virginia sentenced U.S. citizen Iyman Faris (aka Mohammed Rauf) to 20 years in prison. Faris had been charged with conspiracy and providing material support to al-Qa’ida and pled guilty on May 1, 2003. According to the indictment and plea, Faris conducted casing of a New York City bridge and researched and provided information on U.S. targets to al-Qa’ida. December 2003 Sentencing of Lackawanna Six Terror Cell Members In December 2003, Faysal Galab, Shafal Mosed, Yahya Goba, Sahim Alwan, Yasein Taher, and Mukhtar Albakri received federal prison sentences ranging from seven to 10 years after pleading guilty to providing material support or resources to al-Qa’ida. The six individuals, who resided in Lackawanna, New York, traveled to Afghanistan in the summer of 2001 to attend the al-Farooq terrorist training camp near Kandahar. Attendees were present at this camp for a period of up to two months and received terrorism training; several of the men were also present for a speech by Usama Bin Ladin. They were arrested in September of 2002 for providing material support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization. 2004 In Review The FBI recorded five terrorist incidents and five terrorism preventions in 2004. Domestic extremists were responsible for each incident. Three of the incidents involved possible associates of the Earth Liberation Front environmental extremist movement, who used incendiary devices against car dealerships, construction sites and housing developments. In a fourth incident, associates of the Animal Liberation Front conducted two attacks against an animal science facility on the campus of Brigham Young University, which resulted in more than $75,000 in damages. Another incident involved a white supremacist affiliated with Aryan Nations who firebombed a synagogue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In the first terrorism prevention, law enforcement officers in Birmingham, Alabama, arrested two men in possession of multiple firearms, bomb-making literature, components of an improvised explosive device, and literature related to the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents, as well as photographs of serial bomber Eric Rudolph. The second terrorism prevention involved the same white supremacist arrested in 2004 for firebombing an Oklahoma City synagogue, and for whom further investigation uncovered his intention to commit additional attacks against minorities. The third prevention involved a plot by extremist members of the Montana-based Project 7 Militia to kidnap and assassinate local judges, law enforcement officers, and their family members. The fourth prevention involved a Chicago-area man attempting to sell ammonium nitrate to an individual purportedly associated with a foreign terrorist organization. The fifth prevention involved the arrest of a man in Tennessee who wanted to obtain nuclear or chemical materials to blow up a courthouse. No deaths or serious injuries resulted from terrorist activity carried out in the United States in 2004. Among the major international terrorist incidents during 2004, al-Qa’ida conducted a series of terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia against economic and diplomatic targets through kidnapings, murders, and suicide attacks using small groups of operatives. The attacks resulted in 36 deaths, including the deaths of six Americans, and over two dozen injuries, including those to four Americans. Another major incident involved the coordinated bombing of the train system in Madrid, Spain, by terrorists affiliated with the violent global jihadist movement. A total of 10 bombs detonated during the March 11 morning rush hour in Madrid, killing 191 persons and injuring more the 1,400. Although this incident did not result in any American casualties and is not elsewhere summarized in this report, the Madrid bombing is significant in showing the extension of global jihadist violence outside of predominantly Muslim nations. Terrorist Incidents Henrico County, Virginia (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On January 19, 2004, Henrico County Fire Department officials discovered four Molotov cocktails that had been used to commit arson on a Ford car dealership. One Molotov cocktail scorched a vehicle in the dealership. Investigators on the scene also discovered a BMW on which the letters “XXX” were spray-painted. A business neighboring the dealership had the letters “XELFX” spray-painted on it. Christopher Kyle Salmon and Timothy Ryan Kennedy were convicted of attempted arson. Salmon was sentenced to 24 months in prison, two years of probation, and $500 restitution. Kennedy was sentenced to 25 months in prison, two years of probation, and $500 restitution. April 1, 2004 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On April 1, 2004, Sean Michael Gillespie used a Molotov cocktail to firebomb the Temple B’nai Israel in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The attack caused mostly smoke damage to the synagogue. Gillespie committed the arson as a target of opportunity when he could not locate for a similar attack the address of a person he presumed to be Jewish, whose name he had randomly discovered in a phone book. On April 16, 2004, the FBI arrested Gillespie for the firebombing. A search of Gillespie’s residence and truck revealed two videotapes, a baseball bat, brass knuckles, and a stun gun. One of the videotapes clearly implicates Gillespie in the firebombing of the synagogue. Gillespie had claimed association with the Aryan Nations and stated that he was proud of his actions. On April 26, 2005, Gillespie was convicted on charges related to the possession and use of an explosive device and on August 30, 2005, was sentenced to 39 years in prison. This graphic bar chart showing the terrorist incidents in the United States 1980-2005. 318 incidents showing the number of incidents each year, with 1982 being the highest at 51 incidents and the lowest two years in 1994-1995 each having one incident. This table shows the terrorist incidents in the United States 1980-2005 1980 Snohomish, Washington (One act of Domestic Terrorism) In the early morning of April 20, 2004, two new homes were destroyed and another was damaged by arson, and an improvised incendiary device (IID) was found inside a fourth home at a new housing development in the Lobo Ridge area of Snohomish, Washington. The causes of the arson incidents are believed to be IIDs of the type recovered, consisting of jugs with duct-taped fuses and filled with flammable liquid. Approximately 20 miles away from the arson location, six containers of flammable liquid, duct tape, matches, and fuselike material were found by a contractor. The containers were found at the end of an uninhabited cul-de-sac of another new housing development along with graffiti that read “Consider these 13 as a warning. Walk on the edge. Green equals no burn all others are fair game. Bush is a rapist. ELF.”. On April 21, 2004, three additional IIDs were found in a new construction subdivision several miles from where the previous day’s incidents had occurred. The devices, which were ignited but failed to completely burn, resulted in no damage to the homes. The devices were similar to those found earlier. No note or claim of responsibility was found at this scene. The discovery of these three devices brought the total number of IIDs to 13, corresponding to the number warned of in the original ELF graffiti. May-July, 2004 Provo, Utah (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On July 8, 2004, an arson occurred at the Ellsworth Farm animal science facility on the campus of Brigham Young University. The building was also vandalized and the walls spray painted with the phrases “ALF,” “war is on,” “you are the terrorists,” and “this will never end.” Damages from the fire and vandalism were estimated at over $75,000. Two related vandalism incidents attributed to the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) occurred at the same facility in May 2004. Harrison Burrows and Joshua Demmitt confessed to the July arson and May incidents. In January 2005 Burrows and Demmitt were each sentenced to 30 months in federal prison. December 27, 2004 Lincoln, California (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On December 27, 2004, four incendiary devices were placed in two homes under construction in Lincoln, California. However, the devices failed to function as intended. The site contained Earth Liberation Front (ELF)-related graffiti on one of the homes as well as the letters “ELF” on the cul-de-sac where the homes were located. Members of the Sacramento Joint Terrorism Task Force arrested Ryan Lewis, Eva Holland, Lili Holland, and Jeremiah Colcleasure in connection with the incident. The four were convicted of arson and Colcleasure, Holland, and Holland were each sentenced to two years in federal prison; Lewis received a six year prison sentence for his role in this incident and for arsons that took place in early 2005. Terrorist Preventions Birmingham, Alabama (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On January 20, 2004, the Birmingham Joint Terrorism Task Force arrested David Nelson Hemphill for possession of pipe bombs and a homemade silencer. Subsequent searches of Hemphill’s person and property revealed a .45-caliber handgun, bomb-making materials, antigovernment and bomb-making literature, and components of an ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) improvised explosive device. Hemphill admitted that prior to his arrest he had been trying to construct ANFO bombs. Hemphill’s associate, Bruce Stephen Metzler, was also arrested. A search of Metzler’s person and property revealed two .22-caliber handguns, a .233-caliber rifle, a .308-caliber assault rifle, a single- barrel shotgun, a .38-caliber revolver, literature related to the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents, and photographs of an abortion clinic bombed by serial bomber Eric Rudolph. Also located were two empty 20 mm military ammunition containers, wire end caps, fuses, gunpowder, and a partially constructed silencer. Hemphill and Metzler pled guilty to weapons charges. On January 25, 2005, Hemphill was sentenced in the Southern District of Alabama to 23 months in prison followed by 24 months supervised release. On September 22, 2004, Metzler was sentenced to probation. Map of Saudi Arabia including parts of Iraq , Iran , Kuwait , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , and Yemen. April 16, 2004 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) As noted in 2004 Terrorist Incidents, the FBI arrested Sean Michael Gillespie on April 16, 2004, for having firebombed the Temple B’nai Israel in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The attack against the synagogue in Oklahoma City was likely the first of a series of unspecified attacks Gillespie intended to commit. Following Gillespie’s arrest, a search of his residence revealed a videotape containing surveillance of a Las Vegas synagogue and a statement by Gillespie that he was on a “mission for the white race,” which was to involve a cross-country spree of unspecified terrorist acts. Concern for future attacks was also supported by Gillespie’s admission following his arrest to having previously committed random acts of vandalism and violence against minorities. May 6, 2004 Convictions of Project 7 Militia Extremists Flathead County, Montana (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On May 6, 2004, several extremist members of the Project 7 Militia were arrested following an extensive investigation into the group by FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and local police. Investigation had identified leader David Burgert and five other members of the Project 7 Militia as having committed various violations of federal law in furtherance of violent plans targeting law enforcement officers and other government officials. Burgert, along with Tracy Brockway, James Day, John Slater, and Steven Morey, pled guilty to various federal weapons charges, including possession of machine guns and other illegal weapons as well as conspiracy to possess illegal weapons. On November 12, 2004, Burgert received an 87 month prison sentence for his role in the plotting. In early 2005, the four other members who entered guilty pleas received sentences ranging from 18 to 37 months in federal prison. A sixth subject, Larry Chezem, was convicted in a federal trial of conspiracy and was sentenced on September 30, 2005, to 15 months in prison. August 5, 2004 Planned Attacks against Federal Buildings Chicago, Illinois (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On August 5, 2004, the FBI arrested Gale William Nettles in connection with his attempted sale of a half ton of ammonium nitrate to an undercover agent purportedly associated with a foreign terrorist organization. The FBI also had information that Nettles intended to use ammonium nitrate to bomb Chicago’s Dirksen Federal Office Building. Nettles planned to counterfeit U.S. currency in order to earn money to purchase bomb components for his attack. On September 15, 2005, Nettles was found guilty of attempting to bomb the Dirksen Building and awaited sentencing at the end of 2005. October 25, 2004 Planned Attacks against Federal or State Courthouse Memphis, Tennessee (Prevention of one act of Domestic Terrorism) On October 25, 2004, Demetrius Van Crocker was arrested in Jackson, Tennessee, for attempting to obtain C-4 explosives and Sarin nerve gas from an undercover FBI agent. Van Crocker was planning to use these materials to blow up a federal or state courthouse in furtherance of his hatred toward the U.S. and State of Tennessee governments. Van Crocker’s federal trial on chemical weapons and explosives violations was pending at the end of 2005. Significant Events February 9, 2004 Final Sentencings in Portland Terror Cell Case On February 9, 2004, three men affiliated with a terrorist cell in Portland, Oregon, were given prison sentences. Maher Hawash received a seven-year prison sentence, while two of his co-conspirators, Ahmed and Mohammed Bilal, were sentenced to ten and eight years in prison, respectively. The three men, along with three other suspects, pled guilty in 2003 to conspiracy to provide services to the Taliban and conspiracy to use firearms in a crime of violence. Several of these individuals had planned to travel to Afghanistan to fight alongside the Taliban against U.S. and Coalition forces. Three other Portland cell members were sentenced in 2003. March Through April 2004 “Virginia Jihad” Members Convicted and Sentenced On April 9, 2004, Randall T. Royer and Ibrahim Ahmed al-Hamdi were sentenced to 20 years and 15 years in prison, respectively, for their roles in an alleged “Virginia Jihad” terrorist cell, which conducted weapons training in Virginia. On March 4, 2004, Masoud Khan, Seifullah Chapman, and Hammad Abdur-Raheem, three other cell members arrested in the case, were convicted on conspiracy and weapons charges. Two other men, Yong Ki Kwon and Khwarja Mahmood Hasan, pled guilty in the case, and testified that they had attended a training camp associated with the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Tayyiba with the intention of fighting on the side of the Taliban against U.S. forces in Afghanistan. The remaining two members of the group were not convicted. A federal judge acquitted Sabri Benkhala on March 9, 2004, and the case against Caliph Basha Ibn Abdur-Raheem was dismissed. Terrorism Activity by Region 1980 - 2005 Terrorist activity by region 1980-2005. The graphic of map of the USA in 5 regions shows Puerto Rico region with 90 incidents, Northeastern region with 83 incidents. Western regions with 69 incidents. Southern region with 2 incidents. North Central region with 26 incidents. Note: Although designated as a single act of international terrorism, the aircraft attacks of September 11, 2001, have been designated as one terrorist incident in the Northeastern region and one terrorist incident in the southern region for the purposes of this graph. Similarly, although the anthrax mailings that occurred from September through November 2001 have been categorized as a single act of terrorism, the incidents have been designated as one terrorist incident in the Northeastern region and one terrorist incident in the southern region for the purposes of this graph. April 26, 2004 Sentencing of Symbionese Liberation Army Member On April 26, 2004, Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) member James William Kilgore was sentenced to 48 months in prison for several bombings in California in 1975. Kilgore was also sentenced to six months in prison for passport fraud charges. Kilgore was arrested in Cape Town, South Africa, in 2002 and was indicted for multiple murders, possession of an explosives device, and other charges in conjunction with his membership in the SLA, an organization that sought to overthrow the U.S. government in the 1970s. June 2, 2004 Mohammed Junaid Babar Guilty Plea On April 10, 2004, the FBI arrested naturalized U.S. citizen Mohammed Junaid Babar in New York City for his suspected role in providing material support to al-Qa’ida that included support for a terrorist plot to blow up pubs, train stations, and restaurants in the United Kingdom. This arrest followed police actions by British authorities, who, in late March 2004, arrested eight British citizens and seized approximately 1,320 pounds of ammonium nitrate from a self-storage warehouse in west London in connection with the same plot. On June 2, 2004, Junaid Babar pled guilty in the Southern District of New York to five counts of conspiring to provide material support to al-Qa’ida. Sentencing for Junaid Babar was pending at the end of 2005. June 10, 2004 Nuradin M. Abdi Indicted On June 10, 2004, a federal grand jury indicted Nuradin M. Abdi on terrorism charges. The four-count indictment included charges of conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists; conspiracy to provide material support to al Qa’ida, a designated foreign terrorist organization; fraud and misuse of documents; and fraudulent use of travel documents. Abdi, a Somali national living in the United States, is believed to have misrepresented his reasons for travel on a federal government form, claiming he intended to travel to Germany and Saudi Arabia for religious and family reasons when he actually planned to travel to Ethiopia for terrorism training. Abdi allegedly conspired to blow up a shopping mall in the Columbus, Ohio, area and engaged in explosives instruction in preparation for this plot. Abdi is also accused of obtaining refugee asylum status through false means. The indictment was originally filed under seal and was unsealed on June 14, 2005. July 26, 2004 The 9/11 Commission Report Published On July 26, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States issued its final report on the September 11, 2001, attack. The report accounted for the circumstances surrounding the attack and provided recommendations for change. The FBI had submitted to the commission the “Report to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: The FBI’s Counterterrorism Program Since September 2001” on April 14, 2004. This report covers the FBI’s efforts to improve its counterterrorism capabilities since the attacks of September 11 and supplemented the testimony of several senior FBI officials. August 19, 2004 Indictment of HAMAS Associates for Criminal Enterprise On August 19, 2004, the FBI arrested Muhammad Salah, of Chicago, and Abdelhaleem Ashqar, of Washington, D.C., and issued an arrest warrant for Mousa Abu Marzook, a former U.S. resident who currently resides in Damascus, Syria, and is considered to be a fugitive from justice. These arrest actions followed an indictment by a federal grand jury in Chicago that alleged the three participated in a 15-year racketeering conspiracy in the United States and abroad by joining with 20 identified co-conspirators and others in illegally conducting the affairs of the foreign terrorist organization HAMAS. The indictment, which for the first time identifies HAMAS as a criminal enterprise, alleges that Salah, Ashqar, and Marzook provided money and personnel to HAMAS at a time when HAMAS was engaging in terrorist attacks. Although the defendants were not charged with direct participation in violence, these attacks resulted in the deaths of Israeli military personnel and civilians, as well as American and other foreign nationals in Israel and the West Bank. Trial for the defendants was pending at the end of 2005. September 22, 2004 Nevada Chapter Leader of Aryan Nations Arrested for Sending Threatening Letters In December 2003, Steven Joseph Holten, the Nevada Chapter leader for Aryan Nations (AN), began a letter-writing campaign announcing the existence of AN in Nevada and condemning the actions of certain federal, media, and Jewish institutions. Many of the letters contained specific threats to the recipients. On September 22, 2004, FBI agents in Reno arrested Holten. On November 29, 2004, Holten pled guilty to mailing threatening communications through interstate commerce. On March 28, 2005, Holten was sentenced to ten months in prison, three years of supervised release, and a mandatory $100 fine. September 29, 2004 Sentencings in USS Cole Bombing On September 29, 2004, a Yemeni court sentenced Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and Jamal al-Badawi to death for their roles in the October 12, 2000, bombing of the USS Cole in the Port of Aden, Yemen. Four other men were given prison sentences, ranging from five to 10 years, for their roles in the attack. Seventeen American sailors were killed and more than 40 were injured in the October 12, 2000 bombing of the USS Cole, in which two suicide terrorists pulled a small, bomb-laden boat alongside the U.S. destroyer and detonated their explosives. Al-Badawi was also charged with a similar, failed attack against the USS The Sullivans in January 2000. December 8, 2004 Signing of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 On December 8, 2004, President Bush signed into law the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). In direct response to the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission, IRTPA instituted reforms to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and modified material support statutes for prosecuting terrorists. Among its many organizational provisions, IRTPA created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence; established the Director of National Intelligence as the head of the U.S. Intelligence Community; and instituted the joint-agency National Counterterrorism Center as the primary entity for analyzing intelligence pertaining to transnational terrorism. December 13, 2004 Yemeni Terror Suspects Indicted On December 13, 2004, a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of New York indicted two Yemeni nationals, Sheik Mohammad Ali Hassan Al-Moayad and Mohammed Mohsen Yahya Zayed, for conspiracy and attempt to provide material support to al-Qa’ida and HAMAS. Al-Moayad allegedly supported mujahideen around the world, and is believed to have provided money and equipment to al-Qa’ida and raised funds through a Brooklyn mosque for terrorism financing. 2005 In Review In 2005, the FBI recorded five terrorist incidents and three terrorism preventions. All of the incidents involved arson or attempted arson. Domestic terrorists associated with the Earth Liberation Front were responsible for three of the incidents, which targeted commercial and residential construction sites. The other two incidents targeted the residences of persons involved with animal research. One of these incidents was claimed by the Animal Liberation Front, and the other is possibly attributable to animal rights extremists as well. Separate preventions in Houston, Texas, and Pocatello, Idaho, involved individuals who sought to provide material support or resources to al-Qa’ida. A third prevention involved a group that formed in a Los Angeles prison, which adopted a jihadist ideology and was preparing to commit terrorist acts in the United States in furtherance of the violent global jihadist movement. No deaths or serious injuries resulted from terrorist activity carried out in the United States in 2005. A major international terrorist incident in 2005 involved the coordinated suicide bombing of the transit system in London, United Kingdom. The attack, carried out by British citizens affiliated with the violent global jihadist movement, resulted in 52 deaths and approximately 700 injuries. One American died in the attack and four others were injured. Terrorist Incidents Auburn and Sutter Creek, California (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On January 12, 2005, five intact incendiary devices were discovered at a commercial construction site in Auburn, California. On January 21, 2005, a letter was sent to four newspapers claiming responsibility for the attempted arson by the Earth Liberation Front (ELF). On February 7, 2005, an arson was reported at an apartment complex in Sutter Creek, California. Fire officials discovered seven partially burned incendiary devices placed in five buildings of the apartment complex. Graffiti found at the site included “ELF” and “We Will Win” in red paint. Sprinkler systems installed in the buildings extinguished six of the seven devices and first responders extinguished the seventh. Damage was estimated at $50,000. Ryan Daniel Lewis was convicted of arson and attempted arson involving these collective incidents as well as a December 27, 2004, incident in Lincoln, California. On March 17, 2005, Lewis was sentenced to a 72-month prison term followed by three years of supervised release. July 7, 2005 Bombing of London Transportation System London, United Kingdom. On July 7, 2005, a series of coordinated suicide bomb blasts struck London’s transport system during morning rush hour. Beginning at 8:50 a.m. three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains, and a fourth bomb exploded on a bus nearly an hour later at 9:47 a.m. in London’s Tavistock Square. Fifty-two people were killed and approximately 700 injured in the bombing. Among the casualties were one American killed and four wounded. The four suicide bombers were British citizens; three had been born in the United Kingdom, and the fourth had been born in Jamaica. The British citizenship of the bombers and the lack of strong ties between them and an international terrorist group illustrate the potential threat of “homegrown” terrorists as perpetrators of future attacks. April 13, 2005 Sammamish, Washington (One act of Domestic Terrorism) In the early morning of April 13, 2005, arson occurred at a nearly completed residence under construction in Sammamish, Washington, and an intact improvised incendiary device (IID) was discovered in a second residence under construction nearby. The IID in the first residence was located in the garage, which was destroyed by the fire. The second IID—a plastic, two-liter bottle filled with fuel and using an improvised igniter—had been placed under debris in the kitchen nook. The device had been activated but did not fully ignite. In addition a bedsheet with the wording, “Where are all the trees? Burn rapist burn. ELF,” had been placed outside the second residence. July 7, 2005 Los Angeles, California (One act of Domestic Terrorism) In the early morning of July 7, 2005, fire officials responded to a vehicle fire in the driveway of a private residence in Los Angeles, California. In extinguishing the fire, authorities recovered a partially melted, plastic gasoline container from behind the vehicle’s left front wheel. The car belonged to a representative for the Ani-mal Care Technicians Union, which represents employees for the Los Angeles Animal Services (LAAS). LAAS and its affiliates have been targeted by local animal rights extremists, and the LAAS union representative had been placed on a “targets” list of individuals profiled by extremists for “direct actions.” The incident remains under investigation. September 16, 2005 Los Angeles, California (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On September 16, 2005, fire officials responded to a fire at the high-rise condominium home of the director of Los Angeles Animal Services, after residents observed smoke coming from a recyclables/janitorial closet. First responders recovered an improvised incendiary device consisting of a four-inch-long tube labeled “TOXIC” and using a cigarette as a fuse. The device, which had been placed next to a stack of newspapers in the recycling/janitorial closet, had malfunctioned and only scorched the concrete floor of the closet. The Animal Liberation Front claimed responsibility for this incident. November 20, 2005 Hagerstown, Maryland (One act of Domestic Terrorism) In the early morning of November 20, 2005, five townhomes under construction were set on fire at the Hagers Crossing Development in Hagerstown, Maryland. Fire officials investigating the scene determined that kerosene was used as the accelerant in the arson. The blaze damaged or destroyed five units in two buildings. The Earth Liberation Front claimed responsibility for the fire. October 1, 2005 Kuta and Jimbaran Bombings Bali, Indonesia On October 1, 2005, three suicide bombers affiliated with the Jemaah Islamiya (JI) terrorist organization used improvised explosive devices to conduct attacks against targets in the towns of Kutu and Jimbaran, outside the provincial capital of Denpasar, on the island of Bali, Indonesia. The bombers, who either wore vests or carried backpacks containing the explosives, targeted the Raja Restaurant in Kuta Square, the Nyoman Café in Jimbaran Beach, and the Mandega Café also in Jimbaran Beach and located across from the Four Seasons and Intercontinental Hotels. The bombings killed 22 persons and injured 102. The FBI reported that those injured included a family of six U.S. and Indonesian dual national individuals, who were dining at the Raja Restaurant in Kuta. On November 9, 2005, officers from the Indonesian National Police, working on leads from the October 1st bombing, conducted a number of law enforcement operations throughout the island of Java, Indonesia. These operations resulted in the arrests of a number of JI associates and the death of JI bomb-maker Azahari Husin. Husin was one of the most wanted terrorists in Southeast Asia and was a suspect in both the Kuta and Jimbaran bombing operation and the October 12, 2002, bombing of a Balinese nightclub. Terrorism Preventions Attempt to Build and Sell Explosives Houston, Texas (Prevention of one act of Terrorism) On May 20, 2005, FBI Special Agents arrested Ronald Allen Grecula following an arranged meeting with undercover officers. During the meeting, Grecula presented his design for a bomb, which he allegedly understood would be used by al-Qa’ida to kill Americans. On June 16, 2005, the U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, indicted Grecula on one count of providing material support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization. The indictment stemmed from information that indicated Grecula intended to build and sell a bomb to a terrorist organization for use against the United States. July 5, 2005 Disruption of Plot to Attack Military and Jewish Targets Los Angeles County, California (Prevention of one act of International Terrorism) On July 5, 2005, officers with the Torrance (California) Police Department arrested Levar Washington and Gregory Patterson during a commercial armed robbery in progress at a Los Angeles area gas station. Their arrest, and subsequent local and FBI investigation, revealed that Washington and Patterson were conducting the armed robberies to raise money for an alleged terrorist plot targeting U.S. military facilities, Israeli government facilities, and Jewish synagogues in the greater Los Angeles area. FBI investigation determined that Washington and Patterson were part of a Muslim convert organization, Jam’iyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh (“Authentic Assembly of Islam”), or JIS, allegedly founded in prison by inmate Kevin James in 1997. The FBI identified James, Washington, Patterson—all U.S. citizens—and Hammad Samana, a Permanent Resident Alien of Pakistani origin, as the primary members of JIS. Samana was arrested on August 1, 2005. On August 31, 2005, a federal grand jury in Santa Ana, California, indicted James, Washington, Patterson, and Samana for their alleged roles in the terrorist plot on charges of conspiracy to levy war against the U.S. government through terrorism and conspiracy to possess and discharge firearms in furtherance of crimes of violence. Washington, Patterson, and Samana were also charged with conspiracy to kill members of the U.S. government uniformed services and conspiracy to kill foreign officials. Washington and Patterson were further charged with interference with commerce by robbery and using and carrying a firearm in connection with a crime of violence. December 5, 2005 Planned Attacks Against Pipeline Systems Pocatello, Idaho (Prevention of one act of International Terrorism) On December 5, 2005, Michael Curtis Reynolds was arrested at a motel near Pocatello, Idaho, after arranging to meet a purported al-Qa’ida contact. Reynolds offered to assist al-Qa’ida in engaging in acts of terrorism within the United States by identifying targets, planning terrorist attacks, and describing bomb-making methods. Reynolds sought to carry out violent attacks against pipeline systems and energy facilities in an effort to reduce energy reserves, create environmental hazards, and increase anxiety. Reynolds sought payment for supplying his assistance and continuing work on behalf of al-Qa’ida. Reynolds has been charged with attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. Significant Events February 10, 2005 Associates of Imprisoned Sheikh Convicted On February 10, 2005, a federal jury in Manhattan convicted Lynne Stewart, an attorney representing Sheik Omar Abdul Rahman the “Blind Sheikh”; Mohammed Yousry, a translator for Rahman’s attorneys; and Ahmed Abdel Sattar, a follower of Rahman in New York, on charges including providing and concealing the provision of material support or resources to terrorists. Rahman, who was convicted of a 1993 conspiracy to bomb several New York City landmarks, is the spiritual leader of the Egyptian-based terrorist organization Al-Gama Al-Islamiya. February 17, 2005 Indictment against the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation On February 17, 2005, a federal grand jury returned a three-count indictment against the Ashland, Oregon-based Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc., and two of its officers on charges of conspiring to defraud the U.S. government and concealing their intent by filing a false tax return and failing to acknowledge they were transporting funds out of the United States. The charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States, tax fraud, and currency smuggling revolve around a $150,000 transaction apparently intended for the benefit of Chechen mujahideen. March 1, 2005 Kourani Pleads Guilty On March 1, 2005, Mahmoud Youssef Kourani pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to provide material support to the designated foreign terrorist organization Hizballah. The guilty plea came in response to meetings Kourani hosted at his home, during which a guest speaker from Lebanon solicited donations to Hizballah’s “orphans of martyrs” program to benefit the families of Hizballah members killed in action. Kourani was sentenced on June 14, 2005, to a 54-month prison term to be followed by his removal upon release. March 10, 2005 Al-Moayed and Zayed Convicted On March 10, 2005, a federal jury convicted Yemeni cleric Mohamed Al-Moayed and Mohammed Zayed on charges of providing and conspiring to provide material support and resources to al-Qa’ida and HAMAS. Tape-recorded statements from Al-Moayad indicated that he was engaged in providing money to support mujahideen fighters in Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Kashmir. Al-Moayed and Zayed were arrested in Germany in January 2003 and charged with providing, and conspiring to provide, material support to terrorism. On July 28, 2005, Al-Moayed was sentenced to a 75-year prison term; Zayed was sentenced to a 45-year prison term. April 6, 2005 Hale Sentenced On April 6, 2005, Matthew Hale, leader of the white supremacist Creativity Movement was sentenced to 40 years in prison. Hale had been convicted on three counts of obstruction of justice and soliciting the murder of Joan Lefkow, a federal judge in Chicago. Hale was arrested on January 8, 2003, for attempting to arrange the murder of Judge Lefkow, who had previously upheld a ruling against Hale in a trademark infringement case. April 13, 2005 Elashi Brothers Convicted On April 13, 2005, a federal jury convicted Bayan Elashi, Basman Elashi, Ghassan Elashi, and the Infocom Corporation of conspiring and sending money to co-defendant Mousa Abu Marzook, an investor in Infocom and a self-admitted leader of HAMAS. In 1995, the U.S. Department of Treasury named HAMAS a specially designated terrorist organization, making it illegal for any U.S. person or entity to conduct business with HAMAS or its representatives. April 22, 2005 Guilty Plea of Zacarias Moussaoui On April 22, 2005, Zacarias Moussaoui pled guilty to six charges related to his participation in the 9/11 conspiracy. Moussaoui admitted he had trained with al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan; had communicated directly with Usama Bin Ladin; and had been personally selected by Bin Ladin to participate in an operation to fly hijacked airplanes into American buildings, and who approved him to attack the White House. April 26, 2005 Ali Al-Timimi Convicted On April 26, 2005, Ali Al-Timimi was convicted on all charges brought against him in connection with the “Virginia Jihad” case. Al-Timimi, a spiritual leader at a mosque in Northern Virginia, encouraged other individuals to go to Pakistan to receive military training from Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, a designated foreign terrorist organization, in order to fight U.S. troops in Afghanistan. Al-Timimi was sentenced to life in prison. April 27, 2005 Hemant Lakhani Convicted On April 27, 2005, a federal jury in the District of New Jersey convicted British national Hemant Lakhani on charges of attempting to sell shoulder-fired missiles to what he thought was a terrorist group intent on shooting down U.S. airliners. Lakhani was arrested following an undercover sting operation involving agents from several nations. Lakhani was sentenced on September 11, 2005, to 47 years in prison. July 7, 2005 Clayton Lee Waagner Sentenced On July 7, 2005, anti-abortion extremist Clayton Lee Waagner was sentenced in the Southern District of Ohio to 19 years in federal prison for acts of violence he committed against abortion clinics in 2003 and for sending hoax anthrax letters to several reproductive health clinics in 2001. July 18, 2005 Rudolph Sentenced On July 18, 2005, a federal judge in Birmingham, Alabama, sentenced convicted bomber Eric Robert Rudolph to life in prison for the 1998 bombing of a Birmingham family planning clinic that killed a police officer and critically injured a nurse. On May 31, 2003, Rudolph had been arrested and charged with the clinic bombing as well as the bombing of Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia, two bombings at the Sandy Springs Professional Office Building near Atlanta, and two bombings at the Otherside Lounge in Atlanta. Rudolph pled guilty to the charges in April 2005. July 26, 2005 Aref Ahmed Sentenced On July 26, 2005, a federal judge in Buffalo, New York, sentenced Yemeni-American businessman Aref Ahmed to three years’ imprisonment for his role in a cigarette-smuggling operation that may have been linked to terrorist activity. According to federal prosecutors, Ahmed gave $14,000 to five members of the Lackawanna Six to facilitate their travel to and attendance at a terrorist training camp. Members of the Lackawanna Six were charged with conspiring, providing, and attempting to provide material support to al-Qa’ida based upon their travel to Afghanistan to train in the al-Farooq camp operated by al-Qa’ida. July 27, 2005 Ressam Sentenced On July 27, 2005, Ahmed Ressam was sentenced to 22 years in prison for conspiracy to commit an international terrorist act and smuggling explosives. Ressam had been arrested on December 14, 1999, in Port Angeles, Washington, as he attempted to smuggle explosives into the United States for use in the Millennium Bombing plot against Los Angeles International Airport. August 8, 2005 Carlos E. Gamarra-Murillo Sentenced On August 8, 2005, Carlos Gamarra-Murillo was sentenced in U.S. District Court in Tampa, Florida, to 25 years’ imprisonment for brokering and exporting defense articles without a license and providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization. Gamarra-Murillo attempted to supply the Colombian-based FARC with 4,000 grenades and 200 firearms. August 25, 2005 Qureshi Sentenced On August 25, 2005, Mohammed Salman Farooq Qureshi was sentenced in the Western District of Louisiana to four years of federal incarceration. On February 11, 2005, Qureshi pled guilty to making false statements to the FBI and provided information that established Qureshi’s connections to and contacts with al-Qa’ida member Wadih El Hage. In addition, Qureshi provided information about his activities and financial support of the nongovernmental organization Help Africa People, which was believed to have been used by El Hage and others in connection with the attacks on the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. November 8, 2005 Young Sentenced On November 8, 2005, a federal judge in Madison, Wisconsin, sentenced Peter Daniel Young to 24 months in prison following his September 2, 2005, guilty plea to one count of conspiracy and one count of animal enterprise terrorism. Young and Justin C. Samuel had been indicted by a grand jury for actions in releasing thousands of mink from three Wisconsin farms in late 1997. Samuel was extradited from Belgium and later pled guilty to two counts of animal enterprise terrorism on November 3, 2000. Young remained a federal fugitive until his capture by the San Jose Police Department in San Jose, California, on March 21, 2005. November 22, 2005 Jose Padilla Indicted On November 22, 2005, a federal grand jury in Miami, Florida, indicted Jose Padilla on charges of conspiring to “murder, kidnap and maim persons” overseas and providing material support to terrorists as part of a North American terrorist support cell. Padilla was arrested in Chicago on May 8, 2002. He allegedly trained with al-Qa’ida while on travel in Afghanistan and Pakistan during 2001. November 22, 2005 Ahmad Abu Ali Convicted of Terrorist Plots On November 22, 2005, a federal jury in the Eastern District of Virginia convicted Ahmad Abu Ali on all counts of an indictment charging him with terrorism offenses of providing material support and resources to al-Qa’ida and conspiracy to commit air piracy and conspiracy to destroy aircraft. An investigation revealed that Ali had sought out and joined an al-Qai’da cell in Medina, Saudi Arabia, where he received training in weapons, explosives, and document forgery. He, along with other members of the cell, began to develop plans for several terrorist attacks against the United States, including a plot to assassinate President Bush. November 23, 2005 Paracha Convicted On November 23, 2005, a federal jury in the Southern District of New York convicted Uzair Paracha, a Pakistani national with permanent resident alien status in the United States, on charges of providing material support to al-Qa’ida. Evidence at trial proved that Paracha agreed with his father, Saifullah Paracha, and al-Qa’ida members Majid Kahn and Ammar Al-Baluchi to provide material support to al-Qa’ida by trying to help Kahn reenter the United States to commit a terrorist act. The elder Paracha was in custody at the U.S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, at the end of 2005. December 5, 2005 “Operation Backfire” Arrests On December 7, 2005, the following individuals were taken into federal custody on arson charges stemming from a series of approximately 25 criminal actions that occurred from 1996 to 2001 in a major investigation collectively referred to as Operation Backfire: Stanislas Meyerhoff (Charlottesville, Virginia), Kevin Tubbs (Springfield, Oregon), Daniel McGowan (New York, New York), Chelsea Gerlach (Portland, Oregon), Sarah Kendall Harvey (Flagstaff, Arizona), and William Rodgers (Prescott, Arizona). Rodgers later committed suicide while in state custody on December 22, 2005. Meyerhoff and McGowan were also charged with multiple counts of use of an incendiary device. Darren Thurston, a Canadian citizen, was arrested on immigration charges in connection with the case. In addition, Grand Jury subpoenas were issued to Jennifer Adrian, Joseph Dibee, Frank Winbigler, Shannon Urich, Suzanne Savoie, Jonathan Paul, and Jennifer Kolar. The location of Dibee and another suspect, Josephine Overaker, were unknown at the end of 2005. The subjects of the Backfire investigation are suspected of having committed a series of arsons in Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Wyoming, and California on behalf of the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. Among the most significant of these actions were the October 19, 1998, Vail Ski Resort arson in Vail, Colorado, that resulted in an estimated $26 million in damage, and the May 21, 2001, destruction by arson of the University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture, that resulted in an estimated $3 million in damage. Other targets included U.S. Forest Service ranger stations, BLM wild-horse facilities, meat-processing companies, lumber companies, and a high-tension power line. Members of the group allegedly committed the attacks using improvised incendiary devices made from milk jugs, petroleum products, and homemade timers. Federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies participating in these investigations include the FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Police, Eugene Police Department, and Portland Police Bureau. Additional arrests are expected in the ongoing investigation. Conclusion The preceding summary of terrorism-related events and investigations offers a picture of the FBI’s response to domestic and international terrorism from 2002 through 2005. In keeping with a longstanding trend, domestic extremists carried out the majority of terrorist incidents during this period. Twenty three of the 24 recorded terrorist incidents were perpetrated by domestic terrorists. With the exception of white supremacist Sean Michael Gillespie’s firebombing of a synagogue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, all of the domestic terrorist incidents were committed by special interest extremists active in the animal rights and environmental movements. The acts committed by these extremists typically targeted materials and facilities rather than persons. The sole international terrorist incident in the United States recorded for this period involved the attack by Hesham Hedayet, who fatally shot two people at the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport. The terrorist preventions for 2002 through 2005 paint a more diverse threat picture. Eight of the 14 recorded terrorist preventions stemmed from right-wing extremism, and included disruptions to plotting by individuals involved with the militia, white supremacist, constitutionalist and tax protestor, and anti-abortion movements. The remaining preventions included disruptions to plotting by an anarchist in Bellingham, Washington, who sought to bomb a U.S. Coast Guard station; a plot to attack an Islamic center in Pinellis Park, Florida; and a plot by prison-originated, Muslim convert group to attack U.S. military, Jewish, and Israeli targets in the greater Los Angeles area. In addition, three preventions involved individuals who sought to provide material support to foreign terrorist organizations, including al-Qa’ida, for attacks within the United States. Whereas the violent, global jihadist movement manifested itself primarily in terrorist preventions in the United States from 2002 through 2005, internationally the movement claimed major attacks against U.S. and Western targets that resulted in American casualties. Most of these incidents were perpetrated by regional jihadist groups operating in primarily Muslim countries, including attacks perpetrated by Indonesia-based Jemaah Islamiya and al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula. The coordinated suicide bombing of London’s mass transit system by homegrown jihadists, however, brought the violent jihadist movement and the tactic of suicide bombing to the heart of a major European capital. In addition to these incidents and preventions, the years 2002 through 2005 saw the resolutions to high-profile prosecutions in the fight against terrorism. These included the December 2003 sentencing of the Lackawanna Six terror cell members, who received prison terms ranging from 7 to 10 years for providing material support or resources to al-Qa’ida; the October 4, 2002, sentencing of John Walker Lindh to 20 years in prison for conspiring with the Taliban to kill U.S. citizens; the January 30, 2003, sentencing of Richard Colvin Reid to life in prison for attempting to bomb a transcontinental flight using a shoe bomb; the sentencings in 2003 and 2004 of members of a Portland terrorist cell, who received prison terms ranging from 3 to 18 years for plotting to provide assistance to the Taliban and al-Qa’ida in fighting against U.S. troops in Afghanistan; the September 29, 2004, sentencing in Yemeni court of six individuals for their roles in the bombing of the USS Cole bombing, two of whom received the death penalty; the April 6, 2005, sentencing of Matthew Hale, leader of the white supremacist Creativity Movement, to 40 years in prison for solicitation of violence and obstruction of justice; the April 22, 2005, guilty plea of Zacaraias Moussaoui to his role in the 9/11 attack; the July 18, 2005, sentencing of Eric Robert Rudolph to life in prison for perpetrating several bombings, including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, Georgia; the April 26, 2005, sentencing of Ali Al-Timimi to life in prison for encouraging others to receive military training from the designated foreign terrorist organization Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, to fight U.S. troops in Afghanistan; and the August 30, 2005, sentencing of white supremacist Sean Michael Gillespie to 39 years for firebombing a synagogue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. FBI counterterrorism initiatives since the 9/11 terrorist attack have focused on preventing future attacks through the timely gathering, analysis, and dissemination of information; the facilitation of appropriate sharing of terrorism-related information between federal, state, and local partners; and the advancement of intelligence and law enforcement partnerships worldwide. FBI and U.S. counterterrorism organizational changes from 2002 through 2005 include the creation of the National Joint Terrorism Task Force; the establishment of the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force; the establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the signing of the Homeland Security Act; and the consolidation of government terrorist watch lists into the Terrorist Screening Center. In direct response to recommendations made by the 9/11 Commission, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, established the Director of National Intelligence as the head of the U.S. Intelligence Community, and instituted the National Counterterrorism Center as the primary federal entity for analyzing intelligence pertaining to transnational terrorism. These and other FBI and government initiatives are discussed in greater detail in the following In Focus retrospective of the FBI’s counterterrorism program. Casualties of Terrorism 1980-2005. Wounded 14,038. Killed 3,178. Total: 17,216. Bar chart shows numbers for each year with high “spikes” for the years 1993, 1995, 1996, and 2001. This table shows Casualties of Terrorism from 1980-2005 14,038 3178 The FBI uses 12,017 as an estimate for the number of those injured as a result of September 11 attack; the exact number is unknown. Seventeen persons were infected by and recovered from exposure to the anthrax mailings during September-November 2001. In Focus Historical Overview of the FBI’s Counterterrorism Program Introduction From its inception the FBI’s counterterrorism program has had a mission to prevent planned acts of terrorism and, should a terrorist act occur, to mount a swift investigative response. During the first 75 years after the Bureau’s founding in 1908, the terrorist threat to the United States came primarily from domestic sources. In recent decades, however, the problem of terrorism has developed into an international and global concern, and the FBI’s counterterrorism program has evolved significantly as its counterterrorism responsibilities have increased. As a result, the FBI has steadily improved its ability to assess and counter the dynamic variety of domestic and international terrorist threats. The following summary provides a brief discussion of the definition of terrorism, followed by an historical overview of the FBI’s counterterrorism efforts—from discrete, ad hoc responses to terrorist threats to its current top priority status—through a retrospective of the formative events and legislative initiatives that have contributed to its development. Terrorism: Definitions Terrorism is not always self-evident. On July 4, 2002, Egyptian national Hesham Mohamed Hadayet shot and killed two people and wounded a third person at Los Angeles International Airport’s El Al ticket counter before he was himself fatally shot by an airline security guard. Nine months later, on April 12, 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice publicly declared the shootings by Hadayet an act of terrorism. The FBI’s investigation into the incident led to the conclusion that Hadayet, while unconnected to a formal terrorist organization, had committed an act of terrorism based upon his intention to advance the Palestinian cause in the Israel-Palestine conflict through the killing of civilians and the targeting of an airline owned by the Government of Israel. This case shows that investigation of an incident is sometimes necessary to determine motives or objectives behind a crime that would lead to its consideration as an act of terrorism. Beyond any consolation that understanding the nature of a crime can bring to survivors, to declare an incident a terrorist act is also to invoke a set of laws and punishments under which the incident may then be prosecuted. Over the past several decades, the United States has begun to articulate terrorism as a distinctive category of criminal activity. The United States Code (USC) uses several definitions of terrorism that address specific legal situations, all of which have entered into the legal lexicon only since the 1970s. The FBI subdivides the terrorist threat facing the United States into the broad categories of international and domestic terrorism, each of which involves violent acts intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or influence the policy or conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping. In cases of international terrorism, these acts transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they intend to intimidate, or the locale in which perpetrators operate (18 USC § 2331(1)). In cases of domestic terrorism, the FBI defines the source of coercion as a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States, or its territories, without foreign direction (18 USC § 2331(5)). These legal definitions revolve around terrorism as coercion—as a violent means to a political end. Another incident unrelated to terrorism provides comparative insight into the nature of terrorism. On the morning of February 21, 2003, an oil tanker exploded while unloading at a Staten Island oil depot. The blast killed two mariners and critically injured a third. News of the explosion sent prices on the New York Stock Exchange sharply lower on the assumption that a major terrorist incident had occurred. When details emerged in subsequent hours that revealed the explosion to have occurred accidentally, however, the stock market quickly recovered. The public anxiety and relief exhibited in the drop and recovery of trading on the stock exchange highlight two features of terrorism not otherwise covered by the legal definitions, and which to some extent reveal terrorism to be more about the intention than the violence behind the act. What the accident shared with terrorist acts was its dramatic impact. By virtue of its accidental nature, however, the explosion lacked the premeditated intent to do harm that marks terrorist attacks. The publicity and motivation associated with terrorism contribute to the anxiety a population can experience from an attack and also help to identify terrorism as an act of propaganda by which extremists bring notoriety to their causes. In his September 20, 2001, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, President Bush assured his audience that in the present conflict with terrorism, violence would be met with “patient justice.” The struggle against terrorism—especially that currently waged against al-Qa’ida—is one of endurance, and it is one in which the FBI is prepared to engage with unflagging persistence. Although the preeminent mission of protecting the United States from terrorist attack is changing the character of the FBI as a whole, an abiding strength of the FBI remains its tradition of excellence in vigorously investigating and prosecuting criminal acts. These traditional pursuits are essential to the disruption of terrorist activities, the dismantling of terrorist organizations, and, consequently, the prevention of future terrorist attacks. By combining a willingness to innovate with its traditional law enforcement responsibilities, the FBI continues to evolve in order to counter the varied forms of terrorism that threaten the interests and security of the United States. Countering Domestic Terror (1908-1982) Terrorism Trends There are five traditional means by which the U.S. government fights terrorism: diplomacy, economic sanctions, military options, covert intelligence operations, and law enforcement action. The last two of these engage the resources of the FBI. Throughout its history, the FBI has directed the emphasis of its resources toward the most pressing national security and criminal activities affecting the country. Founded in 1908, the Bureau inherited subversive domestic political threats, including anarchism and communism, as concerns. Following the U.S. entry into World War I, the Bureau became the principle counterintelligence agency in the United States and, following the war, the investigation of a series of domestic terrorist bombings were the focus of its activities. These activities were eventually eclipsed by the property and violent crimes of the 1920s and early 1930s gangster era. World War II and the subsequent Cold War greatly increased the FBI’s role in international affairs and counterintelligence. The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War of the 1960s and early 1970s provoked criminal responses both from reactionary groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, and antiwar extremists, such as the Weather Underground, respectively. Following strong criticism of FBI domestic security efforts by Congress in the mid-1970s, the Bureau’s focus on domestic subversion gave way to new emphasis on organized crime and other criminal matters in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Prior to the early 1980s, the FBI’s terrorism-related investigations were dominated by domestic concerns. During the period from 1908 to 1982, the FBI dealt with two broad categories of domestic terrorism: right- and left-wing extremist groups. In the period between World War I and World War II, the domestic threat primarily came from right-wing groups, like the Ku Klux Klan, which often adhered to principles of racial supremacy or embraced antigovernment and antiregulatory beliefs in favor of individual freedoms. The FBI had little jurisdiction over these groups. In one case, the Bureau successfully developed a case against a ranking Klan official based on his violation of a law against interstate prostitution; there were no significant federal laws that forbade the Klan’s terrorist activities at that time. The passage of significant civil rights legislation in the 1960s enabled the FBI to more effectively target the Klan and support successful prosecutions of Klan members for terrorist crimes. Beginning in the 1950s, the most serious domestic terrorist threat shifted to leftist-oriented extremist groups that generally professed a revolutionary socialist doctrine and viewed themselves as protectors of the people against the adverse effects of capitalism and U.S. foreign policies. Some of the more sensational terrorist events during this latter period included the November 1, 1950, attempted assassination of President Truman at Blair House by two members of the National Party of Puerto Rico. On March 1, 1954, members of the same group opened fire on a session of the U.S. House of Representatives, injuring five congressmen. The 1958 commandeering of a Cuban airliner in flight from Miami inaugurated a decade of hijackings by Cuban revolutionaries. During the 1970s and 1980s, Croatian nationalists and the anti-Castro Cuban group Omega 7 arose as prominent terrorist threats. Leftist groups, however, continued to remain active during these decades and committed numerous bombings, including the prominent March 1, 1971, bombing of the U.S. Senate building and the January 29, 1975, bombing of the U.S. State Department building, both attributed to the Weather Underground, and the January 24, 1975, bombing of Fraunces Tavern on Wall Street by the Armed Forces for Puerto Rican National Liberation (FALN) that resulted in four deaths and 53 people injured. The threat from leftist groups receded by the late 1980s as law enforcement dismantled their infrastructures. The dissolution of the communist Soviet Union in December 1991 into the democratic Russian Federation with a free market economy further deprived many of these groups of their ideological foundation and patronage. Legislative Action In this earliest period of FBI counterterrorism responses, there were few strong legislative tools available to handle the terrorist threats facing the United States. The 1917 Espionage Act and 1918 Sabotage Act addressed domestic subversion during wartime, but had no significant peacetime extension. Alien anarchists were apprehended and removed under various immigration statutes. National Security Action Memorandum 177, signed by President Kennedy on August 7, 1962, enhanced the U.S. government’s foreign police training program, which has come to include counterterrorism measures. The Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 bears upon terrorism issues as they relate to the importation, manufacture, distribution, and storage of explosive materials (18 USC §§ 842-844). The Antihijacking Act of 1974 is noteworthy because it was the first law to specifically address an issue intimately connected to terrorism. And on April 10, 1982, President Reagan signed National Security Directive 30 (NSD 30), which gave lead agency counterterrorism responsibilities and crisis management in terrorist attacks to the FBI under the U.S. Department of Justice. FBI Initiatives In the decades leading up to the 1980s, the FBI had not yet begun to structure its resources in terrorism-specific terms. Following two significant anarchist bombing attacks in the spring of 1919, the U.S. Department of Justice established a General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, to gather and analyze intelligence concerning communist, anarchist, and other radical threats in the United States. In 1920, the General Intelligence Division was incorporated into what was then known as the Bureau of Investigation. Hoover continued to head the division and was appointed the Bureau’s Assistant Director under Director William Burns (1922-24), a position he held until his own appointment as Director, a position he held from 1924 to 1972. Discontinued at that time, the division was re-established in 1935 to monitor communist and fascist activities. The General Intelligence Division went through several name changes during the 1940s and 1950s—the National Defense Division in 1940, the Security Division in 1942, and the Domestic Security Division in 1951—that tended to reflect the FBI’s responsibilities for domestic security. Until 1973, this division oversaw the FBI’s responsibilities for domestic security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism. In 1973, in response to criticism of FBI programs to disrupt radical groups, the Domestic Security Division was split into a General Investigative Division and an Intelligence Division. In 1977 the newly created Criminal Investigative Division assumed domestic terrorism responsibilities on the principle that investigations into domestic radical groups were predicated upon criminal activity. In 1982, in response to NSD 30, Director William H. Webster (1978-87) named counterterrorism an FBI priority program. 1 The responsibilities for counterterrorism continued to reside in the Criminal Investigative Division, which developed a Terrorism Section comprised of a domestic unit and several international counterterrorism units. Like the early acts of legislation that have since served as the foundation for terrorism-related amendments, the FBI initiated several programs over this period that have come to play significant roles in its evolving counterterrorism efforts. One innovation during this early period was the deployment of forensic specialists to the site of an investigation. The first incarnation of this rapid deployment capability was the Disaster Squad established on June 24, 1940, to assist civilian authorities in identifying persons killed in a Virginia plane crash. Since then, these deployment capabilities have expanded to other areas of FBI operations including the Hostage Rescue Team, the Rapid Deployment Teams, and the Fly Team, which support counterterrorism operations, as well as the Laboratory Division’s Evidence Response Teams and Hazardous Materials Response Teams, which support forensic investigations. 1The designation of “Priority Programs” began under the management reform initiated by Director Clarence M. Kelley (1973-78) to focus FBI resources on the most pressing matters. At the time, these included white collar crime, organized crime, and foreign counterintelligence. Counterterrorism became a Priority Program in 1982. In the middle of the 20th century, the FBI also laid the foundations for coordinating investigations and sharing information with international law enforcement and intelligence partners when it established its Legal Attaché, or “Legat” program. The origins of the Legat program lie in the FBI’s early intelligence responsibilities. On June 24, 1940, prior to the United States’ involvement in World War II, President Roosevelt issued a directive for the FBI to assume responsibility for countering Axis movements in the Western Hemisphere and gathering intelligence about other developments in that sphere of responsibility. In response, Director Hoover created the Special Intelligence Service (SIS) within the FBI. The effort was successful both in gathering intelligence and countering Axis intelligence activities. In 1946, President Truman terminated the SIS and reassigned its duties to the newly created Central Intelligence Group, later renamed the Central Intelligence Agency, as part of his centralization of foreign intelligence collection. The FBI, however, was allowed to maintain a number of its liaison offices in order to communicate with foreign police and intelligence services. By January 1953, FBI Legats operated in U.S. embassies in London, Paris, Madrid, Havana, Mexico City, and Rio de Janeiro. The number of Legat offices has continued to grow in recognition of their valued assistance in tracking terrorist threats and bringing investigative resources swiftly to bear on terrorist and other incidents overseas. Cooperation among law enforcement and intelligence agencies is now widely recognized as essential to a comprehensive plan to prevent and respond to terrorism. Internationally, in order to create a corps of advocates for best law enforcement practices worldwide, in 1935 the Bureau began training law enforcement officers from foreign countries at its National Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Domestically, the FBI operationally cooperates with other law enforcement agencies in part through Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs), whose strength lies in combining the national and international investigative resources of the FBI with the street-level expertise of state and local law enforcement agencies. The first JTTF was formed in New York City in 1980 in response to domestic terrorism threats posed by such organizations as the Puerto Rican separatist group FALN and the anti-Castro Cuban group Omega 7. The Emergence of International Terrorism (1983-1992) Terrorism Trends For the decade from 1983-1992, major acts of terrorism against U.S. interests took place overseas. The FBI recognized state-sponsored and autonomous terrorist organizations as the two significant sources of international terrorism. Both types of organizations remain threats today. State-sponsored terrorism refers to those countries that violate international law by using terrorism as a tool of foreign policy.2 One of the most infamous acts of state-sponsored terrorism during this period occurred on December 21, 1988, with the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 in mid-air over Lockerbie, Scotland. The bombing killed all 259 people aboard the Boeing 747 aircraft and 11 people on the ground. In November 1991, following an extensive investigation by the FBI and other U.S. and foreign police authorities, a U.S. grand jury indicted two Libyan intelligence officers for the crime. The two were tried in the Netherlands under Scottish law. On January 31, 2001, the court acquitted one of the officers due to insufficient evidence, but convicted the other officer, Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, of murder and issued him a mandatory life sentence. In August 2003 the Government of Libya agreed to pay $2.7 billion in restitution to the families of the victims. Foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are autonomous, generally transnational groups that maintain their own personnel, infrastructures, financial arrangements, and training facilities. FTOs are often formed to pursue nationalistic agendas that can span the political spectrum, and their operational capabilities range from organizations with extremely limited resources and memberships of fewer than 100, to others with thousands of supporters and substantial sources of aid. FTOs committed two major bombings in 1983 and a series of prominent hijackings in the decade that followed, drawing legislative and law enforcement attention to international terrorism. On April 18, 1983, members of Lebanese Hizballah bombed the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. The attack resulted in 63 deaths, including those of 17 U.S. citizens. Six months later, on October 23, Hizballah bombed the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut. The blast killed 301, of whom 241 were U.S. Marines. Hijackings during the 1980s, most notably committed by Hizballah 3 and the Abu Nidal Organization in the Middle East and South Asia, targeted U.S. airliners, or American citizens on foreign carriers, and frequently resulted in extended hostage situations and civilian fatalities. 2At the end of 2005, the U.S. Department of State designated six nations–Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria–as state sponsors of terrorism. The U.S. Department of State formally removed Iraq from the list of state sponsors of terrorism on October 20, 2004. 3Since its founding in 1982, Hizballah’s numerous anti-U.S. attacks overseas made it responsible for the deaths of more Americans than any other terrorist group in the world prior to September 11, 2001. Although international terrorism against U.S. interests took place overseas during this period, the FBI began investigations into the use of the United States as a staging area or source of arms for terrorist operations and activities overseas. An example of this is the 1990 conviction in Boston court of two U.S. citizens and a citizen of the Republic of Ireland of conspiracy to violate the Arms Export Control Act and of conspiracy to injure and destroy foreign property. Until their arrest in 1989, these individuals had engaged in the research and development of an anti-helicopter missile system for use by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in its attacks against British targets in Northern Ireland and elsewhere. Legislative Action In the mid-1980s Congress passed several legislative initiatives that expanded the FBI’s jurisdiction to include U.S. interests overseas. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 gave the FBI jurisdiction to pursue terrorists who have taken Americans hostage, regardless of where the incident occurred. Also in 1984, the Act to Combat International Terrorism established the Rewards for Justice Program, authorizing the Secretary of State to issue rewards of up to $5 million for information that prevents or favorably resolves acts of international terrorism against U.S. persons or property worldwide. The Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of August 27, 1986, expanded the FBI’s jurisdiction to include homicide or violence against U.S. citizens abroad. The Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 granted federal jurisdiction with respect to developing, transferring, and possessing biological weapons. FBI Initiatives The FBI’s international responsibilities had been increasing in the decades leading up to the 1980s as drug trafficking, organized crime, and terrorism investigations frequently crossed national boundaries. With respect to international liaison activities, in 1983 Congress authorized the U.S. Department of State’s Antiterrorism Assistance Program as part of a major initiative against international terrorism. As part of this program the FBI began to provide counterterrorism training to law enforcement and security personnel of selected friendly foreign governments at the FBI Academy at Quantico. This training served both to strengthen bilateral ties and to increase respect for human rights by sharing with civilian authorities modern, humane, and effective counterterrorism techniques. Another significant development within the Bureau resulted from an incident during the 1972 Summer Olympic Games held in Munich, Germany, in which Palestinian gunmen associated with the terrorist group Black September took 11 Israeli athletes hostage in the Olympic Village. The gunmen killed their captives in the rescue attempt that followed. This incident led the FBI to anticipate the possibility of a similar international act of terrorism during the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles. In 1983 the FBI began training its Hostage Rescue Team (HRT), which was in operation by the start of the games. Based at the FBI Academy at Quantico, the HRT has the mission of responding within four hours of notification by the Director or his designate to any extraordinary hostage crisis occurring within the United States. Since its inception, the HRT has been deployed in support of FBI terrorism, violent criminal, foreign counterintelligence, and other investigations. Recognizing the importance of warning as a component in the FBI’s efforts to prevent acts of terrorism, on October 13, 1989, the FBI established the Terrorist Threat Warning System (TTWS) for the dissemination of terrorist threat information to the U.S. Intelligence Community 4 and state and local law enforcement agencies. 5 4The “U.S. Intelligence Community” refers to those Executive Branch organizations engaged in U.S. national intelligence efforts. The Community includes the Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, intelligence elements of the departments of Defense, State, Treasury, Energy, Homeland Security, and the FBI (CIA, Factbook on Intelligence, 2006). 5On January 4, 1999, the FBI integrated the TTWS into the National Threat Warning System (NTWS) The Globalization of Terrorism (1993-2001) Terrorism Trends Until the 1990s, terrorist targets had historically been selected for reasons of their vulnerability and symbolism. Indiscrimination generally remained an unintended consequence of terrorist attacks. During the 1990s, however, the nature of domestic and international terrorism underwent recognizable changes in tactics and methodologies as terrorists aimed to inflict massive and indiscriminate casualties upon civilian populations. The terrorist trend toward higher levels of casualties came at a time when interest was growing among domestic and international extremists in weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The movement toward acquiring and using WMD became a reality on March 20, 1995, when the Japanese group Aum Shinrikyo launched a series of sarin nerve gas attacks in Tokyo’s subway system. The incidents resulted in 12 deaths and approximately 5,000 exposures. The FBI provided investigative assistance to Japanese law enforcement and intelligence agencies in response to the incident. These attacks suggested the wide range of weapons available to contemporary terrorists and raised the specter of a similar attack in the United States. Another trend during this period altered the paradigm that only international terrorists operating outside of the United States committed major acts of terrorism. With respect to domestic terrorism, left-wing political groups and special interest terrorism—that is, terrorism committed by extremists who use violence to compel society to change its attitudes about specific causes—asserted themselves during the 1990s. Anarchists reemerged in the United States during this period and caused much of the criminal disruption during the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle. The majority of domestic terrorism incidents from 1993 to 2001 were attributable to the left-wing special interest movements the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF). Right-wing extremism, however, primarily in the form of domestic militias and conservative special interest causes, began to overtake left-wing extremism as the most dangerous, if not the most prolific, domestic terrorist threat to the country during the 1990s. In contrast to the ALF and the ELF, which have pursued a philosophy that avoids physical violence in favor of acts of property damage that cause their victims economic harm, right-wing extremists pursued a qualitatively different method of operation by targeting people. The April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, brought the threat of right-wing terrorism to the forefront of American law enforcement attention. The Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people and injured 642 others, was an extreme manifestation of a grass-roots antigovernment movement that became prominent during the 1990s. Several factors fueled the growth of this movement, including the passage of gun control legislation, fears of increased United Nations involvement in domestic affairs, and several confrontations between members of right-wing groups and law enforcement officers at Waco, Texas, and Ruby Ridge, Idaho. These confrontations inspired Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols to carry out the Oklahoma City bombing, which coincided with the second anniversary of the destruction of the Branch Davidian compound near Waco. The FBI aggressively pursued the prosecutions of McVeigh and Nichols, and the two were eventually convicted for their roles in the bombing. McVeigh was executed on June 11, 2001, marking the first federal execution in 38 years. The motivations behind another series of bombings in the mid-1990s illustrate the increasing prominence of terrorism in support of conservative special interest causes during this decade. On July 27, 1996, an explosion in Olympic Centennial Park killed two and injured 112 during the closing days of the Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, Georgia. Early the next year, two more bombings occurred: the first, on January 16, 1997, at a Birmingham, Alabama, health clinic; the second, on February 21, 1997, at the Otherside Lounge, a nightclub patronized by Atlanta’s gay community. These latter bombings were distinctive in that the terrorist used secondary explosive devices with an apparent intent to target emergency responders. On May 31, 2003, Top Ten Fugitive Eric Robert Rudolph was arrested in North Carolina on suspicion of having committed the bombings; Rudolph pled guilty to these attacks and received a life sentence for his crimes. The bombings in Oklahoma City, Atlanta, and Birmingham also brought an awareness of a new type of threat from those who may be sympathetic to extreme political or social ideologies, but who commit acts of violence outside of the auspices of structured terrorist organizations or without the prior approval or knowledge of these groups’ leaders. The roles of McVeigh and Nichols in the Oklahoma City bombing, and the bombings by Rudolph, exemplify the FBI’s “lone offender” category of terrorist for those who engage in terrorist activities free from organizational guidance. With respect to international terrorism, terrorist organizations, sometimes with state sponsorship, continued to attack U.S. military targets overseas. A November 13, 1995, truck bomb killed seven people, including five Americans, and injured at least 34 U.S. citizens at the Office of the Program Manager/Saudi Arabian National Guard building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seven months later, on June 25, 1996, members of Saudi Hizballah bombed the Khobar Towers in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, where Western military personnel resided. The explosion killed 19 U.S. service personnel and injured over 350 others. These bombings highlighted force protection issues, to which the U.S. government responded by “hardening” its official establishments overseas. During the 1990s, the U.S. Intelligence Community began to recognize a trend in international terrorism away from state sponsors of terrorism and FTOs to those of loosely affiliated extremists, whose ad hoc, autonomous nature tended to shield them from infiltration and disruption. This new aspect of international terrorism first presented itself in the February 26, 1993, bombing of New York City’s World Trade Center. The blast killed six people, injured more than 1,000, and caused millions of dollars in damage. In a subsequent plot based out of the Philippines, the New York bombing’s operational mastermind, Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, along with two co-conspirators, planned to destroy simultaneously as many as 12 American jumbo jets in flight over the Pacific. Yousef conducted a trial run of the “Manila Air” plot on December 11, 1994, when a test explosive killed a Japanese businessman on board a Philippine airliner in flight to Tokyo. A few months later, on February 7, 1995, Yousef was apprehended in Islamabad, Pakistan, by Pakistani officials who were working with FBI assistance and rendered back to the United States. In January 1998, Yousef was sentenced to 240 years plus a life sentence in prison for his roles in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the “Manila Air” plot. By the late 1990s, the interwoven violence and self-perpetuating nature of terrorism, in which a terrorist act in one location can elicit a sympathetic response elsewhere, regardless of national boundaries, became apparent. An example of the web of terrorism can be seen in the events involving Shayk Omar Abdel Rahman, the spiritual leader of Egypt’s Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (AGAI) militant group. Investigation into the World Trade Center bombing uncovered unrelated plotting by Shayk Rahman and his followers to bomb landmarks throughout New York City in the summer of 1993 and to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak during a visit to New York in 1994. In January 1996 Shayk Rahman and nine co-conspirators were convicted of the plots, and Shayk Rahman himself received a life sentence plus 55 years. On November 17, 1997, six AGAI members killed 58 foreign tourists at the Temple of Hatshepsut near Luxor, Egypt. Although no Americans were among the victims, the attack was intended to apply pressure on the United States to release Shayk Rahman from incarceration. The web-like nature of terrorism underscores the need for vigilance and international cooperation in countering terrorist groups. While the serial plotting of Shayk Rahman highlights the importance of relentlessly pursuing the arrest and prosecution of individual terrorists in order to prevent them from perpetrating future acts, the related attack near Luxor underscores the importance of a cooperative international effort to control terrorism. As a result of the plots by Ramzi Yousef and Shayk Rahman, the FBI began to focus investigative attention on the then-emerging phenomenon of Sunni extremism and its operational manifestation in loosely affiliated groups devoted to violent international jihad. The international jihad movement, which interprets jihad (“struggle”) in militant terms, is composed of individuals of varying nationalities, ethnicities, and terrorist group affiliations. These individuals find common purpose in seeking to establish states ruled by sharia (conservative Islamic) law and free of Western influence. As precedent, Afghanistan’s resistance to the Soviet invasion of 1979 attracted foreign fighters, who viewed their participation in the regional conflict as a defense both of their Muslim brethren and of Islam. The Soviet Union’s eventual withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 led to the establishment of Afghanistan’s Taliban regime and inspired former Arab-Afghan mujahidin (“holy warriors”) to focus their zeal upon other international conflicts that involved Muslim populations. This globalization of violent jihad contributed to the globalization of terrorist groups, which recruited mujahidin to engage in militant struggle with operations that transcended national boundaries. Influenced by radical leaders such as Usama Bin Ladin, former Arab-Afghan mujahidin integrated into the international terrorist infrastructure known as al-Qa’ida (“the Root”).In the early 1990s the al-Qa’ida network began issuing fatwahs (religious opinions based upon Islamic law) to its members and associates calling for the deposition of the Saudi monarchy and the forced removal of U.S. and other Western forces from the Arabian Peninsula. Bin Ladin first stated his declaration of war against the United States in a twelve-page banyan (“statement”) issued on August 22, 1996, in which he offered a “final warning” for all American troops to leave the land of the “Two Holy Places” (Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia) or else face military action by the same people who drove the Soviets out of Afghanistan. Bin Ladin’s rhetoric since then, including a 1998 statement urging Muslims to “kill the Americans and their allies–civilians and military,” revealed a steady shift toward greater indiscrimination in al-Qa’ida’s targeting. With the exception of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the major terrorist acts or attempts against U.S. interests leading into the 21st century stemmed from militant Islamic jihad, guided directly or indirectly by al-Qa’ida. These include the following: On August 7, 1998, al-Qa’ida operatives carried out near-simultaneous bombings of the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. These attacks, which took place against targets considered “soft” and in low-threat countries, resulted in 224 deaths and 5,722 injuries. The small number of Americans among the casualties (12 dead and seven wounded) highlighted the indiscriminate nature of, and collateral damage inflicted by, large-scale terrorist attacks even when directed against specific targets. On December 14, 1999, U.S. border guards at Port Angeles, Washington, arrested Ahmed Ressam as he attempted to smuggle explosives into the United States from Canada. Investigation by the FBI and other domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies revealed that Ressam had attended al-Qa’ida training camps in Afghanistan and was part of an Algerian terrorist cell based in Canada that had plotted to detonate explosives at Los Angeles International Airport. On October 12, 2000, in the port of Aden, Yemen, pilots of a bomb-laden boat pulled alongside the USS Cole at midship and detonated their explosives in a suicide attack against the destroyer, killing 17 and injuring at least 40 crew members. Investigation revealed that the incident followed an unsuccessful attack on January 3, 2000, against the USS The Sullivans. The alleged conspirators in the Sullivans and Cole attacks were al-Qa’ida operatives who trained in its terrorist camps in Afghanistan during the 1990s. The Cole bombing highlighted al-Qa’ida’s resolve and revealed the network’s a more powerful and technologically more advanced target. Legislative Action Motivated by the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombings, the U.S. government took a number of executive and legislative steps that directed the focus of future law enforcement activity to include prevention before an incident, as well as the apprehension and conviction of those responsible after an incident has occurred. On June 21, 1995, President Clinton issued Presidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD 39), which clarified the FBI’s designation as the lead U.S. government agency for dealing with terrorism against Americans in the United States and overseas. On April 24, 1996, the U.S. government passed the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), which addressed domestic terrorism by increasing the protection afforded to federal workers and expanding criminal statutes relating to explosives. The AEDPA’s most significant contributions, however, concerned the expansion of the FBI’s investigative authority into international acts of terrorism and the activities of international terrorist groups as they occurred within the United States. These contributions included provisions addressing the prevention of entry into and deportation of alien terrorists from the United States and the prosecution of those who provide material support to a designated terrorist organization. In a reflection of the changing dynamics of terrorism, the U.S. government responded legislatively and administratively to the WMD threat. In 1996 the passage of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act—also known as the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Program after the three senators who sponsored the legislation—established first-responder training. On May 28, 1998, President Clinton issued Presidential Decision Directives 62 and 63 (PDDs 62 and 63). PDD 62 established guidelines for FBI-led interagency cooperation in the detection, prevention, and consequence management of terrorist incidents involving WMD. PDD 63 set objectives for protecting the nation’s infrastructure from attack. On October 16, 1998, Congress established the interagency National Domestic Preparedness Office at FBI Headquarters to coordinate federal assistance programs and to streamline the process of delivering that assistance to state and local communities in the event of a catastrophic terrorist attack. FBI Initiatives During the 1990s, the FBI’s counterterrorism program underwent several organizational transformations that led to the eventual creation of a Counterterrorism Division within the Bureau. On March 18, 1994, the Intelligence Division was renamed the National Security Division, retaining foreign counterintelligence responsibilities and taking over the Criminal Investigative Division’s domestic and international terrorism responsibilities. In 1998, the FBI established a strategic plan that set flexible investigative priorities within a three-tiered structure: Tier 1 for criminal and intelligence matters—including terrorism—that threatened national or economic security; Tier 2 for offenses that involved criminal enterprises, public corruption, and violations of civil rights; and Tier 3 for violations that affected individual property. The priority given to counterterrorism was reflected in FBI Director Louis J. Freeh’s (1993-2001) October 29, 1999, transfer of the National Security Division’s counterterrorism components into two new complementary divisions—the Counterterrorism Division and the Investigative Services Division—that took responsibility for most of the old division’s operational and analytical functions, respectively. The FBI’s liaison activities also evolved during this period. Domestically, the New York JTTF took part in several high-profile terrorism-related investigations in the mid-1990s. Its proven value led to the expansion of the JTTF program to other field offices and spurred an increase in the participation of federal, state, and local member agencies in the task forces. In 1996, JTTFs received executive endorsement when President Clinton issued PDD 39 authorizing the Bureau to provide a coordinated law enforcement effort. PDDs 62 and 63 led to the establishment of the multi-agency Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST), coordinated by the FBI and deployed by the FBI Director. 6 On November 20, 1998, a technologically upgraded Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) opened at FBI Headquarters to manage and monitor major events and crises, including those requiring a counterterrorism response. 7 6The FBI also participates in the Foreign Emergency Support Team (FEST) coordinated by the U.S. Department of State. 7SIOC was originally conceived in 1987 in response to prison riots at Oakdale, Louisiana, and Atlanta, Georgia. These concurrent incidents suggested the need to provide integrated support to FBI field offices in major crises. SIOC first became operational under the aegis of the Criminal Investigative Division on January 20, 1989, in time for the inauguration of the elder President Bush. In subsequent years, management of SIOC transferred to the Investigative Services Division and the Critical Incident Response Group before being integrated into the Counterterrorism Division in April 2003. The bombings of the World Trade Center, the Khobar Towers, and the East African embassies made clear the importance of international cooperation in investigations of international acts of terrorism. As part of its cooperative efforts with international law enforcement, Director Freeh expanded the number of Legat offices to 42 by the spring of 2001. The FBI also took lead-agency responsibility for establishing the International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) to provide professional law enforcement education to foreign nationals overseas including counterterrorism components; the first ILEA opened in 1994 in Budapest, Hungary. Until the last decade of the 20th century, criminal threats within the United States set a domestic agenda for the FBI. The East African embassy bombings, however, elevated al-Qa’ida to the highest priority of FBI counterterrorism. On November 4, 1998, Usama Bin Ladin was indicted for his role in the embassy bombings, and the U.S. Department of State issued an unprecedented $5 million reward for his apprehension. 8 In April 1999 the FBI placed Bin Ladin on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List, and in the same year established a dedicated Bin Ladin Unit at FBI Headquarters. In 1998, the FBI formalized its ability to respond to international terrorist incidents by creating Rapid Deployment Teams (RDTs), which swiftly bring investigative personnel and resources to attack sites where an FBI presence is otherwise wanting or in need of augmentation. These teams are capable of organizing and establishing field command posts, forensically exploring crime scenes, and conducting criminal investigations. By March 28, 2001, the FBI had established five RDTs in four of its major field offices. “Cyberterrorism,” or the use of cyber tools to shut down critical national infrastructures for the purpose of coercing or intimidating a government or civilian population, emerged as a threat at the end of the last century. While terrorist groups have not yet employed cyber tools as a weapon against critical U.S. infrastructures, their acquisition of computer expertise and reliance on information technology to formulate plans, raise funds, spread propaganda, and engage in secure communications represent clear warning signs. In 1996 the FBI established the Computer Investigation and Infrastructure Threat Center (CIITC) at FBI Headquarters. On February 26, 1998, President Clinton expanded CIITC into the multi-agency National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC), to serve as the focal point for the government’s effort to warn of and respond to domestic and international cyber intrusions.9 8Four al-Qa’ida members have received life sentences for conspiring to kill Americans in the East African embassy bombings. Two other suspects await trial, and 16 others, including Usama Bin Ladin, stand indicted. 9NIPC now operates under the aegis of the Department of Homeland Security. In December 2001, Director Robert S. Mueller III approved creation of the FBI’s Cyber Division to address cyber investigations formerly addressed by the Counterterrorism and Criminal Investigative Divisions. The “War on Terrorism” (September 11, 2001 - Present) Terrorism Trends Beginning in the late 1950s the most serious terrorist threat to U.S. civil aviation came in the form of hijackings of commercial aircraft. In these incidents, the aircraft provided hijackers both transportation to diverted destinations and a ready supply of hostages for leverage in their negotiations with government authorities. By the late 1980s—as seen in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and in the prevented “Manila Air” plot of 1994—the threat to civil aviation began to include the targeting of commercial aircraft and their passengers and crews for destruction. On the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qa’ida directed its ruthless ingenuity toward the further exploitation of civil aviation when 19 of its operatives hijacked four U.S. commercial airliners for use as suicide weapons against selected political, military, and economic targets on the U.S. East Coast. The hijackers used knives, boxcutters, and possibly pepper spray to commandeer the aircraft. Three of the aircraft struck their targets, destroying the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and badly damaging the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth aircraft crashed into a remote field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, as passengers attempted to regain control of the airplane. All of the passengers on each of the aircraft were killed in the attack, as were more than 2,500 people in the Twin Towers and the Pentagon. In total, 2,972 people died in the September 11 attack, making it the most deadly act of terrorism ever committed. 10 The September 11 attack also marked the first known suicide terrorist attack carried out in the United States since the FBI began keeping terrorist records. 10This number does not include the 19 hijackers, all of whom died in the attack. The threat of terrorism is expected to continue from both international and domestic sources. Internationally, at least two operational trends are evident in the militant Islamic jihad movement. First is a preference for high-casualty, high-profile attacks directed against lower-risk, unofficial, so-called “soft” targets, as traditional military and diplomatic targets become increasingly hardened. Second, the dissolution of much of al-Qa’ida’s structure by international military and law enforcement efforts has resulted in the dispersal of its multinational trainees to pursue their own regional agendas. The following terrorist incidents from September 11, 2001, through 2005 may involve both trends: On October 12, 2002, a nightclub bombing on the Indonesian island of Bali killed approximately 200 people, including seven Americans, and on August 5, 2003, a bombing of the JW Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia, resulted in 15 deaths. Both of these bombings have been attributed to members of the Jemaah Islamiyya terrorist organization, a Southeast Asian-based terrorist network with links to al-Qa’ida. On May 12 and November 9, 2003, al-Qa’ida operatives conducted bombings of residential compounds that housed Western workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The first incident claimed dozens of lives and injured nearly 200 others. The second resulted in 18 deaths and over 120 injuries. On May 16, 2003, five nearly simultaneous explosions in Casablanca, Morocco, killed 41 people and injured approximately 100 others. Although no definitive evidence links al-Qa’ida to the bombings in Casablanca, the Sunni extremist group responsible for this attack may have al-Qa’ida ties. On March 11, 2004, a series of 10 bombs detonated on four commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. The near simultaneous explosions killed 191 people and injured more than 1,400 others. Spanish police have traced responsibility for the attack to Moroccan Islamic militants with ties to al-Qa’ida. On July 7, 2005, four coordinated bomb blasts struck London’s public transit system during the morning rush hour. Fifty-two people were killed and approximately 700 injured in the attack, including the death of one American and the wounding of four others. The London bombing was distinctive in having involved “homegrown” jihadist terrorists operating in a Western, predominantly non-Muslim country. The use of WMD against civilian targets represents the most serious potential international and domestic terrorism threat facing the United States today and provides a glimpse into emerging terrorist scenarios of the 21st century. A variety of intelligence reporting indicates that al-Qa’ida has energetically sought to acquire and experiment with biological, chemical, and radiological weapons of mass destruction. The January 2003 arrests in the United Kingdom of Algerian extremists suspected of producing the biological toxin ricin exemplifies the interest some Islamic militants have in the operational use of such agents. In April 2004, Jordanian authorities disrupted a plot by Islamic extremists to generate a cloud of cyanide gas in Amman. Ricin and the bacterial agent anthrax are emerging as the most prevalent agents involved in WMD investigations. Prior to the fall of 2001, there had been no criminal cases involving the actual use of anthrax in the United States. In September and October of that year, however, several anthrax-tainted letters were received in Florida, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and the District of Columbia. The contaminations resulted in five fatalities and 22 infections. On February 2, 2004, in an incident for which no threat was made or threat letter identified, ricin was discovered on the automated mail opening system used in the Washington, D.C., office of U.S. Senate Majority Leader William Frist. Both the anthrax mailings of 2001 and the 2004 ricin incident remain under investigation by the FBI, and their connection to domestic or international terrorism has not been determined. Legislative Action In his September 20, 2001, address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American people, President Bush declared a war to disrupt global terrorism, beginning with al-Qa’ida. The war on terrorism has included military action to overthrow Afghanistan’s Taliban government and Sadaam Hussein’s Baathist regime in Iraq, as well as a multifaceted campaign involving diplomacy, economic sanctions, covert intelligence operations, and law enforcement action. In the weeks immediately following the September 11, 2001, attack, Congress and the President enacted legislation and policies intended to minimize the possibility of another catastrophic act of terrorism from occurring on U.S. soil. On October 26, 2001, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Interrupt and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act), which includes changes to national security authorities, criminal and immigration laws, and money-laundering and victim assistance statutes. In making these modifications to existing laws, Congress intended to strengthen the capabilities of federal law enforcement in the fight against terrorism while simultaneously protecting civil liberties. The USA PATRIOT Act improved the processes by which federal law enforcement officials obtain legal authority for conducting surveillance and allowed for greater information sharing between criminal investigators and intelligence collectors. The act modified the definition of terrorism as a federal crime to include several offenses likely to be committed by terrorists, including certain computer crimes and a number of violent crimes involving aircraft. New federal offenses include attacks on mass transportation systems, vehicles, facilities, or passengers; harboring or concealing persons who have committed or are about to commit an act of terrorism; expansion of the prohibition against providing material support or resources to terrorists; and possessing a biological agent or toxin of a type or in a quantity that is not reasonably justified for specifically defined purposes. Additionally, the inclusion of the International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 into the USA PATRIOT Act significantly increased the United States’ ability to combat the financing of terrorism. On October 29, 2001, President Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 2 (HSPD-2). Among its provisions, HSPD-2 offers federal guidance for keeping foreign terrorists and their supporters out of the United States through entry denial, removal, and prosecution. On November 27, 2002, Congress and the President created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (Public Law 107-306) with a mandate “to investigate ‘facts and circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,’ including those relating to intelligence agencies, law enforcement agencies, diplomacy, immigration issues and border control, the flow of assets to terrorist organizations, commercial aviation, the role of congressional oversight and resource allocation,” and other relevant areas.11 11National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004), preface, xv. On July 22, 2004, the 9/11 Commission published a summary of its investigative findings along with recommendations designed to guard against future attacks. In response to this report, President Bush signed into law on December 8 the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). This act instituted reforms to FISA and modifications to material support statutes for prosecuting terrorists. The IRTPA also created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and established the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) as the head of the U.S. Intelligence Community. In addition, the act created the National Counter Proliferation Center to oversee the Intelligence Community’s efforts against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the Joint Intelligence Community Council to assist the DNI in establishing a collective national intelligence effort; the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board within the Executive Office; and instituted the joint-agency National Counterterrorism Center as the primary entity for analyzing intelligence pertaining to transnational terrorism. FBI Initiatives Director Robert S. Mueller III (2001-present) took office in the FBI on September 4, 2001, with an agenda to restructure the Bureau and upgrade its technology. Seven days later, the September 11 terrorist attack gave greater urgency to this agenda and focused it on the prevention of future terrorist attacks. On May 29, 2002, Director Mueller formally elevated counterterrorism and the prevention of future terrorist attacks against U.S. interests to the FBI’s preeminent mission. In response to this mandate, the FBI moved away from its traditional field-oriented approach to setting priorities and managing cases, to a more centralized national approach in which counterterrorism was the overriding priority in every field office and all international counterterrorism cases were managed centrally by FBI Headquarters. The shift of resources to meet this new priority has resulted in a significant structural reorganization at the FBI that includes a greatly expanded counterterrorism program. FBI Priorities Three factors influence the ranking of priorities: the significance of the threat to the security of the United States; the priority the American public places upon the threat; and the degree to which addressing the threat falls most exclusively within the FBI’s jurisdiction. In executing the following priorities, the FBI produces and uses intelligence to protect the nation from threats and to bring to justice those who violate the law. 1. Protect the United States from terrorist attack. 2. Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage. 3. Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes. 4. Combat public corruption at all levels. 5. Protect civil rights. 6. Combat transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises. 7. Combat major white-collar crime. 8. Combat significant violent crime. 9. Support federal, state, municipal, and international partners. 10. Upgrade technology to successfully perform the FBI’s mission. As the top priority, counterterrorism receives first consideration throughout the Bureau in the allocation of funding, physical space, resources, and the hiring and training of personnel. The current shape of the Counterterrorism Division reflects the complexity of terrorism as the United States currently faces it, with branches, sections, and units that focus upon domestic terrorism, different global regions of international terrorist activity, and terrorists’ methods of operation, finance, and communication. This reorganization supports the Bureau’s current strategic mission of preventing terrorist attacks while preserving the civil liberties of all American citizens. This strategic mission also identifies the Bureau’s law enforcement and domestic intelligence leadership roles within the U.S. Intelligence Community. In these leadership capacities, the FBI defines the domestic and international terrorism threats to the Homeland, contributes to the Intelligence Community in its evaluation of those threats, and provides investigative and crisis response in the event a terrorist attack does occur. Many of the organizational changes, developments in strategic mission, and the initiatives discussed below anticipated the recommendations made in July 2004, when the 9/11 Commission published its endorsement of the FBI’s continuing role in terrorism prevention and urged the Bureau to institutionalize and cultivate its expertise in intelligence and national security.12 12National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, 423-27. Focus on Prevention One of the most effective weapons in the prevention of terrorist attacks involves the gathering, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence and the full integration of that intelligence into investigations, operations, and crisis response. To this end, in December 2001, the FBI merged the counterterrorism analytical activities of the Investigative Services Division into the Counterterrorism Division and established the Office of Intelligence to cultivate the division’s analytical workforce and develop information-sharing policies. In response to the IRTPA and a subsequent Presidential directive, the FBI redesignated the Office of Intelligence as the Directorate of Intelligence and, in September 2005, incorporated it into the newly created National Security Branch, which oversees all of the Bureau’s national intelligence programs, projects, activities, and workforce. Domestically through its field offices, and internationally through its Legat offices, the FBI has a significant infrastructure in place by which to gather intelligence. Although the FBI has traditionally employed its intelligence analysts in “tactical,” or case-specific support capacities, the mandate to prevent acts of terrorism has led the FBI to develop a professional corps of analysts who study broader terrorism trends and assess priority threats at the “strategic,” or predictive, level. In 2002, the Counterterrorism Division established an Analytical Branch to develop actionable and strategic intelligence for FBI field offices, the U.S. Intelligence Community, and domestic and international law enforcement partners. In September 2003, the FBI established Field Intelligence Groups in each of its field offices to analyze and direct the collection of information, and ensure its appropriate dissemination. Focus on Partnerships The timely two-way flow of information between appropriate federal, state, and local partners is a key element in dismantling terrorist organizations and eliminating threats. Whereas the primary consumer of FBI intelligence used to be its field offices, FBI agents and analysts now regularly communicate with the larger U.S. Intelligence Community and other federal agencies, law enforcement partners at the state and local levels, and private and public sectors of society. At the federal level, a new, multi-agency National Joint Terrorism Task Force (NJTTF) was integrated into the Counterterrorism Division at FBI Headquarters in June 2002. Staffed by representatives from more than 40 federal, state, and local agencies, the NJTTF coordinates the flow of information between its participating entities and over 100 JTTFs that were in place nationwide by the end of 2005. In addition, the FBI details agents and analysts to numerous federal agencies, including the CIA, National Security Agency, National Security Council, Defense Intelligence Agency, Department of Homeland Security, and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). 13 13The Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) was established by presidential directive and became operational on May 1, 2003. NCTC replaced TTIC on December 6, 2004. In response to HSPD-2, the Attorney General established the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force (FTTTF) to track and identify terrorists and, on August 6, 2002, consolidated the task force into the FBI. In addition to its federal agency participants, the FTTTF maintains a close liaison with foreign intelligence and law enforcement services. In another terrorist tracking initiative, on September 16, 2003, the President directed the Attorney General, Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of State, and Director of Central Intelligence to develop the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) to consolidate information from terrorist watch lists and provide 24-hour, seven-day-a-week operational support for law enforcement, consular officers, and other officials. The TSC began operations on December 1, 2003. An example of interagency cooperation led by the FBI involves the analysis of improvised explosive devices (IEDs)—a technology used in most of the terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens and interests during the past five years. These explosives often reflect the unique characteristics, or signature, of the terrorist organizations or individuals who made them. In December 2003 the FBI Laboratory began preliminary operations of the Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC) to coordinate and manage a national effort to gather and analyze information on IEDs recovered both inside and outside the United States. TEDAC uses the knowledge gained from its analysis to assist in the investigation of terrorist bombing attacks, to develop countermeasures to defeat IEDs, and to train first-responders in terrorist IED techniques. Shortly after the events of September 11, 2001, the FBI undertook several initiatives to integrate state and local law enforcement into counterterrorism operations. On February 27, 2002, the Counterterrorism Division issued its first weekly FBI Intelligence Bulletin to provide actionable terrorism-related intelligence to law enforcement partners. The Bulletin currently reaches more than 60 federal agencies, all FBI field offices and Legats, and more than 18,000 state and local law enforcement agencies through secure communication systems. 14 Since September 11, 2001, the Counterterrorism Division has also disseminated Intelligence Assessments and several thousand Information Intelligence Reports to the U.S. Intelligence Community and appropriate state and local law enforcement entities. In spring 2002 the FBI created the Office of Law Enforcement Coordination (OLEC) as a liaison between the Bureau and other law enforcement organizations. In response to a USA PATRIOT Act mandate, the FBI has participated with other federal agencies in the State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training initiative (SLATT), which has raised the level of counterterrorism expertise and developed professional relationships among law enforcement partners. 14Beginning on August 6, 2004, the FBI began routinely disseminating bulletins jointly with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Global Focus The investigation into the September 11, 2001, attack—which at its height involved more than 7,000 FBI agents and support personnel, including approximately 700 personnel deployed overseas—underscored the global nature of terrorism and the ability of terrorists to plan, finance, and conduct operations in a variety of countries around the world. The transition in recent decades from terrorism as a primarily domestic concern to one of global implications has led the FBI to develop its intelligence and law enforcement partnerships worldwide. This has led to new initiatives and the cultivation of old ones, including the continued expansion of the Legat program and the offering of counterterrorism training to international law enforcement agencies at the National Academy at Quantico and International Law Enforcement Academies in Budapest, Hungary; Bangkok, Thailand; and Gaborone, Botswana. Other venues of international cooperation include FBI participation in the Group of 8, the Organization of American States, the NATO alliance, and chairing the International Association of Chiefs of Police Committee on Terrorism. In October 2001 the FBI established a Most Wanted Terrorists List to engage the international public’s assistance in the war on terrorism. Set at 22 names, this list places a “global spotlight” on indicted terrorist suspects. Those who initially occupied the list took part in the 1985 hijacking of TWA flight 847, the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the “Manila Air” plot, the bombing of Khobar Towers, and the U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa. Usama Bin Ladin occupies a place on this list and on that of the FBI’s list of Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Conclusion During the first 75 years of its history the FBI encountered a predominantly domestic terrorist threat that underlay larger criminal trends. Between the World Wars, this threat came primarily from right-wing extremists, then shifted to left-wing, socialist-oriented groups beginning in the 1950s and continuing into the 1980s. In the early 1980s, international terrorism–sponsored primarily by states or organizations–began to impact US interests overseas and led to legislation that extended the FBI’s responsibilities to cover terrorist threats originating outside the United States and its territories. The 1990s saw a new era of domestic and international terrorism in which terrorists sought to inflict massive and indiscriminate casualties upon civilian populations. This threat grew as terrorists began to seek out unconventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. The 1990s also saw the rise of terrorism pursued by loosely-affiliated extremists, with examples ranging from terrorists involved with domestic special interest causes to militants engaged in international jihad. These terrorism trends combined into the September 11, 2001, attack that has set in motion an international effort to counter the global terrorist threat and elevated counterterrorism to the FBI’s preeminent mission. In his September 20, 2001, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, President Bush assured his audience that in the present conflict with terrorism, violence would be met with “patient justice.” The struggle against terrorism—especially that currently waged against al-Qa’ida—is one of endurance, and it is one in which the FBI is prepared to engage with unflagging persistence. Although the preeminent mission of protecting the United States from terrorist attack is changing the character of the FBI as a whole, an abiding strength of the FBI remains its tradition of excellence in vigorously investigating and prosecuting criminal acts. These traditional pursuits are essential to the disruption of terrorist activities, the dismantling of terrorist organizations, and, consequently, the prevention of future terrorist attacks. By combining a willingness to innovate with its traditional law enforcement responsibilities, the FBI continues to evolve in order to counter the varied forms of terrorism that threaten the interests and security of the United States. 35 Years of Terrorism: A Timeline MARCH 1, 1971: Bombing of U.S. Senate buildings; no injuries FEBRUARY 5, 1974: Kidnapping of Patty Hearst by Symbionese Liberation Army AUGUST 5, 1974: Anti-Hijacking Act passed JANUARY 24, 1975: Bombing of Fraunces Tavern on Wall Street; four killed, 53 injured JANUARY 29, 1975: Bombing of U.S. State Department building in Washington, D.C.; no injuries MAY 1980: First FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force established in New York JANUARY 1982: FBI Hostage Rescue Team established APRIL 10, 1982: National Security Decision Directive 30 gives lead agency counterterrorism responsibilities to the FBI (U.S. Department of Justice) FEBRUARY 13, 1983: First recorded attack of right-wing antigovernment group (Sheriff’s Posse Comitatus in Medina, North Dakota) APRIL 18, 1983: Bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon; 63 killed SEPTEMBER 16, 1983: Wells-Fargo armored car robbery nets Los Macheteros $7.2 Million OCTOBER 23, 1983: Bombing of the Marine Barracks in Beirut, Lebanon; 241 U.S. Marines killed MAY 1984: Comprehensive Crime Control Act gives FBI jurisdiction to pursue terrorists who take Americans hostage SEPTEMBER 20, 1984: Bombing of the U.S. Embassy Annex in Beirut, Lebanon; 14 killed DECEMBER 8, 1984 : “The Order” leader Robert Jay Mathews dies in confrontation with law enforcement SEPTEMBER 14, 1985: TWA 847 hijacked; U.S. Navy diver killed AUGUST 27, 1986: Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act expands FBI jurisdiction to include violence against U.S. nationals abroad APRIL 16, 1987: First FBI recorded ALF attack in the United States (Davis, California) JUNE 1987: Fawaz Younis rendered from Cyprus for hijacking a Royal Jordanian Airliner DECEMBER 21, 1988: Bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland; 217 Americans killed OCTOBER 13, 1989: Terrorist Threat Warning System (TTWS) established NOVEMBER 5, 1990: Assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League, in New York City FEBRUARY 26, 1993: Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City; six killed, 1,000+ injured JUNE 24, 1993: Arrest of eight subjects plotting to bomb New York landmarks APRIL 19, 1995: Bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building; 168 killed, 642 injured JUNE 21, 1995: Presidential Decision Directive 39 confirmed and clarified FBI’s counterterrorism role APRIL 24, 1996: Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed APRIL 24, 1996: FBI Counterterrorism Center established at FBI Headquarters JULY 27, 1996: Bombing of Centennial Olympic Park; two killed, 112 injured JULY 1996: FBI Computer Investigation and Infrastructure Threat Center (CITAC) established at FBI Headquarters FEBRUARY 26, 1998: FBI CITAC replaced by National Infrastructure Protection Center AUGUST 7, 1998: Bombing of U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; 12 Americans killed, 7 injured OCTOBER 16, 1998: National Domestic Preparedness Office established JANUARY 4, 1999: Expanded National Threat Warning System (NTWS) replaces TTWS NOVEMBER 21, 1999: FBI Counterterrorism Division established at FBI Headquarters DECEMBER 14, 1999: Arrest of Ahmed Ressam entering the United States from Canada with explosives OCTOBER 12, 2000: Bombing of USS Cole; 17 killed, at least 40 injured JUNE 11, 2001: Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh executed; first federal execution in 38 years SEPTEMBER 11, 2001: Al-Qa’ida operatives hijack and crash four commercial airliners into World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Stonycreek Township; 2,972 killed OCTOBER 10, 2001: FBI establishes Most Wanted Terrorist list OCTOBER 26, 2001: USA PATRIOT Act passed into law DECEMBER 12, 2001: Zacarias Moussaoui indicted on six counts of conspiracy for his role in 9/11 attack SEPTEMBER 23, 2001: Executive Order 13224 enacted, blocking terrorist assets FALL 2001: Anthrax-tainted letters sent through U.S. Postal system, first criminal use of a biological toxin; 18 infected, five deaths OCTOBER 7, 2001: United States begins military action in Afghanistan JUNE 21, 2002: Creation of the FBI Fly Team JULY 2002: Creation of the National Joint Terrorism Task Force SEPTEMBER 13-14, 2002: Arrest of Lackawanna Six terror cell members OCTOBER 4, 2002: John Walker Lindh sentenced to 20 years in prison after pleading guilty to terrorism charges OCTOBER 12, 2002: Jemaah Islamiyya bombing of nightclub in Bali, Indonesia; 202 killed NOVEMBER 8, 2002: Symbionese Liberation Army member James William Kilgore arrested in Cape Town, South Africa NOVEMBER 25, 2002: Homeland Security Act of 2002 officially establishes the U.S. Department of Homeland Security MARCH 1, 2003: Khalid Sheik Mohammed, al-Qa’ida operational commander and mastermind of 9/11 attack, captured in Pakistan MARCH 20, 2003: United States and coalition partners begin military action in Iraq MAY 12, 2003: Bombing of residential compounds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia MAY 31, 2003: Eric Robert Rudolph arrested and charged in connection to several bombings, including a bombing at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia AUGUST 5, 2003: Jemaah Islamiyya bombing of JW Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia; 11 killed FEBRUARY 9, 2004: Final sentencing in Portland terror cell case MARCH 11, 2004: Bombings of the Madrid transit system; 191 killed and approximately 1,700 wounded JULY 22, 2004: The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States publishes The 9/11 Commission Report SEPTEMBER 29, 2004: Sentencing in USS Cole bombing APRIL 6, 2005: Creativity leader Matthew Hale sentenced to 40 years in prison for solicitation of violence and obstruction of justice APRIL 24, 2005: Zacarias Moussaoui pleads guilty to six charges in connection to the 9/11 attack APRIL 26, 2005: Ali Al-Timimi, spiritual leader of the “Virginia Jihad” group, convicted on terrorism charges JULY 7, 2005: Bombings of the London transit system; 52 killed and approximately 700 injured JULY 18, 2005: Eric Robert Rudolph sentenced to life in prison AUGUST 30, 2005: Sean Gillespie sentenced to 39 years for firebombing a synagogue in 2004 Updates To ensure that the most current terrorism-related information is available to the American public, the FBI continually evaluates, and, when investigation warrants, updates terrorism statistics presented in the Terrorism series. In this issue, the following two acts, which were committed during 1998 and 1999, have been added to the concluding chronological summary of terrorist incidents. June 27, 1998 Espanola, New Mexico (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On June 27, 1998, a wildfire originated by arson began in the Espanola Ranger District, 10 miles northwest of Espanola, New Mexico. Known as the Oso Complex Fire, the blaze reached within eight miles of Los Alamos and burned a total of 5,185 forested acres, including on Santa Fe National Forest and Santa Clara Pueblo lands. The cost to suppress the fire was $3,433,983. In November 1998, the Albuquerque Journal received a letter claiming the wildfire on behalf of a local militia group, the Minutemen, as a statement against the killing of gray wolves. Associates of the group are suspected of arsons and threats targeting federal and state land use and environmental advocacy groups over apparent disagreements with environmental causes during the late 1990s. March 19, 1999 Santa Fe, New Mexico (One act of Domestic Terrorism) On March 19, 1999, a pipe bomb improvised explosive device (IED) was discovered in a mailbox at Forest Guardians in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The pipe bomb failed to detonate apparently because the cigarette intended to initiate the IED burned out before igniting the fuse. Forest Guardians is a nonprofit group devoted to stopping commercial logging in national forests, and other environmental issues. On February 14, 2003, law enforcement officers with the FBI, U.S. Forest Service, and Espanola, New Mexico Police arrested Raymond Anthony Sandoval for setting the June 27, 1998, Oso Complex Fire and the attempted March 19, 1999, Forest Guardians bombing. On June 25, 2003, Sandoval pled guilty to manufacturing a destructive device, possession of an unregistered firearm, arson on federal land, and willfully injuring property of the United States. On October 7, 2003, Sandoval, was sentenced to 84 months incarceration and ordered to make restitution payment of $3 million. The following Chronological Summary includes all of the terrorist incidents recorded in the Terrorism/Terrorism in the United States series. The statistical information contained in the following summary supports the graphs and charts presented in this publication. Chronological Summary of Terrorist Incidents in the United States 1980-2005 Date	Al-Qaeda
What revolutionary war hero, leader of the Green Mountain Boys, lends his name to a furniture company?	Counterterrorism Laws Worldwide since September 11 \| HRW In the Name of Security Counterterrorism Laws Worldwide since September 11 © UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. Dangerous Expansion of State Powers to Investigate, Detain, and Prosecute Summary During a protest in Turkey in 2010, two students unfurled a banner that read, “We want free education, we will get it.” For this act and participation in other non-violent political protests, the students were convicted of membership in an armed group and sentenced in 2012 to eight years and five months in prison. In recent years, Turkish authorities have prosecuted hundreds of activists for participating in such protests. In the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2011, police stopped and searched more than half a million people—including railway enthusiasts, children, and photographers—without reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing. Most of those searched were ethnic minorities. None was found guilty of a terrorism-related offense. In Ethiopia, a federal court in January 2012 convicted three local journalists and two political opposition members of conspiracy to commit terrorist acts and participation in a terrorist organization. The evidence consisted primarily of online articles critical of the government and telephone discussions regarding peaceful protest actions. The authorities denied all five defendants access to counsel during three months in pretrial detention and failed to investigate allegations that two of the journalists had been tortured. These actions violated well-established rights under international law to due process, free expression, or privacy. Yet in all three countries, authorities carried out the searches, arrests, and prosecutions using domestic counterterrorism legislation passed in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. More than 140 governments have passed counterterrorism legislation since September 11. Indeed, many countries have passed multiple counterterrorism laws or revised old legislation, expanding their legal arsenal over time. The impetus for the lawmaking has varied: in some cases it has been major attacks targeting the country; in many others, it has been a response to United Nations Security Council resolutions or pressure from countries such as the United States that suffered or feared attacks. Mass attacks on the general population have caused immense harm. The September 11 attacks killed close to 3,000 people. In Pakistan alone, more than 10 times that number have been killed in bombings and other attacks on civilians in the decade since. As the UN Security Council noted in its preamble to Resolution 1456 in 2003, “any acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable, regardless of their motivation, whenever and by whomsoever committed and are to be unequivocally condemned, especially when they indiscriminately target or injure civilians.” In keeping with their duty to ensure respect for the right to life, states have a responsibility to protect all individuals within their jurisdiction from such attacks. Yet these post-September 11 laws, when viewed as a whole, represent a broad and dangerous expansion of government powers to investigate, arrest, detain, and prosecute individuals at the expense of due process, judicial oversight, and public transparency. Such laws merit close attention, not only because many of them restrict or violate the rights of suspects, but also because they can be and have been used to stifle peaceful political dissent or to target particular religious, ethnic, or social groups. Of particular concern is the tendency of these laws to cover a wide range of conduct far beyond what is generally understood as terrorist. More often than not, the laws define terrorism using broad and open-ended language. While governments have publicly defended the exceptional powers available to police and other state authorities under these laws by referencing the threat of terrorism, some of the conduct they cover may have little connection to such potential attacks. Many of the counterterrorism laws also contain changes to procedural rules—which are designed to ensure that the justice system provides due process—that jeopardize basic human rights and fair trial guarantees. Some changes enhance the ability of law enforcement officials to act without the authorization of a judge or any other external authority. Others grant authorizing power to prosecutors, or other members of the executive branch, who may have a particular stake in the outcome of police investigations. These procedural changes not only increase the likelihood of rights violations, including torture and ill-treatment, but also decrease the likelihood that those responsible will be discovered and punished. At least 51 countries had counterterrorism laws prior to the September 11 attacks. In the ensuring 11 years, Human Rights Watch has found, more than 140 countries enacted or revised one or more counterterrorism laws, 130 of which we examined for this report. [1] In the Name of Security offers a detailed breakdown of eight elements common to most post–September 11 counterterrorism laws that raise human rights concerns, as well as a discussion of where such laws diverge. The eight elements are: definitions of terrorism and terrorist acts; designations of terrorist organizations and banning membership in them; restrictions on funding and other material support to terrorism and terrorist organizations; limitations on expression or assembly that ostensibly encourage, incite, justify, or lend support to terrorism; expansions of police powers that undermine basic rights, including powers to conduct warrantless arrests, searches, surveillance, and property seizures, and to detain suspects incommunicado and without charge; as well as restrictions on challenging wrongful detention or seeking accountability for police abuses; creation of special courts and modifications of trial procedures (including evidentiary rules) to favor the prosecution by limiting defendants’ due process rights; imposition of the death penalty for terrorism-related offenses; and creation of administrative detention and “control order” mechanisms. While this list covers most of the elements of greatest concern from a human rights perspective, it is not comprehensive; counterterrorism laws also commonly address immigration restrictions—addressed only briefly in this report—as well as money-laundering, bank secrecy, and other issues. Moreover, the overly broad legislation documented in this report represents only one aspect of abuses committed in the name of counterterrorism. Many countries commit human rights violations against terrorism suspects—such as torture, ill-treatment, and enforced disappearance—without making any effort to legitimize them through law. In other cases, states insist that emergency or other special powers, often issued through executive fiat, apply to terrorist threats. The United States, for example, responded to the September 11 attacks by adopting a war paradigm for what the administration of President George W. Bush called the “war on terror.” Under this model, the United States sought to bypass criminal law and human rights safeguards for alleged terrorists by asserting that it was in a global armed conflict with al Qaeda and affiliated groups; that such laws were inapplicable; and that if any law applied to counterterrorism efforts, it was the laws of war for capture, detention, and attack. Under the Obama administration, both the rhetoric and practice have changed—the illegality of torture is recognized, as are other human rights protections—yet US counterterrorism actions, such as targeted killings outside of clear war zones, remain based on this war paradigm. Other countries have long sought to discredit rebel forces by calling them “terrorists.” However, since September 11, several governments have sought to redefine longstanding armed conflicts as part of the “global war on terror” for internal political purposes or to gain international support. Russia, for example, repackaged the conflict in Chechnya from a separatist conflict to a struggle against international terrorists. Uzbekistan did the same to justify its conviction of Muslims for religious activities it deemed at variance with state ideology. There have been positive developments in recent years. As a result of court challenges or public pressure, some countries have rolled back especially problematic provisions in their counterterrorism laws or resisted moves that would strengthen them at the expense of rights. The United Kingdom in 2011 allowed the period in which a terrorism suspect could be detained without charge to revert from 28 days to 14 days—the level it had been prior to the London Underground bombings of July 2005. Norway in 2011 rebuffed calls for its definition of terrorism to be broadened following an attack by a xenophobic extremist that killed 77 people; the country’s prime minister vowed instead to respond with “more openness, more democracy and more humanity.” But in many cases the reforms have been grossly insufficient. The United Kingdom ’s 14-day pre-charge detention period still exceeds international standards for being promptly informed of any criminal charges and remains double the one-week maximum that the government permitted prior to 2005. Malaysia ’s Security Offences (Special Measures) Bill of 2012, which authorities touted as a replacement to the draconian Internal Security Act of 1960 that allowed indefinite detention without trial, still allows pre-charge detention of 28 days. The UN Security Council now directs states to ensure that counterterrorism measures comply with international human rights law, but it has not reformed most terrorism-related mandates that experts—including the UN special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism—consider a threat to fundamental rights. Each year, more countries enact counterterrorism legislation with sweeping powers and dangerously broad language. The Security Council should ensure that all resolutions concerning the obligations of states to combat terrorism comply with international human rights law, refugee law, and international humanitarian law. The Security Council and other UN bodies should also play a leading role in helping states to reform existing counterterrorism laws; release all persons arbitrarily arrested under these laws for exercising their rights to freedom of expression, association, or assembly; and provide fair retrials to suspects unfairly prosecuted under such laws. Such measures are necessary not only to bring states into compliance with international law; they also help fulfill states’ broader duty to protect those in their jurisdiction. As the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy of 2006 notes, violations of human rights are among the conditions “conducive to the spread of terrorism,” even though they can never excuse or justify terrorist acts. Recommendations To National Governments Establish an expert commission to review domestic counterterrorism legislation to ensure that the definitions of terrorist acts are narrowly crafted, covering only conduct that is “genuinely of a terrorist nature,” as set out by the UN special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism. Direct the expert commission to assess whether existing counterterrorism legislation is consistent with international human rights standards, with particular attention to whether the laws: empower the police and other security forces at the expense of human rights protections; hinder or prevent the judiciary from safeguarding the rights of detainees; facilitate the use of torture or other ill-treatment; deny basic trial rights; expand reliance on detention without charge; violate rights to basic liberties, such as freedom of expression; or impose the death penalty. Provide retrials in fair and impartial proceedings to all suspects who received unfair trials as a result of counterterrorism laws that failed to meet international human rights standards. Release all persons who were arbitrarily arrested under counterterrorism laws for exercising their rights to freedom of expression, association, or peaceful assembly. Provide redress—including financial compensation, rehabilitation, and formal acceptance of state responsibility—to victims of abusive counterterrorism measures. When drafting counterterrorism legislation or revising existing legislation, solicit input from a wide range of civil society groups, including international organizations with relevant expertise. To United Nations Bodies To the Security Council Ensure that all resolutions concerning the obligations of states to combat terrorism emphasize states’ obligations to comply with international human rights law, refugee law, and humanitarian law. To the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) In assessing states’ implementation of their obligations under Security Council resolutions on counterterrorism, including Resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005), give greater attention to human rights concerns in all communications with states. To the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) Incorporate human rights concerns into all technical assistance recommendations relating to states’ counterterrorism legislation. Expand the number of human rights officers on staff, so that every on-site visit that CTED undertakes includes at least one human rights officer. To the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [2] Convene an expert group meeting on counterterrorism legislation, which brings together government officials, UN personnel, and nongovernmental human rights defenders, with the goal of strengthening the capacity of states to combat terrorism consistent with human rights standards. Incorporate human rights concerns into all technical assistance recommendations relating to states’ counterterrorism legislation. I. UN Security Council: Unprecedented Mandates Following the September 11 attacks, the UN Security Council passed several resolutions pressing—and in some cases mandating—all UN member states to enact strong counterterrorism legislation. The result was a flood of new and revised laws that granted special law-enforcement and other prosecutorial powers to the police and other authorities, while broadening the scope and increasing the penalties for alleged terrorist activities. These laws continued a historical pattern in which governments have responded to politically motivated acts of violence—assassinations, bombings, and armed attacks—on high-profile targets by expanding existing laws and granting security forces special powers. In the months following anarchist August Vaillant’s bombing of the French National Assembly in 1893, for example, the French Third Republic enacted measures that became known as the lois scélérates (“villainous laws”) because of their severe restrictions on free speech. [3] Following the 1981 assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat by conservative Islamist army officers, Egypt passed an emergency law that created special security courts and gave the military sweeping powers of search and arrest. [4] The law endured for 31 years, only to be briefly replaced with a similar decree by the military-led government when an Islamist candidate was poised to win the 2012 presidential elections. [5] Many laws granting extraordinary powers are colonial legacies or responses to nationalist or other insurgent movements. Malaysia’s Internal Security Act of 1960, which until its repeal in 2012 allowed indefinite preventive detention of alleged terrorists and other national security suspects, was inspired by the Emergency Regulations Ordnance 1948 that the British used against Communist insurgents in pre-independence Malaya. [6] Special powers introduced by the British in Northern Ireland in 1922 were renewed in various forms throughout and beyond the “Troubles” until they were replaced by UK-wide counterterrorism laws in 2000. [7] But the number of counterterrorism laws passed largely in response to the Security Council’s post-September 11 resolutions was unprecedented. [8] More than 140 countries have enacted or revised one or more counterterrorism laws, according to Human Rights Watch’s accounting—many of which violate or undermine fundamental liberties such as freedoms of expression, association, and religion, or deprive suspects of due process or the right to a fair trial. [9] The Security Council called on member states “to redouble their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts,” as part of their obligations to maintain international peace and security. [10] In some resolutions, the call was mandatory. [11] Yet the Security Council gave insufficient attention to ensuring that governments’ counterterrorism responses were in keeping with international human rights standards. [12] Only gradually did its resolutions emphasize the need to protect civil liberties and due process from abusive counterterrorism legislation and policies. Acts of terrorism are an indefensible attack on the right to life. As the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy of 2006 notes, states have a responsibility to protect all individuals within their jurisdiction from such attacks. [13] This responsibility stems from the primary duty of states to ensure respect for the right to life. [14] However, even in the context of countering terrorism, states must meet their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law. This, too, is noted in the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, which states that, “The promotion and protection of human rights for all and the rule of law is essential to all components of the Strategy, recognizing that effective counter-terrorism measures and the protection of human rights are not conflicting goals, but complementary and mutually reinforcing.” [15] A number of UN Security Council resolutions passed in the wake of September 11 have failed to adequately reinforce that standard. Security Council Resolution 1373, sponsored by the United States and adopted 17 days after the September 11 attacks, has been the centerpiece of the council’s approach to counterterrorism. [16] It requires all states to “work together urgently to prevent and suppress terrorist acts,” including by “taking additional measures to prevent and suppress, in their territories through all lawful means, the financing and preparation of any acts of terrorism.” [17] Resolution 1373 directs all UN member states to enact criminal, financial, and administrative measures aimed at individuals and al Qaeda’s entities considered perpetrating or supporting acts of terrorism. [18] By acting under Chapter VII of the UN charter, the Security Council, at least on paper, can take action against any member state that fails to comply with the resolution. [19] The resolution opened the door to abusive domestic legislation largely by what it did not say; it makes no reference to member states’ obligations to respect international human rights law (except in one narrow sense) or international humanitarian law, the laws of war. [20] The resolution provides states broad leeway to create their own definitions. Government officials have frequently cited Resolution 1373 to justify abusive counterterrorism laws. [21] In 2009 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay said that by serving as a vehicle for “numerous” states to enact provisions that “derogate from binding international human rights instruments,” Resolution 1373 has had “a very serious negative impact on human rights.” [22] In 2002 the Security Council also expanded its existing blacklist of individuals and entities believed to be associated with the Taliban and al Qaeda into a list with no global or temporal limitations. The Security Council had created the Al Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions List in 1999 through Resolution 1267 in response to al Qaeda attacks the previous year on the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. It first expanded the list through a separate resolution in 2000 and extended it beyond Afghanistan to any location in the world in 2002. Together, the three resolutions require UN member states to subject all those listed to asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes. [23] Listings on the Security Council’s blacklist have often been based on secret information. The resolutions contain no defined limits on who could be declared targets, the duration of sanctions, or, initially, mechanisms to remove someone from the list. [24] Resolution 1373 further expanded the regime created under Resolution 1267 by requiring states to freeze assets and entities of those “who commit or attempt to commit terrorist acts or participate in or facilitate the commission of terrorist acts,” without requiring that they be linked to the Taliban or al Qaeda. [25] Security Council Resolution 1624 of 2005 calls on UN member states to pass laws that prevent and prohibit incitement to commit acts of terrorism and to deny safe haven to persons against whom there is “credible and relevant information” that implicates them in such conduct. [26] Since 2003 Security Council resolutions have gradually directed states to ensure that counterterrorism measures comply with international human rights law. [27] Among the most important of these is Resolution 1456 of 2003, which calls on states to “ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law ... in particular international human rights, refugee, and humanitarian law.” [28] In 2005 the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee, established by the Security Council to monitor compliance with Resolution 1373, appointed a human rights advisor to its executive directorate. [29] (However, the advisor was not allowed to advise the Counter-Terrorism Committee until 2006. [30] ) In 2010 the Security Council encouraged the committee’s executive directorate to further incorporate human rights into its work. [31] The Security Council also supported a statement by the UN General Assembly that respect for human rights and the rule of law are the “fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism” and that violations of human rights can be “conducive to the spread of terrorism.” [32] In response to mounting criticism and legal challenges, the Security Council has also started to reform the Al Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions List. [33] In December 2009, for example, it passed a resolution creating an ombudsman to mediate requests from individuals, organizations, and companies to be delisted and mandated swift processing of their applications. However, the ombudsman does not have the authority even to make recommendations to the listing committee, a body consisting of state representatives that reaches decisions confidentially. [34] In 2011 the Security Council split the sanctions list into two, one for al Qaeda and one for the Taliban, and modified the regimens for each. [35] These reforms still fall short. As Martin Scheinin, the then-UN special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism, said in his final report to the UN General Assembly in August 2010, the counterterrorism regime created by the Security Council in some cases “continues to pose risks to the protection of a number of international human rights standards.” [36] He later noted that the procedures for terrorist listing and delisting under the Al Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions List by the Security Council’s 1267 Committee still did not meet international human rights standards concerning due process or fair trial. [37] Scheinen’s successor as special rapporteur, Ben Emmerson, has expressed similar concern about continuing violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the context of countering terrorism, as has the UN Human Rights Council. [38] II. Definitions of Terrorism and Terrorist Acts Dozens of the counterterrorism laws passed since 2001 include broadly worded definitions of terrorism and terrorist acts. While there is no single definition of terrorism under international law, [39] definitions put forward in various international treaties typically center on the use of violence for political ends. [40] In practice, the new counterterrorism laws vary widely from country to country and frequently cover acts unrelated to violence. The most common and frequently the most serious problem in legal definitions of terrorism under national laws is that they are overbroad and vague. As a basic legal principle, such laws fail to give reasonable notice of what actions are covered. Many are so broad that they cover common crimes that should not reasonably be deemed terrorist or acts that should not be considered crimes at all. Their scope leaves them susceptible to arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement by the authorities—often against religious or ethnic communities, political parties, or other particular groups. [41] In Australia, for example, community lawyers and civil society groups have reported the disproportionate use of counterterrorism measures against Muslim, Kurdish, Tamil, and Somali communities. [42] The vagueness of many counterterrorism laws is often found in their reliance on terms such as “public order” and “public safety.” While such terms are consistent with international law if narrowly and precisely defined, they are dangerous if left open-ended: they lend themselves to extremely broad interpretations that can be and have been used to quash legitimate activities and speech under the guise of countering terrorism. Rarely do counterterrorism laws provide clear and precise definitions of these terms. Human Rights Watch found more than 130 counterterrorism laws that included one or more vague terms such as “public order” without properly defining them. More than half those laws included at least two ambiguous definitions, and five failed to identify what constituted a terrorist act at all. To a large extent, counterterrorism laws cover acts that are already illegal under existing domestic criminal law, such as murder, assault, and kidnapping. They do not generally impose criminal penalties on what was previously considered lawful conduct; rather, they more often establish special procedures for investigating and prosecuting crimes that fall within terrorism acts and impose enhanced punishments on the perpetrators of these crimes. Legal definitions of terrorism generally specify two or three basic elements: the act and purpose, or the act, intent, and purpose. The crime of terrorism is typically characterized as an act carried out with a particular intent—for example, the intent to kill—and for a specific purpose, such as coercing or intimidating a government or population into performing or abstaining from an action. Most counterterrorism laws make reference to one or more of the following four general categories of harm: 1) serious physical harm to a person or persons—in other words killing or injuring one or more people, or damaging public health more broadly; 2) serious property damage, particularly damage that is likely to cause serious harm to people; 3) harm to vital infrastructure, such as power, food, or water supplies; medical services; or monetary and electronic systems; and, most broadly, 4) harm to national security, defense, or “public order.” The major legal innovation is the element of terrorist purpose or motivation: the requirement that, for example, the acts be carried out in order to influence or coerce the government or to intimidate, panic, or terrorize the public or a section of the public. This is also the area in which various countries’ laws differ most significantly, with some requiring that the purpose be to terrify or intimidate the population; others specifying that the action must be intended to advance a political, religious, or ideological cause; and others broadly covering any threat to national unity, harmony, or public order. The UN special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism addressed the issue of defining conduct that is “genuinely of a terrorist nature.” In his view, the concept of terrorism includes only those acts or attempted acts “intended to cause death or serious bodily injury” or “lethal or serious physical violence” against one or more members of the population, or that constitute “the intentional taking of hostages” for the purpose of “provoking a state of terror in the general public or a segment of it” or “compelling a Government or international organization to do or abstain from doing something.” [43] Similarly, the UN Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change concluded that for a violent act to be deemed terrorist, its purpose must be “to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.” [44] Few terrorism definitions are so narrowly drawn. In general, definitions of terrorism tend to cover acts carried out for a wide variety of purposes, often with no requirement that they cause or intend to cause death or serious injury, and without specifying the level of physical property damage required to render an act terrorist. Criminalizing acts that merely aim to “influence the government” as terrorism, for example, could easily be used to prosecute journalists for reporting on corrupt state practices or the activities of rebel groups. Labeling a labor strike or a political demonstration as terrorist can be a means to suppress legitimate protest. Saudi Arabia’s draft Penal Law for Crimes of Terrorism of 2011 includes among terrorist crimes actions that “insult the reputation of the state,” “disturb public order,” or “inflict damage upon one of its public utilities or its natural sources.” [45] The law also criminalizes “describing the king—or the crown prince—as an unbeliever, doubting his integrity [or] defaming his honesty.” [46] Azerbaijan’s 1999 Law on Combating Terrorism holds that terrorist acts must have as their aim “undermining public security, spreading panic among the population or forcing State authorities or international organizations to take decisions that comply with the demands of terrorists.” [47] The first phrase—“undermining public security”—is so vague and overbroad that it could be applied to a wide range of otherwise lawful activities. Australia’s overly broad definition of “terrorist act” does not require an element of intention to cause death or serious bodily injury, or the taking of hostages.” [48] Under the Syrian Penal Code, terrorism is broadly defined as “all acts intended to create a state of fear which are committed by means such as explosives, military weapons, inflammable materials, poisonous or burning products or epidemic or microbial agents likely to cause public danger.” [49] Tunisia’s 2003 counterterrorism and money laundering law states that a terrorist offense is “any offense, regardless of its motive, connected to an individual or collective enterprise aiming at terrorizing one person or a group of people and spreading fear among the population, for the purpose of, among other things, influencing state policies and compelling it to act in a particular way or preventing it from so acting; or disturbing public order or international peace and security, or attacking people or facilities, damaging buildings housing diplomatic missions, prejudicing the environment, so as to endanger the life of its inhabitants, their health or jeopardizing vital resources, infrastructures, means of transport and communications, computer systems or public services.” [50] Under that definition, a demonstration by truck drivers that blocks a major highway overpass could be classified as a terrorist act. A 2008 amendment to the UK’s counterterrorism law refers to the goal of advancing a “political, religious, racial or ideological cause.” [51] Zimbabwe’s Suppression of Foreign and International Terrorism Act of 2011 includes in its intent requirement the vague and potentially broad phrase “usurping the functions” of the government. [52] Given the vagueness and breadth of the “purpose” requirements of many counterterrorism laws—and the potentially wide variety of actions they cover—prosecutors in many countries have enormous latitude in deciding which offenses to prosecute as terrorist. In many cases, they have used these laws to prosecute regular criminal offenses. In dozens of countries, acts of political dissent that result in property damage, such as demonstrations, may be prosecuted as terrorism where the element of terrorist intent is broadly defined (for example, to “disrupt the public order” or “endanger public safety”) and where crimes resulting in property damage or damage to infrastructure are covered: Ethiopia ’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation of 2009 contains an overly broad definition of “terrorist acts” that could be used to prosecute a wide range of conduct far beyond the limits of what can reasonably be considered terrorist activity. Besides violent acts and kidnapping, an act that “causes serious damage to property” or “disruption or interference of a public service” may be deemed terrorist under the law if carried out for a specified purpose. This definition is so broad that a nonviolent political protest that disrupts traffic might be labeled a “terrorist act,” and even those who merely express support for a peaceful political protest could be deemed terrorists. [53] El Salvador’s Special Law against Acts of Terrorism of 2006 does not even include an explicit definition of terrorism. [54] The closest it comes is in article 1, which provides that the purpose of the law is to prevent and punish crimes that “by their form of execution, or means and methods employed, show the intention to provoke a state of alarm, fear or terror in the population, by putting in imminent danger or affecting people’s life or physical or mental integrity, or their valuable material goods, or the democratic system or security of the State, or international peace.” [55] In 2007 Salvadoran authorities used the law to prosecute 13 political protesters for rallying against a national water decentralization plan. The defendants had allegedly blocked public roads and thrown rocks at police. [56] Following an international uproar, a special counterterrorism court dropped the charges in February 2008 at the request of El Salvador’s attorney general. [57] Bahrain: Protesters Prosecuted as “Terrorists” Bahrain ’s overly expansive definition of terrorism in its Law with Respect to Protection of the Community against Terrorist Acts of 2006 includes actions whose aim is “disrupting the public order,” “threatening the Kingdom’s safety and security,” or “damaging national unity.” [58] The terms “disrupt” and “threaten” exceed the required purpose as defined by the UN special rapporteur on counterterrorism and the UN High Panel, which state that the intent must be to “intimidate” a population or “compel” a government or organization. [59] Bahrain’s definition includes the act of intimidation, which exceeds UN guidance by encompassing acts that do not cause or are not intended to cause death or serious harm. [60] Bahrain has used such overly broad definitions of terrorism to detain scores of protesters and to convict several opposition leaders, including many involved in the country’s pro-democracy demonstrations in 2011. Several defendants have made credible allegations of torture and other ill-treatment during their detention and Human Rights Watch has documented additional procedural and substantive violations of due process. [61] A special military court in June 2011 convicted 21 opposition leaders—seven in absentia—for national security crimes including acts of “terrorism,” such as making speeches critical of Bahrain ’s human rights record and calling for and participating in street protests four months earlier at which calls were made for the establishment of a republic. The court sentenced eight defendants to life in prison and the rest to terms of up to 15 years, based in part on the sentencing provisions of the 2006 counterterrorism law. A civilian appeals court was re-trying the defendants at this writing; the Bahraini authorities had rejected calls from human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch, to release the 14 accused who were detained in Bahrain pending the trial’s outcome. [62] Eleven of the defendants were among 25 protesters and other activists who were tried in 2010—two in absentia—for operating a “terror network.” One of them, Abdul-Jalil al-Singace, was a leader in the Haq Group political opposition movement. Authorities arrested him in 2010 upon his return from the UK, where he had criticized the Bahraini government’s human rights record at a public event in the House of Lords. [63] During that so-called “terror network” trial, several defendants gave credible testimony of torture and other ill-treatment that included threats; harassment; extended detention in solitary confinement; regular beatings to the head, chest, and other sensitive areas with fists and kicks; beatings on the soles of the feet with sticks or hoses; sleep deprivation; forced standing; denial of access to the bathroom; and electric shocks. Human Rights Watch secured independent evidence—including photographs and medical reports by government doctors—that corroborated a number of these accounts. [64] Pursuant to article 27 of the counterterrorism law, the authorities deprived the 23 defendants in their custody of access to counsel and relatives and held them in pretrial incommunicado detention for 15 days before presenting them to the public prosecutor. [65] In a number of instances, they barred counsel from attending interrogations and denied them the opportunity to review investigative materials before the start of trial. [66] King Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa released the defendants in February 2011 in what the Bahraini authorities described as a goodwill gesture, but many were re-arrested in the following weeks during street protests. [67] Protecting Peaceful Dissent Concern for protecting human rights has been evident in the legislation of various countries. At least 15 governments have enacted counterterrorism laws that specifically protect peaceful political dissent such as protests or advocacy. A few have rebuffed calls for overly broad definitions of terrorism or terrorist acts. In Australia, the criminal code specifies that “advocacy, protest, dissent or industrial action” cannot be deemed “terrorist acts” if those activities were not intended to cause death or serious physical harm, to endanger the life of someone other than the actor, or, “to create a serious risk to the health or safety of the public.” [68] Canada’s criminal code contains an almost identical provision. The United Kingdom lacks such an exemption. [69] Sweden and Norway specify in their counterterrorism laws that the acts characterized as terrorist must already be defined as criminal. [70] Norway also rejected calls for its definition of terrorism to be broadened following two attacks by an anti-immigrant extremist in July 2011 that killed 77 people; the country’s prime minister vowed instead to respond with “more openness, more democracy and more humanity.” [71] Exemptions Politically motivated acts of violence targeting other persons are covered under the vast majority of counterterrorism laws if they satisfy the purpose requirement. However, underscoring the notion that “one person’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter,” a few laws carve out exemptions for acts committed in the service of certain favored political goals: The preamble to Zimbabwe’s counterterrorism act of 2011 purports to recognize that “national liberation movements” are not subject to the law’s provisions, although the law’s operative text does not specifically exempt such groups. The preamble states that Zimbabwe “recognises that any act committed during a struggle waged by peoples, including any action during an armed struggle, in the exercise or furtherance of their legitimate right to national liberation, self-determination and independence against colonialism, or occupation or aggression or domination by alien or foreign forces ... shall not, for any reason … be considered a terrorist activity.” [72] The preamble to South Africa ’s 2004 counterterrorism law states that international law “recognizes acts committed in accordance with such international law during a struggle waged by peoples, including any action during an armed struggle, in the exercise or furtherance of their legitimate right to national liberation, self-determination and independence against colonialism, or occupation or aggression or domination by alien or foreign forces, as being excluded from terrorist activities.” Unlike Zimbabwe ’s counterterrorism law, the operative text of the South African law also implements this principle. It specifically exempts acts “committed during a struggle waged by peoples, including any action during an armed struggle, in the exercise or furtherance of their legitimate right to national liberation, self-determination and independence against colonialism,” from being deemed terrorist. [73] III. Designating Terrorist Organizations and Criminalizing Membership Many counterterrorism laws ban organizations deemed to be terrorist and impose a range of financial sanctions on them. They also frequently criminalize membership in banned organizations, without reference to the actions or the intent of the individual members. The European Union and many individual countries duplicate or include in their own “blacklists” the UN Security Council’s lists of more than 300 individuals or entities allegedly linked to al Qaeda and another 129 linked to the Taliban. [74] The UN’s Al Qaeda Sanctions List subjects individuals, entities, and groups on the list to immediate asset freezes and travel bans and outlaws the direct or indirect sale or supply to them of arms and related material, including technical advice. [75] The UN special rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism concluded in 2011 that the lists, particularly the one related to al Qaeda, do not meet international human rights standards for due process or fair trial. [76] International law ensures the right to form associations, and any restrictions placed on that right must be “necessary in a democratic society for national security or public safety, public order, … the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others,” and must be the least restrictive possible. [77] Restrictions on the right to freedom of association may not discriminate on the basis of religion, race, political opinion, or other prescribed status. [78] As with definitions of terrorism, states’ legal definitions of terrorist organizations vary widely: In Uzbekistan, amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure criminalize “the creation of, leadership of, [or] participation in religious extremist, separatist, fundamentalist or other forbidden organizations,” even though the law contains no definition of the words “extremism” or “fundamentalism” and outlaws such activity even where the organization’s activities or ideology are non-violent. [79] Article 159 of the Uzbek Criminal Code, one of the provisions most commonly used to try alleged terrorism suspects, criminalizes attempts at the “overthrowing of the constitutional order.” [80] Since the 1990s, the Uzbek authorities have used these provisions to convict thousands of men from the country’s Muslim majority for ideas or activities at variance with state ideology. Following the September 11 attacks, the government intensified the crackdown and justified it as necessary to fight global terrorism. Primary targets have included imams and their followers and Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist movement that seeks implementation of a strict Islamic doctrine and the creation of an Islamic caliphate in Central Asia. [81] Under the criminal code, organizing an “illegal” religious group (a group that is merely unregistered), or resuming such a group’s activities after it has been denied registration or ordered to disband, are criminal offenses punishable by up to five years in prison. Those who participate in “prohibited”—alleged extremist—groups face imprisonment for up to 20 years. [82] Uzbek courts have often ignored the distinction between illegal and prohibited groups. Prison administrations require religious and political prisoners convicted of terrorism-related offenses to wear special markings indicating their criminal status. [83] Thousands of individuals convicted under these statutes, amid credible reports of confessions procured through the use of torture, remain in prison in Uzbekistan. [84] Zimbabwe’s Suppression of Foreign and International Terrorism Act of 2011 defines foreign or international terrorist organizations as groups formed with a view to “overthrowing or taking over the government … by unlawful means or usurping the functions of such government,” “conducting a campaign or assisting any campaign” to achieve such goals, or “engaging in foreign or international terrorist activity.” [85] Amendments to Canada ’s Criminal Code in 2001 define a “terrorist group” as “an entity that has as one of its purposes or activities facilitating or carrying out any terrorist activity.” The code also defines terrorist groups as those already listed by executive decree as having “knowingly carried out, attempted to carry out, participated in or facilitated a terrorist activity,” as well as those that have “knowingly acted on behalf of, at the direction of or in association with an entity that has knowingly carried out, attempted to carry out, participated in or facilitated a terrorist activity.” This broader, executive-decree definition does not require terrorism to be the group’s purpose. [86] The EU’s common definition of terrorism of 2002 covers “a structured group of more than two persons, established over a period of time and acting in concert to commit terrorist offences.” [87] Australia’s criminal code gives the governor general broad powers to outlaw organizations as “terrorist” on the basis that, among other actions, they “advocate” in favor of a terrorist act—without any need for the organization to be actively involved in a terrorist act. [88] As the Human Rights Law Centre of Australia noted in 2011, the broad definition of “advocate,” which includes praising a terrorist act or indirectly urging the doing of a terrorist act, may “unjustifiably infringe” on the rights to freedom of expression and association. This criminalization of association could implicate members of proscribed organizations who are caught up in the loosely framed definition but not personally involved in unlawful activity. [89] The process by which groups are designated as terrorist also varies greatly, although a lack of due process is a common denominator. The designated groups are rarely given an opportunity to challenge their designation, either before or after being designated: In Zimbabwe, the minister of home affairs has the power to designate organizations as terrorist simply upon “consultation” with the minister of foreign affairs, although the designation may be contested. [90] Uganda’s 2002 Anti-Terrorism Act allows the minister of internal affairs to declare an organization “terrorist” without challenge in court and without any substantive requirements. [91] Australia only allows review of the legal process under which an organization is proscribed as “terrorist.” There is no review of the factual merits of the designation. [92] Australian law does not require notification to persons or organizations that they are under consideration for proscription. [93] India: Banned Groups Under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967, most recently amended in 2008, India has banned 35 groups, as well as every person and entity on the UN’s Al Qaeda sanctions list, as terrorist organizations. Proscribed groups range from Lashkar-e-Taiba— the Pakistan-based organization behind the Mumbai attacks that killed 166 people in 2008—to the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), a student organization that claims it seeks the “liberation of India” from Western influences but does not publicly advocate violence. [94] India’s Home Ministry can designate a group to be a “terrorist organization,” “terrorist gang,” or “unlawful association” with immediate effect. Where a group is declared an “unlawful association,” the government has up to six months to establish the basis for this declaration before a specially constituted tribunal composed of a high court justice nominated by the central government. The government must show only on the balance of probabilities—not beyond a reasonable doubt—that it has sufficient cause for declaring the associational unlawful. It can withhold evidence from the proscribed association, but not the tribunal, on the grounds that the public interest requires non-disclosure. However, even the limited review procedures available to “unlawful” groups are not available to groups declared to be “terrorist” organizations or gangs. A group declared to be a terrorist organization or gang can apply to the central government and, if the application is rejected, to a review committee chaired by a sitting or retired high court justice, to have the declaration revoked. But it cannot introduce new evidence or present witnesses in support of its application. [95] Membership in an unlawful association or a terrorist organization or gang is punishable by up to two years of imprisonment. In the case of a terrorist organization or gang that is “involved in” a terrorist act, membership is punishable by up to life imprisonment—irrespective of whether the member had any involvement in the act. [96] Dozens of men in India have been repeatedly rounded up and detained for being members of the banned student organization SIMI, which India designated a terrorist group almost immediately after the September 11 attacks in the United States. [97] In Jaipur, for example, 14 men were detained for more than three years as suspects in a 2008 bombing in the city that killed 70 people; the primary evidence against them was their SIMI membership. In December 2011 a “fast-track” court acquitted all of them of links to the blast. [98] In 2008 a special tribunal lifted the ban on SIMI, but the country’s chief justice reinstated it the next day at the request of the central government. Unsurprisingly, given the malleability of the definitions, the number and type of organizations deemed to be terrorist varies greatly from country to country: Canada has designated 44 organizations worldwide as terrorist, while its ally New Zealand has designated 71—nearly twice as many. [99] The US State Department’s list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) at this writing listed 51 groups. The majority were Muslim, followed by Communist and nationalist or separatist groups. [100] The US Treasury Department list of terrorism suspects includes hundreds more individuals and groups. [101] The EU list of terrorist organizations and individuals, originally created in December 2001, at this writing included 12 individuals and 25 organizations, not all of them associated with al Qaeda or the Taliban. [102] The EU list does not include the hundreds of individuals and groups on member states’ lists. In 2008 Swaziland, Africa’s last absolute monarchy, placed the country’s main opposition party, the People’s United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO), as well as three other opposition groups on a list of terrorist organizations under its Suppression of Terrorism Act. Swaziland passed the counterterrorism law that year in response to an attempted bombing. [103] In 2010 authorities in Swaziland arrested Sipho Jele, a timber industry worker, for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt at a Worker’s Day rally. Three days after his arrest, Jele was found dead in his cell; authorities claimed he hanged himself but they refused to conduct an autopsy. [104] Listings for Hezbollah, a Lebanon-based political and military organization composed primarily of Shia Muslims, underscore the enormous inconsistencies among countries’ designations of terrorist groups. Hezbollah is listed as a terrorist organization by the United States, Canada, and Israel, as well as Australia and the UK (both of which ban Hezbollah’s military wing but not its political party). But it is not banned by France—which maintains close ties to Lebanon, its former colony—or the EU (in large part at France’s insistence), Russia, and Arab and Muslim countries. In 2002 China successfully gained US support for its efforts to place the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), a separatist organization founded by Turkic-speaking Uighurs in China’s western Xinjiang province, on the UN list of terrorist organizations. There was no significant reported militant activity by ETIM; Chinese authorities claimed that individuals disseminating peaceful religious and cultural messages in Xinjiang were terrorists who had simply changed tactics. [105] Penalties for Membership A designation of “terrorist” usually results in authorities banning the designated group, freezing its assets, and blocking its commercial activities. Participants in the organization may face criminal prosecution and severe penalties for the mere fact of membership, even without evidence that they acted in support of the group’s unlawful activities: In Zimbabwe, a criminal conviction for being a member of a designated foreign terrorism organization is punishable by five years of imprisonment, while being a leader or officer of a designated foreign terrorist organization is punishable by 10 years of imprisonment. [106] Bahrain’s 2006 counterterrorism law prescribes a minimum five-year prison sentence for anyone convicted of joining a terrorist group “while being aware of its terrorist objectives.” Leadership of such a group—or the creation, establishment, organization, or management of such a group—is punishable by life imprisonment. [107] Bahrain’s counterterrorism law also penalizes membership in groups based abroad. The penalty for association with foreign-based groups that intend to commit terrorist acts against Bahrain or foreign countries carries a minimum five-year sentence; if the group actually commits terrorist acts, all associated with it are subject to life imprisonment. [108] El Salvador’s counterterrorism law provides that those who belong to a terrorist organization, “with the goal of carrying out any of the offenses contemplated in the present Law,” face prison terms of 8 to 12 years. The requirement that the defendant’s goal must be to carry out acts of terrorism is not found in most other countries’ laws. Leaders or other higher-ranking members of terrorist groups face terms of 10 to 15 years after conviction. [109] In the United Arab Emirates , the 2004 counterterrorism law makes joining or participating “in any manner” in a terrorist organization punishable by up to life imprisonment. The law requires that the person know the objectives of the organization. [110] US Definitions: Far-Reaching Consequences Broad definitions in US law of “terrorist organizations” have had far-reaching consequences for non-citizens who may be subject to mandatory detention, for the ability of refugees to be granted protection from persecution, and for the rights to freedom of speech and association. This is particularly the case when these provisions are combined with equally sweeping definitions of “terrorist activity” or “material support” to “terrorist organizations” (see chapter below). The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 amended US immigration law to require the detention of non-citizens alleged to be affiliated with terrorist organizations pending their removal from the United States, creating mandatory and potentially indefinite terms of detention (repeated periods of six months if the non-citizen is believed by the attorney general to pose a national security threat) and leaving only very limited access to judicial review by habeas corpus petition. [111] Prior to September 11, US immigration law prevented entry to the US of non-citizens who engaged in “terrorist activity” or provided “material support to terrorist organizations.” [112] The USA PATRIOT Act expanded the definitions of terrorist organizations to groups publicly listed by the US State Department, as well as two or more individuals who engage in, or have a subgroup that engages in, what the immigration law defines as “terrorist activity.” [113] “Terrorist activity” was, in turn, expanded to include a range of unlawful uses of a weapon or dangerous device other than for mere personal monetary gain. [114] Similarly, in 2005, the REAL ID Act amended US immigration law to make deportable any non-citizen involved in any of a long list of inadmissibility grounds, which, in effect, barred them from any form of asylum. [115] The broadened definitions in the USA PATRIOT and REAL ID Acts have obstructed the entry to the United States of refugees who themselves had been victims of abuse, including rape survivors forced into domestic servitude by rebel groups and those forced to pay money, serve as porters and cooks, or provide medical care to rebels. [116] Some discretion to waive the bar was adopted in law and regulations starting in 2007. [117] However, triggering such discretion is difficult for many refugees and asylum seekers and can be administratively complex, since in many cases three executive departments must agree to waive the bar. IV. Material Support of Terrorism and Terrorist Organizations Fundraising for the purposes of terrorism, providing funds to organizations defined as terrorist, or providing other forms of material support are also acts made criminal under many counterterrorism laws. Material support provisions are ostensibly intended to deter and punish those who would support a terrorist organization without taking part in terrorist acts. But such provisions can be readily abused when combined with overly broad definitions of terrorism, terrorist groups, or material support itself, and there is a lack of due process for material support suspects. Nearly 100 counterterrorism provisions reviewed by Human Rights Watch define material support for terrorism as a crime. Of those, 32 required neither knowledge nor intent that the support could result in a terrorism-related offense—recklessness was sufficient. US federal criminal laws prohibit the provision of “material support or resources” to designated terrorist organizations and the provision of “material support” for the commission of certain offenses that such groups might commit. [118] Material support has been defined to include, among other things, the provision of financial services, currency, lodging, and transportation. Following the September 11 attacks, the USA PATRIOT Act and the US Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act expanded those laws to prohibit the provision of “expert advice or assistance,” “personnel,” “service,” and “training” to terrorist organizations. [119] In Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, the US Supreme Court in 2010 rejected arguments that these post-September 11 provisions unconstitutionally infringe upon rights of freedom of speech or association, even when the activities undertaken were intended solely to promote peaceful dispute resolution and compliance with international law. [120] Plaintiffs in that case included persons who sought to advocate for nonviolence and respect for human rights with the Kurdistan Workers' Party, an armed Kurdish organization in Turkey that the US secretary of state had designated as a “foreign terrorist organization.” [121] The court held, by a vote of six to three, that the US Constitution permitted criminal prosecution of such activity. It ruled that there was no requirement that the expert advice, services, or training be intended to aid terrorist groups, simply that it must be provided “in coordination” with a terrorist group. The interpretation left open the possibility that conduct such as the provision of legal assistance to alleged terrorism suspects could be prosecuted. [122] The sweeping legal restrictions—written so that they apply abroad, possibly even to non-US staff working in foreign organizations—made humanitarian groups fearful of operating in regions of famine-stricken Somalia controlled by the armed Islamist group al-Shabaab. In 2011 the US government issued new guidelines on Somalia indicating that it was relaxing the enforcement of sanctions relating to al-Shabaab, but without changing the underlying legal rules. [123] France’s Internal Security Act of 2003 amended the penal code to include the so-called “pimping for terrorism” offense, in which individuals can be charged with support for terrorist activities if they are unable to substantiate an income commensurate with their lifestyle while being closely associated with individuals who engage in terrorist acts. [124] Afghanistan’s Law on Combat against Terrorist Offenses of 2008 defines “support” as “providing financial source [sic], residence, training, shelter, counsel and assistance, falsification of identification, communication equipment, and weapon, chemical, nuclear and other explosive substances, human resources, transportation services and other facilities.” [125] While the law stipulates that the person’s assistance must be intended to “complete the commission of offences,” its overly vague language leaves the interpretation open to abuse. [126] In Australia, amendments to the criminal code in 2005 outlaw the act of intentionally providing “support or resources” to an organization that would help that organization engage in planning, assisting, or fostering the commission of a terrorist act. [127] However, the overly broad language does not specify that the “support” must be “material.” The amendments also bar persons from intentionally making funds available to another person where the first person is “reckless as to whether the other person will use the funds to facilitate or engage in a terrorist act.” [128] Under Zimbabwe’s 2006 counterterrorism law, a person who “solicits, invites or encourages moral or material support” for a designated terrorist organization commits an offense punishable by imprisonment of up to five years. [129] V. Limiting Free Expression Dozens of countries’ counterterrorism laws impose criminal penalties on speech, publications, or other forms of expression that encourage, justify, incite, or lend support to terrorism. Security Council Resolution 1624 of 2005 explicitly calls on states to “adopt such measures as may be necessary and appropriate and in accordance with their obligations under international law to [p]rohibit by law incitement to commit a terrorist act or acts. [130] Consistent with international protections on the right to freedom of expression, governments may prosecute speech that incites criminal acts—speech that directly encourages the commission of a crime, is intended to result in criminal action, or is likely to result in criminal action—whether or not criminal action does, in fact, result. [131] Yet laws that impose criminal punishment for what has been called “indirect incitement”—for example, justifying or glorifying terrorism—encroach on expression protected under international human rights law. Since 2001 there has been a clear trend toward tightening restrictions on speech perceived as encouraging terrorism. Human Rights Watch found more than 50 laws that limit speech that encourages, justifies, or supports terrorism but does not incite acts of terrorism. In 2008 Swaziland used its newly enacted counterterrorism law to arrest Mario Masuku, leader of the banned PUDEMO political opposition movement, on a charge of making a statement that provided “support to the commission of a terrorist act” and held him for 340 days before a court acquitted him. [132] Swaziland had designated PUDEMO a terrorist organization under its counterterrorism law, as noted above. Authorities also detained Masuku for several hours in 2010 for “mentioning” PUDEMO at the funeral of a man who died in police custody after being arrested for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt at a Workers Day rally. [133] The UAE ’s 2004 counterterrorism law provides for up to five years of imprisonment for anyone who promotes, orally or in writing, any of the offenses set out in the law. [134] Under Bahrain’s 2006 counterterrorism law, anyone who “promotes any activities that constitute a crime for implementing a terrorist objective” is subject to a fine and possible prison sentence. A prison sentence of up to five years is imposed “upon everyone who holds or possesses personally or through another person a document or publication containing the aforesaid promotion where it is intended to be distributed and also upon everyone who holds or possesses any means of printing, recording, or publicizing regardless of the type thereof whether used or intended for use even on a temporary basis for printing, recording or broadcast of such promotion.” [135] El Salvador’s counterterrorism law prescribes a prison sentence of 5 to 10 years for anyone who “publicly advocates for” or “incites” terrorism. [136] However it does not define “advocate” or “incite.” Saudi Arabia’s draft counterterrorism law of 2011 criminalizes setting up or publishing a website “to facilitate communicating with leaders or any member of terrorist organizations or to propagate their ideas”—but includes no definition of what constitutes a terrorist organization. [137] Turkey’s counterterrorism law, revised in 2006, imposes criminal penalties including fines and imprisonment up to five years on those who “make propaganda in connection with [terrorist organizations].” [138] The law provides for harsher penalties for those who do so using the media. [139] A Council of Europe expert committee in 2007 criticized the provision, finding it to be “ambiguous and written in wide and vague terms.” [140] Russia’s counterterrorism law of 2006 allows authorities to deny journalists access to special “counterterrorism operations” zones where law enforcement officials have sweeping powers of search and arrest. Authorities have invoked this provision to prevent journalists from reporting on law enforcement crackdowns in areas of the volatile North Caucasus region such as Ingushetia. [141] The Federal Law on the Mass Media was also amended in 2006 to restrict reporting of counterterrorism operations. [142] The amendments ban the media from publicly justifying terrorism—a loose term that could be used as a censoring tool. [143] They also stipulate that “the procedure for collection of information by journalists in the territory of a counterterrorism operation shall be defined by the head of the counterterrorism operation.” [144] They forbid media outlets from disseminating information on special means, techniques, and tactics used in connection with an operation. [145] In addition, media cannot be used “for dissemination of materials containing public incitement to terrorist activity, of providing public justification of terrorism, or of other extremist materials.” [146] Twenty-nine European countries have signed the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, which requires states to criminalize “public provocation” of terrorism, a crime that could include indirect incitement. [147] The convention defines public provocation as the public dissemination of a message “with the intent to incite the commission of a terrorist offence, where such conduct, whether or not directly advocating terrorist offences, causes a danger that one or more such offences may be committed.” Ethiopia: Journalists Sentenced as “Terrorists” In June 2012, Ethiopia’s Federal High Court used the country’s deeply flawed Anti-Terrorism Proclamation of 2009 to convict six journalists—along with 18 others including political opposition leaders—on terrorism-related charges, despite a lack of evidence and failure to investigate allegations that some defendants had been tortured. It was the country’s third high-profile “terrorism” verdict in six months. [148] Eskinder Nega Fenta, an independent journalist and blogger who had been honored earlier in the year with the prestigious PEN/Goldsmith Freedom to Write award, was convicted of conspiracy to commit terrorist acts, which carries a sentence of 15 years to life imprisonment or death, as well as “encouragement of terrorism,” and “high treason.” The five other journalists were convicted in absentia. [149] Eleven journalists have been convicted under the counterterrorism law, along with at least 4 opposition supporters and 19 others. The June 2012 convictions were based on the counterterrorism law’s most problematic provisions. Two of the journalists tried in absentia, Mesfin Negash and Abiye Tekle Mariam, were convicted under the law’s article on support for terrorism, which contains a vague prohibition on “moral support.” [150] This provision is contrary to the principle of legality, which requires that persons be able to determine what acts would constitute a crime. Only journalists have been charged and convicted under this article. All 24 defendants were initially charged with “terrorist acts,” which are defined so broadly that authorities can use the law to prosecute lawful, peaceful dissent. [151] Similarly, all defendants were initially charged with “encouragement of terrorism.” [152] The law’s definition of this offense does not require a link to incitement but includes the publication of statements “likely to be understood as encouraging terrorist acts.” This could lead to charges for merely publishing the names of organizations or individuals deemed to be terrorists. The defendants had no access to legal counsel during almost two months of pre-trial detention. Complaints of mistreatment and torture by defendants were not appropriately investigated. Nathnael Mekonnen told the court that during his pre-trial detention he was tortured for 23 days, including being beaten, forced to stand for hours upon end, deprived of sleep, and having cold water repeatedly poured over him at the country’s notorious Maekelawi facility. Credible sources told Human Rights Watch that the court did not investigate his complaints. According to credible sources, Andualem Arage lodged a complaint after he was beaten by a convicted prisoner on February 15 in Kaliti prison, but his complaint was dismissed. The court prevented further questioning by defense attorneys and accepted as fact the response by the prison administrator that contradicted Andualem’s claims, without further investigation, the sources said. [153] In January 2012, Ethiopia’s Federal High Court used the counterterrorism law to convict three other journalists—as well as two political opposition members—of conspiracy to commit terrorist acts and participation in a terrorist organization, despite a lack of evidence and failure to investigate allegations that two of the reporters also had been tortured in detention. All five defendants were denied access to counsel during three months in pretrial detention. According to the charge sheet, the evidence against the journalists consisted primarily of online articles critical of the government and telephone discussions regarding peaceful protest actions. Journalists Woubshet Taye Abebe of the now-defunct weekly Awramba Times and Reeyot Alemu Gobebo of the weekly Feteh were sentenced to 14 years in prison, while Elias Kifle, editor of the online Ethiopian Review, who was tried in absentia, received a life sentence. [154] That ruling came one month after two Swedish journalists were each sentenced to 11 years in prison on charges of “rendering support to terrorism,” based on their having illegally entered Ethiopia to investigate and report on abuses in Ogaden, eastern Ethiopia's Somali region. [155] Possession of Publications Even the possession of publications that support terrorism has been made a criminal offense in some countries: Under the UK’s 2000 counterterrorism law, the possession of articles connected to terrorism—including terrorism-related publications or videos—is a criminal offense, so long as there is minimal showing that the person’s possession of the items may be related to plans to commit terrorism. Specifically, the law provides that “[a] person commits an offence if he possesses an article in circumstances which give rise to a reasonable suspicion that his possession is for a purpose connected with the commission, preparation or instigation of an act of terrorism.” [156] Another provision of the same law criminalizes the possession of documents containing information “of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism.” This extremely broad provision—which seemingly could bar, for example, possessing a map of London—also provides that a person charged with violating the law may defend against prosecution by proving that he has “a reasonable excuse for his action or possession.” [157] Bahrain ’s 2006 counterterrorism law provides that possessing a publication that promotes or approves of terrorist acts is a crime punishable by five years of imprisonment. [158] Uzbekistan’s Criminal Code criminalizes the “publishing, storing, and distributing of materials containing ideas of religious extremism and fundamentalism.” [159] Since Uzbekistan’s laws lack any precise definition of the terms “religious extremism” and “fundamentalism,” they can be applied to practically any kind of religious literature and, in practice, have been used expansively to persecute citizens for their perceived religious or political convictions under the guise of counterterrorism. Many Uzbeks have been imprisoned for possessing or distributing the literature of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist movement that seeks implementation of a strict Islamic doctrine and the creation of an Islamic caliphate in Central Asia. [160] In some cases, the authorities rounded up and imprisoned members of Hizb ut-Tahrir study groups and charged them with crimes including intent to commit subversion for reading traditional Islamic texts as well as literature published by Hizb ut-Tahrir. [161] VI. Restricting Peaceful Assembly Some counterterrorism laws specifically target demonstrations. In 2006 the UN special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism noted “with concern the increase of infringements upon the exercise of the right to freedom of assembly and association in the name of counter-terrorism.” Any limitations on this right “must be narrowly construed as to their objective, i.e. counter-terrorism.” [162] Yet laws infringing on these rights continue to be used to quash legitimate protest. The right to peaceful assembly is protected under international law. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allows restrictions on peaceful assembly only when “necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order, … the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” [163] Some counterterrorism laws contain vaguely worded provisions that open the door to far-reaching restrictions on assembly. Saudi Arabia’s draft counterterrorism law, for example, would criminalize “organizing a demonstration, participating in its organization, assisting, calling for, or inciting it,” without any reference to terrorist acts. [164] The same article also criminalizes raising “banners or pictures that infringe upon the country’s unity or its safety, or that call for sedition and division among individuals in society, or inciting such acts.” Turkey: Jailed for Victory Signs Since 2008, the courts in Turkey have convicted hundreds of Kurdish protesters simply for participating in protests the government deems to be sympathetic to the outlawed armed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). The arrests are part of a broader crackdown that also targets legal Kurdish political parties and perceived sympathizers of the PKK and its alleged urban wing, the Union of Kurdistan Communities (KCK). In 2010 Human Rights Watch documented 26 cases of protesters prosecuted as terrorists under counterterrorism provisions enacted since 2005 for activities such as shouting slogans, making victory signs, holding up banners, and in some cases throwing stones. [165] The government has similarly arrested individuals for alleged association with armed revolutionary leftist political groups, among them the Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP-C), which Turkey lists as a terrorist organization. A number of journalists have been among those imprisoned on terrorism charges for alleged association with a group known as the Ergenekon gang, which allegedly plotted coups against the government. Other examples of cases include: A university student, Murat Işıkırık, served a sentence of six years and three months for making a victory sign at the March 2006 funeral procession in Diyarbakır for four PKK members, and clapping during a March 2007 protest on the campus at Diyarbakır's Dicle University. Released in November 2011, he faces further possible prison sentences of around 20 months for “making propaganda for a terrorist organization” for the same activities. A mother of six, Vesile Tadik, was sentenced to seven years in prison for holding up a banner with a slogan “The approach to peace lies through Öcalan” during a December 2009 protest in Kurtalan, Siirt, against the prison conditions of the imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan. Her case is on appeal. In June 2012, a Turkish court convicted students Berna Yılmaz and Ferhat Tüzer to prison sentences of eight years and five months for acts that included unfurling a banner at a protest that read, “We want free education, we will get it,” during an event attended by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in March 2010. The students were convicted of membership in an armed organization (DHKP/C) and making propaganda for the organization staging that protest, as well as for participating in similar non-violent protests against the United States, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. They spent 19 months in detention during their trial and were released from prison in 2011. If the Court of Cassation upholds their sentences they will spend four more years in prison. [166] In most cases, the courts charged or convicted protesters, activists, and others using two provisions of the Turkish Penal Code and Turkey’s counterterrorism law of 2006. Article 220/6 of the penal code states that “a person who commits a crime on behalf of the organization although he or she is not a member of the organization shall also be punished as though a member of the organization” (emphasis added). Article 2/2 of Turkey’s Anti-Terror Law includes a similar provision: “A person who is not a member of a terrorist organization, but commits a crime on behalf of the organization, is also deemed to be a terrorist offender and is punished as a member of the organization.” [167] Article 314/2 of the penal code criminalizes membership in an armed organization. [168] The courts also have charged journalists and others with “knowingly and willingly helping an organised criminal group” under article 220/7 of the penal code. VII. Broad Police Powers More than 120 counterterrorism laws vastly expand police powers to surveil, search persons and property, make arrests, and seize objects and contraband in cases the police deem related to terrorism, in many cases without judicial warrant. By enhancing the ability of police forces to act without judicial approval, and lowering—or removing altogether—the grounds of reasonable suspicion or probable cause ordinarily required to justify police interference, these laws may violate the right to privacy and encourage racial profiling and the targeting of minorities. As the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) warned in 2007, “[counterterrorism] laws, based on police discretion, reduce the potential for oversight by courts and other accountability bodies, thereby creating an environment favourable to police misconduct and human rights abuses.” [169] Warrantless Arrests and Searches Several countries have enacted provisions permitting the police to conduct warrantless arrests and searches in “urgent” situations. Because many such laws do not provide a clear definition of “urgency” or specific criteria to serve as guidelines in determining whether a case is urgent, they grant broad discretion to police to enter premises and search persons without prior judicial authorization. Such provisions can significantly reduce a suspect’s ability to challenge the legality of a police search. This right is explicitly denied where the provisions include clauses immunizing the police from civil or criminal liability for their actions (see section below). Even under laws that do not specifically preclude challenges to the legality of police actions, courts may have no way of determining whether a case was legitimately one of “urgency” if the law does not provide clear criteria upon which to make that judgment: The counterterrorism laws of Tanzania, Mauritius, and Gambia all include provisions that grant police a range of powers that can be exercised without a warrant in cases of urgency, where an officer above a certain rank determines that applying for a warrant would cause a delay prejudicial to public safety or public order. In such cases, the police are empowered to enter and search premises, search any persons or vehicles therein, seize property, and detain or arrest individuals. [170] Zambia’s counterterrorism law permits warrantless searches and seizures of property—but not warrantless arrests—in cases of “urgency” in which the process of obtaining a warrant would cause a delay that might be prejudicial to public safety or order. [171] Under Uganda’s counterterrorism law, if an investigating officer has reasonable grounds to believe that a case is one of “great urgency” and that “in the interest of the State, immediate action is necessary,” the officer may grant written authorization for any other officer to enter and search premises, search the persons therein, and seize and retain property, all without a warrant. [172] Police powers granted under these provisions include the power to search for material categorized as “excluded material,” including personal business records held in confidence, human tissue or fluid taken for medical purposes held in confidence, and journalistic material held in confidence. [173] Malaysia’s Security Offences (Special Measures) Bill of 2012, which at this writing had been passed but not activated, allows police to make an arrest without a warrant if the officer merely “has reason to believe” that the person may be involved in security offenses, many of which are vaguely defined. [174] It also gives the police broad powers to conduct searches and intercept communications without judicial warrant. The government promoted the bill as a rights-respecting reform of the notorious Internal Security Act, which allowed indefinite detention without charge or trial of alleged terrorists and other national security suspects. [175] The UK’s 2000 Terrorism Act outlines a framework in which a police officer above a certain rank may authorize the warrantless search of a premises (and persons therein) where the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the case is one of “great emergency” and that “immediate action is necessary.” [176] The law does not, however, require officers to have reason to believe that the material being sought will be of value to a terrorist investigation. [177] No criteria are set out by the law to serve as guidelines in making such a determination. [178] Australia’s Crimes Act, as amended in 2010, grants federal police broad powers to enter private premises without a warrant if the officer suspects that a “thing” is on the premises that is relevant to a terrorism offense and that there is a serious and imminent threat to a person’s life, health, or safety. [179] The Crimes Act does not define the term “thing.” Hungary’s TEK: “Orwellian Powers” Hungary’s Counter-Terrorism Centre, known by its Hungarian acronym TEK, is a counterterrorism force established in September 2010 that can engage in secret surveillance, searches, and data collection without a judicial warrant. [180] The government created the TEK to protect Hungary during its six-month rotating presidency of the European Union in January 2011, but retained the force after its rotation ended. [181] According to Kim Lane Scheppele, director of the Program in Law and Public Affairs at Princeton University, the TEK operates outside the regular security force command structure and has “amassed truly Orwellian powers, including virtually unlimited powers of secret surveillance and secret data collection.” [182] The TEK can secretly enter and search homes, engage in wiretapping, make audio and video recordings of people, search mail and packages, and confiscate electronic data such as the content of computers and email. Ordinary police in Hungary are allowed to enter homes or wiretap phones only after obtaining a warrant from a judge. The TEK, whose chief is appointed by the prime minister, requires only the approval of the justice minister to carry out such activities. [183] The TEK also can compel financial and communications companies and state agencies to secretly hand over data on individuals—including bank records, phone logs, and tax filings—without requiring that the requests be linked to criminal investigations or approved by a prosecutor. [184] In 2012 the Budapest-based Eotvos Karoly Public Policy Institute filed a petition in Hungary ’s Constitutional Court seeking to annul the provisions on secret surveillance without a judicial warrant, arguing that they violated the constitutional right to privacy. [185] Random Searches in Designated Areas Many counterterrorism laws also permit what are essentially random police searches of persons and their property within designated areas, which in some cases encompass vast territory. Most such laws permit the designation of these areas by a member of the executive branch, at the request of the police, or by a member of the police force, on vaguely defined terms that are difficult to review in court. These laws may encroach on the internationally protected right to privacy, which has been interpreted to include the right to be free from arbitrary interference even if that interference is otherwise authorized by law. [186] In addition, laws permitting such broad use of search powers may, in practice, have a disproportionate effect on minorities and sanction racial profiling by the police: In Russia, Federal Law No. 35 on Counteracting Terrorism of 2006—enacted in the context of the ongoing conflict with Islamist militant groups in the North Caucasus—vastly expanded the concept of a “counterterrorism operations regime” as part of its efforts to quash insurgency groups in the region. [187] While Russia’s previous counterterrorism law provided for territorial limitations on a counterterrorism operation zone (a delimited territory, or a building or vehicle and the territory adjacent to it), the 2006 law allows the head of counterterrorism operations in the region where the operation is conducted to determine the territorial and temporal scope of the operation. [188] During counterterrorism operations, security services and law enforcement may conduct warrantless document checks and personal searches and impose limits on the free movement of people and vehicles. [189] The law does not specify preconditions that must exist for launching a counterterrorism operation. It only stipulates that a “counterterrorism operation is conducted to repress a terrorist attack if there is no way to do so by other means.” [190] The law gives local security services the right to launch counterterrorism operations in their respective territories and exclusive rights and responsibility to determine the targets, timing, scope, and subjects of the operations. [191] It provides for large-scale use of military forces in counterterrorism operations. [192] The restrictions are similar to those invoked under a state of emergency. But in contrast to a state of emergency, counterterrorism operations are not subject to parliamentary control and do not need to be reported to the UN or the Council of Europe. [193] Australia ’s Crimes Act, as amended in 2005, grants the federal police powers to question, search, and seize property from individuals and vehicles in areas that are designated “prescribed security zones” by the executive, without requiring officers to have reasonable suspicion that searched persons might have committed, be committing, or be about to commit a terrorist act. [194] The designation of an area as a “prescribed security zone” is made by the ministers of home affairs and justice at the request of a police officer, if the officer considers that doing so would assist in “preventing” terrorist activity or responding to activity that has already occurred. The designation may remain in force for up to 28 days—a period that imposes a potentially unnecessary or disproportionate restriction on freedom of assembly and expression. [195] UK: Abusive “Stop-and-Search” Power Hundreds of thousands of people were stopped and searched without reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing under a provision of the UK’s 2000 counterterrorism law before it was scaled back in 2011 and replaced the following year. The safeguards in the 2000 law were inadequate, and the absence of a requirement of suspicion led to improper and inconsistent use of the law, which damaged relations between the police and ethnic minority communities. [196] Section 44 of the law allowed an officer of the rank of assistant chief constable or commander of a London police force to authorize the police to stop and search both vehicles and pedestrians within a certain area, without requiring any reasonable suspicion of the commission of an offense. [197] In 2011 the UK replaced these powers with a temporary order that required that the officer making the authorization “considers it necessary for the prevention of acts of terrorism,” although it did not provide criteria for making such a determination. [198] In 2012 the UK permanently repealed the section 44 power and replaced it with the Protection of Freedoms Act, which permits an authorization to be made where a senior officer “reasonably suspects that an act of terrorism” will take place and the authorization is “necessary to prevent such an act.” [199] About 550,000 people were stopped and searched throughout the UK between April 2007 and October 2010 alone under section 44 of the law, yet not one person was successfully prosecuted for a terrorism offense as a result. [200] Human Rights Watch’s research found that the police were stopping and searching railway enthusiasts, photographers, and young children. Human Rights Watch also gathered anecdotal evidence that in some cases white people were being stopped specifically to mask the extent to which ethnic minorities were being targeted. [201] The UK temporarily suspended the stop-and-search power after the European Court of Human Rights in 2010 rejected a final appeal by the UK against a ruling by the court that the provisions violated the right to a private life and lacked “adequate legal safeguards against abuse.” [202] In 2008 the UN special rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief concluded that the measure had a disproportionate impact on ethnic and religious minorities including persons of South Asian origin and Muslims. [203] That same year, the UN Human Rights Committee recommended that the UK review the stop-and-search provision to ensure it was exercised in a non-discriminatory manner. [204] Expanded Surveillance Powers Surveillance operations conducted by the police can involve serious infringements on private life and commonly require the prior authorization of a judge. Counterterrorism laws in more than 100 countries grant increased powers to the police to conduct surveillance without such prior court approval, instead allowing authorities who may lack impartiality, such as the public prosecutor or the executive, to authorize the surveillance. This greatly increases the risk that individuals will have their privacy violated or be deprived of their liberty on vague and unspecified grounds: Malaysia’s Criminal Procedure Code (Amendment) Act of 2004 empowers the public prosecutor to authorize the police to intercept mail or telephone calls, enter any premises and install a device for the interception of communications, or require a communications service provider to intercept a communication. The provision sets a low standard for the exercise of these powers, requiring only that the public prosecutor consider the communication “likely to contain any information relating to the commission of a terrorist offence,” without requiring that such a determination be made on any objectively verifiable grounds. [205] Uganda’s 2002 counterterrorism law allows the minister of internal affairs to grant broad powers to members of the police force, armed forces, or other security forces to intercept communications and “otherwise conduct surveillance” of persons suspected of committing terrorism offenses, without court approval. [206] Powers granted to authorized officers include intercepting telephone calls, faxes, and emails; monitoring meetings; accessing bank accounts; and searching the premises of any person. The provisions specify that an authorized officer may make copies of communications, take photographs, or “do any other thing reasonably necessary” for the purposes of the subsection. The law also deems evidence collected as a result of such surveillance admissible in court. [207] Italy’s 2005 counterterrorism law enhances pre-existing powers of the intelligence services to conduct surveillance through the use of preventive wiretaps. Article 4 of the legislation allows such services to conduct wiretaps if a public prosecutor of an appeals court authorizes them as “indispensable” to gain information for the prevention of terrorism or subversive activities. [208] Indonesia’s 2002 counterterrorism law grants the police broad powers to intercept mail and packages delivered by post and other means, or to intercept phone communications for up to a year, in cases where a magistrate has ordered an investigation. [209] Expanded Powers to Seize and Question The counterterrorism laws of some countries bolster the ability of police officers to seize property without a warrant and question suspects without regular due process protections during the course of terrorism investigations: Australia’s Crimes Act, as amended in 2005, allows authorized categories of police officers to demand the production of documents thought on reasonable grounds to be relevant to the investigation of a serious terrorism offense, without the prior authorization of a judge. The law makes it an offense to not comply with such a request by the police. [210] Amendments introduced in 2005 to Italy’s Penitentiary Law grant law enforcement officials expanded authority to question prison inmates seeking information relevant to crimes of terrorism. The police already had authority to conduct interrogations without guaranteeing detainees the right against self-incrimination in organized crime cases. Interviews conducted under this section of the Penitentiary Law may be carried out without the presence of a lawyer and, in cases the police designate as urgent, do not require prior judicial authorization. [211] The UK 2008 Counter-Terrorism Act broadens police powers to question individuals after charges have been filed. Ordinarily, police powers to conduct post-charge questioning are strictly circumscribed under English law, and usually restricted to exceptional circumstances. Under the 2008 law, however, a judge may authorize the police to question an accused for a period of 48 hours, according to a set of broadly defined criteria: that it is “necessary in the interests of justice,” that the police investigation is being conducted “diligently and expeditiously,” and that the questioning will not “interfere unduly with the preparation of the person’s defence.” [212] The law permits further 48-hour periods of questioning if authorized by a judge. The law also permits adverse inferences to be drawn at trial from an accused’s failure to answer police questions. [213] While post-charge questioning is an appropriate method of limiting lengthy pre-charge detention, allowing adverse inferences to be drawn from a suspect’s silence violates the rights to remain silent and against self-incrimination. [214] VIII. Extending Pre-Charge Police Custody More than 40 countries have extended the period during which a terrorism suspect may be detained by the police prior to being brought before a judge or charged with a crime. The lengths of these extensions vary by country, as they did prior to the new legislation. The laws also differ on when and even whether a judicial authority must give prior approval for the detention. Prolonged detention without charge, particularly when coupled with restrictions on detainees’ ability to challenge that detention in court, creates conditions conducive to torture and other ill-treatment that will go unnoticed by the courts and unsanctioned by law. Prolonged pre-charge detention, particularly when not authorized by a judge, may also violate the right to liberty under international law. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that anyone arrested or detained for a criminal offense “shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power.” [215] Furthermore, anyone deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention has the right to “take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.” [216] The UN Human Rights Committee, an international expert body that monitors state compliance with the ICCPR, has explicitly interpreted this provision to apply to “all persons deprived of their liberty by arrest or detention,” including persons held in pre-charge detention. [217] Although international law does not impose specific limits on the length of time a person may be held before being brought before a judge, any prolonged period in police custody is not consistent with human rights standards. The Human Rights Committee has stated that “in criminal cases any person arrested or detained has to be brought ‘promptly’ before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power. More precise time-limits are fixed by law in most States parties and, in the view of the Committee, delays must not exceed a few days.” [218] In evaluating the European Convention’s provision on arbitrary detention, the European Court of Human Rights held that the “degree of flexibility attaching to the notion of ‘promptness’ is limited” and that consideration of the particular features of each case “can never be taken to the point of impairing the very essence of the right guaranteed … that is to the point of effectively negating the State’s obligation to ensure a prompt release or a prompt appearance before a judicial authority.” [219] Pre-Charge Detention Periods of a Few Hours The following countries have extended the maximum length of police custody by a number of hours: In Australia, police may detain an individual in order to investigate possible involvement in a terrorist offense for an initial questioning period of four hours, extendable by the appropriate judicial officer for an additional 20 hours—24 hours total—if necessary to preserve or obtain evidence of that crime. [220] The initial four-hour period does not include up to seven days of “dead time”—periods during which the detainee is sleeping, receiving medical attention, being paraded for identification purposes, or communicating with a lawyer, friend, relative, or interpreter. [221] Non-terrorism suspects may be held for four hours, with the possibility of extension for another eight hours—12 hours total. [222] As noted elsewhere in this report, however, other provisions of Australian law allow for longer detention periods for alleged terrorism suspects. Italy’s 2005 counterterrorism law doubles from 12 to 24 the number of hours that a suspect may be held prior to being charged. [223] The detention does not require any prior judicial authorization and persons detained under these provisions are not entitled to access legal counsel. [224] Pre-Charge Detention for Several Days Several countries have extended potential pre-charge detention periods to a few days: Under France’s 2006 counterterrorism law, French police may, in exceptional cases, request a judicial order to hold a person for up to six days without charge or without being presented to a judge. [225] A Council of Europe expert committee in 2007 concluded that this extended time period “raises questions concerning [the law’s] compatibility with Brogan and Others v. United Kingdom,” in which the European Court of Human Rights ruled that a period longer than four days and six hours was too long to be held without judicial review. [226] Prior to the law’s passage, the standard 24-hour initial detention before judicial review could be extended by a judge an additional 72 hours, for a total of four days, in cases of organized crime, terrorism, and drug trafficking. Four days remains the standard length of police custody in terrorism investigations. Antigua and Barbuda’s 2005 counterterrorism law allows a judge to authorize the police to detain an individual for up to five days in order to prevent the commission of a terrorist offense or interference in the investigation of a terrorist offense. [227] Under the Philippines’ 2007 counterterrorism law, police may detain an individual suspected of having committed a terrorist offense or of links to an imminent terrorist offense without a judicial arrest warrant, and thus without charge and without judicial review, for a maximum of three days. [228] In cases involving non-terrorism offenses, such detention is limited to 12 to 36 hours, depending on the seriousness of the offense. [229] Pre-Charge Detention for a Week or Longer A number of countries allow pre-charge detention for a week or longer: From 2006 to 2011, UK counterterrorism law allowed the detention of a person suspected of a terrorism-related offense for up to 28 days without charge, provided a judicial authority approved the detention beyond an initial 48-hour maximum. [230] In January 2011, the UK allowed the maximum period to revert to 14 days. [231] The UK had extended its maximum pre-charge detention period from seven days under the 2000 counterterrorism law, to 14 days under the 2003 law, to 28 days in 2006. [232] Then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair’s government had in 2005 asked Parliament to approve a 90-day detention period in terrorism cases, [233] and his successor, Gordon Brown, unsuccessfully sought extension of the period to 56 days and then 42 days in 2008. [234] Malaysia ’s Security Offences (Special Measures) Bill of 2012, which has yet to take effect, would reduce the initial period of pre-charge detention for terrorism and other high-security suspects from the current 60 days to 28 days. However, the shorter period still exceeds international standards for prompt judicial review, particularly when combined with other provisions, such as delays of 48 hours before the suspect is allowed access to a lawyer. [235] The bill is to replace the Internal Security Act, which allowed virtually indefinite detention without charge. [236] Almost 4,500 people were detained under the Internal Security Act between 2000 and 2010. [237] Indonesia’s counterterrorism law of 2002 establishes a seven-day detention period under which a person suspected of a terrorist offense may be held without charge and without judicial monitoring. [238] This contrasts with the standard one-day detention period provided for in the Criminal Procedure Code. [239] Trinidad and Tobago’s Anti-Terrorist Act of 2005 allows the detention of a person accused of involvement in a terrorist offense for up to 14 days without charge if they are interfering with or likely to interfere with that investigation, provided a judge approves the detention. [240] Under ordinary criminal law, a suspect must be charged in court within 48 hours of arrest. [241] An executive decree amending Fiji’s Public Order Act in 2012 allows pre-charge detention of suspects, including terrorist suspects, for two days, with an extension of 14 additional days at the request of the police commissioner and with the consent of the interior minister. [242] Algeria’s Code of Criminal Procedure generally permits two days of pre-charge detention—“garde à vue.” Amendments passed in 2006 permit a total detention period of 12 days for persons suspected of “subversive or terrorist acts.” [243] Algerian law does not guarantee access to legal counsel during this period, although it grants the detainee access to relatives. [244] Morocco’s 2003 counterterrorism law allows pre-charge detention of 96 hours, renewable twice, with the permission of the prosecutor. This effectively means that persons detained under suspicion of terrorism can be held without being charged or brought before a judge for a total of 12 days. [245] The law also allows prosecutors to delay access to counsel for up to six days during garde à vue for suspects accused of terrorism-related offenses. [246] Under Swaziland’s 2008 counterterrorism law, a judge can extend the detention of suspects to prevent the commission of terrorism offenses, or interference in the investigation of such offenses, for up to one week. An initial detention order is limited to 48 hours but may be extended to a maximum of 7 days. [247] The law does require the authorizing judge to specify the place and conditions under which the person shall be detained, as well as video recording of the detainee “so as to constitute an accurate, continuous and uninterrupted record of the detention of that person for the whole period of the detention.” [248] Under Zambia ’s 2007 counterterrorism law, a police officer may, with the consent of the attorney general, seek a judge’s order to detain a suspect for 14 days, with an extension to a total of 30 days, when there are “reasonable grounds to believe or suspect” that the person is “preparing to commit” or “is interfering, or is likely to interfere with” a terrorism-related offense. [249] The law provides that a detention order must specify the place of detention and conditions relating to access to a government medical official and the continuous video recording of the individual’s detention. [250] Pre-Charge Detention for a Month or Longer At the far end of the spectrum, several countries allow pre-charge detention periods for a month or longer: Amendments passed in 2008 to India’s counterterrorism law allow a judge to double pre-charge detention from the 90 days allowed under the Indian criminal code to 180 days upon a vaguely defined special request from a prosecutor. The law allows the suspect to remain in police custody for up to 30 days of that period, double the 15-day maximum period allowed under the Indian criminal code. [251] The Indian state of Maharashtra allows for similar detention periods. [252] Investigating police in India may also request that a terrorism suspect be returned to police custody for further questioning after being released to judicial custody. [253] Amendments in 2009 to Pakistan’s 1997 anti-terror law triple the maximum period that a terror suspect may be detained—from 30 days to 90 days—without the possibility to challenge the detention in court. [254] Russia amended its Code of Criminal Procedure in 2004 to allow detention of alleged terrorism suspects for 30 days without charge, compared to 10 days for other criminal offenses. [255] Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation of 2009 provides for “terrorist suspects” to be held for up to four months without charge. [256] Saudi Arabia’s draft counterterrorism law of 2012 would allow investigators of the Interior Ministry to order up to 120 days of incommunicado detention of terrorism suspects, and a court may extend that period indefinitely. [257] In Lebanon , an amendment to article 108 of the Code of Criminal Procedure adds terrorism to the list of crimes for which there is no time limit on pre-charge detention. Article 108 already allowed such detention of suspects in cases involving “homicide, felonies involving drugs and endangerment of state security, felonies entailing extreme danger,” and for persons convicted of a previous crime. [258] Under amendments enacted in 2002, Australia’s Security Intelligence Organisation may, with the consent of the attorney general and an authorized judge, detain a person for up to one week without charge for the purpose of collecting intelligence about a terrorist offense. [259] The provisions permit the indefinite extension of that detention in successive seven-day increments (“rolling warrants”) as justified by additional information. The detainee must be informed about the warrant authorizing the detention as well as his or her right to contact a lawyer. [260] Pre-Charge Detention without Judicial Authorization In addition to increasing the duration of permissible detention, several countries have increased the length of time a person may be held without judicial authorization or review of the reasons for detention. The duration of detention without judicial order varies greatly. In Israel, a 2006 law on criminal procedures for Israeli detainees suspected of security offenses extends the maximum detention period without being presented to a judge from two to four days. [261] Palestinian residents of the West Bank and Gaza are subject to other laws and military orders, and may be detained without judicial authorization for up to eight days under military orders, and for up to 14 days without judicial review under the 2002 Unlawful Combatants Law. [262] In Bahrain, the 2006 counterterrorism law has doubled pre-charge detention without judicial authorization from 7 to 15 days. [263] IX. Incommunicado Detention At least a dozen counterterrorism laws permit or encourage incommunicado detention during pre-charge custody, restricting detainees’ right to receive visits by legal counsel, family members, and other interested third parties. Restrictions are usually for a specified time but in some cases also limit the circumstances in which lawyers may be present, as well as the kinds of communication detainees may have with their counsel, family members, or other third parties that are not found in the regular criminal procedure law. The connection between incommunicado detention and the use of torture has long been recognized. The UN Committee Against Torture has stated that even where incommunicado detention does not involve the complete isolation of a detainee, “the incommunicado regime, regardless of the legal safeguards for its application, facilitates the commission of acts of torture and ill-treatment.” [264] The UN Human Rights Committee recommends that states enact provisions against incommunicado detention. [265] The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, which went into effect in 2010 and has been ratified by 33 states, bars incommunicado detention. [266] Restrictions on Legal Counsel More than two dozen counterterrorism laws specifically limit suspects’ ability to meet with a lawyer: France reformed its code of criminal procedure in 2011 to ensure that all detainees, including terrorism suspects, have access to a lawyer while in police custody, including during interrogations, but it curtailed that access in exceptional cases for high-security suspects including alleged terrorists. All detainees are guaranteed access to counsel at the outset of detention but in terrorism-related cases, the prosecutor may delay that access for 24 hours. A special “liberty and detention” judge can then order two subsequent postponements of one day each, in cases of imminent threat of a terrorist attack or because authorities deem it “ imperative” for international cooperation. These exceptions mean that terrorism suspects may be held and interrogated in police custody for up to three days before having access to a lawyer, as was the rule prior to the 2011 reform. If police custody is prolonged beyond three days, the terrorism suspect has access to a lawyer every 24 hours. Each client-lawyer interview is limited to 30 minutes. [267] Under schedule 8 of the UK’s Terrorism Act of 2000, access to a lawyer can be delayed for up to 48 hours if the police believe the access would interfere with evidence or lead to the alerting of other suspects. [268] The UN Human Rights Committee in 2008 expressed concern about this feature of the law. [269] The UK police also may require that a detainee speak with a legal representative “only in the sight and hearing of a qualified officer” for the same reason. [270] Mauritius ’ 2002 counterterrorism law provides that persons arrested on suspicion of terrorist offenses may be held in police custody for up to 36 hours and that a superintendent of police may order that detainees be denied access to anyone other than “a police officer not below the rank of Inspector, or a Government Medical Officer.” [271] The order requires only that the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that access to other persons will lead to interference with evidence, lead to the alerting of other suspects, or hinder the search and seizure of terrorist property. Gambia’s 2002 counterterrorism law contains a virtually identical provision to Mauritius law. [272] Other laws concerning access to legal representation allow longer periods of incommunicado detention: Under revisions made in 2012 to China’s Criminal Procedure Law, authorities may detain suspects in detention for up to six months at a location determined by the police in cases involving terrorism, state security, or serious instances of corruption. The revisions require law enforcement authorities to notify relatives or counsel within 24 hours of a detention; however, police are not required to disclose where or why the authorities are holding the detainee. [273] Saudi Arabia’s 2011 draft counterterrorism law would restrict the rights of terrorism suspects to be represented by a lawyer in every stage of criminal proceedings, including during the interrogation, as Saudi law currently provides for other categories of suspects. Article 13 restricts a suspect’s recourse to a lawyer to “a period of sufficient time, determined by the investigation agency before raising the charges to court.” [274] Amendments to Spain’s criminal procedural code passed in 2003 more than doubled the period of time a terrorism suspect could be held in incommunicado detention, to a total of 13 days upon the authorization of a judge. The amendment allowed five days in police custody followed by five days in judicial custody, with an additional three days of pre-trial incommunicado detention at any time after the 10-day period has expired. [275] In Israel, the 1996 law on criminal procedures for Israeli detainees suspected of security offenses extended the time period during which a detainee can be barred from contacting counsel to a total of 21 days. [276] Israel’s 2002 Unlawful Combatants Law, as amended, also allows Palestinian detainees to be denied access to lawyers for up to 21 days. [277] Further, Israeli military authorities may issue “prevention orders” barring Palestinian detainees’ access to lawyers for purposes of interrogation for up to 90 days, with renewals if authorities deem them necessary. [278] Under amendments in 2005 to Australia’s criminal code, a person subject to a preventive detention order has the right to contact and communicate with a lawyer, unless the police successfully obtain a “prohibited contact order.” [279] Although detainees may contact a family member, they are restricted in what can be communicated and may not disclose the fact that a detention order has been made, the fact of the detention, or the period for which he or she is being held. [280] The contact is limited to “letting the person contacted know that the person being detained is safe but is not able to be contacted for the time being.” [281] All contact with lawyers and visitors may be monitored by police exercising the preventive detention order. [282] The provisions also require that any detainee’s communication with lawyers, family members, or employers be made in a way that can be monitored by the police. The law does, however, provide that such communications are not admissible as evidence against the person in court. [283] Delaying Notification to Family Members Several countries—including Australia, noted above—passed laws in the wake of September 11 permitting the police to delay notifying family members and other third parties—in addition to lawyers—that an individual is being held and to otherwise restrict or deny their communications with or access to interested third parties: The UK police may delay implementing detainees’ rights to have a friend, relative, or interested third party informed of their whereabouts if they have “reasonable grounds for believing” it would hinder the investigation, even though these rights are explicitly affirmed in the same counterterrorism law. [284] The expanded provisions for incommunicado detention in Spain nullify the right of persons detained to have a family member or other third party notified of the fact of detention and the place where they are being held. Moreover, the right to receive visitors and otherwise correspond with a religious minister, relative, or other interested party who might advise the detainee is also rescinded in terrorism cases. [285] As noted above, in Israel a 1996 law applicable to detainees suspected of security offenses, and the 2002 Unlawful Combatants Law applicable to non-citizens, allow for detention without the ability to contact lawyers for up to 21 days. In practice, Israeli authorities have also prevented Palestinians from contacting their families for extended periods and from seeing doctors of their choosing. [286] The UN Committee Against Torture concluded in 2009 that Palestinians detained under Israeli administrative detention regulations, particularly when detained inside Israel rather than in the occupied territories, “may be de facto in incommunicado detention for an extended period, subject to renewal.” [287] X. Restricting Rights to Challenge Detention A small number of counterterrorism laws have provisions that restrict the rights of detainees to learn the basis for their detention or to participate in court procedures related to their cases prior to trial. Such restrictions may violate detainees’ right to challenge the basis for their detention, a right provided under international law: [288] Bahrain’s 2006 law permits a 10-day extension of the initial 5-day period of detention without charge (as ordered by a public prosecutor rather than judicial authority) and authorizes security forces to request extensions on the basis of confidential information that is neither provided to detainees nor can be challenged by them in court. [289] According to Israel’s 2006 criminal procedure provisions applicable to detainees suspected of security offenses, in some cases a judge may order the detention of a detainee for up to 20 days in a hearing where the detainee is not present. [290] Under Israel’s 2002 Unlawful Combatants Law, a person does not have the right to be present when the “incarceration order” is granted, although the order must “be brought to the attention of the prisoner at the earliest possible date.” [291] Finally, court hearings to authorize continued detention are conducted in camera (not in public) and the court may rely on secret evidence not provided to the detainee or defense counsel if the court “is convinced that disclosure of the evidence … is likely to harm State security or public security.” [292] While counterterrorism legislation in the UK affords detainees the opportunity to set forth the reasons against extending their detention before a judge and states that they are “entitled to be legally represented at the hearing,” it also allows judges to exclude both detainees and their lawyers from any and all parts of those hearings at their discretion. [293] Turkey’s Anti-Terror Law, revised in 2006, allows for a partial or total restriction of the right of a suspect and the defense lawyer to access the case file and the evidence against a suspect on the grounds that the criminal investigation may be endangered. [294] At this writing, the Turkish government was preparing to limit this period of restriction to three months after Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg raised concerns that the current provisions could prevent suspects from effectively challenging the lawfulness of their detention, making the provisions incompatible with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. [295] XI. Reducing Police Accountability In some countries, provisions in counterterrorism legislation protect or even explicitly immunize members of the police or other security forces from civil or criminal liability for serious violations of human rights. Such provisions subvert the rule of law and run contrary to the right to an effective remedy under international law, which requires states to ensure that individuals whose rights are violated have the means to legal recourse. [296] In addition, these laws may have the effect of condoning abuses by the security forces and as such may affect state compliance with other international obligations, such as the prohibition on torture and other ill-treatment and infringements on the right to privacy. Some countries also absolve other government officials from accountability for abuses committed during enforcement of their counterterrorism laws. Explicit Immunity Provisions Some counterterrorism laws contain sweeping immunity provisions for the police when injury, death, or damage to property occurs as a result of their actions: Mauritius ’ counterterrorism law of 2002 grants law enforcement officers immunity from civil or criminal liability for the use of force “as may be necessary for any purpose” that results in injury or death to any person or damage or loss of any property. [297] Gambia’s 2002 counterterrorism law contains an almost identical provision to that of Mauritius. [298] Belarus’ 2002 law states that “people involved in the fight against terrorism, in accordance with the legislation of RB [Republic of Belarus], are exempt from responsibility for damage inflicted during the conduct of a counterterrorism operation.” It does not define “people.” [299] Other countries have passed laws that contain immunity provisions precluding court challenges to any action taken by the police in furtherance of the law: Before its repeal in 2004, India’s Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002 provided that “no suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding” could be brought against either the federal or state governments or their authorities or “any other authority on whom powers have been conferred” under the Act “for anything which is in good faith done or purported to be done in pursuance” of the act. It also shielded any serving or retired member of the armed forces or paramilitary forces from prosecution for counterterrorism acts taken “in good faith.” [300] (Under India’s Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of 1958, armed forces have for decades enjoyed immunity for actions in “disturbed” areas that include shooting to kill and warrantless search and arrests.) [301] A counterterrorism law enacted in 2005 in Antigua and Barbuda contains a provision that prevents any civil or criminal legal proceedings against the police commissioner or the director of the Office of National Drug and Money Laundering Control Policy for exercising their powers to seize property they suspect to be connected to the commission of a terrorist offense. [302] Uganda’s 2002 counterterrorism law contains a provision under which “no police officer or other public officer or person assisting such an officer is liable to any civil proceedings for anything done by him or her, acting in good faith, in the exercise of any function conferred on that officer under this Act.” [303] Sri Lanka’s 2006 counterterrorism regulations include a provision providing immunity to any public servant or other person “specifically authorized by the Government of Sri Lanka to take action” under the laws, “provided that such person has acted in good faith and in the discharge of his official duties.” [304] Saudi Arabia’s draft 2011 counterterrorism law “exempts [all government officials] from criminal responsibility that may attach to them in carrying out the duties in this law.” [305] XII. Military and Other Special Courts Some countries have established special counterterrorism courts that do not meet international standards for independence and impartiality or that restrict guaranteed procedural rights of defendants. In some cases, special courts were established years earlier, but their use expanded dramatically following the attacks of September 11 or large-scale attacks by armed groups in the country in question. At least four countries have granted military courts jurisdiction over terrorism prosecutions, while at least three dozen allow the use in regular courts of special procedures for terrorism suspects—many of which violate international law, such as shifting the burden of proof to the defendant for certain offenses. According to the UN Human Rights Committee, Trials of civilians by military or special courts should be exceptional, [306] i.e. limited to cases where the State party can show that resorting to such trials is necessary and justified by objective and serious reasons, and where with regard to the specific class of individuals and offences at issue the regular civilian courts are unable to undertake the trials. [307] Human Rights Watch opposes all special courts for so-called national security crimes because they too easily can be and too often are used to try peaceful dissidents on politically motivated charges, and because important due process protections for suspects and evidentiary standards are often lacking or fall far short of international human rights standards. The right to justice and a fair trial is guaranteed in international human rights law. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that any hearing must take place in open court before a “competent, independent and impartial tribunal.” [308] Closed hearings are permitted only in exceptional cases for narrowly tailored reasons of privacy, justice, or national security. Among other fair trial protections, the ICCPR provides for the right of the accused to counsel, to be present at hearings, and to call and examine witnesses. [309] The United States is among the more notorious examples of countries whose special courts erode fair-trial rights: The United States created military commissions at the US military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to try suspects apprehended in the “global war on terror.” Originally authorized by then-president George W. Bush in November 2001, they were reauthorized in modified form via legislation passed by Congress in 2006 and again in 2009 after Barack Obama was elected president. The military commissions provide significantly fewer due process protections than US federal courts. Defense Department authority to appoint the military judges and intervene in other aspects of the case undermines the independence of the commissions and fair trial rights. The ad hoc nature of commission procedures ensures an uneven playing field between prosecution and defense. [310] While the previous military commissions law barred torture, it allowed evidence obtained by cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment and in some circumstances may have allowed evidence obtained by torture. Current military commission rules do not permit evidence obtained directly by torture; however, so-called “derivative evidence” obtained by torture may be admitted, as well as coerced evidence from someone other than the defendant. [311] In response to a string of deadly attacks in Nigeria by militant groups including Boko Haram, President Goodluck Jonathan in 2012 reportedly was preparing amendments to the country’s counterterrorism law of 2011 that would require groups designated as “enemy combatants” to be tried before military panels rather than civilian courts. Local media quoted a presidential source as saying the measure aimed to “curb the excesses of some lawyers” in civilian court. [312] Malaysia’s counterterrorism law of 2012, which has yet to take effect, allows courts to shield the identity of certain prosecution witnesses from defendants and their attorneys, depriving them of their right to cross-examine the witnesses against them. [313] The law permits the use in court of any information obtained in raids and investigations, as well as all intercepted communications—potentially encouraging the unlawful collection of evidence. [314] It also permits a court to order the continued detention of an acquitted defendant pending the exhaustion of all prosecution appeals, thus allowing the authorities to keep a person who has been found not guilty behind bars for years. [315] Russia in 2009 amended the country’s penal code to end jury trials for terrorism or treason suspects and gave prosecutors broader investigative authority in such cases. The provisions ordered terrorism suspects to be tried instead by three-judge panels. [316] Russia’s Constitutional Court in 2010 rejected arguments that the amendments violated Russia’s Constitution, which guarantees the right to trial by jury and bars passage of laws that abrogate or derogate from human rights, ruling that jury trials only apply to cases involving the death penalty. [317] Yemen’s Specialized Criminal Court—established in 1999 to hear cases related to crimes such as terrorism and piracy—routinely fails to meet “fair and public hearing” standards of the ICCPR. The court dramatically increased its activities after September 11, prosecuting dozens of alleged terrorism cases. Yemeni lawyers representing suspects prosecuted by the special court have repeatedly alleged they are not allowed to see clients’ case files in full or for sufficient time and that the proceedings are plagued with irregularities and result in convictions for which little or no evidence is put forward. [318] Turkey ’s special aggravated felony courts, established in their present form in 2004, prosecute terrorism offenses as well as crimes against state security and organized crime. They depart from ordinary criminal procedures on multiple levels, some of which restrict defense rights. Among these are longer police custody and prison detention periods, with the upper limit for detention on remand being twice as long as is the case with other offenses tried in regular aggravated felony courts; special restrictions to the case file and evidence; and the power to disregard the few restrictions under the county’s counterterrorism law to the state’s interceptions of communications and surveillance. [319] Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg has raised concerns about restriction of the right to defense before these courts and “the potential creation of a two-track justice system.” [320] Saudi Arabia: Closed Proceedings In Saudi Arabia, terrorism suspects are tried by a Specialized Criminal Court whose existence the authorities revealed in 2008 without publication of any authorizing law. [321] The court’s decisions are subject to executive approval; for example, the minister of interior, but not the court, can release a convicted prisoner serving a sentence (as well as a pre-trial detainee). [322] In 2008 the Justice Ministry announced it had appointed certain sitting judges to constitute the court to hear a first set of close to 1,000 terrorism cases to begin in 2009. The special court held all trials in camera and did not allow the accused the right to access legal counsel. It convicted 330 persons and acquitted only one in the first set of trials. [323] In April 2011 a prosecution spokesperson said that over 2,000 suspects were being referred to trial before the special court, while another 5,000 suspects had been released after “repenting.” In June 2011 local but not international media were allowed access to some trials, though reporting appeared to be heavily censored or self-censored. [324] The special court is empowered to hear witnesses and experts without the presence of the accused or their lawyer, who only receive a notice of the contents of what was said without revealing the identity of the expert, making it difficult to challenge the veracity or validity of the testimony. [325] It can conduct trials in absentia, and those who are convicted are only granted the right of appeal, not of retrial, if apprehended. [326] A Human Rights Watch investigation found that the special court is increasingly used to try peaceful dissidents and human rights activists on politically motivated charges in proceedings that violate the right to a fair trial. [327] In April 2012, for example, the court sentenced a rights activist and a political dissident to prison for peacefully questioning abuse of government power. The charges against the rights activist and the dissident do not allege that they used or incited violence. In 2012 activist Muhammad al-Bajadi was tried by a special court. Al-Bajadi is a founding member of the Saudi Association for Civil and Political Rights (ACPRA), which the government has not licensed. Intelligence agents had arrested al-Bajadi on March 20, 2012, after several dozen families of detainees had gathered in front of the Interior Ministry in Riyadh to press officials for the release of their relatives, some of whom had been detained for seven or more years without trial. On April 10 the court sentenced al-Bajadi to four years in prison and banned him from foreign travel for another five years for unlawfully establishing a human rights organization, distorting the state’s reputation in media, impugning judicial independence, instigating relatives of political detainees to demonstrate and protest, and possessing censored books. On April 11, 2012 the court also sentenced Yusuf al-Ahmad, an academic and cleric, to five months in prison for “incitement against the ruler, stoking divisions, harming the national fabric, diminishing the prestige of the state and its security and judicial institutions, and producing, storing, and publishing on the internet things that can disturb public order.” On July 7, 2011 al-Ahmad had published a video on his Twitter account in which he called on King Abdullah to release arbitrarily detained persons. Other countries have established special rules for terrorism trials that represent an erosion of due process guarantees under the state’s normal criminal procedure or international law. For example, some rules allow hearsay evidence that would be inadmissible in regular court, permit the use of confessions made under torture or duress, and establish strict limits on the appeal of convictions: Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation of 2009 provides for the use of “hearsay or indirect evidence” in court without any limitation. Ethiopia’s Code of Criminal Procedure bars courts from using forced confessions or statements. [328] However, there is no similar provision in the counterterrorism law. Official intelligence reports also are admissible, even if they do not disclose their source or how their information was gathered. [329] In this manner, intelligence reports based on information gathered through torture could be admitted into evidence at trial; if defense counsel cannot ascertain the methods by which intelligence is collected, they cannot show it has been collected in a coercive manner. [330] Some rules shift the burden of proof to the accused, jeopardizing the right to be presumed innocent under international law. [331] According to the International Commission of Jurists, “If a disproportionate burden is placed on the accused to prove facts, or to prove a lack of criminal intention, the [right to be presumed innocent] is effectively set aside.” [332] Uganda’s Anti-Terrorism Act imposes up to five years of imprisonment for destroying material likely to be relevant to an investigation, "unless the accused persons can prove that they had no intention of concealing any information contained in the material in question from the person carrying out the investigation.” [333] In India, a counterterrorism amendment passed in 2008 directs special courts to presume the guilt of an accused in two circumstances without a showing of criminal intent. The first is if arms, explosives, or other specified substances were recovered from the accused and there is reason to believe they or similar items were used to commit an offense under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. The second is in cases where fingerprints or other “definitive evidence” suggesting involvement were found at the site or on anything used in the commission of the offense. [334] In such cases, the burden of proof is placed on the accused to prove their innocence. This measure undermines India’s constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial and creates enormous risks of wrongful prosecution, particularly given the record of the Indian police in fabricating evidence. [335] XIII. Death Penalty Counterterrorism laws unsurprisingly prescribe tougher penalties for terrorism-related offenses than do ordinary criminal laws for the same underlying acts. Human Rights Watch found that more than 120 countries had enacted laws with heightened penalties for terrorism-related acts since September 11. Security Council Resolution 1373 called for those responsible for perpetrating or supporting terrorist acts to be prosecuted by terrorism-specific domestic laws and regulations for which “the punishment duly reflects the seriousness of such terrorist acts.” [336] At least 30 countries that maintain the death penalty include capital punishment as a sentence for certain terrorist acts. These include Bahrain , China , Ethiopia , India , Indonesia , Iraq , Morocco , Pakistan , Qatar , Somalia , Syria , the United Arab Emirates , and the United States . The list also includes Arab countries with laws based on Sharia, or Islamic law. Terrorist crimes in Saudi Arabia , for example, are considered crimes of hiraba;these crimes are said to warrant the highest penalties set out in the Quran, including the death penalty. [337] International law discourages the use of the death penalty and mandates that it only be applied to the most serious crimes, such as those resulting in death or serious bodily harm. [338] In 2008 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution entitled “Moratorium on the use of the death penalty,” in which 104 states voted in favor. [339] Human Rights Watch opposes the death penalty in all circumstances as cruel and inhuman punishment, one that is plagued with arbitrariness, prejudice, and error wherever it is applied. Belarus: Executions Defying Stay Order In March 2012 Belarus executed two men convicted on terrorism-related charges for a deadly bombing the previous year, ignoring a request from the UN Human Rights Committee to stay the execution until the committee considered one suspect’s petition that his conviction was based on an unfair trial and a forced confession. In November 2011 a Belarus court convicted Uladzislau Kavalyou and Dzmitry Kanavalau of carrying out an attack on the Minsk metro in April 2011 that killed 15 people and wounded hundreds. Kanavalau was found guilty of committing terrorist attacks and producing explosives. Kavalyou was found guilty of assisting him and failing to inform the authorities. [340] Both were sentenced to death. Independent experts and human rights groups repeatedly expressed their concerns about due process and other fair trial violations during the investigation and trial. Kavalyou’s mother alleged in a petition to the Human Rights Committee that her son was tortured into confessing. [341] No forensic evidence was presented at the trial linking either defendant to the explosion. Relatives were only notified of the executions after the two men had been put to death. [342] The Human Rights Committee called the executions “flagrant violations” of Belarus ’ legal obligations. It stated that it “had asked the Belarus authorities to stay the execution pending its consideration of the case. Such requests are binding as a matter of international law.” [343] Belarus is the only remaining country in Europe that uses the death penalty. It was among the first countries to pass a counterterrorism law following the September 11 attacks. [344] Capital Punishment for Non-Lethal Crimes While in some countries capital punishment may only be imposed when an act of terrorism results in a person’s death, in more than a dozen others it is prescribed as a penalty for crimes that do not result or threaten death or serious injury: Under Syria’s penal code, any terrorist act that results in a person’s death is punishable by the death penalty, as is any terrorist act that results in the destruction (even partial) of a public building or transportation vessel. [345] Indonesia’s 2002 counterterrorism regulations establish the death penalty as a possible sentence for acts of terrorism including those that do not cause death or serious injury. For example, the death penalty may be used to punish the act of transporting or hiding a firearm or “other dangerous material,” if the material is transported or hidden with the intent of committing a terrorist act. Incitement to terrorism is also punishable by death or by life imprisonment. [346] Saudi Arabia’s draft 2011 counterterrorism law introduces the death penalty for 23 acts and specifies minimum sentences, typically 10 to 25 years, without also specifying a maximum sentence. The law would allow the death penalty for crimes that threaten rather than involve violence. [347] The United Arab Emirates’ 2004 counterterrorism law effectively allows the death penalty for anyone who is involved in the successful perpetration of a terrorist act, such as organizing or running a terrorist organization, inciting someone to commit a terrorist act that causes death, and hijacking a means of transport to commit a terrorist act that causes death. If the terrorist act in question is planned but not carried out successfully, the penalty is life imprisonment. [348] Not all countries have increased penalties for terrorist acts. In 2007 Peru’s Congress tabled draft legislation submitted the previous year by President Alan Garcia that proposed to prescribe the death penalty for certain terrorist offenses, but only following court challenges. [349] The legislation would have violated the rule in the American Convention on Human Rights that the set of crimes punishable by the death penalty should not be expanded. [350] XIV. Preventive Detention and “Control Orders” More than a dozen countries have initiated or expanded the use of administrative (or preventive) detention or restrictions on suspects’ activities as part of counterterrorism efforts. Administrative detention entails the deprivation of liberty by the executive with no intent to prosecute the individual through the criminal justice system. In theory, detainees are not deprived of their liberty as punishment for past acts but in order to prevent future unlawful acts. Consequently, administrative detention results in the detention or restriction on movements of persons—sometimes indefinitely—without charging them with a criminal offense or bringing them to trial. Under administrative or preventive detention law, detainees may be held in police custody or in in the custody of the military or the intelligence services. A number of countries, particularly in Asia and the Middle East, inherited administrative detention laws from colonial governments, which frequently had used them to quash local independence movements. International human rights law permits administrative detention only under narrow circumstances. [351] However, countries often use administrative detention for matters that fall squarely within the application of existing criminal law, with the intent of avoiding the scrutiny of an independent and qualified justice system. Or they use such laws to deprive individuals of fundamental freedoms—such as the rights to association, expression and peaceful assembly—protected under international law. As such, administrative detention subverts the rule of law by granting executive officials powers that should properly be the domain of the judiciary. Administrative Detention Administrative detention laws may limit detention to a few days or effectively allow indefinite detention: Since the September 11 attacks, the United States has asserted wartime powers in the US Constitution and domestic laws to indefinitely detain several hundred terrorism suspects without charge and in many cases without judicial review. In March 2009 the government asserted in court filings that a resolution passed by Congress immediately after the September 11 attacks was the legal basis for detaining thousands of detainees without charge at Guantanamo Bay as well as in Bagram, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. [352] The resolution, the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), allowed the president to use military force against persons responsible for the September 11 attacks or anyone who harbored those responsible. [353] Provisions applicable to terrorism suspects in the US National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012 codify indefinite detention into domestic law. The provisions permit the indefinite detention of detainees at the US military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as well as of any future terrorism suspects. [354] The law also bars the transfer of detainees currently held at Guantanamo Bay into the United States for any reason, including for trial. In addition, it extends restrictions, imposed in 2011, on the transfer of detainees from Guantanamo to home or third countries—even those cleared for release by the US government. [355] Of the 169 detainees who remain at Guantanamo—some of whom have been held for over a decade—only six have been formally charged. [356] In Australia, the Criminal Code permits preventive detention for up to 96 hours if the arresting officer has “reasonable grounds” to suspect an imminent threat of a terrorist act and that the detention would “substantially assist” in preventing the attack. [357] The first 48 hours can be authorized by a senior member of the Australian federal police, and an additional 48 hours can be authorized by a specifically designated sitting or retired judge, a federal magistrate, or an administrative appeals tribunal member. [358] The amendments allow the detention to remain virtually secret, with no provisions for appeal. [359] Until their expiration in 2007, amendments to Canada’s criminal code permitted the police to detain a person for a total of 72 hours without charge if they determined it was necessary to prevent terrorist activity. [360] The measure allowed a police officer to apply for an arrest warrant on the basis of “reasonable grounds” to believe that a terrorist activity would be carried out, but with the lower standard of “reasonable suspicion” that the detention of the targeted person was necessary to prevent the terrorist activity. [361] Bosnia and Herzegovina: Detention of Foreign Suspects Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under pressure from the United States and other governments to clamp down on former foreign fighters with alleged links to terrorist groups, such as by stripping naturalized Bosnians of their citizenship. In 2008 Bosnia passed a law permitting indefinite detention of foreign terrorism suspects without charge, even when the authorities are not taking active steps to remove them from the country. The six suspects detained under that law include Imad al-Husin, who remains behind bars in defiance of a court ruling and who has never seen nor been able to contest the evidence that led the Bosnian authorities to conclude that he is a threat to national security. [362] Syrian-born al-Husin, who served in the El Mujahid unit of foreign fighters in the Bosnian army during the armed conflict in the early 1990s, was stripped of his Bosnian citizenship in 2001 on unspecified security grounds and has been detained without charge since 2008. In 2012 the European Court of Human Rights blocked Bosnia’s efforts to deport al-Husin to Syria on grounds that he risked ill-treatment if returned to Syria because of widespread torture in detention there and the country’s general security situation. The court also found that his extended immigration detention in Bosnia at a time when the government was not taking active steps to deport him violated his right to liberty. [363] The court called on Bosnian authorities find a third country that would accept al-Husin, bring criminal charges against him, or release him. [364] Bosnia’s allies have been silent about al-Husin’s indefinite detention without charge. [365] Security forces in the Middle East and elsewhere have held terrorist suspects in administrative detention with little regard for basic due process rights: Singapore’s Internal Security Act allows the indefinite detention of anyone deemed a threat to national security. [366] A number of suspected members of the Islamist militant group Jemaah Islamiyah are currently held under the law. The Internal Security Act was passed in 1960 in Malaysia; Singapore retained the law after separating from Malaysia in 1963. Saudi Arabia’s 2011 draft counterterrorism law compels terrorism detainees to undergo “rehabilitation” measures regardless of whether they have been convicted of any crime. Article 62 sets up special centers for the education of detainees and convicts in terrorism cases, “in order to rectify their ideas, and to deepen their attachment to the homeland.” Interior Ministry investigators may order a terrorism suspect or convict, “or whoever is surrounded by suspicion or instills fear,” to participate in rehabilitation centers in lieu of detention. [367] The law also allows a committee set up by the Interior Ministry to continue administrative detention for persons convicted of terrorism crimes whose sentence is about to end. The committee’s decisions are subject to appeal to the specialized court. [368] Israel: Indefinite Detention Israel’s Incarceration of Unlawful Combatants Law, amended with further restrictions in 2008, allows for the administrative detention of Palestinians from the occupied territories if there is “reasonable cause to believe” that the individual “has participated either directly or indirectly in hostile acts against the State of Israel or is a member of a force” that perpetrates such acts. [369] A person so detained may be held initially for up to 14 days prior to judicial review. [370] The law states that such a person “shall be regarded as someone whose release will harm state security as long as the hostilities of that force against the State of Israel have not ended, as long as the contrary has not been proved.” [371] The law further states that the defense minister’s determination that the hostilities of the force against Israel are ongoing “shall serve as evidence in any legal proceeding, unless the contrary is proved.” [372] In practice, Israel has enforced the Unlawful Combatants Law against Palestinians from the Gaza Strip. Israeli military orders also allow for the administrative detention of Palestinians. [373] Under both the Unlawful Combatants Law and military orders, a judge (or a military judge, respectively) may approve a further detention period of up to six months, a period that may be renewed indefinitely as long as the judge concurs that releasing the person would harm security. [374] Under military orders, administrative detainees are detained on the basis of secret evidence, which they and their lawyers are not permitted to see, that the detainee presents a security threat. [375] Because the military does not indict administrative detainees for any particular offense, detainees are unable to defend themselves against specific charges. The standard of evidence is also lower than in a criminal proceeding – not proof “beyond a reasonable doubt,” but merely “reasonable grounds to assume” that the detainee might pose a security risk. Israeli military prosecutors often justify the use of secret evidence on the basis that it comes from Palestinian collaborators whose lives could be endangered if the evidence were disclosed. Yet in practice, Human Rights Watch has found, military courts do not even consider alternatives that would give the semblance of balancing such concerns against due process rights, such as by redaction or partial disclosure of the confidential evidence. Israel has asserted that the Geneva Conventions of 1949 allow it to detain Palestinians without charge for “imperative reasons of security.” [376] The authoritative commentary by the International Committee of the Red Cross on the conventions states that “such measures can only be ordered for real and imperative reasons of security; their exceptional character must be preserved.” [377] As of December 31, 2011, Israeli authorities were holding 307 Palestinians in administrative detention, up from 219 administrative detainees at the beginning of 2011, according to the Israel Prison Service. [378] Control Orders Legislation in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada established special mechanisms known as “control orders” or “security certificates” that have allowed detention or extreme limitations on designated suspects’ movements, communications, or livelihoods with the aim of preventing future terrorist activity. [379] In many cases, the provisions violate fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, association, and expression and the right to privacy and family life. [380] Although the harshest provisions in the UK and Canada were replaced following court challenges, the revised regimes remain overly restrictive: In Australia, control orders include prohibitions and restrictions on freedom of movement, including the use of a tracking device; communicating or associating with specified people; using specified technologies such as the internet; possessing specified substances; and engaging in specified activities including those involved in one’s occupation. [381] Australia’s Human Rights Law Centre has expressed concern that the process for obtaining a control order is based on secret information; is subject only to a civil standard of proof; and lacks transparency, due process, and regular review. [382] In Canada, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of 2001 allowed authorities to issue “security certificates” authorizing the prolonged detention or deportation of non-citizens without charge or trial, based on evidence the state could withhold from detainees and their lawyers. The certificates were issued on “reasonable grounds”—a lower standard of proof than used in criminal law—and allowed the state to withhold evidence from detainees and their lawyers. [383] Among other sweeping provisions, a non-citizen could be subjected to a security certificate for alleged membership in a terrorist group even though membership alone was not a crime in Canada under the 2001 Anti-Terrorism Act. The authorities used the security certificates to detain six Muslim men for months or years without charge starting in 2001. [384] Canada revised its security certificate regime in 2008 after the Supreme Court found that the use of secret evidence that was not subject to adversarial challenge was unconstitutional. [385] The plaintiff in that case, Adil Charkaoui, was reportedly detained in part based on secret evidence obtained under torture in Morocco. [386] Reforms to the security certificates system in 2008 included the exclusion of evidence obtained through torture and other degrading treatment, as well as the lifting of a 120-day embargo on a detainee’s ability to apply for a release. The revisions also allowed judges to appoint “special advocates” who could review and challenge secret evidence and attend hearings from which the detainee were excluded—but who still could not discuss the evidence with the detainees without specific judicial permission. [387] In the UK, the control orders in force from 2005 to 2011 contained similar restrictions to those in Australian law, but further restricted where a person could live and who was allowed entrance to their residence; allowed searches of their residence as well as the removal of anything found therein; and, perhaps most seriously, required a person “to remain at or within a particular place or area (whether for a particular period or at particular times or generally)” for periods as long as 18 hours a day. [388] Persons subject to a control order were not allowed to know about the evidence discussed in closed hearings or to give directions to the special advocate appointed by the court to defend their interests. [389] After numerous court challenges, the control orders were replaced in 2011 by the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures, which contain fewer restrictions while still imposing electronic tagging, overnight residence requirements, and limitations on association, communication, and foreign travel. [390] Malaysia ’s Security Offences (Special Measures) Bill of 2012, which is not yet in force, would permit the police to unilaterally impose electronic monitoring devices on individuals released from detention, a serious infringement of personal liberty. [391] Acknowledgments Joanne Mariner, former terrorism and counterterrorism program director at Human Rights Watch, researched and produced a detailed first draft of this report. Human Rights Watch senior researcher Letta Tayler updated and completed it. Stephen Smith Cody, a PhD candidate in Sociology at the University of California-Berkeley and former Human Rights Watch intern, compiled much of the report’s country-specific data. Former Human Rights Watch interns Matthew Goldfeder, who works in business technology, and Kate Oja, a Canadian lawyer, also provided substantial research assistance. Other former interns who contributed significantly to the report include Marian Messing, an MPA candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs; Catherine Rivkin, a US lawyer; and students with Yale Law School’s Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, under the guidance of director James Silk and Cover-Lowenstein Fellow Elizabeth Brundige. Adam Lewis, a Human Rights Watch associate, proved invaluable in fact-checking extensive sections of the report and putting it into final form, with the assistance of associate Elena Vanko and interns Danielle Fritz, a law student at Case Western Reserve University, and Will Colish, a law student at McGill University. We are immensely grateful for their efforts. Human Rights Watch staff members made substantial contributions to this report. In particular, we thank Alison Parker, US director; Eric Goldstein, deputy Middle East and North Africa director; Leslie Lefkow, deputy Africa director; Benjamin Ward, deputy Europe director; Andrea Prasow, senior US counterterrorism counsel; Mickey Spiegel, senior Asia advisor; senior researchers Maria Burnett, Tanya Lokshina, Emma Sinclair-Webb, Jude Sunderland, Steve Swerdlow, Bill Van Esveld, and Christoph Wilcke; researchers Laetitia Bader, Heather Barr, Eric Guttschuss, and Faraz Sanei; and fellow Ian Kysel. Further assistance was provided by Human Rights Watch staff members including Jan Egeland, deputy executive director for Europe; Bill Frelick, refugee policy director; Cameron Jacobs, South Africa director; Sophie Richardson, China director; Meenakshi Ganguly, India director; Rachel Denber, deputy Europe and Central Asia director; Nadim Houry, deputy Middle East director; Elaine Pearson, deputy Asia director; Joe Stork, deputy Middle East and North Africa director; Daniel Wilkinson, deputy Americas director; Balkees Jarrah, international justice counsel; senior researchers Giorgi Gogia and Ali Dayan Hasan; and researchers Carlos Conde, Lama Fakih, Lydia Gall, Amna Guellali, Andreas Harsono, and Max Schoening. The report was edited by Joe Saunders, deputy program director. James Ross, legal and policy director, provided legal review. Anna Lopriore, creative manager; Ivy Shen, assistant; Grace Choi, publications director; Kathy Mills, publications specialist; and Fitzroy Hepkins, administrative manager, ensured the smooth production of the final report. Human Rights Watch is equally grateful for the invaluable assistance of outside legal experts. They include Kim Lane Scheppele, director of the Program in Law and Public Affairs at Princeton University, who reviewed the full report; Kent Roach, Prichard-Wilson chair of law and public policy at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, who assisted with references to Canadian law; Emily Howie, a lawyer with the Human Rights Law Center in Melbourne, who assisted with references to Australia; Joshua Colangelo-Bryan, a consultant with Human Rights Watch and senior attorney in the New York office of Dorsey & Whitney LLP, who assisted on references to Bahrain; and Máté Dániel Szabó, director of the Eötvös Károly Policy Institute in Budapest, who assisted with references to Hungary. Country Index Zambia, 52, 68 Zimbabwe, 21, 26, 29, 30, 34, 40 [1] These figures include countries that have enacted laws exclusively on terrorist financing and countries that have revised existing criminal codes to incorporate counterterrorism provisions. [2] The Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC/TPB) assists states in becoming parties to and implementing relevant protocols relating to terrorism and in strengthening international cooperation mechanisms in criminal matters related to terrorism, including through national capacity-building. See, for example, “The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,” adopted September 8, 2006, A/RES/60/288, http://www.un.org/terrorism/strategy-counter-terrorism.shtml (accessed May 29, 2012). [3] Olivier Cahn, “The Fight Against Terrorism and Human Rights,” in Marianne Wade and Almir Maljevic, eds., A War on Terror? The European Stance on a New Threat, Changing Laws and Human Rights Implications (Springer Science + Business Media, 2009), chapter 17, p. 467. [4] “Egypt’s Chance to End State of Emergency,” Human Rights Watch news release, May 30, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/30/egypt-parliament-s-chance-end-state-emergency . [5] An Egyptian court suspended the decree on June 25, 2012, less than two weeks after it went into effect. See “Egypt court rules military cannot arrest civilians,” The Associated Press, June 25, 2012, http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-06-26-13-44-12 (accessed June 24, 2012). [6] For more on the Internal Securities Act, see Human Rights Watch, Malaysia – In the Name of Security: Counterterrorism and Human Rights Abuses under Malaysia’s Internal Security Act, May 2004, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/05/24/name-security . [7] International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Assessing Damage, Urging Action: Report of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights, 2009, http://ejp.icj.org/IMG/EJP-Report.pdf (accessed May 17, 2012), p. 41. [8] See Kent Roach, The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism (Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 45. For more on the UN response to September 11 see chapter 2 of The 9/11 Effect, as well as James Cockayne, Alistair Millar, David Cortright, and Peter Romaniuk, Reshaping United Nations Counterterrorism Efforts, Center for Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, March 2012, http://www.globalct.org/images/content/pdf/reports/Reshaping_UNCTEfforts_Blue-Sky-Thinking.pdf (accessed June 27, 2012), Part I. [9] This figure includes substantive counterterrorism-related revisions to criminal codes as well as a small number of laws on terrorist financing. [10] UN Security Council, Resolution 1368 (2001), S/RES/1368 (2001) http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3c4e94557.html (accessed June 20, 2012), para. 4. [11] See, for example, UN Security Council, Resolution 1373 (2001), S/RES/1373, September 28, 2001, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3c4e94552a.html (accessed June 22, 2012). Chapter VII of the UN Charter sets out the Security Council's powers to maintain international peace and security: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml (accessed June 19, 2012), para 4. [12] Indeed, the director of the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), created by the UN Security Council to monitor implementation of Resolution 1373 and subsequently Resolution 1524, said in 2002 that “human rights law is outside the scope of the CTC’s mandate.” The director at the time was Jeremy Greenstock, then-UK Ambassador to the UN. See Roach, The 9/11 Effect, p. 45-46. [13] UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, resolution and annexed Plan of Action, September 8, 2006, A/RES/60/288, http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r60.htm (accessed June 22, 2012), Plan of Action, Pillar I. [14] The right to life is protected under international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and regional treaties. See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force March 23, 1976, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (accessed May 10, 2012), art. 6. Regional human rights bodies have extended that duty to include protection from acts of terrorism. See, for example, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers’ Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism of July 11, 2002, which in preamble (f) refers to the “imperative duty of States to protect their populations against possible terrorist acts,” http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/HR%20and%20the%20fight%20against%20terrorism.pdf . Similarly, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights noted in its Report on Terrorism and Human Rights of October 22, 2002 that the state has the “right and duty to guarantee the security of all,” http://www.cidh.oas.org/Terrorism/Eng/toc.htm (accessed June 18, 2012), para. 107. [15] UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, resolution and annexed Plan of Action, Pillar IV. UN Security Council resolutions such as 1456 (2003), Annex, para. 6, and 1624 (2005), para. 4, discussed in further detail below, also reference states’ obligation to uphold international human rights, but without similar emphasis. See UN Security Council Resolution 1456 (2003), S/RES/1456 (2003), http://www.un.org/apps/news/docs.asp?Topic=Terrorism&Type=Resolution (accessed May 25, 2012), Annex, para. 6; and UN Security Council Resolution 1624 (2005), S/RES/1624 (2005), http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions05.htm (accessed May 29, 2012), para. 4. [16] See Eric Rosand, Alistair Millar, and Jason Ipe, “The UN Security Council’s Counterterrorism Program: What Lies Ahead?” International Peace Institute, October 13, 2007, http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/105-the-un-security-councils-counterterrorism-program-what-lies-ahead.html (accessed June 24, 2012), p. 4. [17] UN Security Council, Resolution 1373 (2001), http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3c4e94552a.html . [18] Ibid. 16 Charter of the United Nations, June 26, 1945, http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/ , Chapter VII. [20] UN Security Council, Resolution 1373 (2001). See also Human Rights Watch, Hear No Evil, See No Evil: The U.N. Security Council’s Approach to Human Rights Violations in the Global Counter-Terrorism Effort, August 2004, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/un/2004/un0804/ . [21] The justice minister in Swaziland, for example, in 2008 described the country’s new terrorism law, which it used to ban the leading opposition party as a terrorist organization, as “part of the UN conventions” that Swaziland ratified. “Justice Minister Ndumiso defends Terrorism Act,” Times of Swaziland, November 25, 2008, http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/SAK-Swazinewsletter/message/149 (accessed May 29, 2012). See also the case of India cited in Anil Kalhan, et al., “Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Terrorism, and Security Laws in India,” Columbia Journal of Asian Law, vol. 20, no. 1, 2006, www.abcny.org/pdf/ABCNY_India_Report.pdf , p. 213-224. [22] “Address of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay to the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council,” October 29, 2009, http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/rights/2009_10_09_hchr_brief.pdf (accessed May 25, 2012), p. 6. [23] UN Security Council, Resolution 1267 (1999), S/RES/1267 (1999); Resolution 1333 (2000), S/RES/1333 (2000); Resolution 1390 (2002), S/RES/1390 (2002); all resolutions available at: http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm (accessed June 18, 2012). See also Gavin Sullivan and Ben Hayes, Blacklisted: Targeted sanctions, preemptive security and fundamental rights, European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, December 10, 2010, http://www.ecchr.eu/index.php/ecchr-publications/articles/blacklisted-targeted-sanctions-preemptive-security-and-fundamental-rights.html (accessed May 29, 2012). [24] Sullivan and Hayes, Blacklisted, p. 13. [25] UN Security Council, Resolution 1373 (2001), http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm , para. 1(c). [26] UN Security Council, Resolution 1624 (2005), S/RES/1624 (2005), http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions05.htm (accessed May 29, 2012), para. 1(c). [27] For additional discussion of UN counterterrorism reforms and human rights, see James Cockayne, Alistair Millar, David Cortright, and Peter Romaniuk, Reshaping United Nations Counterterrorism Efforts, Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, March 2012, http://www.globalct.org/images/content/pdf/reports/Reshaping_UNCTEfforts_Blue-Sky-Thinking.pdf (accessed May 25, 2012), p. 7-9. [28] United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1456 (2003), S/RES/1456 (2003), http://www.un.org/apps/news/docs.asp?Topic=Terrorism&Type=Resolution (accessed May 25, 2012), Annex, para. 6. [29] Security Council Counterterrorism Committee web page, “Protecting Human Rights While Countering Terrorism,” http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/rights.html (accessed June 12, 2012). See also Rosand, et al., “The UN Security Council’s Counterterrorism Program,” http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/105-the-un-security-councils-counterterrorism-program-what-lies-ahead.html , p. 16. [30] Rosand, et al., “The UN Security Council’s Counterterrorism Program,” http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/105-the-un-security-councils-counterterrorism-program-what-lies-ahead.html , p. 16. [31] UN Security Council, Resolution 1963 (2010), S/RES/1963 (2010), http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions10.htm (accessed May 25, 2012), para. 10. [32] Ibid. The Security Council was reaffirming language used in the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy of 2006, A/RES/60/288, http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r60.htm (accessed June 28, 2012), Plan of Action, Pillars I and IV. [33] The court challenges also prompted the EU in 2009 to adopt procedural and due process reforms to the implementation of the UN 1267 blacklist regime. See Council of the European Union Regulation 1286/2009, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:346:0042:0046:EN:PDF (accessed June 12, 2012). For a detailed analysis, see Sullivan and Hayes, Blacklisted, http://www.ecchr.eu/index.php/ecchr-publications/articles/blacklisted-targeted-sanctions-preemptive-security-and-fundamental-rights.html , p. 57-61. [34] UN Security Council, Resolution 1904 (2009), S/RES/1904 (2009), http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions09.htm (accessed May 29, 2012). [35] UN Security Council, Resolution 1988 (2011), S/RES/1988 (2011); Resolution 1989 (2011), S/RES/1989 (2011); both resolutions available at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm (accessed June 18, 2012). [36] Martin Scheinin, “Report of the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” UN Doc. A/65/258 (2010), http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/258 (accessed May 25, 2012), para. 39. [37] “Human rights/Counter terrorism: the new UN listing regimes for the Taliban and Al-Qaida: Statement by the special rapporteur on human rights and counter terrorism, Martin Scheinin,” UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights news release, June 29, 2011, http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E (accessed May 25, 2012). [38] See “Intervention by Ben Emmerson, special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” Secretary-General’s Symposium on International Counter-Terrorism Cooperation, New York, September 19, 2011, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11430&LangID=E (accessed June 26, 2012); and Human Rights Council, 19th Session, Agenda Item 3, March 12, 2012, A/HRC/19/L.25, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/alldocs.aspx?doc_id=19740 (accessed June 28, 2012). [39] More than seven decades after the League of Nations first proposed a legal definition of terrorism in 1937, at least 250 definitions are in use worldwide, according to Alex Schmid, former officer-in-charge of the UN Terrorism Prevention Branch. See Alex Schmid, “The Definition of Terrorism,” in Alex Schmid, ed., The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research (Abingdon, Virginia: Routledge, 2011), http://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA, 39 (accessed June 20, 2012), p. 39. Among other obstacles to a common definition, states continue to disagree over when and whether to include activities of liberation movements and state military forces. See Report of the UN General Assembly Ad Hoc Committee, Twelfth Session, February 25-26, 2008 and March 6, 2008, A/63/37, http://www.un.org/terrorism/adhoccom.shtml (accessed June 22, 2012). [40] Since 1994, for example, the UN General Assembly has defined terrorism as “criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes” and condemned them as “in any circumstance unjustifiable , whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them.” See UN Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism, annex to UN General Assembly resolution 49/60, December 9, 1994, UN Doc. A/Res/60/49 , http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm (accessed June 20, 2012). [41] As the UN special rapporteur on human rights and countering terrorism has noted, many countries have overbroad definitions of terrorism that are used by government authorities “to stigmatize political, ethnic, regional or other movements they simply do not like.” See Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, “Statement by Mr Martin Scheinin, special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” October 24, 2005, http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/rights/2005_10_24_rapporteur.pdf (accessed June 12, 2012), para. 7a. [42] Human Rights Law Centre, Review of Australia’s Counter-Terrorism and National Security Legislation, October 26, 2011, http://www.hrlc.org.au/files/HRLC-Submission-to-National-Security-Legislation-Monitor.pdf (accessed June 12, 2012), sec. 3.2. In 2010 the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination underscored Australia’s obligation to “ensure that measures taken in the struggle against terrorism do not discriminate in purpose or effect on grounds of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin.” See UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, “Concluding Observations on Australia,” UN Doc CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17 (2010), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/cerds77.htm (accessed June 12, 2012), para. 12. [43] The special rapporteur called on states to adopt this definition. See “Report of the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ten areas of best practices in countering Terrorism,” UN Doc. A/HRC/16/51, December 22, 2010, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/alldocs.aspx?doc_id=18100 (accessed June 18, 2012), para. 28. Scheinin’s successor, Ben Emmerson, has stated he intends to “adopt and build” on these recommended practices. “Intervention by Ben Emmerson,” September 19, 2011, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11430&LangID=E . [44] UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, “A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility,” UN Doc. A/59/565 (2004), http://www.un.org/secureworld/report.pdf (accessed May 11, 2012), para. 164(d). [45] “Saudi Arabia’s Draft Counterterrorism Law a Setback for Human Rights,” Human Rights Watch memorandum, August 2, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/02/saudi-arabia-s-draft-counterterrorism-law-setback-human-rights . For a copy of the law in Arabic, see Saudi Arabia’s Penal Law for Crimes of Terrorism and Its Financing, 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/sites/impact.amnesty.org/files/PUBLIC/Saudi%20anti-terror.pdf (accessed May 16, 2012), art. 1. [46] Saudi Arabia’s Penal Law for Crimes of Terrorism, 2011, art. 29. [47] Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Combating Terrorism, 1999, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4417f4dd4.pdf (accessed May 11, 2012), art. 1. [48] Australia’s Criminal Code, schedule to the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Australia’s Criminal Code), sec. 100.1(1), as amended by the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00451/Download (accessed June 7, 2012). Both the UN special rapporteur on human rights and countering terrorism and the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) have expressed concern over Australia’s definition of a “terrorist act.” See UNHRC, “Report of the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Australia: Study on Human Rights Compliance while Countering Terrorism,” UN Doc A/HRC/4/26/Add.3 (2006), http://pacific.ohchr.org/docs/AustraliaA.HRC.4.26.Add.3.pdf (accessed June 12, 2012), para. 15; and UN Human Rights Committee, “Concluding Observations: Australia,” UN Doc. CCPR/C/AUS/CO/5 (2009), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/hrcs95.htm (accessed June 12, 2012), para. 11. [49] Syrian Penal Code, originally enacted 1948, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=1480 (accessed June 13, 2012), art. 304. Full code in Arabic available at https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Syria/Syria_PenalCode2004AR.pdf . [50] Tunisia’s Loi Contre le Terrorisme et le Blanchiment de L’Argent, 2003, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=1836&country=TUN&language=FRE (accessed May 11, 2012), art. 4. See also Human Rights Watch, Tunisia’s Repressive Laws: The Reform Agenda, December 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/12/16/tunisia-s-repressive-laws-0 (accessed May 23, 2012). [51] The United Kingdom’s Terrorism Act, 2000, as amended by the Counter-Terrorism Act of 2008, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11 (accessed May 18, 2012), art. 1(1)(c). 39 Zimbabwe’s Suppression of Foreign and International Terrorism Act, 2006, brought into effect July 2011, http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/legisl/061215sfitbill2.asp?sector=..&year=0&range_start=1 (accessed May 7, 2012), art. 2(1)(a). [53] Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation, No. 652/2009, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,NATLEGBOD,,ETH,,4ba799d32,0.html (accessed May 16, 2012), art. 3. [54] The definitions section of the law defines “aircrafts in flight,” “aircrafts in service,” “firearms,” and “explosives,” among other fairly unambiguous terms, but not terrorism itself. El Salvador’s Ley Especial Contra Actos de Terrorismo, 2006, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/El_Salvador_Ley_Especial_Contra_Actos_De_Terrorismo.pdf (accessed May 1, 2012), art. 4. [55] Ibid., art. 1. [56] “El Salvador Terrorism Law Misused against Protesters,” Human Rights Watch news release, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/07/30/el-salvador-terrorism-law-misused-against-protesters, July 31, 2007. [57] The charges were reduced to disorderly conduct and ultimately dropped. “Cambian el delito a los detenidos en Suchitoto en 2007,” Elsalvador.com, February 13, 2008, http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=6342&idArt=2074852 (accessed May 29, 2012). See also “Terrorism Charges Dropped Against Suchitoto 13,” Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (CISPES), February 13, 2008, http://www.cispes.org/action-alerts/alert-update-terrorism-charges-dropped-against-%E2%80%98suchitoto-13%E2%80%99/ (accessed May 18, 2012). [58] Bahrain’s Law with Respect to Protection of the Community against Terrorist Acts, No. 58 of 2006, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=8520 (accessed May 8, 2012), art. 1. [59] See UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change,“A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility,” UN Doc. A/59/565 (2004), http://www.un.org/secureworld/report.pdf (accessed May 11, 2012), para. 164(d). [60] Bahrain’s Law with Respect to Protection of the Community against Terrorist Acts, No. 58 of 2006, https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=8520 (accessed May 8, 2012), art. 1. [61] See “Bahrain: Free Protesters Immediately,” Human Rights Watch news release, April 20, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/30/bahrain-free-protest-leaders-immediately ; and Human Rights Watch, No Justice in Bahrain: Unfair Trials in Military and Civilian Courts, February 28, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/02/28/no-justice-bahrain-0 , Chapter III. [62] “Bahrain: Free Protesters Immediately,” Human Rights Watch news release, 2012. [63] Human Rights Watch, No Justice in Bahrain, chapter III. [139] Ibid. [140] Committee of Experts on Terrorism, Council of Europe, “Respect for human rights in the fight against terrorism: Introductory Memorandum,” April 20, 2007, http://www.libertysecurity.org/IMG/pdf_CODEXTER_2007_14_E_PACE.pdf (accessed June 14, 2012), para. 101. [141] Human Rights Watch, Russia – As If They Fell From the Sky, June 2008, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/06/24/if-they-fell-sky , p. 29. [142] The amendments were made via Federal Law No. 153 on Introducing Amendments into Specific Legislative Action of the Russian Federation in connection with the Adoption of Federal Law on Ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Prevention of Terrorism and Federal Law on Counteracting Terrorism, (О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в связи с принятием Федерального закона "О ратификации Конвенции Совета Европы о предупреждении терроризма" и Федерального закона "О противодействии терроризму"), adopted June 27, 2006. Ibid., 33. [143] It is not clear whether in this context justification must be interpreted the way it is defined in the commentary to the article 205-2 of the Criminal Code, that is, as public assertions that terrorist ideology and practices are justifiable and should be supported. This lack of clarity potentially makes it possible to use broader interpretation in connection with administrative suits against media outlets. Ibid. [144] Russia’s Federal Law on Mass Media, No. FZ-2124-1, as amended by Federal Law No. 153. See also Human Rights Watch, As If They Fell From the Sky, 2008, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/06/24/if-they-fell-sky , p. 33. [145] By law, the ban is only applicable to the situations when such coverage may interfere with the conduct of the operation and threaten people’s lives and health. The formula, however, is vague and therefore indirectly encourages a very broad application of the ban. Ibid. [146] Russia’s Federal Law on Mass Media, No. FZ-2124-1, as amended by Federal Law No. 153, art. 4. [147] Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, 2005, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/196.htm (accessed May 25, 2012), art. 5. As of May 25, 2012, 14 others had signed but not yet ratified. [148] “Ethiopia: Terrorism Law Used to Crush Free Speech,” Human Rights Watch news release, June 27, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/node/108325 .	i don't know
Which US government department oversees the US Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, commonly known as Food Stamps?	Record: Over 47 Million on Food Stamps for Entire Year - Breitbart Record: Over 47 Million on Food Stamps for Entire Year by Wynton Hall 11 Nov 2013 0 11 Nov, 2013 SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Food stamp enrollments have remained over 47 million for an unprecedented 13 consecutive months. According to the most recent figures available from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which oversees the food stamp program, in August 2012, 47,102,765 individuals were enrolled in the program, known officially as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Enrollments never fell below 47 million in subsequent months and as of August 2013 stood at 47,665,069, representing nearly one out of every seven people in America. Recent years have seen an explosion in food stamp enrollments. Since January 2009, the number of individuals on food stamps has skyrocketed from 31.9 million to 47.6 million.	United States Department of Agriculture
What is the name of the fault line that runs for about 800 miles in California?	Pennsylvania Food Stamp Program's Unofficial Guide You Are Here: Home > Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Food Stamp Program Introduction Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare oversees the food stamps program known as SNAP, or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The federally funded program is operated with assistance from the USDA Food and Nutrition Service. The food stamp program makes it easier for low-income families to afford healthy and sustainable diets, while struggling to pay other bills. Benefits are distributed based on eligibility and depend on the size of the household, as well as income assessments conducted by the county assistance office. In Pennsylvania, the SNAP program has helped thousands of families continue to eat well while enduring financial hardships. Households in Pennsylvania obtain more nutritious diets by increasing the purchasing power at grocery stores and super markets. If a member of a household is eligible, he or she may receive monthly benefits funded by the state and federal government through the USDA. The benefits are transmitted to an Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) ACCESS Card. With this card, individuals can go to super markets and use their food stamp card like a debit card to purchase approved food. There are various ways to apply for SNAP and you can even apply online and renew online through the COMPASS website offered by the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare. If you want to know more about SNAP benefits in Pennsylvania, you can visit the website by clicking here. Applying for Food Stamps There are restrictions on who can apply and how you apply in Pennsylvania. Only the head of household, spouse of the head of household, another responsible household member or a designated authorized representative can apply for benefits on your behalf. In addition, you can apply online for benefits by using COMPASS. You only need to create an account and start an application. You can always return to the application if you can't finish it right away or update it with new information if your status changes. You may also download and print an application to turn into a local county assistance office. You can find the form to download here, and you can see a list of county offices here. If you need help, you can ask a case worker or contact a case worker at a local office by phone to answer all of your questions. Receiving Food Stamps One of the biggest factors in determining your aid is your income. If you are working, you must be making low wages or only working part-time. If you make more than $2,000 a month with four people in your household, you will likely not qualify for food stamps. However, all cases are considered individually, and you receive an interview where you can prove financial hardship. You also need to prove a few other things, such as your identification, assets, household members citizenship status and employment, if employed. If unemployed, you must show that you are registered with an unemployment agency. There are maximum benefits that you can receive from food stamps. The largest amount is $1502 for a household of 10. Once you are approved, you will receive an EBT card with funds that are deposited each month for the purchase of food. With these funds, you can visit any grocery store or super market, and use the card like a debit card to purchase approved food items. Some items that are not on the list include tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, hot meals or items that are prepared for immediate consumption, and personal care products. Finding Food Service Locations SNAP is the federal name for the food assistance programs. Every state has multiple SNAP locations. In fact, every county should have multiple locations where you can use your card. You can find specific locations near you using the SNAP retailer locator on the federal website. For questions about the food stamp program or to inquire about other forms, you can contact the Public Welfare helpline at 1-800-692-7462. Get All Federal and State Assistance Programs Available To You First Name:	i don't know
The B-29 Bockscar dropped the second atomic bomb on what Japanese city on August 9, 1945?	Bockscar – History Wars Weapons About Bockscar Bockscar, or Bock’s Car, was the World War II, US B-29 bomber which dropped the atomic bomb, called "Fat Man", on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Fat Man, which was carried by Bockscar, was the second atomic bomb dropped on a Japanese city. This B-29 had been named after its former and regular aircraft commander Captain Frederick C Bock. Bockscar had been built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Omaha, Nebraska, as a block 35 aircraft. It was one of the 10 B-29 aircraft modified as a Silverplate and re-designated "Block 36". On March 19, 1945, it had been delivered to the US Army Air Corps, and assigned to Capt. Frederick C. Bock and crew C-13, from the 393rd Bomb Squadron of the 509th Composite Group. Then the Bockscar had been flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah. The original pilot and commander of the Bockscar was Captain Frederick C Bock, but on August 9, 1945, for the Nagasaki bombing mission, it was flown by the B-29 Great Artiste’s crew (crew-15), whose commander was Charles W Sweeney. The main target for the August 9 mission was the Japanese city of Kokura, but because of poor visibility due to a clouds cover, Charles Sweeney decided to drop the bomb on Nagasaki instead. Bockscar was also used in several training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped pumpkin bombs on industrial targets in Japan. Bock’s crew bombed Niihama and Musashino, and 1st Lt. Don Albury and crew C-15 bombed Toyama. In November 1945, it returned to the United States, serving with the 509th Composite Group at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. In August 1946, Bockscar was assigned to the 4105th Base Unit at Davis-Monthan Army Air Field, Arizona, for storage. Bockscar is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio. This display, a primary exhibit in the Museum’s Air Power gallery, includes a replica of the "Fat Man" bomb and signage that states that it was "The aircraft that ended WWII". Categories: Uncategorized	Nagasaki
In which sport did teams first compete for the America's Cup today in August, 1851?	Nagasaki August 9, 1945 Pinterest0 I still don’t know what to make of these guys. Like me, they were taking photos of “Bockscar,” the B-29 bomber that dropped the second atomic bomb on Japan 67 years ago Thursday. Unlike me, they are Japanese. “Bockscar” – named after its pilot, Capt. Frederick C. Bock — is in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton , Ohio. Next to the “Superfortress” is a full-scale replica of “Fat Man,” the A-bomb it dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. I don’t know what I expected the Japanese to do. Maybe they’d stare in numb silence or mutter curses or just walk away in disbelief when they realized the bomber was “Bockscar.” I don’t speak Japanese. But I didn’t detect anger, or bitterness or even sadness in their conversation. I ended up taking them for fellow aviation buffs. A few days before, I photographed the “Enola Gay,” the B-29 that bombed Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It’s at the Smithsonian’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington Dulles International Airport . Controversy, mostly stirred by academics, still surrounds the famous, some say infamous, missions of “Bockscar” and the “Enola Gay.” Seven years ago, the “Enola Gay” itself became part of the often heated debate over whether the atomic bombings were justified. In 1995, officials at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in downtown Washington planned to feature the fuselage of the “Enola Gay” as part of a special exhibit marking the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. Critics, many of them war veterans, charged that the exhibit focused too much on the death and destruction the bombs wrought and not enough on why they were dropped and how they ended the war. Ultimately, museum officials cancelled the exhibit, though they displayed the fuselage of the “Enola Gay” for a while. Several defenders of the exhibit were unabashedly left-leaning historians, like me. Some of them said, in so many words, that opponents of the exhibit were just a bunch of reactionary war glorifiers. I disagreed. So did The Washington Post, supposedly a mainstay of the “liberal media” conservatives so often scorn. “It is not, as some have it, that benighted advocates of a special interest or right-wing point of view brought historical power to bear to crush and distort the historical truth,” the Post editorialized. “Quite to the contrary. Narrow-minded representatives of a special-interest and revisionist point of view attempted to use their inside track to appropriate and hollow out a historical event that large numbers of Americans alive at that time and engaged in the war had witnessed and understood in a very different — and authentic — way.” The term “revisionist” is often used as a slam at historians. But all of history is based on interpretation and is therefore not immutable. Everybody who writes history is a revisionist to one extent or another. Yet don’t get me wrong. I don’t subscribe to the “my-country-right-or-wrong” idea that seems so appealing to conservatives — when politicians of their persuasion are in charge, of course. Nor do I buy the “American exceptionalism” palaver that even President Obama—the guy I will vote for again—is parroting these days. And Dr. Samuel Johnson was on the money when he famously observed that “patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.” Okay, I would say “can be the last refuge.” Anyway, count me among historians who argue that based on what President Harry Truman knew, and when he knew it, he was right to drop the atomic bombs. Revisionists basically argue that we didn’t need to drop the bombs because Japan had all but lost the war by August, 1945. Some of them charge that Truman had ulterior, even sinister, motives: He atomic-bombed the Japanese because they aren’t white people. He really dropped the bomb to scare the Soviets, our allies against Hitler, but soon-to-be our cold war enemies. The Reds didn’t have The Bomb in 1945. I submit the revisionists are wrong. Here’s what we know for sure Truman knew: Top U.S. generals had warned that an invasion of Japan might cost a million American lives, possibly more. British and commonwealth forces were expected to join the attack, too, and suffer as many as 250,000 battle deaths. The American and British brass based their grisly predictions on how tenaciously the Japanese fought in battle after battle. Truman became president in April, 1945, when Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Despite staggering losses in blood and treasure and territory they had conquered, the Japanese were showing no inclination to give up. Quite the opposite — the closer the Americans got to Japan itself, the harder the Japanese fought to preserve what was left of their shrinking Asian empire. They even turned to suicide tactics, squandering thousands of their men, notably pilots, to no avail. By August, 1945, we had beaten the Japanese from Midway, Guadalcanal and Tarawa to the Philippines, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Our losses were approximately 386,000, killed, wounded, missing or captured. Japanese military losses were much greater, reportedly more than two million. Hence, American and British generals reasoned the invasion of Japan would be a bloodbath because the enemy would be fighting on his own soil. The fall of Okinawa on June 21, 1945, put our forces on the doorstep of Japan. Still, Gen. Hideki Tojo, Japan’s dictator, refused to surrender. On July 26, Truman, knowing the bomb had been successfully tested, warned the Japanese to capitulate or face “prompt and utter destruction.” Japan refused to yield. (At the Yalta Conference in February, 1945, the Soviets had pledged to declare war on Japan after Nazi Germany was defeated. They would not do so until August 8.) So Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima. The atomic blast destroyed the city and killed an estimated 150,000 citizens, perhaps more. Still, Japan would not give up. Thus on August 9, “Boxcar” and “Fat Man” wiped out much of Nagasaki and 60,000-80,000 more people died. Not until August 15 did Emperor Hirohito announce Japan’s surrender. The Hiroshima and Nagasaki dead are memorialized in special services every August 6 and 9. Clifton Truman Daniel, Truman’s 55-year-old grandson, took part in the Hiroshima services Monday. Daniel didn’t tell reporters if he thought his grandfather was right in dropping the bombs. Given the time and place, who can blame him for the hedge? “I’m two generations down the line,” Daniel said, according to the Kyodo news service. “It’s now my responsibility to do all I can to make sure we never use nuclear weapons again.” Doubtless, Truman would agree with his grandson. I suspect Bock and Col. Paul Tibbits, the “Enola Gay” pilot, would as well. While Daniel demurred, Sir Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime wartime prime minister, defended Truman: “There are voices which assert that the bomb should have never been used at all. I cannot associate myself with such ideas. Six years of total war have convinced most people that, had the Germans or the Japanese discovered this new weapon, they would have used it upon us to our complete destruction with utmost alacrity. I am surprised that very worthy people, but people who in most case had no intention of proceeding to the Japanese front themselves, should adopt the position that, rather than throw this bomb, we should have sacrificed a million American and a quarter million British lives in the desperate battles and massacres of an invasion of Japan. Future generations will judge these dire decisions, and I believe if they find themselves dwelling in a happier world from which war has been banished, and where freedom reigns, they will not condemn those who struggled for their benefits amid the horrors and miseries of this gruesome and ferocious epoch.” This son of an 88-year-old decorated Navy combat veteran of the Pacific Theater thinks Truman was right to drop the bombs. The American lives saved likely included my dad’s. He almost certainly would have been in the invasion fleet. But he agrees, as do I, that it fitting and proper that the Japanese–and we Americans–remember Hiroshima and Nagasaki and like Daniel pledge ourselves to do all we can to prevent nuclear war. But it is an inescapable truth–an inconvenient truth to some revisionist historians–that had the Japanese not attacked Pearl Harbor, no atomic bombs would have fallen on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Japanese military clique that led their people to death, destruction and ultimate defeat in World War II, sowed the wind on December 7, 1941. They reaped the whirlwind on August 6 and 9,1945. Too, the claim that Truman was racially motivated in bombing Japan doesn’t wash with me either. U.S., British, Soviet and other Allied bombs killed thousands of Germans and destroyed dozens of their cities. Because they supported, or acquiesced in, Hitler and the Nazis, the German people also reaped the bitter and bloody harvest they sowed. We–the Japanese and American people–can all be thankful that today’s Japan is not Tojo’s Japan, not by a long shot. Perhaps that’s why the Japanese tourists reacted to “Bockscar” the way they did. The old warplane bombed a Japan as utterly alien to them as Hitler’s Germany is to modern Germans. I’ve never been to Japan. But I’ve traveled a bit in Germany, where, several years ago, I had the same sort of experience I had at the Air Force museum. My wife and I were visiting the museum at the Dachau concentration camp memorial. In walked a group of young West German Air Force officers. I can understand some German. I sidled up to the Luftwaffe men to watch and listen to them. Nazi influence was strong in the Luftwaffe in World War II. Hermann Goering, its head, was one of the top Nazis. But I was grateful to see, by their words and facial expressions, that these officers were as repelled by the exhibits documenting the murderous inhumanity of Nazism as we were. Berry Craig	i don't know
August 12, 1925 saw the birth of twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, who together compiled was famous set of books, originally conceived to help settle a bar bet?	Interesting Facts about Culture & Language Six fundamental ideas that commonly undergird moral systems: care, fairness, liberty, loyalty, authority and sanctity. The Cultural Sector in Canada employs more people than forestry and banking combined. In 2008, Canadians spent more than twice as much on live performing arts (theatre, music, dance) than on sporting events. There are currently 40 theatres that make up the area generally considered as "Broadway." Broadway brings 14 times more revenue to NY than all sports teams combined. Michael Jackson did not invent the moon-walk. Bill Bailey, a tap dancer and brother of singer Pearl Bailey, invented a step called the "back slide," which Jackson then adapted. The "high five" originated with two baseball players for the L.A. Dodgers, who congratulated each other that way in 1977. The gesture soon made its way into popular culture. In 2005, Canada's Rideau Canal skateway in Ottawa was added to the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest, naturally-frozen ice rink in the world. It also earned it a UNESCO World Hertage Site designation in 2007. In an article in American Scholar, Ralph Keyes says, Soon after they arrived in America, British settlers got busy with an important task: reinventing their language. This called for repurposing old words and coining new ones. Colonists called the plump, smelly rodents they encountered in swamps muske rats. Other forms of wildlife were named katydids, bobcats, catfish, and whippoorwills. To these settlers, sleigh improved on sledge, and the help reflected their values better than servants. A contronym is a word that can be its own opposite, for example, left can mean both to depart and to remain. The plural of octopus is octopuses, because you can't put a Latin ending ( i) on a word derived from Greek. The English language has a mysterious rule of adjective order, seldom taught in schools. According to linguist Mark Forsyth, the order goes opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun. Read the larger explanation at: http://tinyurl.com/h7qzwep Habeas corpus is a writ ordering that a person be brought before a judge, especially to decide whether a prisoners detention is lawful. Defenestrate was coined in 1618 from the Latin prefix de (down or away from) and fenestra, which means window. It originates from two incidents in Prague, known as the Defenestrations of Prague. In 1419 several town officials were thrown from the windows of the town hall. Then, in 1618, two imperial governors and their secretaries were tossed from Prague Castle. This event began the 30 Years War. Wreckage that sinks to the ocean floor and has no hope of recovery is called derelict; this word traces its origins in English to the 1640s and is derived from the Latin derelictus for solitary and deserted. Its meaning of an abandoned vessel may be traced back to the 1660s. Flotsam denotes that wreckage from a ship that is later found floating on the seas surface. The word traces its roots to the early 1600s and the Anglo-French floteson, which derived from the Old French flotaison (meaning a floating.) The word in English was spelled flotsen until the mid-1800s, when it took on its modern variant. Jetsam, first seen in the mid-1500s, is the stuff that was purposely thrown off a ship by its crew to lighten its load (usually during troubling times), and is washed ashore. The word is a modification and contraction of the Middle English jetteson, itself from the Anglo-French getteson and Old French getaison (meaning a throwing.) When a plane or ship captain uses the word Mayday, he's following a procedure which originated in 1923. Frederick Stanley Mockford, a senior radio officer at Croydon Airport in London, was asked to think of a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground staff in an emergency. Since much of the traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the word Mayday from the French m'aider, a shortened version of venez m'aider (meaning come and help me). Umpire is from the Old French word nompair, meaning 'not paired.' The umpire is the third, or 'not paired' person called upon to decide between two contestants. Milton Sirotta, the nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, was walking with his uncle one day in 1920 when Kasner wondered out loud what one might call 10 to the 100th power (the number 10 followed by 100 zeroes). A googol, suggested Milton, and the word google ended up as the name for today's famous company. The word computer was coined in 1613 to describe any person who did math calculations. The suffix ish, as in British, comes from the Proto-Germanic suffix -iska which meant country of. It morphed into the Old English isc before becoming the modern English, Irish, Spanish, etc. The addition of stan to the name of their cultural or ethnic group identifies that a certain place belongs to them. In English, we often use land to identify a nation or place, and familiar words include England, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, and Thailand, as well as Maryland and Newfoundland. Other languages use the convention as well, such as the German Deutschland. A study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that many of the worlds languages use similar sounds for the same things. For example, the R sound often shows up in words for red, a nasal n in referring to the nose, use hard K sounds for spiky things and B for round items. Comparing common words from 4,298 languages around the world, they discovered similarities in the sounds of different classes of words, from body parts to adjectives to pronouns to verbs to objects in nature. The T sound was often used in words for stone, and the S sound was often used in words for sand. The word sugar originates from the Sanskrit word sharkara, which means material in a granule form. In Arabic, it is sakkar; Turkish is sheker; Italian is zucchero; and Yoruba speakers in Nigeria call it suga. The only taste humans are born craving is sugar. The English word girl was initially used to describe a young person of either sex. It was not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that the term was used specifically to describe a female child. The average pre-schooler laughs or smiles 400 times a day, but that number drops to only 15 times a day by the time people reach the age of 35. Mensa is a non-profit organization open to people who score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardised, supervised IQ test. Because different tests are scaled differently, they compare percentiles rather than raw scores. Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 130.82. There are more than 110,000 members of Mensa in 50 national groups, and the youngest is Oscar Wrigley, who joined with an IQ of 160 in 2009. He was just 2 1/2. Mensa has just admitted Heidi Hankins, a 4-year-old British girl who taught herself to read. She has an IQ 59 points higher than the average score. Bingo has had many names and variations. The earliest name, lotto (or loto), a childrens game, was first recorded in 1778. The original American form, called keno, kino, or po-keno, dates from the early 19th century. The only form of gambling permitted in the British armed services, the game is called in the Royal Navy tombola (1880) and in the Army, house (1900), or housy-housy. Other American names are beano, lucky, radio, and fortune. Monopoly has had more than 20 regular tokens and 1,100 specialty tokens in its 78-year history, but this was the first time Hasbro crowd-sourced the choice. Fans on Twitter and Facebook selected the cat. Famous fashion designer Balenciaga began his career early. At age six he made a coat for his cat. Big Ben doesnt refer to a clock; it's actually the name for the bell inside that famous clock tower. Some popular hats include the Derby, which is known in England as a Bowler. This dome-shaped rigid hat with a curled small brim was created for an Englishman, James Coke in 1850s, and made stiff to protect the head. Peaking in popularity towards the end of the 19th century, it offered a midway between the formality of the top hat associated with the upper classes and the casual nature of soft felt hats worn by the lower middle classes. Founded in 1865, John B. Stetson Company began when the founder headed west and created the original hat of the West, the Boss of the Plains. This Western hat would become the cornerstone of Stetsons hat business and is still in production today. Stetson eventually became the worlds largest hat maker, producing more than 3.3 million hats a year in its Philadelphia factory. The word Fedora comes from the title of an 1882 play by dramatist Victorien Sardou, Fédora, written for Sarah Bernhardt. The play was first performed in the United States in 1889. Bernhardt played Princess Fédora, the heroine of the play, and she wore a hat similar to what is now considered a fedora. The hat's popularity soared when it was adopted by men, and eventually eclipsed the similar-looking Homburg. Canadian ceremonial guards who perform every summer on Parliament Hill wear real bearskin hats. They're made from the skin of brown bears, dyed black, and date back many years. A local furrier stores the hats and keeps them in good repair. The two women behind Ask Ann Landers and Dear Abby were feuding twin sisters, Esther Lederer and Pauline Phillips. After Esther took over the Ann Landers column in 1955 (the original writer being Ruth Crowley from 1943-1955), Pauline decided to start up her own competing column with the same theme, Dear Abby. However, they supposedly settled their differences shortly before Esther died in 2002. Due to the naughty dancing of the can-can girls and the scantily clad models on 1800s French postcards, the British equated anything risqué with France. In fact, that's how the phrase pardon my French entered the vernacular. The American Civil War was the beginning of left and right shoes, mass-produced clothing in small, medium and large, and home-delivered mail. Charlie Chaplin once came in third in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. Lon Chaney's parents were both deaf and mute. He learned to express himself through pantomime at an early age, moved to Hollywood in 1912 and became one of the biggest stars of the time, appearing in more than 150 silent films. Known as the man of a thousand faces, he masterfully used makeup to play tortured, grotesque characters in horror films such as The Phantom of the Opera. Mary Pickford, one of the first film stars, was also a shrewd businesswoman. After cofounding United Artists, she came to exert a profound influence on the film industry as one of the most powerful figures in Hollywood. In 1927, she became one of the original founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Freddie Bartholomew was abandoned by his parents as a baby and raised by a British aunt whose last name he took. A successful child actor in Hollywood during the 1930s, he appeared in such films as David Copperfield, which propelled him to fame at the age of 10; Little Lord Fauntleroy; and Captains Courageous. After he became successful, his biological parents launched a protracted and expensive court battle to regain custody of the child star. In 1895, the worlds first commercial movie screening took place at the Grand Cafe in Paris. The film was made by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, two French brothers who developed a camera-projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere brothers unveiled their invention to the public in March 1895 with a brief film showing workers leaving the Lumiere factory. On December 28, the entrepreneurial siblings screened a series of short scenes from everyday French life and charged admission for the first time. The Hollywood star who played the most leading roles in feature films was John Wayne (1907-1979), who appeared in 153 movies. The star with the most screen credits is John Carradine (1906-1988), who has been in over 230 movies. Bob Hope and Bing Crosby met when they were booked together for a couple of weeks at the same theatre. They started to ad-lib, which was popular with audiences. Five years later, in 1939, Bob was signed by Paramount and moved to California. He was invited to one of Bing's parties and they got up and reprised their old act to entertain the guests. A couple of Paramount execs decided to hire them for the first of seven Road movies. Lou Costello of Abbott & Costello signed an unknown Dean Martin to a personal contract, discovering him in a second-rate night club. The wiley Costello who introduced The Andrews Sisters hit Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy to the world in the first A&C film Buck Privates, quickly signed Martin to a personal contract. Unlike the idiot child he played onscreen, Costello was a shrewd businessman and he saw that with a nose job, Dino would have the looks of a matinee idol and paid for his novices rhinoplasty. Unfortunately, Martin dumped Costello for Jerry Lewis. The first feature film created solely with Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) was Toy Story (1995). Over 800,000 hours of mathematical equations went into the film, which works out to more than a week of computer time for every second on the screen. Variety was founded in 1905, initially a weekly newspaper for the entertainment industry in New York. It later became a daily with a Hollywood edition. It is credited with creating many new words, including payola, boffo, biz, nix, sit-com, punchline, strip-tease and legit. In 1923, Mark Sennett, Harry Chandler, and the Los Angeles Times put up the Hollywoodland (later shortened to Hollywood) sign to publicize a real estate development. The sign cost $21,000. To Have and Have Not (1945) is the only instance when a Nobel prize-winning author (Ernest Hemingway) was adapted for the screen by another Nobel-winning author (William Faulkner). Tivoli Gardens, the famous amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark, opened on August 15, 1843. It's the second oldest amusement park in the world, and the second most popular seasonal theme park in the world. Another one of the oldest parks is the Prater, in Vienna. It's famous Riesenrad (Giant Ferris wheel) was built in 1897 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Franz Josef I. Edwards Air Force Base was the site of the birth of Murphy's Law. (If anything can go wrong, it will.) In 1949, Capt. Edward A. Murphy was a project engineer who discovered a transducer wrongly wired. He said of the technician who was responsible for the goof, If there is any way to do it wrong, he'll find it. Murphy's comment was noted and he became world famous Scrabble was invented in 1931 and was originally called Criss Cross. For 17 years toy makers snubbed this game, saying it was too intellectual, so the inventor Alfred Botts decided to manufacture and sell it himself. It is the world's second best selling game. The highest scoring word in Scrabble is quartzy. The first permanent color photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. In 1900, the standard billboard was created in America. Paul Friedreichsen reveals some fascinating information about popular logos. For example, the FedEx logo design introduced in 2000 has a hidden arrow in the word Ex. Art Paul, Hugh Heffner's first art director at Playboy, took 30 minutes to design the now classic bunny icon in 1954. It hasn't changed in almost 60 years. And Frank Mason Robinson, bookkeeper for John Pemberton, created the original script Coca-Cola logo in the late 1880s. (thanks to Marsha Friedman for these) The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. It was the fashion in Renaissance Florence to shave them off. Van Gogh sold only one painting in his lifetime. In the early 18th century watercolors had been sold in dry lumps that had to be grated. But William Reeves found that honey mixed with gum arabic would not only stop the cakes from drying out, but also allow them to be molded into regular shapes. His brother, who was a metalworker, made the molds, and in 1766 Reeves & Son opened near St. Paul's, supplying the army and the East India Company with the first watercolor paintboxes. It would take the collaboration of artist Henry Newton with chemist William Winsor in 1832 before anyone would think to add glycerine -- meaning that watercolors no longer had to be rubbed and could be used straight from the pan. Suddenly it was easy -- in terms of materials at least -- to become an artist, and many enthusiastic amateurs followed Queen Victoria's lead in ordering the new paintboxes and using them out of doors to sketch landscapes. In 1841 a fashionable American portrait painter called John Goffe Rand devised the first collapsible tube -- which he made of tin and sealed with pliers. After he had improved it the following year and patented it, artists in both Europe and America really began to appreciate the wonder of the portable paintbox. Jean Renoir once told his son that without oil paints in tubes: There would have been no Cezanne, no Monet, no Sisley or Pissarro: nothing of what the journalists were later to call Impressionism. Michelangelo did not finish his painting called The Entombment because the only blue paint that was deemed worthy for the robe of the Virgin Mary was ultramarine, the most expensive of colors except for gold. That corner was probably blank because the paint had not arrived from the patron -- and the twenty-five-year-old artist could never have afforded to pay for it himself. The only true ultramarine paint in the world came from one mine in the heart of Asia. Oltramarino was a technical term meaning from beyond the seas. The paint is made of the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, found only in Chile, Zambia, a few small mines in Siberia, and Afghanistan. Sculptor Henry Moore said that creating sculpture is chipping away at what isnt an elephant. Miles Davis said something similar: Dont play whats there, play whats not there. Leonardo De Vinci invented the scissors. The earliest surviving opera (written by Jacopo Peri and Ottavio Rinuccini) is Euridice which was performed in Florence in 1600. Opera quickly spread from Florence to Rome, Venice, and all other major cities in Italy. Giacomo Puccini decided to dedicate his life to opera after seeing a performance of Giuseppe Verdis Aida in 1876. In his later life, he would write some of the best-loved operas of all time: La Boheme (1896), Tosca (1900), Madame Butterfly (1904) and Turandot (left unfinished when he died in 1906). Opera has been incorporated into many movies and commercials. For example, Delibes The Flower Duet from Lakme can be heard in The American President, Tomb Raider: Cradle of Life, Superman Returns, Meet the Parents, and many TV shows and commercials. Rossinis The Barber of Seville is featured in Babe: Pig in the City, Deep Impact, Space Jam, Under the Tuscan Sun, and an award-winning Nike commercial. The shortest opera is only seven minutes long and is Darius Milhauds The Deliverance of Theseus. After the French revolution, the Paris Opera was literally a brothel. The bourgeoisie lacked the sense of noblesse oblige that led royalty to protect the dancers, and wealthy industrialists who patronized the Paris Opera recruited poverty-stricken children to train as dancer-whores. For a fee, rich men were free to roam backstage and prey on desperate teenagers whose wages didn't cover the cost of their practise clothes, let alone the cost of living. Admission to the ranks of les petits rats -- as dance students at the Paris Opera are still known -- was attractive particularly because it gave girls who would inevitably end up as prostitutes access to richer men. The Nutcracker ballet premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, to mostly negative reviews. Tchaikovsky's Serenade for Strings begins in a minor key, which James Lipton describes as if the boat had left the dock without us, and we had no choice but to jump in and swim after it. A similar situation occurs in Irving Berlin's Let's Face the Music and Dance, which begins in a minor key and with the words: There may be trouble ahead... Johann Strauss I was orphaned at the age of 12. Apprenticed to a bookbinder, he studied violin on the side and performed in string quartets around Vienna before deciding to start his own band and write his own music. He enjoyed much professional success, but his family life was tempestuous. He forbade his children to study music, but they did anyway, with Johann II (The Waltz King) eventually overshadowing him. By the age of 3, Mozart had learned to play a clavier, which was an old-fashioned stringed instrument that had a keyboard. By the age of 5, he was playing the harpsichord and violin as well as a professional. He was playing in front of royalty when he was just 6 years old. Mozart was a rare musical genius, who could compose music before he could write words. Musical memory consists of aural and tactile recall, plus a deep level of knowledge and understanding of the piece, including its structure, other patterns, and specific notes in sequence. Harpsichord craftsman Bartolomeo Cristofori invented a new keyboard instrument which had the ability to produce both soft and loud, with two sets of strings at unison pitch and a soundboard of cypress. It became known as the pianoforte after the Italian for soft and strong (piano-forte), and was revealed to the public in 1709. Piano keys were originally made of ivory because that natural substance absorbs moisture, and kept the keys from becoming slippery. For that reason, a piano with ivory keys is easier to play. The Hammond organ was invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. It was originally designed as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ, or instead of a piano in smaller churches. It quickly became popular with professional jazz musicians, who found it a cheaper alternative to the big band. Warner Communications paid 28 million for the copyright to the song Happy Birthday. But an old songbook might put Happy Birthday in the Public Domain. A ruling is near in a lawsuit that claims the copyright on the much-sung song is not valid. That would be an unhappy day for Warner Music Group, which could lose millions in licensing fees. In 1875, an American songwriter named Henry Clay Work was visiting England. While there, he checked in to the George Hotel in North Yorkshire. In the hotels lobby was a large pendulum clock. The clock had stopped long ago and just sat in the lobby, serving no apparent purpose. When he asked about its history, he was told that the clock had belonged to the inns previous two owners, the Jenkins brothers, both deceased. It seems the clock had kept perfect time during their lives, but when the first Jenkins brother died, the clock started becoming less accurate. After this, the story went that the clock stopped completely dead- to the minute and second Jenkins brother had died. Despite the best efforts of a host of repairmen hired by the new owners of the inn, they couldnt get the clock going again. Work thought it was a great story. and wrote a song about the incident. My Grandfathers Clock was released in 1876. The Boston Pops began in 1885, but became popular in 1930, thanks to Arthur Fiedler, who created special arrangements that the orchestra continues to perform. Fiedler reigned over the Pops for 50 years. In Zulu beadwork, the color or pattern of each bead has meaning. Women used these to send romantic messages, as red beads indicated longing, while blue meant fidelity and striped ones meant fickle. A few language myths exposed by a new book, You Are What You Speak, by Robert Lane Greene: The Chinese word for crisis is not composed of the characters for danger and opportunity, and the book which claimed that women speak much more than men was wrong. Those figures were based on an unsourced claim in a self-help book. Actually, research shows both sexes using about the same number of words in a day. The word influenza comes from the Italian influentia because people used to believe that the influence of the planets, stars, and moon caused the flu. The thought only such universal influence could explain such sudden and widespread sickness. In the 16th century, goods were transported in packs that people carried on theirs or animals backs. The term used to describe this was pick pack because you would pick up a pack in order to carry it on your back. That eventually became pick-a-pack which then became pick-a-back. However, the insertion of the a caused a problem and due to the pronunciation of the term as a whole, pick-a-pack often sounded like pick -i-back which sounded like picky back. That made no sense at all to those who didnt understand the progression of the phrase, so ultimately the term piggyback began to be used for people carrying a pack on their back. By the 1930s, the definition further progressed to describe riding on someones back and shoulders. The term stat means immediately. It comes from the Latin statim. The first references of the practice of shortening statim to stat came to us from physicians in the nineteenth century, with the first known documented instance of this appearing in Lessons on Prescriptions by W.H. Griffith (1875). Writer and politician Horace Walpole invented the word serendipity in 1754 as an allusion to Serendip, an old name for Sri Lanka. Walpole was a prolific letter writer, and he explained to one of his main correspondents that he had based the word on the title of a fairy tale, The Three Princes of Serendip. The three princes were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not looking for. In the Middle Ages the word spinster was a compliment. A spinster was someone, usually a woman, who could spin well. That allowed her to be financially self-sufficient, as spinning was one of the very few ways that mediaeval women could achieve economic independence. The word was generously applied to all women at the point of marriage as a way of saying they came into the relationship freely, from personal choice, not financial desperation. Rapunzel was based on a real person, who was later venerated as Saint Barbara. This is just one of the fairy tales created by Charles Perrault. Thought to be the father of fairy tales, his stories were intended for adults, because no children's literature existed at the time. Many were based on true historical events. Valerie Ogden relates these in a book which reveals the stories behind Cinderella, Snow White, Bluebeard, Little Jack Horner, The Pied Piper, and Hansel & Gretel. Hans Christian Andersen, the Danish writer best known for his many collections of fairy tales, broke with literary tradition and employed the idioms and constructions of spoken language. His stories are imaginative combinations of universal elements from folk legend and include such favorites as The Ugly Duckling and The Emperor's New Clothes. While some reveal an optimistic belief in the ultimate triumph of goodness and beauty, others are deeply pessimistic. Colonel ultimately derives from the Latin columna, meaning pillar. This gave rise to the Old Italian compagna colonnella, meaning little-column company. This, in turn, gave us the rank of colonnello - the leader of a column. Other nations adopted this ranking giving us the Middle French Coronel. This was pronounced pretty much like it looks at first, then later slurred down to Kernel by the English, but using the same spelling. However, starting with the French around the 1540s, the spelling was changed back closer to the Italian spelling, which gave us Colonel in French. Within a few decades, the English also followed suit and by the mid-seventeenth century, colonel was the most common way to spell the word in English. At that time, the common pronunciation was mixed between the older kernel and the new colonel, with the former winning out in the end, despite the way its spelled. Isabella Poggi, a professor of psychology at Roma Tre University, has identified around 250 gestures that Italians use in everyday conversation. There are gestures expressing a threat or a wish or desperation or shame or pride, she said. The only thing differentiating them from sign language is that they are used individually and lack a full syntax. One theory holds that Italians developed them as an alternative form of communication during the centuries when they lived under foreign occupation by Austria, France and Spain in the 14th through 19th centuries as a way of communicating without their overlords understanding. Cursive writing encourages writers to compose sentences in their heads, before committing them to paper. It engages the right brain more than using a keyboard. That requires the left brain to remember where the letters are located. The Egyptian word for cat is meow. Noah Webster published the first American Spelling Book in 1793, which eventually became the first American dictionary. In the same year, he founded the first daily newspaper in New York City. A strong nationalist, he promoted a unified American language independent from British English, and reformed many spellings, including dropping the u from words like colour and favour. Webster's 1928 dictionary soon became the established standard for American English. It contained 70,000 words. Webster was also America's first freelance writer, started the book tour - traveling from city to city to sell his "spellers" - and counted the number of houses in each town to add to his compulsive information gathering. He also argued the importance of copyright protection, as each state set its own such laws in those early days. Webster suffered from what we now know is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, as was Peter Mark Roget, who's Thesaurus became a companion volume on most bookshelves. English has mutated over time from a variety of parent languages, primarily Latin, French and Old English. These languages stretch even farther back to a language family called Proto-Indo-European (or PIE). The most significant transformation of English happened in the eleventh century. When the Normans invaded England in the 1066, they brought their words with them. For centuries, wealthier aristocrats spoke Old Norman (or Old French) and the peasantry spoke Middle English. Inevitably, the languages mixed, and English acquired the French words that now constitute about 30% of the English vocabulary. English is the only language with Latin derivations that has no actual future tense. Plans to undertake an action have to be framed as an act of will ("I'll be going later"). With global colonization in the early 1500s, English continued to amalgamate with other languages. Individual words such as futon, pecan, coyote and vodka were imported directly from foreign languages like Japanese and Algonquin. Some uniquely American words include chowder, applesauce skunk, and demoralize. China has more English speakers than the United States. Linguists have identified two dozen ultraconserved words that have survived 150 centuries. It includes some predictable entries: mother, not, what, to hear and man. It also contains surprises: to flow, ashes and worm. The existence of the long-lived words suggests there was a proto-Eurasiatic language that was the common ancestor to about 700 contemporary languages that are the native tongues of more than half the worlds people. The ancient Greeks and Romans first put forward the idea that there are parts of speech, and in the 18th century, British grammarians arrived at our slate of eight: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. In the first century, Roman scribes wrote in cursive, so when they wrote the Latin word et which means and they linked the e and t. Over time the combined letters came to signify the word and in English as well. Certain versions of the ampersand, like that in the font Caslon, clearly reveal the origin of the shape. The word ampersand came many years later when & was actually part of the English alphabet. In the early 1800s, school children reciting their ABCs concluded the alphabet with the &. It would have been confusing to say X, Y, Z, and. Rather, the students said, and per se and. Per se means by itself, so the students were essentially saying, X, Y, Z, and by itself, and. Over time, and per se and was slurred together into the word we use today: ampersand. In Old English, a letter called thorn represented the th sound (as in that) in Modern English. In the Latin alphabet, the y was the symbol that most closely resembled the character that represented thorn. So, thorn was dropped and y took its place. That is why the word ye, as in Ye Olde Booke Shoppe, is an archaic spelling of the. The Old English letter wynn was replaced by uu, which eventually developed into the modern w. (It really is a double u.) The letters u and j didnt join what we know as the alphabet until the sixteenth century. The Phoenician alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet are the same. Before the Normans invaded England in 1066, there was no letter q in the English language. Words like queen and quick were spelled cwin and cwic respectively. It was the French-speaking Normans who began the practice of using qu to represent the /kw/ sound. The Normans themselves had copied the use of qu from Latin, which used it for the /k/ sound if it appeared before w. If it did not appear before w, they used c instead. J started off as a design of I, and it was also used to show the end of a Roman numeralXIII, for instance, was written XIIJ. In 1524, Italian grammarian Gian Giorgio Trissino differentiated between sounds /i/ and /j/, but the two were still used interchangeably in the 18th century. H, I, O, and X are the four letters that look the same if they are flipped upside down or viewed from the back. Q is the only letter that does not appear in any of the names of the 50 states.\ The Latin and Greek alphabets initially had only capital letters. Small letters were formed when scribes, who had to copy and recopy text, began adding upward or downward strokes to make writing faster. The change in writing surfaces from rough rock to smooth parchment or vellum also led scribes to write in small letters, as they were now able to make single round strokes instead of multiple strokes. Rhythms is the longest English word without the normal vowels, a, e, i, o, or u Excluding derivatives, there are only two words in English that end -shion and (though many words end in this sound). These are cushion and fashion. THEREIN is a seven-letter word that contains thirteen words spelled using consecutive letters: the, he, her, er, here, I, there, ere, rein, re, in, therein, and herein. There is only one common word in English that has five vowels in a row: queueing. Soupspoons is the longest word that consists entirely of letters from the second half of the alphabet. "Almost is the longest commonly used word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order. The longest common single-word palindromes are deified, racecar, repaper, reviver, and rotator. "One thousand contains the letter A, but none of the words from one to nine hundred ninety-nine has an A. The nine-word sequence I, in, sin, sing, sting, string, staring, starting (or starling), startling can be formed by successively adding one letter to the previous word. Stewardesses is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand. There are many words that feature all five regular vowels in alphabetical order, the commonest being abstemious, adventitious, facetious. Fickleheaded and fiddledeedee are the longest words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet. Forty is the only number which has its letters in alphabetical order. One is the only number with its letters in reverse alphabetical order. Bookkeeper is the only word that has three consecutive doubled letters. One two words ending in -gry: angry and hungry. Indivisibility contains only one vowel, but it is used six times. The letter combination ough can be pronounced in nine different ways. Examples of each sound: rough, dough, thought, plough, through, Scarborough, slough, cough, hiccoughed. There are 6000 actively spoken languages in the world today. English speakers produce an average of five consonants and five vowels per second. The first real novel was Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, who was born into poverty in 1547 near Madrid. He became a soldier, was later kidnapped by pirates and sold into slavery in North Africa for 5 years. He may have begun Don Quixote while in prison for theft. Because of an unscrupulous publisher, he never earned a penny from the book. He then became a playwright without much success, and published the 2nd volume of Don Quixote in 1615, a decade after the first, in part to counter imitators. He was a contemporary of Shakespeare, and died in 1616, at the age of 69. European chivalry has its roots in feudalism in France and Spain, a continuation of al-furusiyya al-arabia, or Arabian chivalry, which was imported to Europe during the early Crusades. The knight-errantry, the riding on horseback to find adventure, the rescue of a maiden in need, the nobility of women, and the connection of honorable conduct with the horse rider are all traceable to Arabia. Reaching its highest development in Europe during the 12th and 13th century, chivalry represents a fusion of Christianity and military concepts of the early medieval warrior class. It encompasses such ideas as morality, religion, and social codes such as courage, honor, and service. Gone with the Wind sold one million copies in six months. It was Margaret Mitchell's first and only book, and won a Pulitzer Prize. Hattie Macdaniel was the first black woman to win an Oscar for her role in that film. Sigmund Freuds landmark work, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), which became a milestone in dream interpretation, sold only 415 copies in the first two years. Theodor Seuss Geisel 's books have sold 600 million copies worldwide since his first book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, was published in 1937. And as inevitable as Dr. Seuss's appeal seems now, Mulberry Street was rejected by twenty-seven publishers before being accepted by Vanguard Press. Horatio Alger, Jr. was an American author who wrote more than 100 childrens books. Highly formulaic, each taught that through honesty, perseverance, and hard work, poor but virtuous lads could prevail in life. Published in 1868, the first of those books, Ragged Dick, was an immediate success. Despite the weaknesses of Algers writing, his books ultimately sold more than 20 million copies, making him one of the most popular writers of the 19th century. David John Moore Cornwell worked for the British intelligence services MI5 and MI6, when he began writing novels under the pen name, John LeCarre. Another person with British gov't spy experience was Ian Fleming, who was a British intelligence officer and journalist. He came up with the name James Bond while visiting a Canadian training facility outside Toronto. He stayed in a small town whose prominent church was St. James Bond. After Fleming's death, several authors were commissioned to carry on the Bond legacy. J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, is the first person to become a billionaire (U.S. dollars) by writing books. Many successful novelists began their careers working in advertising. Among these are Dr. Seuss, Salman Rushdie, Helen Gurley Brown, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and James Patterson. Walt Disney was an illustrator for an ad agency, and others who wrote copy before forging stellar careers in TV or performance arts include Bob Barker, Grant Tinker, Lawrence Kasden, Dick Wolf (Law & Order), Phyllis Diller, Bob Newhart and Sir Alec Guinness. The now-familiar phrase But wait! Theres more! first accompanied infomercials for the amazing Ginsu knife in the 1970s. These ads also urged viewers to Call now! Operators are standing by! By bringing the direct-marketing techniques of door-to-door sales and print advertising to television, the Ginsu ads established the formula for the modern infomercial. Ginsu was actually a word that executives made up to evoke images of Japanese samurai swords. Credit for the first commercial jingle usually goes to a Wheaties spot in 1926. Washburn Crosby (the predecessor of General Mills) tried to resurrect the flagging cereal on the radio with a song from a local barbershop quartet. Jingles soon developed into a distinctive musical genre. If you heard a jingle, you wouldnt mistake it for any other kind of music, says Timothy Taylor, an ethnomusicologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of The Sounds of Capitalism: Advertising, Music, and the Conquest of Culture. Barry Manilow, for one, is to thank for Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there, and I am stuck on Band-Aid Brand, cause Band-Aids stuck on me! In 1900, the standard billboard was created in America. Beelzebub, another name for the devil, is Hebrew for Lord of the Flies, and this is where the book's title comes from. Finches are known for their fine singing voices. German criminals called snitches "finks" because they were prone to "singing like a bird" to police. The word followed German and German Jewish immigrants to America where it became part of our everyday vocabulary, primarily through films, tv and radio. Neither John Lennon nor Paul McCartney could read or write music. That led them to finish a song by the end of the day, so they didn't have to try to remember it the next day. The custom of family (surnames) names did not really arise until the 11th century in Europe. Prior to the 11th century a surname, if used at all, represented the name of a primitive clan or tribe. It's a popular myth that a Mac name denotes Scottish heritage while a Mc name denotes Irish heritage, and that Mac names are Protestant while Mc names are Catholic. They both just mean son of and can be used by anyone of either descent or religion. Some Mc and Mac names dont include the name of the father, but the fathers profession, such as Macmaster. Since master is not a proper noun and does not need to be capitalized, some surnames drop the extra capital. Other Mc and Mac surnames come from some physical feature of the person, such as Mackenzie, which means son of the fair one. The lead pencil contains no lead. It's actually a rod of graphite encased in wood, which first came into use in the 16th century. However, it was not until the 19th century that the eraser was added, an innovation that earned Hymen Lipman a patent in 1858. In 1862, he sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000. In 1954, a few years after identical twins Norris and Ross McWhirter founded a London fact-finding agency, they met a director of the Guinness brewing company, Sir Hugh Beaver, who commissioned a compilation of world records that was intended to settle bar-room disputes. The first edition of the McWhirters Guinness Book of Records was given to bars for free as a marketing gimmick, but the book quickly became a phenomenal success. It took 38 years for the radio to reach 50 million people but it only took 13 years for television to do it. The Internet did it in four years. IPod did it in 3 years, Facebook reached it in 2 years. It took Twitter only six months. The Twitter Birds first name is Larry, as in Larry Bird. Hes named after the hall of fame Basketball player Larry Bird, who played for Biz Stones (the founder of Twitter) home team, the Boston Celtics. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005. The next year, it was acquired by Google for $1.65 billion. Within a few years, more than 25 quadrillion bytes of videos were being streamed from the site each month from myriad sources, amateur and professional alike. In 1922, the first radio commercial was broadcast on WEAF in New York. It cost $100 for 10 minutes. In 1926, the two-man comedy series Sam n Henry debuted on Chicagos WGN radio station. Two years later, after changing its name to Amos n Andy, the show became one of the most popular radio programs in American history. TV belongs to the writers. Film belongs to the directors. Theatre belongs to the actors. Acclaimed actor Sir Ian McKellen says the difference between stage and film is that in film, the camera tends to focus on the face, whereas in the theatre, the audience sees your entire body. He thinks the best actresses of all time are Judi Dench, Meryl Streep, Cate Blanchett and Laura Linney. Luc Godard said Film is the truth 24 times a second. In non-fiction, the author tells the story; in fiction, the characters reveal the story. There are some "rules" about film and television: Sight triumphs hearing (if someone's hair is a mess, you don't hear what they're saying) Music enhances speech (an appropriate background score can make what's being said more memorable) Film editors often "cut on the blink" - cutting the scene when the actor blinks Darren Aronofsky, director of Noah, The Wrestler, The Black Swan, says, The best invention of the 20th century was the closeup. That you could put a camera right in front of Paul Newman's eyes and look into his soul changed storytelling. Georges Feydeau's formula for writing comedy: Decide which characters should, under no circumstances, meet, and then get them together as soon as possible. In Jim Henson: The Biography, Brian Jay Jones explains how Henson created Kermit the Frog. In 1955, television was still in its infancy when a small, Washington, D.C. station added a short puppet show called Sam and Friends created by nineteen-year-old Jim Henson with a cast of characters he had come to call the Muppets. Unlike most puppets that had preceded them, Henson's creations had flexible rather than wooden faces -- and thus could make expressions easily picked up by the new, more intimate medium of television. A minor character in the ensemble was Kermit, who was light blue and not yet a frog. There most abstract Muppet in Sam's cast was given mostly small parts, but had a special place in Jim's heart. Jim had built Kermit while passing several long sad days tending to his grandfather as he died slowly of heart failure. Foraging for any suitable materials, Jim settled on his mother's old felt coat, and as he leaned over the table in the Hensons' living room he sewed a simple puppet body, with a slightly pointed face, out of the faded turquoise material. For eyes, he simply glued two halves of a Ping-Pong ball -- with slashed circles carefully inked in black on each -- to the top of the head. Kermit was very flexible, which gave him a range of expression. "I didn't call him a frog," Jim said. All the characters in those days were abstract, which was a way of challenging his audience -- of making them an active part of the performance. One of Americas greatest playwrights, Eugene ONeill spent his youth as a heavy-drinking, itinerant seaman, then began writing plays while recovering from tuberculosis in 1912. Within a decade, he had won his first of four Pulitzer Prizes. The oldest free public school in the U.S. opened in 1635. The Boston Latin School in Massachusetts was originally a school for boys, but became coeducational in 1972. The oldest public school in the U.S. and a "feeder" school for Harvard, it maintains the same standards as elite New England prep schools while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a public school. More than 99% of Boston Latin's approximately 300 annual graduates are accepted by at least one four-year college. The school was modeled after Boston Grammar School in Lincolnshire, UK, from where many of Boston's original settlers derived. Its curriculum follows that of the 18th century Latin-school movement, which holds the classics to be the basis of an educated mind. Among its alumni are four Harvard University presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the Declaration of Independence. The Latin School of Chicago was founded in 1888 by a group of Chicago citizens interested in providing better education for their children. It was modeled after The Boston Latin School, but supported by parents rather than being part of the public system. Early classes of all boys were held in private homes on the Near North Side. The school gradually expanded, and, in 1899, the school moved to a brand new building and became the first Chicago Latin School. In 1913 a girls' section became the Chicago Latin School for Girls, and the two schools merged in 1953. Bobbi taught at The Latin School of Chicago in the 1960s. The National University of Mexico was founded in 1551 by Charles V of Spain and is the oldest university in North America. Oberlin College was the first college to grant degrees to women, in 1841. It was also the first college to grant a bachelors degree to an African-American woman, in 1862. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (5 June 1646 26 July 1684) was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent, and the first woman to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The SATs were administered for the first time on June 23, 1926. The were invented by Princeton professor Carl Campbell Brigham, who had worked on the Army's IQ test. In 1933, James Bryant Conant became president of Harvard, and decided to offer scholarships to public school students in the Midwest. Not long after, Princeton, Columbia and Yale followed suit. By the 1950s, most colleges used the tests for all admissions. The College Board in 1994 changed the name of the SATs from Standard Aptitude to Standard Assessment. Vermont, Washington D.C., Rhode Island, Alabama, and New Hampshire have the highest concentrations of librarians in the U.S. There are thousands of public libraries in the U.S. California and New York, for example, each have more than 1,000 libraries, while the smallest number, 27, are located in Washington, D.C. On November 28, 1814, the Times in London was the first newspaper to be printed by automatic, steam owered presses built by the German inventors Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer. This was the beginning of newspapers being available to a mass audience. On September 4, 1833, Benjamin Day sent little urchins onto the crowded, bustling streets of New York City, into coffee houses and taverns shouting and waving his new production, the Sun newspaper. For one cent men read the news sold to them on the spot. Mr. Day's successful paper spawned more penny newspaper businesses, until every crowded city teemed with hustling ragamuffms eager to earn a few coins selling sheets of news. Publishers could depend on an abundant supply of little merchants to call out the latest edition. The 'newsey' became a common American icon. By 1962, there were 600,000 "paperboys," thanks in part to exemptions from Depression-era child labor laws for youths involved in distributing newspapers if they were at least twelve years of age. The labor laws also exempted youths involved in acting, baby sitting, farm work, a family business, and making Christmas wreaths. (from Little Merchants by Sandra Walker) The average child sees 30,000 television commercials every year. Janice Kennedy, who writes with insight and grace in The Ottawa Citizen, described the current cultural climate as the ascendancy of the unelightened, which dismisses experience, education, and sophisticated thinking. Could that be a result of the dominance of television, where the inexperienced and uneducated are celebrated on reality shows? Days after the release of the iPad, one of the world's biggest porn companies claimed it had created a way to stream its videos onto the device, skipping the Apple store and its restrictions on salacious content. There's an adjective to describe those of us who are fond of writing: scribacious. There's also an obscure word for continual writing: scriptitation. Robert Frost is considered the most popular of all 20th-century American poets. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four timesin 1924, 1931, 1937, and 1943. Joseph Pulitzer was born in Hungary in 1847, immigrated to the US during the Civil War and served in the Union Army. He later became a reporter and purchased and founded several newspapers, establishing the pattern of the modern newspaper by combining investigative reporting with publicity stunts, self-advertising, and sensationalism. In his will, he established the Pulitzer Prizes, annual awards for achievements in American journalism, letters, and music. The tabloid National Enquirer was founded in 1926 by William Griffin, a protege of William Randolph Hearst. During the 1930s and 1940s, it became a voice for isolationism and pro-fascist propaganda. The paper was indicted along with Griffin under the Smith Act for sedition by a grand jury in 1942 for subverting the morale of US troops due to Griffin's editorials against US military involvement in World War II. By 1952 the papers circulation had fallen to 17,000 copies a week and it was purchased by Generoso Pope Jr., the son of the founder of Il Progresso, New York's Italian language daily newspaper. It has been alleged that Mafia boss Frank Costello provided Pope the money for the purchase in exchange for the Enquirer's promise to list lottery numbers and to refrain from all mention of Mafia activities. In 1953, Pope revamped the format from a broadsheet to a sensationalist tabloid focusing on sex and violence. In Douglas Coupland's new biography of Marshall McLuhan, he reveals that when McLuhan picked up a new book, he turned first to page 69, and if that page didn't impress him, he wouldn't read the book. God Bless America is considered the semi-official national anthem of the United States, along with America the Beautiful and The Star Spangled Banner. Irving Berlin wrote it during World War I, but it was not sung in public until November 11, 1938, when Kate Smith introduced it on a radio broadcast. Tony Bennett, an acclaimed jazz vocalist for close to five decades, also has one of his paintings hanging in the Smithsonian. When interviewed recently about why his music appeals to all ages, Bennett said he's "anti-demographic." Bennett has won fifteen Grammy Awards, two Emmy Awards, been named an NEA Jazz Master and a Kennedy Center Honoree. He has sold over 50 million records worldwide. On his 85th birthday, he released his second duets album, pairing with everyone from Lady Gaga to K.D. Lang. Carnegie Hall opened in 1891. The Neo-Italian Renaissance building by architect William Burnet Tuthill was endowed by industrialist Andrew Carnegie at the insistence of conductor Walter Damrosch. Pyotr Tchaikovsky was the guest of honor at its opening. The New York city landmark was slated for demolition in the 1950s but was saved by a public outcry. Frank Lloyd Wright worked as a draftsman for architect Louis Sullivan before going on to build some of the most iconic buildings in the U.S. He explained his attitude as "honest arrogance instead of hypocritical humility." Arthur Rubinstein was was a Polish-American pianist whose enormous popularity spanned many decades. He debuted in 1900 and performed with moderate success until the 1930s, when he stopped performing for five years to improve his technique and reemerged as a giant of 20th-century music, active into his 80s. In Dante's Inferno the hottest places in hell are reserved for those who, in time of great moral crisis, maintain their neutrality. More than 2,700 different languages are spoken around the world. The world's top languages are: Mandarin Chinese -1 billion+ Malay-Indonesian - 159 million French - 129 million English has become the worlds lingua franca or default tongue, the worldwide dialect of the third millennium, the language in which China trades with Zambia, the language in which a Greek watching CNN phones a friend from the Middle East to get him off the London bus hes riding before it explodes, according to Roy Blount, Jr., in his NY Times review of GLOBISH: How the English Language Became the Worlds Language, by Robert McCrum. With that in mind, one wonders why Canada persists in teaching French to both children and adults, and why Quebec devotes manpower and budget to enforcing its silly language laws. Someone who is able to speak six or more languages is called a HyperPolygot. These individuals are mostly male, left-handed, have enhanced ability in music and math, and often suffer auto-immune diseases. Native and acquired language is processed in different areas of the brain. Mandarin is the oldest and most widely-spoken language in the world. China has 200 million students. Most of them are learning English. There are actually more English speakers in China than in the U.S. The Hawaiian alphabet only contains 12 letters. The Chinese ideogram for trouble symbolizes two women living under one roof The Chinese were using the decimal system as early as the fourteenth century B.C., nearly 2,300 years before the first known use of the system in European mathematics. The Chinese were also the first to use a place for zero. The English language has close to 540,000 words, about five times as many as existed in Shakespeare's time. But some of the words we use frequently today were invented by Shakespeare. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, Shakespeare wrote about one-tenth of the most quotable quotations ever written or spoken in English. Among these are: one fell swoop, vanish into thin air, play fast and loose, be in a pickle, foul play, tower of strength, flesh and blood, be cruel to be kind, and with bated breath. Tell a performer to "break a leg" came about in Shakespeare's day, when actors would bend or "break" one the leg to bow if the audience applauded. So the saying is a wish that the performance merit sufficient applause so the actors can bow/break a leg. Shakespeares works contain first-ever recordings of 2,035 English words, including critical, frugal, excellent, barefaced, assassination, and countless. There are two surviving copies of King Lear. The quarto edition includes 300 lines and a whole scene that do not appear in the First Folio. The two versions give important speeches to different characters, altering the nature of three key characters. The endings are also significantly different. Shakespeare was born under the old Julian calendar, not the current Gregorian calendar that was created in 1582 and adopted in England in 1751. What was April 23 during Shakespeares life would be May 3 on todays calendar. He was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, just three days before the Stratford parish register recorded an outbreak of the plague. His father, John Shakespeare, was accused four times for such illegal activities of trading in wool and money-lending. Bobbi is a huge Shakespeare fan, and has seen all 37 plays in live performance (including Anthony Hopkins and Judi Dench in Antony & Cleopatra, Bill Hutt in Timon of Athens, Orson Welles as King Lear, and Robert Ryan as Coriolanus. The oldest word in the English language is town. Apple is one of the oldest English words and first referred to all fruit in general. The Gullah/Geechee culture, a mix of African tribes that made up a large part of the population of slaves in the Carolina Low Country, brought many of their customs to the U.S. One was the superstition that the color blue warded off evil spirits. For that reason, they painted door and window frames blue, and eventually many homeowners began to paint porch ceilings blue, which came to be known as haint blue, for the haints or haunts they kept at bay. Women use more pronouns and verbs than men when they write, while men use more articles, prepositions and numbers. That seems to indicate that women focus on the personal (I, you, we, he, she, they) and actions, while men need to define things precisely. The French language has seventeen different words for surrender. Guy Deutscher, in his book, Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages, points out how different languages treat common nouns and verbs. For example, French, German, Russian, and several other languages assign a gender to inanimate objects. This even extends to terms for people, so that "my neighbor" in English could be male or female, but in French or German you have to specify which. In German and Spanish, the same object has different genders. A German bridge is feminine, while a Spanish bridge is masculine. The same is the case for clocks, forks, chairs, tables, brooms, apartments, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, keys, violins, butterflies, mountains, wars, rain, garbage, the sun, the world and love. In English, tenses determine when an action occurred, but in Chinese, the same verb can be used for past, present or future actions. In some parts of the world, directions are given in relation to geography: north, south, east, west. In the western world we tend to relate space to ourselves: left, right, front, back. Among the countries who use geographic coordinates are Polynesia, Bali, Mexico, and Namibia. Their speakers tend to have a much better sense of orientation in situations where there are few landmarks. Some have a keen awareness of location from infancy, similar to perfect pitch. Some research that we perceive colors depending on language. In English, green and blue are distinct colors, whereas in other languages they are only shades of the same color. Our brains seem to be trained to exaggerate the distance between shades if these colors have different names In English, a clock runs, but in Spanish, the clock walks. In English, I missed the bus, but in Spanish, the bus left me. In English, I am hungry, in French, I have hunger, but in Spanish, I hold hunger. The term office-worker entered the language in 1856. Office clerks wore white collars and cuffs to distinguish them from laborers. Upton Sinclair popularized the use of the phrase white-collar in 1919. The dot over the letter "i" is called a tittle. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable. There are two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: abstemious and facetious. Typewriter is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard. The longest one-syllable word in the English language is screeched. Stewardesses is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand, and lollipop only with the right. Only four words in the English language end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. The combination ough can be pronounced in nine different ways. The following sentence contains them all: A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed. The English words ballot and bullet share an ancient source, but eventually came to mean completely different things. Officer has the word office in it, just as sweetbread is not sweet and it's not bread. The word demand in French confuses English speakers because it means just to ask, not to demand. In Spanish, embarazada, does not mean embarrassed but rather pregnant. These kinds of related words (known as cognates) are common in various languages. It stands to reason that if the words are related they ought to mean the same thing, but it's not true. Cognates, like etymology and internal structure, are unreliable. No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple. Dreamt is the only English word that ends in the letters mt. Only two words in English end in "gry" - hungry and angry. Only four words in the English language end with -dous: horrendous, tremendous, stupendous, and hazardous. Six words in the English language contain a double u: vacuum, muumuu, continuum, duumvirate, duumvir, and residuum. Some words have no singular form: glasses, binoculars, scissors, tongs, jeans, pants, pajamas. Articles of clothing become singular when used as adjectives: pajama party, jean jacket) There are 10 human body parts that are only 3 letters long. Among them are ear, eye, arm, leg, hip, toe, jaw, lip, gum, rib. E is most common letter in the English language, with A the second most common vowel. R is the most common consonant in English, followed by T. The most common first letter of a word is S. The toughest tongue twister in the English language is "The sixth sick sheiks sixth sheeps sick." Maine is the only state whose name consists of only one syllable. Funk (of Funk & Wagnalls Dictionary) claimed that the 10 most beautiful words in the English language are: moist, hush, luminous, murmuring, dawn, chimes, lullaby, melody, tranquil and golden. The word nerd was first coined by Dr. Seuss in If I Ran the Zoo. Robert Fulford points out that there are quite a few English words which have only a negative meaning, with no positive counterpart, such as: unruly, disgruntled, unkempt, disconsolate, uncouth, dishevelled, nonchalant, inept. Q is the only letter in the alphabet that does not appear in the name of any of the United States. Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable. The names of all the continents start and end with the same letter A jiffy is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. Crayola is a French word that means oily chalk. Many common products are actually brand names which should not be used for generic copies: Band-Aids, Bubble Wrap, Chapstick, Crockpot, Dumpster, Frisbee, Hula Hoop, Jacuzzi, Jell-O, Jet-Ski, Kleenex, Novocaine, Onesies, Ouija board, Ping-Pong, Plexiglas, Popsicle, Post-its, PowerPoint, Q-tips, Rollerbl,ade, Scotch tape, Sharpie, Styrofoam, TASER, Thermos, Vaseline, Velcro, Weed Eater, Wite-out, X-acto, Zamboni Barack Hussein Obama is named after his father, Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. (1936-1982). Barack means blessing/blessed/to bless in Swahili and Semitic languages, and Hussein is a Semitic word meaning good or beautiful. Swahili was Obama Sr.s native language. The Scandinavian word skot passed into English usage from Viking settlements to mean a tax based on your land holdings. Certain exemptions were made for the poor, the clerical and the rich and powerful who were allowed to go scot free, which is how that phrase became common usage. Hopscotch and butterscotch have no relation to the country of Scotland. Rather, one of the origins of the word scotch comes from the Anglo-French word scocchen which meant to cut, gouge or mark with a notch. Butterscotch was a form of candy which was notched into segments that could be broken off easily, and hopscotch was first played where the stepping squares could be gouged into the ground with a sharp stick. It can also mean to figuratively to scratch or erase something. The word katzenjammer stems from American English, a combination of the German Katze (cat) and jammer (distress). The word was popularized by the early comic The Katzenjammer Kids. The dictionary definition is uproar or clamor. Windjammer comes from the same source. Although we now use it to refer to a large sailing ship, originally the word meant someone who talked a lot (possibly a sailor). A secondary meaning of the German word jammer meant talking incessantly, and we use the word yammer to mean the same thing. The phrase the cat's pajamas has nothing to do with cats. In the late 1700s a tailor made pajamas for the British elite made from rare silk, newly imported from the far east. The tailor's name was E.B. Katz, hence the Katz pajamas, which became the cat's pajamas. Letting the cat out of the bag came from medieval markets where piglets were sold in bags, otherwise known as a pig in a poke. When a stray cat was substituted for the valuable piglet, the buyer discovered the switch by letting the cat out of the bag. Flea market comes directly from the French marché aux puces which literally means market of fleas. Long ago, dishes and cookware in Europe were made of a dense orange clay called pygg. When people saved coins in jars made of this clay, the jars became known as pygg banks. When an English potter misunderstood the word, he made a container that resembled a pig. Hence, the piggy bank. When Mary Queen of Scots went to France as a young girl, Louis, King of France, learned that she loved the Scots game golf. So he had the first course outside of Scotland built for her enjoyment. To make sure she was properly chaperoned (and guarded) while she played, Louis hired cadets from a military school to accompany her. Mary liked this a lot and when she returned to Scotland, she took the practice with her. In French, the word cadet is pronounced ca-day and the Scots changed it into caddie. Invented in 1825, limelight was used in lighthouses and theatres by burning a cylinder of lime which produced a brilliant light. In the theatre, a performer in the limelight was the centre of attention. Carbon black is nearly pure elemental carbon in colloidal particle form, made by charring any organic material. Examples of this are Ivory Black, made by charring ivory or bones, and Lamp Black, made from the soot of oil lamps. Carbon black for industrial use today is typically produced as Furnace Black, produced using heavy aromatic oils, and Thermal Black, produced using natural gas, generally methane, injected into a very hot furnace where, in the absence of much air, carbon black and hydrogen are produced. In the early 1900s, Binney & Smith (who would later switch to selling school products and rename their company after their most popular product, Crayola Crayons) began selling their carbon black chemicals to Goodrich Tire Company, as it was found that the use of carbon black in rubber manufacturing significantly increased certain desirable qualities for rubber meant to be turned into tires, working as a reinforcing filler in rubber, which increases its durability and strength. The expression to wing it. meaning to improvise a speech instead of learning it beforehand, came from the theatre, where actors sometimes did a quick memorization of lines in the wings. In the U.S. theatre folk say Break a leg to wish actors a successful performance. In France, they say Merde, which means excrement. That came about because in the days when theatre-goers arrived by horse and carriage, lots of excrement in the street meant the show was a hit! Many phrases come from references to the lower classes. A meal made from deer innards, only eaten by the servants, became humble pie, and unwelcome house guests were served unheated leftover mutton, or the cold shoulder. Bizarre comes from the Basque word for beard, applied to Spanish soldiers who arrived wearing beards to villages where people considered facial hair odd. There are several expressions using the word buck. A buck is a slang word for a dollar, and pass the buck also refers to deerskin, because the leather was used as currency by native people in the New World, and poker players in the 19th century used to stick their buckskin-covered knives into the table to indicate the dealer. The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj meaning to yoke or join together. It most often refers to the yoking of a conscious subject (jiva-atman) with a Supreme Spirit (parama ta man) in order to reach an ecstatic condition (Samadhi, a placing or putting together). It is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base *yeug-, meaning to join as in jugular. A 2008 market study in Yoga Journal reports that some 16 million Americans practice yoga and spend $5.7 billion a year on gear. Doga is a type of yoga in which people use yoga to achieve harmony with their pets. Dogs can either be used as props for their owners or they can do the stretches themselves. It reportedly started in New York in 2002 when Suzi Teitelman started Yoga for Dogs. The swastika is a yoga symbol that comes from the Sanskrit term Svastik, meaning that which is associated with well-being. The yoga symbol Om is found in Hindu and Tibetan philosophy. It is said to be the primordial sound of the universe and is connected to the Ajna Chakra (the conscience) or third eye region. Samuel Johnson's famous dictionary was published in 1755, 150 years before the Oxford English Dictionary. The legendary scholar, who was born 300 years ago, suffered from Tourette's syndrome, physical pain and insomnia, was blind in one eye and deaf in one ear, had battled tuberculosis and smallpox. Yet he is the second-most quoted writer in the English language, surpassed only by Shakespeare. From Dictionary.com : Why does the single letter C represent so many different sounds? The third letter of the alphabet is somewhat of a chameleon; one might even question its usefulness. The letter /c/ can represent the hard C (carrot,) the soft C (nice,) or even silent C (indict,). Why does our alphabet have more than one letter to represent the same sound, as in K and C, or S and the soft C? To understand the reasons C plays so many roles, lets dig into its long and messy linguistic history. The letter /c/ is of Semitic descent and shares the exact same origin as the letter /g/ the Semitic letter called gimel. The original glyph for /g/ was most likely adapted around the Middle Bronze Age (2200-1550 BC) from a hieroglyph for a gimel or its namesake, the staff sling a weapon consisting of a long piece of wood with a short strap for launching rocks at the end. The symbol denotes a line with a bend at the top. The gimel influenced the symbol for the third letter in the Greek alphabet, gamma. Later, the Etruscan alphabet, used by the people who inhabited what is now Italy, adopted the Greek gamma to represent the /k/ or hard /c/ sound but used a different character, ), which eventually turned from facing left to right and became the letter C in Classical Latin. This long journey to existence may explain how the letter /c/ came to be, but the question still remains why does /c/ possess so many phonetic values? In a nutshell it comes down to something called palatalization, or simply sound change the tempering of a letters pronunciation from its original form. Another important factor, in the case of the letter /c/, is its corresponding vowel. For instance, the sound of the hard C, which exhibits the [k] sound, often precedes the vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/ while the soft c, taking on the /s/ sound, precedes the vowels /e/, /i/ and /y/. The soft C is also placed before different combinations primarily in relation to certain Latin loanwords such as Caesar and caecum. Add to this the use of the silent C, which always corresponds with the letter /t/ as in the word indict. Product naming is infamous for replacing the letter /c/ with the letter /k/ as in Kool-Aid and Nesquik. The choice to use the letter /k/ may simply come down to a fun play on words. The Apostrophe Protection Society was started in 2001 by John Richards, now its Chairman, with the specific aim of preserving the correct use of this currently much abused punctuation mark in all forms of text written in the English language. The Gettysburg Address , one of the most compelling speeches in history, contains just 267 words. In True Stories Behind Car Company Logos, in Road&Track, Nick Kurczewski reveals that the Mercedes-Benz three-pointed star first appeared on a personal note written in 1872 from company founder, Gottlieb Daimler, to his wife. Mr. Daimler used a three-pointed star to mark the location of his familys new home in the town of Deutz, Germany. His sons adapted the emblem as the Mercedes-Benz logo from 1910 onward. The Cadillac crest is the coat of arms of French military commander and explorer, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit in 1701. In 1909, having left the company bearing his name, August Horch established a second automobile company in Zwickau, Germany. He couldnt legally name his new company after himself, so he translated it into Latin, coming up with Audi. The four interlinked Audi rings came about in 1932, when four struggling automakers joined together under the corporate banner of Auto Union. These companies included Audi, DKW, Wanderer and, ironically, the original Horch. The Subaru name comes from the Japanese name of a star cluster in the Taurus constellation. Six of the stars are visible to the naked eye andin keeping with corporate identitythis matches the six companies which combined to form Fuji Heavy Industries, Subarus parent company. Many years ago in England, a whistle was baked into the handle of ceramic cups used in pubs. When patrons wanted a refill, they used the whistle to get some service. Hence the phrase, Wet your whistle. Also in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them Mind your pints and quarts, and settle down. Hence the phrase, Mind your P's and Q's. Bakers used to be fined if their loaves were under weight, so they added an extra loaf to every dozen, just in case -- hence, the expression baker's dozen. Hands Down, meaning an easy win, comes from horse-racing. When a jockey is close to the finish line, he relaxes his grip on the reins and drops his hands to his sides. The word queue comes from the Latin cauda, which means tail. In French it became queue, which the English borrowed and added the word cue for the long stick (or tail) used in billiards, and the verb to cue. Ancient tribes of long ago that wanted to banish people without killing them would burn their houses down -- hence the expression to get fired. The Inuit have as many as 252 inflections for simple nouns, 63 forms of the present tense and a minimum vocabulary of 12,500 words. Chippewa has 6,000 verb forms, and the Oregon Indian language of Tillamook has 30 prefixes. ln one Inuit language, the word for tomorrow translates, If it gets light. The Nipmuc Indians were responsible for the lake with the worlds longest name: Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungaillau, in Webster, Massachusetts. It translates: I fish on my side, you fish on your side and no one fishes in the middle. Many basic English words come from the same Teutonic roots as German, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, producing remarkable similarities in, for example: best, blind, break, come, dance, find, finger, good, hair, hand, help, here, ice, lamp, man, mouse, rat, ring, sand, send, sing, storm, wild and young. There is only one word spoken the same way in nearly every language known to humankind. That word, of course, is mama. Almost every language has a form of it. While its true that most languages vary when it comes to the formal word mother, the intimate mama stays the same in each language. Russian linguist Roman Jakobson has explained that the easiest vocalizations for a human to make are open-mouth vowel sounds. As they begin to experiment with making other noises, babies will test some of the easier consonant sounds. Usually they start with the sounds made with closed lips, and the consonant sound MMMM is easy to relax into an open mouth vowel, usually ah, which is the easiest. The m sound is the easiest for a baby mouth at the breast. So even as adults, we still associate mmm with something being yummy and good. The word Papa is present in several languages including Russian, Hindi, Spanish and English, while slight variations on it appear in German (Papi), Icelandic (Pabbi), Swedish (Pappa) and a number of other languages across the globe. Likewise in Turkish, Greek, Swahili, Malay and several other languages the word for dad is Baba or a variation of it. The Dictionary of Newfoundland English devotes three pages to the word ice, while most languages spoken north of the 60th parallel have dozens of synonyms for snow. North American Indian, Japanese, and some Polynesian dialects contain no swear words. The Japanese have nineteen different ways of saying no. English utilizes many words which have come directly from other languages: molasses (Portuguese), magazine (Arabic), pepper (Sanskrit), bungalow (Hindi), scarlet (Persian), horde (Turkish), tea (Chinese), pendant (Italian), gravel (Celtic), mammoth (Slavonic), boss (Dutch), tycoon (Japanese), skill (Old Norse), flannel (Welsh), cork (Spanish). For common English words that derive from Yiddish, click HERE . In 1980, the five most common non-English languages spoken in the United States were (in order): Spanish, Italian, German, French and Polish. Thirty years later, the top five are (in order): Spanish, Chinese, French, Tagalog and Vietnamese. The onion is named after a Latin word meaning large pearl. English is the only language to capitalize the first person pronoun, I. In some American Indian and native Australian languages the grammatical distinction between singular and plural does not exist. In Hungarian (Magyar) the same word means he, she, and it. Eggcorns is the term coined by Mark Liberman, Univ. of Pennsylvania linguist. He describes this as the confluence of creativity or logic with misunderstanding the meaning of the words in the phrase. Chris Waigi's Eggcorn Database, www.eggcorns.lascribe.net includes such gems as: without further adieu, wet your appetite, stark raven mad, girdle one's loins, insectuous, flaw in the ointment, spurt of the moment, financial heartship, zero-sum gain, works like a champ, gorilla marketing, and take with a grain assault. The term golf came from Gentlemen Only...Ladies Forbidden. Using Xs at the end of a letter for kisses started in the Middle Ages when people couldn't write and used crosses as signatures. Conservative people in the Middle East only look directly into the eyes of a social equal of the same sex. It's a cultural difference that can make Westerners feel someone from the Middle East can't be trusted, as Westerners are used to looking directly at anyone they meet. The word sneaker was coined by Henry McKinney, an advertising agent for N.W. Ayer & Son. Joe Sugarman introduced the concept of using toll-free numbers to take credit card orders over the phone. The phrase raining cats and dogs originated in seventeenth-century England. During heavy rainstorms, many homeless animals would drown and float down the streets, giving the appearance that it had actually rained cats and dogs. The first use of OK in print, in The Boston Morning Post of March 23, 1839, was a joke: o.k. all correct. Such misspelling-based abbreviations were a fad. But it soon caught on. A book review in the NYTimes quotes from OK - The Improbable Story of Americas Greatest Word, by Allan Metcalf: O is a satisfying oval, all curves; K is all straight lines, a collection of sticks. The combination is stark and striking. And: Feminine O, masculine K. Thats the look of OK. Reviewer Ray Blount points out: The sounds are clear and simple: two long vowels, O and A, separated in the middle by a quick K. Nearly every language in the world not only has these three sounds but allows them to be combined in that sequence, which accounts both for the spread of OK throughout the world. Using Xs at the end of a letter for kisses started in the Middle Ages when people couldn't write and used crosses as signatures. EPONYMS are words originating from the names of people. Some examples include: bougainvillea - Louis Bougainville; dunce - John Duns Scotus; guppy - Robert Guppy; hooligan - Patrick Hooligan; jacuzzi - Candido Jacuzzi; praline - Count Plessis-Praslin; melba toast - soprano Nellie Melba; peach melba - Nellie Melba CONTRANYMS are words which can have two opposite meanings. Examples include sanction, oversight, left, trim, resign, screen. The Pintupi tribe of Western Australia have 15 words for different types of fear; the Japanese use amae to describe the feeling of being able to depend on someone unconditionally. Sir Walter Scott coined a number of phrases in common use today. Among these are: caught red-handed ("redhand" was an existing Scottish legal term meaning "in the act of crime") cold shoulder; blood is thicker than water; flotsam and jetsam; go berserk; infra dig; lock stock and barrel, nail your colours to the mast; savoir faire; strain at the leash; apple of my eye; the back of beyond; tongue in cheek; wide berth Several common American words, like boss and stoop, are Dutch in origin. Their influence lingers in place names like Brooklyn and Kinderhook, and in family names like Roosevelt and Vanderbilt. The Dutch also contributed three all-American foods: doughnuts, waffles, and cookies. The habit of saying Please and Thank You became common during the 16th and 17th centuries, when the growing middle class used these terms to facilitate commerce. Please is short for if you please, and Thank You comes from the word think, and means I'll remember what you did. Shakespeare loved symmetry. Romeo & Juliet contains balance between night and day, the nightingale and the lark, to echo the two feuding families, Capulets and Montagues. Every character in the play has his or her counterpart in the other family. There are seven soliloquies in Hamlet, which has seven main characters: Hamlet, Ophelia, Gertrude, Claudius, Polonius, Laertes, and Horatio. The Drama Teachers Association of Southern California holds an annual Shakespeare competition, which launched the careers of Kevin Spacey, Mare Winningham and Val Kilmer. Lori Miller has made a documentary film, Shakespeare High, about this program. It premiered at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival. Miller says: theatre education is a way of increasing literacy, communication skills, and complex thought. Sir Ian McKellen cites the frequently gender-bending plot devices of Shakespeares plays as evidence that the playwright himself was gay, or at the very least bisexual. Id say Shakespeare slept with men, McKellen, 72, is quoted as saying. The Merchant of Venice, centering on how the world treats gays as well as Jews, has a love triangle between an older man, younger man and a woman. Your kids probably know Curious George, but you may not know about its origins. According to Jon Meacham (Editor of Newsweek and author of American Lion - Andrew Jackson in the White House): In 1940, after a tense border inspection of their manuscript and draft illustrations of Curious George stuffed in their suitcase, Margret and H. A. Rey fled Paris, eventually settling in the U.S. An exhibit for kids and adults at The Jewish Museum in New York explores the symbolism of the series illustrations and the parallels between the little simian that could always save the day and the way his own creators evaded the dangers of Nazi-occupied Europe. The museum show closes in August 2010, but theres a terrific interactive timeline, videos, and also a book on the topic. In January of 1951, as he was setting out to write East of Eden a book he considered the most difficult he ever attempted, the ultimate test of his talent and discipline as a writer John Steinbeck decided to loosen his creative ligaments by writing a daily letter to his dear friend and editor, Pascal Covici. An ardent believer in the spiritual rewards of handwriting with the perfect writing instrument, Steinbeck began pouring his compact longhand into the large-format ruled notebook Covici had given him. He wrote a letter a day, each over a thousand words on average, until the first draft of the novel was finished 276 days later. A hobbyist woodworker, Steinbeck delivered the manuscript to Covici in a special wooden box he lovingly carved to hold the masterwork his wife considered his magnum opus. On May 26, 1913, Actors Equity Association was organized in New York City. The Playbill for I Can Get It For You Wholesale, the 1962 hit that made Barbra Streisand a star, states that the 19-year-old was born in Madagascar and raised in Rangoon. Actually Streisand was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of a school secretary and a high school teacher. Her paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia (PolandUkraine) and her maternal grandparents from Russia. It was Coleridge who first coined the term "the willing suspension of disbelief, " to describe the experience of going to the theatre. Georges Feydeau offered a theory on writing funny plays: Decide which characters should, under no circumstances, meet, and then get them together as soon as possible. The first novel ever written on a typewriter was Tom Sawyer. During his entire lifetime, Herman Melville's timeless classic, Moby Dick, sold only 3,715 copies. Isaac Asimov is the only author to have a book in every Dewey-decimal category. Dr. Seuss wrote Green Eggs and Ham because the editor bet him he could not write a book with fewer than fifty words. Mary Had a Little Lamb was written by Sarah Josepha Hale, who turned to writing in 1822 as a widow trying to support her family and who eventually became an influential editor and arbiter of American taste. Charles Dickens was able to work on two serialized novels simultaneously while also editing a monthly magazine. No other writer has had more movie, TV and cartoon versions of his works, and all of his work was adapted for the stage during his lifetime. He often appeared in these productions. Dickens was also one of the first authors to campaign for international copyright laws. Ronald B. Tobias claims there are only 20 master plots in fiction. These include: Quest, Riddle, Temptation, Rivalry, Revenge, Maturation, Love, Forbidden Love, Escape, etc. His book is available at Amazon, and you can read a talk he gave to Denver writers at: www.hodrw.com/ronaldtobias.htm. Anna Sewell sold Black Beauty when she was 57. Karen Blixen, the Danish author who wrote under the pen name Isak Dinesen, published her first book at age 50, and her blockbuster, Out of Africa, at 52. Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House on the Prairie series, didnt have her first book published until she was well into her 60s. Richard Adams, author of the childrens classic Watership Down, remained unpublished until he was in his 50s. Bangladeshi writer Nirad Chaudhuri's first book, The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, was published in 1951, when he was 54 years old. Its sequel hit the market in 1988, when he was 90. And his final book, Three Horsemen of the New Apocalypse, was published in 1997when he was 100. Stephen Vizinczey's best-seller, In Praise of Older Women, was self-published, but after he sold world rights to someone else, he didn't see a penny for two years. I was starving in Montreal, all the money went to New York. Seeing headlines in the paper about being a worldwide bestseller when you're having to borrow money to eat, that's a soul-destroying experience. The court case took seven years to settle. A 1784 satire written by Benjamin Franklin proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. But he didn't actually suggest Daylight Savings Time. That didn't come until William Willett conceived DST in 1905, and it wasn't widely accepted until 1916. "Beat" poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti commented that the slogan from 1960s, Be Here Now has evolved to Be Somewhere Else Now. Swiss biologists determined that stupid flies live longer than smart flies because intelligence wears out flies' brains. Canadian researchers claim that straining to recall information which seems to be on the tip of my tongue makes us learn mistaken guesses instead of the correct answers we may (or may not) eventually remember. (source: Harper's) The first email was sent out by Ray Tomlinson in 1971, 127 years after Samuel Morse sent the world's first telegraph message. Of the 160 billion emails that are sent each day, 97% are spam. The Nigerian email scam is called 419. It dates back to the Spanish Armada in the 1500s, when wealthy landowners would receive letters saying My father is being held in a Spanish prison. He has millions in gold that he's hidden away, so if you help me free him (by sending xx amount of gold) I will reward you handsomely. When the economy of Nigeria collapsed, they updated this Spanish scam for the Internet. The word "spam" came from the 1970 Monty Python sketch where SPAM singing was drowning out conversation and SPAM itself was unwanted and popping up all over the menu. Facebook has 900 million users (so far) - one out of every eight people in the world. In 1894, the first women's pages in newspapers were created, to court female consumers. The first permanent color photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. Warren Buffett, John Kerry, Ted Turner, Tom Brokaw, New Yorker Editor (and Pulitzer Prize-winner) David Remnick, Art Garfunkel, Jann Wenner, Meredith Vieira, Columbia University President Lee Bollinger, Sun Microsystems co-founder Scott McNealy and Memorial Sloan-Kettering President Harold Varmus were all rejected by Harvard. Of the 43 men to have served as president, eight never went to college: George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Grover Cleveland (who was both the 22nd and 24th president). The largest academic library in the United States is at Harvard, which contains 13.6 million volumes. Second largest, at 9.5 million volumes, is Yale. Michaelangelo's last name was Buonarroti. Chaucer, widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, was the first poet to be buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, he spent much of his early career working for the King. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a varlet de chambre, yeoman, or esquire, and travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. These travels may have inspired his most famous work: Canterbury Tales. William James Sidis was an American child prodigy who could read The New York Times by the time he was 18 months old. By age eight, he had taught himself eight languages and had invented one of his own. It is said that in his adult years he could speak more than 40 languages and learn a new one in a single day. In 1909, he became the youngest person ever to enroll at Harvard College and began lecturing on higher mathematics the following year. American book packager Edward Stratemeyer created three popular series of children's books, Nancy Drew, The Bobbsey Twins, and The Hardy Boys. Although Carolyn Keene was credited as the author of Nancy Drew, there was no author by that name. All three series were written by a syndicate of anonymous authors. Crosswords began with a word-cross puzzle in the New York World on Dec. 21, 1913. Its creator was Arthur Wynne, the Fun Page editor. What he developed was actually an adaptation of a puzzle that first surfaced more than two millenniums earlier. The puzzle was called a word square, and its distinguishing mark was that the same words read both across and down. Creating word squares became popular in 19th-century England. It occurred to Wynne that the horizontal words didnt have to be the same as the vertical ones, and he arranged his puzzle in a diamond-shaped grid and inserted numbers in some of the squares. The puzzler was given clues that indicated the start and position of each word. Before long, crossword mania had swept the continent. Kathleen Hamilton created the Toronto Star's first Canadian crossword puzzles in 1999. The initial set of books from that series, called O Canada Crosswords, have all been Canadian bestsellers, and were the first books of Canadian crosswords in bookstores. Hamilton went on to produce many other books, including the current set, True North Crosswords , and her puzzles are still carried in many Canadian newspapers. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king: Spades - King David Clubs -Alexander the Great Diamonds - Julius Caesar Birthstones arose from the Breastplate of Aaron: a ceremonial religious garment set with twelve gemstones that represented the twelve tribes of Israel and also corresponded with the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve months of the year. Because ancient people did not always classify gemstones by mineral species, no one is sure which gemstones were set in the breastplate and why. Because of this, different cultures around the world have developed different birthstone lists. The custom of wearing birthstones probably first became popular in Poland in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. Birthstones originally may have been worn each month by everyone, since the powers of the gemstone were heightened during its month. Reference: http://tinyurl.com/bunn5e6 Engagement rings are often worn on the fourth finger of the left hand because the ancient Greeks maintained that that finger contains the vena amoris, or the vein of love, that runs straight to the heart. The first recorded wedding rings appear in ancient Egypt, with the circle representing eternity as well as powerful sun and moon deities. Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence in her shoe symbolizes continuity, optimism for the future, borrowed happiness, fidelity, and wealth or good luck, respectively. Early Roman brides carried a bunch of herbs, such as garlic and rosemary, under their veils to symbolize fidelity and fertility and to ward off evil. These herbs served as a precursor to the modern bridal bouquet. The tradition of bridesmaid's dresses came from the superstition that if bridesmaids were dressed in similar bride-like gowns, they would confuse rival suitors, evil spirits, and robbers. "Tying the knot" initially came from an ancient Babylonian custom in which threads from the clothes of both the bride and bridegroom were tied in a knot to symbolize the couple's union. Literally tying some type of ceremonial knot at a wedding ceremony can be found across cultures. 1,400 actresses were interviewed for the part of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind. The most extensive screen tests in the history of motion pictures had MGM shooting 149,000 feet of black-and-white test film and another 13,000 feet of color film with the 60 finalists. Luc Godard said film is the truth 24 times a second. Who are the stars who have won the most awards? Barbra Streisand - Total 17 = 4 Emmys, 10 Grammys, 2 Oscars, 1 Tony Mike Nichols - Total 13 = 4 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 7 Tonys Marvin Hamlisch - Total 12 = 4 Emmys, 4 Grammys, 3 Oscars, 1 Tony Mel Brooks - Total 11 = 4 Emmys, 3 Grammys, 1 Oscar, 3 Tonys Liza Minnelli - Total 6 = 1 Emmy, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 3 Tonys Whoopi Goldberg - Total 5 = 2 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 1 Tony Rita Moreno - Total 5 = 2 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 1 Tony The Oscar was designed by MGM art director, Cedric Gibbons, in 1928. He asked a young Mexican actor, Emilio Fernadez, to model for the figurine. When an orange is shown in any of the Godfather movies, this means that someone is about to die or a close call is to occur. Alfred Hitchcock filmed the shower scene in Psycho in black and white, using 78 pieces of film perfectly edited into a 45-second sequence featuring the piercing shriek of Bernard Herrmanns violin. The attacker was actually an extra, as Anthony Perkins was in New York that week, appearing in a play! Rin Tin Tin was smuggled into the U.S. from France, and starred initially in silent films written by his owner. He turned out to be one of Warner Brothers' most profitable commodities. The first full length animated movie was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was released in 1937, and has been named to the Americal Film Institute's list of 100 best American films. Marcel Marceau was a French actor and mime who gained renown in 1947 with the creation of Bip, a sad, white-faced clown with a tall, battered hatreminiscent of Charlie Chaplins Tramp. Noted for his eloquent, deceptively simple portrayals, he earned worldwide acclaim in the 1950s with his production of the mimodrama of Nikolai Gogols Overcoat. During that time, he visited New York, and was a guest in the drama workshop at Barnard where Bobbi met him as a student. 28% of all primetime TV shows are now "reality" shows. Do viewers realize that most of these are scripted and even rehearsed? that most of the contestants are using this exposure as a short-cut to a career in film or broadcasting. What the audience thinks is sincerity is all artifice, all acting. Just like the make-up on these supposedly scrubbed faces. An analysis of the most popular TV dramas has shown that there is a formula for success: 65% drama, 12% shocks and surprises, 9% comedy, 8% action, 6% romance. Charles Douglass, inventor of the canned laughter we hear on sitcoms, recorded the guffaws for his original "Laff Box" during broadcasts of The Red Skelton Show. The "laugh track" then became a part of most sit-coms. The first ever television broadcast occurred at Alexandra Palace, London in 1936. The Muppets came from a British show that was rejected by almost every U.S. network before PBS began to carry it. Almost all the Muppets are left-handed, since most puppeteers work their characters' mouths with their right hands. The original Kermit was from a coat that one belonged to Jim Henson's mother. His eyes were made from ping-pong balls. Mick Jagger copied Marilyn Monroe when choreographing his trademark moves. Jagger also sang backup for Carly Simon's hit You're So Vain, the song supposedly written about Warren Beatty. The popular song, We've Only Just Begun, which was a best-seller by The Carpenters, was written by Paul Williams, contracted by an ad agency to write a song for an ad campaign for a bank in Los Angeles. Warner Communications paid $28 million for the copyright to the song Happy Birthday. Originally a jazz pianist, Nat King Cole performed in Los Angeles nightclubs with his trio in the 1930s but did not achieve commercial success until he began singing. His warm, velvety voice brought a personal touch to his ballads, and he became internationally popular for his broodingly romantic hits, such as Unforgettable. He went on to become one of the first African-American artists to star in a radio show and to host a network television show. Sidney Poitier, called Hollywood's first black leading man, was born in the Bahamas, moved to Miami when he was 15, and was living in New York, working as a dishwasher, when he first auditioned for the American Negro Theatre. Semi-literate, he taught himself to read and comprehend by studying newspapers, and learned to speak properly by listening to the radio. John Wagner, a Hallmark artist, is the creator of the popular cartoon, Maxine. She was modeled on a combination of his mother, his maiden aunts and his grandmother. Hired for Hallmark's new Shoebox Greetings in 1986 led to the creation of Maxine. People at Shoebox started referring to the character as John Wagner's old lady, said the artist in an interview, so he instigated a contest among the Shoebox group to name the character. Three entries suggested Maxine, which John agreed is perfect. Abraham Al Jaffee, was born in 1921. A regular contributor to Mad Magazine for more than 55 years, Jaffee is the satirical magazines longest-running contributor, as both an illustrator and writer. Since 1964, only one issue has been published without new material from Jaffee. He created some of the magazines most popular features, such as blueprint-style inventions and his famous fold-inswhich he continues to draw by hand. The first printing press in North America was used in Mexico City in 1539. The first book printed in the U.S. was the Bay Book of Psalms, printed in 1640 in Boston. In 1845, Rufus Porteran eccentric inventor, painter, and editorpublished the first issue of Scientific American, a weekly newspaper about new inventions. By 1853, its circulation had reached 30,000 and it was reporting on various sciences, such as astronomy and medicine. In 1921, it became a monthly. Hearst started the King Syndicate in 1915, to distribute comic strips and other features to his papers. They now reach 2800 newspapers in 70 countries. Walt Disney got his idea for Mickey Mouse while he worked in a garage. He was watching the mice play one night and got the inspiration for Mortimer Mouse. He didnt change the name until shortly before he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon the 1928 Steamboat Willie, Disneys first attempt to use sound and the first fully synchronized sound cartoon. He named Mickey Mouse after Mickey Rooney, whose mother he dated for some time. Mickey was created in 1928, making his debut in the silent film Plane Crazy. But well before that, Walt Disney created a character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Unfortunately, Universal Studios claimed the rights, as he was their employee. That caused Disney to protect Mickey Mouse and all his subsequent characters so vigorously. On December 21st, 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered. It was the first full-length animated feature film in history. It was animated entirely by hand and took Walt Disney and his studio three years to complete. It was exponentially more expensive than the animated shorts the studio had produced until that time and met with considerable opposition. Disney eventually had to mortgage his house to help finance the project, which was derisively nicknamed Disneys Folly by those in the film industry. Mickey Mouse only has four fingers on each of his hands because it was less expensive to animate. Peter Pan is the only Disney cartoon movie that features both parent characters alive and present throughout the entire film. Walt Disneys mother died from a furnace leak in the house Disney bought for her. Producer Don Hahn believes that the reason so many characters in the franchise are motherless is because Disney used his work to process his guilt and his grief. The longest Hollywood kiss was from the 1941 film, You're in the Army Now. It lasted for three minutes and three seconds, between Regis Toomey and Jane Wyman (first wife of former President Ronald Reagan). Stars of the film were Jimmy Durante and Phil Silvers. Peter Falk, who died in 2011 at the age of 84, made 65 episodes of Columbo over a period of 32 years. The show and subsequent movies are still broadcast all over the world, translated into many languages. Bobbi's article about buying Peter Falk a jockstrap for a play she stage-managed in New York in 1955 has been sold to many magazines and newspapers over the years, and now appears in Prose to Go . Falk, an Oscar and Emmy winner, wrote an autobiography, Just One More Thing, in 2006, in which he recounts many episodes in his life as an actor, but not the jockstrap incident! How different The Music Man might have been with someone other than Robert Preston in the role. A new book (I'm the Greatest Star, by Robert Viagas) reveals that Danny Kaye, Milton Berle, and Art Carney all turned down the role. Music likely preceded language in evolution. Singing was used to communicate friendship, joy, comfort, knowledge, religion and love, the six songs Daniel Levitin describes in his book, The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature. The harmonica is the world's best-selling music instrument. Showing off at a party one evening, Chopin played the entire Minute Waltz in less than 10 seconds. On December 22, 1808, Beethoven rented a hall in Vienna and promoted the concert to end all concerts: the debut, over four hours, of three of the greatest works in the history of music. Franz Schubert, one of the most gifted musicians of the 19th century, was an Austrian who wrote his first of nine symphonies in 1813 at the age of 16. He wrote more than 600 songs, many to the lyrics of German poets, and also composed music for the stage, overtures, choral music, masses, and piano music. He died at 31, having produced more masterpieces by that age than almost any other composer in history. Francis Scott Key was a young lawyer who wrote the poem, The Star Spangled Banner, after being inspired by watching the Americans fight off the British attack of Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem became the words to the national anthem. Cole Porter's first two musicals flopped on Broadway. Andrew Lloyd Weber has had at least one musical running in London for 40 years, and at one point, he had five different shows playing at the same time. The Lion King has now raked in more box office dollars than any work in any media in entertainment history. It has grossed $6.2 billion worldwide. Radio City Music Hall seats 6000, and its Great Stage, designed by Peter Clark, measures 66.5 by 144 ft. Its system of elevators was so advanced that the U.S. Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers. During the war, government agents guarded the basement to assure the Navy's technological advantage. This elevator system was also designed by Peter Clark, and was built by Otis Elevators. The Music Hall's "Mighty Wurlitzer" pipe organ is the largest theater pipe organ built for a movie theater. Identical consoles with four manuals (keyboards) are installed on both sides of the Great Stage. Installed in 1932, the instrument was the largest produced by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company of North Tonawanda, New York; it was built as a serious concert instrument rather than to accompany silent movies, capable of playing many styles of music including classical organ literature. A total rebuild of the historic organ was completed in time for the theater's restoration in 1999. Andre Segovia, acknowledged to be one of the world's greatest guitarist, was primarily self-taught. The romantic guitar and the mandolin were both invented in Naples. Leo Fender invented the electric guitar in 1948, although he never learned how to play it! Les Paul invented the 8-track, the modified electric guitar, and over-dubbing. As a kid, he punched extra holes in his mother's piano rolls and covered existing holes, just to see how it would sound. Like many geniuses, he dropped out of high school. Always open to new ideas, was playing in a country band on the radio in Chicago while spending evenings at jazz clubs. He was the first to play the guitar beyond the third fret. Other guitar players thought he was crazy until they heard the sound he was able to produce. His use of a tape recorder was the result of an auto accident which damaged his right arm. Invention often comes out of adversity. Arnold Jacobs, a tuba player with the Chicago Symphony and a professor at Northwestern University, says there are two cranial nerves that allow a musician to communicate when he or she is playing. Jacobs explains that thinking is as important as technique in creating music, and urges musicians to practising as if you're performing, listening to the sound in your head rather than just going through the motions of rehearsing. Frank Sinatra couldn't read music. The S-shaped hole in the body of the violin, which permits the sound to escape, is the same as the mathematical symbol for integral, one of the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. There are 600 violins and cellos built by Antonio Stradivari still in existence today. Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison were all 27 years old when they died. The national anthem of Greece has 158 verses. Among the most unusual musical instruments the worlds first and only Great Stalacpipe Organ, created by electronic engineer Leland W. Sprinkle. The organ itself works by tapping these ancient stalactites with rubber mallets, all connected to a keyboard that looks like a traditional organ/piano. Norwegian drummer and composer, Terje Isungset, turns ice into music. He shapes ice into a variety of instruments using his chainsaw like a paintbrush. Trumpets, xylophones, Englands East Lancashire is home to an art installation known as the Ringing Singing Tree. Its a giant instrument made up of a bunch of steel pipes of different lengths stacked in different directions, so that any passing breeze transforms into eerie melodies. This crazy piece of art stands just over three meters tall and was created in 2006 by Mike Tonkin and Anna Liu and won a Royal Institute of British Architects award The Vegetable Orchestra of Vienna are a group of touring musicians who have transformed everyday vegetables into a variety of instruments: pan-pipes, recorders, even a clarinet made from a carrot. Not only can the orchestra carry a vegan melody, they even give out fresh vegetable soup at the end of their concerts. The Hornucopian Dronepipe was designed by Eric Goldemberg and Veronica Zalcberg from Monad Studios, using a 3-D printer as part of a trio of futuristic instruments. The other two include a two-string electric violin, a one-string electric bass guitar, a one-string electric cello/violin hybrid and a small didgeridoo. Theremins were made famous for producing the iconic eerie soundtracks to the science fiction films of the 1950s and 60s. Their trademark howl is made from contactless play. The player moves his hand between two metal antennae without touching them. The distance from one antenna determines frequency (called pitch), and the distance from the other controls the volume (called amplitude). Theremists can play higher notes by moving their hands closer to the pitch antenna, and control volume by playing with the other antenna. The Theremin gets its name from Leon Theremin, who invented it in 1928. The American Library Association maintains a long list of books banned by schools and libraries. It includes such classics as All Quiet on the Western Front, A Farewell to Arms, The Grapes of Wrath, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Animal Farm, 1984, Doctor Zhivago, Harry Potter, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Huckelberry Finn, Gone With the Wind, To Kill a Mockingbird, and Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. One of the most popular books ever published in the United States was To Kill a Mockingbird. Michael Brown, who wrote industrial musicals for American corporations, used some of his earnings to support Harper Lee while she wrote To Kill a Mockingbird. Penguin Books was launched in 1935, starting the paperback revolution. But much earlier, in the 1840s, The American Library of Useful Knowledge began to publish cheap editions of European novels. Pocket Books started in 1939, with Penguin opening an American office the same year, Avon in 1941, Popular Library in 1942, Dell in 1943, Bantam in 1945, and many more after World War II, including New American Library's Signet and Mentor divisions. Publishers collaborated to produce Armed Service Editions of popular titles, which had double columns and were small enough to fit into a pocket. Because they were free to the troops, many returned home with the habit of reading for pleasure. Instead of printing only the books soldiers and sailors actually wanted to read, though, publishers decided to send them the best they had to offer. From small Pacific islands to sprawling European depots, soldiers discovered the addictive delights of good books. By giving away the best it had to offer, the publishing industry created a vastly larger market for its wares. More importantly, it also democratized the pleasures of reading, making literature, poetry, and history available to all." Full article from the Atlantic: http://theatln.tc/1uNwuLN By 1954, Anchor was selling 600,000 paperback books a year, and Knopf had launched it's quality paperback line, Vintage. This was soon followed by Beacon and Meridian. Soon Grove and New Directions came on board, and several publishers started producing anthologies of new writing, such as Mentor's New World Writing series. In 1940, before dying of a massive heart attack in a Hollywood apartment at the age of 44, F. Scott Fitzgerald earned a grand total of $13.13 in royalties, despite the later success of The Great Gatsby, first published in 1925. Arthur Frommer self-published his first travel book in 1955, as a GI stationed in Europe. Two years later, he launched the $5 a Day series, publishing 58 titles a year until he sold the company in 1977. When the new owners lost interest in the books, Frommer bought back 340 titles, and resumed publishing with the help of his daughter, Pauline. Hugo Boss, founder of the popular clothing company, designed some of the Nazi SS uniforms. Boss joined the Nazi Party in 1931 after being bankrupt and coming to an agreement with his creditors. He later stated that he joined the party because of their promise to end unemployment and because he felt temporarily withdrawn from the Lutheran Church. Guess who this woman is, described by acclaimed author John McPhee in Time Magazine: Her feet are too big, her nose is too long, her teeth are uneven, she has big, half-bushel hips, her hands are huge, her forehead is low, her mouth is too large. McPhee was describing Sophia Loren! In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson designated the third Sunday in June as Fathers Day. Fathers Day has been celebrated annually since 1972 when President Richard Nixon signed the public law that made it permanent.	Guinness World Records
August 8, 1908 saw which Wright brother, the one who didn't get to pilot the flyer the previous December at Kitty Hawk, make his first public flight in Le Mans, France?	Interesting Facts about Culture & Language Six fundamental ideas that commonly undergird moral systems: care, fairness, liberty, loyalty, authority and sanctity. The Cultural Sector in Canada employs more people than forestry and banking combined. In 2008, Canadians spent more than twice as much on live performing arts (theatre, music, dance) than on sporting events. There are currently 40 theatres that make up the area generally considered as "Broadway." Broadway brings 14 times more revenue to NY than all sports teams combined. Michael Jackson did not invent the moon-walk. Bill Bailey, a tap dancer and brother of singer Pearl Bailey, invented a step called the "back slide," which Jackson then adapted. The "high five" originated with two baseball players for the L.A. Dodgers, who congratulated each other that way in 1977. The gesture soon made its way into popular culture. In 2005, Canada's Rideau Canal skateway in Ottawa was added to the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest, naturally-frozen ice rink in the world. It also earned it a UNESCO World Hertage Site designation in 2007. In an article in American Scholar, Ralph Keyes says, Soon after they arrived in America, British settlers got busy with an important task: reinventing their language. This called for repurposing old words and coining new ones. Colonists called the plump, smelly rodents they encountered in swamps muske rats. Other forms of wildlife were named katydids, bobcats, catfish, and whippoorwills. To these settlers, sleigh improved on sledge, and the help reflected their values better than servants. A contronym is a word that can be its own opposite, for example, left can mean both to depart and to remain. The plural of octopus is octopuses, because you can't put a Latin ending ( i) on a word derived from Greek. The English language has a mysterious rule of adjective order, seldom taught in schools. According to linguist Mark Forsyth, the order goes opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun. Read the larger explanation at: http://tinyurl.com/h7qzwep Habeas corpus is a writ ordering that a person be brought before a judge, especially to decide whether a prisoners detention is lawful. Defenestrate was coined in 1618 from the Latin prefix de (down or away from) and fenestra, which means window. It originates from two incidents in Prague, known as the Defenestrations of Prague. In 1419 several town officials were thrown from the windows of the town hall. Then, in 1618, two imperial governors and their secretaries were tossed from Prague Castle. This event began the 30 Years War. Wreckage that sinks to the ocean floor and has no hope of recovery is called derelict; this word traces its origins in English to the 1640s and is derived from the Latin derelictus for solitary and deserted. Its meaning of an abandoned vessel may be traced back to the 1660s. Flotsam denotes that wreckage from a ship that is later found floating on the seas surface. The word traces its roots to the early 1600s and the Anglo-French floteson, which derived from the Old French flotaison (meaning a floating.) The word in English was spelled flotsen until the mid-1800s, when it took on its modern variant. Jetsam, first seen in the mid-1500s, is the stuff that was purposely thrown off a ship by its crew to lighten its load (usually during troubling times), and is washed ashore. The word is a modification and contraction of the Middle English jetteson, itself from the Anglo-French getteson and Old French getaison (meaning a throwing.) When a plane or ship captain uses the word Mayday, he's following a procedure which originated in 1923. Frederick Stanley Mockford, a senior radio officer at Croydon Airport in London, was asked to think of a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground staff in an emergency. Since much of the traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the word Mayday from the French m'aider, a shortened version of venez m'aider (meaning come and help me). Umpire is from the Old French word nompair, meaning 'not paired.' The umpire is the third, or 'not paired' person called upon to decide between two contestants. Milton Sirotta, the nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, was walking with his uncle one day in 1920 when Kasner wondered out loud what one might call 10 to the 100th power (the number 10 followed by 100 zeroes). A googol, suggested Milton, and the word google ended up as the name for today's famous company. The word computer was coined in 1613 to describe any person who did math calculations. The suffix ish, as in British, comes from the Proto-Germanic suffix -iska which meant country of. It morphed into the Old English isc before becoming the modern English, Irish, Spanish, etc. The addition of stan to the name of their cultural or ethnic group identifies that a certain place belongs to them. In English, we often use land to identify a nation or place, and familiar words include England, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, and Thailand, as well as Maryland and Newfoundland. Other languages use the convention as well, such as the German Deutschland. A study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that many of the worlds languages use similar sounds for the same things. For example, the R sound often shows up in words for red, a nasal n in referring to the nose, use hard K sounds for spiky things and B for round items. Comparing common words from 4,298 languages around the world, they discovered similarities in the sounds of different classes of words, from body parts to adjectives to pronouns to verbs to objects in nature. The T sound was often used in words for stone, and the S sound was often used in words for sand. The word sugar originates from the Sanskrit word sharkara, which means material in a granule form. In Arabic, it is sakkar; Turkish is sheker; Italian is zucchero; and Yoruba speakers in Nigeria call it suga. The only taste humans are born craving is sugar. The English word girl was initially used to describe a young person of either sex. It was not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that the term was used specifically to describe a female child. The average pre-schooler laughs or smiles 400 times a day, but that number drops to only 15 times a day by the time people reach the age of 35. Mensa is a non-profit organization open to people who score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardised, supervised IQ test. Because different tests are scaled differently, they compare percentiles rather than raw scores. Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 130.82. There are more than 110,000 members of Mensa in 50 national groups, and the youngest is Oscar Wrigley, who joined with an IQ of 160 in 2009. He was just 2 1/2. Mensa has just admitted Heidi Hankins, a 4-year-old British girl who taught herself to read. She has an IQ 59 points higher than the average score. Bingo has had many names and variations. The earliest name, lotto (or loto), a childrens game, was first recorded in 1778. The original American form, called keno, kino, or po-keno, dates from the early 19th century. The only form of gambling permitted in the British armed services, the game is called in the Royal Navy tombola (1880) and in the Army, house (1900), or housy-housy. Other American names are beano, lucky, radio, and fortune. Monopoly has had more than 20 regular tokens and 1,100 specialty tokens in its 78-year history, but this was the first time Hasbro crowd-sourced the choice. Fans on Twitter and Facebook selected the cat. Famous fashion designer Balenciaga began his career early. At age six he made a coat for his cat. Big Ben doesnt refer to a clock; it's actually the name for the bell inside that famous clock tower. Some popular hats include the Derby, which is known in England as a Bowler. This dome-shaped rigid hat with a curled small brim was created for an Englishman, James Coke in 1850s, and made stiff to protect the head. Peaking in popularity towards the end of the 19th century, it offered a midway between the formality of the top hat associated with the upper classes and the casual nature of soft felt hats worn by the lower middle classes. Founded in 1865, John B. Stetson Company began when the founder headed west and created the original hat of the West, the Boss of the Plains. This Western hat would become the cornerstone of Stetsons hat business and is still in production today. Stetson eventually became the worlds largest hat maker, producing more than 3.3 million hats a year in its Philadelphia factory. The word Fedora comes from the title of an 1882 play by dramatist Victorien Sardou, Fédora, written for Sarah Bernhardt. The play was first performed in the United States in 1889. Bernhardt played Princess Fédora, the heroine of the play, and she wore a hat similar to what is now considered a fedora. The hat's popularity soared when it was adopted by men, and eventually eclipsed the similar-looking Homburg. Canadian ceremonial guards who perform every summer on Parliament Hill wear real bearskin hats. They're made from the skin of brown bears, dyed black, and date back many years. A local furrier stores the hats and keeps them in good repair. The two women behind Ask Ann Landers and Dear Abby were feuding twin sisters, Esther Lederer and Pauline Phillips. After Esther took over the Ann Landers column in 1955 (the original writer being Ruth Crowley from 1943-1955), Pauline decided to start up her own competing column with the same theme, Dear Abby. However, they supposedly settled their differences shortly before Esther died in 2002. Due to the naughty dancing of the can-can girls and the scantily clad models on 1800s French postcards, the British equated anything risqué with France. In fact, that's how the phrase pardon my French entered the vernacular. The American Civil War was the beginning of left and right shoes, mass-produced clothing in small, medium and large, and home-delivered mail. Charlie Chaplin once came in third in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. Lon Chaney's parents were both deaf and mute. He learned to express himself through pantomime at an early age, moved to Hollywood in 1912 and became one of the biggest stars of the time, appearing in more than 150 silent films. Known as the man of a thousand faces, he masterfully used makeup to play tortured, grotesque characters in horror films such as The Phantom of the Opera. Mary Pickford, one of the first film stars, was also a shrewd businesswoman. After cofounding United Artists, she came to exert a profound influence on the film industry as one of the most powerful figures in Hollywood. In 1927, she became one of the original founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Freddie Bartholomew was abandoned by his parents as a baby and raised by a British aunt whose last name he took. A successful child actor in Hollywood during the 1930s, he appeared in such films as David Copperfield, which propelled him to fame at the age of 10; Little Lord Fauntleroy; and Captains Courageous. After he became successful, his biological parents launched a protracted and expensive court battle to regain custody of the child star. In 1895, the worlds first commercial movie screening took place at the Grand Cafe in Paris. The film was made by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, two French brothers who developed a camera-projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere brothers unveiled their invention to the public in March 1895 with a brief film showing workers leaving the Lumiere factory. On December 28, the entrepreneurial siblings screened a series of short scenes from everyday French life and charged admission for the first time. The Hollywood star who played the most leading roles in feature films was John Wayne (1907-1979), who appeared in 153 movies. The star with the most screen credits is John Carradine (1906-1988), who has been in over 230 movies. Bob Hope and Bing Crosby met when they were booked together for a couple of weeks at the same theatre. They started to ad-lib, which was popular with audiences. Five years later, in 1939, Bob was signed by Paramount and moved to California. He was invited to one of Bing's parties and they got up and reprised their old act to entertain the guests. A couple of Paramount execs decided to hire them for the first of seven Road movies. Lou Costello of Abbott & Costello signed an unknown Dean Martin to a personal contract, discovering him in a second-rate night club. The wiley Costello who introduced The Andrews Sisters hit Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy to the world in the first A&C film Buck Privates, quickly signed Martin to a personal contract. Unlike the idiot child he played onscreen, Costello was a shrewd businessman and he saw that with a nose job, Dino would have the looks of a matinee idol and paid for his novices rhinoplasty. Unfortunately, Martin dumped Costello for Jerry Lewis. The first feature film created solely with Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) was Toy Story (1995). Over 800,000 hours of mathematical equations went into the film, which works out to more than a week of computer time for every second on the screen. Variety was founded in 1905, initially a weekly newspaper for the entertainment industry in New York. It later became a daily with a Hollywood edition. It is credited with creating many new words, including payola, boffo, biz, nix, sit-com, punchline, strip-tease and legit. In 1923, Mark Sennett, Harry Chandler, and the Los Angeles Times put up the Hollywoodland (later shortened to Hollywood) sign to publicize a real estate development. The sign cost $21,000. To Have and Have Not (1945) is the only instance when a Nobel prize-winning author (Ernest Hemingway) was adapted for the screen by another Nobel-winning author (William Faulkner). Tivoli Gardens, the famous amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark, opened on August 15, 1843. It's the second oldest amusement park in the world, and the second most popular seasonal theme park in the world. Another one of the oldest parks is the Prater, in Vienna. It's famous Riesenrad (Giant Ferris wheel) was built in 1897 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Franz Josef I. Edwards Air Force Base was the site of the birth of Murphy's Law. (If anything can go wrong, it will.) In 1949, Capt. Edward A. Murphy was a project engineer who discovered a transducer wrongly wired. He said of the technician who was responsible for the goof, If there is any way to do it wrong, he'll find it. Murphy's comment was noted and he became world famous Scrabble was invented in 1931 and was originally called Criss Cross. For 17 years toy makers snubbed this game, saying it was too intellectual, so the inventor Alfred Botts decided to manufacture and sell it himself. It is the world's second best selling game. The highest scoring word in Scrabble is quartzy. The first permanent color photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. In 1900, the standard billboard was created in America. Paul Friedreichsen reveals some fascinating information about popular logos. For example, the FedEx logo design introduced in 2000 has a hidden arrow in the word Ex. Art Paul, Hugh Heffner's first art director at Playboy, took 30 minutes to design the now classic bunny icon in 1954. It hasn't changed in almost 60 years. And Frank Mason Robinson, bookkeeper for John Pemberton, created the original script Coca-Cola logo in the late 1880s. (thanks to Marsha Friedman for these) The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. It was the fashion in Renaissance Florence to shave them off. Van Gogh sold only one painting in his lifetime. In the early 18th century watercolors had been sold in dry lumps that had to be grated. But William Reeves found that honey mixed with gum arabic would not only stop the cakes from drying out, but also allow them to be molded into regular shapes. His brother, who was a metalworker, made the molds, and in 1766 Reeves & Son opened near St. Paul's, supplying the army and the East India Company with the first watercolor paintboxes. It would take the collaboration of artist Henry Newton with chemist William Winsor in 1832 before anyone would think to add glycerine -- meaning that watercolors no longer had to be rubbed and could be used straight from the pan. Suddenly it was easy -- in terms of materials at least -- to become an artist, and many enthusiastic amateurs followed Queen Victoria's lead in ordering the new paintboxes and using them out of doors to sketch landscapes. In 1841 a fashionable American portrait painter called John Goffe Rand devised the first collapsible tube -- which he made of tin and sealed with pliers. After he had improved it the following year and patented it, artists in both Europe and America really began to appreciate the wonder of the portable paintbox. Jean Renoir once told his son that without oil paints in tubes: There would have been no Cezanne, no Monet, no Sisley or Pissarro: nothing of what the journalists were later to call Impressionism. Michelangelo did not finish his painting called The Entombment because the only blue paint that was deemed worthy for the robe of the Virgin Mary was ultramarine, the most expensive of colors except for gold. That corner was probably blank because the paint had not arrived from the patron -- and the twenty-five-year-old artist could never have afforded to pay for it himself. The only true ultramarine paint in the world came from one mine in the heart of Asia. Oltramarino was a technical term meaning from beyond the seas. The paint is made of the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, found only in Chile, Zambia, a few small mines in Siberia, and Afghanistan. Sculptor Henry Moore said that creating sculpture is chipping away at what isnt an elephant. Miles Davis said something similar: Dont play whats there, play whats not there. Leonardo De Vinci invented the scissors. The earliest surviving opera (written by Jacopo Peri and Ottavio Rinuccini) is Euridice which was performed in Florence in 1600. Opera quickly spread from Florence to Rome, Venice, and all other major cities in Italy. Giacomo Puccini decided to dedicate his life to opera after seeing a performance of Giuseppe Verdis Aida in 1876. In his later life, he would write some of the best-loved operas of all time: La Boheme (1896), Tosca (1900), Madame Butterfly (1904) and Turandot (left unfinished when he died in 1906). Opera has been incorporated into many movies and commercials. For example, Delibes The Flower Duet from Lakme can be heard in The American President, Tomb Raider: Cradle of Life, Superman Returns, Meet the Parents, and many TV shows and commercials. Rossinis The Barber of Seville is featured in Babe: Pig in the City, Deep Impact, Space Jam, Under the Tuscan Sun, and an award-winning Nike commercial. The shortest opera is only seven minutes long and is Darius Milhauds The Deliverance of Theseus. After the French revolution, the Paris Opera was literally a brothel. The bourgeoisie lacked the sense of noblesse oblige that led royalty to protect the dancers, and wealthy industrialists who patronized the Paris Opera recruited poverty-stricken children to train as dancer-whores. For a fee, rich men were free to roam backstage and prey on desperate teenagers whose wages didn't cover the cost of their practise clothes, let alone the cost of living. Admission to the ranks of les petits rats -- as dance students at the Paris Opera are still known -- was attractive particularly because it gave girls who would inevitably end up as prostitutes access to richer men. The Nutcracker ballet premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, to mostly negative reviews. Tchaikovsky's Serenade for Strings begins in a minor key, which James Lipton describes as if the boat had left the dock without us, and we had no choice but to jump in and swim after it. A similar situation occurs in Irving Berlin's Let's Face the Music and Dance, which begins in a minor key and with the words: There may be trouble ahead... Johann Strauss I was orphaned at the age of 12. Apprenticed to a bookbinder, he studied violin on the side and performed in string quartets around Vienna before deciding to start his own band and write his own music. He enjoyed much professional success, but his family life was tempestuous. He forbade his children to study music, but they did anyway, with Johann II (The Waltz King) eventually overshadowing him. By the age of 3, Mozart had learned to play a clavier, which was an old-fashioned stringed instrument that had a keyboard. By the age of 5, he was playing the harpsichord and violin as well as a professional. He was playing in front of royalty when he was just 6 years old. Mozart was a rare musical genius, who could compose music before he could write words. Musical memory consists of aural and tactile recall, plus a deep level of knowledge and understanding of the piece, including its structure, other patterns, and specific notes in sequence. Harpsichord craftsman Bartolomeo Cristofori invented a new keyboard instrument which had the ability to produce both soft and loud, with two sets of strings at unison pitch and a soundboard of cypress. It became known as the pianoforte after the Italian for soft and strong (piano-forte), and was revealed to the public in 1709. Piano keys were originally made of ivory because that natural substance absorbs moisture, and kept the keys from becoming slippery. For that reason, a piano with ivory keys is easier to play. The Hammond organ was invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. It was originally designed as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ, or instead of a piano in smaller churches. It quickly became popular with professional jazz musicians, who found it a cheaper alternative to the big band. Warner Communications paid 28 million for the copyright to the song Happy Birthday. But an old songbook might put Happy Birthday in the Public Domain. A ruling is near in a lawsuit that claims the copyright on the much-sung song is not valid. That would be an unhappy day for Warner Music Group, which could lose millions in licensing fees. In 1875, an American songwriter named Henry Clay Work was visiting England. While there, he checked in to the George Hotel in North Yorkshire. In the hotels lobby was a large pendulum clock. The clock had stopped long ago and just sat in the lobby, serving no apparent purpose. When he asked about its history, he was told that the clock had belonged to the inns previous two owners, the Jenkins brothers, both deceased. It seems the clock had kept perfect time during their lives, but when the first Jenkins brother died, the clock started becoming less accurate. After this, the story went that the clock stopped completely dead- to the minute and second Jenkins brother had died. Despite the best efforts of a host of repairmen hired by the new owners of the inn, they couldnt get the clock going again. Work thought it was a great story. and wrote a song about the incident. My Grandfathers Clock was released in 1876. The Boston Pops began in 1885, but became popular in 1930, thanks to Arthur Fiedler, who created special arrangements that the orchestra continues to perform. Fiedler reigned over the Pops for 50 years. In Zulu beadwork, the color or pattern of each bead has meaning. Women used these to send romantic messages, as red beads indicated longing, while blue meant fidelity and striped ones meant fickle. A few language myths exposed by a new book, You Are What You Speak, by Robert Lane Greene: The Chinese word for crisis is not composed of the characters for danger and opportunity, and the book which claimed that women speak much more than men was wrong. Those figures were based on an unsourced claim in a self-help book. Actually, research shows both sexes using about the same number of words in a day. The word influenza comes from the Italian influentia because people used to believe that the influence of the planets, stars, and moon caused the flu. The thought only such universal influence could explain such sudden and widespread sickness. In the 16th century, goods were transported in packs that people carried on theirs or animals backs. The term used to describe this was pick pack because you would pick up a pack in order to carry it on your back. That eventually became pick-a-pack which then became pick-a-back. However, the insertion of the a caused a problem and due to the pronunciation of the term as a whole, pick-a-pack often sounded like pick -i-back which sounded like picky back. That made no sense at all to those who didnt understand the progression of the phrase, so ultimately the term piggyback began to be used for people carrying a pack on their back. By the 1930s, the definition further progressed to describe riding on someones back and shoulders. The term stat means immediately. It comes from the Latin statim. The first references of the practice of shortening statim to stat came to us from physicians in the nineteenth century, with the first known documented instance of this appearing in Lessons on Prescriptions by W.H. Griffith (1875). Writer and politician Horace Walpole invented the word serendipity in 1754 as an allusion to Serendip, an old name for Sri Lanka. Walpole was a prolific letter writer, and he explained to one of his main correspondents that he had based the word on the title of a fairy tale, The Three Princes of Serendip. The three princes were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not looking for. In the Middle Ages the word spinster was a compliment. A spinster was someone, usually a woman, who could spin well. That allowed her to be financially self-sufficient, as spinning was one of the very few ways that mediaeval women could achieve economic independence. The word was generously applied to all women at the point of marriage as a way of saying they came into the relationship freely, from personal choice, not financial desperation. Rapunzel was based on a real person, who was later venerated as Saint Barbara. This is just one of the fairy tales created by Charles Perrault. Thought to be the father of fairy tales, his stories were intended for adults, because no children's literature existed at the time. Many were based on true historical events. Valerie Ogden relates these in a book which reveals the stories behind Cinderella, Snow White, Bluebeard, Little Jack Horner, The Pied Piper, and Hansel & Gretel. Hans Christian Andersen, the Danish writer best known for his many collections of fairy tales, broke with literary tradition and employed the idioms and constructions of spoken language. His stories are imaginative combinations of universal elements from folk legend and include such favorites as The Ugly Duckling and The Emperor's New Clothes. While some reveal an optimistic belief in the ultimate triumph of goodness and beauty, others are deeply pessimistic. Colonel ultimately derives from the Latin columna, meaning pillar. This gave rise to the Old Italian compagna colonnella, meaning little-column company. This, in turn, gave us the rank of colonnello - the leader of a column. Other nations adopted this ranking giving us the Middle French Coronel. This was pronounced pretty much like it looks at first, then later slurred down to Kernel by the English, but using the same spelling. However, starting with the French around the 1540s, the spelling was changed back closer to the Italian spelling, which gave us Colonel in French. Within a few decades, the English also followed suit and by the mid-seventeenth century, colonel was the most common way to spell the word in English. At that time, the common pronunciation was mixed between the older kernel and the new colonel, with the former winning out in the end, despite the way its spelled. Isabella Poggi, a professor of psychology at Roma Tre University, has identified around 250 gestures that Italians use in everyday conversation. There are gestures expressing a threat or a wish or desperation or shame or pride, she said. The only thing differentiating them from sign language is that they are used individually and lack a full syntax. One theory holds that Italians developed them as an alternative form of communication during the centuries when they lived under foreign occupation by Austria, France and Spain in the 14th through 19th centuries as a way of communicating without their overlords understanding. Cursive writing encourages writers to compose sentences in their heads, before committing them to paper. It engages the right brain more than using a keyboard. That requires the left brain to remember where the letters are located. The Egyptian word for cat is meow. Noah Webster published the first American Spelling Book in 1793, which eventually became the first American dictionary. In the same year, he founded the first daily newspaper in New York City. A strong nationalist, he promoted a unified American language independent from British English, and reformed many spellings, including dropping the u from words like colour and favour. Webster's 1928 dictionary soon became the established standard for American English. It contained 70,000 words. Webster was also America's first freelance writer, started the book tour - traveling from city to city to sell his "spellers" - and counted the number of houses in each town to add to his compulsive information gathering. He also argued the importance of copyright protection, as each state set its own such laws in those early days. Webster suffered from what we now know is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, as was Peter Mark Roget, who's Thesaurus became a companion volume on most bookshelves. English has mutated over time from a variety of parent languages, primarily Latin, French and Old English. These languages stretch even farther back to a language family called Proto-Indo-European (or PIE). The most significant transformation of English happened in the eleventh century. When the Normans invaded England in the 1066, they brought their words with them. For centuries, wealthier aristocrats spoke Old Norman (or Old French) and the peasantry spoke Middle English. Inevitably, the languages mixed, and English acquired the French words that now constitute about 30% of the English vocabulary. English is the only language with Latin derivations that has no actual future tense. Plans to undertake an action have to be framed as an act of will ("I'll be going later"). With global colonization in the early 1500s, English continued to amalgamate with other languages. Individual words such as futon, pecan, coyote and vodka were imported directly from foreign languages like Japanese and Algonquin. Some uniquely American words include chowder, applesauce skunk, and demoralize. China has more English speakers than the United States. Linguists have identified two dozen ultraconserved words that have survived 150 centuries. It includes some predictable entries: mother, not, what, to hear and man. It also contains surprises: to flow, ashes and worm. The existence of the long-lived words suggests there was a proto-Eurasiatic language that was the common ancestor to about 700 contemporary languages that are the native tongues of more than half the worlds people. The ancient Greeks and Romans first put forward the idea that there are parts of speech, and in the 18th century, British grammarians arrived at our slate of eight: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. In the first century, Roman scribes wrote in cursive, so when they wrote the Latin word et which means and they linked the e and t. Over time the combined letters came to signify the word and in English as well. Certain versions of the ampersand, like that in the font Caslon, clearly reveal the origin of the shape. The word ampersand came many years later when & was actually part of the English alphabet. In the early 1800s, school children reciting their ABCs concluded the alphabet with the &. It would have been confusing to say X, Y, Z, and. Rather, the students said, and per se and. Per se means by itself, so the students were essentially saying, X, Y, Z, and by itself, and. Over time, and per se and was slurred together into the word we use today: ampersand. In Old English, a letter called thorn represented the th sound (as in that) in Modern English. In the Latin alphabet, the y was the symbol that most closely resembled the character that represented thorn. So, thorn was dropped and y took its place. That is why the word ye, as in Ye Olde Booke Shoppe, is an archaic spelling of the. The Old English letter wynn was replaced by uu, which eventually developed into the modern w. (It really is a double u.) The letters u and j didnt join what we know as the alphabet until the sixteenth century. The Phoenician alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet are the same. Before the Normans invaded England in 1066, there was no letter q in the English language. Words like queen and quick were spelled cwin and cwic respectively. It was the French-speaking Normans who began the practice of using qu to represent the /kw/ sound. The Normans themselves had copied the use of qu from Latin, which used it for the /k/ sound if it appeared before w. If it did not appear before w, they used c instead. J started off as a design of I, and it was also used to show the end of a Roman numeralXIII, for instance, was written XIIJ. In 1524, Italian grammarian Gian Giorgio Trissino differentiated between sounds /i/ and /j/, but the two were still used interchangeably in the 18th century. H, I, O, and X are the four letters that look the same if they are flipped upside down or viewed from the back. Q is the only letter that does not appear in any of the names of the 50 states.\ The Latin and Greek alphabets initially had only capital letters. Small letters were formed when scribes, who had to copy and recopy text, began adding upward or downward strokes to make writing faster. The change in writing surfaces from rough rock to smooth parchment or vellum also led scribes to write in small letters, as they were now able to make single round strokes instead of multiple strokes. Rhythms is the longest English word without the normal vowels, a, e, i, o, or u Excluding derivatives, there are only two words in English that end -shion and (though many words end in this sound). These are cushion and fashion. THEREIN is a seven-letter word that contains thirteen words spelled using consecutive letters: the, he, her, er, here, I, there, ere, rein, re, in, therein, and herein. There is only one common word in English that has five vowels in a row: queueing. Soupspoons is the longest word that consists entirely of letters from the second half of the alphabet. "Almost is the longest commonly used word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order. The longest common single-word palindromes are deified, racecar, repaper, reviver, and rotator. "One thousand contains the letter A, but none of the words from one to nine hundred ninety-nine has an A. The nine-word sequence I, in, sin, sing, sting, string, staring, starting (or starling), startling can be formed by successively adding one letter to the previous word. Stewardesses is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand. There are many words that feature all five regular vowels in alphabetical order, the commonest being abstemious, adventitious, facetious. Fickleheaded and fiddledeedee are the longest words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet. Forty is the only number which has its letters in alphabetical order. One is the only number with its letters in reverse alphabetical order. Bookkeeper is the only word that has three consecutive doubled letters. One two words ending in -gry: angry and hungry. Indivisibility contains only one vowel, but it is used six times. The letter combination ough can be pronounced in nine different ways. Examples of each sound: rough, dough, thought, plough, through, Scarborough, slough, cough, hiccoughed. There are 6000 actively spoken languages in the world today. English speakers produce an average of five consonants and five vowels per second. The first real novel was Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, who was born into poverty in 1547 near Madrid. He became a soldier, was later kidnapped by pirates and sold into slavery in North Africa for 5 years. He may have begun Don Quixote while in prison for theft. Because of an unscrupulous publisher, he never earned a penny from the book. He then became a playwright without much success, and published the 2nd volume of Don Quixote in 1615, a decade after the first, in part to counter imitators. He was a contemporary of Shakespeare, and died in 1616, at the age of 69. European chivalry has its roots in feudalism in France and Spain, a continuation of al-furusiyya al-arabia, or Arabian chivalry, which was imported to Europe during the early Crusades. The knight-errantry, the riding on horseback to find adventure, the rescue of a maiden in need, the nobility of women, and the connection of honorable conduct with the horse rider are all traceable to Arabia. Reaching its highest development in Europe during the 12th and 13th century, chivalry represents a fusion of Christianity and military concepts of the early medieval warrior class. It encompasses such ideas as morality, religion, and social codes such as courage, honor, and service. Gone with the Wind sold one million copies in six months. It was Margaret Mitchell's first and only book, and won a Pulitzer Prize. Hattie Macdaniel was the first black woman to win an Oscar for her role in that film. Sigmund Freuds landmark work, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), which became a milestone in dream interpretation, sold only 415 copies in the first two years. Theodor Seuss Geisel 's books have sold 600 million copies worldwide since his first book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, was published in 1937. And as inevitable as Dr. Seuss's appeal seems now, Mulberry Street was rejected by twenty-seven publishers before being accepted by Vanguard Press. Horatio Alger, Jr. was an American author who wrote more than 100 childrens books. Highly formulaic, each taught that through honesty, perseverance, and hard work, poor but virtuous lads could prevail in life. Published in 1868, the first of those books, Ragged Dick, was an immediate success. Despite the weaknesses of Algers writing, his books ultimately sold more than 20 million copies, making him one of the most popular writers of the 19th century. David John Moore Cornwell worked for the British intelligence services MI5 and MI6, when he began writing novels under the pen name, John LeCarre. Another person with British gov't spy experience was Ian Fleming, who was a British intelligence officer and journalist. He came up with the name James Bond while visiting a Canadian training facility outside Toronto. He stayed in a small town whose prominent church was St. James Bond. After Fleming's death, several authors were commissioned to carry on the Bond legacy. J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, is the first person to become a billionaire (U.S. dollars) by writing books. Many successful novelists began their careers working in advertising. Among these are Dr. Seuss, Salman Rushdie, Helen Gurley Brown, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and James Patterson. Walt Disney was an illustrator for an ad agency, and others who wrote copy before forging stellar careers in TV or performance arts include Bob Barker, Grant Tinker, Lawrence Kasden, Dick Wolf (Law & Order), Phyllis Diller, Bob Newhart and Sir Alec Guinness. The now-familiar phrase But wait! Theres more! first accompanied infomercials for the amazing Ginsu knife in the 1970s. These ads also urged viewers to Call now! Operators are standing by! By bringing the direct-marketing techniques of door-to-door sales and print advertising to television, the Ginsu ads established the formula for the modern infomercial. Ginsu was actually a word that executives made up to evoke images of Japanese samurai swords. Credit for the first commercial jingle usually goes to a Wheaties spot in 1926. Washburn Crosby (the predecessor of General Mills) tried to resurrect the flagging cereal on the radio with a song from a local barbershop quartet. Jingles soon developed into a distinctive musical genre. If you heard a jingle, you wouldnt mistake it for any other kind of music, says Timothy Taylor, an ethnomusicologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of The Sounds of Capitalism: Advertising, Music, and the Conquest of Culture. Barry Manilow, for one, is to thank for Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there, and I am stuck on Band-Aid Brand, cause Band-Aids stuck on me! In 1900, the standard billboard was created in America. Beelzebub, another name for the devil, is Hebrew for Lord of the Flies, and this is where the book's title comes from. Finches are known for their fine singing voices. German criminals called snitches "finks" because they were prone to "singing like a bird" to police. The word followed German and German Jewish immigrants to America where it became part of our everyday vocabulary, primarily through films, tv and radio. Neither John Lennon nor Paul McCartney could read or write music. That led them to finish a song by the end of the day, so they didn't have to try to remember it the next day. The custom of family (surnames) names did not really arise until the 11th century in Europe. Prior to the 11th century a surname, if used at all, represented the name of a primitive clan or tribe. It's a popular myth that a Mac name denotes Scottish heritage while a Mc name denotes Irish heritage, and that Mac names are Protestant while Mc names are Catholic. They both just mean son of and can be used by anyone of either descent or religion. Some Mc and Mac names dont include the name of the father, but the fathers profession, such as Macmaster. Since master is not a proper noun and does not need to be capitalized, some surnames drop the extra capital. Other Mc and Mac surnames come from some physical feature of the person, such as Mackenzie, which means son of the fair one. The lead pencil contains no lead. It's actually a rod of graphite encased in wood, which first came into use in the 16th century. However, it was not until the 19th century that the eraser was added, an innovation that earned Hymen Lipman a patent in 1858. In 1862, he sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000. In 1954, a few years after identical twins Norris and Ross McWhirter founded a London fact-finding agency, they met a director of the Guinness brewing company, Sir Hugh Beaver, who commissioned a compilation of world records that was intended to settle bar-room disputes. The first edition of the McWhirters Guinness Book of Records was given to bars for free as a marketing gimmick, but the book quickly became a phenomenal success. It took 38 years for the radio to reach 50 million people but it only took 13 years for television to do it. The Internet did it in four years. IPod did it in 3 years, Facebook reached it in 2 years. It took Twitter only six months. The Twitter Birds first name is Larry, as in Larry Bird. Hes named after the hall of fame Basketball player Larry Bird, who played for Biz Stones (the founder of Twitter) home team, the Boston Celtics. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005. The next year, it was acquired by Google for $1.65 billion. Within a few years, more than 25 quadrillion bytes of videos were being streamed from the site each month from myriad sources, amateur and professional alike. In 1922, the first radio commercial was broadcast on WEAF in New York. It cost $100 for 10 minutes. In 1926, the two-man comedy series Sam n Henry debuted on Chicagos WGN radio station. Two years later, after changing its name to Amos n Andy, the show became one of the most popular radio programs in American history. TV belongs to the writers. Film belongs to the directors. Theatre belongs to the actors. Acclaimed actor Sir Ian McKellen says the difference between stage and film is that in film, the camera tends to focus on the face, whereas in the theatre, the audience sees your entire body. He thinks the best actresses of all time are Judi Dench, Meryl Streep, Cate Blanchett and Laura Linney. Luc Godard said Film is the truth 24 times a second. In non-fiction, the author tells the story; in fiction, the characters reveal the story. There are some "rules" about film and television: Sight triumphs hearing (if someone's hair is a mess, you don't hear what they're saying) Music enhances speech (an appropriate background score can make what's being said more memorable) Film editors often "cut on the blink" - cutting the scene when the actor blinks Darren Aronofsky, director of Noah, The Wrestler, The Black Swan, says, The best invention of the 20th century was the closeup. That you could put a camera right in front of Paul Newman's eyes and look into his soul changed storytelling. Georges Feydeau's formula for writing comedy: Decide which characters should, under no circumstances, meet, and then get them together as soon as possible. In Jim Henson: The Biography, Brian Jay Jones explains how Henson created Kermit the Frog. In 1955, television was still in its infancy when a small, Washington, D.C. station added a short puppet show called Sam and Friends created by nineteen-year-old Jim Henson with a cast of characters he had come to call the Muppets. Unlike most puppets that had preceded them, Henson's creations had flexible rather than wooden faces -- and thus could make expressions easily picked up by the new, more intimate medium of television. A minor character in the ensemble was Kermit, who was light blue and not yet a frog. There most abstract Muppet in Sam's cast was given mostly small parts, but had a special place in Jim's heart. Jim had built Kermit while passing several long sad days tending to his grandfather as he died slowly of heart failure. Foraging for any suitable materials, Jim settled on his mother's old felt coat, and as he leaned over the table in the Hensons' living room he sewed a simple puppet body, with a slightly pointed face, out of the faded turquoise material. For eyes, he simply glued two halves of a Ping-Pong ball -- with slashed circles carefully inked in black on each -- to the top of the head. Kermit was very flexible, which gave him a range of expression. "I didn't call him a frog," Jim said. All the characters in those days were abstract, which was a way of challenging his audience -- of making them an active part of the performance. One of Americas greatest playwrights, Eugene ONeill spent his youth as a heavy-drinking, itinerant seaman, then began writing plays while recovering from tuberculosis in 1912. Within a decade, he had won his first of four Pulitzer Prizes. The oldest free public school in the U.S. opened in 1635. The Boston Latin School in Massachusetts was originally a school for boys, but became coeducational in 1972. The oldest public school in the U.S. and a "feeder" school for Harvard, it maintains the same standards as elite New England prep schools while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a public school. More than 99% of Boston Latin's approximately 300 annual graduates are accepted by at least one four-year college. The school was modeled after Boston Grammar School in Lincolnshire, UK, from where many of Boston's original settlers derived. Its curriculum follows that of the 18th century Latin-school movement, which holds the classics to be the basis of an educated mind. Among its alumni are four Harvard University presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the Declaration of Independence. The Latin School of Chicago was founded in 1888 by a group of Chicago citizens interested in providing better education for their children. It was modeled after The Boston Latin School, but supported by parents rather than being part of the public system. Early classes of all boys were held in private homes on the Near North Side. The school gradually expanded, and, in 1899, the school moved to a brand new building and became the first Chicago Latin School. In 1913 a girls' section became the Chicago Latin School for Girls, and the two schools merged in 1953. Bobbi taught at The Latin School of Chicago in the 1960s. The National University of Mexico was founded in 1551 by Charles V of Spain and is the oldest university in North America. Oberlin College was the first college to grant degrees to women, in 1841. It was also the first college to grant a bachelors degree to an African-American woman, in 1862. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (5 June 1646 26 July 1684) was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent, and the first woman to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The SATs were administered for the first time on June 23, 1926. The were invented by Princeton professor Carl Campbell Brigham, who had worked on the Army's IQ test. In 1933, James Bryant Conant became president of Harvard, and decided to offer scholarships to public school students in the Midwest. Not long after, Princeton, Columbia and Yale followed suit. By the 1950s, most colleges used the tests for all admissions. The College Board in 1994 changed the name of the SATs from Standard Aptitude to Standard Assessment. Vermont, Washington D.C., Rhode Island, Alabama, and New Hampshire have the highest concentrations of librarians in the U.S. There are thousands of public libraries in the U.S. California and New York, for example, each have more than 1,000 libraries, while the smallest number, 27, are located in Washington, D.C. On November 28, 1814, the Times in London was the first newspaper to be printed by automatic, steam owered presses built by the German inventors Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer. This was the beginning of newspapers being available to a mass audience. On September 4, 1833, Benjamin Day sent little urchins onto the crowded, bustling streets of New York City, into coffee houses and taverns shouting and waving his new production, the Sun newspaper. For one cent men read the news sold to them on the spot. Mr. Day's successful paper spawned more penny newspaper businesses, until every crowded city teemed with hustling ragamuffms eager to earn a few coins selling sheets of news. Publishers could depend on an abundant supply of little merchants to call out the latest edition. The 'newsey' became a common American icon. By 1962, there were 600,000 "paperboys," thanks in part to exemptions from Depression-era child labor laws for youths involved in distributing newspapers if they were at least twelve years of age. The labor laws also exempted youths involved in acting, baby sitting, farm work, a family business, and making Christmas wreaths. (from Little Merchants by Sandra Walker) The average child sees 30,000 television commercials every year. Janice Kennedy, who writes with insight and grace in The Ottawa Citizen, described the current cultural climate as the ascendancy of the unelightened, which dismisses experience, education, and sophisticated thinking. Could that be a result of the dominance of television, where the inexperienced and uneducated are celebrated on reality shows? Days after the release of the iPad, one of the world's biggest porn companies claimed it had created a way to stream its videos onto the device, skipping the Apple store and its restrictions on salacious content. There's an adjective to describe those of us who are fond of writing: scribacious. There's also an obscure word for continual writing: scriptitation. Robert Frost is considered the most popular of all 20th-century American poets. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four timesin 1924, 1931, 1937, and 1943. Joseph Pulitzer was born in Hungary in 1847, immigrated to the US during the Civil War and served in the Union Army. He later became a reporter and purchased and founded several newspapers, establishing the pattern of the modern newspaper by combining investigative reporting with publicity stunts, self-advertising, and sensationalism. In his will, he established the Pulitzer Prizes, annual awards for achievements in American journalism, letters, and music. The tabloid National Enquirer was founded in 1926 by William Griffin, a protege of William Randolph Hearst. During the 1930s and 1940s, it became a voice for isolationism and pro-fascist propaganda. The paper was indicted along with Griffin under the Smith Act for sedition by a grand jury in 1942 for subverting the morale of US troops due to Griffin's editorials against US military involvement in World War II. By 1952 the papers circulation had fallen to 17,000 copies a week and it was purchased by Generoso Pope Jr., the son of the founder of Il Progresso, New York's Italian language daily newspaper. It has been alleged that Mafia boss Frank Costello provided Pope the money for the purchase in exchange for the Enquirer's promise to list lottery numbers and to refrain from all mention of Mafia activities. In 1953, Pope revamped the format from a broadsheet to a sensationalist tabloid focusing on sex and violence. In Douglas Coupland's new biography of Marshall McLuhan, he reveals that when McLuhan picked up a new book, he turned first to page 69, and if that page didn't impress him, he wouldn't read the book. God Bless America is considered the semi-official national anthem of the United States, along with America the Beautiful and The Star Spangled Banner. Irving Berlin wrote it during World War I, but it was not sung in public until November 11, 1938, when Kate Smith introduced it on a radio broadcast. Tony Bennett, an acclaimed jazz vocalist for close to five decades, also has one of his paintings hanging in the Smithsonian. When interviewed recently about why his music appeals to all ages, Bennett said he's "anti-demographic." Bennett has won fifteen Grammy Awards, two Emmy Awards, been named an NEA Jazz Master and a Kennedy Center Honoree. He has sold over 50 million records worldwide. On his 85th birthday, he released his second duets album, pairing with everyone from Lady Gaga to K.D. Lang. Carnegie Hall opened in 1891. The Neo-Italian Renaissance building by architect William Burnet Tuthill was endowed by industrialist Andrew Carnegie at the insistence of conductor Walter Damrosch. Pyotr Tchaikovsky was the guest of honor at its opening. The New York city landmark was slated for demolition in the 1950s but was saved by a public outcry. Frank Lloyd Wright worked as a draftsman for architect Louis Sullivan before going on to build some of the most iconic buildings in the U.S. He explained his attitude as "honest arrogance instead of hypocritical humility." Arthur Rubinstein was was a Polish-American pianist whose enormous popularity spanned many decades. He debuted in 1900 and performed with moderate success until the 1930s, when he stopped performing for five years to improve his technique and reemerged as a giant of 20th-century music, active into his 80s. In Dante's Inferno the hottest places in hell are reserved for those who, in time of great moral crisis, maintain their neutrality. More than 2,700 different languages are spoken around the world. The world's top languages are: Mandarin Chinese -1 billion+ Malay-Indonesian - 159 million French - 129 million English has become the worlds lingua franca or default tongue, the worldwide dialect of the third millennium, the language in which China trades with Zambia, the language in which a Greek watching CNN phones a friend from the Middle East to get him off the London bus hes riding before it explodes, according to Roy Blount, Jr., in his NY Times review of GLOBISH: How the English Language Became the Worlds Language, by Robert McCrum. With that in mind, one wonders why Canada persists in teaching French to both children and adults, and why Quebec devotes manpower and budget to enforcing its silly language laws. Someone who is able to speak six or more languages is called a HyperPolygot. These individuals are mostly male, left-handed, have enhanced ability in music and math, and often suffer auto-immune diseases. Native and acquired language is processed in different areas of the brain. Mandarin is the oldest and most widely-spoken language in the world. China has 200 million students. Most of them are learning English. There are actually more English speakers in China than in the U.S. The Hawaiian alphabet only contains 12 letters. The Chinese ideogram for trouble symbolizes two women living under one roof The Chinese were using the decimal system as early as the fourteenth century B.C., nearly 2,300 years before the first known use of the system in European mathematics. The Chinese were also the first to use a place for zero. The English language has close to 540,000 words, about five times as many as existed in Shakespeare's time. But some of the words we use frequently today were invented by Shakespeare. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, Shakespeare wrote about one-tenth of the most quotable quotations ever written or spoken in English. Among these are: one fell swoop, vanish into thin air, play fast and loose, be in a pickle, foul play, tower of strength, flesh and blood, be cruel to be kind, and with bated breath. Tell a performer to "break a leg" came about in Shakespeare's day, when actors would bend or "break" one the leg to bow if the audience applauded. So the saying is a wish that the performance merit sufficient applause so the actors can bow/break a leg. Shakespeares works contain first-ever recordings of 2,035 English words, including critical, frugal, excellent, barefaced, assassination, and countless. There are two surviving copies of King Lear. The quarto edition includes 300 lines and a whole scene that do not appear in the First Folio. The two versions give important speeches to different characters, altering the nature of three key characters. The endings are also significantly different. Shakespeare was born under the old Julian calendar, not the current Gregorian calendar that was created in 1582 and adopted in England in 1751. What was April 23 during Shakespeares life would be May 3 on todays calendar. He was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, just three days before the Stratford parish register recorded an outbreak of the plague. His father, John Shakespeare, was accused four times for such illegal activities of trading in wool and money-lending. Bobbi is a huge Shakespeare fan, and has seen all 37 plays in live performance (including Anthony Hopkins and Judi Dench in Antony & Cleopatra, Bill Hutt in Timon of Athens, Orson Welles as King Lear, and Robert Ryan as Coriolanus. The oldest word in the English language is town. Apple is one of the oldest English words and first referred to all fruit in general. The Gullah/Geechee culture, a mix of African tribes that made up a large part of the population of slaves in the Carolina Low Country, brought many of their customs to the U.S. One was the superstition that the color blue warded off evil spirits. For that reason, they painted door and window frames blue, and eventually many homeowners began to paint porch ceilings blue, which came to be known as haint blue, for the haints or haunts they kept at bay. Women use more pronouns and verbs than men when they write, while men use more articles, prepositions and numbers. That seems to indicate that women focus on the personal (I, you, we, he, she, they) and actions, while men need to define things precisely. The French language has seventeen different words for surrender. Guy Deutscher, in his book, Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages, points out how different languages treat common nouns and verbs. For example, French, German, Russian, and several other languages assign a gender to inanimate objects. This even extends to terms for people, so that "my neighbor" in English could be male or female, but in French or German you have to specify which. In German and Spanish, the same object has different genders. A German bridge is feminine, while a Spanish bridge is masculine. The same is the case for clocks, forks, chairs, tables, brooms, apartments, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, keys, violins, butterflies, mountains, wars, rain, garbage, the sun, the world and love. In English, tenses determine when an action occurred, but in Chinese, the same verb can be used for past, present or future actions. In some parts of the world, directions are given in relation to geography: north, south, east, west. In the western world we tend to relate space to ourselves: left, right, front, back. Among the countries who use geographic coordinates are Polynesia, Bali, Mexico, and Namibia. Their speakers tend to have a much better sense of orientation in situations where there are few landmarks. Some have a keen awareness of location from infancy, similar to perfect pitch. Some research that we perceive colors depending on language. In English, green and blue are distinct colors, whereas in other languages they are only shades of the same color. Our brains seem to be trained to exaggerate the distance between shades if these colors have different names In English, a clock runs, but in Spanish, the clock walks. In English, I missed the bus, but in Spanish, the bus left me. In English, I am hungry, in French, I have hunger, but in Spanish, I hold hunger. The term office-worker entered the language in 1856. Office clerks wore white collars and cuffs to distinguish them from laborers. Upton Sinclair popularized the use of the phrase white-collar in 1919. The dot over the letter "i" is called a tittle. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable. There are two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: abstemious and facetious. Typewriter is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard. The longest one-syllable word in the English language is screeched. Stewardesses is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand, and lollipop only with the right. Only four words in the English language end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. The combination ough can be pronounced in nine different ways. The following sentence contains them all: A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed. The English words ballot and bullet share an ancient source, but eventually came to mean completely different things. Officer has the word office in it, just as sweetbread is not sweet and it's not bread. The word demand in French confuses English speakers because it means just to ask, not to demand. In Spanish, embarazada, does not mean embarrassed but rather pregnant. These kinds of related words (known as cognates) are common in various languages. It stands to reason that if the words are related they ought to mean the same thing, but it's not true. Cognates, like etymology and internal structure, are unreliable. No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple. Dreamt is the only English word that ends in the letters mt. Only two words in English end in "gry" - hungry and angry. Only four words in the English language end with -dous: horrendous, tremendous, stupendous, and hazardous. Six words in the English language contain a double u: vacuum, muumuu, continuum, duumvirate, duumvir, and residuum. Some words have no singular form: glasses, binoculars, scissors, tongs, jeans, pants, pajamas. Articles of clothing become singular when used as adjectives: pajama party, jean jacket) There are 10 human body parts that are only 3 letters long. Among them are ear, eye, arm, leg, hip, toe, jaw, lip, gum, rib. E is most common letter in the English language, with A the second most common vowel. R is the most common consonant in English, followed by T. The most common first letter of a word is S. The toughest tongue twister in the English language is "The sixth sick sheiks sixth sheeps sick." Maine is the only state whose name consists of only one syllable. Funk (of Funk & Wagnalls Dictionary) claimed that the 10 most beautiful words in the English language are: moist, hush, luminous, murmuring, dawn, chimes, lullaby, melody, tranquil and golden. The word nerd was first coined by Dr. Seuss in If I Ran the Zoo. Robert Fulford points out that there are quite a few English words which have only a negative meaning, with no positive counterpart, such as: unruly, disgruntled, unkempt, disconsolate, uncouth, dishevelled, nonchalant, inept. Q is the only letter in the alphabet that does not appear in the name of any of the United States. Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable. The names of all the continents start and end with the same letter A jiffy is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. Crayola is a French word that means oily chalk. Many common products are actually brand names which should not be used for generic copies: Band-Aids, Bubble Wrap, Chapstick, Crockpot, Dumpster, Frisbee, Hula Hoop, Jacuzzi, Jell-O, Jet-Ski, Kleenex, Novocaine, Onesies, Ouija board, Ping-Pong, Plexiglas, Popsicle, Post-its, PowerPoint, Q-tips, Rollerbl,ade, Scotch tape, Sharpie, Styrofoam, TASER, Thermos, Vaseline, Velcro, Weed Eater, Wite-out, X-acto, Zamboni Barack Hussein Obama is named after his father, Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. (1936-1982). Barack means blessing/blessed/to bless in Swahili and Semitic languages, and Hussein is a Semitic word meaning good or beautiful. Swahili was Obama Sr.s native language. The Scandinavian word skot passed into English usage from Viking settlements to mean a tax based on your land holdings. Certain exemptions were made for the poor, the clerical and the rich and powerful who were allowed to go scot free, which is how that phrase became common usage. Hopscotch and butterscotch have no relation to the country of Scotland. Rather, one of the origins of the word scotch comes from the Anglo-French word scocchen which meant to cut, gouge or mark with a notch. Butterscotch was a form of candy which was notched into segments that could be broken off easily, and hopscotch was first played where the stepping squares could be gouged into the ground with a sharp stick. It can also mean to figuratively to scratch or erase something. The word katzenjammer stems from American English, a combination of the German Katze (cat) and jammer (distress). The word was popularized by the early comic The Katzenjammer Kids. The dictionary definition is uproar or clamor. Windjammer comes from the same source. Although we now use it to refer to a large sailing ship, originally the word meant someone who talked a lot (possibly a sailor). A secondary meaning of the German word jammer meant talking incessantly, and we use the word yammer to mean the same thing. The phrase the cat's pajamas has nothing to do with cats. In the late 1700s a tailor made pajamas for the British elite made from rare silk, newly imported from the far east. The tailor's name was E.B. Katz, hence the Katz pajamas, which became the cat's pajamas. Letting the cat out of the bag came from medieval markets where piglets were sold in bags, otherwise known as a pig in a poke. When a stray cat was substituted for the valuable piglet, the buyer discovered the switch by letting the cat out of the bag. Flea market comes directly from the French marché aux puces which literally means market of fleas. Long ago, dishes and cookware in Europe were made of a dense orange clay called pygg. When people saved coins in jars made of this clay, the jars became known as pygg banks. When an English potter misunderstood the word, he made a container that resembled a pig. Hence, the piggy bank. When Mary Queen of Scots went to France as a young girl, Louis, King of France, learned that she loved the Scots game golf. So he had the first course outside of Scotland built for her enjoyment. To make sure she was properly chaperoned (and guarded) while she played, Louis hired cadets from a military school to accompany her. Mary liked this a lot and when she returned to Scotland, she took the practice with her. In French, the word cadet is pronounced ca-day and the Scots changed it into caddie. Invented in 1825, limelight was used in lighthouses and theatres by burning a cylinder of lime which produced a brilliant light. In the theatre, a performer in the limelight was the centre of attention. Carbon black is nearly pure elemental carbon in colloidal particle form, made by charring any organic material. Examples of this are Ivory Black, made by charring ivory or bones, and Lamp Black, made from the soot of oil lamps. Carbon black for industrial use today is typically produced as Furnace Black, produced using heavy aromatic oils, and Thermal Black, produced using natural gas, generally methane, injected into a very hot furnace where, in the absence of much air, carbon black and hydrogen are produced. In the early 1900s, Binney & Smith (who would later switch to selling school products and rename their company after their most popular product, Crayola Crayons) began selling their carbon black chemicals to Goodrich Tire Company, as it was found that the use of carbon black in rubber manufacturing significantly increased certain desirable qualities for rubber meant to be turned into tires, working as a reinforcing filler in rubber, which increases its durability and strength. The expression to wing it. meaning to improvise a speech instead of learning it beforehand, came from the theatre, where actors sometimes did a quick memorization of lines in the wings. In the U.S. theatre folk say Break a leg to wish actors a successful performance. In France, they say Merde, which means excrement. That came about because in the days when theatre-goers arrived by horse and carriage, lots of excrement in the street meant the show was a hit! Many phrases come from references to the lower classes. A meal made from deer innards, only eaten by the servants, became humble pie, and unwelcome house guests were served unheated leftover mutton, or the cold shoulder. Bizarre comes from the Basque word for beard, applied to Spanish soldiers who arrived wearing beards to villages where people considered facial hair odd. There are several expressions using the word buck. A buck is a slang word for a dollar, and pass the buck also refers to deerskin, because the leather was used as currency by native people in the New World, and poker players in the 19th century used to stick their buckskin-covered knives into the table to indicate the dealer. The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj meaning to yoke or join together. It most often refers to the yoking of a conscious subject (jiva-atman) with a Supreme Spirit (parama ta man) in order to reach an ecstatic condition (Samadhi, a placing or putting together). It is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base *yeug-, meaning to join as in jugular. A 2008 market study in Yoga Journal reports that some 16 million Americans practice yoga and spend $5.7 billion a year on gear. Doga is a type of yoga in which people use yoga to achieve harmony with their pets. Dogs can either be used as props for their owners or they can do the stretches themselves. It reportedly started in New York in 2002 when Suzi Teitelman started Yoga for Dogs. The swastika is a yoga symbol that comes from the Sanskrit term Svastik, meaning that which is associated with well-being. The yoga symbol Om is found in Hindu and Tibetan philosophy. It is said to be the primordial sound of the universe and is connected to the Ajna Chakra (the conscience) or third eye region. Samuel Johnson's famous dictionary was published in 1755, 150 years before the Oxford English Dictionary. The legendary scholar, who was born 300 years ago, suffered from Tourette's syndrome, physical pain and insomnia, was blind in one eye and deaf in one ear, had battled tuberculosis and smallpox. Yet he is the second-most quoted writer in the English language, surpassed only by Shakespeare. From Dictionary.com : Why does the single letter C represent so many different sounds? The third letter of the alphabet is somewhat of a chameleon; one might even question its usefulness. The letter /c/ can represent the hard C (carrot,) the soft C (nice,) or even silent C (indict,). Why does our alphabet have more than one letter to represent the same sound, as in K and C, or S and the soft C? To understand the reasons C plays so many roles, lets dig into its long and messy linguistic history. The letter /c/ is of Semitic descent and shares the exact same origin as the letter /g/ the Semitic letter called gimel. The original glyph for /g/ was most likely adapted around the Middle Bronze Age (2200-1550 BC) from a hieroglyph for a gimel or its namesake, the staff sling a weapon consisting of a long piece of wood with a short strap for launching rocks at the end. The symbol denotes a line with a bend at the top. The gimel influenced the symbol for the third letter in the Greek alphabet, gamma. Later, the Etruscan alphabet, used by the people who inhabited what is now Italy, adopted the Greek gamma to represent the /k/ or hard /c/ sound but used a different character, ), which eventually turned from facing left to right and became the letter C in Classical Latin. This long journey to existence may explain how the letter /c/ came to be, but the question still remains why does /c/ possess so many phonetic values? In a nutshell it comes down to something called palatalization, or simply sound change the tempering of a letters pronunciation from its original form. Another important factor, in the case of the letter /c/, is its corresponding vowel. For instance, the sound of the hard C, which exhibits the [k] sound, often precedes the vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/ while the soft c, taking on the /s/ sound, precedes the vowels /e/, /i/ and /y/. The soft C is also placed before different combinations primarily in relation to certain Latin loanwords such as Caesar and caecum. Add to this the use of the silent C, which always corresponds with the letter /t/ as in the word indict. Product naming is infamous for replacing the letter /c/ with the letter /k/ as in Kool-Aid and Nesquik. The choice to use the letter /k/ may simply come down to a fun play on words. The Apostrophe Protection Society was started in 2001 by John Richards, now its Chairman, with the specific aim of preserving the correct use of this currently much abused punctuation mark in all forms of text written in the English language. The Gettysburg Address , one of the most compelling speeches in history, contains just 267 words. In True Stories Behind Car Company Logos, in Road&Track, Nick Kurczewski reveals that the Mercedes-Benz three-pointed star first appeared on a personal note written in 1872 from company founder, Gottlieb Daimler, to his wife. Mr. Daimler used a three-pointed star to mark the location of his familys new home in the town of Deutz, Germany. His sons adapted the emblem as the Mercedes-Benz logo from 1910 onward. The Cadillac crest is the coat of arms of French military commander and explorer, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit in 1701. In 1909, having left the company bearing his name, August Horch established a second automobile company in Zwickau, Germany. He couldnt legally name his new company after himself, so he translated it into Latin, coming up with Audi. The four interlinked Audi rings came about in 1932, when four struggling automakers joined together under the corporate banner of Auto Union. These companies included Audi, DKW, Wanderer and, ironically, the original Horch. The Subaru name comes from the Japanese name of a star cluster in the Taurus constellation. Six of the stars are visible to the naked eye andin keeping with corporate identitythis matches the six companies which combined to form Fuji Heavy Industries, Subarus parent company. Many years ago in England, a whistle was baked into the handle of ceramic cups used in pubs. When patrons wanted a refill, they used the whistle to get some service. Hence the phrase, Wet your whistle. Also in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them Mind your pints and quarts, and settle down. Hence the phrase, Mind your P's and Q's. Bakers used to be fined if their loaves were under weight, so they added an extra loaf to every dozen, just in case -- hence, the expression baker's dozen. Hands Down, meaning an easy win, comes from horse-racing. When a jockey is close to the finish line, he relaxes his grip on the reins and drops his hands to his sides. The word queue comes from the Latin cauda, which means tail. In French it became queue, which the English borrowed and added the word cue for the long stick (or tail) used in billiards, and the verb to cue. Ancient tribes of long ago that wanted to banish people without killing them would burn their houses down -- hence the expression to get fired. The Inuit have as many as 252 inflections for simple nouns, 63 forms of the present tense and a minimum vocabulary of 12,500 words. Chippewa has 6,000 verb forms, and the Oregon Indian language of Tillamook has 30 prefixes. ln one Inuit language, the word for tomorrow translates, If it gets light. The Nipmuc Indians were responsible for the lake with the worlds longest name: Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungaillau, in Webster, Massachusetts. It translates: I fish on my side, you fish on your side and no one fishes in the middle. Many basic English words come from the same Teutonic roots as German, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, producing remarkable similarities in, for example: best, blind, break, come, dance, find, finger, good, hair, hand, help, here, ice, lamp, man, mouse, rat, ring, sand, send, sing, storm, wild and young. There is only one word spoken the same way in nearly every language known to humankind. That word, of course, is mama. Almost every language has a form of it. While its true that most languages vary when it comes to the formal word mother, the intimate mama stays the same in each language. Russian linguist Roman Jakobson has explained that the easiest vocalizations for a human to make are open-mouth vowel sounds. As they begin to experiment with making other noises, babies will test some of the easier consonant sounds. Usually they start with the sounds made with closed lips, and the consonant sound MMMM is easy to relax into an open mouth vowel, usually ah, which is the easiest. The m sound is the easiest for a baby mouth at the breast. So even as adults, we still associate mmm with something being yummy and good. The word Papa is present in several languages including Russian, Hindi, Spanish and English, while slight variations on it appear in German (Papi), Icelandic (Pabbi), Swedish (Pappa) and a number of other languages across the globe. Likewise in Turkish, Greek, Swahili, Malay and several other languages the word for dad is Baba or a variation of it. The Dictionary of Newfoundland English devotes three pages to the word ice, while most languages spoken north of the 60th parallel have dozens of synonyms for snow. North American Indian, Japanese, and some Polynesian dialects contain no swear words. The Japanese have nineteen different ways of saying no. English utilizes many words which have come directly from other languages: molasses (Portuguese), magazine (Arabic), pepper (Sanskrit), bungalow (Hindi), scarlet (Persian), horde (Turkish), tea (Chinese), pendant (Italian), gravel (Celtic), mammoth (Slavonic), boss (Dutch), tycoon (Japanese), skill (Old Norse), flannel (Welsh), cork (Spanish). For common English words that derive from Yiddish, click HERE . In 1980, the five most common non-English languages spoken in the United States were (in order): Spanish, Italian, German, French and Polish. Thirty years later, the top five are (in order): Spanish, Chinese, French, Tagalog and Vietnamese. The onion is named after a Latin word meaning large pearl. English is the only language to capitalize the first person pronoun, I. In some American Indian and native Australian languages the grammatical distinction between singular and plural does not exist. In Hungarian (Magyar) the same word means he, she, and it. Eggcorns is the term coined by Mark Liberman, Univ. of Pennsylvania linguist. He describes this as the confluence of creativity or logic with misunderstanding the meaning of the words in the phrase. Chris Waigi's Eggcorn Database, www.eggcorns.lascribe.net includes such gems as: without further adieu, wet your appetite, stark raven mad, girdle one's loins, insectuous, flaw in the ointment, spurt of the moment, financial heartship, zero-sum gain, works like a champ, gorilla marketing, and take with a grain assault. The term golf came from Gentlemen Only...Ladies Forbidden. Using Xs at the end of a letter for kisses started in the Middle Ages when people couldn't write and used crosses as signatures. Conservative people in the Middle East only look directly into the eyes of a social equal of the same sex. It's a cultural difference that can make Westerners feel someone from the Middle East can't be trusted, as Westerners are used to looking directly at anyone they meet. The word sneaker was coined by Henry McKinney, an advertising agent for N.W. Ayer & Son. Joe Sugarman introduced the concept of using toll-free numbers to take credit card orders over the phone. The phrase raining cats and dogs originated in seventeenth-century England. During heavy rainstorms, many homeless animals would drown and float down the streets, giving the appearance that it had actually rained cats and dogs. The first use of OK in print, in The Boston Morning Post of March 23, 1839, was a joke: o.k. all correct. Such misspelling-based abbreviations were a fad. But it soon caught on. A book review in the NYTimes quotes from OK - The Improbable Story of Americas Greatest Word, by Allan Metcalf: O is a satisfying oval, all curves; K is all straight lines, a collection of sticks. The combination is stark and striking. And: Feminine O, masculine K. Thats the look of OK. Reviewer Ray Blount points out: The sounds are clear and simple: two long vowels, O and A, separated in the middle by a quick K. Nearly every language in the world not only has these three sounds but allows them to be combined in that sequence, which accounts both for the spread of OK throughout the world. Using Xs at the end of a letter for kisses started in the Middle Ages when people couldn't write and used crosses as signatures. EPONYMS are words originating from the names of people. Some examples include: bougainvillea - Louis Bougainville; dunce - John Duns Scotus; guppy - Robert Guppy; hooligan - Patrick Hooligan; jacuzzi - Candido Jacuzzi; praline - Count Plessis-Praslin; melba toast - soprano Nellie Melba; peach melba - Nellie Melba CONTRANYMS are words which can have two opposite meanings. Examples include sanction, oversight, left, trim, resign, screen. The Pintupi tribe of Western Australia have 15 words for different types of fear; the Japanese use amae to describe the feeling of being able to depend on someone unconditionally. Sir Walter Scott coined a number of phrases in common use today. Among these are: caught red-handed ("redhand" was an existing Scottish legal term meaning "in the act of crime") cold shoulder; blood is thicker than water; flotsam and jetsam; go berserk; infra dig; lock stock and barrel, nail your colours to the mast; savoir faire; strain at the leash; apple of my eye; the back of beyond; tongue in cheek; wide berth Several common American words, like boss and stoop, are Dutch in origin. Their influence lingers in place names like Brooklyn and Kinderhook, and in family names like Roosevelt and Vanderbilt. The Dutch also contributed three all-American foods: doughnuts, waffles, and cookies. The habit of saying Please and Thank You became common during the 16th and 17th centuries, when the growing middle class used these terms to facilitate commerce. Please is short for if you please, and Thank You comes from the word think, and means I'll remember what you did. Shakespeare loved symmetry. Romeo & Juliet contains balance between night and day, the nightingale and the lark, to echo the two feuding families, Capulets and Montagues. Every character in the play has his or her counterpart in the other family. There are seven soliloquies in Hamlet, which has seven main characters: Hamlet, Ophelia, Gertrude, Claudius, Polonius, Laertes, and Horatio. The Drama Teachers Association of Southern California holds an annual Shakespeare competition, which launched the careers of Kevin Spacey, Mare Winningham and Val Kilmer. Lori Miller has made a documentary film, Shakespeare High, about this program. It premiered at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival. Miller says: theatre education is a way of increasing literacy, communication skills, and complex thought. Sir Ian McKellen cites the frequently gender-bending plot devices of Shakespeares plays as evidence that the playwright himself was gay, or at the very least bisexual. Id say Shakespeare slept with men, McKellen, 72, is quoted as saying. The Merchant of Venice, centering on how the world treats gays as well as Jews, has a love triangle between an older man, younger man and a woman. Your kids probably know Curious George, but you may not know about its origins. According to Jon Meacham (Editor of Newsweek and author of American Lion - Andrew Jackson in the White House): In 1940, after a tense border inspection of their manuscript and draft illustrations of Curious George stuffed in their suitcase, Margret and H. A. Rey fled Paris, eventually settling in the U.S. An exhibit for kids and adults at The Jewish Museum in New York explores the symbolism of the series illustrations and the parallels between the little simian that could always save the day and the way his own creators evaded the dangers of Nazi-occupied Europe. The museum show closes in August 2010, but theres a terrific interactive timeline, videos, and also a book on the topic. In January of 1951, as he was setting out to write East of Eden a book he considered the most difficult he ever attempted, the ultimate test of his talent and discipline as a writer John Steinbeck decided to loosen his creative ligaments by writing a daily letter to his dear friend and editor, Pascal Covici. An ardent believer in the spiritual rewards of handwriting with the perfect writing instrument, Steinbeck began pouring his compact longhand into the large-format ruled notebook Covici had given him. He wrote a letter a day, each over a thousand words on average, until the first draft of the novel was finished 276 days later. A hobbyist woodworker, Steinbeck delivered the manuscript to Covici in a special wooden box he lovingly carved to hold the masterwork his wife considered his magnum opus. On May 26, 1913, Actors Equity Association was organized in New York City. The Playbill for I Can Get It For You Wholesale, the 1962 hit that made Barbra Streisand a star, states that the 19-year-old was born in Madagascar and raised in Rangoon. Actually Streisand was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of a school secretary and a high school teacher. Her paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia (PolandUkraine) and her maternal grandparents from Russia. It was Coleridge who first coined the term "the willing suspension of disbelief, " to describe the experience of going to the theatre. Georges Feydeau offered a theory on writing funny plays: Decide which characters should, under no circumstances, meet, and then get them together as soon as possible. The first novel ever written on a typewriter was Tom Sawyer. During his entire lifetime, Herman Melville's timeless classic, Moby Dick, sold only 3,715 copies. Isaac Asimov is the only author to have a book in every Dewey-decimal category. Dr. Seuss wrote Green Eggs and Ham because the editor bet him he could not write a book with fewer than fifty words. Mary Had a Little Lamb was written by Sarah Josepha Hale, who turned to writing in 1822 as a widow trying to support her family and who eventually became an influential editor and arbiter of American taste. Charles Dickens was able to work on two serialized novels simultaneously while also editing a monthly magazine. No other writer has had more movie, TV and cartoon versions of his works, and all of his work was adapted for the stage during his lifetime. He often appeared in these productions. Dickens was also one of the first authors to campaign for international copyright laws. Ronald B. Tobias claims there are only 20 master plots in fiction. These include: Quest, Riddle, Temptation, Rivalry, Revenge, Maturation, Love, Forbidden Love, Escape, etc. His book is available at Amazon, and you can read a talk he gave to Denver writers at: www.hodrw.com/ronaldtobias.htm. Anna Sewell sold Black Beauty when she was 57. Karen Blixen, the Danish author who wrote under the pen name Isak Dinesen, published her first book at age 50, and her blockbuster, Out of Africa, at 52. Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House on the Prairie series, didnt have her first book published until she was well into her 60s. Richard Adams, author of the childrens classic Watership Down, remained unpublished until he was in his 50s. Bangladeshi writer Nirad Chaudhuri's first book, The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, was published in 1951, when he was 54 years old. Its sequel hit the market in 1988, when he was 90. And his final book, Three Horsemen of the New Apocalypse, was published in 1997when he was 100. Stephen Vizinczey's best-seller, In Praise of Older Women, was self-published, but after he sold world rights to someone else, he didn't see a penny for two years. I was starving in Montreal, all the money went to New York. Seeing headlines in the paper about being a worldwide bestseller when you're having to borrow money to eat, that's a soul-destroying experience. The court case took seven years to settle. A 1784 satire written by Benjamin Franklin proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. But he didn't actually suggest Daylight Savings Time. That didn't come until William Willett conceived DST in 1905, and it wasn't widely accepted until 1916. "Beat" poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti commented that the slogan from 1960s, Be Here Now has evolved to Be Somewhere Else Now. Swiss biologists determined that stupid flies live longer than smart flies because intelligence wears out flies' brains. Canadian researchers claim that straining to recall information which seems to be on the tip of my tongue makes us learn mistaken guesses instead of the correct answers we may (or may not) eventually remember. (source: Harper's) The first email was sent out by Ray Tomlinson in 1971, 127 years after Samuel Morse sent the world's first telegraph message. Of the 160 billion emails that are sent each day, 97% are spam. The Nigerian email scam is called 419. It dates back to the Spanish Armada in the 1500s, when wealthy landowners would receive letters saying My father is being held in a Spanish prison. He has millions in gold that he's hidden away, so if you help me free him (by sending xx amount of gold) I will reward you handsomely. When the economy of Nigeria collapsed, they updated this Spanish scam for the Internet. The word "spam" came from the 1970 Monty Python sketch where SPAM singing was drowning out conversation and SPAM itself was unwanted and popping up all over the menu. Facebook has 900 million users (so far) - one out of every eight people in the world. In 1894, the first women's pages in newspapers were created, to court female consumers. The first permanent color photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. Warren Buffett, John Kerry, Ted Turner, Tom Brokaw, New Yorker Editor (and Pulitzer Prize-winner) David Remnick, Art Garfunkel, Jann Wenner, Meredith Vieira, Columbia University President Lee Bollinger, Sun Microsystems co-founder Scott McNealy and Memorial Sloan-Kettering President Harold Varmus were all rejected by Harvard. Of the 43 men to have served as president, eight never went to college: George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Grover Cleveland (who was both the 22nd and 24th president). The largest academic library in the United States is at Harvard, which contains 13.6 million volumes. Second largest, at 9.5 million volumes, is Yale. Michaelangelo's last name was Buonarroti. Chaucer, widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, was the first poet to be buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, he spent much of his early career working for the King. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a varlet de chambre, yeoman, or esquire, and travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. These travels may have inspired his most famous work: Canterbury Tales. William James Sidis was an American child prodigy who could read The New York Times by the time he was 18 months old. By age eight, he had taught himself eight languages and had invented one of his own. It is said that in his adult years he could speak more than 40 languages and learn a new one in a single day. In 1909, he became the youngest person ever to enroll at Harvard College and began lecturing on higher mathematics the following year. American book packager Edward Stratemeyer created three popular series of children's books, Nancy Drew, The Bobbsey Twins, and The Hardy Boys. Although Carolyn Keene was credited as the author of Nancy Drew, there was no author by that name. All three series were written by a syndicate of anonymous authors. Crosswords began with a word-cross puzzle in the New York World on Dec. 21, 1913. Its creator was Arthur Wynne, the Fun Page editor. What he developed was actually an adaptation of a puzzle that first surfaced more than two millenniums earlier. The puzzle was called a word square, and its distinguishing mark was that the same words read both across and down. Creating word squares became popular in 19th-century England. It occurred to Wynne that the horizontal words didnt have to be the same as the vertical ones, and he arranged his puzzle in a diamond-shaped grid and inserted numbers in some of the squares. The puzzler was given clues that indicated the start and position of each word. Before long, crossword mania had swept the continent. Kathleen Hamilton created the Toronto Star's first Canadian crossword puzzles in 1999. The initial set of books from that series, called O Canada Crosswords, have all been Canadian bestsellers, and were the first books of Canadian crosswords in bookstores. Hamilton went on to produce many other books, including the current set, True North Crosswords , and her puzzles are still carried in many Canadian newspapers. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king: Spades - King David Clubs -Alexander the Great Diamonds - Julius Caesar Birthstones arose from the Breastplate of Aaron: a ceremonial religious garment set with twelve gemstones that represented the twelve tribes of Israel and also corresponded with the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve months of the year. Because ancient people did not always classify gemstones by mineral species, no one is sure which gemstones were set in the breastplate and why. Because of this, different cultures around the world have developed different birthstone lists. The custom of wearing birthstones probably first became popular in Poland in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. Birthstones originally may have been worn each month by everyone, since the powers of the gemstone were heightened during its month. Reference: http://tinyurl.com/bunn5e6 Engagement rings are often worn on the fourth finger of the left hand because the ancient Greeks maintained that that finger contains the vena amoris, or the vein of love, that runs straight to the heart. The first recorded wedding rings appear in ancient Egypt, with the circle representing eternity as well as powerful sun and moon deities. Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence in her shoe symbolizes continuity, optimism for the future, borrowed happiness, fidelity, and wealth or good luck, respectively. Early Roman brides carried a bunch of herbs, such as garlic and rosemary, under their veils to symbolize fidelity and fertility and to ward off evil. These herbs served as a precursor to the modern bridal bouquet. The tradition of bridesmaid's dresses came from the superstition that if bridesmaids were dressed in similar bride-like gowns, they would confuse rival suitors, evil spirits, and robbers. "Tying the knot" initially came from an ancient Babylonian custom in which threads from the clothes of both the bride and bridegroom were tied in a knot to symbolize the couple's union. Literally tying some type of ceremonial knot at a wedding ceremony can be found across cultures. 1,400 actresses were interviewed for the part of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind. The most extensive screen tests in the history of motion pictures had MGM shooting 149,000 feet of black-and-white test film and another 13,000 feet of color film with the 60 finalists. Luc Godard said film is the truth 24 times a second. Who are the stars who have won the most awards? Barbra Streisand - Total 17 = 4 Emmys, 10 Grammys, 2 Oscars, 1 Tony Mike Nichols - Total 13 = 4 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 7 Tonys Marvin Hamlisch - Total 12 = 4 Emmys, 4 Grammys, 3 Oscars, 1 Tony Mel Brooks - Total 11 = 4 Emmys, 3 Grammys, 1 Oscar, 3 Tonys Liza Minnelli - Total 6 = 1 Emmy, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 3 Tonys Whoopi Goldberg - Total 5 = 2 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 1 Tony Rita Moreno - Total 5 = 2 Emmys, 1 Grammy, 1 Oscar, 1 Tony The Oscar was designed by MGM art director, Cedric Gibbons, in 1928. He asked a young Mexican actor, Emilio Fernadez, to model for the figurine. When an orange is shown in any of the Godfather movies, this means that someone is about to die or a close call is to occur. Alfred Hitchcock filmed the shower scene in Psycho in black and white, using 78 pieces of film perfectly edited into a 45-second sequence featuring the piercing shriek of Bernard Herrmanns violin. The attacker was actually an extra, as Anthony Perkins was in New York that week, appearing in a play! Rin Tin Tin was smuggled into the U.S. from France, and starred initially in silent films written by his owner. He turned out to be one of Warner Brothers' most profitable commodities. The first full length animated movie was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was released in 1937, and has been named to the Americal Film Institute's list of 100 best American films. Marcel Marceau was a French actor and mime who gained renown in 1947 with the creation of Bip, a sad, white-faced clown with a tall, battered hatreminiscent of Charlie Chaplins Tramp. Noted for his eloquent, deceptively simple portrayals, he earned worldwide acclaim in the 1950s with his production of the mimodrama of Nikolai Gogols Overcoat. During that time, he visited New York, and was a guest in the drama workshop at Barnard where Bobbi met him as a student. 28% of all primetime TV shows are now "reality" shows. Do viewers realize that most of these are scripted and even rehearsed? that most of the contestants are using this exposure as a short-cut to a career in film or broadcasting. What the audience thinks is sincerity is all artifice, all acting. Just like the make-up on these supposedly scrubbed faces. An analysis of the most popular TV dramas has shown that there is a formula for success: 65% drama, 12% shocks and surprises, 9% comedy, 8% action, 6% romance. Charles Douglass, inventor of the canned laughter we hear on sitcoms, recorded the guffaws for his original "Laff Box" during broadcasts of The Red Skelton Show. The "laugh track" then became a part of most sit-coms. The first ever television broadcast occurred at Alexandra Palace, London in 1936. The Muppets came from a British show that was rejected by almost every U.S. network before PBS began to carry it. Almost all the Muppets are left-handed, since most puppeteers work their characters' mouths with their right hands. The original Kermit was from a coat that one belonged to Jim Henson's mother. His eyes were made from ping-pong balls. Mick Jagger copied Marilyn Monroe when choreographing his trademark moves. Jagger also sang backup for Carly Simon's hit You're So Vain, the song supposedly written about Warren Beatty. The popular song, We've Only Just Begun, which was a best-seller by The Carpenters, was written by Paul Williams, contracted by an ad agency to write a song for an ad campaign for a bank in Los Angeles. Warner Communications paid $28 million for the copyright to the song Happy Birthday. Originally a jazz pianist, Nat King Cole performed in Los Angeles nightclubs with his trio in the 1930s but did not achieve commercial success until he began singing. His warm, velvety voice brought a personal touch to his ballads, and he became internationally popular for his broodingly romantic hits, such as Unforgettable. He went on to become one of the first African-American artists to star in a radio show and to host a network television show. Sidney Poitier, called Hollywood's first black leading man, was born in the Bahamas, moved to Miami when he was 15, and was living in New York, working as a dishwasher, when he first auditioned for the American Negro Theatre. Semi-literate, he taught himself to read and comprehend by studying newspapers, and learned to speak properly by listening to the radio. John Wagner, a Hallmark artist, is the creator of the popular cartoon, Maxine. She was modeled on a combination of his mother, his maiden aunts and his grandmother. Hired for Hallmark's new Shoebox Greetings in 1986 led to the creation of Maxine. People at Shoebox started referring to the character as John Wagner's old lady, said the artist in an interview, so he instigated a contest among the Shoebox group to name the character. Three entries suggested Maxine, which John agreed is perfect. Abraham Al Jaffee, was born in 1921. A regular contributor to Mad Magazine for more than 55 years, Jaffee is the satirical magazines longest-running contributor, as both an illustrator and writer. Since 1964, only one issue has been published without new material from Jaffee. He created some of the magazines most popular features, such as blueprint-style inventions and his famous fold-inswhich he continues to draw by hand. The first printing press in North America was used in Mexico City in 1539. The first book printed in the U.S. was the Bay Book of Psalms, printed in 1640 in Boston. In 1845, Rufus Porteran eccentric inventor, painter, and editorpublished the first issue of Scientific American, a weekly newspaper about new inventions. By 1853, its circulation had reached 30,000 and it was reporting on various sciences, such as astronomy and medicine. In 1921, it became a monthly. Hearst started the King Syndicate in 1915, to distribute comic strips and other features to his papers. They now reach 2800 newspapers in 70 countries. Walt Disney got his idea for Mickey Mouse while he worked in a garage. He was watching the mice play one night and got the inspiration for Mortimer Mouse. He didnt change the name until shortly before he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon the 1928 Steamboat Willie, Disneys first attempt to use sound and the first fully synchronized sound cartoon. He named Mickey Mouse after Mickey Rooney, whose mother he dated for some time. Mickey was created in 1928, making his debut in the silent film Plane Crazy. But well before that, Walt Disney created a character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Unfortunately, Universal Studios claimed the rights, as he was their employee. That caused Disney to protect Mickey Mouse and all his subsequent characters so vigorously. On December 21st, 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered. It was the first full-length animated feature film in history. It was animated entirely by hand and took Walt Disney and his studio three years to complete. It was exponentially more expensive than the animated shorts the studio had produced until that time and met with considerable opposition. Disney eventually had to mortgage his house to help finance the project, which was derisively nicknamed Disneys Folly by those in the film industry. Mickey Mouse only has four fingers on each of his hands because it was less expensive to animate. Peter Pan is the only Disney cartoon movie that features both parent characters alive and present throughout the entire film. Walt Disneys mother died from a furnace leak in the house Disney bought for her. Producer Don Hahn believes that the reason so many characters in the franchise are motherless is because Disney used his work to process his guilt and his grief. The longest Hollywood kiss was from the 1941 film, You're in the Army Now. It lasted for three minutes and three seconds, between Regis Toomey and Jane Wyman (first wife of former President Ronald Reagan). Stars of the film were Jimmy Durante and Phil Silvers. Peter Falk, who died in 2011 at the age of 84, made 65 episodes of Columbo over a period of 32 years. The show and subsequent movies are still broadcast all over the world, translated into many languages. Bobbi's article about buying Peter Falk a jockstrap for a play she stage-managed in New York in 1955 has been sold to many magazines and newspapers over the years, and now appears in Prose to Go . Falk, an Oscar and Emmy winner, wrote an autobiography, Just One More Thing, in 2006, in which he recounts many episodes in his life as an actor, but not the jockstrap incident! How different The Music Man might have been with someone other than Robert Preston in the role. A new book (I'm the Greatest Star, by Robert Viagas) reveals that Danny Kaye, Milton Berle, and Art Carney all turned down the role. Music likely preceded language in evolution. Singing was used to communicate friendship, joy, comfort, knowledge, religion and love, the six songs Daniel Levitin describes in his book, The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature. The harmonica is the world's best-selling music instrument. Showing off at a party one evening, Chopin played the entire Minute Waltz in less than 10 seconds. On December 22, 1808, Beethoven rented a hall in Vienna and promoted the concert to end all concerts: the debut, over four hours, of three of the greatest works in the history of music. Franz Schubert, one of the most gifted musicians of the 19th century, was an Austrian who wrote his first of nine symphonies in 1813 at the age of 16. He wrote more than 600 songs, many to the lyrics of German poets, and also composed music for the stage, overtures, choral music, masses, and piano music. He died at 31, having produced more masterpieces by that age than almost any other composer in history. Francis Scott Key was a young lawyer who wrote the poem, The Star Spangled Banner, after being inspired by watching the Americans fight off the British attack of Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem became the words to the national anthem. Cole Porter's first two musicals flopped on Broadway. Andrew Lloyd Weber has had at least one musical running in London for 40 years, and at one point, he had five different shows playing at the same time. The Lion King has now raked in more box office dollars than any work in any media in entertainment history. It has grossed $6.2 billion worldwide. Radio City Music Hall seats 6000, and its Great Stage, designed by Peter Clark, measures 66.5 by 144 ft. Its system of elevators was so advanced that the U.S. Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers. During the war, government agents guarded the basement to assure the Navy's technological advantage. This elevator system was also designed by Peter Clark, and was built by Otis Elevators. The Music Hall's "Mighty Wurlitzer" pipe organ is the largest theater pipe organ built for a movie theater. Identical consoles with four manuals (keyboards) are installed on both sides of the Great Stage. Installed in 1932, the instrument was the largest produced by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company of North Tonawanda, New York; it was built as a serious concert instrument rather than to accompany silent movies, capable of playing many styles of music including classical organ literature. A total rebuild of the historic organ was completed in time for the theater's restoration in 1999. Andre Segovia, acknowledged to be one of the world's greatest guitarist, was primarily self-taught. The romantic guitar and the mandolin were both invented in Naples. Leo Fender invented the electric guitar in 1948, although he never learned how to play it! Les Paul invented the 8-track, the modified electric guitar, and over-dubbing. As a kid, he punched extra holes in his mother's piano rolls and covered existing holes, just to see how it would sound. Like many geniuses, he dropped out of high school. Always open to new ideas, was playing in a country band on the radio in Chicago while spending evenings at jazz clubs. He was the first to play the guitar beyond the third fret. Other guitar players thought he was crazy until they heard the sound he was able to produce. His use of a tape recorder was the result of an auto accident which damaged his right arm. Invention often comes out of adversity. Arnold Jacobs, a tuba player with the Chicago Symphony and a professor at Northwestern University, says there are two cranial nerves that allow a musician to communicate when he or she is playing. Jacobs explains that thinking is as important as technique in creating music, and urges musicians to practising as if you're performing, listening to the sound in your head rather than just going through the motions of rehearsing. Frank Sinatra couldn't read music. The S-shaped hole in the body of the violin, which permits the sound to escape, is the same as the mathematical symbol for integral, one of the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. There are 600 violins and cellos built by Antonio Stradivari still in existence today. Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison were all 27 years old when they died. The national anthem of Greece has 158 verses. Among the most unusual musical instruments the worlds first and only Great Stalacpipe Organ, created by electronic engineer Leland W. Sprinkle. The organ itself works by tapping these ancient stalactites with rubber mallets, all connected to a keyboard that looks like a traditional organ/piano. Norwegian drummer and composer, Terje Isungset, turns ice into music. He shapes ice into a variety of instruments using his chainsaw like a paintbrush. Trumpets, xylophones, Englands East Lancashire is home to an art installation known as the Ringing Singing Tree. Its a giant instrument made up of a bunch of steel pipes of different lengths stacked in different directions, so that any passing breeze transforms into eerie melodies. This crazy piece of art stands just over three meters tall and was created in 2006 by Mike Tonkin and Anna Liu and won a Royal Institute of British Architects award The Vegetable Orchestra of Vienna are a group of touring musicians who have transformed everyday vegetables into a variety of instruments: pan-pipes, recorders, even a clarinet made from a carrot. Not only can the orchestra carry a vegan melody, they even give out fresh vegetable soup at the end of their concerts. The Hornucopian Dronepipe was designed by Eric Goldemberg and Veronica Zalcberg from Monad Studios, using a 3-D printer as part of a trio of futuristic instruments. The other two include a two-string electric violin, a one-string electric bass guitar, a one-string electric cello/violin hybrid and a small didgeridoo. Theremins were made famous for producing the iconic eerie soundtracks to the science fiction films of the 1950s and 60s. Their trademark howl is made from contactless play. The player moves his hand between two metal antennae without touching them. The distance from one antenna determines frequency (called pitch), and the distance from the other controls the volume (called amplitude). Theremists can play higher notes by moving their hands closer to the pitch antenna, and control volume by playing with the other antenna. The Theremin gets its name from Leon Theremin, who invented it in 1928. The American Library Association maintains a long list of books banned by schools and libraries. It includes such classics as All Quiet on the Western Front, A Farewell to Arms, The Grapes of Wrath, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Animal Farm, 1984, Doctor Zhivago, Harry Potter, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Huckelberry Finn, Gone With the Wind, To Kill a Mockingbird, and Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. One of the most popular books ever published in the United States was To Kill a Mockingbird. Michael Brown, who wrote industrial musicals for American corporations, used some of his earnings to support Harper Lee while she wrote To Kill a Mockingbird. Penguin Books was launched in 1935, starting the paperback revolution. But much earlier, in the 1840s, The American Library of Useful Knowledge began to publish cheap editions of European novels. Pocket Books started in 1939, with Penguin opening an American office the same year, Avon in 1941, Popular Library in 1942, Dell in 1943, Bantam in 1945, and many more after World War II, including New American Library's Signet and Mentor divisions. Publishers collaborated to produce Armed Service Editions of popular titles, which had double columns and were small enough to fit into a pocket. Because they were free to the troops, many returned home with the habit of reading for pleasure. Instead of printing only the books soldiers and sailors actually wanted to read, though, publishers decided to send them the best they had to offer. From small Pacific islands to sprawling European depots, soldiers discovered the addictive delights of good books. By giving away the best it had to offer, the publishing industry created a vastly larger market for its wares. More importantly, it also democratized the pleasures of reading, making literature, poetry, and history available to all." Full article from the Atlantic: http://theatln.tc/1uNwuLN By 1954, Anchor was selling 600,000 paperback books a year, and Knopf had launched it's quality paperback line, Vintage. This was soon followed by Beacon and Meridian. Soon Grove and New Directions came on board, and several publishers started producing anthologies of new writing, such as Mentor's New World Writing series. In 1940, before dying of a massive heart attack in a Hollywood apartment at the age of 44, F. Scott Fitzgerald earned a grand total of $13.13 in royalties, despite the later success of The Great Gatsby, first published in 1925. Arthur Frommer self-published his first travel book in 1955, as a GI stationed in Europe. Two years later, he launched the $5 a Day series, publishing 58 titles a year until he sold the company in 1977. When the new owners lost interest in the books, Frommer bought back 340 titles, and resumed publishing with the help of his daughter, Pauline. Hugo Boss, founder of the popular clothing company, designed some of the Nazi SS uniforms. Boss joined the Nazi Party in 1931 after being bankrupt and coming to an agreement with his creditors. He later stated that he joined the party because of their promise to end unemployment and because he felt temporarily withdrawn from the Lutheran Church. Guess who this woman is, described by acclaimed author John McPhee in Time Magazine: Her feet are too big, her nose is too long, her teeth are uneven, she has big, half-bushel hips, her hands are huge, her forehead is low, her mouth is too large. McPhee was describing Sophia Loren! In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson designated the third Sunday in June as Fathers Day. Fathers Day has been celebrated annually since 1972 when President Richard Nixon signed the public law that made it permanent.	i don't know
August 14, 2000 saw the introduction of what kids animated character, known for a monkey named Boots, a fox named Swiper, and her frequent use of Spanish?	dora the explorer : definition of dora the explorer and synonyms of dora the explorer (English) Go, Diego, Go! From left to right: Swiper (in background), Dora, and Boots Dora the Explorer is an American animated television series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network, including the associated Nick Jr. channel. It aired on CBS until September 2006. A Spanish-dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal -owned Telemundo through September 2006; since April 2008, this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block. Contents Characters Dora Marquez Dora, the main character, is an eight-year-old girl who embarks on a trip in every episode in order to find something or help somebody. She asks the viewers at home to help her find new ways to reach places with the help of Map. She also teaches viewers Spanish, introducing them to short words and phrases. Dora has a positive view of the characters she meets, failing even to hold a grudge against the mischievous fox, Swiper, who continually attempts to steal items from her party. She acts against villains only when it seems that compromise is impossible, and even in these cases, fails to display actual anger . She gives others a chance to try their hands at tasks even when she herself might have an easier time with them. Dora values her family, whom she loves openly, though she spends little time indoors at home with them. She tries to introduce her traditions and customs, subtly and without compulsion, to those who are not familiar with them. Dora is fond of Boots, who became her best friend when she saved his beloved red boots from being swiped by Swiper. Dora enjoys sports. She played on a baseball team with Boots and her other friends and was coached by her father (who has never been depicted as having other employment). She loves and excels at soccer . Dora is also a musician, skilled at playing a wooden flute. The character was voiced by Kathleen Herles until she was replaced by Caitlin Sanchez and replaced with another voice actress Fatima Ptacek . [1] Dora is a Latina . Early concepts of Dora had her as a blond girl of European ancestry. The character was originally based on a niece, Lilli, of Rick Velleu, one of the creators of the show.[ citation needed ] Boots the Monkey Boots, the 5-year-old monkey whom Dora met one day in the forest, is her best friend. He is friendly and enthusiastic, and usually wears nothing but his beloved red boots , hence his name. He is light blue with a yellow stomach. His parents look similar, with variations in eyes, height, clothing and fur. Boots is present with Dora on most of her adventures, and he helps her solve clues and puzzles. He also loves baseball and is on Dora's team. He enjoys riding Rojo the fire truck . Boots is athletic and energetic. He performs a series of acrobatic flips , somersaults , and cartwheels along the way to their destination. His light weight also makes him easy to carry, even for Dora. Without guidance from Dora, the viewer, or another character, Boots is quick to take his own, often dangerous or dead-ended, route. Dora often acts as the voice of reason. Boots "loves" many things. In one episode, he would say many times "I love riddles . Call me 'Mr. Riddles'" or "I love nuts , I love chocolate , I love my ball , and I love, love, love...". Most importantly, however, Boots loves Dora and Dora loves him back, as expressed verbally and physically in numerous episodes. His devotion and love always has Boots more than willing to drop whatever he is doing at the moment for Dora. For her sake, he has even engaged in adventures on his own, assisted by the viewers. Boots' vocabulary is limited but steadily increasing. Dora teaches him Spanish through memorable songs and phrases. Boots was voiced by Harrison Chad in the original English version and then, from season five onwards, by Regan Mizrahi . Swiper the Fox Swiper is a sneaky fox in a blue mask and gloves , who is the antagonist of the TV series and appears in nearly every episode. He is voiced by Marc Weiner . As his name implies, Swiper steals or attempts to steal key items that help Dora on her adventures. Clever as he is, Swiper never manages to take Dora completely by surprise; an ominous "whisking" sound is always audible just prior to his appearances. To prevent Swiper from success, Dora and Boots must repeat the phrase, "Swiper, no swiping!" three times. Usually she prevails, and Swiper slinks away, snapping his fingers and saying, "Oh, man!"; sometimes, however, Swiper gets to the item before Dora has a chance to repeat the phrase. He then gloats, "You're too late!," and frequently states "You'll never find it now! Ha, ha, ha!!," as he throws the item away. Swiper's motive for theft is patently childish; he never seems actually to want the object he takes, since he almost immediately throws it away to hide it from Dora, which prompts her to ask the audience to help her find it. Until recently, it was unclear if he swipes merely for the joy of swiping , or from a desire to annoy and frustrate Dora. Compounding the confusion is the fact that, given the right reason, for example, that the item in question is a present for Dora's puppy , he will return items he has taken, no matter how much effort he went through to get them. It is also shown that he rarely knows the full importance of what he has taken; for example, he had no idea the aforementioned gift was for Dora's puppy. In the episode Dora Saves the Mermaids, he revealed that he "liked swiping." He has some kind of New York accent, and lives in a burrow on top of Blueberry Hill. Swiper is very fast and agile, and something of a master of disguise. He seems to have a great deal of technical knowledge, as he has built a variety of vehicles and gadgets (including a remote-controlled robot butterfly ) to help him swipe things. Most of the time, however, he simply relies on his natural stalking abilities (sometimes with the aid of a costume) to sneak up on Dora. In the early episodes he often "hid" by curling up into a ball, which neither Dora nor Boots ever recognized as Swiper; he apparently does not do this anymore. He has only been seen once or twice without his mask one of which being when the robot butterfly he built to swipe from Dora and Boots (in the episode Dora's Got a Puppy) apparently malfunctioned; after they stopped the robot butterfly, it swiped his mask and gloves and kept them from him for a few seconds. His grandmother has been mentioned in two episodes: A Letter For Swiper and Swiper the Explorer, and finally made an appearance in Swiper's Favorite Things. His parents are never seen, and it is unclear whether or not he has any siblings. Over the course of the series, it is shown that there is more to Swiper's character than an urge to swipe things. In one episode it was revealed that Swiper has a soft spot for puppies, and in another that he likes Cowboy cookies. In a few episodes, he expresses feelings of joy with a fox-like cry of, "Yip-yip-yippee!" In the episode A Letter For Swiper, Dora filled in for a delivery bird whose glasses were broken; Dora delivered stickers to Swiper (which were sent by his grandmother), and he thanked her for it without trying to swipe anything. In the episode "Swiper the Explorer", Swiper helps Dora on her quest to help Baby Fox find its mommy, and Swiper carries the baby fox almost all through the episode. Also in this episode, it is revealed that Swiper does not speak Spanish, and wishes that he did. Over the course of a few episodes and specials, it can be clearly seen that swiper is very shy, such as in Christmas Carol Adventure, when he was nervous and didn't want to ask the Grumpy old troll how the capes worked. If Swiper fails to swipe something, is sad, or gets in trouble, he will utter his catch phrase of "Oohhh Maaann," such as in the episode "Dance To The Rescue," when Elf and Cane initially trick Swiper and trap him in the magic bottle. The interaction between Dora and the antagonistic fox also reveals the kindness and grace of Dora's character. In one episode, Dora's Dance to the Rescue, Swiper took pity on a Dancing Elf who was caught in a magic bottle, similar to a genie. The elf tricked the sympathetic Swiper into removing the bottle's cork, thereby releasing the elf and his talking cane. Unfortunately, the wily fox was thereby entrapped in his place. Stuck and desperate, Swiper called out to Dora and Boots. The remainder of the episode chronicled an epic adventure involving most of the land's creatures, eventually ending with the release of Swiper after a dance contest. The episode was atypical as it involved many dances and songs, and demonstrated a close, unconflicted relationship between Swiper and the other creatures. In this and several other episodes, Swiper finds himself captured, trapped, or in some sort of trouble. Despite his history of mean-spiritedness toward Dora, she demonstrates that the fox is her friend (which he doesn't find out until "Dora's World Adventure") and will always unquestioningly help Swiper just as she would her other friends, Benny, Isa, Boots, and Tico. If Dora needs his help he will come to her aid in the same manner. In Dora's Christmas Carol Adventure, another atypical episode, Swiper's love of swiping ends up getting him on Santa's naughty list, when he fails to heed Santa's warnings about swiping on Christmas . At first, everyone dismisses what has happened, but Dora immediately insists on helping Swiper, as nobody, not even Swiper deserves to be on Santa's naughty list. After asking Santa if she can do something, Santa sends Dora and Swiper on an epic quest through time to help Swiper get off the naughty list. Upon coming back, Swiper initially fails his quest, but everyone then expresses that Swiper is their friend and that they want to share their gifts with him because they care about him, despite all the things he's done. It is at this point Swiper learns the true meaning of Christmas, and tries to give Dora his most prized possession, a stuffed bunny he had since he was really young. Dora refuses to accept it, but suggests that they can share it, and Swiper shares his bunny with her. Upon seeing him share his bunny, Santa returns and puts Swiper back on the nice list. It is then revealed that Swiper shared his gifts and didn't swipe anything every Christmas after that. Swiper is far from being unable to feel guilty for his actions. In the episode A Present For Santa, Swiper returns the present that he swiped, upon discovering that it was for Santa . In "Dora's Christmas Carol Adventure," Swiper travels through time and begins to regret his actions in the past and future, including making his friends cry when they were babies, and littering on Christmas Eve . In the episode "Dora's World Adventure", Swiper helps Dora return the friendship bracelets he had swiped all over the world, and was shown to feel guilty once he discovered the magnitude of what he'd done and what he had stolen. During this time Swiper gets a taste of his own medicine, so to speak, as each country they visit has its own "Swiper", only of different species, who tries to steal the bracelets: Fifi the skunk in France, Sami the hyena in Tanzania , Fomkah the bear in Russia, and Ying Ying the weasel in China. All of them act and dress nearly identically to Swiper and are stopped in the same way he is: by saying their name, followed by "no swiping" three times. Then they run off, saying Swiper's catch phrase , "Ohh, maann" in the local language. Their entrances are also preluded by a sound, only with local music; e.g. Ying Ying has a chau gong playing. Fiesta Trio Whenever Dora and Boots are successful in a given portion of their quest (quests are usually divided into three portions), the Fiesta Trio appears from seemingly nowhere to congratulate Dora and celebrate for a brief few seconds with music. The Fiesta Trio is a group of three small animals: a grasshopper , a snail , and a frog . The trio are occasionally unable to complete their music as a result of something going on in the scene, such as when they are startled by a bear that is chasing Dora and Boots in one episode. Backpack Dora's purple Backpack (originally voiced by Sasha Toro, and currently voiced by Alexandria Suarez beginning with the fifth season [2] ), provides whatever Dora needs to complete her quests. The backpack is a magic satchel , which has been known to produce large items, including multiple ladders , two complete space suits (one each for Dora and Boots) and other items that simply could not fit inside it. Backpack seems to have a lot of extra space within her fabric to be held in such a small area. It was given to Dora as a present by her mother and father. To make the Backpack open up, Dora asks the viewers at home to say "Backpack". The Backpack then sings a little introduction and asks the viewers at home to choose what Dora needs from among the Backpack's contents. Afterwards, the remaining contents go back into Backpack, who says, "Yum yum yum yum yum, ¡delicioso!" ("Delicious!") Map The Map (voiced by Marc Weiner ) provides travel guidance and advice. When not being consulted, the rolled-up Map resides in a side pocket on the Backpack; to make the Map come out, Dora asks the viewers at home to say "Map." This is the Map's cue to introduce himself to the audience with a repetitive song, which is short in some episodes and longer in others, and describe the path Dora has to take on her quest. Usually the Map does not do anything more than the actions described above, but in a few episodes he plays a more active role, especially in the episode "Super Map"; the Map finds a small red cape that gives him Superman -like powers, and he uses them to help Dora on her current quest. Map inexplicably gives up the cape, and his super powers, at the end of the episode. Isa the Iguana Isa the six year old [3] Iguana is a very close friend of Dora's and an even closer friend of Boots. Isa is a skilled gardener and loves to grow mainly flowers of all kinds. She even presents her mom with a bouquet of flowers she grew herself as a Mother's Day gift. At times, her problem solving skills prove to be invaluable for her friends and even herself made all the more disposal by her naturally acquired ability to blend into surroundings at will. Isa also seems to have a bit of a crush on Boots, whom she knew long before she ever met Dora. She greats both Dora and Boots equally but Isa always greets Boots more shyly than Dora. She was first voiced by Ashley Flemming, and is now being done by Lenique Vincent. Tico the Squirrel Tico the Squirrel (who has been voiced by Muhammed Cunningham, Jose Zelaya and currently by Jean Carlos Celi) is a friend of Dora's who lives in the forest and who speaks Spanish and very rarely English (one occasion when he said "You're welcome" in English). He wears a colorful striped vest , and is usually seen driving his little yellow car , although he has been known to travel in a variety of vehicles, from helicopters to boats . He has purple fur, a round body, and small triangular stumps for arms and legs. Tico's function on the show is to help Dora teach the audience words and phrases in Spanish; Dora has to tell Tico something in Spanish, such as "Faster" or "Look out", and she asks the viewers at home to say it along with her. In some episodes, a different Spanish-speaking character (such as Señor Tucán) appears instead of Tico. In the episode "Dora's First Trip", it was established that Boots had been friends with Tico before Dora met either of them, despite the fact that Boots and Tico speak two different languages. Benny the Bull Benny the Bull (voiced by Jake Burbage until 2009, now by Matthew Gumley ) is a friend of Dora's who lives in a barn , loves to eat, and often rides in a hot air balloon . He is mostly blue with little yellow horns, stands on his hind legs, is a little taller than Dora, and wears a blue bandanna with white polka dots around his neck. Benny sometimes provides Dora with something that she needs on her current quest. In the episode "Swiper the Explorer", Dora needed something for the Baby Fox to drink, and Benny's picnic basket just happened to contain a carton of milk and a baby bottle ("Now, why did I pack that?"). In the episode "Dance to the Rescue", Dora and Boots needed fancy clothes to be allowed into King Bobo's castle, and Benny happened to have a gown and a bow tie in the basket of his balloon. In the episode "Boots' Cuddly Dinosaur", Benny said that he can not sleep without nine dolls which he calls his "guys." Despite having the same name, this character is not the same as the mascot of the Chicago Bulls . Voices The episodes of Dora the Explorer almost always follow a regular pattern, breaking the fourth wall : Dora has something she wants to do or somewhere she needs to go. Dora has three, or, in some double-length episodes, four, places to go, with the final place as the destination. Dora and Boots meet Swiper somewhere along the way, sometimes succeed at saying 'Swiper no Swiping' three times; sometimes Swiper successfully swipes Dora's item and hides it. Dora and Boots always find the hidden item. Dora will meet one of her friends at each of the locations detailed by the Map. Dora always succeeds in passing the obstacles. In the English version, Dora will ask the viewers to help her by giving advice (jump, run etc.), locating items (especially those stolen by Swiper) and often shouting commands to the characters in Spanish (especially Tico and Sr. Tucan, who can only speak Spanish). Every character that appeared on the episode sings 'We did it' at the end except for Swiper (unless Swiper has taken some positive role in the episode, such as the episode where he rescues a lost baby fox). Dora asks viewers what their favorite part was. She (and usually Boots) then proceed to tell the viewer which part of the adventure she most enjoyed. Any other major character can also be included in this section. During the closing credits, viewers are either asked to find a character, hiding in a location, or follow instructions to achieve an objective. Dora's Explorer Girls In 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls. [4] This is the "tween Dora" whose silhouette created some controversy when it debuted at the Nickelodeon website. [5] [6] Foreign adaptations As with many animated series made in the U.S., Dora the Explorer has been dubbed into many languages all over the world. The simplicity and repetitious nature of the episodes make this series especially well-suited for learning important phrases in a foreign language. Arabic In the Arabic language version broadcast on the "Nickelodeon on MBC3" block of MBC3, the bilingualism is Arabic-English. Cantonese The Cantonese version ( Chinese : 愛探險的朵拉; Cantonese Yale : Oi taam hím dīk Dó Lā; literally "Explore-loving Dora") is sold in Hong Kong. The bilingualism is Cantonese-English. Danish In the Danish language version Dora is similarly to Swedish listed by Nickolodeon as Dora- utforskaren although this title is actually incorrect use of Danish. Translated it would be Udforskeren Dora (or, Udforskerinden Dora to emphasize the female gender). There are commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on Nick Jr. in the subscription of Canal Digital and Viasat . Dutch. In the Dutch language version, broadcast on Nickelodeon and Nick .Jr , the bilingualism is Dutch-English. Starring Voice Actors: Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots. French. In the French language version, Dora l'exploratrice, broadcast on TF1 in France and Télé-Québec in Canada, the bilingualism is French-English, with Dora and Boots (called Babouche) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English. Filipino In the Filipino language version broadcast on ABS-CBN entitled as its English title "Dora, the Explorer". The characters speak Filipino and some English, Dora teaches English in this version. German. In the German language version, broadcast on the recently restarted German branch of Nickelodeon , the bilingualism is German-English. Greek. In the Greek version called "Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια" (or Dora the Little Explorer), broadcast on Nickelodeon and Star Channel , the bilingualism is Greek-English. Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English. Hebrew. In the Hebrew version, broadcast on HOP channel, the bilingualism is Hebrew-English. The series is called מגלים עם דורה (or Megalim Im Dora--English: Discovering with Dora). Hindi. In the Hindi language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hindi. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon . In this version, Dora teaches the viewers some English words and numbers. Indonesian. The Indonesian language version, formerly broadcast on Lativi , is now broadcast on Global TV .The bilingualism is Indonesian-English. Irish. In the Irish language version, broadcast on the Irish station TG4 , the bilingualism is Irish-Spanish, with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original. Italian. In the Italian language version, broadcast on Italia 1 and on Nickelodeon in the subscription of Sky , the bilingualism is Italian-English. The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ("Dora the Explorer"). Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English together with Italian. Japanese. In the Japanese language version, broadcast on Nick Japan , the bilingualism is Anglo-Japanese, with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English. The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 (Dōra to issho ni dai bōken/Adventures with Dora). Korean. The Korean language version is broadcast on Nick Jr in Korea. The title is different it is called "Hi Dora" and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami - she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode. The episode is primarily in Korean with some English. Malay. The Malay language version is broadcast on TV9 . The bilingualism is Malay-English. Dora speaks primarily in Malay instead of English, and the secondary language is English instead of Spanish. The original English-Spanish version, however, is also available on Nickelodeon South East Asia via the Nick Jr. programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service. Mandarin In the Mandarin Chinese version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English. It is broadcast on Yo-yo TV in Taiwan (Channel 25). Norwegian. In the Norwegian language version, the bilingualism is Norwegian-English. Polish. In the Polish language version, broadcast on Nickelodeon in Poland, the bilingualism is Polish-English. The series is called Dora poznaje świat ("Dora explores the world"). Portuguese. In the Portuguese language versions, Dora a Exploradora, broadcast on RTP2 and Nickelodeon Portugal. At Nickelodeon Brazil , Dora and Boots (called Boots in the Portuguese version and called Botas in the Brazilian version) speak Portuguese and the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD. Russian. In the Russian language version, broadcast on TNT and Nickelodeon , the bilingualism is Russian-English. The series is called Dasha-sledopyt ("Dasha the Pathfinder"). Dasha is the children's name of Daria (Darya). Serbian. In the Serbian language version, broadcast on B92 , the bilingualism is Serbian-Spanish. The series is called Dora istražuje (Dora is exploring). Spanish. There are different Spanish language versions for Latin America and Spain. In Dora la Exploradora, broadcast on Nickelodeon in Latin America (and until September 2006 on Telemundo in the USA; since April 2008 on Univisión ), Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS, and some DVDs have a Spanish track (including Dora's Egg Hunt). This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version; Tico & Señor Tucan (called Mr. Toucan) only speak English. Additionally, Univision has added on-screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English. In Spain, Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1 , Clan TVE and Nickelodeon ; the characters speak mainly Spanish but will have commands and expressions in English. Swedish In the Swedish language version Dora- utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but will have commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon and TV4 . Tamil In the Tamil language version Dora The Explorer, the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed. It is broadcast on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV , a channel run by the Sun Network Turkish In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish, Spanish and English but will have commands and expressions in Turkish. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon and CNBC-e . Stage adaptations Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure." Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation , these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series. City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora, while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer in the role, a former member of the all female American pop band innosense . Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song "Get On Your Feet" as the final number of the show. Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe. There have been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company and the "Pirate Adventure" company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor's Equity and IATSE , respectively, the unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States. The third company performs a reduced version of "Pirate Adventure" and does not employ union personnel. This production is currently touring North America, and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France. Live-action movie It was revealed on February 18, 2008, that Nickelodeon would make a made-for-television movie based on the series, but as a live-action/ CGI animated feature. [7] Dora, who would still be of Hispanic descent, would become a ten-year-old girl in this version with other characters computer animated. The movie is expected to be released in 2011. Makeover Dora the Explorer as a tween . On March 8, 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school . Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, [8] but after a short controversy, the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16, 2009. [9] The new pre-teen Dora may be used for one of the future seasons. Dora the Explorer merchandise This section requires expansion . There are many action figures and playsets available in many markets, along with DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, books, board games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens and more. Licensees include Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom. Toys In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. [10] [11] [12] Books Dora's Perfect Pumpkin ( ISBN 978-1416934387 ) Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes ( ISBN 978-1416938248 ) A Lift-the-Flap Story Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-0689847745 ) Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-0689847752 ) Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-1416933502 ) All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book ( ISBN 978-0689877186 ) Treasury books and collection books Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures ( ISBN 978-0689878152 ) Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Say "Cheese" Dora's Storytime Collection ( ISBN 978-0689866234 ) Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora! Dora's Big Book of Stories ( ISBN 978-1416907084 ) Contains: Dora's Book of Manners, Dora Goes to School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Show Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora! Sticker books Dora's Magic Watering Can ( ISBN 978-1416947721 ) DVDs and videos Main article: Dora the Explorer (video game series) Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released. In Canada, Cheerios offered free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages. However, packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version. Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US. It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory. Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Gameboy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star . [13] Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is an action-adventure video game , developed by Monkey Bar Games , published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine . The game was released for Gamecube in North America on October 13, 2005, [14] and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The Playstation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in February 9, 2006. [15] The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a " Frogger "-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. [16] Dora Puppy is a puppy simulator were players must help Dora take care of her puppy, Perrito, and help train him for doggie competitions . All the actions are performed by either tracing certain shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS's microphone. [17] It was developed by Take-Two Interactive for the Nintendo DS and published by 2K Play in North America [18] and Australia in 2009, and in Europe in 2010. Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS . It was published by 2K Play in 2010. [19] In the game, players have to chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, and more using math skills. They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients. [20] Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008. Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009. References in other media and parodies Hip hop artist Ludacris made a few references to Dora in his song " Number One Spot ", rapping "Explora like Dora, those swipers can't swipe me". In an episode of Drake & Josh titled " The Storm ", character Crazy Steve is seen watching Dora. He repeatedly yells at her as to why she is asking him questions. The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy makes reference to Dora in episode "Pandora's Lunchbox", where a character bearing a suspicious resemblance and the same name as Dora tries to convince people to open her lunchbox, but her personality is nearly the exact opposite of Dora's, being evil and wanting to plunge the world into never-ending suffering. Billy also describes Grim's favorite show, which is nearly a summary of Dora. On the series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends , imaginary friend Eduardo watches a show named "Lauren is Explorin'". On Saturday Night Live 's TV Funhouse sketch entitled "Maraka", created by Robert Smigel , the Dora-like character is called Maraka, while the Boots-like character is called Mittens. The storyline resembles an episode from Season 2 of Go, Diego, Go! , "Macky the Macaroni Penguin". The sketch made fun of the pauses in the show for the child viewer to react, the translations from Spanish to English (and Chinese , German , Portuguese , Hebrew , Swahili , Xhosa , Korean and Russian ) in Maraka's sentences and had many sporadic events. Maraka was voiced by Becca Lish, who imitated Kathleen Herles' voice for Dora. Saturday Night Live also featured a Dora reference in their MTV 4 sketch. A rapper (played by Zach Braff ) talks about his Dora the Explorer tattoo . He mentioned he likes calling her "Explora". When asked why he got the tattoo, he said he had a lot in common with Dora as they both, "grew up on the streets". Another character mentions he grew up in the suburbs. "Yeah, but they had streets", the rapper replies. On an episode of The Daily Show , during the CNBC controversy , Jon Stewart makes a mock appearance on Dora the Explorer, in response to Mad Money 's Jim Cramer 's appearances on The Today Show and Morning Joe . In the appearance, Dora casually calls both Cramer and Morning Joe host Joe Scarborough pendejos , and Boots offers to throw feces on both. [21] Comedian Brian Regan once poked fun at Dora the Explorer in his stand-up, repetitively singing "I'm the Map!" Many fan-made parodies exist on YouTube that include Dora dancing the Soulja Boy , [22] in a music video for "Leam like a Cholo", [23] and asking Brad Pitt on a date. [24] These parodies have been very popular, generating over several million views each.[ citation needed ] On Bubble Gang , the parody of the show was Chickadora The Exploiter, portrayed by Michael V. and Diego. On Goin' Bulilit if the casts are on Location, The combined parody of the show and Nora Aunor was Nora The Explorer, portrayed by Chacha Canete. On Eat Bulaga , the opening number for November 28, 2009 Allan K. as Dora the Rat Killer while he holds the Stuffed Monkey along with Wally Bayola as Spider-Man . A parody of Dora called 'Doray Alaskadora' is seen on Wow Mali . Doray also makes frequent appearances alongside host Joey de Leon and the monkey puppet Enchong Go. On Fred: The Movie , when Fred is riding in the car with his dad, his dad turns on a TV in the car. Dora is on the TV. At the beginning of a Law & Order: Los Angeles episode, the kids watch Dora the Explorer in the car. On an episode of Cartoon Network 's MAD series, the segment "Dora the Explorer in the Road to Recovery" features Dora throwing up on backpack. After, backpack's gurgling voice was saying "I'm the backpack!" and scared Boots. On another episode of MAD called "Are You Karate Kidding Me?", Dre's backpack winds up to be Dora's. References	Dora the Explorer
November 11, 1889 saw the great state of Washington formed from what territory?	dora the explorer : definition of dora the explorer and synonyms of dora the explorer (English) Go, Diego, Go! From left to right: Swiper (in background), Dora, and Boots Dora the Explorer is an American animated television series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network, including the associated Nick Jr. channel. It aired on CBS until September 2006. A Spanish-dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal -owned Telemundo through September 2006; since April 2008, this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block. Contents Characters Dora Marquez Dora, the main character, is an eight-year-old girl who embarks on a trip in every episode in order to find something or help somebody. She asks the viewers at home to help her find new ways to reach places with the help of Map. She also teaches viewers Spanish, introducing them to short words and phrases. Dora has a positive view of the characters she meets, failing even to hold a grudge against the mischievous fox, Swiper, who continually attempts to steal items from her party. She acts against villains only when it seems that compromise is impossible, and even in these cases, fails to display actual anger . She gives others a chance to try their hands at tasks even when she herself might have an easier time with them. Dora values her family, whom she loves openly, though she spends little time indoors at home with them. She tries to introduce her traditions and customs, subtly and without compulsion, to those who are not familiar with them. Dora is fond of Boots, who became her best friend when she saved his beloved red boots from being swiped by Swiper. Dora enjoys sports. She played on a baseball team with Boots and her other friends and was coached by her father (who has never been depicted as having other employment). She loves and excels at soccer . Dora is also a musician, skilled at playing a wooden flute. The character was voiced by Kathleen Herles until she was replaced by Caitlin Sanchez and replaced with another voice actress Fatima Ptacek . [1] Dora is a Latina . Early concepts of Dora had her as a blond girl of European ancestry. The character was originally based on a niece, Lilli, of Rick Velleu, one of the creators of the show.[ citation needed ] Boots the Monkey Boots, the 5-year-old monkey whom Dora met one day in the forest, is her best friend. He is friendly and enthusiastic, and usually wears nothing but his beloved red boots , hence his name. He is light blue with a yellow stomach. His parents look similar, with variations in eyes, height, clothing and fur. Boots is present with Dora on most of her adventures, and he helps her solve clues and puzzles. He also loves baseball and is on Dora's team. He enjoys riding Rojo the fire truck . Boots is athletic and energetic. He performs a series of acrobatic flips , somersaults , and cartwheels along the way to their destination. His light weight also makes him easy to carry, even for Dora. Without guidance from Dora, the viewer, or another character, Boots is quick to take his own, often dangerous or dead-ended, route. Dora often acts as the voice of reason. Boots "loves" many things. In one episode, he would say many times "I love riddles . Call me 'Mr. Riddles'" or "I love nuts , I love chocolate , I love my ball , and I love, love, love...". Most importantly, however, Boots loves Dora and Dora loves him back, as expressed verbally and physically in numerous episodes. His devotion and love always has Boots more than willing to drop whatever he is doing at the moment for Dora. For her sake, he has even engaged in adventures on his own, assisted by the viewers. Boots' vocabulary is limited but steadily increasing. Dora teaches him Spanish through memorable songs and phrases. Boots was voiced by Harrison Chad in the original English version and then, from season five onwards, by Regan Mizrahi . Swiper the Fox Swiper is a sneaky fox in a blue mask and gloves , who is the antagonist of the TV series and appears in nearly every episode. He is voiced by Marc Weiner . As his name implies, Swiper steals or attempts to steal key items that help Dora on her adventures. Clever as he is, Swiper never manages to take Dora completely by surprise; an ominous "whisking" sound is always audible just prior to his appearances. To prevent Swiper from success, Dora and Boots must repeat the phrase, "Swiper, no swiping!" three times. Usually she prevails, and Swiper slinks away, snapping his fingers and saying, "Oh, man!"; sometimes, however, Swiper gets to the item before Dora has a chance to repeat the phrase. He then gloats, "You're too late!," and frequently states "You'll never find it now! Ha, ha, ha!!," as he throws the item away. Swiper's motive for theft is patently childish; he never seems actually to want the object he takes, since he almost immediately throws it away to hide it from Dora, which prompts her to ask the audience to help her find it. Until recently, it was unclear if he swipes merely for the joy of swiping , or from a desire to annoy and frustrate Dora. Compounding the confusion is the fact that, given the right reason, for example, that the item in question is a present for Dora's puppy , he will return items he has taken, no matter how much effort he went through to get them. It is also shown that he rarely knows the full importance of what he has taken; for example, he had no idea the aforementioned gift was for Dora's puppy. In the episode Dora Saves the Mermaids, he revealed that he "liked swiping." He has some kind of New York accent, and lives in a burrow on top of Blueberry Hill. Swiper is very fast and agile, and something of a master of disguise. He seems to have a great deal of technical knowledge, as he has built a variety of vehicles and gadgets (including a remote-controlled robot butterfly ) to help him swipe things. Most of the time, however, he simply relies on his natural stalking abilities (sometimes with the aid of a costume) to sneak up on Dora. In the early episodes he often "hid" by curling up into a ball, which neither Dora nor Boots ever recognized as Swiper; he apparently does not do this anymore. He has only been seen once or twice without his mask one of which being when the robot butterfly he built to swipe from Dora and Boots (in the episode Dora's Got a Puppy) apparently malfunctioned; after they stopped the robot butterfly, it swiped his mask and gloves and kept them from him for a few seconds. His grandmother has been mentioned in two episodes: A Letter For Swiper and Swiper the Explorer, and finally made an appearance in Swiper's Favorite Things. His parents are never seen, and it is unclear whether or not he has any siblings. Over the course of the series, it is shown that there is more to Swiper's character than an urge to swipe things. In one episode it was revealed that Swiper has a soft spot for puppies, and in another that he likes Cowboy cookies. In a few episodes, he expresses feelings of joy with a fox-like cry of, "Yip-yip-yippee!" In the episode A Letter For Swiper, Dora filled in for a delivery bird whose glasses were broken; Dora delivered stickers to Swiper (which were sent by his grandmother), and he thanked her for it without trying to swipe anything. In the episode "Swiper the Explorer", Swiper helps Dora on her quest to help Baby Fox find its mommy, and Swiper carries the baby fox almost all through the episode. Also in this episode, it is revealed that Swiper does not speak Spanish, and wishes that he did. Over the course of a few episodes and specials, it can be clearly seen that swiper is very shy, such as in Christmas Carol Adventure, when he was nervous and didn't want to ask the Grumpy old troll how the capes worked. If Swiper fails to swipe something, is sad, or gets in trouble, he will utter his catch phrase of "Oohhh Maaann," such as in the episode "Dance To The Rescue," when Elf and Cane initially trick Swiper and trap him in the magic bottle. The interaction between Dora and the antagonistic fox also reveals the kindness and grace of Dora's character. In one episode, Dora's Dance to the Rescue, Swiper took pity on a Dancing Elf who was caught in a magic bottle, similar to a genie. The elf tricked the sympathetic Swiper into removing the bottle's cork, thereby releasing the elf and his talking cane. Unfortunately, the wily fox was thereby entrapped in his place. Stuck and desperate, Swiper called out to Dora and Boots. The remainder of the episode chronicled an epic adventure involving most of the land's creatures, eventually ending with the release of Swiper after a dance contest. The episode was atypical as it involved many dances and songs, and demonstrated a close, unconflicted relationship between Swiper and the other creatures. In this and several other episodes, Swiper finds himself captured, trapped, or in some sort of trouble. Despite his history of mean-spiritedness toward Dora, she demonstrates that the fox is her friend (which he doesn't find out until "Dora's World Adventure") and will always unquestioningly help Swiper just as she would her other friends, Benny, Isa, Boots, and Tico. If Dora needs his help he will come to her aid in the same manner. In Dora's Christmas Carol Adventure, another atypical episode, Swiper's love of swiping ends up getting him on Santa's naughty list, when he fails to heed Santa's warnings about swiping on Christmas . At first, everyone dismisses what has happened, but Dora immediately insists on helping Swiper, as nobody, not even Swiper deserves to be on Santa's naughty list. After asking Santa if she can do something, Santa sends Dora and Swiper on an epic quest through time to help Swiper get off the naughty list. Upon coming back, Swiper initially fails his quest, but everyone then expresses that Swiper is their friend and that they want to share their gifts with him because they care about him, despite all the things he's done. It is at this point Swiper learns the true meaning of Christmas, and tries to give Dora his most prized possession, a stuffed bunny he had since he was really young. Dora refuses to accept it, but suggests that they can share it, and Swiper shares his bunny with her. Upon seeing him share his bunny, Santa returns and puts Swiper back on the nice list. It is then revealed that Swiper shared his gifts and didn't swipe anything every Christmas after that. Swiper is far from being unable to feel guilty for his actions. In the episode A Present For Santa, Swiper returns the present that he swiped, upon discovering that it was for Santa . In "Dora's Christmas Carol Adventure," Swiper travels through time and begins to regret his actions in the past and future, including making his friends cry when they were babies, and littering on Christmas Eve . In the episode "Dora's World Adventure", Swiper helps Dora return the friendship bracelets he had swiped all over the world, and was shown to feel guilty once he discovered the magnitude of what he'd done and what he had stolen. During this time Swiper gets a taste of his own medicine, so to speak, as each country they visit has its own "Swiper", only of different species, who tries to steal the bracelets: Fifi the skunk in France, Sami the hyena in Tanzania , Fomkah the bear in Russia, and Ying Ying the weasel in China. All of them act and dress nearly identically to Swiper and are stopped in the same way he is: by saying their name, followed by "no swiping" three times. Then they run off, saying Swiper's catch phrase , "Ohh, maann" in the local language. Their entrances are also preluded by a sound, only with local music; e.g. Ying Ying has a chau gong playing. Fiesta Trio Whenever Dora and Boots are successful in a given portion of their quest (quests are usually divided into three portions), the Fiesta Trio appears from seemingly nowhere to congratulate Dora and celebrate for a brief few seconds with music. The Fiesta Trio is a group of three small animals: a grasshopper , a snail , and a frog . The trio are occasionally unable to complete their music as a result of something going on in the scene, such as when they are startled by a bear that is chasing Dora and Boots in one episode. Backpack Dora's purple Backpack (originally voiced by Sasha Toro, and currently voiced by Alexandria Suarez beginning with the fifth season [2] ), provides whatever Dora needs to complete her quests. The backpack is a magic satchel , which has been known to produce large items, including multiple ladders , two complete space suits (one each for Dora and Boots) and other items that simply could not fit inside it. Backpack seems to have a lot of extra space within her fabric to be held in such a small area. It was given to Dora as a present by her mother and father. To make the Backpack open up, Dora asks the viewers at home to say "Backpack". The Backpack then sings a little introduction and asks the viewers at home to choose what Dora needs from among the Backpack's contents. Afterwards, the remaining contents go back into Backpack, who says, "Yum yum yum yum yum, ¡delicioso!" ("Delicious!") Map The Map (voiced by Marc Weiner ) provides travel guidance and advice. When not being consulted, the rolled-up Map resides in a side pocket on the Backpack; to make the Map come out, Dora asks the viewers at home to say "Map." This is the Map's cue to introduce himself to the audience with a repetitive song, which is short in some episodes and longer in others, and describe the path Dora has to take on her quest. Usually the Map does not do anything more than the actions described above, but in a few episodes he plays a more active role, especially in the episode "Super Map"; the Map finds a small red cape that gives him Superman -like powers, and he uses them to help Dora on her current quest. Map inexplicably gives up the cape, and his super powers, at the end of the episode. Isa the Iguana Isa the six year old [3] Iguana is a very close friend of Dora's and an even closer friend of Boots. Isa is a skilled gardener and loves to grow mainly flowers of all kinds. She even presents her mom with a bouquet of flowers she grew herself as a Mother's Day gift. At times, her problem solving skills prove to be invaluable for her friends and even herself made all the more disposal by her naturally acquired ability to blend into surroundings at will. Isa also seems to have a bit of a crush on Boots, whom she knew long before she ever met Dora. She greats both Dora and Boots equally but Isa always greets Boots more shyly than Dora. She was first voiced by Ashley Flemming, and is now being done by Lenique Vincent. Tico the Squirrel Tico the Squirrel (who has been voiced by Muhammed Cunningham, Jose Zelaya and currently by Jean Carlos Celi) is a friend of Dora's who lives in the forest and who speaks Spanish and very rarely English (one occasion when he said "You're welcome" in English). He wears a colorful striped vest , and is usually seen driving his little yellow car , although he has been known to travel in a variety of vehicles, from helicopters to boats . He has purple fur, a round body, and small triangular stumps for arms and legs. Tico's function on the show is to help Dora teach the audience words and phrases in Spanish; Dora has to tell Tico something in Spanish, such as "Faster" or "Look out", and she asks the viewers at home to say it along with her. In some episodes, a different Spanish-speaking character (such as Señor Tucán) appears instead of Tico. In the episode "Dora's First Trip", it was established that Boots had been friends with Tico before Dora met either of them, despite the fact that Boots and Tico speak two different languages. Benny the Bull Benny the Bull (voiced by Jake Burbage until 2009, now by Matthew Gumley ) is a friend of Dora's who lives in a barn , loves to eat, and often rides in a hot air balloon . He is mostly blue with little yellow horns, stands on his hind legs, is a little taller than Dora, and wears a blue bandanna with white polka dots around his neck. Benny sometimes provides Dora with something that she needs on her current quest. In the episode "Swiper the Explorer", Dora needed something for the Baby Fox to drink, and Benny's picnic basket just happened to contain a carton of milk and a baby bottle ("Now, why did I pack that?"). In the episode "Dance to the Rescue", Dora and Boots needed fancy clothes to be allowed into King Bobo's castle, and Benny happened to have a gown and a bow tie in the basket of his balloon. In the episode "Boots' Cuddly Dinosaur", Benny said that he can not sleep without nine dolls which he calls his "guys." Despite having the same name, this character is not the same as the mascot of the Chicago Bulls . Voices The episodes of Dora the Explorer almost always follow a regular pattern, breaking the fourth wall : Dora has something she wants to do or somewhere she needs to go. Dora has three, or, in some double-length episodes, four, places to go, with the final place as the destination. Dora and Boots meet Swiper somewhere along the way, sometimes succeed at saying 'Swiper no Swiping' three times; sometimes Swiper successfully swipes Dora's item and hides it. Dora and Boots always find the hidden item. Dora will meet one of her friends at each of the locations detailed by the Map. Dora always succeeds in passing the obstacles. In the English version, Dora will ask the viewers to help her by giving advice (jump, run etc.), locating items (especially those stolen by Swiper) and often shouting commands to the characters in Spanish (especially Tico and Sr. Tucan, who can only speak Spanish). Every character that appeared on the episode sings 'We did it' at the end except for Swiper (unless Swiper has taken some positive role in the episode, such as the episode where he rescues a lost baby fox). Dora asks viewers what their favorite part was. She (and usually Boots) then proceed to tell the viewer which part of the adventure she most enjoyed. Any other major character can also be included in this section. During the closing credits, viewers are either asked to find a character, hiding in a location, or follow instructions to achieve an objective. Dora's Explorer Girls In 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls. [4] This is the "tween Dora" whose silhouette created some controversy when it debuted at the Nickelodeon website. [5] [6] Foreign adaptations As with many animated series made in the U.S., Dora the Explorer has been dubbed into many languages all over the world. The simplicity and repetitious nature of the episodes make this series especially well-suited for learning important phrases in a foreign language. Arabic In the Arabic language version broadcast on the "Nickelodeon on MBC3" block of MBC3, the bilingualism is Arabic-English. Cantonese The Cantonese version ( Chinese : 愛探險的朵拉; Cantonese Yale : Oi taam hím dīk Dó Lā; literally "Explore-loving Dora") is sold in Hong Kong. The bilingualism is Cantonese-English. Danish In the Danish language version Dora is similarly to Swedish listed by Nickolodeon as Dora- utforskaren although this title is actually incorrect use of Danish. Translated it would be Udforskeren Dora (or, Udforskerinden Dora to emphasize the female gender). There are commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on Nick Jr. in the subscription of Canal Digital and Viasat . Dutch. In the Dutch language version, broadcast on Nickelodeon and Nick .Jr , the bilingualism is Dutch-English. Starring Voice Actors: Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots. French. In the French language version, Dora l'exploratrice, broadcast on TF1 in France and Télé-Québec in Canada, the bilingualism is French-English, with Dora and Boots (called Babouche) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English. Filipino In the Filipino language version broadcast on ABS-CBN entitled as its English title "Dora, the Explorer". The characters speak Filipino and some English, Dora teaches English in this version. German. In the German language version, broadcast on the recently restarted German branch of Nickelodeon , the bilingualism is German-English. Greek. In the Greek version called "Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια" (or Dora the Little Explorer), broadcast on Nickelodeon and Star Channel , the bilingualism is Greek-English. Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English. Hebrew. In the Hebrew version, broadcast on HOP channel, the bilingualism is Hebrew-English. The series is called מגלים עם דורה (or Megalim Im Dora--English: Discovering with Dora). Hindi. In the Hindi language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hindi. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon . In this version, Dora teaches the viewers some English words and numbers. Indonesian. The Indonesian language version, formerly broadcast on Lativi , is now broadcast on Global TV .The bilingualism is Indonesian-English. Irish. In the Irish language version, broadcast on the Irish station TG4 , the bilingualism is Irish-Spanish, with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original. Italian. In the Italian language version, broadcast on Italia 1 and on Nickelodeon in the subscription of Sky , the bilingualism is Italian-English. The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ("Dora the Explorer"). Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English together with Italian. Japanese. In the Japanese language version, broadcast on Nick Japan , the bilingualism is Anglo-Japanese, with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English. The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 (Dōra to issho ni dai bōken/Adventures with Dora). Korean. The Korean language version is broadcast on Nick Jr in Korea. The title is different it is called "Hi Dora" and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami - she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode. The episode is primarily in Korean with some English. Malay. The Malay language version is broadcast on TV9 . The bilingualism is Malay-English. Dora speaks primarily in Malay instead of English, and the secondary language is English instead of Spanish. The original English-Spanish version, however, is also available on Nickelodeon South East Asia via the Nick Jr. programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service. Mandarin In the Mandarin Chinese version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English. It is broadcast on Yo-yo TV in Taiwan (Channel 25). Norwegian. In the Norwegian language version, the bilingualism is Norwegian-English. Polish. In the Polish language version, broadcast on Nickelodeon in Poland, the bilingualism is Polish-English. The series is called Dora poznaje świat ("Dora explores the world"). Portuguese. In the Portuguese language versions, Dora a Exploradora, broadcast on RTP2 and Nickelodeon Portugal. At Nickelodeon Brazil , Dora and Boots (called Boots in the Portuguese version and called Botas in the Brazilian version) speak Portuguese and the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD. Russian. In the Russian language version, broadcast on TNT and Nickelodeon , the bilingualism is Russian-English. The series is called Dasha-sledopyt ("Dasha the Pathfinder"). Dasha is the children's name of Daria (Darya). Serbian. In the Serbian language version, broadcast on B92 , the bilingualism is Serbian-Spanish. The series is called Dora istražuje (Dora is exploring). Spanish. There are different Spanish language versions for Latin America and Spain. In Dora la Exploradora, broadcast on Nickelodeon in Latin America (and until September 2006 on Telemundo in the USA; since April 2008 on Univisión ), Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS, and some DVDs have a Spanish track (including Dora's Egg Hunt). This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version; Tico & Señor Tucan (called Mr. Toucan) only speak English. Additionally, Univision has added on-screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English. In Spain, Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1 , Clan TVE and Nickelodeon ; the characters speak mainly Spanish but will have commands and expressions in English. Swedish In the Swedish language version Dora- utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but will have commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon and TV4 . Tamil In the Tamil language version Dora The Explorer, the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed. It is broadcast on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV , a channel run by the Sun Network Turkish In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish, Spanish and English but will have commands and expressions in Turkish. It is broadcast on Nickelodeon and CNBC-e . Stage adaptations Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure." Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation , these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series. City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora, while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer in the role, a former member of the all female American pop band innosense . Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song "Get On Your Feet" as the final number of the show. Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe. There have been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company and the "Pirate Adventure" company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor's Equity and IATSE , respectively, the unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States. The third company performs a reduced version of "Pirate Adventure" and does not employ union personnel. This production is currently touring North America, and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France. Live-action movie It was revealed on February 18, 2008, that Nickelodeon would make a made-for-television movie based on the series, but as a live-action/ CGI animated feature. [7] Dora, who would still be of Hispanic descent, would become a ten-year-old girl in this version with other characters computer animated. The movie is expected to be released in 2011. Makeover Dora the Explorer as a tween . On March 8, 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school . Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, [8] but after a short controversy, the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16, 2009. [9] The new pre-teen Dora may be used for one of the future seasons. Dora the Explorer merchandise This section requires expansion . There are many action figures and playsets available in many markets, along with DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, books, board games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens and more. Licensees include Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom. Toys In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. [10] [11] [12] Books Dora's Perfect Pumpkin ( ISBN 978-1416934387 ) Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes ( ISBN 978-1416938248 ) A Lift-the-Flap Story Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-0689847745 ) Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-0689847752 ) Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story ( ISBN 978-1416933502 ) All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book ( ISBN 978-0689877186 ) Treasury books and collection books Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures ( ISBN 978-0689878152 ) Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Say "Cheese" Dora's Storytime Collection ( ISBN 978-0689866234 ) Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora! Dora's Big Book of Stories ( ISBN 978-1416907084 ) Contains: Dora's Book of Manners, Dora Goes to School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Show Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora! Sticker books Dora's Magic Watering Can ( ISBN 978-1416947721 ) DVDs and videos Main article: Dora the Explorer (video game series) Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released. In Canada, Cheerios offered free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages. However, packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version. Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US. It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory. Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Gameboy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star . [13] Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is an action-adventure video game , developed by Monkey Bar Games , published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine . The game was released for Gamecube in North America on October 13, 2005, [14] and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The Playstation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in February 9, 2006. [15] The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a " Frogger "-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. [16] Dora Puppy is a puppy simulator were players must help Dora take care of her puppy, Perrito, and help train him for doggie competitions . All the actions are performed by either tracing certain shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS's microphone. [17] It was developed by Take-Two Interactive for the Nintendo DS and published by 2K Play in North America [18] and Australia in 2009, and in Europe in 2010. Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS . It was published by 2K Play in 2010. [19] In the game, players have to chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, and more using math skills. They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients. [20] Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008. Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009. References in other media and parodies Hip hop artist Ludacris made a few references to Dora in his song " Number One Spot ", rapping "Explora like Dora, those swipers can't swipe me". In an episode of Drake & Josh titled " The Storm ", character Crazy Steve is seen watching Dora. He repeatedly yells at her as to why she is asking him questions. The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy makes reference to Dora in episode "Pandora's Lunchbox", where a character bearing a suspicious resemblance and the same name as Dora tries to convince people to open her lunchbox, but her personality is nearly the exact opposite of Dora's, being evil and wanting to plunge the world into never-ending suffering. Billy also describes Grim's favorite show, which is nearly a summary of Dora. On the series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends , imaginary friend Eduardo watches a show named "Lauren is Explorin'". On Saturday Night Live 's TV Funhouse sketch entitled "Maraka", created by Robert Smigel , the Dora-like character is called Maraka, while the Boots-like character is called Mittens. The storyline resembles an episode from Season 2 of Go, Diego, Go! , "Macky the Macaroni Penguin". The sketch made fun of the pauses in the show for the child viewer to react, the translations from Spanish to English (and Chinese , German , Portuguese , Hebrew , Swahili , Xhosa , Korean and Russian ) in Maraka's sentences and had many sporadic events. Maraka was voiced by Becca Lish, who imitated Kathleen Herles' voice for Dora. Saturday Night Live also featured a Dora reference in their MTV 4 sketch. A rapper (played by Zach Braff ) talks about his Dora the Explorer tattoo . He mentioned he likes calling her "Explora". When asked why he got the tattoo, he said he had a lot in common with Dora as they both, "grew up on the streets". Another character mentions he grew up in the suburbs. "Yeah, but they had streets", the rapper replies. On an episode of The Daily Show , during the CNBC controversy , Jon Stewart makes a mock appearance on Dora the Explorer, in response to Mad Money 's Jim Cramer 's appearances on The Today Show and Morning Joe . In the appearance, Dora casually calls both Cramer and Morning Joe host Joe Scarborough pendejos , and Boots offers to throw feces on both. [21] Comedian Brian Regan once poked fun at Dora the Explorer in his stand-up, repetitively singing "I'm the Map!" Many fan-made parodies exist on YouTube that include Dora dancing the Soulja Boy , [22] in a music video for "Leam like a Cholo", [23] and asking Brad Pitt on a date. [24] These parodies have been very popular, generating over several million views each.[ citation needed ] On Bubble Gang , the parody of the show was Chickadora The Exploiter, portrayed by Michael V. and Diego. On Goin' Bulilit if the casts are on Location, The combined parody of the show and Nora Aunor was Nora The Explorer, portrayed by Chacha Canete. On Eat Bulaga , the opening number for November 28, 2009 Allan K. as Dora the Rat Killer while he holds the Stuffed Monkey along with Wally Bayola as Spider-Man . A parody of Dora called 'Doray Alaskadora' is seen on Wow Mali . Doray also makes frequent appearances alongside host Joey de Leon and the monkey puppet Enchong Go. On Fred: The Movie , when Fred is riding in the car with his dad, his dad turns on a TV in the car. Dora is on the TV. At the beginning of a Law & Order: Los Angeles episode, the kids watch Dora the Explorer in the car. On an episode of Cartoon Network 's MAD series, the segment "Dora the Explorer in the Road to Recovery" features Dora throwing up on backpack. After, backpack's gurgling voice was saying "I'm the backpack!" and scared Boots. On another episode of MAD called "Are You Karate Kidding Me?", Dre's backpack winds up to be Dora's. References	i don't know
What company exhorts “don’t leave home without it”?	Business Slogan 12: Don’t Leave Home Without It \| Versa Creations Marketing & Advertising Blog Business Slogan 12: Don’t Leave Home Without It A carefully crafted business slogan speaks volumes of it’s brand values and promises, successfully. Guess when was this slogan developed: “Don’t leave home without it” Find out the answers by clicking here. Answer: American Express (developed Ally & Gargano in 1982) You will not feel safe and secure enough to enjoy a convenient and hassle-free day if you go out without your American Express card. Don’t you feel the immense power behind that small piece of plastic? Check out more such slogans filed under “Famous Business Slogans” category. Learn from these world renowned establishment and see how you can create your own personal or corporate persona. Alternatively, I’m just an email away. Read Related Post Hi there, It’s funny what slogans can leave as an impression. Our slogan is ‘we follow no one…’ We use it for part of our signage on our vehicles. What it means is that we do things differently, but it’s amazing how many vehicles try to speed up and cut in front of us because of it :) BWT, I stumbled across your site from another listing you as part of the Technorati favs exchange. I’ve added you to my favs. My username is fastfastlane, and link to my fav is April 30, 2007 at 4:57 pm Hi Deborah Thanks for shopping by, Deborah. “We follow no one” is a strong slogan. It basically tells people that you are the market leader, charting new route to expansion and success for yourself and your client. Good one! Well, those vehicles trying to overtake you probably felt insecured and threatened by your bold statement. That simply means they don’t have enough substance. You should feel real proud of your transport company :) Stay in touch. August 10, 2008 at 6:33 am Hi Vivienne, interesting commentary about the American Express slogan. I actually stumbled across your posting while doing research for an article. Have you also noticed the name American Express uses on the cards featured in their advertisements… C.F. Frost? He worked for their ad agency and is the one that created the “Do you know me?” campaigns. It’s funny, still to this day in honor of him, Amex uses “C F Frost” on all their card advertisements. August 10, 2008 at 8:48 pm No problem Vivienne… and thank YOU for the enlightenment too! I’ve learned much from your blog, I’m glad I discovered it. I was wondering what you think of the recent American Express campaigns they do? The last few years here in the U.S. they’ve been big with celebrities endorsing their credit cards in their ads. I think it is effective because they always do it in a funny way. August 11, 2008 at 2:00 am Anyone who uses celebrities for endorsements take some risk that the endorser might generate negative headlines. Dior has to pull out all Chinese ads with Sharon Stone because of her remark of the China SiChuan Earthquake. Pepsi also dropped the Michael Jackson when he was no longer seen as squeaky clean. However, Tiger Woods has by far been a great endorser for American Express. The golfer epitomizes the virtues of success. perseverance and hard work, admirable traits that Amex believe will connect with their existing cardholders and more importantly, the future cardholders. BTW, just popped in to your Forum and found lots of interesting interaction going on. August 11, 2008 at 5:13 am Yeah I remember hearing about the Dior/China debacle. You are absolutely right in that they can be risky. I think American Express, or any other company, should not “lock” in a celebrity endorsement for too long since their popularity can change rather quickly. The celebrities they’ve been using lately (like Seinfeld and Ellen Degeneres) are pretty neutral, universally liked people. But of course if they had one slip of tongue like Sharon Stone did, that popularity could change in a heartbeat. Indeed Tiger Woods is a great choice as an endorsement.. now wonder he’s the first athlete to pull in over a $100M/year. About the forum – thank, I try to encourage a lot of interesting conversation on there. Leave a Reply	American Express
According to the nursery rhyme, who lost her sheep and couldn't find them?	American Express (AXP): STILL Don't Leave Home Without It \| InvestorPlace View All Posts Editor’s note: This column is part of our Best Stocks for 2016 contest. Paul R. La Monica’s pick for the contest is American Express Company ( AXP ). Here’s the good news for American Express ( AXP ) investors: AXP stock is up more than 30% from the lows it hit in February. The bad news? American Express shares are still down 4.7% year-to-date even as the S&P 500 and Dow are back in the black. Wall Street is still worried about how AXP will fare without Costco Wholesale Corporation ( COST ). AmEx is in the process of being replaced by Visa Inc ( V ) and Citigroup Inc ( C ) as the backers of the exclusive Costco credit card. AXP Earnings Paint Brighter Picture AmEx’s latest earnings seem to suggest that the worst is over though. AmEx easily topped forecasts. As a result, analysts have been raising their estimates for 2016. Fourteen analysts in the last 30 days have raised their EPS expectations for AXP stock for the current quarter, while 19 have raised their full-year EPS estimates over the last month. Yet, there’s one big wild card that investors have to keep an eye on. Your 2016 Retirement Spring Cleaning Checklist Hotel chains Marriott International Inc ( MAR ) and Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc ( HOT ) have agreed to merge. And it’s unclear what that will mean for American Express — which issues a preferred guest credit card for Starwood customers. Marriott has a deal with JPMorgan Chase ( JPM ) and Visa for its rewards card. Losing yet another big deal (JetBlue ( JBLU ) dumped AmEx last year too) would be bad news for AmEx…and by extension, AXP stock. But that may be priced in to AXP stock already, which is trading at just 11.8 times 2016 earnings forecasts. AmEx is also still a favorite of Warren Buffett. Berkshire Hathaway ( BRK.A , BRK.B ) is the firm’s largest shareholder, with a nearly 16% stake. AmEx customers are also spending more. The company’s billed business worldwide increased by more than 3% in the first quarter. That’s an encouraging sign given that investors have been worried about a consumer spending slowdown. So it looks like AXP stock may have finally hit rock bottom. As of this writing, Paul R. La Monica did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities. More From InvestorPlace	i don't know
Paraskevidekatriaphobia or friggatriskaidekaphobia is the fear of what?	Phobias: What is the treatment for friggatriskaidekaphobia or paraskevidekatriaphobia? - Quora Quora Phobias: What is the treatment for friggatriskaidekaphobia or paraskevidekatriaphobia? And what about triskaidekaphobia ? Written Jun 13, 2014 Understand that a large portion of all phobias that have a name are actually made up; such as the ones you listed. Have you ever met anyone with the fear of the number 13 let alone the fear of Friday the 13th? What about the fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth (Arachibutyrophobia) or fear of being out of mobile phone reach (Nomophobia)? Do you think these really exist as a phenomenon of the human psyche? They don't. When I first started studying psychology, my main focus was fears and phobias. When researching, I would always come across the "odd" phobias and I started to realize that people "created" them for humor or truly useless trivia (creativity with Latin). How is it known that a lot of these phobias don't exist? Studies of the subconscious and how people react. Without getting into hardcore specifics, there are tests that can disprove the fear of 13 or Friday the 13th by doing number patterns to see if someone has an actual fear of numbers in general. The subconscious would generate symptoms of fear if someone really had these fears. Most "fears" associated with numbers are actually directly related to superstitions and nothing more. Most superstitions will fade as a person gets older because their life will 1) be filled with things that are more important (work, love, life, etc.) and 2) people will recognize that nothing bad really happens. Written Jun 16, 2014 Disabling phobias of things related to the number 13 appear to be rare. Most people will not give it a second thought, some will experience an unsettling feeling on Friday the 13th (or if their apartment is numbered 13 like mine was) followed by relief when the day is over. I have yet to encounter or read of a paralyzing case of Triskaidekaphobia in almost 20 years of practice. Therefore, experts have long debated the scientific validity of triskaidekaphobia. Exposure Therapy with gradual desensitization is the established treatment of phobias, usually carried out by trained clinical psychologists and psychiatrists, but there are self-help measures and home study programs available. Talk to your doctor first. According to a pamphlet from the American Psychiatric Association here's what you can expect from a qualified therapist - if you "carefully follow the outlined treatment plan". • Noticeable improvement in 10 to 20 weeks. • A tremendous improvement within one year.	Friday the 13th
How many musicians make up a nonet?	Definition of Paraskevidekatriaphobia Definition of Paraskevidekatriaphobia Top Concentration Killers Slideshow Paraskevidekatriaphobia: Fear of Friday the 13th. The word "paraskevidekatriaphobia" was devised by Dr. Donald Dossey who told his patients that "when you learn to pronounce it, you're cured!" Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016 Use the pill finder tool on RxList. Depression Newsletter Sign up to stay informed with the latest depression-related updates on MedicineNet delivered to your inbox FREE! BONUS! Get a Free PDF Health & Wellness Guide when you sign up!	i don't know
Which celebrity was killed when their vehicle was involved in a collision when a car driven by Donald Turnupseed turned in front of their vehicle, totaling their Porsche?	Actor James Dean killed in car crash » Photos from the Vault Actor James Dean killed in car crash Categories: by David Middlecamp October 1, 1955 Telegram-Tribune documenting the death of James Dean in a car crash near Cholame. A lot has changed since actor James Dean was killed in a collision at the highway intersection that now bears his name. Freeways were the exception, not the rule. Datelines for Dodger stories were BROOKLYN. Highway safety and automobile design have come a long way. It was the end of September and there were already 27 traffic deaths in the county. Another would fall the very next day. Now with crumple zones, seat belts, airbags, roll cages and other engineering improvements, accidents are more survivable then they were before. The intersection has been redesigned and moved since the accident and Highway 446 has been renamed 46. Another major change is the advent of celebrity news. If something like this happened today there would be news helicopters and satellite vans and cell phone video on the internet within a few hours of the accident. Dean would become a bigger celebrity after his death. According to IMDB his second film "Rebel Without a Cause" would open a month after his death. His third and final film "Giant" would be released just over a year later. The Telegram-Tribune gave this story more than the usual prominence for a fatal accident in that era. It has the front page lead headline, however the accident at the far corner of the county on a Friday night, no reporter went out with a camera. Though it was front page news in both newspapers the Paso Robles newspaper had the visual advantage of publishing two days after the San Luis Obispo edition. They were able to access photos from the Highway Patrol and a Hollywood portrait of Dean in their coverage. Here is the coverage of the accident from the Telegram-Tribune's Saturday Oct. 1, 1955 edition: Movie Star James Dean Dies in Auto Crash James Dean, 24, whose meteoric rise to film stardom came in his first and only released picture, "East of Eden," was killed in an automobile collision in San Luis Obispo county last night. Dean died in an ambulance enroute to the Paso Robles war memorial hospital, the California highway patrol reported. The fatal collision occurred at the intersection of highway 446 and 41 near Cholame and 28 miles east of Paso Robles. Dean was driving a $7,000 German-made Porsche sports car, accompanied by his mechanic, Rolf Weutherich, 29, who only recently came to this country from Germany. The other car was driven by Donald D. Turnupseed, 23, Tulare, a student at Cal Poly. Dean suffered a broken neck and numerous other injuries. His battered body was taken from the crashed car, but the mechanic was thrown from the vehicle upon impact. His injuries are serious. Turnupseed escaped with only slight injuries. According to the CHP, the Porsche was traveling west on 446 when the student's car attempted a left turn at the intersection and the collision occurred. Dean's father, Winton Dean a dental technician at the VA hospital in Los Angeles arrived at the Keuhl funeral home in Paso Robles early today to complete the funeral arrangements for his son. It was announced that services would be held at the Hunt mortuary, Fairmont, Ind. at 2 p.m. on Saturday Oct. 8. ______ Paso Robles Press October 3, 1955 coverage of weekend accidents including James Dean's fatal accident. HOLLYWOOD, Oct. 1 (UP) — Speed loving James Dean, Hollywood's latest bobby sox idol was killed last night in a head-on collision of his $7,000 German sports car and another automobile. Dean, 24, was driving from Hollywood to a road race in northern California at the time of his death on a darkening highway 28 miles east of Paso Robles. A car driven by Donald Turnupseed of Tulare, Calif, a 23-year-old Cal Poly student, turned left in front of Dean's light aluminum Porche Spyder and the two automobiles crashed head on. Dean died instantly. His body was battered and there were numerous broken bones and cuts. The low slung little Porche skidded more than 100 feet from the point of impact before it stopped. Mechanic Hurt Dean's passenger, Rolf Weutherich, 29, a mechanic from a sports car garage in Hollywood, suffered a broken leg and fractured jaw but was in good condition at Paso Robles Memorial hospital. Turnupseed escaped with a bruised nose. Dean's father Winton S. Dean, a dental technician at Sawtelle veterans hospital here, traveled today to Paso Robles, midway between here and San Francisco to return the body to Los Angeles for the funeral. Young Dean's hobby of driving Porsche sports cars in road races was well-known in the cinema industry and a cause for worry among his employers, Warner studio. But the tousel-haired actor always insisted "It's not driving the races that is dangerous, but driving on highways and streets with those ordinary drivers." True to his fear, he met death not in the week-end race he entered in Salinas, but on the highway. Dean had only last week finished work on "Giant" one of the top pictures of the year. His co-stars, Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson and director George Stevens heard the news as they watched the day's "rushes" in a projection room at Warner studio. "We all sat there, just stunned," said Stevens. "It is a great tragedy. A boy cut off at the beginning. He had extraordinary talent." Great Future Miss Taylor wept that " I am so shocked I can't say anything." Hudson called Dean a "faultless brilliant actor." Miss Taylor's husband Michael Wilding said, "Dean would have been the greatest actor of them all if he had lived." Dean was born Feb. 8, 1931 in Marion, Ind. son of Winton and the late Mildred Dean. He attended high school in Indiana and studied at Santa Monica, Calif. junior college and UCLA drama school. Three years ago he tried an acting career in New York and won immediate success on such dramatic TV shows as Philco playhouse and Kraft TV theater. He became an established star on Broadway in "See the Jaguar" and "The Immoralist." Director Ella Kazan tapped Dean for "East of Eden" in Hollywood. Dean took over where Marlon Brando left off in becoming the town's most colorful character. he whizzed about town in a motorcycle and wore blue jeans and T-shirts. He was often moody and shy. He dated such young beauties as Ursula Andrs, Lili Kardell and Jeanette Miller. Sharp eyed readers will note that the ambulance carrying Dean and Weutherich to the hospital was also involved in an accident. That story was also on the Telegram-Tribune's front page. Related posts:	James Dean
On August 9, 1944, The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring what iconic character for the first time?	1000+ images about JAMES DEAN on Pinterest \| Donald o'connor, Jimmy dean and Cars The wreck of James Dean's Porsche 550 Spyder See More	i don't know
August 9th marks the anniversary of the resignation of Richard M. Nixon as US President. In what year did it happen?	WashingtonPost.com: Nixon Resigns Nixon Resigns Washington Post Staff Writer Friday, August 9, 1974; Page A01 Richard Milhous Nixon announced last night that he will resign as the 37th President of the United States at noon today. Vice President Gerald R. Ford of Michigan will take the oath as the new President at noon to complete the remaining 2 1/2 years of Mr. Nixon's term. After two years of bitter public debate over the Watergate scandals, President Nixon bowed to pressures from the public and leaders of his party to become the first President in American history to resign. "By taking this action," he said in a subdued yet dramatic television address from the Oval Office, "I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America." Vice President Ford, who spoke a short time later in front of his Alexandria home, announced that Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger will remain in his Cabinet. The President-to-be praised Mr. Nixon's sacrifice for the country and called it "one of the vary saddest incidents that I've every witnessed." Mr. Nixon said he decided he must resign when he concluded that he no longer had "a strong enough political base in the Congress" to make it possible for him to complete his term of office. Declaring that he has never been a quitter, Mr. Nixon said that to leave office before the end of his term " is abhorrent to every instinct in my body." But "as President, I must put the interests of America first," he said. While the President acknowledged that some of his judgments "were wrong," he made no confession of the "high crimes and misdemeanors" with which the House Judiciary Committee charged him in its bill of impeachment. Specifically, he did not refer to Judiciary Committee charges that in the cover-up of Watergate crimes he misused government agencies such as the FBI, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Internal Revenue Service. After the President's address, Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski issued a statement declaring that "there has been no agreement or understanding of any sort between the President or his representatives and the special prosecutor relating in any way to the President's resignation." Jaworski said that his office "was not asked for any such agreement or understanding and offered none." His office was informed yesterday afternoon of the President's decision, Jaworski said, but "my office did not participate in any way in the President's decision to resign." Mr. Nixon's brief speech was delivered in firm tones and he appeared to be complete control of his emotions. The absence of rancor contrasted sharply with the "farewell" he delivered in 1962 after being defeated for the governorship of California. An hour before the speech, however, the President broke down during a meeting with old congressional friends and had to leave the room. He had invited 20 senators and 26 representatives for a farewell meeting in the Cabinet room. Later, Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.), one of those present, said Mr. Nixon said to them very much what he said in his speech. "He just told us that the country couldn't operate with a half-time President," Goldwater reported. "Then he broke down and cried and he had to leave the room. Then the rest of us broke down and cried." In his televised resignation, after thanking his friends for their support, the President concluded by saying he was leaving office "with this prayer: may God's grace be with you in all the days ahead." As for his sharpest critics, the President said, "I leave with no bitterness toward those who have opposed me." He called on all Americans to "join together . . . in helping our new President succeed." The President said he had thought it was his duty to persevere in office in face of the Watergate charges and to complete his term. "In the past days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort," Mr. Nixon said. His family "unanimously urged" him to stay in office and fight the charges against him, he said. But he came to realize that he would not have the support needed to carry out the duties of his office in difficult times. "America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress," Mr. Nixon said. The resignation came with "a great sadness that I will not be here in this office" to complete work on the programs started, he said. But praising Vice President Ford, Mr. Nixon said that "the leadership of America will be in good hands." In his admission of error, the outgoing President said: "I deeply regret any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision." He emphasized that world peace had been the overriding concern of his years in the White House. When he first took the oath, he said, he made a "sacred commitment" to "consecrate my office and wisdom to the cause of peace among nations." "I have done my very best in all the days since to be true to that pledge," he said, adding that he is now confident that the world is a safer place for all peoples. "This more than anything is what I hoped to achieve when I sought the presidency," Mr. Nixon said. "This more than anything is what I hope will be my legacy to you, to our country, as I leave the presidency." Noting that he had lived through a turbulent period, he recalled a statement of Theodore Roosevelt about the man "in the arena whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood" and who, if he fails "at least fails while daring greatly." Mr. Nixon placed great emphasis on his successes in foreign affairs. He said his administration had "unlocked the doors that for a quarter of a century stood between the United States and the People's Republic of China." In the mideast, he said, the United States must begin to build on the peace in that area. And with the Soviet Union, he said, the administration had begun the process of ending the nuclear arms race. The goal now, he said, is to reduce and finally destroy those arms "so that the threat of nuclear war will no longer hang over the world." The two countries, he added, "must live together in cooperation rather than in confrontation." Mr. Nixon has served 2,026 days as the 37th President of the United States. He leaves office with 2 1/2 years of his second term remaining to be carried out by the man he nominated to be Vice President last year. Yesterday morning, the President conferred with his successor. He spent much of the day in his Executive Office Building hideaway working on his speech and attending to last-minute business. At 7:30 p.m., Mr. Nixon again left the White House for the short walk to the Executive Office Building. The crowd outside the gates waved U.S. flags and sang "America" as he walked slowly up the steps, his head bowed, alone. At the EOB, Mr. Nixon met for a little over 20 minutes with the leaders of Congress -- James O. Eastland (D-Miss.), president pro tem to the Senate; Mike Mansfield (D-Mont.), Senate majority leader; Hugh Scott (R-Pa.), Senate minority leader; Carl Albert (D-Okla.), speaker of the House; and John Rhodes (R-Ariz.), House minority leader. It was exactly six years ago yesterday that the 55-year-old Californian accepted the Republican nomination for President for the second time and went on to a narrow victory in November over Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey. "I was ready. I was willing. And events were such that this seemed to be the time the party was willing for me to carry the standard," Nixon said after winning first-ballot nomination in the convention at Miami Beach. In his acceptance speech on Aug. 8, 1968, the nominee appealed for victory to "make the American dream come true for millions of Americans." "To the leaders of the Communist world we say, after an era of confrontation, the time has come for an era of negotiation," Nixon said. The theme was repeated in his first inaugural address on Jan. 20, 1969, and became the basis for the foreign policy of his first administration. Largely because of his breakthroughs in negotiations with China and the Soviet Union, and partly because of divisions in the Democratic Party, Mr. Nixon won a mammoth election victory in 1972, only to be brought down by scandals that grew out of an excessive zeal to make certain he would win re-election. Mr. Nixon and his family are expected to fly to their home in San Clemente, Calif. early today. Press secretary Ronald L. Ziegler and Rose Mary Woods, Mr. Nixon's devoted personal secretary for more than two decades, will accompany the Nixons. Alexander M. Haig Jr., the former Army vice chief of staff who was brought into the White House as staff chief following the resignation of H.R. (Bob) Haldeman on April 30, 1973, has been asked by Mr. Ford to remain in his present position. It is expected that Haig will continue in the position as staff chief to assure an orderly transfer of responsibilities but not stay indefinitely. The first firm indication yesterday that the President had reached a decision came when deputy press secretary Gerald L. Warren announced at 10:55 a.m. that the President was about to begin a meeting in the Oval Office with the Vice President. "The President asked the Vice President to come over this morning for a private meeting -- and that is all the information I have at this moment," Warren said. He promised to post "some routine information, bill actions and appointments" and to return with additional information" in an hour or so." Warren's manner and the news he had to impart made it clear at last that resignation was a certainty. Reports already were circulating on Capitol Hill that the President would hold a reception for friends and staff members late in the day and a meeting with congressional leaders. Shortly after noon, Warren announced over the loudspeaker in the press room that the meeting between the President and the Vice President had lasted for an hour and 10 minutes. At 2:20 p.m., press secretary Ziegler walked into the press room and, struggling to control his emotions, read the following statement: "I am aware of the intense interest of the American people and of you in this room concerning developments today and over the last few days. This has, of course, been a difficult time. "The President of the United States will meet various members of the bipartisan leadership of Congress here at the White House early this evening. "Tonight, at 9 o'clock, Eastern Daylight Time, the President of the United States will address the nation on radio and television from his Oval Office." The room was packed with reporters, and Ziegler read the statement with difficulty. Although his voice shook, it did not break. As soon as he had finished, he turned on his heel and left the room, without so much as a glance at the men and women in the room who wanted to question him. There were tears in the eyes of some of the secretaries in the press office. Others, who have been through many crises in recent years and have become used to overwork, plowed ahead with their duties, with telephones ringing incessantly. In other offices, loyal Nixon workers reacted with sadness but also with resignation and defeat. They were not surprised, and some showed a sense of relief that at last the battle was over. Some commented bitterly about former aides H.R. (Bob) Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman. The President's loyal personal aide and valet Manola Sanchez, a Spanish-born immigrant from Cuba whose independence and wit are widely admired, did not hide his feelings. Speaking bluntly to some of his old friends, he castigated aides he said had betrayed the President. One long-time official, who heard about the Sanchez remarks, commented: "They [Haldeman and Ehrlichman] tried three times to fire him because they couldn't control him. Imagine, trying to fire someone like Manola." But why did the President always rely on Ehrlichman and Haldeman? The official was asked. "Will we ever know?" he replied. "When Mr. Nixon was Vice President," he recalled, "he demanded that we never abuse the franking privilege. If there was any doubt, we were to use stamps. Everything had to be above board. "Surely his friendship with Ehrlichman and Haldeman was one of the most expensive in history." But the President himself, said another long-time aide, must have been two persons, the one who was motivated by high ideals and another who connived and schemed with his favorite gut-fighters. One man who worked through most of the first Nixon term said he saw the President angry only once. Often he would say, "That will be tough politically, but we must do the right thing." When that official left his post after nearly four years of intimate association with the President, he told his wife: "I've never gotten to know what sort of man he is." One official, who has known Mr. Nixon well for many years and remains a White House aide, commented: "He is obviously a bad judge of character. But a lot was accomplished. So much more could have been accomplished but for these fun and games. It was such a stupid thing to happen." The march of events that brought about the President's downfall turned its last corner Monday when Mr. Nixon released the partial transcripts of three taped conversations he held on June 23, 1972 with Haldeman. It seemed inevitable then that this would be his last week in office, yet he continued to fight back and to insist that he would not resign. On Tuesday, the President held a Cabinet meeting and told his official family that he would not resign. On Wednesday, however, the end appeared near, for his support on Capitol Hill was disappearing at dizzying speed. There were demands from some of his staunchest supporters that he should resign at once. Late Wednesday, the President met with Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott (R-Pa.), House Minority Leader John J. Rhodes (R-Ariz.) and Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.). They said afterward that the President had made no decision, but it was obvious later that for all intents and purposes the decision had been made despite what the leaders said. They obviously could not make the announcement for him, but it must have been apparent to them that the end was at hand. Later Wednesday, Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger twice conferred with Mr. Nixon, first in the early evening for half an hour and then from 9:30 p.m. until midnight. It was not known whether the two men were alone or accompanied by Haig and others. Yesterday, Kissinger met with principal deputies in the State Department to tell them what to expect and to assign tasks to different people. Messages will be sent to heads of state to notify them formally of the change. A White House spokesman said more than 10,000 telephone calls were received in the past two days expressing "disbelief and the hope that the President would not resign." Thursday was a wet, humid August day, but despite intermittent rain the crowds packed the sidewalks in front of the White House. It was an orderly crowd, resigned and curious, watching newsmen come and go and being a part of a dramatic moment in the life of the nation. © Copyright 1974 The Washington Post Co.	one thousand nine hundred and seventy four
August 12, 1925 saw the birth of twins Ross and Norris McWhirter, who created what book, which people will go to extreme lengths to get into?	The History Place - This Month in History: July July 1, 1863 - Beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War . July 1, 1893 - President Grover Cleveland underwent secret cancer surgery aboard a yacht owned by his friend, Commodore E.C. Benedict. The surgery was performed on a cancerous growth in his mouth. The entire left side of his jaw was removed along with a small portion of his soft palate. A second, smaller operation was performed on July 17th. Cleveland was then fitted with a rubber prosthesis which he wore until his death in 1908. The secrecy was intended to prevent panic among the public during the economic depression of 1893. July 2 July 2, 1776 - The Continental Congress in Philadelphia adopted the following resolution, originally introduced on June 7, by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia: "Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances. That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approbation." July 2, 1788 - Congress announced the United States Constitution had been ratified by the required nine states and that a committee had been appointed to make preparations for the new American government. July 2, 1881 - President James A. Garfield was shot and mortally wounded as he entered a railway station in Washington, D.C. He died on September 19th. July 2, 1917 - A race riot occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, resulting in an estimated 75 African Americans killed and hundreds injured. To protest the violence against blacks, W.E.B. DuBois and James Weldon Johnson later led a silent march down Fifth Avenue in New York. July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race in public accommodations, publicly owned or operated facilities, employment and union membership and in voter registration. The Act allowed for cutoff of Federal funds in places where discrimination remained. Birthday - The first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Nominated by President Johnson, he began his 24-year career on the High Court in 1967. July 3 July 3, 1775 - During the American Revolution , George Washington took command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. July 3, 1976 - The raid on Entebbe airport in Uganda occurred as an Israeli commando unit rescued 103 hostages on a hijacked Air France airliner. The jet had been en route from Tel Aviv to Paris when it was hijacked by pro-Palestinian guerrillas. Three hostages, seven hijackers and twenty Ugandan soldiers were killed during the rescue. July 3, 1988 - Iran Air Flight 655 was destroyed while flying over the Persian Gulf after the U.S. Navy Warship Vincennes fired two surface-to-air missiles, killing all 290 passengers aboard. A subsequent U.S. military inquiry cited stress related human failure for the mistaken identification of the civilian airbus as an enemy F-14 fighter jet. July 4 July 4, 1776 - The Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress. July 4, 1863- Vicksburg , the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrendered to General Grant and the Army of the West after a six week siege. With the Union in control of the Mississippi, the Confederacy was effectively split in two, cut off from its western allies. July 4, 1882 - The "Last Great Buffalo Hunt" began on Indian reservation lands near Hettinger, North Dakota as 2,000 Teton Sioux Indians in full hunting regalia killed about 5,000 buffalo. By this time, most of the estimated 60-75 million buffalo in America had been killed by white hunters who usually took the hides and left the meat to rot. By 1883, the last of the free-ranging buffalo were gone. Birthday - Novelist and short-story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was born in Salem, Massachusetts. His works included; The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance. Birthday - Song writer Stephen Foster (1826-1864) was born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania. Among his nearly 200 songs were; Oh! Susanna, Camptown Races, Swanee River, Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair, and Beautiful Dreamer. He died in poverty at Bellevue Hospital in New York. Birthday - Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) the 30th U.S. President was born in Plymouth, Vermont. He became President on August 3, 1923, after the death of Warren G. Harding. In 1924, Coolidge was elected President but did not run for re-election in 1928. July 5 Return to Top of Page July 5, 1775- The Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition expressing hope for a reconciliation with Britain. However, King George III refused even to look at the petition and instead issued a proclamation declaring the colonists to be in a state of open rebellion. Birthday - Civil War Admiral David Farragut (1801-1870) was born near Knoxville, Tennessee. He is best remembered for his yelling "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" during an attack on his fleet by the Confederates. Birthday - Promoter and showman P.T. Barnum (1810-1891) was born in Bethel, Connecticut. His American Museum opened in 1842, exhibiting unusual acts such as the Feejee Mermaid, Siamese Twins Chang and Eng, and General Tom Thumb. In 1871, Barnum opened "The Greatest Show on Earth" in Brooklyn, New York. He later merged with rival J.A. Bailey to form the Barnum and Bailey Circus. Birthday - Cecil J. Rhodes (1853-1902) was born at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. As a South African millionaire and politician, he was said to have once controlled 90 percent of the world's diamond production. His will established the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford University for young scholars aged 18-25. Rhodesia was also named for him. July 6 July 6, 1885 - Louis Pasteur gave the first successful anti-rabies inoculation to a boy who had been bitten by an infected dog. Birthday - Revolutionary War Naval Officer John Paul Jones (1747-1792) was born in Kirkbean, Scotland. He is best remembered for responding "I have not yet begun to fight!" to British opponents seeking his surrender during a naval battle. July 7 July 7, 1898 - President William McKinley signed a resolution annexing Hawaii. In 1900, Congress made Hawaii an incorporated territory of the U.S., which it remained until becoming a state in 1959. Birthday - Baseball pitcher Leroy R. (Satchel) Paige (1906-1982) was born in Mobile, Alabama. Following a career in the Negro Leagues, he became, at age 42, the first African American pitcher in the American League. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1971. July 8 July 8, 1776 - The first public reading of the Declaration of Independence occurred as Colonel John Nixon read it to an assembled crowd in Philadelphia. July 8, 1943 - During the Nazi occupation of France, Resistance leader Jean Moulin died following his arrest and subsequent torture by the Gestapo. He had been sent by the Allies into France in 1942 to unite the fledgling Underground movement. In June of 1943, he was arrested in Lyon, tortured for eleven days but betrayed no one. He died aboard a train while being transferred to a concentration camp. Birthday - Nelson Rockefeller (1908-1979) was born in Bar Harbor, Maine. He served as Governor of New York from 1958 to 1973. He became vice-president under Gerald Ford in 1974, serving until January 20, 1977. July 9 July 9, 1868 - The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The Amendment defined U.S. citizenship and prohibited individual States from abridging the rights of any American citizen without due process and equal protection under the law. The Amendment also barred individuals involved in rebellion against the U.S. from holding public office. July 10 Return to Top of Page July 10, 1943 - The Allied invasion of Italy began with an attack on the island of Sicily. The British entry into Syracuse was the first Allied success in Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower labeled the invasion "the first page in the liberation of the European Continent." July 10, 1973 - The Bahamas gained their independence after 250 years as a British Crown Colony. July 10, 1991 - Boris Yeltsin took the oath of office, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russia's thousand-year history. Birthday - Theologian and founder of Presbyterianism, John Calvin (1509-1564) was born in Noyon, France. Birthday - American artist James Whistler (1834-1903) was born in Lowell, Mass. He is best remembered for his portrait Whistler's Mother . Birthday - French author Marcel Proust (1871-1922) was born near Paris. "Happiness," he wrote in The Past Recaptured, "is beneficial for the body but it is grief that develops the powers of the mind." Birthday - Tennis player Arthur Ashe (1943-1993) was born in Richmond, Virginia. He won a total of 33 titles including the U.S. men's singles championship and U.S. Open in 1968 and the men's singles at Wimbledon in 1975. As a pioneering African American athlete, he fought against racism and stereotyping and was arrested numerous times while protesting. In 1992, he announced he had likely contracted HIV through a transfusion during heart surgery. He then began a $5 million fundraising effort on behalf of the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS and campaigned for public awareness regarding the dreaded disease. He died from pneumonia in New York, February 6, 1993. July 11 Birthday - John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) the 6th U.S. President, and son of the 2nd President, John Adams , was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. After serving just one term as President, he served 17 years as a member of Congress. He died in 1848 while in the House of Representatives in the same room in which he had taken the presidential Oath of Office. He was the the first president whose father had also been president. July 12 July 12, 1943 - During World War II, in the Battle of Kursk , the largest tank battle in history took place outside the small village of Prohorovka, Russia. About nine hundred Russian tanks attacked an equal number of German tanks fighting at close range. When Hitler ordered a cease-fire, 300 German tanks remained strewn over the battlefield. July 12, 1994 - Germany's Constitutional Court ended the ban on sending German troops to fight outside the country. The ban had been in effect since the end of World War II. The ruling allowed German troops to join in United Nations and NATO peace-keeping missions. On July 14, German military units marched in Bastille Day celebrations in Paris, the first appearance of German troops there since World War II. Birthday - British pottery designer Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) was born in Burslem, Staffordshire, England. Birthday - American philosopher Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was born in Concord, Massachusetts. At Walden Pond he wrote, "I frequently tramped eight or ten miles through the deepest snow to keep an appointment with a beech tree, or a yellow birch, or an old acquaintance among the pines." July 13 July 13, 1787 - Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance establishing formal procedures for transforming territories into states. It provided for the eventual establishment of three to five states in the area north of the Ohio River, to be considered equal with the original 13. The Ordinance included a Bill of Rights that guaranteed freedom of religion, the right to trial by jury, public education and a ban on slavery in the Northwest. July 14 July 14, 1789 - The fall of the Bastille occurred at the beginning of the French Revolution. July 14, 1791 - In England, the Birmingham riot occurred on the second anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. Mob rule lasted for three days, targeting controversial scientist and theologian Joseph Priestly's home and laboratory as well as the homes of his friends. Priestly, who had expressed support for the American and French revolutions, fled to London with his family and later moved to America. Birthday - American folk singer and social activist Woody Guthrie (1912-1967) was born in Okemah, Oklahoma. Best known for This Land Is Your Land, Union Maid, and Hard Traveling. Birthday - Gerald R. Ford , the 38th U.S. President was born in Omaha, Nebraska, July 14, 1913 (as Leslie King). In 1973, he was appointed vice president following the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew. He became president on August 9, 1974, following the resignation of Richard M. Nixon . He was the first non-elected vice president and non-elected president of the U.S. July 15 Return to Top of Page July 15, 1918 - During the Battle of the Marne in World War I , German General Erich Ludendorff launched Germany's fifth, and last, offensive to break through the Chateau-Thierry salient. However, the Germans were stopped by American, British and Italian divisions. On July 18, General Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied troops, launched a massive counter-offensive. The Germans began a retreat lasting four months until they requested an armistice in November. Birthday - Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) was born in Leiden, Holland. Best known for The Night Watch and many portraits and self portraits . Birthday - The first American saint, Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917) was born in Lombardy, Italy. She was the founder of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and established Catholic schools, orphanages, convents and hospitals. She was canonized, July 7, 1946, by Pope Pius XII. July 16 July 16, 1769 - San Diego was founded as the mission San Diego de Alcala by Father Junipero Serra. July 16, 1945 - The experimental Atomic bomb "Fat Boy" was set off at 5:30 a.m. in the desert of New Mexico desert, creating a mushroom cloud rising 41,000 ft. The bomb emitted heat three times the temperature of the interior of the sun and wiped out all plant and animal life within a mile. July 16, 1969 - The Apollo 11 Lunar landing mission began with a liftoff from Kennedy Space Center at 9:37 a.m. July 16, 1999 - A small plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. took off at 8:38 p.m. from Fairfield, New Jersey, heading toward Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. His wife, Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and her sister Lauren were passengers on the 200 mile trip. The plane was expected to arrive about 10 p.m. but disappeared off radar at 9:40 p.m. Five days later, July 21, following an extensive search, the bodies were recovered from the plane wreckage in 116 feet of water roughly 7 miles off Martha's Vineyard. The next day, following an autopsy, the cremated remains of John F. Kennedy, 38, his wife Carolyn, 33, and her sister Lauren, 34, were scattered at sea from a U.S. Navy ship, with family members present, not far from where the plane had crashed. Birthday - British portrait painter Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) was born in Plympton, Devon, England. Birthday - Christian Science founder Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) was born near Concord, New Hampshire. Birthday - African American journalist and anti-lynching crusader Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) was born to slaves at Holly Springs, Missouri. Following the Civil War , as lynchings became prevalent, Wells traveled extensively, founding anti-lynching societies and black women's clubs. Birthday - Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) was born near Oslo. He was the first to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean via the Northwest Passage. He discovered the South Pole in 1911 and flew over the North Pole in a dirigible in 1926. In June 1928, he flew from Norway to rescue survivors of an Italian Arctic expedition, but his plane vanished. July 17 July 17, 1918 - In the Russian town of Ekaterinburg in Siberia, former Czar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and their five children were brutally murdered by Bolsheviks. July 17, 1996 - TWA Flight 800 departed Kennedy International Airport in New York bound for Paris but exploded in mid-air 12 minutes after takeoff, apparently the result of a mechanical failure. The Boeing 747 jet crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Long Island about 8:45 p.m. All 212 passengers and 17 crew members on board were killed. Birthday - Puerto Rican patriot Luis Munoz-Rivera (1859-1916) was born in Barranquitas , Puerto Rico. He worked tirelessly to attain self-government for his homeland. July 18 July 18, 1947 - President Harry Truman signed an Executive Order determining the line of succession if the president becomes incapacitated or dies in office. Following the vice president, the speaker of the house and president of the Senate are next in succession. This became the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on February 10, 1967. Birthday - American politician Samuel Hayakawa (1906-1992) was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He is remembered as the college president who climbed atop a sound truck at San Francisco State College in 1968 during student protests, then disconnected the wires thus silencing the demonstrators. This made him popular among conservatives including California Gov. Ronald Reagan. Hayakawa became a Republican and was elected in 1976 to the U.S. Senate, serving just one term. In 1986, he led the successful California initiative to declare English the state's official language. Birthday - Nelson Mandela was born the son of a Tembu tribal chieftain on July 18, 1918, at Qunu, near Umtata, in South Africa. He became a lawyer, joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944, eventually becoming deputy national president in 1952. In 1964, he was convicted for sabotage as a result of his participation in the struggle against apartheid. He spent the next 28 years in jail, but remained a symbol of hope to South Africa's non-white majority. Released in 1990, he was elected was elected President of South Africa in 1994 in the first election in which all races participated. July 19 July 19-20, 1848 - A women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York. Topics discussed included voting rights, property rights and divorce. The convention marked the beginning of an organized women's rights movement in the U.S. July 19, 1863 - During the American Civil War , Union troops made a second attempt to capture Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. The attack was led by the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who was killed along with half of the 600 men in the regiment. This battle marked the first use of black Union troops in the war. Birthday - French impressionist painter Edgar Degas (1834-1917) was born in Paris. Best known for his paintings of dancers in motion. July 20 Return to Top of Page July 20, 1715 - The Riot Act took effect in Britain. If a dozen or more persons were disturbing the peace, an authority was required to command silence and read the following, "Our sovereign Lord the King chargeth and commandeth all persons, being assembled, immediately to disperse themselves, and peaceably to depart to their habitations, or to their lawful business, upon the pains contained in the act made in the first year of King George, for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies. God save the king." Any persons who failed to obey within one hour were to be arrested. July 20, 1954 - An agreement was signed in Geneva, Switzerland, ending hostilities between French forces in Vietnam and the People's Army of Vietnam. July 20, 1969 - A global audience watched on television as Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong took his first step onto the moon. As he stepped onto the moon's surface he proclaimed , "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind" - inadvertently omitting an "a" before "man" and slightly changing the meaning. Birthday - Explorer Edmund Hillary was born in Auckland, New Zealand, July 20, 1919. In 1953, he became first to ascend Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world at 29,023 ft. July 21 July 21, 1898 - Guam was ceded to the United States by Spain. Birthday - Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) was born in Oak Park, Illinois. His works included; The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954, he wrote little afterward, became ill and shot himself to death on July 2, 1961. Birthday - University professor and author Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980) was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Best known for stating, "The medium is the message," regarding modern mass communication. July 22 July 22, 1934 - Bank robber John Dillinger (1902-1934) was shot and killed by FBI agents as he left Chicago's Biograph Movie Theater after watching the film Manhattan Melodrama starring Clark Gable and Myrna Loy. Dillinger was the first criminal labeled by the FBI as "Public Enemy No. 1." After spending nine years (1924-1933) in prison, Dillinger went on a deadly crime spree, traveling through the states of Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. He was reportedly betrayed by the "Lady in Red." July 23 July 23, 1952 - Egyptian army officers launched a revolution changing Egypt from a monarchy to a republic. July 24 July 24, 1943 - During World War II in Europe , the Royal Air Force conducted Operation Gomorrah, raiding Hamburg, while tossing bales of aluminum foil strips overboard to cause German radar screens to see a blizzard of false echoes. As a result, only twelve of 791 Allied bombers involved were shot down. July 24, 1945 - At the conclusion of the Potsdam Conference in Germany, Winston Churchill, Harry Truman and China's representatives issued a demand for unconditional Japanese surrender. The Japanese, unaware the demand was backed up by an Atomic bomb, rejected the Potsdam Declaration on July 26. Birthday - "The Liberator" Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He is known as the George Washington of South America for his efforts to liberate six nations: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from the rule of Spain. Birthday - French playwright and novelist Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870) was born in Villers-Cotterets, France. His works included The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers. Birthday - American pilot Amelia Earhart (1898-1937) was born in Atchison, Kansas. She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and to fly solo from Hawaii to California. She perished during a flight from New Guinea to Howland Island over the Pacific Ocean on July 3, 1937. July 25 Return to Top of Page July 25, 1898 - During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico, which was then a Spanish colony. In 1917, Puerto Ricans became American citizens and Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory of the U.S. Partial self-government was granted in 1947 allowing citizens to elect their own governor. In 1951, Puerto Ricans wrote their own constitution and elected a non-voting commissioner to represent them in Washington. July 25, 1909 - The world's first international overseas airplane flight was achieved by Louis Bleriot in a small monoplane. After asking, "Where is England?" he took off from France and landed in England near Dover, where he was greeted by British police. July 25, 1943 - Mussolini was deposed just two weeks after the Allied attack on Sicily . The Fascist Grand Council met for the first time since December of 1939 then took a confidence vote resulting in Mussolini being ousted from office and placed under arrest. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy then ordered Marshal Pietro Badoglio to form a new government. July 25, 1956 - The Italian luxury liner Andrea Doria sank after colliding with the Swedish liner Stockholm on its way to New York. Nearby ships came to the rescue, saving 1,634 people, including the captain and the crew, before the ship went down. July 26 July 26, 1944 - The U.S. Army began desegregating its training camp facilities. Black platoons were then assigned to white companies in a first step toward battlefield integration. However, the official order integrating the armed forces didn't come until July 26, 1948, signed by President Harry Truman . July 26, 1945 - The U.S. Cruiser Indianapolis arrived at Tinian Island in the Marianas with an unassembled Atomic bomb, met by scientists ready to complete the assembly. July 26, 1953 - The beginning of Fidel Castro's revolutionary "26th of July Movement." In 1959, Castro led the rebellion that drove out dictator Fulgencio Batista. Although he once declared that Cuba would never again be ruled by a dictator, Castro's government became a Communist dictatorship. Birthday - Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) was born in Dublin, Ireland. July 27 July 27, 1953 - The Korean War ended with the signing of an armistice by U.S. and North Korean delegates at Panmunjom, Korea. The war had lasted just over three years. July 28 July 28, 1932 - The Bonus March eviction in Washington, D.C., occurred as U.S. Army troops under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower and Major George S. Patton, attacked and burned the encampments of unemployed World War I veterans. About 15,000 veterans had marched on Washington, demanding payment of a war bonus they had been promised. After two months' encampment in Washington's Anacostia Flats, forced eviction of the bonus marchers by the U.S. Army was ordered by President Herbert Hoover. July 28, 1943 - During World War II, a firestorm killed 42,000 civilians in Hamburg, Germany. The firestorm occurred after 2,326 tons of bombs and incendiaries were dropped by the Allies. Birthday - Jackie Kennedy (1929-1994) was born in Southampton, New York (as Jacqueline Lee Bouvier). She was married to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and after his death later married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. July 29 Birthday - Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was born in Dovia, Italy. He ruled Italy from 1922-1943, first as prime minister and then as "Il Duce," the absolute dictator. July 30 July 30, 1975 - Former Teamsters Union leader James Hoffa was last seen outside a restaurant near Detroit, Michigan. His 13-year federal prison sentence had been commuted by President Richard M. Nixon in 1971. On December 8, 1982, seven years after his disappearance, an Oakland County judge declared Hoffa officially dead. Birthday - Automotive pioneer Henry Ford (1863-1947) was born in Dearborn Township, Michigan. He developed an assembly-line production system and introduced a $5-a-day wage for automotive workers. "History is bunk," he once said. July 31 July 31, 1776 - During the American Revolution , Francis Salvador became the first Jew to die in the conflict. He had also been the first Jew elected to office in Colonial America, voted a member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress in January 1775. July 31, 1790 - The U.S. Patent Office first opened its doors. The first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a new method of making pearlash and potash. The patent was signed by George Washington and Thomas Jefferson . (Photo and picture credits: Library of Congress and U.S. National Archives)	i don't know
What legendary porn star was arrest, tried and acquitted as an accomplice in the so-called Wonderland Murders, immortalized in the 2003 Val Kilmer vehicle Wonderland?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Underworld" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Underworld" 1-50 of 173 names. Wentworth Miller Wentworth Miller is a compelling and critically acclaimed actor whose credits span both television and feature film. Wentworth Earl Miller III was born June 2, 1972 in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, to American parents, Joy Marie (Palm), a special education teacher, and Wentworth Earl Miller II, a lawyer educator. He has two younger sisters, Gillian and Leigh. His father is of Afro-Jamaican and African-American (along with English and German) descent. His mother has Dutch, French, Swedish, Lebanese/Syrian, Austrian, and Polish ancestry. When Miller turned a year old, his family moved to Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York. His father became an assistant district attorney over there. Wentworth retains a dual citizenship, but affirms that he has always been an American. He comes from a diverse background. Wentworth attended Midwood High School in Brooklyn, where he was a member of Sing!, an annual musical production that was started by Midwood. He later on transferred to Quaker Valley Senior High School in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Wentworth was a straight As student in high school and was involved in the AV club and school newspaper. After graduating from high school in 1990, he attended Princeton University. He was also a cartoonist for the school paper and a member of the A Capella group, The Princeton Tigertones, where he sang baritone. It was then that he realized he was interested in performing in front of big and small audiences. Five years later, in 1995, he graduated from Princeton with a bachelor's degree in English Literature and moved to California. That same year, he was hired by a small company who made movies for television. About a year and a half later, he realized that he had unconsciously moved to Los Angeles to be an actor. He then decided to quit his job at the production company even after his employee at the production company had offered him another stable job position. Unfortunately for Wentworth, breaking into the industry was a tough job for him. He worked as a temp at several production companies before ending up working as a temp for his former employee's production office. It wasn't too long before Wentworth started landing guest roles on show such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , ER , and Popular . He also starred in the Hallmark series, Dinotopia , playing the character, David Scott. These guest spots later on led to a role in the feature film, The Human Stain , which happened to be his breakthrough role, alongside Nicole Kidman and Sir Anthony Hopkins , where he played the younger version of Anthony Hopkins' character, Coleman Silk. Although the film didn't fare well in movie theaters, it was well received by viewers and critics, further catapulting Wentworth to bigger stardom. After The Human Stain , he appeared in the movie _Underworld_, as Dr Adam Lockwood, opposite Kate Beckinsale and Scott Speedman , playing the voice of EDI. He also guest-starred in the series finale of CBS' Joan of Arcadia , as Ryan Hunter, a charming-yet-sinister man who revealed to Joan that he also spoke to God. It was reported that his character would be Joan's greatest challenge, but in May, CBS decided to cancel the show, leaving fans to wonder what might have been. In 2005, Wentworth appeared in the pilot of Ghost Whisperer before eventually starring on FOX network's Prison Break . Wentworth played the role of Michael Scofield, a character helping his brother, Lincoln Burrows, escape death row after being found guilty of a crime he did not commit. He stars alongside actors, Dominic Purcell , Amaury Nolasco and Robert Knepper . Prison Break became an instant hit and Wentworth secured a spot among viewers as one of the hottest up-and-coming actors around. His performance in the show earned him a Golden Globe nomination, a Saturn award nomination, as well as three Teen Choice Award nominations. The Brooklyn native also appeared in two of Mariah Carey 's music videos, "It's Like That" and "We Belong Together" as Mariah's love interest. Brett Ratner , who was signed on to direct both the music videos, directed the pilot episode of Prison Break and already knew who Wentworth was. Brett then brought up the idea to the songstress about using Wentworth in the videos. After showing Mariah pictures of Wentworth, she agreed to use him and Wentworth managed to work on both the videos and Prison Break with the help of crew members who constructed a special set on the set of the videos. Wentworth even admits that the two days he spent working with Mariah, was in fact, one of his career highs - even topping anything he's ever done prior to Prison Break because it gave him so much exposure. Wentworth describes himself as a very private person who likes to spend time just relaxing at home when he's not working. He enjoys swimming, reading, taking naps as well as going to different restaurants every week. He enjoys spending time at The Art Institute of Chicago because he believes that music, painting, movies and theater can all contribute to the work of an actor. In 2013, he returned to his writing roots, linking up with acclaimed director Chan-wook Park and penning the screenplay for the film _Stoker_, which he submitted under an alias, Ted Foulke. He has also written a screenplay for a prequel called Uncle Charlie. Matthias Schoenaerts Matthias Schoenaerts was born on December 8, 1977 in Antwerp, Belgium. His mother, Dominique Wiche, was a costume designer, translator and French teacher, his father is actor Julien Schoenaerts . He made his film debut at the age of 13, alongside his father in the Belgian film Daens , which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Schoenaerts enrolled in film school but was expelled for poor attendance in his second year. By age 21, he was enrolled at the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Antwerp and was acting professionally in small roles on Belgian television and in Belgian film. By the time he graduated in 2003, Schoenaerts was already named one of "Europe's Shooting Stars" by the influential marketing organization, European Film Promotion. In 2002, he starred in Dorothée Van Den Berghe 's directorial debut Girl , which was also his first feature film since Daens. With his role in Tom Barman 's Any Way the Wind Blows , he proved he was Flanders' young actor to watch. In 2004, Schoenaerts produced and starred in the short film A Message from Outer Space . He also appeared in Ellektra alongside his father. In 2006, he had a small role as a member of the Dutch Resistance in Paul Verhoeven 's Black Book , and landed his first starring role in the Belgian film Love Belongs to Everyone , playing Dennis, a mentally-challenged man learning to adjust to life after a prison sentence for a rape he may not have committed. Though Schoenaerts garnered critical praise for his role in "Love Belongs to Everyone", the film that would make him a star in his homeland came in 2008, in Erik Van Looy 's Loft , Schoenaerts played Filip, one of a group of married friends who share the rent on a downtown loft as a place to meet their respective mistresses. The dramatic thriller was a smash hit, becoming the top-grossing Flemish film of all time. In the same year, he also starred in the horror film Left Bank . Lesley-Ann Brandt Born and raised in Cape Town, South Africa, Lesley-Ann Brandt has become one of the biggest South African exports via New Zealand after immigrating to Auckland with her parents and brother in 1999. With her mixed ethnic background, Lesley-Ann is Hollywood's exciting new discovery. As a child, she participated in almost every kindergarten and school play and was a natural singer. It was when she starting modeling and booking TV commercials that she caught the eye of casting directors. Encouraged by them, she began studying the Meisner technique as well as doing every possible acting workshop she could find and after only a few months her natural ability to perform, take direction and work with the camera saw her commercial auditions shift towards television and film auditions. Lesley-Ann was discovered by local New Zealand producer Chris Hampson and creator/writer James Griffen (Siones Wedding, Outrageous Fortune, The Almighty Johnsons) who were on the hunt for the leading lady of their quirky new half hour comedy Diplomatic Immunity. They'd been searching for an actress for months and were 3 weeks away from shooting when Lesley-Ann auditioned. She was hired within a week, had to quit her job as an IT recruitment consultant and went on to star opposite Craig Parker (of Spartacus, Lord of the Rings and Underworld: Rise of the Lycans), quickly moving her into the hearts of the New Zealand nation. In 2010 Brandt commanded the world take notice with her role as "Naevia" in the breakout Starz hit, Spartacus: Blood and Sand. Naevia the beautiful slave girl who's story with Manu Bennett's character Crixus emerged as the show's big love story creating a fan frenzy worldwide. Working with producers Sam Raimi, Rob Tapert and actors John Hannah (The Mummy and Four Weddings and a Funeral), Peter Mensah (300 and Avatar), Lucy Lawless (Xena), Lesley-Ann captivated audiences with her performance, and became one of the shows break out stars. Lesley-Ann continued to work on back to back projects, This is not My Life (2010) and ABC's Legend of the Seeker (2010) as well as her feature film debut Insight starring opposite Natalie Zea and Christopher Lloyd. In 2011 she resurrected her role as "Naevia" in the prequel season of Spartacus: Gods of the Arena. Roles on Chuck, CSI: New York (recurring) and TNT's Memphis Beat soon followed as well as a lead role in Syfy's highest rated original feature for 2011 Zombie Apocalypse starring opposite Ving Rhames and Taryn Manning. Lesley-Ann has been named as one of 2013's faces to watch in film by South Africa's largest newspaper publication City Press. This year she can be seen in the much anticipated feature film Drift starring opposite Sam Worthington (Avatar, Terminator: Salvation) and Xavier Samuel (Twilight: Eclipse, Anonymous) as well as the dark comedy, Killing Winston Jones starring opposite Richard Dreyfuss, Danny Masterson, Danny Glover , Jon Heder and directed by Joel David Moore (Avatar, Dodgeball). Lesley-Ann is now permanently based in Los Angeles. Eric Bana Eric Bana was born Eric Banadinovic on August 9, 1968, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He is the younger of two brothers. His father, named Ivan Banadinovic, came from Zagreb, Croatia, and worked as a manager for Caterpillar Inc. His mother, named Eleanor Banadinovic, came from a German family and was a hairdresser. Young Bana grew up in suburban Melbourne. He was popular among his schoolmates for his talent of making comic impressions of his teachers. At that time, he was fond of Mel Gibson in Mad Max and also decided to become an actor. He moved to Sydney and worked odd jobs to support himself. In 1991, he began a career as a stand-up comedian, while working as a barman at Melbourne's Castle Hotel. In 1993, Bana made his television debut on Steve Vizard 's Tonight Live with Steve Vizard talk show, then joined the Full Frontal TV-series. He gained popularity for making impressions of Arnold Schwarzenegger , Sylvester Stallone , Tom Cruse and "Colombo". In 1996, he started his own show titled Eric , then launched a comedy series titled The Eric Bana Show Live . The show was canceled for the lack of substantial audience, however, in 1997, Bana received the Logie Award for "Most Popular Comedian" for his work on The Eric Bana Show Live . He made his film debut in The Castle , in a supporting comic role. That same year, he was cast to portray Mark "Chopper" Read, the notorious Australian underworld figure. For the role, Bana gained 30 pounds, by eating junk food; he also spent a few days with Read in prison, in order to perfect his mimicry. Bana completely transformed himself into a bald, fat, disturbed criminal. He would arrive on the film set at four in the morning, spending several hours in makeup, being tattooed exactly like Read. Chopper became an international success and won three Australian Film Institute Awards. Bana won the Best Actor at the 2000 Stockholm Film Festival and also the AFI 2000 Best Actor Award. Then he co-starred in Black Hawk Down , then starred in Hulk . In 2002, he was cast as a Trojan "Prince Hector" in the historical epic Troy , after being recommended by Brad Pitt , who admired Bana for his work in Chopper . In 2005, Bana co-starred with Daniel Craig and Geoffrey Rush in the political drama Munich directed by Steven Spielberg . In 1995, he began dating Rebecca Gleeson , a publicist and daughter of Australian High Court Chief Justice Murray Gleeson. The following year, he was named "Bachelor of the Year" by Cleo Magazine, and won a trip for two to the United States. He invited Gleeson, and proposed to her during that romantic trip. In 1997, the two were married; their son, Klaus, was born in 1999, their daughter, Sophia, was born in 2002. He currently resides in Melbourne with his wife and their two children. Bana is a passionate supporter of Australian football. Alain Delon Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon was born in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, France, to Édith (Arnold) and Fabien Delon. His father was of French and Corsican Italian descent, and his mother was of French and German ancestry. His parents divorced early on, and Delon had a stormy childhood, being frequently expelled from school. In 1953/1954 he served with the French Marines in Indochina. In the mid-'50s he worked at various odd jobs including waiter, salesman and porter in Les Halles market. He decided to try an acting career and in 1957 made his film debut in Yves Allégret 's Quand la femme s'en mêle . He declined an offer of a contract from producer David O. Selznick , and in 1960 he received international recognition for his role in Luchino Visconti 's Rocco and His Brothers . In 1961 he appeared on the stage in "'Tis a Pity She's a Whore", directed by Visconti, in Paris. In 1964 he formed his own production company, Delbeau Productions, and he produced a short film directed by Guy Gilles . In 1968 he found himself involved in murder, drug and sex scandal that indirectly implicated major politicians and show-business personalities, but he was eventually cleared of all charges. In the late 1960s he formed another company. Adel Film, and the next year he began producing features. In 1981 he directed his first film, Pour la peau d'un flic . Delon was a sensation early in his career; he came to embody the young, energetic, often morally corrupted man. With his breathtaking good looks he was also destined to play tender lovers and romantic heroes, and he was a French embodiment of the type created in America by James Dean . His first outstanding success came with the role of the parasite Tom Ripley in 'Rene Clement''s sun-drenched thriller Purple Noon . Delon presented a psychological portrait of a murderous young cynic who attempts to take on the identity of his victim. A totally different role was offered to him by Visconti in Rocco and His Brothers . In this film Delon plays the devoted Rocco, who accepts the greatest sacrifices to save his shiftless brother Simon. After several other films in Italy, Delon returned to the criminal genre with Jean Gabin in Any Number Can Win . This work, a classic example of the genre, was distinguished not only by a soundly worked-out screenplay, but also by the careful production and the excellent performances of both Delon and Gabin. It was only in the late 1960s that the sleek and lethal Delon came to epitomize the calm, psychopathic hoodlum, staring into the camera like a cat assessing a mouse. His tough, ruthless side was first used to real effect by Jean-Pierre Melville in Le Samouraï . In 1970 he had a huge success in the bloodstained Borsalino --which he also produced--playing a small-time gangster in the 1930s who, with Jean-Paul Belmondo , becomes king of the Marseilles underworld. Delon later won critical acclaim for his roles, against type, in Joseph Losey 's Mr. Klein in which he played (brilliantly) the icily sinister title role, and the art-movie Swann in Love . He has an older son Anthony Delon (who has also acted in a number of movies) from his first marriage to Nathalie Delon , and has a young son and daughter, Alain-Fabien and Anouchka with Rosalie. Kris Holden-Ried Television and film actor. Pentathlon Champion. Father. Werewolf... Born in Scarborough, Ontario and raised in a farm town, northeast of Toronto, Kris' driven spirit has garnered success in many areas of his life. Kris knew he wanted to be an actor early on, however acting wasn't a widely supported career choice in his family. Instead of pursuing it right away, Kris opted to attend Montreal's Concordia University School of Business to study international commerce. While continuing his education, Kris also competed in sports, as he was a strong athlete throughout grammar and high school. Quickly, he excelled as an athlete, becoming a member of the Canadian National Pentathlon Team and achieving silver medals from both the Pan American and Pan Pacific Pentathlon Championships for riding and fencing. Although Kris was an extremely talented athlete, both his financial situation and his interests lead him into the acting world. In 1994, Holden-Ried joined a small agency in Montreal in the hopes of making some money, so he could continue his education. His first audition that came up was for the title/leading role in "Young Ivanhoe," a 12th century dramatic, children's period piece TV movie. Kris had the skills, the look, and luckily, as it turns out, the talent. He landed this first audition and has been working as an actor ever since. Kris currently stars as 'Dyson,' in the Syfy series Lost Girl, where he portrays a very likable werewolf-shifter, working in the human world as a police detective. You can also see Kris as Quint in the fourth Underworld installment, Underworld Awakening, and The Returned. Viewers may also know Kris as 'William Compton,' on Showtime's former hit series, The Tudors, (2007,) as he has been working nonstop for nearly two decades. Other credits include multi-episode arcs on Degrassi: The Next Generation, M.V.P. and The Bridge. His film credits also include K-19: The Widowmaker, Gossip, amongst others. To improve his craft, Holden-Ried has trained with Uta Hagen's Master Class Scene Study, and with Janine Manatis of the Actor's Studio NY and the National Film Acting School. When Kris isn't acting, he enjoys adventure, traveling, and being outdoors. Some of his interests include sailing, scuba diving, surfing, and yoga, with one of his favorite films being Gandhi. If he could work with anyone, it would be some of the great, classic directors, such as Scorcese, Scott and Spielberg, as Kris would love to transition behind the camera one day. Kris live in Toronto with his son and his Black Labrador, Hopper. Robert Rusler Robert Rusler - actor, athlete, writer, and natural performer - was born on September 20, 1965, in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He soon moved to Hawaii, where he lived on Waikiki Beach and started surfing and skateboarding on a semi-professional level. At a young age his family moved to Los Angeles, where he began his martial arts career and entered many competitions. Then the bug struck to become an actor and Robert, right out of high school, met his manager and began taking acting classes at the Loft Studio with Peggy Feury and William Traylor . Soon thereafter he landed his first starring role, opposite Anthony Michael Hall and Robert Downey Jr. in John Hughes Weird Science . He then starred opposite Marshall Bell and Robert Englund in A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge . Later projects included Thrashin' opposite Josh Brolin (and all of his top professional skateboarding idols) and _Vamp (1986/I)_ opposite Grace Jones and Chris Makepeace , for which he received the award for Best Actor in a Science Fiction or Horror Film. Robert then starred opposite Bridget Fonda and Phoebe Cates in the cult classic feature film Shag , which landed him numerous Teen Magazine interviews and features. Soon thereafter, he landed his first television series, Fox's The Outsiders , which was Executive Producer Francis Ford Coppola 's first television venture. His next project was starring opposite Tim Matheson and Brooke Adams in Stephen King 's Emmy award-winning movie of the week, Sometimes They Come Back . He then took another turn at the world of episodics as a series regular in Babylon 5 , where he gained a huge international following and fan club. Robert's most recent industry accomplishments were in Warner Bros.' _Underworld, The (1997/II) (TV)_ by Academy Award-winning writer Christopher McQuarrie , followed by the controversial drama Wasted in Babylon , where Robert again received critical acclaim for his innovative performance. When he is not gracing the screen, Robert enjoys surfing, snowboarding, motocross, golfing, traveling, and his new found love; creating and writing projects which he would like to produce and direct in the future. Kevin Grevioux Hailing from Minneapolis, Minnesota, Kevin Grevioux was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in various other states including Alaska, Oklahoma, Boston and New Jersey. He graduated from Howard University in Washington, D.C. with a degree in Microbiology, afterwards attending graduate school and this time working towards a Masters in Genetic Engineering. While studying, he congruently took screenwriting and cinematography classes as well, and by the time his first semester of grad school had finished, Kevin had chosen film as his preferred career and moved to Los Angeles, where he began to work as a writer in earnest. To this end he has written several scripts in various genres and has written and directed two short sci-fi films Indigo and Thanatos. Kevin met 'Underworld' director Len Wiseman while working on the sci-fi hit Stargate , when Len was a prop assistant and Kevin an extra. The two formed a friendship and later collaborated on a host of other ideas and concepts leading to the completion of two scripts, one of which was Underworld . The idea for the concept was Kevin's; in addition, he wrote the original screenplay and treatment for the film in 2000. Kevin has also studied acting and has had several small roles in television, film and commercials. Most recently in Planet of the Apes , Charlie's Angels , Marvel Comics' The Hulk and in Underworld , playing the formidable Lycan character Raze. He also serves as an Associate Producer on the film and is currently working on several other screenplays as well as his first novel, a science fiction thriller. Frank Cady Although Frank Cady's most famous role would be that of general-store owner Sam Drucker, one of the less nutty residents of Hooterville in both Green Acres and Petticoat Junction , he had a history as a film, stage and television actor long before those shows. Cady also appeared on some radio programs including Gunsmoke. In the 1950s, Cady played Doc Williams in The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , along with numerous supporting parts in movies and also appeared in television commercials for (among other products) Shasta Grape Soda. Cady has been most prolific in television and was the only actor to play a recurring character on three TV sitcoms at the same time, The Beverly Hillbillies , Green Acres , and Petticoat Junction . Usually cast as a gregarious small-town businessman, druggist, store clerk or other type of all-around Midwestern-type good guy, Cady was actually a California native, born in Susanville in 1915. The acting bug bit him when he sang in an elementary school play, and after graduating from Stanford University he headed to London, England, to train in the theater. When World War II broke out he was already in Europe, so he enlisted in the Army Air Force and spent the next several years in postings all over the continent. After his discharge he returned to the US and headed for Hollywood. An agent saw him in a local play, signed him, and he was on his way. One of his earlier--and more atypical--roles was as a seedy underworld character pulled in for questioning in a cop's murder in the noir classic He Walked by Night , and he played a succession of hotel clerks, bureaucrats, henpecked husbands and the like for the next 40+ years. He did much television work from the mid-'50s onward. Cady resided in Wilsonville, Oregon and at the time of his death had two children; daughter, Catherine Turk; son, Steven; three grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Craig Fairbrass At six foot three, Craig Fairbrass is an experienced award winning British actor. Craig has starred in over forty feature films, including the lead role in fifteen independent films in the U.K and U.S as well as Award winning British TV along with guest star roles in five major U.S. TV series. Craig also became one of the most iconic voices within the most successful video game franchise of all time, Call Of Duty Modern Warfare by lending his voice to Gaz, Ghost and Walcroft in Call of Duty MW: 1, 2 and 3 and now the new Infinite Warfare. Craig was born in Mile End hospital in London's East End, his father Jack was one of nine kids and was a Stevedore the best you could be as a London docker, his mother Maureen was a machinist dressmaker in Petticoat Lane, she was one of ten kids. Along with his younger sister Lindsey they lived in Stepney where Craig grew up. It was at Eaglesfield boys secondary comprehensive in Woolwich where Craig became fascinated with films and acting, although struggling from one year to the next and not top of the class academically he found drama an outlet, winning a place with the National Theatre youth company, it was here that he got the acting bug. After being expelled at 15 he worked as a roofer's labourer, a job he would return to time and time again in the coming years for support while securing acting roles, this earned him enough money to attend a course at drama school. Leaving drama school Craig soon realised that to survive he needed a second string to his bow if he was to pursue his dream as an actor, so he returned to roofing in the day and working on the doors of some of S.E. London's less desirable nightspots for the next five years until securing enough money to buy his own business, a sandwich bar in Woolwich market. Movie experience began as well in the breakout role of Challoner, opposite Denzel Washington in the powerful British film For Queen And Country. Television soon followed, with the BBC drama Big Deal a regular role in LWT'S award winning London's Burning and the highly acclaimed BAFTA /EMMY award-winning TV series Prime Suspect 1 and 2 in which Craig played hard-bitten detective Frank Burkin opposite Helen Mirren. 1992 saw Craig use this as a calling card in Los Angeles, securing a starring a role in one of the biggest action movies of the 90s, Cliffhanger with Sylvester Stallone, which opened doors in the U.S independent film arena, starring in the action films, Nightscare, Terminal Force and Proteus before returning to the UK to star in the British thriller Killing Time and the award-winning horror, Darklands. In 1999 Craig joined the cast of the BBC's flagship show EastEnders where his recurring character of Dan Sullivan over three years won record viewing figures and a four-hander Sunday evening special Directed by Tom Hooper won a TV BAFTA for best drama. Other strong roles followed, lead villain Ray Betson in TV movie - The Great Dome Robbery, then to Rome to complete his role on Moro, for controversial award-winning Italian art-house director Aurellio Grimaldi and guest lead in Radio 4's afternoon play Fair Maids Are Shining. Craig's role of the killer Henry Caine in White Noise 2, the sequel to the No. 1 box office hit White Noise reaches no. 5 in the top ten cinema films in London. It was in 2007 that saw Craig in his most powerful performance to date, that of true life gangster Pat Tate in Rise Of The Footsoldier the gangster epic based on true life events directed by BAFTA nominee Julian Gilbey, followed by a strong supporting role in The Bank Job, opposite Jason Statham. Craig returned to L.A to guest-star in U.S TV series Terminator The Sarah Connor Chronicles. David Mamet's top rated action drama series The Unit, Stargate SG1 and the action film Far Cry. Craig continues to forge a strong position in the independent film arena with lead roles in Freight, Dead Cert and Devils Playground - comedy cameos in The Shouting Men and Just For The Record. 2011 sees Craig in U.S action thriller House Of The Rising Sun opposite Dave Bautista, co-lead in British thriller St Georges Day, U.S actioner Hijacked and Universal's multi-million dollar Vikingdom 3D. 2012 kicks off with Universal's Get Lucky and Bula Quo the Status Quo action comedy and the male lead in Let Me Survive a drama based on the best selling book. Oct 2012 Craig plays the lead role of British mercenary Lex Walker opposite Jason Patric and James Caan in the L.A based U.S action thriller The Outsider, followed by Universal's gangster spoof The Hooligan Factory. In recent years, Craig takes the lead role of Alfie Jennings in Jonnie Malachi's violent, stylized contract killer movie Breakdown and Mark McQueens slick revenge thriller London Heist written by Craig - set in Spain's glamorous Marbella and London's underworld. The eagerly anticipated motion capture sci-fi game - Star Citizen/ Squadron 42 alongside Gary Oldman, Gillian Anderson and Mark Strong and the new Call of Duty Infinite Warfare with Kit Harrington. Craig has just completed filming on Rise of the Footsoldier 3 - The Pat Tate years. Om Puri Om Puri is an Indian actor who has appeared in both mainstream Indian films and art films. His credits also include appearances in British and American films. He has received an honorary OBE. Puri was born in Ambala, Haryana. His father worked on the railways and served in the Indian Army. Puri graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India. He is also an alumnus of the 1973 class of National School of Drama where Naseeruddin Shah was a co-student. Puri has worked in numerous Indian films and in many films produced in the United Kingdom and the United States. He made his film debut in the 1976 film Ghashiram Kotwal, based on a Marathi play of the same name. He has claimed that he was paid "peanuts" for his best work. He has collaborated with Amrish Puri as well as Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil in art films such as Bhavni Bhavai (1980), Sadgati (1981), Ardh Satya (1982), Mirch Masala (1986) and Dharavi (1992). He has been active in cinema. He was critically acclaimed for his performances in many unconventional roles such as a victimized tribal in Aakrosh (1980) (a film in which he spoke only during flash-back sequences); Jimmy's manager in Disco Dancer (1982); a police inspector in Ardh Satya (1982), where he revolts against life-long social, cultural and political persecution and for which he got the National Film Award for Best Actor; the leader of a cell of Sikh militants in Maachis (1996); as a tough cop again in the commercial film Gupt in 1997; and as the courageous father of a martyred soldier in Dhoop (2003). In 1999, Puri acted in a Kannada movie A.K. 47 as a strict police officer who tries to keep the city safe from the underworld - it became a huge commercial hit. Puri's acting in the movie is very memorable. He has rendered his own voice for the Kannada dialogues. In the same year, he starred in the successful British comedy film East is East, where he played a first-generation Pakistani immigrant in the north of England, struggling to come to terms with his far more westernised children. Om Puri had a cameo in the highly acclaimed film Gandhi (1982, directed by Richard Attenborough). In the mid-1990s, he diversified to play character roles in mainstream Hindi cinema, where his roles are more tuned to mass audiences than film critics. He became known internationally by starring in many British films such as My Son the Fanatic (1997), East Is East (1999) and The Parole Officer (2001). He appeared in Hollywood films including City of Joy (1992), opposite Patrick Swayze; Wolf (1994) alongside Jack Nicholson; and The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) opposite Val Kilmer. In 2007, he appeared as General Zia-ul-Haq in Charlie Wilson's War, which stars Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts. He has worked in Hindi television serials like Kakkaji Kaheen (1988) (roughly meaning "Uncle says") as a paan-chewing 'Kakkaji', which was a parody on politicians, and Mr. Yogi (1989) as a suave 'Sutradhaar' who enjoys pulling the protagonist's leg. These two serials underlined Om Puri's versatility as a comedian. He received critical acclaim for him performance in Govind Nihalani's television film Tamas (1987) based on a Hindi novel of the same name. He essayed comic roles in Hindi films like Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro which reached a cult status, followed by Chachi 420 (1997), Hera Pheri (2000), Chor Machaye Shor (2002) and Malamaal Weekly (2006). His more recent Hindi film roles include Singh Is Kinng, Mere Baap Pehle Aap and Billu. Puri was seen in the role of Mohammad Ali Kasuri in Road to Sangam (2009). In 2010, he appeared in The Hangman. In 2011 he was in the Indian action movie Don 2. He has also worked in Aahat TV Series in some episodes during second season which was aired between 2004-2005 on Sony channel. Faith Domergue Sultry, brunette Faith Domergue was born in New Orleans, part Creole, but primarily of Irish and English extraction. She was adopted when she was six weeks old. In 1927 her adoptive parents took her to live in California, where she was educated at Catholic schools in Santa Monica. She had her first flirt with the acting profession while still at school, on stage at the Bliss Hayden Theatre. Just after her graduation she suffered a disfiguring injury during a car accident when she was thrown into a windshield, and spent 18 months undergoing intensive plastic surgery. Still in her teens, she was briefly married to Acapulco night club owner and bandleader Teddy Stauffer . By 1941 she was properly back in circulation. "Discovered" by a Warner Brothers talent scout, she was signed to a contract and her name streamlined a la Hollywood to "Faith Dorn". Sometime at the end of May that year young Faith found herself at a studio party (it was not unheard of for underage ingénues to be thrown together with rich or influential men) given on board the Southern Cross, a yacht owned by billionaire Howard Hughes . Hughes, 21 years her senior, became quickly infatuated with the teenager and bought out her contract from Warner Brothers for $50,000, then signed her to the studio he owned, RKO Pictures. He also mollified her adoptive parents by buying them a house, and he paid for Faith to take lessons to perfect her diction and acting. The romantic affair continued on-and-off until mid-1943, and was eventually scuttled by Hughes' various indiscretions with stars Lana Turner , Ava Gardner and Rita Hayworth . In 1945 Faith reclaimed her original name, Domergue (insisting it be pronounced "Dah-mure") and, by the following year, made her screen debut in Young Widow , a film starring another Hughes find, Jane Russell . Hughes then spent the extravagant--for the time--amount of $3.2 million on Vendetta , the picture that was to catapult Faith to stardom. Three directors went to work on the project, only to be fired in quick succession: Max Ophüls , Preston Sturges and Stuart Heisler . Faith's lack of theatrical training also proved to be a detriment. The picture was eventually completed by Mel Ferrer , but not released until 1950. When it finally arrived in cinemas, it--like Hughes other fiasco, the Spruce Goose--failed to take off. An earlier effort, the film noir Where Danger Lives , was also released at this time. It starred Domergue in the role as a homicidal femme fatale, opposite Robert Mitchum as the lover she manipulates into taking the blame for her murdering millionaire hubby Claude Rains . In spite of another huge publicity campaign, with Faith featured on the cover of "Look" Magazine and articles in numerous other publications, this film also performed indifferently at the box office and caused Hughes to lose interest in his erstwhile protégé. During the next few years Faith began to freelance at other studios, appearing in westerns: The Duel at Silver Creek , with Audie Murphy ; The Great Sioux Uprising , with Jeff Chandler ; and Santa Fe Passage with John Payne at Republic. In 1955 she starred in the first of a trio of sci-fi/horror outings for which she is chiefly remembered. In This Island Earth , shot in Technicolor at Universal, she played a scientist kidnapped by aliens and, with her colleagues, pressed into service defending their world against interplanetary attack. Helped by a clever script and make-up artist Bud Westmore 's $24,000 creation of a bug-eyed mutant monster, the film was a huge success and has become a cult favorite. Faith essayed yet another scientist engaged in destroying Ray Harryhausen 's giant octopus (six-tentacled, because of the minuscule budget) in It Came from Beneath the Sea . In Cult of the Cobra , Faith replaced Mari Blanchard in the role of the high-priestess of a cobra-worshiping cult who assumes the shape of a serpent in order to kill six GIs who have witnessed a secret ceremony. Following her separation from Argentine writer/director Hugo Fregonese , Faith made three films in England, most notably as queen of the London underworld in Vernon Sewell 's Spin a Dark Web (aka "Spin a Dark Web"). During the 1960s she concentrated on television and appeared in everything from Bonanza to Combat! , from Perry Mason to Bronco . After making several films in Italy (and getting married for a third time, to assistant director and theatrical producer Paolo Cossa in 1966)) , she revisited the horror genre in the cheap but cheerful The House of Seven Corpses , as the emotive star of a horror movie who awakens the deceased after reading from the "Tibetan Book of the Dead". Faith Domergue never quite made it as a major star, unlike Jane Russell . She did, however, acquire something of a cult following because of her involvement in the seminal This Island Earth , as well as her other science-fiction films from this period. Ironically, Faith later confessed that she never much cared for the genre. John Holmes Born John Curtis Estes on August 8, 1944, in rural Pickaway County, Ohio, the youngest of four children, porn legend John Holmes was raised by a religious fanatic mother named Mary and an abusive alcoholic stepfather named Harold Bowman. He was a bible student, but at the age of 16 dropped out of school, left home and enlisted for a hitch US Army, where he was stationed in West Germany for three years. After his discharge he moved to Los Angeles in 1964 where he married a young nurse, and worked odd jobs such as taxi driver, door-to-door salesman, postal clerk, temp worker, coffee vat attendant, ambulance driver and forklift driver. In the late 1960s he gravitated to the underground porno industry. One story was that a female neighbor was making porno loops and advised Holmes he could make good money. Unfortunately, his first check bounced and, after that, he always insisted on payment in cash. Another story is that in 1967 Holmes was frequenting a mens card playing club in the Los Angeles suburb of Gardena when a photographer for an underground magazine noticed his large "member" while standing next to him at a restroom urinal and gave Holmes his business card, telling him he could get plenty of work in still photo magazines. By 1969, with the advent of X-rated porn films, Holmes moved into the movie business. His tall, slim build, curly light brown hair, a light mustache and bright blue eyes made him an instantly recognizable star. John was not lacking for work, bringing not only a professional attitude but also his legendary endowment (12-5/8" long, according to a Screw Magazine interview, while other stories put it at 13-1/2" long). His enormously long penis got him starring roles in over 2,000 loops, stag films and adult features in a career that spanned nearly 20 years (with a peak of a $3,000-a-day salary). His lucrative off-screen penis-for-hire business took him around the world. His most famous character is probably Johnny Wadd, a lusty, always-on-the-make private detective he played in several crude porno films like Tell Them Johnny Wadd Is Here , The Jade Pussycat , China Cat , Liquid Lips and Blonde Fire , the last of which is considered the best of the so-called "Wadd films". Better still were the big-budgeted pictures that co-starred some of the adult film industry's top leading ladies, including Marilyn Chambers , Seka , Annette Haven and even a young--and underage-- Traci Lords . In the late 1970s Holmes developed a serious drug habit, which prevented him from performing in the on-screen sex he was famous for, resulting in his dropping out of the adult-film business. By late 1980 he was broke, most of the huge amounts of money he made having gone to feed his drug addiction. He was reduced to making money by robbing people's houses and stealing cars, as well as delivering drugs for the local gangsters. The lowest point in his life was when he was implicated in four grisly, drug-related murders on July 1, 1981. He was allegedly present at the drug-related torture and murders at a house in the hills above Hollywood of William Deverell, Ronald Launius, Joy Miller and Barbara Richardson--a group suspected by many in the drug underworld of specializing in ripping off drug dealers--by a gang of killers sent by a powerful local gangster named Eddie Nash . A fifth victim, (Susan Launius, Ronald Launius' estranged wife), barely survived the attack and had no memory of the event. The bloody crime made lurid headlines throughout Southern California and became known as The Wonderland Murders, after the street in the wooded Laurel Canyon neighborhood of Los Angeles where the killings took place. Holmes was implicated in the crime but refused to tell police what he knew and went on the run for nearly six months with his teenage mistress, Dawn Schiller , before he was arrested while hiding out in Florida and returned to Los Angeles. The L.A. authorities, angered by Holmes' refusal to cooperate with the investigation, charged him with committing all four murders. After a three-week, public trial, Holmes was acquitted on June 26, 1982. Although found not guilty of the murders, he remained in jail on previous burglary and contempt-of-court charges until his release in November 1982. The true nature and details of the Laurel Canyon murders remains unsolved to this day. After his release from prison, Holms tried to clean up his act and continue his porno career with a new generation of porno stars. His drug addiction continued off-and-on, and although work in the porno business was still plentiful, it was no longer as lucrative as it had been, given the explosion in the use of cheaply made videotapes that saturated the market. In addition, Holmes was no longer the powerhouse star that he had once bean. He was diagnosed with AIDS late in 1985 but continued working--without telling producers or his co-stars--until 1986, when his increasingly gaunt and frail physical appearance sent up "red flags" in the industry and he could no longer find work. John Holmes died at the Veterans Administration Hospital at Sepulveda, California, on March 13, 1988, of AIDS-related complications at age 43, with his second wife at his side, former porn star Misty Dawn . Holmes once estimated he'd had sex with over 14,000 women (on and off screen), and was truly a porn legend. His life was the basis for the film Boogie Nights , and he was portrayed by Val Kilmer in Wonderland , about the infamous murders, but the conflicting truths about his life, as always, was stranger than fiction. Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma was born in Hyderabad, the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. He initially was a video store owner before eventually becoming one of India's leading film directors. A film buff during his youth, Varma would watch both American and Indian cinema regularly. As a young man, he attended Siddhartha Engineering College in Vijayawada. Varma started his career in telugu cinema (the Hyderabad film industry), where he made a huge mark with his debut film Shiva, a violent and stylized actioner set in a college backdrop. At the age of 28, with little film training, Varma was able to convince Nagarjuna, a young Telugu star, to act in his debut picture. Nagarjuna was drawn by the narration of the script and intelligence displayed by the young Varma. Shiva was a landmark hit for the industry and was remade by Varma in the hindi language a year later. His next was the exciting adventure film, Kshana Kshanam, starring Venkatesh and Sridevi. Varma followed this up with such films as - Raatri, a homage to 'The Exorcist' starring Revati and Om Puri (which Varma would remake over a decade later in Hindi as Bhoot) and Antham, a stylized crime drama, with Nagarjuna and Urmila Matondkar (which Varma would also rework later as Satya) - but was not able to attain the commercial success of his first feature. His next release Gaayam, with Jagapathi Babu and Urmila Matondkar, was a violent crime drama set in Hyderabad. The screenplay was co-written by tamil film director Mani Ratnam, and the script based on 'The Godfather'. It became a success for Varma. He then decided to start his own production banner, Varma Corporation Limited, and produced successful telugu films such as Money (remade later as Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega), Money Money (its sequel), Gulabi and Anaganaga Oka Roju. His first huge success in hindi cinema (the Mumbai film industry) was the commercial blockbuster Rangeela, a stylish romantic drama with Aamir Khan and Urmila Matondkar. A.R. Rahman, a tamil music composer, was introduced to hindi audiences by Varma with this film and won the award for best film music. Varma followed up with the ground breaking gangster saga Satya, a violent crime epic set in the Mumbai underworld. The film was gritty and realistic, reinventing the crime genre in Indian cinema. Varma had done extensive research for the film, and reworked certain elements of his earlier film Antham. Satya was widely considered Varma's first true masterwork. Made on a shoestring budget and with new faces, the film won awards for actor Manoj Bajpai and music composer Vishal Bharadwaj. Satya became a turning point in Varma's career, winning best picture of the year, and Varma would be forever associated with Mumbai noirs. Varma then, with fellow director Shekhar Kapur, created a joint film production company in 1998 called India Talkies. The first venture of the production house was the ambitious terrorist drama 'Dil Se', with Shahrukh Khan and Manisha Koirala. The film was a box office dud, and India Talkies would be short lived. Varma would return to focusing on his own production house Varma Corp. The hard hitting masterpiece 'Shool' followed shortly after, written and produced by Varma. The film depicted the life of an honest police officer in the violent and harsh rural setting of Bihar. The film was a commercial and critical success with both Manoj Bajpai and Sayaji Shinde winning awards for their performances. Varma lightened things up next with the romantic drama 'Mast'. The film was inspired by Varma's own college days, and featured Aftab Shivdasani in an award-winning turn as a film crazy college student. Varma decided afterwards to only direct films in the Mumbai film industry. He believed there was more talent in Mumbai than in southern film cities like Chennai and Hyderabad. Varma had always admired directors such as Shyam Benegal, Govind Nihlani, and Gulzar. He considers Kalyug, Ardh Satya, and Mere Apne among his favorite Indian films of all time. At a time when popular Indian Cinema featured either over the top action films or glamorous love stories, Varma's films were more rooted and realistic. Varma is known to frequently cut out song and dance sequences in his films, which are usually commonplace in Bollywood. His films almost always deal with the contemporary and urban, usually set in the city of Mumbai. He often uses Indian stage actors in his films rather than established bollywood stars. Mainly known for creating the 'Mumbai noir', Varma brought psychological depth and cinematic virtuosity to genre films. More recently, Varma returned with the organized crime masterpiece 'Company'. The film was again set in the Mumbai underworld, and was based on real life Underworld don Dawood Ibrahim and his criminal outfit D-Company. The film featured award-winning performances by Ajay Devgan, Vivek Oberoi and Manisha Koirala. The film also won awards for best editing by Chandan Arora and best story by Jaideep Sahni. The film was lauded by critics and audiences alike. His latest release Naach, which Varma called his best film yet, was a largely self reflective piece, about the relationship between an idealistic choreographer and an ambitious actor. The film had a weak commercial run but was liked by critics. In a recent interview with the Indian Express newspaper, the filmmaker criticized Indian audiences saying "I gave Ayn Rand to a Municipal School." He spends most of his time these days producing small budget films for his successful production house Varma Corp. Though not always credited, he is involved in all aspects of his productions, often believed to 'ghost direct' many of the films. He produces films at a fast speed that is unfamiliar to the Indian Film Industry. He has had many recent successes including - 'Ab Tak Chhappan', based on the experiences of famed Mumbai police Daya Naik, 'D', a prequel to his earlier hit Company based on the early years of Dawood Ibrahim during his days under Pathan underworld boss Karim Lala, 'Ek Hasina Thi', a female revenge thriller, and finally 'Road'. He has also produced lighter films such as 'Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega' and 'Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon'. Imogen Tear Imogen Tear is an actress best known for her roles as 'Hattie' in the CBC Television & Hallmark Channel TV series entitled, 'When Calls The Heart' starring Erin Krakow ('Army Wives'/'Castle') and Daniel Lissing ('Last Resort'), directed by Neill Fearnley. Imogen also had a big leading role in 'The Magic Stocking' starring Bridget Regan ('John Wick'), Victor Webster (Continuum') and Iris Quinn (Twilight Saga'), directed by David Winning and Produced by Maura Dunbar for The Hallmark Channel. Imogen is well known for her principal lead role in the highly anticipated movie adaption of the best selling book, 'My Sweet Audrina' by Virginia C. Andrews. 'My Sweet Audrina' stars William Mosley ('Chronicles of Narnia') and India Eisley ('Underworld') and is directed by Mike Rohl/Produced by Harvey Kahn for Lifetime Television. Moviepilot.com has quoted Andrew Neiderman (VC Andrews' Ghost Writer) as stating, "the film ('My Sweet Audrina') is the best out of the five previous V.C. Andrews book/Dollanganger movies". Imogen has also worked with Director Terry Ingram and Producer Harvey Kahn on the family Christmas movie entitled, 'Tis The Season For Love' starring Sarah Lancaster ('Chuck') and Brendan Penny ('Motive') for Bravo and The Hallmark Channel. Imogen appears in the pilot episode of 'Evil Men' a CBS/USA Network TV Production and has done numerous short films and web series including: 'What We Once Were', as well as 'Nephew' (starring Louise Portal and Yves Jacques from Denys Arcand's, Oscar winning film, 'Barbarian Invasions'). From a very young age Imogen knew she wanted to become an actor. After 2 years of begging her parents to enroll her into acting classes, they finally did and there's been no looking back for her - she's hooked! Imogen currently trains with Julian LeBlanc and the LeBlanc School of Acting. Robert Emhardt Robert Emhardt looked and sounded as if he had intentionally been created by some perverse god to play villains. Though rotund, he had hooded, lizard like eyes and a drawling whine in his voice. The real Robert Emhardt, however, was a well-educated, cultured, generous man, not at all like the characters he often portrayed. Robert Christian Emhardt was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father was C.J. Emhardt, a lawyer, judge, and onetime mayor of the city. The younger Emhardt received his early training as an actor in the theater at Butler University. He then went to London, where he gained experience at The London Academy of Dramatic Art in 1937-38, and then played in repertoire with London's British Broadcasting Company. While in England he met the woman who would become his wife, the well-known English actress Silvia Sedeli. The couple would go on to have four children. Eventually he found himself understudying Sidney Greenstreet on an American tour. He stayed in the United States, debuting on Broadway in 1942 in "The Pirate." He was to go on to win the Critic's Circle Award as best supporting actor in "Life with Mother" (1948-49) and to appear in eleven other plays in New York until his last in 1959. He made his film debut in "The Iron Mistress" (1952), a fictionalized life of Jim Bowie starring Alan Ladd. Among his other memorable movies were "3:10 to Yuma" (1957), "Underworld, USA" (1961), and "The Stone Killer" with Charles Bronson (1973). His favorite, and probably his best, film role was as Shirley Knight's paunchy, gracious, but ultimately insane father in "The Group" (1966). Emhardt had a busy career. He also acted in 125 summer stock productions and 250 television shows such as "Have Gun, Will Travel," "The Untouchables," "Perry Mason," "Bonanza," and in six episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents." He had a recurring role on the soap opera "Another World." Emhardt was extremely active in St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in Santa Monica and gave a great deal of support to The Boy Scouts of America. In his spare time (Emhardt had spare time?) he followed sports and enjoyed ballet. Robert Emhardt died of heart failure on December 29, 1994 in Ojai, California. Carol Reed Carol Reed was the second son of stage actor, dramatics teacher and impresario founder of the Royal School of Dramatic Arts Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree . Reed was one of Tree's six illegitimate children with Beatrice Mae Pinney, who Tree established in a second household apart from his married life. There were no social scars here; Reed grew up in a well-mannered, middle-class atmosphere. His public school days were at King's School, Canterbury, and he was only too glad to push on with the idea of following his father and becoming an actor. His mother wanted no such thing and shipped him off to Massachusetts in 1922, where his older brother resided on--of all things--a chicken ranch. It was a wasted six months before Reed was back in England and joined a stage company of Dame Sybil Thorndike , making his stage debut in 1924. He forthwith met British writer Edgar Wallace , who cashed in on his constant output of thrillers by establishing a road troupe to do stage adaptations of them. Reed was in three of these, also working as an assistant stage manager. Wallace became chairman of the newly formed British Lion Film Corp. in 1927, and Reed followed to become his personal assistant. As such he began learning the film trade by assisting in supervising the filmed adaptations of Wallace's works. This was essentially his day job. At night he continued stage acting and managing. It was something of a relief when Wallace passed on in 1932; Reed decided to drop the stage for film and joined historic Ealing Studios as dialog director for Associated Talking Pictures under Basil Dean . Reed rose from dialog director to second-unit director and assistant director in record time, his first solo directorship being the adventure Midshipman Easy . This and his subsequent effort, Laburnum Grove , attracted high praise from a future collaborator, novelist/critic Graham Greene , who said that once Reed "gets the right script, [he] will prove far more than efficient." However, Reed would endure the sort of staid, boilerplate filmmaking that characterized British "B" movies until he left this behind with The Stars Look Down , his second film with Michael Redgrave , and his openly Hitchcockian Night Train to Munich , a comedy-thriller with Rex Harrison . It has often been seen as a sequel to Alfred Hitchcock 's The Lady Vanishes with the same screenwriters and comedy relief-- Basil Radford and Naunton Wayne , who would just about make careers as the cricket zealots Charters and Caldicott, from "Vanishes". The British liked these films and, significantly, so did America, where Hollywood still wondered whether their patronage of the British film industry was worth the gamble of a payoff via the US public. Dean was just one of several powerhouse producers rising in Britain in the 1930s. Other names are more familiar: Alexander Korda and J. Arthur Rank stand out. For Reed, who would wisely decide to start producing his own films in order to have more control over them, finding his niche was still a challenge into the 1940s. He was only too well aware that the film director led a team effort--his was partly a coordinator's task, harmonizing the talents of the creative team. The modest Reed would admit to his success being this partnership time and again. So he gravitated toward the same scriptwriters, art directors and cinematographers as his movie list spread out. There were more thrillers and some historical bios: The Remarkable Mr. Kipps with Redgrave and The Young Mr. Pitt with Robert Donat . He did service and war effort fare through World War II, but these were more than flag wavers, for Reed dealt with the psychology of transitioning to military life. His Anglo-American documentary of combat (co-directed by Garson Kanin ), The True Glory , won the 1946 Oscar for Best Documentary. With that under his belt, Reed was now recognized as Britain's ablest director and could pick and choose his projects. He also had the clout--and the all-important funds--to do what he thought was essential to ensure realism on a location shoot, something missing in British film work prior to Reed. Odd Man Out with James Mason as an IRA hit man on the run did just that and was Reed's first real independent effort, and he had gone to Rank to do it. All too soon, however, that organization began subjugating directors' wishes to studio needs, and Reed made perhaps his most important associative decision and joined Korda's London Films. Here was one very important harmony--he and Korda thought along the same lines. Though Anthony Kimmins had scripted four films for Reed, it was time for Korda to introduce the director to Graham Greene . Their association would bring Reed his greatest successes. The Fallen Idol was based on a Greene short story, with Ralph Richardson as a do-everything head butler in a diplomatic household. Idolized by the lonely, small son of his employer, he becomes caught up in a liaison with a woman on the work staff, who was much younger than his shrewish wife. It may seem slow to an American audience, but with the focus on the boy's wide-eyed view of rather gloomy surroundings, as well as the adult drama around him, it was innovative and a solid success. What came next was a landmark--the best known of Reed's films. The Third Man was yet another Greene story, molded into a gem of a screenplay by him, though Reed added some significant elements of his own. The film has been endlessly summarized and analyzed and, whether defined as an international noir or post-war noir or just noir, it was cutting-edge noir and unforgettable. This was Reed in full control--well, almost-- and the money was coming from yet another wide-vision producer, David O. Selznick , along with Korda. Tension did develop in this effort keep a predominantly Anglo effort in this Anglo-American collaboration. There were complications, though. For one thing, Korda--old friend and somewhat kindred spirit of wunderkind director Orson Welles --had a gentlemen's agreement with the latter for three pictures, but these were not forthcoming. Korda could be as evasive as Welles was known to be, and Welles had come to Europe to further his inevitable film projects after troubles in Hollywood. Always desperate for seed money, Welles was forced to take acting parts in Europe to build up his bank account in order to finance his more personal projects. He thus accepted the role of the larger-than-life American flim-flam man turned criminal, Harry Lime. The extended time spent filming the Vienna sewer scenes on location and at the elaborate set for them at Shepperton Studios in London, entailed the longest of the ten minutes or so of Welles' screen time. Here was a potential source of directorial intimidation if ever there was one. Welles took it upon himself to direct Reed's veteran cinematographer Robert Krasker with his own vision of some sewer sequences in London (after leaving the location shoot in Vienna), using many takes. Supposedly, Reed did not use any of Welles' footage, and in fact whatever there was got conveniently lost. Yet Citizen Kane 's shadow was so looming that Welles was given credit for a lot of camera work, atmospherics and the chase scenes. He had referred to the movie as "my film" later on and had said he wrote all his dialog. Some of the ferris wheel dialog with its famous famous "cuckoo clock" speech (which Reed and Greene both attributed to him) was probably the essence of Welles' contributions. Krasker's quirky angles under Reed's direction perfectly framed the ready-made-for-an-art designer bombed-out shadows and stark, isolated street lights of postwar Vienna and its underworld. Unique to cinema history, the whole score (except for some canned incidental café music) was just the brilliant zither playing of Anton Karas , adding his nuances to every dramatic transition. Krasker won an Oscar, and Karas was nominated for one. Reed's attention to detailed casting also paid off, particularly in casting German-speaking actors and background players. Selznick insisted on Joseph Cotten as Holly Martins, the benighted protagonist, and his clipped and sharp voice and subterranean drawl were perfect for the part. Reed had wanted James Stewart --definitely a different perception than Americans of its leading men. Selznick parted ways with Reed on other issues, however; there was a laundry list of reasons for his re-editing and changing some incidentals for the shorter American version, partly based on negative comments from sneak preview responses. Perhaps it was the constant interruptions from the other side of the Atlantic that drove Reed to personally narrate the introduction describing Martins in the British version of the film (given the basic tenets of noir films, the star always played narrator to introduce the story and voice over where appropriate). Selznick showed himself--in this instance, anyway--to have a better directorial sense by substituting Cotten introducing himself in the American cut. It made far more sense and was much more effective. On the other hand, Selznick's editing of the pivotal railway café scenes with Cotten and Alida Valli had continuity problems. Nonetheless, the film was an international smash, and all the principal players reaped the rewards. Reed did not get an Oscar, but he did win the Cannes Film Grand Prix. Greene was motivated enough to take the story and expand it into a best-selling novel. Even Welles, with his minimum screen time--he was spending most of his time in Europe trying to obtain financing for his newest project, Othello --milked the movie for all it was worth. He did not deny directorial influences (though in a 1984 interview he did), and even developed a Harry Lime radio show back home. However, the movie had its detractors. It was called too melodramatic and too cynical. The short scenes of untranslated German dialog were also criticized, yet that lent to the atmosphere of confusion and helplessness of Martins caught in a wary, potentially dangerous environment--something the audience inevitably was able to share. It was all too ironic that Reed, now declared by some as the greatest living director of the time, found his career in decline thereafter. Of his total output, four were based on plays, three on stories and 15 on novels. With less than half of them to go, he was to be disappointed for the most part. His The Man Between with James Mason was too much of a "Third Man" reprise, and A Kid for Two Farthings was too sentimental. By now Reed was being sought by enterprising Hollywood producers. He had--as he usually did--the material for a first-rate movie with two popular American actors, Burt Lancaster and Tony Curtis for Trapeze . However, it suffered from a slow script, as would the British-produced The Key , despite another international cast. Things finally picked up with his venture into another Greene-scripted film from his novel, with Alec Guinness in the lead in the UK spy spoof Our Man in Havana with yet another winning international cast. When Hollywood called again, the chance at such a British piece of history as Mutiny on the Bounty with a mostly British cast and Marlon Brando seemed bound for success. It was the second version of the movie produced by MGM (the first being the Clark Gable starrer Mutiny on the Bounty ). However, Brando's history of being temperamental was much in evidence on location in Tahiti. Reed shot a small part of the picture but finally left, having more than his fill of the star's ego (and, evidently, being allowed too much artistic control by the studio) and the film was finished by Lewis Milestone . Reed would ultimately be branded as a failure in directing historical movies, but it was an unfair appraisal based on the random aspect of film success and such forces of nature as Brando, not artistic and technical expertise. The opportunity to make another film came knocking again with Reed and American money forming the production company International Classics to produce Irving Stone 's best-selling story of Michelangelo and the painting of the Sistine Chapel, The Agony and the Ecstasy . Here is perhaps the prime example of Reed being given short shrift for a really valiant effort at an historical, artistically significant and cultural epic because it was a "flop" at the box office. Shot on location in Rome and its environs, the film had a first-rate cast headed by Charlton Heston doing his method best as the temperamental artist with Rex Harrison , an effortless standout as the equally volatile Pope Julius II. Diane Cilento did fine work as the Contessina de Medici, with the always stalwart Harry Andrews as architect rival Donato Bramante. Most of the other roles were filled by Italians dubbed in English, but they all look good. Reed's attention to historical detail provided perhaps the most accurate depiction of early 16th-century Italy--from costumes and manners to military action and weapons (especially firearms)--ever brought to the screen. The script by Philip Dunne was brisk and always entertaining in the verbal battle between the artist and his pontiff. Yet by the 1960s costume epics were going out of style and bigger flops, such as Cleopatra (talk about agony) despite the wealth of stars which included Harrison, tended to spread like a disease to those few that came later. Despite a high-powered distribution campaign by Twentieth Century-Fox, Reed's exemplary effort would ultimately be appreciated by art scholars and historians--not the stuff of Hollywood's money mentality. For Reed the only remaining triumph was, of all things, a musical--his first and only--yet again he was working with children. However, the adaptation of the great Charles Dickens novel "Oliver Twistt" top the screen (as Oliver! ) was a sensation with a lively script and music amid a realistic 19th-century London that was up to Reed's usual standards. The film was nominated for no less than 11 Oscars, wining five and two of the big ones--Best Picture and Best Director. Reed had finally achieved that bit of elusiveness. He could never be so simplistically stamped with an uneven career; Reed had always kept to a precise craftsman's movie-making formula. Fellow British director Michael Powell had said that Reed "could put a film together like a watchmaker puts together a watch". It was Graham Greene, however, who gave Reed perhaps the more important personal accolade: "The only director I know with that particular warmth of human sympathy, the extraordinary feeling for the right face in the right part, the exactitude of cutting, and not least important the power of sympathizing with an author's worries and an ability to guide him." Brian Steele As a child, Brian Steele knew only two speeds: full throttle and off. Perpetually hyperactive and adventurous, young Brian constantly pushed boundaries and tested the patience of his parents and teachers. But Brian's boundless energy and ambition had no direction, growing up in small-town Highland, Michigan. But soon a few local Detroit television programs changed all that. Brian discovered "Monster Week," The Ghoul, and Sir Graves Ghastly - fright fest-y shows whose creature-characters he found fascinating. Towering over classmates at an astounding 6'7", Brian again found himself turning to onscreen icons for inspiration; watching over-the-top physical comedy by the Three Stooges and Laurel and Hardy helped him embrace his physical awkwardness. But lacking an outlet for his energy or any focus on a career, Brian had no direction. In 1985 he moved to the Florida Keys, hoping to discover his dreams there. But after two years working odd jobs like bagging groceries, working at a go-cart track, and on the docks at the local marina, Brian decided to move one more time. With only $700, a duffel bag full of clothes and a 10-speed bicycle, he bought a one-way ticket to Los Angeles. Brian's gamble paid off. L.A. loved him. Universal Studios Theme Park took one look at the awkward 24 year-old and knew exactly what to do with him; they hired him to perform as Frankenstein's monster. When Universal was searching for a man to don the suit for the television version of Harry and the Henderson's, they didn't have to look far. Brian was thrilled to be surrounded with cast mates who helped nurture his talents as an actor. Always patient and supportive with him as he became familiar with his new job responsibilities, the cast of HATH gave Brian the confidence to cultivate his craft. 48 episodes as Harry led to a role on NBC's sci-fi series, Earth 2. Brian learned quickly about the niche in Hollywood for "creature actors." Glued, painted, Velcro-ed, snapped and harnessed into bodysuits and masks, Brian made a name for himself as the man who could bring monsters to life. Since 1997, he has played characters tailor made to scare audiences. That year, The Relic opened the door for Brian to work with Hollywood heavy-hitters. He breathed life into villains in the Underworld Trilogy and Blade: Trinity. He's worked with acclaimed directors Guillermo Del Toro (both Hellboy films) and M. Night Shayamalan (Lady in the Water). He's taken on creatures alongside Adrian Brody, Christian Bale and Tom Sizemore. The menacing bear Anthony Hopkins and Alec Baldwin battle in The Edge? That's Brian Steele. After over 20 years breathing life into characters onscreen, keeping each character fresh and new is easier said than done. But Brian "enjoy(s) the challenge." In 2009, he got the opportunity to portray the T-600, Terminator Salvation's latest incarnation of the Terminator. Thelma Todd Thelma Todd was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, an industrial city near the New Hampshire state line. She was a lovely child with good academic tendencies, so much so that she decided early on to become a schoolteacher. After high school she went on to college but at her mother's insistence entered several beauty contests (apparently her mother wanted her to be more than just a "schoolmarm"). Thelma was so successful in these endeavors that she entered on the state level and won the title of "Miss Massachusetts" in 1925 and went on to the "Miss America" pageant. Although she didn't win, the pageant afforded her a chance to be seen been by talent scouts looking for fresh new faces to showcase in films. She began appearing in one- and two-reel shorts, mostly comedy, which showcased her keen comic timing and aptitude for physical comedy (unusual in such a beautiful woman). She had been making shorts for Hal Roach when she was signed to Paramount Pictures. Her first film--at 21 years of age--was as Lorraine Lane in 1927's Fascinating Youth , a romantic comedy, which was Paramount's showcase vehicle for its new stars. Thelma received minor billing in another film that year, God Gave Me Twenty Cents . The next year she starred with Gary Cooper and William Powell in the western Nevada . That year also saw her in three more films, with The Gay Defender being the most notable. It starred Richard Dix in the role of a man falsely accused of murder. As the 1920s closed, Thelma began getting parts in more and more films. In 1928 and 1929 alone she was featured in 20 pictures, and not just comedies--she also did dramas and gothic horror films. Unlike many silent-era stars whose voices didn't fit their image or screen persona, Thelma's did. She had a bright, breezy, clear voice with a pleasant trace of a somewhat aristocratic, but not snobbish, New England accent and easily made the transition to sound films. In 1930 she added 14 more pictures to her resume, with Dollar Dizzy and Follow Thru being the most notable. The latter was a musical with Thelma playing a rival to Nancy Carroll for the affections of Buddy Rogers . It was a box-office hit, as was the stage production on which it was based. The following year Thelma appeared in 14 more films, among them Let's Do Things , Speak Easily , The Old Bull and On the Loose . Her most successful film that year, however, was the Marx Brothers farce Monkey Business . While critics gave the film mixed reviews, the public loved it. In 1932 Thelma appeared in another Marx Brothers film directed by Norman Z. McLeod , Horse Feathers . She also starred in This Is the Night , a profitable film which featured Cary Grant in his first major role. In 1934 Thelma made 16 features, but her career would soon soon come to a grinding halt. In 1935 she appeared in such films as Twin Triplets and The Misses Stooge , all showcasing her considerable comic talents. She also proved to be a savvy businesswoman with the opening of "Thelma Todd's Sidewalk Cafe," a nightclub/restaurant that catered to show business people. It also, unfortunately, attracted some shady underworld types as well, and there were rumors that they were trying to take over her club and use it as a gambling establishment in order to fleece the wealthy Hollywood crowd. According to these stories, Thelma and her boyfriend, director Roland West , wouldn't sell their establishment once they found out what the gangsters had in mind, thereby incurring the enmity of people it was not a good idea to become enemies of. Whether the stories were true or not, on December 16, 1935, Thelma was found dead in her car in her garage in Los Angeles. Her death was ruled a suicide owing to carbon monoxide poisoning. She was only 29 years old. At the time, as today, many felt that her death was actually a murder connected to the goings-on at her club, a theory that was lent credence by the fact that no one who knew her had ever seen her depressed or morose enough to worry about her committing suicide. Another factor that aroused suspicion was that her death was given a cursory investigation by the--at the time--notoriously corrupt Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office and the case was quickly and unceremoniously closed. Her death has remained a controversial one even to this day. Three films she made before her death weren't released until the following year: Hot Money , An All American Toothache , and The Bohemian Girl . The latter saw her quite substantial role cut down so much that she was barely glimpsed in the picture. Thelma had made an amazing 115 films in such a short career, and her beauty and talent would no doubt have taken her right to the top if it hadn't been for her untimely demise. Danny McBride As the quintessential Navy Brat, McBride spent his formative years living a nomadic lifestyle, moving from one tropical locale to another. His family was transferred, on average, once every three years. At first this was tough on Danny and his younger sister, Kelly. Packing up memories and saying good-bye to close friends soon became all too commonplace. But to a young boy, the mystery of the jungle and unparalleled beauty of the coral reefs quickly took hold of Danny and he fell deeply in love with the tropics... and, of course, movies at the local Navy base theaters! He has made his home in Hawaii, Guam, Florida, The Panama Canal Zone, and the Philippines. And each place is "home" to him in its own special way. His father, Daniel, a special agent for the Naval Investigative Service, instilled in his son a deep respect for nature and history. He also taught him to scuba dive, fish, and explore. As a voracious reader, he urged his son to absorb as much literature as possible which opened up a whole new world for Danny and eventually led to his career as a budding screenwriter. Danny's mother, Pati, a talented folk painter, urged him to be creative, caring, and, above all else, loyal to his true friends... which, according to Danny was "Crucial to surviving the most dangerous jungle of all -- Los Angeles." In the 1980s Danny caught the music bug and began to gig extensively around the San Diego area. He played in a myriad of bands including: Sabotage, American Steel, Copper Head, and Dirty Blonde. In 1990 he moved to Hollywood and formed Love Stomp with his childhood friend, Steve Johnson. But, as fate would have it, movies were always Danny's first love and slowly but surely his urge to make music was replaced by a strong desire to become a film maker. In 1992 he befriended Scott McElroy , a talented stuntman, who quickly introduced him to the world of film action. Together, as business partners, they formed The Scuba Dudes Action Team and soon began to coordinate a string of low budget features. It was during this time that Danny and Scott befriended 'Brad Martin' who would eventually become a superstar stuntman. Together, they began to dream of the day when they could put their "team" to work and make features of their own. In 2000, Danny met an extremely talented music video/commercial director named Len Wiseman and together they began to develop movie projects. Following in the footsteps of Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin , and under the urging and guidance of their agent, Nick Reed at ICM, Danny and Len forged a strong writer/director partnership and have recently inked several deals. Len will be directing his first feature, Underworld, written by Danny, for Lakeshore Entertainment. Also, as a writing team, Danny and Len will be penning the supernatural thriller Black Chapter for Disney, with Antoine Fuqua attached to direct. Marc Lawrence American character actor who specialized in underworld types, despite a far greater range. A native of the Bronx, Lawrence participated in plays in school, then attended the City College of New York. In 1930, he was accepted into Eva Le Gallienne 's company, where he became friendly with another young actor, one day to be known as John Garfield . The two appeared in a number of plays, both with Le Galliene's company and with the highly-politicized Group Theatre, before Lawrence was given a film contract with Columbia Pictures. His scarred complexion and brooding appearance made him a natural for heavies, and he played scores of gangsters and mob bosses over the next six decades. Nevertheless, he could turn in fine performances in very different kinds of roles as well, such as his bewildered mountain boy in The Shepherd of the Hills . Following the Second World War, as anti-Communist fervor gripped America, Lawrence found himself under scrutiny for his political leanings. When called before the House Un-American Activities Committee, he admitted he had once been a member of the Communist Party. The Committee broke down his resolve and he named the names of other Party members. He was blacklisted and departed for Europe, where he continued to make films, often in leading roles. Following the demise of the blacklist, he returned to America and resumed his position as a familiar and talented purveyor of gangland types. A writer and director as well, Lawrence has remained active in his ninth decade. Tania Nolan Tania Nolan is a 2005 graduate of Toi Whakaari: NZ Drama School. Born in the small town Rakaia in the south island of New Zealand, Tania now lives in Auckland, New Zealand. Tania's portrayal of Isobel Jones in her debut television series 'The Hothouse' earned her a Best Actress nomination in the 2007 NZ Qantas Television Awards. Tania's screen credits also include several short films, as well as the feature 'Kissy Kissy' (NZ International Film Festival 2007) and her international debut role in 'Underworld 3:Rise of the Lycans' (2009). 'When Night Falls' (2007) was her screen debut. Jean-Pierre Melville The name "Melville" is not immediately associated with film. It conjures up images of white whales and crackbrained captains, of naysaying notaries and soup-spilling sailors. It is the countersign to a realm of men and their deeds, both heroic and villainous. It is the American novel, with its Ishmaels and its Claggarts a challenge to the European canon. It is Herman Melville . And yet, for over three decades, it was also worn by one of the French cinema's brightest lights, Jean-Pierre Melville, whose art was as revolutionary as that of the eponymous author. Jean-Pierre Grumbach was born on October 20, 1917, to a family of Alsatian Jews. In his youth he studied in Paris, where he was first exposed to great films, among them Robert J. Flaherty 's and W.S. Van Dyke 's silent documentary White Shadows in the South Seas . It left so deep a mark upon the pubescent Grumbach that he became a regular at the cinema, an obsession that would benefit him in adulthood. His own earliest efforts, 16mm home movies, were made with a camera given to him by his father in this period. In 1937, however, his career was forestalled when he began obligatory service in the French army. He was still in uniform when the Nazis invaded in 1940; under the nom de guerre of Melville, he aided the Resistance and was eventually forced to flee to England. There he joined the Free French forces and took part in the Allies' liberation of continental Europe. After the war, despite a desire to revert to Grumbach, he found that pseudonym had stuck. Eager to earn his place in the movie industry, Melville applied to the French Technicians' Union but was denied membership. Undaunted by what he regarded as party politics, he set up his own production company in 1946 and started releasing films outside the system. The first, a low-budget short titled 24 heures de la vie d'un clown , was a success, inspired by his boyhood love for the circus. His feature-length debut, Le Silence de la Mer , was highly innovative. An intimate piece on the horrors of World War II, it starred unknown actors and was filmed by a skeleton crew. Its schedule was unusual: It was shot over 27 days in the course of a year. Its production was unusual: it incorporated "on-location" scenes--rarities in that era--done without vital permits. Its provenance was unusual: it was adapted from a book before the author's consent was obtained. Above all, its style was unusual. Its dark, claustrophobic sets and bottom-lit close-ups signaled a departure from the highly cultured cinema of René Clair , Marcel Pagnol , Abel Gance and Jacques Feyder . It was neither comedietta nor costume drama nor avant-garde "cinéma pur." Where its roots may have been in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion , it was clearly something new. Over the following 12 years Melville continued to create films that would influence the auteurs of La Nouvelle Vague (i.e., the French New Wave.) In 1950 he collaborated with Jean Cocteau on an unsatisfying version of Les Enfants Terribles , the tale of a strange, incestuous relationship between siblings. When You Read This Letter , with French and Italian backing, was his first commercial project. While it was unprofitable, the fee he received allowed him to establish a studio outside of Paris. His next work, Bob le Flambeur , featured Roger Duchesne , a popular leading man of the 1930s who had drifted into the underworld during the war. As such, he was a uniquely apt choice for the role of the fashionable, self-immolating Bob. His supporting cast included Daniel Cauchy as toadying sidekick Paolo and newcomer Isabelle Corey as the temptress Anne. Although the picture was not a hit, it was a favorite of the aficionados that frequented Henri Langlois ' Cinémathèque Français. Among them were the young savants Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut , the latter of whom used Guy Decomble of "Bob le flambeur" in his The 400 Blows that ushered in the "New Wave" era. They adored the hip, new rendering of a tired scenario, much of it shot in the streets with hidden cameras. They viewed it as fresh and daring, a "freeing up" through the rejection of high-minded literary adaptations and the embracing of pop culture. Simply put, Melville refused to play by the rules, and they followed suit. In retrospect, "Bob le flambeur" seems straightforward: A reformed mobster turned high-stakes gambler comes out of retirement to pull one last job. Its genius lies in its simplicity. Melville admired American culture, as his alias indicated. He drove around Paris in an enormous Cadillac, sporting a Stetson hat and aviator sunglasses. He drank Coca-Cola and listened to American radio. The works of American directors John Ford and Howard Hawks were appealing to him, as they were ageless sagas of heroes and villains. Melville strove to build his own pantheon by blending the American ethos with his postwar sensibilities. As he perceived it, it was America that had valiantly rescued France from German occupation. Still, for a young man with Alsatian roots, the line separating good guys and bad guys had been breached, and one can see this disillusionment from Le Silence de la Mer onward. Thus, while he borrowed from the American noir's revolt against the dichotomous Hollywood creations of the 1930s, the artist was forging his own apocryphal brand of dark tragedy. In his paradigm, a criminal could be a kind of hero within his milieu, so long as he stuck by his word and his allegiances. It was his personal style and his adherence to the code of honor that defined a "good guy"; obversely, it was his faith in others that was his downfall. It is a universe without the possibility for salvation, in which love and friendship are brief interludes in the cat-and-mouse games that lead to certain destruction. In that sense, Bob is a crucial link between Julien Duvivier 's Pépé le Moko and Godard's Breathless , in which Melville gave a brilliant cameo performance. Jean-Pierre Melville is often regarded as the godfather of the Nouvelle Vague. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning that had it not been for his aforementioned passion for American film, he might have shown us a very different "Bob le flambeur". Originally conceived as a hard-boiled gangster flick about the step-by-step plotting of a heist, Melville was forced to rethink its narrative after watching John Huston 's remarkably similar The Asphalt Jungle . It was only then that he had the idea to turn Bob into the comedy of manners that so delighted the cinephiles of the day. For this and other debts of gratitude, his next picture, Two Men in Manhattan , was "a love letter to New York" and the America he revered. It was also his third straight box-office flop, however, and it caused Melville to break away from a New Wave movement that he felt catered to the cognoscenti. He later said, "If . . . I have consented to pass for their adopted father for a while, I do not wish it anymore, and I have put some distance in between us." The first step in this split came with Léon Morin, Priest , a wartime piece about a priest's endeavors to bring redemption to the inhabitants of a small town. Produced by Carlo Ponti , it was a big-budget affair with Jean-Paul Belmondo and Emmanuelle Riva , both household names by then. On the strength of its favorable reception, Melville released four consecutive cops-and-robbers movies, the most notable of which were Le Doulos and Le Samouraï . Belmondo again headlined in "Le Doulous", not as a clergyman but as the fingerman Silien, whose loyalty to his old mob cronies entangles him in a web of intrigue and disaster. During the making of "Le Samouraï", a hauntingly minimalist film about a doomed assassin, Melville's studio burned to the ground and the project was completed in rented facilities. Regardless, it was a critical and commercial success. Presenting Alain Delon as ultra-cool assassin Jef Costello, it was considered one of the most meticulously-crafted pictures in the history of the cinema. Delon would later star in a second masterpiece, Le Cercle Rouge , featuring the ultimate onscreen jewel heist. His Charles Bronson -cum- Jack Lord sang-froid toughness served as a counterpoint in Melville's oeuvre to the lighter and less predictable Belmondo. Another memorable production was Army of Shadows , an austere portrait of perfidy within the ranks of the French Resistance. It is trite to say that a particular artist is "not for everyone." In Melville's case, this statement could not be more fitting. Despite a round belly and an unattractive face, he was a notorious womanizer, and his chauvinism is painfully obvious in his movies. They are cynical, male-driven works in which women are devoid of nobility, merely functioning as beautiful chess pieces. His men also lack spiritual depth, diligently playing out their roles toward the final showdown. A "profound moment" inevitably occurs before a mirror, a cliché for which many critics do not share the creator's enthusiasm. As a result of these peccadilloes, as well as its lack of back-stories and character motivations, Melville's later output has been accused of stiffness, with its wooden troupe of cops, crooks and general mauvais sujets. Further, well-structured plots notwithstanding, Melville films are methodically paced with tremendous attention paid to time and place. Hollywoodphiles often find them slow, with an overemphasis on tone and style. Some have gone as far as to claim that the réalizateur's genius was outstripped by his importance to the development of the medium. They look to him as a sort of Moses figure, helping to guide the Nouvelle Vague to the promised land without partaking in its fruits. At his death by heart attack in 1973, the 55-year-old had directed just 14 projects, at least six of which are acknowledged classics. Aside from Godard and Truffaut, luminaries such as John Woo , Quentin Tarantino , Michael Mann , Volker Schlöndorff , Johnnie To and Martin Scorsese have pointed to him as an key influence. If a man's legacy is best measured not only by its quality but by the respect of his colleagues, Jean-Pierre Melville's contribution to cinema surely ranks with the greatest. Robbie Gee Robbie Gee is an English television, theatre, and film actor and has starred in both British and American production and is best known in the UK and well loved for his "Desmonds" character Lee and as a regular on the BBC's The Real McCoy. He has appeared numerous times at Theatre Royal Stratford East, the Royal Court and the National, as well as touring nationally with "The Posse". Robbie starred in the film The Firm alongside Gary Oldman and he made an appearance in the horror/action film Underworld, alongside Kate Beckinsale and Bill Nighy, as "Khan". Credits also include Sky One's Dream Team, UK Gangster film Snatch and starred in UK Gangster movie Rollin' with the Nines. Co-starred as "Shrimper" in Pirates of the Caribbean and also supported Steven Seagal in action thriller Out of Reach. Larry Bishop Larry Bishop was born on November 30, 1948 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and grew up in New Jersey. He's the son of famous Rat Pack comic Joey Bishop . Larry attended high school in Beverly Hills, California. After graduation Bishop was briefly in an improvisational group whose other members included Rob Reiner , Albert Brooks and Richard Dreyfuss . Larry was hook-handed drummer Abraham in Wild in the Streets . Bishop achieved his enduring cult popularity with his portrayals of scruffy bikers in The Savage Seven , Angel Unchained and Chrome and Hot Leather . Moreover, Larry did guest spots on such TV shows as The Dukes of Hazzard , Barnaby Jones , Laverne & Shirley , Barney Miller , Kung Fu , Love, American Style and I Dream of Jeannie . Although he appeared alongside fellow biker movie regular Adam Roarke in the dim-witted comedy How Come Nobody's on Our Side? and had a sizable supporting role in The Big Fix , Bishop's acting career sadly ran out of gas in the early 80s. Larry bounced backed in the mid 90s by writing the script for the mobster black comedy _Underworld_. He also has a substantial part in this film. Bishop then wrote, directed, co-produced and co-starred in the equally offbeat and uproarious Mad Dog Time . Larry popped up in a cameo as coarse, belligerent strip club owner Larry Gomez in Kill Bill: Vol. 2 . Larry Bishop's most recent picture is Hell Ride , an homage to 60s biker cinema that he not only wrote, directed, and co-produced, but stars in as well. Urmila Matondkar The daughter of a lecturer, actress Urmila Matondkar began her celluloid career as a child artiste with the film _Kalyug (1980)_. Although an average film at the box-office, her next film, Masoom , about a family coping with an illegitimate member, showed her acting talents blossom and she received critical acclaim from both her fans and the film fraternity. She subsequently appeared in a number of films including Dacait , where she plays Sunny Deol's under-aged sister who gets brutally raped. Years later, Urmila then made her debut as an adult actress in N. Chandra's Narasimha opposite Sunny Deol . She then did the fantasy Chamatkar with the then-débutant Shahrukh Khan and Shreemaan Aashique , a comedy on male chauvinism opposite Anupam Kher and Rishi Kapoor and a crime movie Drohi , But no matter what films she did, while her fellow actresses Manisha Koirala and Raveena Tandon reached the peak of their popularity with blockbuster after blockbuster, success seemed to elude her. Then she did Ram Gopal Varma's Rangeela , a tale of a girl's journey in the film industry. The movie came as a refreshing surprise and Urmila gave a magnificent performance, which is no small feet alongside actors Aamir Khan and Jackie Shroff, but what gave the film classic status was A.R. Rahman's music, Asha Bhosle's songs and designer Manish Malhotra, who transformed Urmila from a Maharashtrian middle-class girl into a sexy and glamorous actress. With this movie Urmila revolutionized sensuality on the Indian screen. What most actresses hadn't managed even after a dozen hits, Urmila had achieved with only one film. And ever since, she has been associated with Asha Bhosle's sensual voice and of course the image of the sizzling seductress - in fact, she is still known for her sizzling sensuality and her stunning looks. However, Urmila is not to be judged only for her looks. She is also an actress of great talent and skill - her performance in Satya as a modest girl whose boyfriend, the titular character, gets sucked into the Bombay underworld is one of her best ever performances to date. And since 2000, she began to play roles of depth and substance, making an impact most notably in the films Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya... , Om Jai Jagadish , Pinjar , a drama based on India's partition, I Did Not Kill Gandhi , about a man accused of Gandhi's murder and Banaras . As of 2006, she has acquired several assignments, both using her talents as an actress and as a seductress - she is doing Onir's Bas Ek Pal (2006) and Ram Gopal Varma's Sholay (2006), the latter of which audiences are eagerly waiting for with bated breath. On March 3, 2016, she married actor-model-businessman Mohsin Akhtar in a small private ceremony. Today Urmila is known as one of Bollywood's most versatile actresses. After Sridevi, she is known to have the played the most varied characters next to fellow actresses Tabu and Mahima Chaudhry. Alison King An actress, known for Coronation Street , Shanghai Knights and Double Team , Alison King was born on March 3, 1973 in Leicester, Leicestershire, England. at Leicester Royal Infirmary to Alex and June King, who were both nurses at the hospital. She was their fifth child and third daughter. She went to Markfield Mercenfeld Primary School and South Charnwood High School, where she first took an interest in acting. She continued to act while attending Groby Community College, where a teacher would offer drama and dance classes to students in their free time. Alison was raised as a Christadelphian and attended the Christadelphian Church at Westleigh, Leicester, where she was baptised as a teenager. At the age of 18, King moved to Newquay, Cornwall, where she worked at Fat Willys Surf Shack. When she was 22, she enrolled at the North Cheshire Theatre School. During her time there she got her first television role, playing Helen, a hair salon crimper, in two episodes of Brookside . Before the conclusion of her three-year diploma, she was cast in the major role of Lynda Block in Sky One's Double Team for three years before the character was sent to prison. She reprised the role some years later. During her break from working on Dream Team, she worked on several projects abroad including a role as an extra in the American feature film Shanghai Knights - appearing in a scene as a prostitute alongside Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson-supporting major roles such as BBC comedy-drama Help, video film Submerged and feature film Final Contract: Death on Delivery . She made a guest appearance in the final episode of Mile High , playing the wife of Captain Nigel Croker's, and was featured in Coupling in the episode "The Man with Two Legs", as Chrissy with whom Jeff Murdock becomes infatuated on his morning train ride. She played one of the prominent roles for two independent films, Save Angel Hope and Back in Business . In 2006, she was cast as Carla Connor in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street . She made her first appearance in the role in the episode broadcast on 1 December 2006. She had previously appeared in the soap in 2004 as an unrelated character named Mrs Fanshaw. Her one-episode role was part of a larger storyline to "sex up" Ryan Thomas's character, builder Jason Grimshaw. She went on maternity leave in 2009. In 2010 she was involved in the death of Tony Gordon storyline, in which she had to be kidnapped in the Underworld factory. For these scenes, she had to be tied to a chair with her hands tied behind her back and have her mouth gagged with gaffa tape. Of filming the scenes, she said "We were tied up and gagged for a week and a half. I was gaffa-taped for a little while and tied up for most of it. My wrist was sore at the end! It was a different experience anyway, acting for two weeks with your hands tied behind your back on a chair." For her role in the soap, she won Best Actress at the 2012 British Soap Awards. She has also made appearances in a series of recurring television adverts for Daz. In 2000, she appeared in an episode of Cold Feet as "Girlpower", a seductive Internet avatar. King also appeared in the second episode of the fourth series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet in 2004. She had a five-year relationship with former Coronation Street actor Philip Middlemiss (who played Des Barnes). In 2006, King became engaged to fellow actor Jim Alexander who co-starred in several series of Dream Team with her, as well as the Daz adverts. However, the pair split in early 2007. She dated Adam Huckett, a Coronation Street sound technician from April 2007. She gave birth to their daughter, Daisy Mae, on 11 February 2009. King has also stated that she wishes to have more children in the future. She became engaged to Huckett in September 2011 while on a trip to Paris, however, on 16 October 2012 it was reported that the engagement was off as they had split up. Erwin Leder An Austrian-born actor with a set of expressive, attention-grabbing eyes, Erwin Leder is perhaps best known among European cinema and television. He was born in St. Polten, Lower Austria, Austria on July 30, 1951 and possesses a well-sized acting career spanning over 30 years. He began his career in 1975, with many of his works being in foreign films. His more notable performances have been associated with movies such as the 1981 film Das Boot wherein he portrayed a World War II U-Boat crewman obsessed with the U96's engines. Erwin also appeared as a peasant in the opening minutes of the Disney action-adventure film The Three Musketeers (1993). That same year he also appeared in Schindler's List (1993). Ten years later he would appear in another high-profile movie with his role as the Lycan geneticist Singe in Underworld (2003). Don Porter Veteran actor Don Porter started his career on stage and in "B" films in the 40s but would be better remembered for his buttoned-down executives and cheery dads on 50s and 60s TV. Universal Studios signed the handsome, articulate, deep-voiced actor to a contract in 1939 debuting in Mystery in the White Room (1939). He continued on in a rather non-descript fashion as co-star of second-string potboilers such as Night Monster (1942), Abbott and Costello's Who Done It? (1942), Eyes of the Underworld (1943), and, most noticeably, opposite June Lockhart's She-Wolf of London (1947) as her heroic fiance. Seemingly headed toward obscurity, he refocused his career in the 50s with television and took a strategic turn toward light, superficial comedy. He finally hit pay dirt co-starring as Ann Sothern's exasperated boss on "Private Secretary." Their chemistry proved so winning that he segued into her next series "The Ann Sothern Show" (albeit the second season) again as her boss. Although quite adept at drama with his portrayals of spiffy 'stuffed shirt' types whose shady intentions were often disguised by impeccable table manners and a pleasant disposition, Don's forte was still breezy, cheeky comedy and he was most fittingly cast as Sally Field's bewildered and bemused dad on the "Gidget" series. He had already played Gidget's father once before in the 1963 film Gidget Goes to Rome (1963) with Cindy Carol. Don kept quite busy after the series' demise in 1966 with numerous guest roles although such forgettable film fodder as Elvis Presley's mediocre Live a Little, Love a Little (1968) and Lucille Ball's misguided version of Mame (1974) as the stuck-up Mr. Upson didn't improve his lot. With perhaps the exception of the terrific Robert Redford film The Candidate (1972) in which he ably portrayed a martinet Republican incumbant, Don was a highly appealing and durable actor but seldom tested, with most of his roles noted for their lack of dimension. Long married to actress Peggy Converse, who was a few years older than Don, the couple appeared frequently together on stage in such 60s touring productions as "The Best Man," "Any Wednesday" and "Love and Kisses." Porter died in 1997 at age 84. Floria Sigismondi Floria Sigismondi is a photographer and director. Apart from her art exhibitions she is best known for directing music videos. Her trademark dilating, jittery camerawork, noticeable as early as her video for Marilyn Manson's "The Beautiful People", has been replicated by a great number of directors since. Her parents, Lina and Domenico Sigismondi, were opera singers. Her family, including her sister Antonella, moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada when she was two. In her childhood she became obsessed by drawing and painting. Later, from 1987 she studied painting and illustration at the Ontario College of Art, today's Ontario College of Art & Design (OCAD). When she took a photography course, she became obsessed once more, and graduated with a photography major. Floria started a career as a fashion photographer. She came to directing music videos when she was approached by the production company The Revolver Film Co., and directed music videos for a number of Canadian bands. Her very innovative, but also very disturbing video works, located in sceneries she once described as "entropic underworlds inhabited by tortured souls and omnipotent beings", attracted a number of very prominent musicians. With her photography and sculpture installations she had solo exhibitions in Hamilton and Toronto, New York, Brescia, Italy, Göteborg, Sweden and London. Her photographs also were included in numerous group exhibitions, together with those of photographers like Cindy Sherman and Joel-Peter Witkin. The German art press Die Gestalten Verlag has published two monographs of her photography, "Redemption" (1999) and "Immune" (2005). Richard Cawthorne Australian actor Richard Cawthorne was born in Hong Kong in 1976, the youngest of two, his mother Zelda was a journalist for the South China Morning Post, and his father Russell, a Marketing Executive for Hong Kong film company Golden Harvest Studios. In 2012 Richard won the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award (AACTA), for his critically acclaimed portrayal of notorious Australian underworld figure Dennis Allan in the prime time drama Killing Time . In 2015 Richard was appointed Ambassador to Australia's National Theatre Drama School. Jack Campbell Jack Campbell is best known for his role of Dr Steve Taylor in Australia's number one medical drama, "Allsaints" for Network Seven and his portrayal of infamous gangster Big Jim Divine in the Nine Network top rating drama series, "Underbelly Razor" based on the criminal underworld of Sydney, 1920's. Jack Campbell grew up on a wheat and cattle farm in Outback Australia (Warrenbungles). He finished High School and moved to Sydney where he worked in childcare and pursued acting at The Actor's Center in Surry Hills. In the early 1990's Campbell appeared in several Australian television shows, before performing with the Sydney Theater Company in "Six Degrees of Separation". He then co-starred in the feature film,"The Nostradamus Kid", along-side Noah Taylor and Miranda Otto. In 1996 - 1998, Campbell had a leading role in the New Zealand drama series, "City life" playing the Prime Minister's rebellious son, Aaron Kellett. After this, he starred in the successful New Zealand medical drama, "Shortland Street" as romantic lead, Dr Daniel Buchannon (1998 - 2000). Campbell also appeared in New Zealand dramas, "Jackson's Wharf" and "The Legend of William Tell", before traveling to New York where he studied at The Cay Michael Patten Acting Studio. After returning to Australia, Campbell created and presented a successful internet radio show called "A Positive Spin". The show was designed to teach street kids how to turn negatives into positives. In 2006, Campbell returned to acting when he appeared in the BBC/Nine Network Co-Production of "Maddigan's Quest", a young adult - post apocalyptic drama series. This was followed by the feature film, "Gabriel" where he played Archangel, Raphael. After this, Campbell starred in the BBC/ABC Co-Production of "The Catalpa Rescue", playing Captain Anthony. In 2007 - 2009, Campbell played the popular Dr Steve Taylor in Australia's number one medical drama, "Allsaints" on the Seven Network. During this time at the request of Tourism Tasmania, Campbell hosted the second series of "Discover Tasmania", a lifestyle program that aired on the Seven Network. Campbell then joined soap opera, "Home and Away" as Michael Patton, before guest starring in the Australian TV drama, "Sea Patrol" playing troubled mercenary, Garth Davidson. In 2011 Campbell appeared in the feature film, "Burning Man", before starring as Sydney's infamous 1920's gangster, Big Jim Divine in Australia's top rating television drama, "Underbelly Razor" for the Nine Network. In 2014 Campbell starred as hardened farmer and devoted family man, Adam Wilson in the feature film, ''The Pack''. This thriller was a co-production between Kojo Films and Prodigy Movies. ''The Pack'' made its world premiere at the 2015 Fantasy Filmfest and later secured United States distribution on Netflix in 2016. In 2015 Campbell starred as author and widowed father, Alex Gibbs in the feature film, ''Asomatous'', which co-stars Kevin Sorbo, Michael Welch, Rena Owen, Whitney Rose Pynn and Isabella Kai Rice. ''Asomatous'' is due for U.S release in 2017. In 2016 Campbell appeared for the Nine Network in the mini-series "House of Bond" playing America's Cup skipper John Bertrand. Most recently Campbell starred alongside Byung Hun Lee and Hyo Jin Kong in the highly anticipated feature film "Single Rider" which will be released by Warner Bros in 2017. Campbell was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 1994 Australian Film Critic's Awards. He was nominated for his role of MacAlister in the feature film, ''The Nostradamus Kid''. Campbell was also nominated for Most Popular New Male Talent at the 2008 Australian Television Awards (Logies). He was nominated for his role of Dr. Steve Taylor in the medical drama, ''All Saints''. John J. Vogel John was born in Akron, Ohio on September 29, 1964, the second child of John J Vogel Sr, a WWII vet, retired salesman for Xerox as well as life long artist and Anne Vogel, a graduate of Rochester Institute of Technology and the daughter of Stanton Cahill, the last private commercial fisherman on Lake Ontario. His older sister, Ruthanne was born in 1956. As an actor John J Vogel studied with internationally acclaimed actor, Alfred Molina and Hollywood acting coach guru, Sal Romeo. John J Vogel started his career in entertainment as a musician. After attending The Ohio State University and the prestigious Berklee College of Music, John moved to Los Angeles and found himself with the edgy rock band, Future Underworld Kings produced by Grammy nominated producer Garth Richardson(Taylor Swift, Rage Against the Machine). It was during this time when he got one of his first acting jobs as the house drummer for the HBO hit series - The Larry Sander's Show. Acting became more prominent with roles on Jerry Bruckheimer's Soldier of Fortune, Inc, the syfy series Sightings and the award winning short - Jesus 2000. Recently, John co-starred in the joint Hollywood/Nollywood film Tempting Fate with international movie star, Ramsey Nouah. His latest co-starring roll was in Sal Tassone's "Color of Love" playing the father of a grown daughter with Autism. John's career also found its way behind the camera directing and hosting the food show, The Mix Masters and producing best selling crime novelist Michael Connelly's documentary, Blue Neon Night. As a multiple-award winning director, John's commercials have resulted in over $10,0000,000 in sales. John's dedication to people with special needs began over 10 years ago after being invited to take part in the Celebrity Winterfest benefiting Special Olympics of Northern California/Nevada. His love for the Athletes became apparent having raised over $350,000 in services and donations. In these years, John went on to train a group of Athletes to work with him on set when he's directing. Teresa Mendoza Also known as The Queen of The South, Teresa Mendoza. Teresa fled Mexico after the murder of her boyfriend El Guero. El Guero trafficked drugs for a local cartel. After his death Teresa fled to where she began working. Teresa is referred to work for Driss Larby, a businessman and low-level underworld operator in the Spanish enclave of Melilla on the North African coast. On the ferry, she meets Fátima Mansur, a prostitute who works at Driss' bar "El Yamilla." Teresa proves herself to be an invaluable asset by balancing Driss' books every night. Teresa meets Santiago Fisterra, a Galician ("El Gallego") who works smuggling black market goods such as cigarettes across the strait of Gibraltar into Spain, and his friend Lalo. Teresa and Santiago begin dating. Knowing that Santiago is unhappy working the small time, Teresa arranges with Colonel Abdelkader Chaïb to get Santiago into the hashish trade. The trade provides huge profits, and Teresa and Santiago move to Málaga. A year later, Driss Larby is still furious from Teresa's abandonment, and conspires with a Spanish Naval Officer, to have Santiago busted during a major drug run. Instead, Santiago crashes his boat into rocks at high speed and is killed, while Teresa is thrown free, arrested, and sent to jail. In prison, Teresa meets Patricia O'Farrell, the wild child in a wealthy family & a local celebrity. The two become fast friends-although the bisexual Patricia clearly wants more. Upon release, Patty reveals to Teresa that she knows where a half ton of cocaine was hidden by her late boyfriend, and plans to sell it back to the Russian mob. During the negotiation, it becomes clear to the Russian mob boss, Oleg Yasilkov that Teresa's business smarts would be a valuable asset to him. Teresa negotiates the retrieval of the cocaine from its hiding place, under the nose of the confounded Spanish police, the first of many successes in her new career as a rising drug lord. As Teresa quickly rises in the drug world a familiar DEA agent, Willy Rangel arrives in Spain. Teresa continued to smuggled tons of drugs including hashish & cocaine. After her partner Patty O'Farrel meets a girl & begins spiraling out of control the organization quickly deteriorates. Patty's girlfriend, Lupe is actually DEA agent, Veronica Cortes. Cortes infiltrates Teresa's company Transer Naga a shell company used to disguise Teresa's real business. Soon after Veronica Cortes (Lupe) begins compiling evidence against Teresa. Soon after the DEA & Willy Rangel also turn Teo Aljarafe into an informant. Aljarafe is Teresa's lover as well as her company's attorney who has been stealing money from Teresa. Teo & Veronica compile enough evidence to have Teresa arrested. Before the arrest can happen, Willy Rangel of the DEA sneaks Teresa out of Spain in order to testify against Epifanio Vargas leader of the Juarez Cartel. In Mexico. Vargas was the godfather to the late El Guero and the man who ordered Teresa and El Guero's death. Teresa returns to Mexico to testify in order to stop Vargas from becoming the next president of The Republic of Mexico & in return she will receive immunity from prosecution. Vargas is finally arrested and Teresa was free of prosecution. She found a home and gave birth to her first child. Victor Gojcaj Victor Gojcaj was discovered when film director Tony Scott was scouting the streets of New York for real life criminals past and present to coach actors in the movie The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3, with the help of former head D.E.A agent Don Ferrarone. After extensive research through mug shots and both current and former cases, Ferrarone brought Victor to the attention of Scott. Scott was amazed that at such a young age (24), Victor had quickly risen through the ranks of the underworld to captain his own crew.He liked Victor so much; he offered him the role of Bashkin (a.k.a. "Mr. Grey"): the most aggressive of the hijackers on the condition he completely drops all aspects of his criminal life. It was "an offer he couldn't refuse". The producers however scoffed at the idea of hiring a former criminal in such a big budget movie and told Scott to "look for real actors". After months of persistence Scott finally convinced the producers that Victor was his man.Victor completed the filming of the movie successfully and was a real presence next to John Travolta. Julien Duvivier Revered by such legendary fellow directors as Ingmar Bergman and Jean Renoir, Julien Duvivier is one of the greatest figures in the history of French cinema and of world cinema in general. He is perhaps the most neglected of the "Big Five" of classic French cinema (the other four being Jean Renoir, Rene Clair, Jacques Feyder, and Marcel Carne), partly due to the uneven quality of his work. But despite his misfires, the cream of his oeuvre is simply stellar and deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as filmdom's most breathtaking masterpieces. Initially working as a stage actor, Duvivier began his movie career in 1918 as an assistant to such seminal French helmsmen as Louis Feuillade and Marcel L'Herbier. A year later, he directed his first film, "Haceldama ou le prix du sang" (1919), which was not successful and evinced nothing of the lyricism and beauty that would define the director's later work. He continued directing, however, eventually earning a job with Film D'Art, a production company founded by producers Marcel Vandal and Charles Delac. It was here, at Film D'Art, that Duvivier was to really find his way at an artist. In the 1930s, Duvivier's talents came into full bloom, beginning with "David Golder" in 1930. Duvivier's subsequent efforts in this decade, aided by the advent of sound in motion pictures, would establish Duvivier as one of the leading forces in world cinema. It was also in the 1930s that Duvivier began working with Jean Gabin, an actor who would appear in many of Duvivier's most career-defining films, most notably "Pepe le Moko" (1937). "Pepe" was the cracklingly entertaining story of a sly gangster and master thief (Gabin) who lives in the casbah section of Algiers. A prince of the underworld, Pepe's criminal mastery is shaken when his arch nemesis Inspector Slimane, exploits a young Parisian beauty as a ploy to capture this most elusive the casbah's crooks. The latter film made Jean Gabin an international star and also attained enough popularity and critical acclaim to earn Duvivier an invitation from MGM to direct a biopic of great director Johann Strauss, entitled "The Great Waltz" (1938). Duvivier found Hollywood agreeable and would later return there during WWII. His wartime output was of varied quality, one of the most meritorious being "Tales of Manhattan" (1942). Duvivier returned to France after the war, where he found his reputation and standing to be badly damaged by his absence during the war years. He continued to work in France for the remainder of his life, however, eventually regaining success with such films as the Fernandel vehicle "Le Petit monde de Don camilo" (1951) which as awarded a prize at the Venice Film Festival. Duvivier had just completed production on his final project, "Diaboliquement vôtre" (1967), when he was killed in an auto accident at the age of 71. Though his life and career ended with this tragic accident, his legacy lives on through his films and in the minds and hearts of all true cinephiles. Tom Malloy A critically acclaimed actor, Tom wowed Hollywood with his stunning turn in the indie-cult favorite Gravesend in 1998, which was produced by Oliver Stone. Tom became a trend setter as one of the first successful triple-hyphenate Actor/Writer/Producers and made it his business to learn as much about the filmmaking industry as possible. Over the years, Tom has raised more than $25 million in private equity from independent financiers and has written, produced and starred or co-starred in nearly all the films that his company Trick Candle Productions has made (save the two documentaries). Some of these films include Hero of the Underworld, directed by John Vincent, and stars Malloy, Quinton Aaron, and Nicole Fox, the film Ashley, directed by Dean Ronalds, which was in theaters in 2013, Love N' Dancing, which was directed by Rob Iscove (She's All That), and stars Amy Smart, Tom Malloy, Billy Zane, Rachel Dratch, and Betty White; the psychological thriller The Alphabet Killer, directed by Rob Schmidt (Wrong Turn, Crime & Punishment in Suburbia) and stars Eliza Dushku, Cary Elwes, Tom Malloy, Timothy Hutton, Michael Ironside, and Oscar Winner Melissa Leo; and a thriller directed by Mary Lambert called The Attic, starring John Savage, Malloy, and Elisabeth Moss. As an actor, Tom has also appeared in principle roles on Law & Order SVU, Third Watch, Kidnapped, The Seige (with Denzel Washington) and Anger Management. In addition to his work as a filmmaker, Tom is an accomplished author whose book Bankroll: A New Approach to Financing Feature Films is considered the "gold standard" of indie film financing instruction. A second edition came out in 2012. Tom has also competed and taught classes in the smooth, hip-hop dance style known as West Coast Swing. He was trained by seven time U.S. Open Champion Robert Royston in Swing and has trained in Salsa with World Champions Gary and Diana McDonald. For 10 years, Tom was a nationally known motivational speaker for adults and kids and traveled across the country spreading his positive message to students of all ages. Over the years, he has spoken to more than 100,000 students. Finally, Tom has mentored numerous film students, and Executive Produced and Produced their short films, and continues to do so. Florence Vinger Flo Vinger is an award winning Writer, Director, Editor and Actor with several of her tunes placed in popular TV shows. You can see her in an American Express Commercial, Michael Jackson's "Behind The Mask", or Radio Head's "Street Sprit" music video. She also worked with comedy legend Joan Rivers on "Joan Knows Best" as the lead editor and on popular shows such as "Drew Carey's Improv-a-ganza", "Fear Factor", "Big Brother", "Battle for Ozzfest" (Ozzy Ozbourne) and "The Worlds Fair" (President Obama, Hilary Clinton). Flo established Stretch Productions in 1998. With her production company she has Created and Executive Produced; "Sexuality the Documentary" an official selection in the Forward Motion Film Festival, "Charlie's Bitch Ass Hos" which won "Best Comedy Short" in the NYII Film Festival and multiple, viral sketch comedy bits like "Madonna Hung Up On Crack" (which made the evening news). Her sketch "Sweetest Orgasm" has over 3 million YouTube views. Flo's latest successful project is the edgy, on-line web series "LIPS" which Flo created, wrote, directed, starred in and composes for. It has been featured on popular websites like AfterEllen and OML, and has garnered a loyal following. The show biz life for Flo Vinger began shakin' her groove thing on the underworld stages of hot clubs in her home city, New York. Her love for go-go dancing led to serious, extensive training at Alvin Aliey American Dance Theater, Martha Graham School and Broadway Dance Center where she soaked up intense tutelage from legends like Chris Chadman (Bob Fosse protégé/Guys & Dolls choreo.) and Mia Michaels (So You Think You Can Dance). Dance took her to the stage of Lincoln Center, across the country for corporate events, multiple music videos and movies like "A Very Harold and Kumar Christmas". She has Choreographed for Quincy Jones's "Vibe" TV and national touring events for companies like Wella. Musically, Flo has produced and preformed five albums to date with placements on popular shows such as E! "Men of the Strip", MTV's "Pimp My Ride", ABC's "The Evidence", E!'s "House of Carters", and on "Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency". Billboard Magazine awarded Flo two Honorable Mention Awards for "the highest quality songs that demonstrate the talent and dedication it takes to write a "Hit Song". Comedy is a constant for Flo Vinger. With fantastic Groundlings teachers like Michael McDonald (Mad TV) and Mindy Sterling (Frau Farbissina, Austin Powers) and live performances at LA's Improv Olympics, The Comedy Store and UCB, the improv/comedy bug bit hard and has created a permanent rash. The off-the-cuff experience was put to good use as co-host for G4's "Arena". Flo Vinger has her sites set on being a powerful, creative force in creating, writing and directing original content for all creative mediums as well as the endless pursuit of perfection as an entertainer. Ana Maria Polo Born in Habana, Cuba, Ana María Polo is the host of renowned Telemundo show "Caso Cerrado", the first Spanish language program nominated for a Daytime Entertainment Emmy® Award, and in 2015 ranked as the number one Spanish-language program at 4pm across key demos. The great success garnered by "Caso Cerrado" motivated Telemundo to bet once again on Polo's talent and last year launched "Caso Cerrado Edición Estelar" (Case Closed Primetime Edition) (M-F 7PM). The program, which premiered in high definition format, allows viewers to witness the popular show's most extraordinary cases and disputes, presented with the same dynamism and energy by which it is characterized. With more than 20 years of experience as a lawyer, Polo became known to television audiences in 2001 on Telemundo's program "Sala de Parejas" (Couples' Room), where she quickly won over the hearts of viewers. In 2005, "Sala de Parejas" became "Caso Cerrado con la Dra. Ana Maria Polo" (Case Closed with Dr. Ana Maria Polo) (M-F 4PM), a program highlighting lawsuits and legal situations. In addition to hosting the show, Polo also composed and interpreted the theme song of the program, and during the last 10 years she has maintained an undivided connection with the Hispanic community from coast to coast. In 2010 Polo also launched "Persiguiendo Injusticias"(Pursuing Injustices), an original program that incorporates a new, never before seen format in Hispanic television; and that with the help of the community seeks to go after and help solve crimes that have gone unpunished. This same year she launched her first book, entitled "Querida Dra. Polo Las cartas secretas de Caso Cerrado"(Dear Dr. Polo: The Secret Letters of Cased Closed), based on the letters that were sent to the renowned attorney by television viewers; and which narrate the secret underworld life of thousands of individuals who can no longer distinguish between good and evil. Since its launch on November 2, 2010, the book has been a huge success, maintaining second place in popularity lists in addition to completely selling out its first edition. During 2011 Polo was honored with the Mickey Leland Humanitarian Achievement Award that honors individuals and organizations affiliated with the communications industry which demonstrate a humanitarian commitment. To close 2011, Polo was named the first Hispanic ambassador for Stand Up To Cancer, joining an esteemed list of national and international celebrity supporters of the initiative, which raises awareness and funds for collaborative cancer research. As a breast cancer survivor, Polo has become a fighting role model for many women, and works with different organizations that fight to find a cure to this disease. Her commitment to the Hispanic community has also prompted her involvement with various topics of importance to her, including the fight for human rights and against discrimination. On November of 2014 Ana Maria Polo was invited by the Human Rights Organization to participate on their Americans for Marriage Equality video campaign, the first one released with a Hispanic personality, both in Spanish and English. Before her formal start in television, Polo practiced her profession as a lawyer for more than 20 years in the city of Miami, where she tended to cases of divorce, adoptions, paternities, custodies, child support, alimonies, and domestic violence. She also participated as an expert lawyer in various television programs, such as The Maria Laria Talk Show, The Cristina Show, and America en Vivo, among others. Polo graduated with a degree in political science from Florida International University and a PhD in law from the University of Miami. William Dieterle Born in Ludwigshafen, Germany, Wilhelm Dieterle was the youngest of nine children of parents Jacob and Berthe Dieterle. They lived in poverty, and when he was old enough to work, young Wilhelm earned money as a carpenter and a scrap dealer. He dreamed of better things, though, and theater caught his eye as a teen. By the age of 16 he had joined a traveling theater company. He was ambitious and handsome, both of which opened the door to leading romantic roles in theater productions. Though he had acted in his first film in 1913, it was six more years before he made another one. In that year he was noticed by producer/director/designer/impresario Max Reinhardt , the most influential proponent of expressionism in theater; while in Berlin, Reinhardt hired him as an actor for his productions. Dieterle resumed German film acting in 1920, becoming a popular and successful romantic lead and featured character actor in the mix of German expressionist/Gothic and nature/romanticism genres that imbued much of German cinema in the silent era. He was interested in directing even more than acting, however, and he had the iconic Reinhardt to provide inspiration. Dieterle had acted in nearly 20 movies before he also began directing in 1923, his first female lead being a young Marlene Dietrich . With his wife Charlotte Hagenbruch he started his own film production . He was said to have tired of acting; he appeared in nearly 50 films over the course of his career, mainly in the 1920s, and in several of his films he also functioned as director. As an actor he worked with some of the greatest names in German film, such as directors Paul Leni (in Waxworks [Waxworks]) and F.W. Murnau (in Faust ) and actors Conrad Veidt and Emil Jannings . By 1930, however, he had emigrated to the US--now rechristened as William Dieterle--with an offer from Warner Brothers to direct their German-language versions of the studio's popular hits for the German market. In that capacity he made Those Who Dance , The Way of All Men and Die heilige Flamme (aka "The Holy Flames"). He even stood before the camera for another of these, Dämon des Meeres (aka "Demon of the Sea", a version of "Moby Dick") in 1931, in which he played Capt. Ahab. The film was directed by another European who was soon to become one of Warners' most successful directors: the Hungarian Michael Curtiz . Having taken to the Hollywood brand of filmmaking with ease--helped by his own brilliance in defining and executing the telling of a story--into 1931, he was soon promoted to directing some of Warners' "regular" films (his first, The Last Flight , is now regarded as a masterwork) and he wold average directing six pictures a year for the studio through 1934. In that year Reinhardt came to the US, the Nazi threat finally having driven him off the Continent. He arrived with a flourish, ready to stage William Shakespeare 's "A Midsummers Night's Dream"--an extravaganza at the Hollywood Bowl that would become legend. It was impressive enough to interest the execs of Warner Bros. They opted for a film version in 1935 with the great Reinhardt--even studio boss Jack L. Warner knew who he was--reunited with his disciple, Dieterle, as co-director. Reinhardt knew nothing about Hollywood and had to learn via Dieterle's diplomacy the differences between the overemphasis of stage and the subtlety of the camera. He learned from other directors as well about the realities of making films, in particular ratchet down the tendency that stage directors had to let their actors perform "too" much. It was all for naught, however, as the film was a major box-office flop, but it was one of the great moments in the evolution of film. Dieterle would direct Paul Muni for Warners in three first-rate bio movies: The Story of Louis Pasteur , The Life of Emile Zola and Juarez and all received Oscar nominations. After that Dieterle moved on to do The Hunchback of Notre Dame at RKO with Charles Laughton as Quasimodo. This was one of Dieterle's best efforts, both in its romantic style and the great dark scenes of the Parisian medieval underworld with dramatic minimal lighting that gave vent to his expressionist roots. Through the 1940s Dieterle moved around among Hollywood's studios, turning out vigorously wrought pictures, such as his two 1940 bios with Edward G. Robinson at Warner's. He became associated with independent producer David O. Selznick and actor Joseph Cotten , first with his direction of I'll Be Seeing You . His romantic fires as a director had been restoked, as it were, and kept burning in the subsequent series of films with them which included the wonderful acting talents of Selznick's soon-to-be-wife (1949), Jennifer Jones : Love Letters , Duel in the Sun --for which he shared directing but not credit with King Vidor --and the ethereal Portrait of Jennie . "Jennie" was one of Dieterle's masterpieces, bringing into play a fusion of all his artistic fonts. The romantic fantasy with edges of darkness from the novel by Robert Nathan was just the vehicle to challenge Dieterle. His use of light and dark and gauzed--at one point the textured field of a painting canvas--backdrops conveyed the dreamlike state and netherworld atmosphere of the story of lovers from different times. Certainly the film influenced others to follow with similar themes. Through the 1950s Dieterle's work--two more with Joseph Cotten--though sturdily in the director's hands, came off like good Hollywood fare, but were inspired more by the films' tight shooting schedules than by any artistic pretensions. His output during that decade was small, and that was partly due to bane of McCarthyism. He was never blacklisted as such, but his film Blockade was too libertarian to keep him completely away from the shadow of suspicion as a "socialist" / "communist" sympathizer. In 1958 he returned to Germany and directed a few films there and in Italy before retiring in 1965. Though regrettably not as well known as his German and European directorial compatriots in Hollywood, he had great artistic style and worked with much energy in providing some of Hollywood's and the world's crown jewels of cinematic art. Art Chudabala Art Chudabala is an American actor, director and film editor. Born Sept 10, 1970 in Los Angeles, California to Thai Immigrant parents, he got his start while still in High School when he landed the pivotal role of Christian Slater's adopted brother Vinh Kelly in Graeme Clifford's 80's skateboarding cult film "Gleaming the Cube". Though he was clearly hit by the acting bug, he placed his screen career on hold to finish both school and earn his certification in sound engineering. He not only pursued a degree in music and film by day, but was also fronting a rock band playing gigs on the Sunset Strip during the heyday of hair bands. As that era of music came to a close, he found himself at a crossroads and decided to give acting another try. He has since appeared in a strong list of feature films and has worked with many notable directors. Some of his credits include Kathryn Bigelow 's "Strange Days", Irwin Winkler's "Life as a House", Steven Spielberg's "War of the Worlds" and was part of the ensemble cast of Paul Haggis' Best Picture Oscar-winner, "Crash" for which he received a Screen Actors Guild Award. On television, he has guest starred on numerous hit shows such as "The West Wing", "Six Feet Under", "ER", 'Boston Legal", "CSI", "Grey's Anatomy" and "House". Alongside his acting career, he has also ventured behind the camera, working as an editor, producer and indie filmmaker with credits such as "My Sweet Killer", "Hard Luck", "Valentina's Tango", as well as behind-the-scenes DVD content for Sony Pictures' "Underworld" franchise and Showtime's "Californication". Another life long passion behind the camera was food and he was invited to cook alongside Bobby Flay on the Food Network hit "Grill It with Bobby Flay" where he displayed a family recipe for Thai BBQ Chicken and a flair for Food TV. He made his directorial debut with the short film "Stardust" in 2004 that screened at numerous film festivals around Southern California. His follow up is the psychological thriller "The Anniversary", another short film starring Kipp Shiotani, Jennifer Aquino and Peter Shinkoda, about one man's journey through madness and trying to find redemption through death. Kimble Rendall Director/Writer Kimble's passions are film and music. His entrée into the world of film began with an 8mm camera, writing and directing his own short films at school. He gained a Bachelor of Arts in Communications and Mass Media (Film Major). He then trained at the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) to become a film editor. He worked for the BBC in London and for the four major television networks in Australia, editing documentaries, current affairs and drama. As a freelance editor he cut low budget features and documentaries including "My Survival as an Aboriginal", winner of the Rouben Mammoulian Award at the Sydney Film Festival. For two years Kimble took acting classes under acclaimed Australian theatre directors John Bell, Richard Wherrett and Ken Horler at the Nimrod Theatre. During this era, Kimble met some friends with a similar interest in music. They formed a band, "The XL Capris" which gained minor notoriety in Australia. Two members went on to write a successful TV show called "Sweet and Sour" based on this band's exploits. With Dave Faulkner, Rodney Radalj and James Baker he formed "The Hoodoo Gurus", now considered Australian rock and roll royalty. This band achieved major success and has a large following around the world. In 2007, all band members were admitted into the Aria Hall of Fame. An experimental video made in 1980 was selected to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale. In 1984 he started directing music videos, winning numerous local and international awards. He was voted (Rolling Stone Magazine) Australia's top music video director and was the first director to win an international award for a music video. He ran his own music video production company for three years as well as directing second unit on a number of mini series. He joined animation/live action company Filmgraphics to direct TV commercials. In 1994 he established Flat Rock Pictures. As well as commercials the company has produced three short films and is developing a number of features. Kimble has won all the major awards in advertising including the Cannes Lion. He first came to international recognition when his short film Hayride to Hell was selected to screen at the Telluride Film Festival as part of "Filmmakers of Tomorrow". Kimble directed the feature "Cut" released March 2000. A horror film starring Molly Ringwald (Sixteen Candles, Pretty in Pink) and featuring Kylie Minogue. Produced by Mushroom Pictures and Beyond Films, it was sold to all markets in the world. It opened in France and Hong Kong at number two at the box office being the second highest opening behind Strictly Ballroom. TV work includes directing a comedy series "The Jesters" for Fox/Showtime and documentaries such as "Counting the Beat", the story of Mushroom records. He was second unit Director on the Matrix sequels Reloaded and Revolutions and the interactive game Enter the Matrix, I Robot, Casanova, Ghost Rider, Underworld:Rise of the Lycans, Knowing, Killer Elite and Gods of Eygypt. In 2011 he directed Bait 3D, Australia's first 3D horror movie and first Australia/Singapore/China co-production. Bait 3D premiered at the Venice Film Festival and opened at #1 in China breaking all records for an independent film. It was Australia's most commercially successful film for 2012. Expected gross worldwide is 45 million. Kimble and Jason Fernandez performed the end title track and incidental tracks for Bait. Having enjoyed the experience the duo decided to form a new band called "The Slice". They have released their first mini album titled "Dumb Fun". Kihachi Okamoto Okamoto belonged to what one colleague called "the generation where most of them got killed": the leagues of university graduates who were drafted into and sacrificed to the last years of Japan's war in the South Pacific. Okamoto was drafted during the very worst of it, in 1943, but almost alone among his colleagues managed to survive. The experience helped shape his outlook on the nature of human conflict in general, and the Japanese war in particular: among his earliest successes (which led to a series) was Dokuritsugu Gurentai (1959), an acerbic story of island-bound soldiers that helped make Okamoto's reputation. Okamoto also made a name for himself as a director of equally cynical gangster pictures at Toho, including Boss of the Underworld (1959) and The Age of Assassins (1967). Kihachi Okamoto began his filmic training in 1945 under such estimable teachers as directors Mikio Naruse, Senkichi Taniguchi. and Ishiro Honda. Curtis Scoon While writing his second screenplay, Curtis Scoon was named a suspect in the tragic murder of Jam Master Jay. Curtis was now forced to re-direct his goals of writing screenplays, and give his full attention to a real life drama: his own life. It quickly became clear to Scoon that he would need to find media outlets to tell his side of the story. This effort to clear his name would be Scoon's introduction to the world of media and entertainment. In 2003, Curtis got his first opportunity, by writing a "sidebar" entitled "Framed and Defamed" for Playboy magazine. Soon after, Scoon crafted a book concept that would tie the subject of the Queens gangsters of the '80s to the world of pop culture. That book idea became "Queens Reigns Supreme: Fat Cat, 50 Cents, and The Rise of the Hip Hop Hustler." The book became not only a must read for lovers of hip hop, but another stepping stone for Curtis Scoon. The success of Queens Reigns Supreme pushed the story of Lorenzo "Fat Cat" Nichols into the media spot light, thus spawning it to be featured on the debut season of BET's "American Gangster" Series. Scoon was offered a consultant position on the show. After proving his worth in gold, Curtis was offered a co-producers position in 2007 on the Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff episode of the American Gangster series. Scoon's uncanny ability to penetrate the urban underworld yielded yet another score: an exclusive jail-house interview of Fat Cat in 2006, for KING Magazine. It was the only interview given by Fat Cat in over 20 years of incarceration. In that same year, there was a feature article written about Scoon in Groove magazine. The magazine is based in France, which gave him international exposure. Having consistently proved himself Curtis was given the opportunity as a producer in 2008 on the "Shower Posse" episode of the series American Gangster. Given his track record his selection was a natural progression. Curtis was the only producer in the world that was granted an interview with the infamous Vivian Blake, former leader of the "Shower Posse." Today, Scoon continues to pursue his ambition of producing feature films and is developing a motion picture about the Jamaican Shower Posse. Omar Hansen Actor and award-winning pilot Omar Hansen was born in Santa Barbara, California. Best known for his films Seventy-nine, Treasure Hunters, Ghost Googles and The Good Bad Guy as well as appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live! he credits Morgan Freeman and Christian Bale as major influences in his career. During middle school Hanse joined the Civil Air Partrol where he rose to the rank of Cadet Captain. He received the General Billy Mitchel,Goddard, and Presidential Youth Fitness awards.These awards entitled Hansen to fifteen hours of free flight under instruction. He was able to solo fly when he was 13 years old. At the age of 25 as a member of the U.S. Marines, Hansen decided to become an actor while sitting in a pilot briefing day dreaming about films such as Top Gun.Not surprising as he is one of a few Marines to achieve a perfect score in the Marines Fitness Test and completed Survival/Evasion/Resistance/Escape Survival School by training 3 weeks in the Philippines' jungle. He spent 8 years of intense physical training in the U.S. Marines which have become essential and a rel asset to his acting career. In sports, Hansen is an avid mixed martial arts, basketball and fencing enthusiast.He also practices yoga which he credits for helping him focus on his roles and to pay close undivided attention to directors. His favorite role to date is that of Police Captain Raj Zahaire in the TV Series Sangre Negra: The Battle Begins staring Erik Estrada, Danny Arroyo, Antonio McKay and Robert Miano. Sangre Negra is the cross-generational saga of the Santors Family which is told telenovela style and combines the family drama of Dallas and the underworld intrigue of The Sopranos. Produced and Directed by Frank Pinock. Sangre Negra will be release4d in the fall of 2014. Dave Porter Dave Porter is a Los Angeles based composer for television and film. He began his classical musical training at the piano at age five, but it was his interest in electronic music as a teen that led him to start composing his own music. He studied both classical and electronic music composition at Sarah Lawrence College under John Yannelli and started his professional career as an assistant at Philip Glass' studio in New York City. Dave is best known as the series composer for the Emmy-acclaimed drama "Breaking Bad," scoring all 62 episodes and creating its iconic theme. Actor/Producer Bryan Cranston stated: "With his music, Dave Porter has created another character for Breaking Bad. Evocative and meaningful, Dave's work is an essential part of the storytelling." For his work on the series, Dave was awarded the inaugural ASCAP Composer's Choice Award by his peers as Best Television Composer of 2013. Since then, Dave has become a sought-after composer in Hollywood. He currently scores NBC's massive hit "The Blacklist" starring James Spader as well as "Better Call Saul," the Emmy nominated prequel to "Breaking Bad," which was cable television's most watched new show in 2015. He also reunited with fellow Breaking Bad alum Moira Walley-Beckett for her limited series "Flesh and Bone," which details the gritty underworld of professional ballet and is set to premiere on STARZ this November. In feature film, Dave recently completed work on the crime drama "Term Life" distributed by Universal Pictures and starring Vince Vaughn, Hailee Steinfeld, Terrence Howard, and Bill Paxton. Previously he wrote the scores for the indie horror film "Smiley" and the Sundance Festival feature documentary "Bigger, Stronger, Faster." Paul Haslinger Paul Haslinger is an Austrian musician and composer. He lives and works in Los Angeles. Paul began his career as a member of Electronic Music pioneers Tangerine Dream. He toured with the band extensively from 1985-90 and contributed to projects such as the album "Underwater Sunlight" (1986), as well as the films "Near Dark" (1987) and "Miracle Mile" (1988). In 1990, the band received a Grammy Nomination for their score to the Miramar Documentary 'Canyon Dreams'. Paul moved to Los Angeles in 1991 to expand his creative scope. This led to a number of collaborations and began to shift his focus towards film scoring. It was his programming work for composer Graeme Revell that caught the attention of Hollywood executives which lead to his first solo credit, scoring HBO's Cheaters in 2000. Paul's unique approach to scoring is based on his belief that, music in any genre, including film and television, should represent and be relevant to the time in which it was written. He received an Emmy nomination for his work on the Showtime Series 'Sleeper Cell' (2007) Notable Projects Include: Fear The Walking Dead (2015 and 2016) Halt And Catch Fire (2014 - 2016) Rainbow Six Siege (2016) Underworld Awakening (2012) The Three Musketeers (2011) Rise Of The Lycans (2009) Takers (2009) Death Race (2008) Shoot Em Up (2007) Crank (2006) Sleeper Cell (2006) Underworld (2003) Blue Crush (2002) Minority Report (2002) Notable Collaborations Include: Jon Hassell, Brian Williams (aka Lustmord), Christian Fennesz, Adam Jones, Snorri Bros, Nona Hendryx, Sussan Deihim, and Shenkar. Upcoming Projects: Resident Evil: The Final Chapter Aarti Chhabria Aarti Chabria began modeling at 3 years of age. She was the Farex Baby, and appeared in over 300 commercials including Maggi Noodles, Pepsodent tooth paste, Clean and Clear face wash, Amul Frostick ice cream, LML Trendy Scooter, Krack Cream. After completing her education, Chabria shot to fame when she was crowned "Miss India Worldwide 2000" in November 1999 being the youngest amongst 22 Indian contestants from all over the world. She then appeared in the music videos - "Harry Anands" Teri Chaahat Mein, "Sukhwinder Singh's" Nasha Hi Nasha Hai, "Adnan Sami's" Roothe Hue Hai Kyo (from album Tera Chehra) and another by "Avdhoot Gupte" Madhubala Her debut Bollywood film was Tumse Achcha Kaun Hai (2002) which did fairly well at the box office,and the music of which was a super hit, but before that she appeared in a cameo role in a telefilm called Akansha in 1989 as a child artist and Lajja in 2001 as Danny Denzongpa's daughter opposite Sharman Joshi. She then worked with some of the best names in the industry in films like Awara Paagal Deewana (2002) opposite Akshay Kumar,directed by Vikram Bhutt which was a super hit at the box office and for which Aarti received a lot of acclaim and rave reviews for her role as Chiman Chappus daughter, a NRI tapori in love with an underworld don "Guru Gulab Khatri". Following that there was Raja Bhaiya (2003) opposite Govinda where she essayed the role of a girl who looses her memory and has a mental level of a 5 year old. Shaadi No 1 (2005) as a hot diva opposite Fardeen Khan directed by David Dhawan. Ssukh (2006) opposite Govinda where she played a multi layered character. Teesri Aankh (2006) Directed by Harry Baweja. She even did a special appearance in a film called Partner (2007) which was a box office hit directed by David Dhawan. Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007) Directed By Apoorva Lakhia and Produced by Sanjay Gupta was a super hit in which Aarti played a muslim girl "Tannu" who's a bar dancer in love with an underworld gangster played by Tushar Kapoor.Both her item songs from the film "Unke Nashein mein" and "Mere Yaar" were super hits. Daddy Cool (2009) A film by Inder Kumar, opposite Suniel Shetty as a christian housewife. Dus Tola (2013) opposite Manoj Bajpayee where Aarti played a village belle Suvarnalata Shastri in love with a Gold and a Goldsmith which got her a lot of critical acclaim for her performance in this author-backed role. Aarti left a mark with her performance in Telugu and Kannada movies as well which got her popularity in the South Indian Film Industry with films like.Okariki Okaru , Gopi Godameda pilli , Intlo Shreemati Veedhilo Kumari (remake of Priyadarshans hindi film Hungama) , Aham Premasmi Directed by Ravichandra , Santha opposite Shiv Raj Kumar, Rajni opposite Upendra. Aarti was hugely appreciated as "Preeto" in a Punjabi Movie Viyah 70 kms which released in Sept 2013 She was the winner of the fourth season of Fear Factor - Khatron Ke Khiladi in 2011. Aarti has also studied Film Making at the New York Film Academy in New York in 2012. Aarti participated in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6) 2013 (which is the Indian version of Dancing with the Stars) and was praised for her performances by all three judges for her sincerity, perfection in dance style, grace, and beauty. She was injured on the show, but still continued with true competitive spirit without giving up. Aarti is known to be a dancer and mimic who performs live as well as comperes shows with élan. She was also seen in the latest Kalyan jewels advertisement with Mr Amitabh Bachchan.	John Holmes
Who's missing: Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop	The Opperman Report [email protected] Join Ed Opperman with expert guests and authors as they discuss true crime stories in the news, conspiracy theories, issues of social injustice and NWO resistance. Join Ed Opperman with expert guests and authors as they discuss true crime stories in the news, conspiracy theories, issues of social injustice and NWO resistance. yes Antonio Fernandez King Tone Almighty Latin Kings CEO of Grow Up Grow Out LLC https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/antonio-fernandez-king-tone-almighty-lat Antonio Fernandez, also known as King Tone, is the former head of the Latin Kings (the largest Hispanic street gang in the US). In 1999, Fernandez was sentenced to 12 to 15 years for conspiring to sell narcotics.[1] He is the main figure in the HBO documentary, Latin Kings: A Street Gang story, which was released in 2007. He is also featured in the book, The Misfit Economy, by Alexa Clay, which was published in 2015. Upon his release, Fernandez has shared his insights as a former gang leader and political activist, and how that relates to the "legitimate world". CEO Grow Up Grow Out LLC WWW.GrowUpGrowOut.com Latin Kings: A Street Gang story In 2007, HBO released a documentary called "Latin Kings: A Street Gang story", which was primarily a biography of Fernandez. Created by award-winning documentary maker Jon Alpert, it depicts two sides to Fernandez' role as head of the Latin Kings. It portrays him as a symbol of hope who empowered the Latin American Community, and increased the King's membership by more than a 1000 people. It also portrays him as a man who could not practice what he preached. Despite asking his Latin King members to find legitimate employment and to reject a life of crime, he continued to use his position as leader of the Latin Kings to assist in large scale narcotic transactions https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10308229 Douglas Valentine : The CIA as Organized Crime: How Illegal Operations Corrupt America and the World https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/douglas-valentine-the-cia-as-organized-c Author of three books on CIA operations, Valentine’s research into CIA activities began when CIA Director William Colby gave him free access to interview CIA officials who had been involved in various aspects of the Phoenix program in South Vietnam. It was a permission Colby was to regret. The CIA would rescind it, making every effort to impede publication of The Phoenix Program, which documented the CIA’s elaborate system of population surveillance, control, entrapment, imprisonment, torture and assassination in Vietnam.While researching Phoenix, Valentine learned that the CIA allowed opium and heroin to flow from its secret bases in Laos, to generals and politicians on its payroll in South Vietnam. His investigations into this illegal activity focused on the CIA’s relationship with the federal drugs agencies mandated by Congress to stop illegal drugs from entering the United States. Based on interviews with senior officials, Valentine wrote two subsequent books, The Strength of the Wolf and The Strength of the Pack, showing how the CIA infiltrated federal drug law enforcement agencies and commandeered their executive management, intelligence and foreign operations staffs in order to ensure that the flow of drugs continues unimpeded to traffickers and foreign officials in its employ.Ultimately, portions of his research materials would be archived at the National Security Archive, Texas Tech University’s Vietnam Center, and John Jay College.This book includes excerpts from the above titles along with subsequent articles and transcripts of interviews on a range of current topics, with a view to shedding light on the systemic dimensions of the CIA’s ongoing illegal and extra-legal activities. These terrorism and drug law enforcement articles and interviews illustrate how the CIA’s activities impact social and political movements abroad and in the United States.A common theme is the CIA’s ability to deceive and propagandize the American public through its impenetrable government-sanctioned shield of official secrecy and plausible deniability.Though investigated by the Church Committee in 1975, CIA praxis then continues to inform CIA praxis now. Valentine tracks its steady infiltration into practices targeting the last population to be subjected to the exigencies of the American empire: the American people. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10211420 cia,douglas valentine,phoenix program clean Red Wemette : "Nobody Cares and What I did About It! The Red Wemette Story of the Chicago Outfit" https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/red-wemette-nobody-cares-and-what-i-did- If you have ever wanted to see what it is like to live on the wild side—all from the safety and security of your own armchair—then Nobody Cares and What I Did About It! The Red Wemette Story of The Chicago Outfit is for you. It is a veritable proof that truth is sometimes stranger than fiction! A fascinating, firsthand account of events in the life and times of William “Red” Wemette—the longest Organized Crime undercover informant [other than for espionage] for the FBI in U.S. History who spent eighteen years as an FBI mole. This book details how he did what he did, and why. It also settles, once and for all, the question of whether he is an actual person rather than a contrived governmental construct, as some federal agents believed. Take a look through the eyes of a man who has lived the life that most people can hardly imagine. He details his firsthand interactions with hitmen, murderers, thieves, and extortionists [from both sides of the law] in a never-before revealed series of stories that share insights and historical perspectives on the colorful excursions of the Chicago Mafia—more accurately known as “The Outfit.” Intriguing details of his role in the Family Secret’s Trial, the take down of one of the Outfit’s most feared, nationwide hitmen, Frank Schweihs, and the forty-year-old triple homicide that sparked Cold Case files in Cook County and throughout the U.S. This book is a must-have for law enforcement officers, lawyers, politicians, historians, or anyone who wants the truth behind the Hollywood hype found in the many movies or books that cover “The Chicago Way” of doing business across the country. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10193149 Irvin Muchnick: PENN STATE IN THE POOL / Ambra Weight : Rights Party https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/irvin-muchnick-penn-state-in-the-pool-am PENN STATE IN THE POOL: The Cover-Up of the USA Swimming Youth Coach Sex Abuse Scandal Including facsimile reproductions of primary-source documents from civil lawsuits against the U.S. Olympic Committee’s governing body for competitive youth swimming, this follows the story of widespread sexual misconduct by coaches, which was first reported in 2010 by ABC’s 20/20. The book raises serious questions about whether Chuck Wielgus, the executive director of USA Swimming, has made good-faith reforms of USA Swimming procedures, and whether he has been truthful in public statements about the scandal – including sworn statements, under penalty of perjury, to courts adjudicating claims of victims https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10080838 Jack Cashill: TWA 800: The Crash, the Cover-Up, and the Conspiracy https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/jack-cashill-twa-800-the-crash-the-cover TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic shortly after takeoff from JFK airport on July 17, 1996, killing all 230 passengers on board. Although initial reports suggested a terrorist attack, FBI and NTSB investigators blamed a fuel tank explosion. But skeptics have long questioned the official story, and new evidence has surfaced that suggests a widespread conspiracy... In TWA 800, historian Jack Cashill introduces new documents and testimonies that reveal the shocking true chain of events: from the disastrous crash to the high-level decision to create a cover story and the attempts to silence anyone who dared speak the truth. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10043649 Clive Doyle : Journey to Waco: Autobiography of a Branch Davidian https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/clive-doyle-journey-to-waco-autobiograph Nearly twenty years after they happened, the ATF and FBI assaults on the Branch Davidian residence near Waco, Texas remain the most deadly law enforcement action on American soil. The raid by Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms agents on February 28, 1993, which resulted in the deaths of four ATF agents and six Branch Davidians, precipitated a 51-day siege conducted by the FBI. The FBI tank and gas assault on the residence at Mount Carmel Center on April 19 culminated in a fire that killed 53 adults and 23 children, with only nine survivors. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/10031262 Breaking News Armed Men at MoveOn.org Staged Anti Trump Rally, Police Supported https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/breaking-news So last night there was an anti Trump rally here on the strip. I contacted the young girl running it and even promoted it on the show. I notice the event page get 9000 shares and all this crazy traffic and trolls posting threats about guns. Then I start noticing there's not a single local activist involved in this. All strangers and it's the biggest march in years? I write a post telling folks to relax and enjoy it, we do it all the time. They block me from the page. So local activists start looking into it, the whole thing was staged by Moveon. org WITH cooperation of a casino that reserved parking for them , AND cooperation of the POLICE that stood by, blocked traffic and a parking garage exit while a group of out of towners staged a scene where they push through a gate and staged a sit in in the street. There were also Trump supporters with rifles there. So I went live on the air to create a record, by then we knew this whole thing was a staged set up. I think we prevented a staged incident. There's a really big ending to this story that I can't share right now, I'll add it in a couple days after its public. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9863058 Geoffrey Giuliano: Author, Actor and Musicologist https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/geoffrey-giuliano-author-actor-and-music Ed interviews author and actor Geoffrey Giuliano. Geoffrey Giuliano (born September 11, 1953) is an American author, radio personality, and film actor, best known for his biographies of The Beatles members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison, and of musician Pete Townshend. He is also known for his involvement in the Mclibel case. A biography Giuliano wrote, Lennon In America (released in 2000), was controversial. Giuliano said the book was based in part on transcripts of Lennon's journal given to him by the singer Harry Nilsson. The book was issued after Nilsson's death, and several people close to Nilsson do not believe he ever had the transcripts in his possession. Washington Post reporter David Segal quoted Giuliano's response when he was asked to corroborate his claim that Nilsson gave him the diaries. "It's obvious that I'm going to do things in an ethical manner." Segal also reported the view of Steven Gutstein, a former New York assistant district attorney who was asked to read the diaries during an early 1980s larceny lawsuit against former Lennon personal assistant Fred Seaman. Gutstein described his own memory of the diaries as "a lot of philosophical musings combined with mundane details of everyday life." http://www.geoffreygiuliano.net/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9754485 Joseph Sciambra : Swallowed By Satan / Lydie Denier: Trump Debate Guest https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/joseph-sciambra-swallowed-by-satan-lydie_1 In Swallowed by Satan, Joseph Sciambra reveals the inner torments which drove a suburban California boy to become an actor in gay fetish pornographic films. He traces his early adolescent exposure to softcore pornography, then his later descent into the more degenerate world of hardcore. He explains the inherent dangers awaiting those within the seemingly harmless pages of Playboy and Penthouse magazines, and the desensitizing and liberalizing impact this material has on the growing male mind. Once in the hormonal throes of puberty, with a brain already mired in the soup of porn, Joseph begins to question his sexuality and the true meaning of love, desire, and human affection. The popular culture of the day, as well as his faulty and watered-down religious education, offers little guidance or help, but only succeeds in confusing him all the more. Searching for his missing sense of masculinity, at nineteen years of age, Joseph goes to the dance-clubs, bathhouses, and dungeons of San Francisco. Despite the ever lurking presence of AIDS, he jumps into the gay lifestyle and never looks back, until the mouth of hell opens up and begins to suck him in. Once entrenched within the homosexual subculture, Joseph is willingly seduced, abused, and then abandoned by a descending series of older and increasingly sick men. The security and acceptance that he longed for, incessantly escapes him. Through the porn-fueled sexual fantasies of these wealthy deviants, he is first introduced to the lower echelon of gay-produced porn. As he falls further into degradation, not even the violent scenes of pornography could cover over the pain of loneliness and self-hate. Looking for other phantom ghosts of salvation, Joseph delves into the darkest recesses of the occult, Satanism, and eventually Neo-Nazi ritualism. Every corner that he desperately turns down, results in another dead end. With little left to lose, he begins a life as a sadomasochist master. When the worshiping slobber, from the elderly men who pay him, begins to dry up, he starts his final career as a common street hustler. After being nearly murdered by a client; he ultimately seeks destruction in the nightmarish realm of BDSM. Nearing death, the Lord offers His hand one final time. In fear, Joseph accepts the salvation of Jesus Christ. During the next few years, Joseph struggles with the latent reverberations stemming from the evils of his former life and the inability to fully perceive the ever-present forgiveness of Christ. He embarks on a hapless quest, that will take him from the forests of Pennsylvania to the medieval monasteries of France, in order to escape the memories of his life in San Francisco and the grotesque pictures which continually flash through his mind. Eventually, he must go back to the sight of his near annihilation and face the horrors of the past. Through the intervention of a kindly and newly ordained Catholic priest, Joseph is finally delivered from the wicked entities which possessed much of his existence. Back in the loving arms of Jesus Christ, Joseph is able to believe in the all forgiving mercy of the Savior, and to bathe within the healing light of God's everlasting presence. But, always, he looks back to the countless innocents who were silently deceived, then slaughtered upon the tottering altar of sexual freedom. For the desolate and confounded, still walking its streets, he wrote this story. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9701561 Joseph Sciambra : Swallowed By Satan / Lydie Denier: Trump Debate Guest https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/joseph-sciambra-swallowed-by-satan-lydie In Swallowed by Satan, Joseph Sciambra reveals the inner torments which drove a suburban California boy to become an actor in gay fetish pornographic films. He traces his early adolescent exposure to softcore pornography, then his later descent into the more degenerate world of hardcore. He explains the inherent dangers awaiting those within the seemingly harmless pages of Playboy and Penthouse magazines, and the desensitizing and liberalizing impact this material has on the growing male mind. Once in the hormonal throes of puberty, with a brain already mired in the soup of porn, Joseph begins to question his sexuality and the true meaning of love, desire, and human affection. The popular culture of the day, as well as his faulty and watered-down religious education, offers little guidance or help, but only succeeds in confusing him all the more. Searching for his missing sense of masculinity, at nineteen years of age, Joseph goes to the dance-clubs, bathhouses, and dungeons of San Francisco. Despite the ever lurking presence of AIDS, he jumps into the gay lifestyle and never looks back, until the mouth of hell opens up and begins to suck him in. Once entrenched within the homosexual subculture, Joseph is willingly seduced, abused, and then abandoned by a descending series of older and increasingly sick men. The security and acceptance that he longed for, incessantly escapes him. Through the porn-fueled sexual fantasies of these wealthy deviants, he is first introduced to the lower echelon of gay-produced porn. As he falls further into degradation, not even the violent scenes of pornography could cover over the pain of loneliness and self-hate. Looking for other phantom ghosts of salvation, Joseph delves into the darkest recesses of the occult, Satanism, and eventually Neo-Nazi ritualism. Every corner that he desperately turns down, results in another dead end. With little left to lose, he begins a life as a sadomasochist master. When the worshiping slobber, from the elderly men who pay him, begins to dry up, he starts his final career as a common street hustler. After being nearly murdered by a client; he ultimately seeks destruction in the nightmarish realm of BDSM. Nearing death, the Lord offers His hand one final time. In fear, Joseph accepts the salvation of Jesus Christ. During the next few years, Joseph struggles with the latent reverberations stemming from the evils of his former life and the inability to fully perceive the ever-present forgiveness of Christ. He embarks on a hapless quest, that will take him from the forests of Pennsylvania to the medieval monasteries of France, in order to escape the memories of his life in San Francisco and the grotesque pictures which continually flash through his mind. Eventually, he must go back to the sight of his near annihilation and face the horrors of the past. Through the intervention of a kindly and newly ordained Catholic priest, Joseph is finally delivered from the wicked entities which possessed much of his existence. Back in the loving arms of Jesus Christ, Joseph is able to believe in the all forgiving mercy of the Savior, and to bathe within the healing light of God's everlasting presence. But, always, he looks back to the countless innocents who were silently deceived, then slaughtered upon the tottering altar of sexual freedom. For the desolate and confounded, still walking its streets, he wrote this story. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9701145 Indefensible: The Missing Truth about Steven Avery, Teresa Halbach, and Making a Murderer By Michael Griesbach https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/indefensible-the-missing-truth-about-ste An insider exposes the shocking facts deliberately left out of the hit Netflix series Making a Murderer—and argues persuasively that Steven Avery was rightfully convicted in the 2005 killing of Teresa Halbach. After serving eighteen years for a crime he didn’t commit, Steven Avery was freed—and filed a thirty-six-million-dollar lawsuit against Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. But before the suit could be settled, Avery was arrested again—this time for the brutal murder of Teresa Halbach—and, through the office of a special prosecutor, convicted once more. When the saga exploded onto the public consciousness with the airing of Making a Murderer, Michael Griesbach, a prosecutor and member of Wisconsin’s Innocence Project who had been instrumental in Avery’s 2003 exoneration, was targeted on social media, threatened—and plagued by doubt. Now, in this suspenseful, thorough narrative, he recounts his own re-examination of the evidence in light of the whirlwind of controversy stirred up by the blockbuster true-crime series. As Griesbach carefully reviews allegations of tampering and planted evidence, the confession by Avery’s developmentally disabled nephew, Brendan Dassey, and statements by Avery’s former girlfriend Jodi Stachowski, previously sealed documents deemed inadmissible at trial by Judge Patrick L. Willis—and a little-known, plausible alternate suspect—Griesbach shows how the filmmakers’ agenda, the accused man’s dramatic backstory, and sensational media coverage have clouded the truth about Steven Avery. Now as Avery’s defense counsel files an appeal and prepares to do battle in the courtroom once more, Griesbach fights to set the record straight, determined that evidence should be followed where it leads and justice should be served—for as surely as our legal system should not send an innocent man to prison, neither should it let a guilty man walk free. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9647007 Nick Brynat: Confessions of a DC Madam / Franklin Scandal/ Jefrey Epstein https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/nick-brynat-confessions-of-a-dc-madam-fr Confessions of a DC Madam A firsthand account of how public officials and other well-connected individuals have been compromised or blackmailed by their sexual improprieties, Confessions of a D.C. Madame relates the author’s time running the largest gay escort service in Washington, DC, and his interactions with VIPs from government, business, and the media who solicited the escorts he employed. The book details the federal government’s pernicious campaign waged against the author to ensure his silence and how he withstood relentless, fabricated attacks by the government, which included incarceration rooted in trumped up charges and outright lies. This fascinating and shocking facet of government malfeasance reveals the integral role blackmail plays in American politics and the unbelievable lengths the government perpetrates to silence those in the know. Franklin Scandal A chilling exposé of corporate corruption and government cover-ups, this account of a nationwide child-trafficking and pedophilia ring in the United States tells a sordid tale of corruption in high places. The scandal originally surfaced during an investigation into Omaha, Nebraska's failed Franklin Federal Credit Union that went beyond the Midwest, ultimately to Washington, DC. Implicating businessmen, senators, major media corporations, the CIA, and even the venerable Boys Town organization, this extensively researched report includes firsthand interviews with key witnesses and explores a controversy that has received scant media attention. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9563918 Tue, 04 Oct 2016 19:25:47 +0000 The Opperman Report Confessions of a DC Madam A firsthand account of how public officials and other well-connected individuals have been compromised or blackmailed by their sexual improprieties, Confessions of a D.C. Madame relates the author’s time running the largest... Confessions of a DC Madam A firsthand account of how public officials and other well-connected individuals have been compromised or blackmailed by their sexual improprieties, Confessions of a D.C. Madame relates the author’s time running the largest gay escort service in Washington, DC, and his interactions with VIPs from government, business, and the media who solicited the escorts he employed. The book details the federal government’s pernicious campaign waged against the author to ensure his silence and how he withstood relentless, fabricated attacks by the government, which included incarceration rooted in trumped up charges and outright lies. This fascinating and shocking facet of government malfeasance reveals the integral role blackmail plays in American politics and the unbelievable lengths the government perpetrates to silence those in the know. Franklin Scandal A chilling exposé of corporate corruption and government cover-ups, this account of a nationwide child-trafficking and pedophilia ring in the United States tells a sordid tale of corruption in high places. The scandal originally surfaced during an investigation into Omaha, Nebraska's failed Franklin Federal Credit Union that went beyond the Midwest, ultimately to Washington, DC. Implicating businessmen, senators, major media corporations, the CIA, and even the venerable Boys Town organization, this extensively researched report includes firsthand interviews with key witnesses and explores a controversy that has received scant media attention. 10783 clean Cynthia McKinney : Truth Foretold, Specious Journalism, And Spurious Assertions: The Case of Jonathan Bernstein, Bloomberg View, and The Ch https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/cynthia-mckinney-truth-foretold-specious Truth Foretold, Specious Journalism, And Spurious Assertions: The Case of Jonathan Bernstein, Bloomberg View, and The Charlotte Observer While it is true that I was “booted” by pro-war Democrats who worked in concert with like-minded Republicans, your assertion of my being booted for “peddling conspiracies” deserves a deeper look. My booting, by the way, resulted in the GOP takeover of my home State of Georgia, an outcome that seemingly makes both pro-war Democrats and Republicans (now called “globalists”) comfortable. Therefore, I want to take a deeper look at what I did “peddle:” 1. That Presidential candidate George W. Bush worked with his Florida Governor brother, Jeb, to orchestrate election theft in the 2000 Presidential election. Now that the public has caught up with the facts that I put on the table in 2000 and 2001 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdPhXuTzQeI), this position is supported by evidence that is available to all; 2. That President George W. Bush received warnings about an impending attack on the US (http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/11/cia-directors-documentary-911-bush-213353) and actively blocked an investigation (http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/inv.terror.probe/) into the September 11, 2001 attacks. Now that the public has caught up with the facts that I put on the table in 2001, this position is supported by evidence that is available to all; 3. That the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund (https://www.vcf.gov/faq.html) was really set up to thwart 9/11 wrongful death lawsuits because it prevented victims’ survivors from getting justice in US Courts; I felt that victims and victims’ survivors should be able to sue the culprits as well as receive support from the Fund. The President recently vetoed legislation that would allow lawsuits to move forward against Saudi Arabia and Congress just overrode his veto. Fourteen years later, I am pleased that, once again, my position has been supported by evidence that has been clearly available to all for at least a decade; 4. That the US was not justified in attacking Iraq in 2003. The most thorough investigation into the 2003 decision to go to war against Iraq is the Chilcot Report (http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/) which found that war was not the last option and that U.S. allegations of Saddam Hussein possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq were not justified. Now that the public has caught up with the facts that I put on the table in 2002, this position is supported by evidence that is available to all; 5. That the then-Secretary of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, failed to perform his job during Hurricane Katrina and that thousands needlessly died because he failed the Gulf States and the country. After joining with Republicans and writing a Congressional Report on the subject that is available to the public (www.nola.com/katrina/pdf/mainreport.pdf), my position is supported by evidence that is available to all; 6. That a specific allegation had been made to my Congressional Office that thousands of bodies had been dumped in Louisiana swamps after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Now, we know that 9/11 human remains were dumped in a landfill (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/29/us/panel-recommends-more-oversight-and-training-at-dover-mortuary.html?_r=0) with such action having been deemed “dereliction of duty,” so who has conducted an independent investigation into what happened in Louisiana, in particular, with respect to body disposal? 7. That racism exists in Capitol Hill Police Department similar to what exists in other police departments around the U.S. and that I was a victim of that discrimination after I supported a lawsuit filed by Black police officers after one of their superior officers used the word “nigger.” Black police officers have been waiting fifteen years for justice and recently held a demonstration in support of their claim (http://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/former-capitol-police-call-attention-discrimination-lawsuits). One need only hear the moving testimony of the U.S. Senate’s lone Black GOP Member and his interactions with the Capitol Hill Police (http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/floor-speeches/tim-scott-black-republican-emotional-powerful-dramatic-race-speech-targeted-capitol-police) to understand that my experience was surely possible. Now, again—after the fact— that the public has caught up with the evidence that I put on the table in 2006, my position is supported by evidence that is available to all, sadly now most of all, the family of Keith Lamont Scott and all of those young people who were just recently in Charlotte’s streets. If only the press had decided to investigate my assertions rather than castigate me for making them! Maybe things would be far different than they are today in Iraq, Libya, Louisiana, and elsewhere. But, instead of investigation of the inconvenient or unpleasant facts that I repeatedly put on the table, the response was a frenzy of specious journalism and spurious assertions where true journalism was needed. Your column, with mention of my name, is an example of that. Such “reporting” is precisely why Trump’s attacks on the media resonate so well with the American and global public. The polling data on the public perception of the U.S. media is a damning indictment of the role the media has played in this country for too many years. That is why the U.S. public more and more now seeks its information from foreign media outlets, the internet, “alternative” media, and less and less from “newspapers” like yours. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9546750 Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/freeway-rick-ross-the-untold-autobiograp Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography is an intimate look at the day-to-day dealings of a drug kingpin in the heart of the ghetto. It’s also the story of a boy born in poverty Texas who grew up in a single-parent household in the heart of South Central, who was pushed through the school system each year and came out illiterate. His options were few, and he turned to drug dealing. This Untold Autobiography is not only personal, but also historical in its implications. Rick Ross chronicles the times by highlighting the social climate that made crack cocaine so desirable, and he points out that at the time, the “cops in the area didn’t know what crack was; they didn’t associate the small white rocks they saw on homies as illegal drugs.” All Rick Ross knew was people wanted it. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9545566 Philip A Bassett :Soldier of Truth: The Trials of Rev. Edward Pinkney https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/philip-a-bassett-soldier-of-truth-the-tr Much of the news these days makes it obvious that our justice system doesn’t serve everyone—the richest players always seem to win. In Benton Harbor, MI, corporate giant Whirlpool pushes its weight around like a schoolyard bully, taking whatever it wants. This has never sat well with resident Edward Pinkney, and he has chosen the hard road of standing up to these abuses. His efforts, and the resulting government backlash, are part of the amazing story that unfolds in this book. In Soldier of Truth, Philip A. Bassett combines court reporting with personal stories to create a powerful portrait of Rev. Edward Pinkney and his quest to bring justice into America’s courtrooms. Join the author on his own journey, as his life is forever changed when he meets and befriends this remarkable man. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9474513 Fri, 23 Sep 2016 21:16:15 +0000 The Opperman Report Much of the news these days makes it obvious that our justice system doesn’t serve everyone—the richest players always seem to win. In Benton Harbor, MI, corporate giant Whirlpool pushes its weight around like a schoolyard bully, taking whatever it... Much of the news these days makes it obvious that our justice system doesn’t serve everyone—the richest players always seem to win. In Benton Harbor, MI, corporate giant Whirlpool pushes its weight around like a schoolyard bully, taking whatever it wants. This has never sat well with resident Edward Pinkney, and he has chosen the hard road of standing up to these abuses. His efforts, and the resulting government backlash, are part of the amazing story that unfolds in this book. In Soldier of Truth, Philip A. Bassett combines court reporting with personal stories to create a powerful portrait of Rev. Edward Pinkney and his quest to bring justice into America’s courtrooms. Join the author on his own journey, as his life is forever changed when he meets and befriends this remarkable man. 3666 clean Jim Hunt : Warrior: Frank Sturgis---The CIA's #1 Assassin-Spy, Who Nearly Killed Castro But Was Ambushed by Watergate https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/jim-hunt-warrior-frank-sturgis-the-cias- The press called him a "real-life James Bond." Fidel Castro called him "the most dangerous CIA agent." History remembers him as a Watergate burglar, yet the Watergate break-in was his least perilous mission. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9464952 CASE OF LEONARD PELTIER ? Standing Rock Sioux Stand Off https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/case-of-leonard-peltier-standing-rock-si Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1977 he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents during a 1975 conflict on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Peltier's indictment and conviction have been the subject of much controversy; Amnesty International placed his case under the "Unfair Trials" category of its Annual Report: USA 2010.[1] Peltier is incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Coleman in Florida. Peltier's next scheduled parole hearing will be in July 2024.[2] Barring appeals, parole, or presidential pardon, his projected release date is October 11, 2040.[3] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9421931 David Cay Johnston: The Making of Donald Trump https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/david-cay-johnston David Cay Johnston is a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and best-selling author who teaches business regulation, property and tax law at Syracuse University’s law and graduate business schools. Johnston’s innovative coverage of tax issues in The New York Times prompted tax policy changes by Presidents Clinton and George W. Bush that Congress valued at more than $250 billion. He is the immediate past president of the 5,700-member Investigative Reporters & Editors organization. He is also co-founder and chairman emeritus of a lodging management company. Johnston wrote a best-selling trilogy on the American Economy – Perfectly Legal (taxes), Free Lunch (subsidies) and The Fine Print (monopolies) – as well as a casino industry exposé, Temples of Chance, and edited the anthology Divided: The Perils of Our Growing Inequality. His next book is The Prosperity Tax: A New Federal Tax Code for the 21st Century Economy. He was a consultant on electricity regulation and rare earths for the Netflix series House of Cards. When he was 18 years old the San Jose Mercury recruited him, hiring him a few months later as a staff writer. His investigations over the next four decades appeared in that paper and The New York Times, as well as in the Detroit Free Press, Los Angeles Times and Philadelphia Inquirer. He exposed LAPD political spying and brutality; revealed news blackouts and manipulations that forced a six-station broadcast chain off the air; solved an especially vicious murder by confronting the real killer, winning freedom for an innocent man; deconstructed the way foreign agents from South Africa and Taiwan secretly influenced American government policy; and explained the economics of former GE chairman Jack Welch’s retirement perks, prompting Welch to relinquish them. The Washington Monthly described him as “one of America’s most important journalists,” and the Portland Oregonian called his work the equal of the original muckrakers: Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens and Upton Sinclair. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9230679 3584 clean Brad Schreiber: Revolution's End: The Patty Hearst Kidnapping, Mind Control, and the Secret History of Donald DeFreeze and the SLA https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/brad-schreiber-revolutions-end-the-patty Forty years after the Patty Hearst "trial of the century," the true story of the events, including the beginning of police militarization in America. Revolution's End fully explains the most famous kidnapping in US history, detailing Patty Hearst's relationship with Donald DeFreeze, known as Cinque, head of the Symbionese Liberation Army. Not only did the heiress have a sexual relationship with DeFreeze while he was imprisoned; she didn't know he was an informant and a victim of prison behavior modification. Neither Hearst nor the white radicals who followed DeFreeze realized that he was molded by a CIA officer and allowed to escape, thanks to collusion with the California Department of Corrections. DeFreeze's secret mission: infiltrate and discredit Bay Area anti-war radicals and the Black Panther Party, the nexus of seventies activism. When the murder of the first black Oakland schools superintendent failed to create an insurrection, DeFreeze was alienated from his controllers and decided to become a revolutionary, since his life was in jeopardy. Revolution's End finally elucidates the complex relationship of Hearst and DeFreeze and proves that one of the largest shootouts in US history, which killed six members of the SLA in South Central Los Angeles, ended when the LAPD set fire to the house and incinerated those six radicals on live television, nationwide, as a warning to American leftists. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9186743 Cathy Scott : Tupac & Biggie / Joe Sacco DNC Dellegate https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/cathy-scott-tupac-biggie-joe-sacco-dnc-d Joe Sacco gives his first hand account of what is going on at DNC, uncensored. He describes what is not being reported on Fox, MSNBC or CNN. His first hand account confirms many of the reports were are seeing online. Such as manhandling and physical abuse of Sen Sanders, injuries to the Senators face, walk outs, harassment of Bernie delegates, use of seat fillers, a morning paper ballot vote. Mr Sacco's first hand eye witness accounts differ greatly from what we are seeing and hearing reported in main stream media. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9088168 Ray Blehar Second Mile Sandusky Scandal https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/ray-blehar-second-mile-sandusky-scandal "Jerry" Sandusky (born January 26, 1944) is a convicted serial child molester and retired American football coach. Sandusky served as an assistant coach for his entire career, mostly at Pennsylvania State University under Joe Paterno (from 1969 to 1999). He received Assistant Coach of the Year awards in 1986 and 1999.[Sandusky authored several books related to his football coaching experiences. In 1977, Sandusky founded The Second Mile, a non-profit charity serving Pennsylvania underprivileged and at-risk youth. After Sandusky retired as assistant coach at Penn State, he continued working with The Second Mile at Penn State, maintaining an office at Penn State until 2011. In 2011, following a two-year grand jury investigation, Sandusky was arrested and charged with 52 counts of sexual abuse of young boys over a 15-year period from 1994 to 2009. He met his molestation victims through The Second Mile; they were participating in the organization. Several of them testified against Sandusky in his sexual abuse trial. Four of the charges were subsequently dropped. On June 22, 2012, Sandusky was found guilty on 45 of the 48 remaining charges. Sandusky was sentenced on October 9, 2012 to 30 to 60 years in prison—at his age, effectively a life sentence.On October 18, 2012, Sandusky's lawyers appealed his conviction in Centre County Court in Pennsylvania. They claim that they did not have enough time to prepare for their client's case. On October 31, 2012, Sandusky was moved to Pennsylvania's SCI Greene "supermax" prison to serve his sentence. On January 30, 2013, Pennsylvania Judge John Cleland denied Sandusky's request for a new trial. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/9046996 Tom Dunn: Detestable (Human Sacrifice, Sexual Abuse, and Mind Control Techniques) https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/tom-dunn-detestable-human-sacrifice-sexu New documentary film unveils the secret of Satanic Ritual Abuse. “Many of you do not know what we have uncovered in the last 35 years.” Russ Dizdar from the film detestable For years individuals have been coming forward with stories that are so horrifying that most people find them hard to believe. These accounts detail traumatic memories of Satanic Rituals that involve Human Sacrifice, Sexual Abuse, and Mind Control Techniques. Even though the reports have been dismissed as nothing more than “panic and myth”, the victims refuse to go away. As witnesses continue to emerge, the reality of an underground power of lawlessness becomes difficult to conceal. Detestable takes you on a journey from Ritual Abuse to Redemption, from the Book of Ezekiel to the present day, exposing a dark secret that will no longer be ignored. With courage and boldness the survivors relive their nightmares and give hope to all who are suffering. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8998162 Patrick Knowlton: Vince Foster Witness https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/patrick-knowlton-vince-foster-witness Patrick Knowlton, a lifelong Democrat who voted for Bill Clinton in 1992, stopped in Fort Marcy Park to relieve his bladder just hours before White House Deputy Counsel Vincent Foster’s body was found. Little did he know that his life would never be same. Knowlton saw another car with Arkansas license plates in the parking lot, but not Foster’s. He also was alarmed by the menacing-looking occupant of that vehicle. However, Knowlton’s statement was completely misrepresented by the FBI. When he went public with his protests, strange things started happening around Knowlton. He experienced systematic harassment on the street witnessed by two reporters. When he was called before Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr’s grand jury, he was pummeled by the prosecutor. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8951965 Mathew Richer : Mysterious Death of Kurt Cobain Suicide or Murder? You Decide https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/mathew-richer-mysterious-death-of-kurt-c Just days before Kurt Cobain's body was discovered on April 8, 1994, Courtney Love hired private investigator Tom Grant to locate him. In The Mysterious Death of Kurt Cobain Tom Grant takes readers behind the scenes of the investigation. Here, you can read a day by day account of Grant's investigation and learn about the evidence for murder regarding Kurt Cobain's death. There are many new details contained in The Mysterious Death of Kurt Cobain, including new transcripts of recorded telephone conversations with Courtney Love and others, as well as an updated list of "persons of interest" in the crime. In this book, you will get a clear picture of 1) Why Kurt Cobain was killed and 2) Who is responsible for his death. The book also contains a compelling account of Tom Grant's struggles to blow the whistle on the botched investigation into Cobain's death. Did Kurt Cobain really commit suicide? Or was he murdered? You won’t be able to honestly answer that question until you read The Mysterious Death of Kurt Cobain. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8906054 Joe Plummer : Tragedy and Hope 101: The Illusion of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/joe-plummer-tragedy-and-hope-101-the-ill_1 The information contained in this book contradicts nearly everything you’ve been led to believe about democracy and “representative government.” Based on the groundbreaking research of respected historian Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope 101 reveals an unimaginably devious political system, skillfully manipulated by a handful of elite, which is undermining freedom and democracy as we know it. The goal of those who control the system, in Quigley’s own words, is to dominate “all habitable portions of the world.” Using deception, theft, and violence, they have achieved more toward this goal than any rulers in human history. However, the Information Age is quickly derailing their plans. The immorality of their system, and those who serve it, has become nearly impossible to hide. Awareness and resistance are growing…Tragedy is yielding to hope. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8900563 Daniel Estulin: Bilderberg Group https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-estulin-bilderberg-group_2 Daniel Estulin Award Winning Investiagative Journalist, International Bestselling Author, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Daniel Estulin is a dangerous man to the status quo. Possessed, obsessed, tenacious and courageous, an award-winning investigative journalist, he is a man who has been in the crosshairs of the global power brokers for almost two decades. He is our preeminent historian of the global elite, a scholar of remarkable breadth and erudition and one of the world’s most outspoken public intellectuals. Estulin doesn’t mince words and he doesn’t hold back when naming names, and when identifying the cauldrons of chaos they have created. Over the past 20 years, he has exposed these and other “Shadow Masters” among the secret global power elite as the coolly vicious orchestrators of wars, terrorism, drug trafficking and grand-scale theft. Served by minions with recognizable names, the Shadow Masters further their agendas using public monies and government resources around the world as if they personally owned them. Meanwhile, banks launder hundreds of billions of narco-dollars yearly. In his international best seller, The True Story of the Bilderberg Group, Mr Estulin was the first man to publicly expose this shadowy cabal of some of the world’s most powerful behind the scenes manipulators. Again and again, Daniel Estulin bravely journeys to the epicenter of hell to uncover some of the most mind boggling crimes by the men who run the world from behind the scenes. Mr. Estulin is inarguably one of the world’s most daring and experienced reporter on the global power elite. At a great person cost and unimaginable personal risk, Mr. Estulin has demonstrated a clear understanding of the differences between those who would seek to do evil, and their victims...and has gone to incredible lengths to bring to the task their crimes. He meticulously documents his reporting and has developed sources other journalists don’t even know exist. Asked why he practices such a difficult and controversial brand of journalism, Estulin replies, “Because universal corruption and abuse of power and privileges at the deepest levels of society must be exposed and because I refuse to turn my back on inhumanity and violence.” Estulin doesn’t just inspire us, he informs us with his intelligence, authenticity, generosity and compassion. Daniel Estulin provides the information, tools, and motivation necessary to inspire and catalyze strategic citizen action. In doing so, his work strengthens movements, ensures a more just system, and brings us closer to the promise of democracy. His Nobel nomination is a tribute and recognition for all the work in fighting, exposing and risking his life for the common good of the human race. www.danielestulin.com https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8883964 Kris Millegan: Skull and Bones 201502 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kris-millegan-skull-and-bones-201502-27_2 Kris Millegan: Fleshing Out Skull and Bones,: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society R.A. Kris Millegan is a publisher, writer and musician. After first working in 1999 with author/investigative reporter Daniel Hopsicker in producing, Barry and the 'boys': The CIA, the Mob and America's Secret History, Kris started TrineDay in 2000 as a vehicle to get suppressed books wider circulation. With no shortage of spiked materials, TrineDay has grown to over 50 volumes in print, and has succeeded in achieving a wider distribution for suppressed works. The current catalogue can be viewed at trineday.com . Kris edited and is an author of Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. He is a prolific songwriter with two songs in National Lampoon's Last Resort, and plays with the Normal Bean Band. Kris lives in Walterville, Oregon. Mr. Millegan is the publisher at TrineDay, the country’s leading publisher of suppressed works. Millegan, 65, was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Fairfax, Virginia, while his father was working for the Central Intelligence Agency. The last overt job of Millegan’s father was serving as Branch Chief, Head of the East Asia Analysis Office. Ten years after leaving the agency in 1959 and moving the family out to Oregon, Lloyd spoke to his son about his experiences in intelligence, especially about psychological warfare, narcotics trafficking, secret societies and the conflict in Vietnam. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8883952 Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the US Atomic Bomb https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/critical-mass-how-nazi-germany-surrender Critical Mass How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States Atomic Bomb Dr. Delmar Bergen, retired director of the Nuclear Weapons Program at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen. “It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.” The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011). “Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste. Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument. Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid. Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber. “The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said. The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8853880 Willis Morgan: Frustrated Witness https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/willis-morgan-frustrated-witness When six-year-old Adam Walsh was abducted from the Hollywood Mall on July 27, 1981, and his severed head found at the Florida Turnpike, no one could have guessed that it would take police almost thirty years to find the culprit or that even then they had still got it all so wrong. Willis Morgan was an eye witness at the mall the day Adam was taken, but rather than feel relief when the Hollywood Police Department finally convicted suspect Ottis Toole in 2008, he felt sick and frustrated. Frustrated that a young child was snatched from right in front of him. Frustrated that evidence, leads and witness testimony were lost. Frustrated that eyewitness testimony of Jeffrey Dahmer being at the Hollywood Mall the same day was disregarded. Frustrated because there was a compelling wall of evidence that it was Jeffrey Dahmer, the Milwaukee Cannibal, who killed Adam, and not Toole. And most of all frustrated because no justice has yet been served for Adam Walsh. In his book Frustrated Witness, Morgan details his unnerving encounter with serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer in the mall, the other eyewitness accounts of that fateful day and major flaws in the police investigation. This is the account of Adam Walsh s abduction and my attempts stretching across decades to find justice for him, Morgan writes. As much as this book is a case for Jeffrey Dahmer being Adam s murderer, it is equally a study of how the Hollywood Police Department (HPD) conducted the homicide investigation. Morgan has left no stone unturned in his quest for the truth and Frustrated Witness includes an incredible array of evidence he gathered, piece by painstaking piece, to prove Dahmer committed the murder of Adam Walsh. This includes crime scenes he uncovered, police investigative reports he researched, an analysis of suspect composites and even the sordid details of Dahmer s murky past before he came to be known as America s most notorious serial killer who dismembered, ate or kept parts of his victims. Frustrated Witness not only implicates Dahmer but presents the facts to the court of public opinion, in the hope that it ultimately brings about justice for Adam Walsh." https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8803657 Kathleen Willey: Target: Caught in the Crosshairs of Bill and Hillary Clinton https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kathleen-willey-target-caught-in-the-cro Just in time for Hillary Clinton's 2008 Presidential campaign comes Kathleen Willey's explosive new book that details how her life was changed - and nearly destroyed - by Bill and Hillary Clinton. Target contains never-before-released details of the intimidation campaign launched to silence Kathleen...one way or the other. It provides new insight not just into the death of Kathleen's husband -- on the same day that Bill Clinton assaulted Kathleen in the Oval Office - but into Bill's sexual addiction and Hillary's compulsive enabling, a dangerous combination when partnered with the power of the presidency. Willey makes a persuasive case that Hillary should NOT be returned to the White House in ANY capacity. And, as evidence that the Clintons haven t changed, the terror and harassment continue. Over 2007's Labor Day weekend, Kathleen's home was burglarized. Instead of taking jewelry or computers, the thief took the manuscript for Target, with its explosive revelations that could damage Sen. Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. It was a break-in all too reminiscent of an incident 10 years ago in which Kathleen was threatened by a stranger just two days before she was to testify against President Clinton in the Paula Jones sexual harassment case. It's déjà vu all over again -- and time to stop the Clinton machine once and for al https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8797628 Conchita Sarnoff : TrafficKing https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/conchita-sarnoff-trafficking TrafficKing bookTrafficKing yanks back the curtain on an underworld where children pay the ultimate price as victims. The story explores the darkest recesses of the corridors of power, from Harvard to the White House. Conchita Sarnoff, an investigative journalist, who despite bribes to stay silent, risked her life to expose the brutal reality of human trafficking and the Jeffrey E. Epstein case. Epstein, at the center of the saga, is a pedophile billionaire and Wall Street hedge fund manager and registered level-3 sex offender. It is a child sex trafficking story of epic proportions and the longest running human trafficking case in U.S. legal history; more poignant than the Lewinsky Scandal, Watergate Scandal and Profumo Affair combined. His team of attorneys included: Alan Dershowitz, Kenneth Starr, Roy Black and Gerald Lefcourt. HRH Prince Andrew, former President Bill Clinton, Alan Dershowitz and others were implicated in the case. A decade after Epstein's arrest, Virginia Roberts Giuffre vs. Ghislaine Maxwell is pending, along with two more related cases. It's a tug of war between lust and power and decency and human rights. The revelations in this book could have serious implications in the upcoming 2016 Presidential elections. https://www.conchitasarnoff.com/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8526014 Daniel Estulin: Bilderberg Group https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-estulin-bilderberg-group_1 Daniel Estulin Award Winning Investiagative Journalist, International Bestselling Author, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Daniel Estulin is a dangerous man to the status quo. Possessed, obsessed, tenacious and courageous, an award-winning investigative journalist, he is a man who has been in the crosshairs of the global power brokers for almost two decades. He is our preeminent historian of the global elite, a scholar of remarkable breadth and erudition and one of the world’s most outspoken public intellectuals. Estulin doesn’t mince words and he doesn’t hold back when naming names, and when identifying the cauldrons of chaos they have created. Over the past 20 years, he has exposed these and other “Shadow Masters” among the secret global power elite as the coolly vicious orchestrators of wars, terrorism, drug trafficking and grand-scale theft. Served by minions with recognizable names, the Shadow Masters further their agendas using public monies and government resources around the world as if they personally owned them. Meanwhile, banks launder hundreds of billions of narco-dollars yearly. In his international best seller, The True Story of the Bilderberg Group, Mr Estulin was the first man to publicly expose this shadowy cabal of some of the world’s most powerful behind the scenes manipulators. Again and again, Daniel Estulin bravely journeys to the epicenter of hell to uncover some of the most mind boggling crimes by the men who run the world from behind the scenes. Mr. Estulin is inarguably one of the world’s most daring and experienced reporter on the global power elite. At a great person cost and unimaginable personal risk, Mr. Estulin has demonstrated a clear understanding of the differences between those who would seek to do evil, and their victims...and has gone to incredible lengths to bring to the task their crimes. He meticulously documents his reporting and has developed sources other journalists don’t even know exist. Asked why he practices such a difficult and controversial brand of journalism, Estulin replies, “Because universal corruption and abuse of power and privileges at the deepest levels of society must be exposed and because I refuse to turn my back on inhumanity and violence.” Estulin doesn’t just inspire us, he informs us with his intelligence, authenticity, generosity and compassion. Daniel Estulin provides the information, tools, and motivation necessary to inspire and catalyze strategic citizen action. In doing so, his work strengthens movements, ensures a more just system, and brings us closer to the promise of democracy. His Nobel nomination is a tribute and recognition for all the work in fighting, exposing and risking his life for the common good of the human race. www.danielestulin.com https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8298148 Kris Millegan: Skull and Bones 201502 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kris-millegan-skull-and-bones-201502-27_1 Kris Millegan: Fleshing Out Skull and Bones,: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society R.A. Kris Millegan is a publisher, writer and musician. After first working in 1999 with author/investigative reporter Daniel Hopsicker in producing, Barry and the 'boys': The CIA, the Mob and America's Secret History, Kris started TrineDay in 2000 as a vehicle to get suppressed books wider circulation. With no shortage of spiked materials, TrineDay has grown to over 50 volumes in print, and has succeeded in achieving a wider distribution for suppressed works. The current catalogue can be viewed at trineday.com . Kris edited and is an author of Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. He is a prolific songwriter with two songs in National Lampoon's Last Resort, and plays with the Normal Bean Band. Kris lives in Walterville, Oregon. Mr. Millegan is the publisher at TrineDay, the country’s leading publisher of suppressed works. Millegan, 65, was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Fairfax, Virginia, while his father was working for the Central Intelligence Agency. The last overt job of Millegan’s father was serving as Branch Chief, Head of the East Asia Analysis Office. Ten years after leaving the agency in 1959 and moving the family out to Oregon, Lloyd spoke to his son about his experiences in intelligence, especially about psychological warfare, narcotics trafficking, secret societies and the conflict in Vietnam https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8298103 J. Michael Springmann:Visas for Al Qaeda https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/j-michael-springmann-visas-for-al-qaeda_1 J. Michael Springmann served in the United States government with the Commerce Department and as a diplomat with the State Department’s Foreign Service, with postings in Germany, India, and Saudi Arabia. He left federal service and currently practices law in the Washington, DC, area. Springmann has been published in numerous foreign policy publications, including Covert Action Quarterly, Unclassified, Global Research, Global Outlook, the Public Record, OpEdNews, and Foreign Policy Journal. He holds a JD from American University, in Washington, DC, as well as undergraduate and graduate degrees in international relations from Georgetown University and the Catholic University of America. In 2004, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee recognized Springmann as one of its Pro Bono Attorneys of the Year. Link is website for book (Visas for Al Qaeda: CIA Handouts That Rocked The World): https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8290543 Leonard Ulrich : NWO, Illusion of Money https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/leonard-ulrich-nwo-illusion-of-money Ulrich provides us with history lessons that will convince us conspiracies are real, and that the USA is falling prey to illuminati in our allegiance to a zionist war on terror just like the Christians fell for the Nazis in their frenzy to stop communism . . JFKennedy and George Washington believed in a global illuminati conspiracy; 28% of USA believe that a secret elite power with a globalist agenda is conspiring to rule the world. . Ulrich provides evidence that every USA war has been motivated by lies, falseflag attacks, and deliberate self-sacrifices or gambits all to popularize wars that will profit only the international bankers and military contractors -- wars that will boa-constrict us into WWIII and then into the one-world governance; because, only one government survives that https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8223360 Dawn Schiller The Road Through Wonderland: Surviving John Holmes https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/dawn-shiller-the-road-through-wonderland Dawn Schiller was fifteen years old in 1976, when her family moved into an apartment complex managed by 32- year-old porn star John Holmes. Holmes courted Dawn, had sex with her, and manipulated her with drugs and alcohol. Holmes physically and emotionally abused Dawn for several years while prostituting her on the streets of Hollywood, brothels and to drug dealers. After the famed Wonderland murders in 1981, they fled to Florida, where she ultimately broke free and turned him over to the police. For more than fifteen years, Dawn has been a survivor leader in the anti-trafficking, domestic violence and sexual assault movements as a speaker, trainer, and author. She has worked as an associate producer and consultant on the movie “Wonderland” where she was portrayed by actress Kate Bosworth and John Holmes was played by actor Val Kilmer. Dawn taught women’s studies and activism at Oregon State University and has developed national presentations titled “Our Throwaway Teens – Who Are They and How Can We Help?” and “The Faces of Trafficking—Combating Sexual Exploitation of Youth in America,” that seeks to raise awareness of the vulnerabilities of a teen who grows up in an abusive and neglected environment. She educates audiences on what a teen might be experiencing internally when targeted and groomed by a predator, how to identify a young victim in trouble, pedophile/pimp seduction techniques, the use of drugs to manipulate and trap a victim, and the multiple ways she was trafficked. She gives an inside view of what it’s like to be a vulnerable, or “throwaway” teen and how we, as a community, can help. Dawn is also, the proud parent of a beautiful daughter. She earned her undergraduate degree summa cum laude in 2012 at Eastern Oregon University with honors in communication and gender studies. She served on the committee to revise the University’s Sexual Harassment Policy and received the Women of Vision and Courage award from the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW). After gaining a full tuition teaching fellowship from Oregon State University she will defend her Master of Arts in Women’s Studies in the Spring 2016. She has served as a board member for Shelter From the Storm, has founded the non-profit E.S.T.E.A.M., (Empowering Successful Teens through Education, Awareness & Mentoring), dedicated to assisting teens that are struggling to find a safe and successful path to adulthood and developed the “Mirrors of Me” girl’s art, writing and mentoring camp for at-risk and marginalized youth. Nationally, Dawn is a consultant with the U.S. Department of Justice Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center (TTAC.) She sits on the Education Committee and is an advisory board member for the National Center of Victims of Crime out of Washington, D.C., The Americans Overseas Domestic Violence Crisis Center and Voices Set Free. She is a member of the National Survivor Network (NSN) and Survivor 2 Survivor (S2S) for trafficking victims. She has represented Val Kilmer in New York for the Volvo For Life Awards in both 2006 and 2008. Most importantly, Dawn spent over six years completing her memoir, The Road Through Wonderland, detailing her journey of survival (August 2010, Medallion Press.) Nominated for the R.O.S.E. (Regaining Ones Self Esteem) award in 2007, 2008, and 2009, and the Sunshine Peace Award 2010. Dawn is an active member in her recovery program and celebrates 18 years clean and sober in 2016. Dawn shares her compelling story of abuse, trafficking and survival in her presentations and trainings to inspire and motivate communities across the United States. For information on Dawn, her book, or to have Dawn speak at your event, please contact her at [email protected]. AVAILABLE NOW! Autographed books: "The Road Through Wonderland" by Dawn Schiller. 10% of your purchase will be directly donated to help organize our third "Mirrors of Me" Girls Art, Writing and Mentoring Camp. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8053173 Mark Ebner : Bill Cosby Rape Allegations https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/mark-ebner-bill-cosby-rape-allegations_1 New York Times best selling author Mark Ebner is an award winning investigative journalist who has covered all aspects of celebrity and crime culture for Spy, Rolling Stone, Maxim, Details, Los Angeles, Premiere, Salon, Spin, Radar, Angeleno, The Daily Beast.com, Gawker.com, BoingBoing.net and New Times among other national and international and internet publications. He has repeatedly positioned himself in harm's way, conducting dozens of investigations into such subjects as Scientology, Pit Bull fighting in South Central Los Angeles, the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, celebrity stalkers, drug dealers, missing porn stars, sports groupies, mobsters, college suicides and Hepatitis C in Hollywood. Ebner has produced for and/or appeared as a journalist-commentator on NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, A&E, The BBC, Channel 4 (UK), National Public Radio, Court TV, Fox News, FX, VH-1 and E! Entertainment Television. He has been a featured guest on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Today Show, The Early Show, Inside Edition, The Dylan Ratigan Show, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Fox & Friends, Catherine Crier Live, and a host of other television and radio programs in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom and Asia. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/8006043 Katie Beers: Buried Memories 2015 01 16 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/katie-beers-buried-memories-2015-01-16_1 Katie Beers disappeared on December 28, 1992, two days before her tenth birthday. She was lured by the promise of birthday presents to the home of a family friend, John Esposito. She left a message on her godmother's answering machine saying, "I've been kidnapped by a man with a knife." Esposito, almost immediately a suspect due to his own personal history, falsely alleged that Beers was kidnapped by a third party while at the Spaceplex indoor amusement park, but security cameras disclosed that Esposito entered Spaceplex by himself. Beers was held in a 6-foot-by-7-foot concrete bunker under Esposito's garage in Bay Shore, New York, concealed by a 200-pound concrete trap door. The bunker contained a commode toilet, television set, mattress and chains used to restrain Beers. Beers, along with other children, had played in the dirt displaced by the bunker as Esposito dug it a few years earlier. He told police he had built the bunker for Beers.On January 13, 1993, she was found alive in the bunker after Esposito led police to it. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7957275 Kathryn MacDonald: Jeff MacDonald Murder https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kathryn-macdonald-jeff-macdonald-murder_1 (Note: Due to technical issues, only part of this interview is available.) The case of Jeff MacDonald has been infused with controversy since the murders took place, almost 39 years ago. Through it all, Jeff has steadfastly maintained his innocence. Over the many years since trial, thousands of pages of government reports, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, that prove the existence of outside assailants, have been obtained. In fact, not only do these documents show Jeff's claim of outside assailants to be true, they also show how the prosecution deliberately set out to suppress evidence supporting these claims before, during, and after his trial. The MacDonald case has served as an example of malfeasance in the investigation of the FBI Crime Lab's misconduct, and the case has been featured in numerous congressional hearings and in such publications as The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe and The New Republic. In January, 2006, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals panel of three unanimously agreed that the affidavit of Jimmy Britt, a respected former US Marshal, was sufficient grounds to propel a rare fourth appeal (successive habeas petition) forward for review to the District Court in Raleigh, North Carolina. Jimmy Britt died in October, 2008. In November, 2008, the District Judge denied relief. The defense will appeal to the 4th Circuit. The MacDonald case is one of the most enduring and haunting legal cases of our time, and a torturous example of injustice and wrongful conviction. It continues to endure and weigh heavily on the public consciousness because the right conclusion has never been has never been issued in a court of law- that Jeff MacDonald is an innocent man and must be released. If guilt was so clear, its hard to imagine that the interest and emotion this case continues to proliferate would still exist nearly 40 years later. http://themacdonaldcase.org/index.html https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7957273 Matt Winacott: Remicade For Cheryl https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/matt-winacott-remicade-for-cheryl My name is Matt Winacott, I would like to raise funds for my girlfriend Cheryl. She has a very rare disease called Takaysu Arteritis. It is defined as a rare type of vasculitis, a group of disorders that cause blood vessel inflammation. Her particular case affects her carotid artery which is the main blood vessel in your neck going to your brain. This artery has been severely damaged from inflammation and her condition is serious. Her life is in immediate danger. Her disease is very active right now and the only medication that is helping her is called Remicade. Remicade put her in a state of remission at one point and she needs it to keep her fight going. Remicade costs $3200 for 1 infusion. The infusion is every two months, March is covered but she needs help for May. Her insurance company recently denied her long term disability and her coverage for Remicade has been stopped. This has been a huge stressor for her. She also has been dealing with severe depression and anxiety. Her ex-husband left her while she was hospitalized initially 4 years ago, took all the money, charged up credit cards and left her for another woman. She battled that and her disease and went into remission- she is a fighter. While trying to rebuild her life again, she was brutally sexually assaulted by two men while waiting for a bus. She has cried a lot and has had so much pain. With all that has happened to her, she is trying her best to recover and get the help she needs! Cheryl is a very sweet, kind, and loving girl and she has a very huge heart. We need to help her get better! Your support for her Remicade infusion would be very appreciated! Thank you! https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7890775 John Herlosky : A Sorcerer's Apprentice — A Skeptic's Journey into the CIA's Project Stargate. https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-herlosky-a-sorcerers-apprentice-a-s John Herlosky, Los Angeles Police Department (ret.), was born in Syracuse, New York and educated at Marquette University in Milwaukee, WI. He majored in Mathematics and pursued minors in Philosophy and Engineering. He also holds a degree in Criminal Justice from El Camino College. John is a licensed EMT and has worked for two large metropolitan police departments (Milwaukee Police Department and the Los Angeles Police Department) as a police officer and academy instructor. He is considered an expert in the field of human performance technologies. Skeptical but curious about the CIA's StarGate psychic warfare project, he attended a class in remote viewing taught by a former member of the psychic spy unit, Dr. David Morehouse, in the spring of 1999. He continues to work with Morehouse as his science advisor and assistant. His hobbies are diving, flying and sailing. John currently lives in Southern California. John Herlosky is the author of Sorcerer's Apprentice: The Training and Adventures of an Operational Remote Viewer. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7833344 Jay Dyer : http://www.jaysanalysis.com Author of Esoteric Hollywood https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/jay-dyer-http-www-jaysanalysis-com-autho I’m a writer and researcher from the Southern US with a B.A. in philosophy, while my graduate work focused on the interplay of literary theory, espionage and philosophy. My work is here at JaysAnalysis, and is dedicated to investigating the deeper themes and messages found in our globalist pseudo-culture, illustrating the connections between philosophy, metaphysics, secret societies, Hollywood, psychological warfare and comparative religion. Jay’s Analysis is a regular contributor to the popular Activist Post, 21st Century Wire, Global Research and the scholarly Soul of the East, as well as conducting numerous interviews with experts in fields ranging from espionage to history to economics. With over 700 articles and analyses covering topics as diverse as geopolitics to film, my work has appeared on the web’s top alternative media outlets: Pravoslavie, Activist Post, Waking Times, Rense, and Icke. Jay’s Analysis has broken national and international news, numerous viral alt news stories, as well as soon surpassing 2 million views in its first 4 years. JaysAnalysis offers in-depth philosophy lecturers and book analysis to paid subscribers. His forthcoming book Esoteric Hollywood will be available in June of 2016 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7827088 Kent Bain : The Most Dangerous Book in the World: 9/11 as Mass Ritual https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kent-bain-the-most-dangerous-book-in-the A deeper understanding of the occult aspects of 9/11 and the Kennedy assassination. The year is 2013, the 50th anniversary of the JFK assassination, and Kent Bain discovers that he and the rest of the unwitting citizenry of Tupelo, Mississippi, are enmeshed in a year-long series of scripted events meticulously planned and brilliantly executed by some of the most ruthless, diabolically creative, powerful psychopaths on the planet. From a critical look at the suspicion-arousing Boston bombings to new revelations about the Kennedy assassination and the Zapruder film, the author weaves tantalizing insights into a range of historical events that help the reader better understand the breadth and depth of the villainy with which Kent is faced. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7782791 Joachim Hagopian : Iowa Caucus https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/joachim-hagopian-iowa-caucus Joachim Hagopian is a West Point graduate and former US Army officer. He has written a manuscript based on his unique military experience entitled “Don’t Let The Bastards Getcha Down.”. It includes a critical examination of today's leadership, international relations and national security issues and can be found online at http://www.redredsea.net/westpointhagopian/index.html. After the military, Joachim earned a master’s degree in Clinical Psychology and worked as a licensed therapist in the mental health field with abused youth and adolescents for more than a quarter century. In recent years he has focused on his writing, becoming an alternative media journalist. His blog site is at http://empireexposed.blogspot.co.id/. Joachim frequently contributes articles at Global Research, Lew Rockwell and Sott.net and is an editorial contributor at pan-Pacific Review of Literature. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7738355 William Ramsey: West Memphis Three Guilt & Occult Motivation https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/william-ramsey-west-memphis-three-guilt- The West Memphis Three are three men who were tried and convicted as teenagers, in 1994, of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. Damien Echols was sentenced to death, Jessie Misskelley, Jr. was sentenced to life imprisonment plus two 20-year sentences, and Jason Baldwin was sentenced to life imprisonment. During the trial, the prosecution asserted that the children were killed as part of a Satanic ritual. A number of documentaries have been based on the case, and naive or sympathetic celebrities and musicians have held fundraisers in the belief that they are innocent. Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murders With shocking insights into one of the most talked about murder cases in American history, Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murders reveals the truth about the death of three children in West Memphis, Arkansas in 1993. By analyzing original police transcripts and court documents, William Ramsey conclusively proves that witchcraft and the occult were involved in the heinous murders, and that a continuing wall of deception has prevented the public from realizing the awful truth about the West Memphis Three child killings. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7576304 Charles Strange: Seal Team 6 Deaths "Extortion 17" Osama Bin Laden Raid https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/charles-strange-seal-team-6-deaths-extor_1 Charles Strange: Seal Team 6 Deaths "Extortion 17" Osama Bin Laden Raid Charles and Mary Strange join The Opperman Report to discuss their son Michael. Michael was part of the SEAL team that raided the Osama bin Laden compound. Three months later he dies in a helicopter crash in Afghanistan. This interview covers the families suspicions regarding the official accounts of these events. Their struggle to uncover the truth and their experiences of being targets of govt surveilance and harassment. We discuss the Afghanistan poppy trade, Taliban 'sex boys" their experience with Pres Barack Obama , the suspicious circumstances surround their sons death. Also discussed is an incredibly bizarre "Ramp Ceremony" where a Muslim Imam was allowed to perform an act of desecration over the coffins of these US soldiers. MichaelStrangeFoundation.org Cryptologic Technician (Collection) Petty Officer First Class Michael J. Strange was born on June 6, 1986 in Philadelphia. He attended St. Bartholomew Catholic School in the Wissinoming section of the city. He enjoyed the life of a typical Philadelphia kid surrounded by a loving family and great friends who he stayed close to all of his life. Michael had a great sense of humor and a kind and generous heart. As a little boy he loved spending summers with his dad, brother and sisters in Rehoboth Beach at his grandmothers house where he spent his days fishing and crabbing and playing in the pool. After graduating from North Catholic High School in June of 2004, Michael joined the United States Navy. After basic training in the Great Lakes he reported to the Naval Technical Training Center in Pensacola FL where he attended Cryptologic Technician (Collection) “A” School. He graduated second in his class. His first assignment was Naval Information Operations Command (NIOC) in Hawaii. At NIOC, Petty Officer Strange worked in several high profile signals intelligence gathering offices and became a first line supervisor in charge of multiple analysts. He completed a nine month deployment to Iraq with Seal Team TWO. During this deployment he earned the Expeditionary Warfare qualification. After an arduous screening process, Petty Officer Strange volunteered and was selected for duty at Naval Special Warfare Development Group. While stationed in Hawaii, Michael met his girlfriend. They enjoyed spending time after work surfing and touring the beautiful islands. After completing his tour of duty in Iraq, Michael and his girlfriend moved to Virginia Beach, VA where they made their home with their dog Schmayze. Cryptologic Technician (Collection) First Class Michael Strange was a highly decorated combat veteran with numerous awards, including the Bronze Star Medal with Valor, Purple Heart Medal, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal with Valor, Joint Service Achievement Medal, Combat Action Ribbon, Presidential Unit Citation, and other campaign and unit decorations. Michael is survived by his proud and loving family, his parents, his brother, sisters and his niece. He is also survived by his grandmother and many loving aunts, uncles, cousins, his girlfriend and many close friends. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7570042 Pearse Redmond : Porkins Policy Radio https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/pearse-redmond-porkins-policy-radio Pearse Redmond is an independent researcher and podcast producer who hails from New York City. He is the host of Porkins Policy Radio, and also the co-host, with Christoph Germann, of Porkins Great Game, as well as producer of The CIA and Hollywood , which he co-hosts with Tom Secker. His podcasts address a variety of topics, and frequently focus on the geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucacus region, and the complex relationship between the entertainment industry and the national security state. Pearse holds a B.A. in Political Science (with a concentration in the Middle East and South Asia) from Purchase College. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7478868 Donald Jeffries: Author "You Didn't Build That" https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/donald-jeffries-author-you-didnt-build-t Donald Jeffries has been a JFK assassination researcher since the mid-1970s. His first novel, "The Unreals," was published in 2007. His first nonfiction book, "Hidden History: An Expose of Modern Crimes, Conspiracies, and Cover-Ups in American Politics," was released by Skyhorse Publishing in November 2014. A second edition of "The Unreals" was released by Pocol Press in February 2015. His writing has been compared to Voltaire by award-winning author Alexander Theroux, and likened to Rudyard Kipling and John Kennedy Toole's "A Confederacy of Dunces" by "Night at the Museum" screenwriter Robert Ben Garant. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7467528 David Shurter: Satanic Ritual Abuse Survivor , Hampstead Theories, https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/david-shurter-satanic-ritual-abuse-survi From the nationwide satanic panic in the 1980s to local political cover-ups, shocking kidnappings, unsolved child murders, and scandalous pedophile rings, this book takes you behind the deceptive headlines and, finally, reveals what was going on in Omaha when all hell broke loose. Rich and well-connected members of Omaha’s elite carried out unspeakable acts of abuse and even murder on innocent children. David Shurter was one of those sexually abused survivors forever scarred by the horrible rites performed on him by his own parents and other followers of Satan. It wasn’t until he entered psychotherapy in midlife that long ignored childhood memories came to light, and when he discovered his gruesome nightmares were indeed real. This book, finally, is an expose of the surprising participants and unbelievable horrors involving murder, drugs, lavish parties, pedophiles, suspected government conspiracies, and the Omaha gay scene that cast a dark cloud of suspicion over an unsuspecting city. David Shurter takes you down the rabbit hole. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7447151 Tim Tate : Conspiracy of Silence (Censored Franklin Cover up Documentary Filmmaker) https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/tim-tate-conspiracy-of-silence-censored- Tim was founder member of ITV’s Cook Report team and subsequently spent nearly 10 years as producer-director in Yorkshire Television’s acclaimed documentaries department making films for series as diverse as First Tuesday, Network First, Dispatches and Secret History. In addition to making high-profile documentaries through Interesting Films, he has also worked within the BBC, ITV and Al Jazeera. His work has been honoured by Amnesty International, the Royal Television Society, The International Association of Broadcasting, The International Documentary Association, UNESCO, The New York Festivals and the US National Academy of Cable Broadcasting The Interesting Film Company was set up by Tim Tate, a multi- award-winning film maker and best-selling author. The company is now based around a small core of dedicated film-makers who have learned their craft within some of the most prestigious production companies and documentary teams in British broadcasting: Yorkshire Television, the BBC, Granada and Carlton Television; First Tuesday, Network First and The Cook Report. http://interestingfilms.co.uk/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7438763 Fiona Barnett 'Candy Girl" : Satanic Ritual Abuse Survivor / Anthony Kidman Accuser https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/fiona-barnett-candy-girl-satanic-ritual- http://pedophilesdownunder.com/ Fiona Rae Holowczak was born October 28, 1969, in Sydney, Australia. The surname Holowczak belonged to the man her parents believed to be her paternal grandfather. When Fiona was 15 years of age, her true paternal grandfather was located in Jelenia Gora, Poland. Fiona and her six younger siblings subsequently had new birth certificates issued featuring their actual surname – Rylko. Fiona underwent another name change after marrying Englishman Jon Barnett. The couple reside with their two exceptional children on Australia’s far northern New South Wales coast. Jon is a blood relative to Toni Gardiner, the mother of King Hussein of Jordan. Fiona is academic by nature and has spent too many years compensating for her poor public school education. She has studied visual arts, education, art therapy and psychology at a tertiary level. In 2010, Fiona had almost completed a masters in forensic psychology at a private Gold Coast university, when certain staff targeted her for removal from the psychology industry. This attack immediately followed her adherence to mandatory reporting legislation regarding disclosure of child abuse allegations by a client in the Bond University Psychology Clinic. This attack was one of many endured since escaping her childhood perpetrators. Bond University staff conspired to mislead authorities regarding Fiona’s age at the time of her child abuse experiences. They reported her as an adult perpetrator, instead of a child victim of the crimes she experienced, to the Queensland Police and Psychology Board. Select staff within these government organisations then collaborated with Bond University to destroy Fiona’s chosen profession. They also targeted her physical safety. This pinnacle attack on Fiona’s life triggered a chain of events that led to the existence of the Pedophiles Down Under website. Tired of the constant threats to her family’s safety, and incessant sabotage of her efforts to participate normally in Australian society, Fiona realised she had no choice but to go public. In 2013, Fiona provided witness testimony to the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Abuse. She simultaneously participated in mainstream media interviews and published a series of articles in a popular Australian online news journal. Fiona’s public disclosure led to other Australian victims coming forward and requesting assistance and exposure for their experiences. Her official complaint against key perpetrator, and high profile Australian psychologist, Dr Antony Kidman immediately preceded his mysterious death in Singapore and attracted global attention. Fiona has since relinquished any desire for acceptance or recognition within mainstream Australian society. She is currently studying law for the purpose of keeping her hungry brain satiated, and to better understand her legal rights and options in the face of perpetual threat and harassment from those who misuse their power and authority to maintain the VIP pedophile network’s agenda. Yes – Fiona is ‘just an attention seeker.’ She seeks to draw the public’s attention to the true nature and extent of child sex trafficking within Australian society. This criminal industry depends on the clandestine support and involvement of representatives from all aspects of Australian government including legal, health and educational. No – Fiona is ‘not normal.’ Comprehensive testing has consistently shown her cognitive ability to fall within the far right tail on the normal distribution curve. Her brain has unusual physical structure and function; it is denser and more interconnected. This permits Fiona to perceive patterns and relationships between seemingly unrelated bits of information. It allows her to think in a highly abstract and unconventional manner, to predict human reactions long before they happen, and to notice things others simply don’t. This unique capacity tends to unnerve observers, when it is simply the product of an unusually fast brain. Fiona’s cognitive make-up also gives her a rare sense of empathy – the ability to place herself in other peoples’ shoes. This is why Fiona, while busy processing her own horror memories plus managing the constant barrage of physical attacks on her young family, musters the time and energy to help others. Her advocacy efforts were well demonstrated in the Gold Coast Hogtie Doctor case https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7396926 Mark R. Elsis : Who Authorized The Assassination Of John Lennon? https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/mark-r-elsis-who-authorized-the-assassin John Lennon Was Assassinated 35 Years Ago Today John Lennon was the greatest singer songwriter and the most influential political artist of the 20th century. He was assassinated on Monday, December 8, 1980. I am writing a new article this is filled with questions (to get people to think) about his assassination. When finished, it will be published on: December81980.com "I am going into an unknown future, but I'm still all here, and still while there's life, there's hope." John Lennon, December 8, 1980 In mid November of 1980, I told all my close friends John Lennon was about to be assassinated. I said the powers that be were going to blame a lone deranged crazy fan, and that this person would never have a trial. I don't know how I knew all of this. I was driving my taxi in Manhattan on that beautifully warm evening of December 8, 1980. I was listening to Vin Scelsa on WNEW 102.7 FM, when just before 11 pm he announced that John Lennon had been shot, and then a few minutes later, crying, he announced the death of John Lennon. When this horrible news broke, I was with a passenger in my taxi. I drove her home and immediately went to the Dakota. I stayed there for the next nine hours. These nine hours changed my life. I swore on John Lennon's blood that I would do everything I possibly could to enlighten humanity and make our world better for future generations. ...And everyday for the last thirty-five years, I have been doing this. Mark R. Elsis https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7352402 PI Anthony Sperl : Discusses Convicted Roy Radin Hitman Bill Mentzer and much more https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/pi-anthony-sperl-discusses-convicted-roy Anthony Sperl is a graduate of Pepperdine University with an earned Bachelors Degree and Masters Degree. His professional career spans employment with the Internal Revenue Service, the Los Angeles County Probation Department and the Stanton California Police Department. Mr. Sperl is currently a Business Consultant in Commercial Real Estate, Political Analyst and Licensed Private Investigator. His passion is Animal Rescue and Welfare and he runs the Non Profit Sperl Family Foundation which devotes it's time to Spaying and Neutering Dogs and Cats in Los Angeles. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7301308 Dr Fred Whitehurst : FBI Whistleblower, OKC, TWA 800, OJ, Waco.. https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/dr-fred-whitehurst-fbi-whistleblower-okc DR Fred Whitehurst : FBI Whistleblower, OKC, TWA 800, OJ, Waco....more Dr. Frederic Whitehurst, an F.B.I. agent who served as a Supervisor at the FBI crime lab from 1986 to 1998, blew the whistle on irregularities at the lab. Whitehurst received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Duke University and his law degree from Georgetown University before joining the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1982 The F.B.I. considered Whitehurst the world's top expert in the forensic science of explosives and explosives residue. While at the Lab, he investigated, uncovered and reported misconduct which forced the F.B.I. crime lab to agree to major reforms. For his crusade against corruption in the Lab, Whitehurst was forced to defend himself from retaliation by the Bureau. He was defended by David K. Colapinto of Kohn, Kohn & Colapinto, a Washington, D.C. law firm specializing in defending whistle-blowers. The FBI settled his whistle-blower case for over $300,000. Fred Whitehurst's revelations of F.B.I. misconduct have affected the course of many prominent cases, including the Waco Siege (he is featured in the 1999 documentary film Waco: A New Revelation (1999)) and the O.J. Simpson murder trial. He practices criminal law in the state of North Carolina. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7255950 Billy Hayes : Midnight Express https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/billy-hayes-midnight-express Billy Hayes : Midnight Express FIRST he wrote the best-selling book. THEN came the Oscar ® winning movie. NOW, following its critically acclaimed Off-Broadway run at the Barrow Street Theatre, and sold out engagements in Edinburgh and London, Billy Hayes is taking his riveting one-man show on tour. In this “engrossing,” “spellbinding” performance, Billy recounts the true story of his time in Turkish prisons and his brazen, harrowing escape. It’s an epic journey of self-discovery, a cautionary, yet uplifting tale of desperation, determination and personal transformation. Hayes was arrested at the Istanbul airport in 1970 with two kilos of hashish taped to his body. The Turkish High Court sentenced him to life in prison. Five years later, Billy escaped from Imrali Island prison in the dead of night – rowing 17 miles across the Sea of Marmara in a raging storm. On his return to the US, Hayes wrote Midnight Express. Published in 18 languages, the book was an instant best-seller. When the iconic film was released in 1978, Billy Hayes became a mythical figure – a modern-day Billy The Kid. 36 years later, he remains a cultural anti-hero known throughout the world. If you’ve seen the movie, you might think you know Billy’s story. But you probably don’t. Midnight Express didn’t win any Oscars® for factual accuracy. While the film was about prison – a chilling exploration of the depths of incarceration in a foreign land – Riding the Midnight Express with Billy Hayes is about the prisoner. It’s an intimate, gripping memoir that can only be told by the man who lived it. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7208095 Dr Elliot Shin : HOPE Clinic (Free Medical Clinic) https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/dr-elliot-shin-hope-clinic-free-medical- Dr. Elliot Shin immigrated with his family from South Korea to United States at age eleven without knowing any English, even the alphabet. Since then, he has been blessed with many opportunities and experiences that have uniquely allowed him to understand the challenges that disadvantaged populations face and have been involved in providing comprehensive solutions to empower them. After graduating from Rutgers University as a Henry Rutgers Scholar in 1991, he obtained a master’s degree in Nuclear Physics at Rosalind Franklin University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School where he also received his medical degree in 2000. Then he completed his residency training in 2003 at In His Image Family Practice Residency Program where he was also ordained as a medical missionary. His work with the disadvantaged population originally started during college years after a powerful encounter with a homeless lady who gave him a kiss on the cheek as a gratitude for a sandwich he gave her. Over the years, the homeless people became his friends and family who prayed and supported him through the rigorous medical training. He is now simply returning the favor to not only the homeless but to other populations in similar situations. After two decades of his mission work in inner-cities and overseas, he founded Operation H.O.P.E., Inc. (Helping Other People Everywhere) in October of 2009 to invite the public to join with him in providing comprehensive solutions to these populations such as the homeless, orphans/foster children, inner-city youth, seniors, prostitutes, prisoners, poor and suppressed people worldwide. Operation H.O.P.E. provides innovative programs to equip, transform, and empower these individuals to become leaders in their own family and community. Since its opening in February of 2010, with generous support and partnership of City Impact Center, HOPE Medical and Dental Clinic, a subsidiary of Operation H.O.P.E., Inc., has seen over thousand uninsured low-income patients rendering $200,000 worth of service with only part-time hours with caring volunteer staff. It has quickly grown to three clinics in Las Vegas area with fourth clinic soon to open housing three dental operatories and two specialty clinic rooms. One of the distinguishing feature of the clinic includes “pay-it-forward” program where patients are required to return the favor by helping others in need with acts of kindness at least three times. Then they are supposed to ask the recipients of their service to do the same so that the selfless acts of kindness continues in the community exponentially. This program is intended to remove patients from self-entitlement mentality, restore dignity, exercise their own gifts and talents, and promote sense of community. What separates us from other clinics are two things: 1) pay-it-forward program where our patients are required to return the favor with three acts of kindness. This has been a life-changing opportunity for our patients and those they help. 2) after prayer, unbelievable miraculous healing that have been on-going continuously in the last six years including cancers, diabetes, kidney failures, thyroid cures, lupus cure, stroke paralysis, broken shoulder, sciatica, chronic ulcers.. the list is exhaustive. I have blood work, before and after pictures, MRI's, other specialists verifying these miracles. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7185800 ILYASAH AL SHABAZZ – Third daughter of Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz : Growing Up X https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/ilyasah-al-shabazz-third-daughter-of-mal ILYASAH AL SHABAZZ – Third daughter of Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz, is an educator, social activist, motivational speaker, and author of award winning publications: (1) Growing Up X (Random House) a coming of age memoir; (2) Malcolm Little (Simon & Schuster), a children’s illustration book and (3) X, A Novel (Candlewick Press) a young adult historical fiction. Ilyasah promotes higher education for at-risk youth, interfaith dialogue to build bridges between cultures for young leaders of the world, and she participates on international humanitarian delegations. Ilyasah produced training programs to encourage higher education sanctioned by City University of New York’s Office of Academic Affairs. She served for twelve years on the Executive Youth Board for the City of Mount Vernon, including appointments as Director of Public Relations, Director of Public Affairs & Special Events, and later promoted to Director of Cultural Affairs. She is a member of the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Committee at West Virginia University. She is a mentor for Nile Rogers’ We Are Family Foundation. She mentors at various group homes, lock-up facilities, high schools and college campuses through production of The WAKE-UP Tour™ X-Tra Credit Forums—her exclusive youth empowerment program. Ilyasah has retraced her father’s footsteps to the Holy City of Mecca, explored religious and historical sites in both Egypt and Jordan as the guest of HRH Princess Alia Hussein, participated in interfaith dialogue study programs under Rabbi Nancy Kreimer and Dr. Aziza Al Hibri, and served as member of the American Interfaith Leadership delegation that participated with the Malaria No More Foundation in Mali, West Africa. Ilyasah also served as a member of the United States delegation that accompanied President Bill Clinton to South Africa to commemorate election of President Nelson Mandela and the economic business development initiative. Ilyasah serves as Trustee for the Harlem Symphonic Orchestra, The Malcolm X & Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, and The Malcolm X Foundation. She is a member of the Arts Committee for the New York City Opera at Lincoln Center and a project advisor for the PBS award-winning Prince Among Slaves documentary. She holds a Master of Science in Education & Human Resource Development from Fordham University and a Bachelor of Science in Biology from SUNY/New Paltz. Ilyasah is currently an adjunct professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and resides in Westchester County, New York. For further information, please contact, Dr. Jamal Watson, at [email protected] www.ilyasahshabazz.com http://Twitter.com/ilyasahshabazz X: A NOVEL, Candlewick Press. (1/2015) MALCOLM LITTLE, Simon & Schuster. (1/2014) GROWING UP X, Random House. (1/2002) https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7160488 May Pang : John Lennon's Lost Weekend https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/may-pang-john-lennons-lost-weekend Monday Nov 9th 730 PM , May Pang is being honored with the Ambassador of Rock Award Le Poisson Rouge 158 Bleeker St. NY http://rockersonbroadway May Pang, world-renowned confidant and companion of John Lennon, has been in the public eye for over three decades. Her career in the music industry spans over 40 years, beginning with Allen Klein's company, ABKCO Industries, the firm which managed the Beatles, Apple Corps. Ltd. and the Rolling Stones besides having an extensive music publishing catalogue which included songs by Sam Cooke. In 1970, Lennon and Yoko Ono hired Pang as their personal assistant. She would eventually become their production coordinator -- playing a key role in records by Lennon, Ono and Harry Nilsson. In 1974, Pang was awarded an RIAA Gold Album Award for her work on Lennon's Walls and Bridges, the #1 hit album which included his first and only #1 single in his lifetime, "Whatever Gets You Thru The Night." She can also be heard singing on "#9 Dream," the second single from the album. In the late 1970s working for Island Records, Pang coordinated all activities related to the release of albums by Robert Palmer, Third World, and Bob Marley and the Wailers. By the early 1980s, she was one of the leading professional managers in the music publishing industry, working with several unknown songwriters and successfully obtaining coverage by such artists as Diana Ross, Judas Priest, The Four Tops, Ullanda McCullough and Air Supply. During this period, Pang decided to set the record straight about her relationship with Lennon. Warner Books published her memoir, Loving John, in 1983. The book detailed her liaison and working association with the late Beatle and shed light on his relationships with his first son, Julian, as well as Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and George Harrison. During the last two decades, Pang has appeared in every major news and magazine publication worldwide (NY Times, LA Times, Washington Post, The Daily News, UK’s Mail On Sunday, Vogue online, Germany’s Die Seite Drei, Marie Claire, People, etc.) and has been a guest on such national TV shows as Good Morning America, Howard Stern, Good Morning LA, CBS Sunday Morning, Court TV and Entertainment Tonight. Pang has also designed a unique collection of stainless steel Feng Shui jewelry and accent furniture. She has a weekly internet radio show with co-host Cynthia Neilson called Dinner Specials on BlogTalkRadio. Com. Pang continues her consulting work on music for films and is still an advisory board member of Women In Music. She also serves as an advisory board member, along with Julian Lennon, Jeff Bridges to name a few at the Amazon Conservation Team (ACT) organization. ACT deals with saving the rainforest and its indigenous people. This was started by world known ethnobotanist Dr. Mark J. Plotkin and conservationist Liliana Madrigal. In 2008, St. Martin's Press released Instamatic Karma, a collection of Pang's personal photographs of John Lennon. Fine art prints of these portraits have been exhibited in major galleries across the country. Also in the Fall of 2014, she released a book only for the German market called John Lennon & May Pang, Another Love. She had received numerous press coverage in some of Germany’s largest newspaper publications. Pang has lectured and given talks at various events across the country including public libraries and most recently at Berklee College of Music in Boston sponsored in part by the Liberal Arts Dept. While there, she also lectured the John Lennon Songwriting class. She also gave a talk at The Rock & Roll Fantasy Camp in Las Vegas as a Special Guest Speaker. She has also been asked to be a guest speaker along with guests Donovan, Peter Asher, Pattie Boyd and others at The International Beatles Week 2015 in Liverpool this coming August. In this age of “social awareness”, Pang was asked to participate as an artist on a CD called: ALL ABOUT BULLIES…BIG AND SMALL. The CD won a Grammy for The Best Children’s CD category in 2012. John Lennon: The Lost Weekend- Living, Loving and Making Rock & Roll She shared his life, his music and his love. She was his intimate companion during the time known as- THE LOST WEEKEND. May Pang was twenty-two. She was John and Yoko’s personal assistant, a trusted member of their inner circle of carefully chosen friends and associates. She budgeted and contracted for their albums and became an invaluable part of their creative and personal lives. When John and Yoko separated, May was enlisted to care for John as he embarked on a period known as "The Lost Weekend" – an intense period of enormous creativity and violent self-destructiveness. She lived, worked, and fell deeply in love with Lennon. Together they shared a rocky romance, with Yoko waiting in the wings for John’s return. This is her record of that time, a time when John was recording, seeing friends, exploring the world and confronting his own inner demons. It is a personal account written of life with Lennon by a woman who loved and was loved by one of the most fascinating creative men of our time. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7098131 Robert Morrow : The Clintons' War on Women https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/robert-morrow-the-clintons-war-on-women Hillary Clinton is running for president as an “advocate of women and girls,” but there is another shocking side to her story that has been carefully covered up—until now. This stunning exposé reveals for the first time how Bill and Hillary Clinton systematically abused women and others—sexually, physically, and psychologically—in their scramble for power and wealth. In this groundbreaking book, New York Times bestselling author Roger Stone and researcher and alternative historian Robert Morrow map the arc of Bill and Hillary’s crimes and cover-ups. They reveal details about their actions in Arkansas, during Bill Clinton’s time in the White House, about who really ordered the deadly attack on the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, during Hillary’s tenure as secretary of state, about their time at the Clinton Foundation, and during Hillary’s current campaign for president. This is the first book to shed light on the couple’s deeply personal violations of the people they crushed in their obsessive quest for power. Along the way, Stone and Morrow reveal the family’s darkest secrets, including a Clinton family member’s drug rehab treatment that was never reported by the press, Hillary Clinton’s unusually close relationship with a top female aide, and a stunning revelation of such impact that it could strip Bill Clinton of his current popularity and derail Hillary’s push to be the second Clinton in the White House. Anyone who cares about the future of the United States will want to read this tell-all, exposing the appalling, unvarnished, and ugly truth about the Clintons https://api.spreaker.com/episode/7006203 Pt1 John Kiriakou :Reluctant Spy/ Pt2 Michael Bowe -Marines Turn Blind Eye to Child Sex Abuse https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/pt1-john-kiriakou-reluctant-spy-pt2-mich Part 1 John Kiriakou :Reluctant Spy: My Secret Life in the CIA's War on Terror John Kiriakou is a former CIA officer, former senior investigator for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and former counterterrorism consultant for ABC News. In 2002, Kiriakou became the chief of counterterrorism operations in Pakistan, where he led a CIA team in the March 2002 raid and capture of Abu Zubaydah, then thought to be al-Qaeda's third-ranking official. Following Abu Zubaydah's capture, Kiriakou became Executive Assistant to the CIA's Deputy Director for Operations, where he served as the Director of Central Intelligence's principal Iraq briefer. Kiriakou left the CIA in March 2004. He later served as a senior investigator on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and as senior intelligence advisor to Committee Chairman Senator John Kerry. Kiriakou also authored a bestselling book, "The Reluctant Spy: My Secret Life in the CIA's War on Terror," and worked as an intelligence consultant for ABC News. Throughout his career, Kiriakou received 12 CIA Exceptional Performance Awards, the CIA's Sustained Superior Performance Award, the Counterterrorism Service Medal, and the State Department's Meritorious Honor Award. In 2007, Kiriakou appeared on ABC News, during which he became the first CIA officer to confirm that the CIA waterboarded detainees, and he labeled waterboarding as “torture.” Kiriakou's interview revealed that this practice was official U.S. policy approved at the highest levels of the government. The government began investigating Kiriakou immediately after his media appearance. Five years later, he was charged with multiple felonies resulting from his whistleblowing. He became the sixth whistleblower indicted by the Obama administration under the Espionage Act - a law designed to punish spies. Eventually, in order to avoid a trial that could have resulted in separation from his wife and five children for up to 45 years, he opted to plead guilty to one count of a reduced charge in exchange for a 30-month sentence. In 2012 Kiriakou was honored with the Joe A. Callaway Award for Civic Courage, an award given to individuals who “advance truth and justice despite the personal risk it creates.” Two days prior to sentencing, he was honored by inclusion of his portrait in artist Robert Shetterly's series "Americans Who Tell the Truth," which features notable truth-tellers throughout American history. Kiriakou reported to federal prison in Loretto, Pennsylvania on February 28, 2013 to begin serving his sentence, where he continued to speak out in a series of "Letters from Loretto," including his first, which provided a stunning portrait of prison life. In November 2013, the Peace and Justice Center of Sonoma County, California honored Kiriakou as its "Peacemaker of the Year." He was awarded the prestigious PEN First Amendment Award from the PEN Center USA in August 2015. He was released from prison in February 2015. Part 2 Attorney Michael J. Bowe - American Marines Turn Blind Eye to Child Sex Abuse Pro Bono Michael engages in substantial pro bono work for institutions and individuals, including representing victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the family of United States Marine Lance Corporal Gregory Buckley, Jr., and Marine Corp Major Jason Brezler. These high-profile matters of national import have received substantial Congressional, press, and public attention. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6901665 3598 clean Jewel Star : Cosby's Love Child: The Untold Story of Autumn Jackson the Alleged Daughter of Entertainer Bill Cosby https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/jewel-star-cosbys-love-child-the-untold- Jewel Star : Cosby's Love Child: The Untold Story of Autumn Jackson the Alleged Daughter of Entertainer Bill Cosby This compelling and true life story screams of betrayal, deceit, and an unsolved mystery. It began when a budding young woman was lured into a cunning and deceptive scheme which eventually became her undoing. The tale may have gone unnoticed under normal circumstances. However, the plot thickened when a famous celebrity, Bill Cosby, was the target of a greedy rouse. The timing couldn’t have been worse as it fell on the heels of his son's murder. Ennis Cosby had been shot and killed the day an alleged extortion letter was delivered to the comedian demanding millions in hush money. During one of the most infamous trials of 1997 Cosby would face his adversary Autumn Jackson, and rue the day that she was born. Jackson could do nothing more than look into her father's eyes and weep for all that had never been. At least she believed the entertainer to be her father. This complicated and twisted saga is fraught with criminal and passion driven psychology. Who were the guilty ones and who were the innocents? “I’m Autumn Jackson’s aunt. I was called on to be her traveling companion, confidant, and unlikely bodyguard. When people asked me what happened, the answer was complicated. A book needed to be written.” Jewel Star JEWEL N STAR, has been the winner of the CROWHURST LITERARY AWARD, and received Honorable Mention by the nationally renowned WRITER'S DIGEST. A passionate adventurer, Star left her birthplace of California in the late 1960s to explore the United States. She worked her way around the country, and then expanded her travels abroad. In the mid-1970s, she returned to California and settled down to be a wife, mother, farmer, artist, and eventually a writer. Star was in her mid-thirties when she realized her passion was to become an author. It was a long time in the coming, but when she looked back at her history it made sense. Always an avid reader, and a detailed story teller, she found that the words she wanted to share were easily accessible. After practicing the art of writing for nearly a decade, and with only a few stories and poems to show, Star realized that to be a serious writer she would have to return to college and learn the particulars of the craft. Fortuitously, she signed up for an English class instructed by Professor Robert Kirk, Ph.D. and he became her biggest fan. He encouraged her to enter her writing in an upcoming competition which she won, "hands down" according to one of her benefactors. After receiving national recognition, Star was ready to devote her talent to being a wordsmith. Not sure what direction to take, she realized that by specializing in technical and business writing she would be able to fine hone her skill. While working for the marketing firm DME (Direct Mail Express) in Florida in 2000, Star was able to exercise and grow in her writing expertise before starting her own copy-writing business, ProStar Services, LLC. During that time, she was an educational book ghostwriter, and a copywriter of instructional manuals and guidebooks, marketing collateral, direct mail, etc. She was also certified as a Professional Consultant by the American Consultants League, and was a member of the AWAI (American Writers and Artists Institute). In 2005, Star added the feather of Realtor to her working cap. She was a third generation Realtor, and had two siblings who were also working in real estate. It was a natural fit with her marketing background and writing skills. Little did she realize at the time that she would contribute to the profession by one day writing about real estate, and her book: 7 MAGIC KEYS TO BUYING A HOME, What Savvy Buyers Need to Know, can be found on her Author's Page. Retired from the workforce in 2013, Star moved Off Grid. She is writing about her current lifestyle and maintains an ongoing blog on the subject: Off Grid Living Revealed. She is devoting her "retirement" to uploading the many unpublished manuscripts, self-help books, novels and short stories that have been stacking up untouched over the years. She also has many topics on the table yet to be written and a couple of more novels to finish. She won't be retiring from writing any time soon! Star states, "I was told that it's not enough to write a book; you have to share it with readers for the cycle to be complete." http://www.JewelStarAuthor.com https://twitter.com/JewelStarAuthor https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/8109415.Jewel_Star https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6788304 bill cosby,oppermanreport,jewel star,autumn jackson,murder of ennis cosby clean St John Hunt Dorothy, "An Amoral and Dangerous Woman": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife – Watergate's Darkest Secret https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/st-john-hunt-dorothy-an-amoral-and-dange Tonight 6 PM PST St John Hunt Dorothy, "An Amoral and Dangerous Woman": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife – Watergate's Darkest Secret Contains new facts concerning Nixon, Watergate, and the death of Dorothy Hunt, wife of E. Howard Hunt Dorothy Hunt, “An Amoral and Dangerous Woman” tells the life story of ex-CIA agent Dorothy Hunt, who married Watergate mastermind and confessed contributor to the assassination of JFK. The book chronicles her rise in the intelligence field after World War II, as well as her experiences in Shanghai, Calcutta, Mexico, and Washington, DC. It reveals her war with President Nixon and asserts that she was killed by the CIA in the crash of Flight 553. Written by the only person who was privy to the behind-the-scenes details of the Hunt family during Watergate, this book sheds light on a dark secret of the scandal. Dorothy, "An Amoral and Dangerous Woman": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife – Watergate's Darkest Secret https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6734438 Kris Millegan “Oswald's Summer of Secrets: New Orleans and the JFK Assassination” Oct. 16-18 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kris-millegan-oswalds-summer-of-secrets- Kris Millegan “Oswald's Summer of Secrets: New Orleans and the JFK Assassination” Oct. 16-18 Leading Experts on the JFK Assassination will gather in New Orleans for conference entitled “Oswald's Summer of Secrets: New Orleans and the JFK Assassination” Oct. 16-18 Produced by TrineDay, Conscious Community Events, and the JFK Historical Group On October 16-18, 2015, nationally known researchers and scholars will gather in New Orleans at the Crowne Plaza Hotel-Airport, 2829 Williams Blvd., Kenner, Louisiana for Oswald's Summer of Secrets: New Orleans and the JFK Assassination. The conference will break new ground in unlocking the mysteries of Lee Harvey Oswald’s activities in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 and explore other topics such as David Ferrie, Dr. Mary Sherman, and the Garrison trial, according to organizer Kris Millegan. Seating is limited so early registration is encouraged. Contact Kris Millegan ([email protected]) or David Denton ([email protected]) for more information and or go to http://oswaldconference.com. Presenters include:  Ed Haslam, author, Dr. Mary’s Monkey .  Judyth Baker, former girlfriend of Oswald and author, Me and Lee and David Ferrie.  Ed Tatro, author and consultant to Oliver Stone’s film, JFK. Robert Groden, author five best-selling books about the assassination, and the first person to bring the Zapruder film to national TV in 1975.  Jim Marrs, author of four New York Times Best Selling books including Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy; chief consultant to Oliver Stone on JFK for both the film’s screenplay and production. Joan Mellen, biographer of Jim Garrison and author, A Farewell to Justice.  Russ Baker, an American investigative journalist and founder of the nonprofit websiteWhoWhatWhy.Baker, published in many outlets including the New Yorker, Vanity Fair, the New York Times, The Nation, the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post, the Village Voice, Esquire, Slate and Salon, and a contributing editor to the Columbia Journalism Review. Internationally, his work has appeared in publications such as The Globe & Mail (Canada); The Sunday Times, TheGuardian, and The Observer (UK); Der Spiegel and Frankfurter Allgemeine (Germany), La Repubblica (Italy), South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), and the Sydney Morning Herald.  Roger Stone, a New York Times bestselling author and alternative historian who was one of the legendary American Republican political consultants who played a key role in the election ofRepublican presidents from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan to George H.W. Bush and George W.Bush. Stone also served as an assistant to Senator Bob Dole. Stone is the author of The Man Who Killed Kennedy - the Case Against LBJ and Nixon's Secrets, a broader look at the rise and fall and rise and fall and final comeback of Richard Milhouse Nixon. Stone has been profiled in the Weekly Standard, the New Yorker, and the Miami Herald. Mr. Stone has written for the New York Times Sunday Magazine, the New York Times Op Ed page and for Newsmax.com, Breitbart, the Huffington Post and the FOX Opinion page. He has appeared frequently on FOX News.  Daniel Hopsicker, author, Barry and “the boys:” The CIA, the Mob and America's Secret History, which chronicles the exploit of famed Louisiana native Barry Seal, his ties to the drug trade and the Kennedy assassination.  St. John Hunt, son of infamous CIA agent E. Howard Hunt, who stated that he was a benchwarmer during the JFK assassination; author, Bond of Secrecy.  Elliot Todd, author, A Rose by Many Other Names: Rose Cherami & the JFK Assassination. Special invited guest include:  Edwin Lea McGehee, the barber who gave Lee Harvey Oswald a haircut in Jackson, Louisiana.  Anne Dischler, assistant investigator to Lt. Francis Fruge of the Louisiana State Police for the office of District Attorney Jim Garrison of Orleans Parish, Louisiana. She primarily worked in the areas concerning Rose Cheramie and interviews of citizens of Clinton, Louisiana as they concerned the Shaw\Ferrie\Oswald appearances in that Louisiana town prior to the assassination of President Kennedy. Dischler still has the three stenographic pads of field notes she accumulated during her tenure on the Clinton investigation in 1967.  Bob Buras, an investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations.  William Walter, the young Tulane student who answered the phone at the FBI field office when Lt. Francis Martello called to let them know he has Lee Harvey Oswald in custody upon Oswald’s request. In November 1963, Walter was at the FBI office to retrieve a telex from Hoover warning of an incident that might happen to President Kennedy on the 22nd of the month. Later, Walter came forward to Jim Garrison. In the 1970's he was deposed by the HSCA. For more information go to http://oswaldconference.com https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6734152 Trevor Aaronson : The Terror Factory: Inside the FBI's Maufactured War on Terrorism https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/trevor-aaronson-the-terror-factory-insid A groundbreaking work of investigative journalism, The Terror Factory: Inside the FBI's Manufactured War on Terrorism exposes how the FBI has, under the guise of engaging in counterterrorism since 9/11, built a network of more than fifteen thousand informants whose primary purpose is to infiltrate Muslim communities to create and facilitate phony terrorist plots so that the Bureau can then claim it is winning the war on terror. The paperback edition of The Terror Factory includes all new information on the FBI's counterterrorism efforts related to the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, as well as how the government has used (potentially illegally) FISA information in sting cases. Trevor Aaronson is an investigative reporter for Al Jazeera America. He has won more than two dozen national and regional awards, including the Molly Prize, the international Data Journalism Award, and the John Jay College/Harry Frank Guggenheim Excellence in Criminal Justice Reporting Award. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6685269 Graeme MacQueen :The 2001 Anthrax Deception: The Case for a Domestic Conspiracy https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/graeme-macqueen-the-2001-anthrax-decepti_1 The anthrax letter attacks occurred from September through November of 2001, killing five and wounding many. The attacks were widely held to be the work of Muslims and were used to support the invasion of Afghanistan and, later, the invasion of Iraq. They were used explicitly and repeatedly to justify the passing of the Patriot Act. They were also meant to support withdrawal from the Antiballistic Missile Treaty, a withdrawal eagerly sought by the neoconservatives associated with the Project for a New American Century who wished to pursue their global agenda without obstruction from small states with WMD. In the early days of the attacks there were several perpetrator hypotheses in play. One that gained prominence was the Double Perpetrator hypothesis according to which Iraq had supplied the sophisticated anthrax spores while al-Qaeda had supplied the foot soldiers responsible for preparing and sending the letters. This hypothesis was eagerly reported by the mainstream media. It came to grief quickly when scientists discovered that the anthrax spores had a domestic source and appeared to come from the heart of the US military and intelligence communities. The FBI rapidly began a search for "the anthrax killer," promoting the idea that there was a lone wolf perpetrator within the military community--a renegade, an unbalanced person whose behavior revealed nothing of significance about structures and institutions of the deep state. In 2008 the Bureau named Dr. Bruce Ivins of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases as the "anthrax killer." Ivins had conveniently died a week before being named and could not fight back in court. Ivins remains the FBI's choice to this day: the case was closed in 2010. This book support with a great deal of evidence the following four assertions: (a) the anthrax letter attacks were carried out by a group of perpetrators, not by a “lone wolf;” (b) the group that perpetrated this crime was composed, in whole or in part, of deep insiders within the U.S. state apparatus; (c) these insiders were connected to the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks; (d) the anthrax attacks were meant to play an important role in the strategy of redefinition through which the Cold War was replaced by a new global conflict framework, the Global War on Terror. The 2001 Anthrax Deception: The Case for a Domestic Conspiracy https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6647009 Graeme MacQueen :The 2001 Anthrax Deception: The Case for a Domestic Conspiracy https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/graeme-macqueen-the-2001-anthrax-decepti The anthrax letter attacks occurred from September through November of 2001, killing five and wounding many. The attacks were widely held to be the work of Muslims and were used to support the invasion of Afghanistan and, later, the invasion of Iraq. They were used explicitly and repeatedly to justify the passing of the Patriot Act. They were also meant to support withdrawal from the Antiballistic Missile Treaty, a withdrawal eagerly sought by the neoconservatives associated with the Project for a New American Century who wished to pursue their global agenda without obstruction from small states with WMD. In the early days of the attacks there were several perpetrator hypotheses in play. One that gained prominence was the Double Perpetrator hypothesis according to which Iraq had supplied the sophisticated anthrax spores while al-Qaeda had supplied the foot soldiers responsible for preparing and sending the letters. This hypothesis was eagerly reported by the mainstream media. It came to grief quickly when scientists discovered that the anthrax spores had a domestic source and appeared to come from the heart of the US military and intelligence communities. The FBI rapidly began a search for "the anthrax killer," promoting the idea that there was a lone wolf perpetrator within the military community--a renegade, an unbalanced person whose behavior revealed nothing of significance about structures and institutions of the deep state. In 2008 the Bureau named Dr. Bruce Ivins of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases as the "anthrax killer." Ivins had conveniently died a week before being named and could not fight back in court. Ivins remains the FBI's choice to this day: the case was closed in 2010. This book support with a great deal of evidence the following four assertions: (a) the anthrax letter attacks were carried out by a group of perpetrators, not by a “lone wolf;” (b) the group that perpetrated this crime was composed, in whole or in part, of deep insiders within the U.S. state apparatus; (c) these insiders were connected to the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks; (d) the anthrax attacks were meant to play an important role in the strategy of redefinition through which the Cold War was replaced by a new global conflict framework, the Global War on Terror. The 2001 Anthrax Deception: The Case for a Domestic Conspiracy https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6646721 Larry Hillman "The Contracter Guy" Hitler The Occult, Crowley, Beatles & More https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/larry-hillman-the-contracter-guy-hitler- I was born and raised in a small Texas town about 20 miles east of Houston. My family are evangelical Christians. I moved to Austin Texas to attend the University of Texas and graduated with a degree in Government in 1972. I had originally planned on attending Law School but decided to teach school and did some post graduate work at Texas State University in San Marcos to get a teaching Certificate. Again, I changed my career path and wound up working In manufacturing as a technician in Quality Assurance and later as a Quality Engineer. I worked In that field for 35 years until retirement last year. I am divorced and have two adult sons. I currently live in the Houston area after living in Austin most of my adult life. 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[email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6611990 Daniel Hopsicker Mad Cow Morning News: Adnan Khashoggi https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-hopsicker-mad-cow-morning-news-ad_2 Daniel Hopsicker is an author, columnist and documentary filmaker, whose investigative reporting on the importance of state-sponsored aviation crime in international drug trafficking appears on his website, www.madcowprod.com. He is the author of “Barry & the ‘boys’: The CIA, the Mob, and America’s Secret History (MadCowPress, Eugene, Or. 2001),a biography of the biggest cocaine smuggler and most famous CIA operative during much of the 1980’s, until his assassination in Baton Rouge La. In 1986. And also “Welcome to TERRORLAND: Mohamed Atta and the 9/11 Cover-up in Florida (MadCowPress Eugene OR 2004, an in-depth look at the 9/11 hijacker’s activities and associates in the tiny Florida town where three of the four pilots involved in the attack learned to fly and which was all but-ignored by the mainstream media: Venice Florida, the biggest September 11 crime scene that wasn’t reduced to rubble. His recent documentary, “The NEW American DrugLords,” is his sixth in a series on “America’s Secret History.” https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6551064 Daniel Hopsicker Mad Cow Morning News: Adnan Khashoggi https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-hopsicker-mad-cow-morning-news-ad_1 Daniel Hopsicker is an author, columnist and documentary filmaker, whose investigative reporting on the importance of state-sponsored aviation crime in international drug trafficking appears on his website, www.madcowprod.com. He is the author of “Barry & the ‘boys’: The CIA, the Mob, and America’s Secret History (MadCowPress, Eugene, Or. 2001),a biography of the biggest cocaine smuggler and most famous CIA operative during much of the 1980’s, until his assassination in Baton Rouge La. In 1986. And also “Welcome to TERRORLAND: Mohamed Atta and the 9/11 Cover-up in Florida (MadCowPress Eugene OR 2004, an in-depth look at the 9/11 hijacker’s activities and associates in the tiny Florida town where three of the four pilots involved in the attack learned to fly and which was all but-ignored by the mainstream media: Venice Florida, the biggest September 11 crime scene that wasn’t reduced to rubble. His recent documentary, “The NEW American DrugLords,” is his sixth in a series on “America’s Secret History.” https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6550883 Daniel Hopsicker Mad Cow Morning News: Adnan Khashoggi https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-hopsicker-mad-cow-morning-news-ad Daniel Hopsicker is an author, columnist and documentary filmaker, whose investigative reporting on the importance of state-sponsored aviation crime in international drug trafficking appears on his website, www.madcowprod.com. He is the author of “Barry & the ‘boys’: The CIA, the Mob, and America’s Secret History (MadCowPress, Eugene, Or. 2001),a biography of the biggest cocaine smuggler and most famous CIA operative during much of the 1980’s, until his assassination in Baton Rouge La. In 1986. And also “Welcome to TERRORLAND: Mohamed Atta and the 9/11 Cover-up in Florida (MadCowPress Eugene OR 2004, an in-depth look at the 9/11 hijacker’s activities and associates in the tiny Florida town where three of the four pilots involved in the attack learned to fly and which was all but-ignored by the mainstream media: Venice Florida, the biggest September 11 crime scene that wasn’t reduced to rubble. His recent documentary, “The NEW American DrugLords,” is his sixth in a series on “America’s Secret History.” https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6550738 Sean Duff : 'STRAWMAN' https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/sean-duff-strawman Sean Duff is a musician, songwriter, and part-time conspiracy theorist. He has been the drummer for Toronto-based Alt-Rock band 'STRAWMAN' for close to ten years now. STRAWMAN's latest recording, 'BONES', will be released September 1st, and they will be playing the Hideout Bar in downtown Toronto Friday, September 4th. For more details visit www.strawmanmusic.com. A not so average Joe, Sean is the holder of a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics and a valid driver's license. Current webmaster of the Opperman Report, some of Sean's likes are spending time with friends, long weekends and sleeping in. His dislikes include warm beer, cold coffee and getting older. Sean has recently recorded his first hip hop song, 'MC BEN JAMMIN' as wannabe rapper 'MC PROCRASTINATE' and it will be published by Worth the Wait Records shortly. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6524851 Todd Burpo : Heaven is For Real https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/todd-burpo-heaven-is-real A young boy emerges from life-saving surgery with remarkable stories of his visit to heaven. Heaven Is for Real is the true story of the four-year old son of a small town Nebraska pastor who during emergency surgery slips from consciousness and enters heaven. He survives and begins talking about being able to look down and see the doctor operating and his dad praying in the waiting room. The family didn't know what to believe but soon the evidence was clear. Colton said he met his miscarried sister, whom no one had told him about, and his great grandfather who died 30 years before Colton was born, then shared impossible-to-know details about each. He describes the horse that only Jesus could ride, about how "reaaally big" God and his chair are, and how the Holy Spirit "shoots down power" from heaven to help us. Told by the father, but often in Colton's own words, the disarmingly simple message is heaven is a real place, Jesus really loves children, and be ready, there is a coming last battle. Part 2 Mike Paris Tent Coordinator discus the event. Gospel Tent Revival Meetings Every Night - Wells, Maine August 23rd-30th. Sunday August 23rd Through Tuesday Evening the 25th 7:00 PM: Evangelist Mark Dunfee of New Jersey will be preaching, prophesying and praying for people. Many healings and miracles happen under this ministry. Wednesday Aug. 26th -7:00 PM Big Night of Music: Russ Markgren’s evening of Christian Music - The Greatest Gift (www.wearethegreatestgift.com) along with well-known organist Mark Thailander, Steve Savage, and others. Thursday-Sunday Aug. 27th through the 30th@ 7:00 PM: Evangelist Denis Dunne from Ireland will be preaching and ministering to those in need of prayer. He is always loved by all who see and hear him. Soul Feast Music Fest and more begins Aug. 28 – 30th at 9:00 AM till 7:00 PM. Evening Tent Revival Meetings begin at 7:00 PM each night. Enjoy various music artists, food, arts, crafts, vendors, bounce house, face painting and more! Friday Aug. 28th Heaven Is For Real with Colton Burpo.. his music team and family will visit under the Gospel Tent during the day and share about his journey and hope of Heaven during the evening service that begins at 7:00 PM. All are welcome!! Directions: Traveling I- 95 North or South: Take Wells Exit 19 – Turn right onto Rte 109 – Turn left on Route 9 - Drive a mile till you see Welcome Banners and the Jesus Trailer on the right at 10 Mount Zion Way. For more information Call – Pastor Terry Courtney 207-475-6316. Part 3 Ed & Vic discuss their Daniel Fast http://daniel-fast.com/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6510914 Ronald Kessler: New York Times Bestselling Author - Secret Service, FBI, and CIA https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/ronald-kessler-new-york-times-bestsellin Ronald Kessler New York Times Bestselling Author of books about the Secret Service, FBI, and CIA Ronald Kessler is the New York Times bestselling author of 20 non-fiction books. Kessler began his career as a journalist in 1964 on the Worcester Telegram, followed by three years as an investigative reporter and editorial writer with the Boston Herald. In 1968, he joined the Wall Street Journal as a reporter in the New York bureau. He became an investigative reporter with the Washington Post in 1970 and continued in that position until 1985. Kessler has won 18 journalism awards, including two George Polk awards—one for national reporting and one for community service. Kessler has also won the Robert Novak Journalist of the Year Award, the American Political Science Association's Public Affairs Reporting Award, the Associated Press' Sevellon Brown Memorial Award, and Washingtonian magazine's Washingtonian of the Year award. Franklin Pierce University awarded him the Marlin Fitzwater Medallion for excellence as a prolific author, journalist, and communicator. He is listed in Who's Who in America. Kessler's web site is www.RonaldKessler.com. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6489139 Aftershow Betty Medsger : The Burglary: https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-betty-medsger-the-burglary Betty Medsger is the author of the forthcoming book, THE BURGLARY, as well as: Winds of Change, Framed, and Women at Work. She lives in New York. In late 1970, a mild-mannered Haverford College physics professor privately asked a few people this question: “What do you think of burglarizing an FBI office?” In remarkable detail and with astonishing depth of research, Betty Medsger reveals the never-before-told full story of the history-changing break-in at the Media, Pennsylvania, FBI offices. Through their exploits, a group of unlikely activists exposed the shocking truth that J. Edgar Hoover was operating a shadow Bureau engaged in illegal surveillance and harassment of the American people. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6460588 Betty Medsger : The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/betty-medsger-the-burglary-the-discovery Betty Medsger is the author of the forthcoming book, THE BURGLARY, as well as: Winds of Change, Framed, and Women at Work. She lives in New York. In late 1970, a mild-mannered Haverford College physics professor privately asked a few people this question: “What do you think of burglarizing an FBI office?” In remarkable detail and with astonishing depth of research, Betty Medsger reveals the never-before-told full story of the history-changing break-in at the Media, Pennsylvania, FBI offices. Through their exploits, a group of unlikely activists exposed the shocking truth that J. Edgar Hoover was operating a shadow Bureau engaged in illegal surveillance and harassment of the American people. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6460153 Rev RJ Knight - Gospel Tent Revival Meetings https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/rev-rj-knight-gospel-tent-revival-meetin Gospel Tent Revival Meetings - Wells, Maine August 23-30th Sunday August 23rd Tent Revival Meetings begin at 7:00 PM. Tuesday the 25th 7:00 PM: Evangelist Mark Dunfee of New Jersey will be preaching, prophesying and praying for people. Many healings and miracles happen under this man’s ministry. Wednesday Aug. 26th - Big Night of Music: Russ Markgren is putting together a group from several local churches to present a night of Christian music. Among the artists and groups will be The Greatest Gift (www.wearethegreatestgift.com) along with well-known organist Mark Thailander, Steve Savage, and others. More information about this Night of Music, email Russ Markgren [email protected]. Thursday-Sunday Aug. 27th through the 30th@ 7:00 PM: Evangelist Denis Dunne from Ireland will be preaching and ministering to those in need of prayer. He is always loved by all who see and hear him. Soul Feast Music Fest and more begins Aug. 28 – 30th at 9:00 AM till 7:00 PM. Evening Tent Revival Meetings begin at 7:00 PM each night. Enjoy various music artists, food, arts, crafts, vendors, bounce house, face painting and more! All are welcome!! Directions: Take the Crediford Rd. to Corner of 9 and 9A in Wells. Turn right onto 9A – Will drive less than a quarter of a mile. Look for the Jesus Trailer on the right. For more information – Pastor Terry Courtney 207-475-6316 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6430597 John Ferak : BLOODY LIES: A CSI SCANDAL IN THE HEARTLAND https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-ferak-bloody-lies-a-csi-scandal-in- A native of Joliet, Ill., John Ferak covered the stunning discovery of Scott Shanahan's remains inside his Defiance, Iowa home. Ferak later chronicled the awful tragedy in rural Murdock, also for the Omaha World-Herald, Nebraska's largest news organization. Ferak has appeared on Investigation Discovery's "Cold Blood" and also on HLN News. His first book, BLOODY LIES: A CSI SCANDAL IN THE HEARTLAND, has been chosen as one of seven finalists for the 2014 true-crime book of the year at Foreword Reviews. His second book, about the Iowa murder of Scott Shanahan, has been an #Amazon bestseller since its release on #Kindle Jan. 15, 2015. It came out in paperback in April. Ferak has appeared on Omaha's KETV, Omaha's Tom Becka Radio Show, Omaha's KFAB 1110-AM and Chicagoland's WJOL with host Scott Slocum. Ferak is a repeat special guest of Darkness Radio's True-Crime Tuesday: Twin Cities' Newstalk 1130 AM with host Dave Schrader, The Generation Why Podcast, and True-Crime Uncensored: America's most popular true-crime radio show, hosted by the legendary Burl Barer of Los Angeles. These days, Ferak is an award-winning investigative team member for Gannett Wisconsin Media, based at The Post-Crescent in Appleton, Wis. He also has worked as a reporter or editor at the South Bend Tribune in Indiana, The Daily Herald based in Arlington Heights Ill., and the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Although Ferak takes his writing and journalism seriously, he enjoys spending his free time with his wife, Andrea, and their three children. Ferak roots for the Green Bay Packers and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He is a devoted follower of Major League Baseball and the Chicago White Sox. He is also known to enjoy a can or two of his favorite canned beer, Pabst Blue Ribbon, “The people’s beer,” as he likes to call it.Photo by Sharon Cekada https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6397929 Edward T. Haslam : Dr. Mary's Monkey https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/edward-t-haslam-dr-marys-monkey Dr. Mary's Monkey: How the Unsolved Murder of a Doctor, a Secret Laboratory in New Orleans and Cancer-Causing Monkey Viruses Are Linked to Lee Harvey ... Assassination and Emerging Global Epidemics Paperback – July 21, 2015 by Edward T. Haslam (Author), Jim Marrs (Foreword) Get ready for the “Hottest cold case in America!” This updated paperback contains the same content as the 2014 hard cover edition which has 25 additional pages of revelations added since the original 2007 paperback. These new pages include documents from the FBI, CIA, CDC, and NOPD, plus the actual crime scene photos from the 1964 murder of Dr. Mary Sherman. The bizarre death of this nationally known cancer researcher sets the stage for this gripping exposé of medical professionals enmeshed in covert government operations. Following a trail of police reports, FBI files, cancer statistics, and medical journals, this revealing book presents a web of secret-keeping which swept doctors into cover-ups of contaminated polio vaccines, cancer outbreaks, the arrival of the AIDS virus, and a deadly biological weapon tested on both monkeys and humans. Add Lee Harvey Oswald to the cast of this secret bio-weapon project, and this dark tale connects Oswald’s summer of secrets to the intrigue surrounding the assassination of President Kennedy. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6366745 Larry Lawton: Gangster Redemption https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/larry-lawton-gangster-redemption Larry Lawton spent 11 years in some of the toughest federal prisons in the United States. He was convicted of racketeering in connection with jewelry robberies. While in prison Lawton saw inmates stabbed and friends die. He saw young men raped and turned out as prostitutes for other inmates. Lawton was stabbed and stabbed others. He studied to be a paralegal and became a gang mediator; he somehow kept his sanity by helping other inmates. Upon his release from prison, Larry developed the nationally recognized Reality Check Program to help young people NOT go to prison. In November 2013, Larry was the first ex-con recognized on the floor of the United States Congress for his work with helping young people. In August of 2013, Larry was the first ex-con in the United States to be sworn in as an honorary police officer in the city of Lake Saint Louis Missouri. Larry is a guest TV analyst for networks like, MSNBC, NBC, FOX, CNN, ABC, CBS. Larry is a certified paralegal, court program developer, police adviser and teen and young adult issues expert for families all over the country. Larry Lawton co-authored Gangster Redemption with 8 time NY Times bestselling author Peter Golenbock, the book is Larry's life story, what REALLY goes on in prison and how Larry developed the #1 Program in the country helping young people NOT go to prison. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6305893 Aftershow St John Hunt CIA JFK WATERGATE https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-st-john-hunt-cia-jfk-watergate Saint John Hunt is the eldest son of "super-spy" E. Howard Hunt, a 27-year career C.I.A. covert agent and Foreign Station Chief, most well-known as the Leader / Director of the White House "plumbers" black bag team, who's botched burglary & arrest led to the impeachment & resignation of then President Richard Nixon. E. Howard Hunt, who passed away in January at the age of 88, was also involved in many of the C.I.A.'s most nefarious operations in Cuba and throughout Central & South America, including but not limited to the assassination of Che Guevara, assassination of Allende and coup in Chile, the coup in Guatemala, the orchestration of the Bay of Pigs, and plots to assassinate Fidel Castro. He is considered by many investigators to be one of the 3 "tramps" intercepted, detained, photographed and released without arrest or charges near the grassy knoll at the Dealy Plaza scene of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Even more significant, Hunt had direct knowledge of the planning, particulars, participants and motives in the J.F.K assassination and has confided and entrusted this information and documentation to his son Saint John. Following the Watergate debacle, Saint John's father was sentenced to and served 33 months in Federal prison. Saint's mother Dorothy was killed in an extremely suspicious airplane "accident", while carrying a very large amount of cash to be distributed as hush money to co-conspirators and participants. On the very night of the botched Watergate 'job', Saint John was awakened in the middle of the night and at his father's plea / direction, became an active participant in assisting his father in the disposal of potentially compromising / incriminating evidence from the bungled burglary. Throughout his youth and into early adulthood, Saint John traveled worldwide, as his father pursued his duties as a covert C.I.A. operative. He was his father's proud son and trusted confidante. Hunt's career as a savvy, sophisticated intellectual, yet tough-as-nails team leader & 'can do' covert operative, made him the perfect Hollywood spy "role model" for characters like television's Mission Impossible team leader "Mister Phelps" and the follow-up film series, featuring Tom Cruise as "Ethan Hunt", a thinly veiled reference to Everett Howard Hunt. As the legendary spymaster (now age 88) lay in a Miami hospital bed, dying, his oldest son, Saint John Hunt sat in vigil at his bedside and shared his father's final days. As both a loving, compassionate son and an experienced professional care-provider, Saint spent many hours over the course of those final days at his fathers deathbed-side, and has been entrusted with privileged information, documents, audio recordings and other revealing items & explosive evidence regarding the Kennedy assassination. Saint John Hunt has been interviewed for a feature article on his father's life in the April 5, 2007 edition of "Rolling Stone" magazine, and also by the Los Angeles Times newspaper. He has appeared as a guest with both Ian Punnet and George Noory on "Coast-toCoast AM", with Alex Jones on "Prison Planet", with CNN's Glen Beck, and other broadcast, on-line and print media. (See links below.) Additionally he has recently been interviewed by Jim Moret for television's "Inside Edition" and is set to appear on an upcoming episode of CBS 60 Minutes. Saint John Hunt's new book "Bond of Secrecy" is set for publishing and he has written a screenplay with Eric Hamburg (Screenwriter / Co-Producer with Oliver Stone on the feature film "Nixon") and is in negotiations for production of a feature film about his father's career, their life together and the dark secrets of the C.I.A. In coming forward to discuss his father's career , their unique intimate personal relationship and their bond of secrecy, Saint John Hunt is hopeful that in revealing the in-depth information and evidence he has, he will help provide the critical missing pieces of the puzzle surrounding the Kennedy Assassination. It is his deepest desire that these revelations will bring closure and light upon the darkest chapter of our nations history. A darkness continuing to this very day, which imminently threatens our liberties and future as free Americans. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6242765 ST John Hunt Son of CIA Watergate JFK https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/st-john-hunt-son-of-cia-watergate-jfk Saint John Hunt is the eldest son of "super-spy" E. Howard Hunt, a 27-year career C.I.A. covert agent and Foreign Station Chief, most well-known as the Leader / Director of the White House "plumbers" black bag team, who's botched burglary & arrest led to the impeachment & resignation of then President Richard Nixon. E. Howard Hunt, who passed away in January at the age of 88, was also involved in many of the C.I.A.'s most nefarious operations in Cuba and throughout Central & South America, including but not limited to the assassination of Che Guevara, assassination of Allende and coup in Chile, the coup in Guatemala, the orchestration of the Bay of Pigs, and plots to assassinate Fidel Castro. He is considered by many investigators to be one of the 3 "tramps" intercepted, detained, photographed and released without arrest or charges near the grassy knoll at the Dealy Plaza scene of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Even more significant, Hunt had direct knowledge of the planning, particulars, participants and motives in the J.F.K assassination and has confided and entrusted this information and documentation to his son Saint John. Following the Watergate debacle, Saint John's father was sentenced to and served 33 months in Federal prison. Saint's mother Dorothy was killed in an extremely suspicious airplane "accident", while carrying a very large amount of cash to be distributed as hush money to co-conspirators and participants. On the very night of the botched Watergate 'job', Saint John was awakened in the middle of the night and at his father's plea / direction, became an active participant in assisting his father in the disposal of potentially compromising / incriminating evidence from the bungled burglary. Throughout his youth and into early adulthood, Saint John traveled worldwide, as his father pursued his duties as a covert C.I.A. operative. He was his father's proud son and trusted confidante. Hunt's career as a savvy, sophisticated intellectual, yet tough-as-nails team leader & 'can do' covert operative, made him the perfect Hollywood spy "role model" for characters like television's Mission Impossible team leader "Mister Phelps" and the follow-up film series, featuring Tom Cruise as "Ethan Hunt", a thinly veiled reference to Everett Howard Hunt. As the legendary spymaster (now age 88) lay in a Miami hospital bed, dying, his oldest son, Saint John Hunt sat in vigil at his bedside and shared his father's final days. As both a loving, compassionate son and an experienced professional care-provider, Saint spent many hours over the course of those final days at his fathers deathbed-side, and has been entrusted with privileged information, documents, audio recordings and other revealing items & explosive evidence regarding the Kennedy assassination. Saint John Hunt has been interviewed for a feature article on his father's life in the April 5, 2007 edition of "Rolling Stone" magazine, and also by the Los Angeles Times newspaper. He has appeared as a guest with both Ian Punnet and George Noory on "Coast-toCoast AM", with Alex Jones on "Prison Planet", with CNN's Glen Beck, and other broadcast, on-line and print media. (See links below.) Additionally he has recently been interviewed by Jim Moret for television's "Inside Edition" and is set to appear on an upcoming episode of CBS 60 Minutes. Saint John Hunt's new book "Bond of Secrecy" is set for publishing and he has written a screenplay with Eric Hamburg (Screenwriter / Co-Producer with Oliver Stone on the feature film "Nixon") and is in negotiations for production of a feature film about his father's career, their life together and the dark secrets of the C.I.A. In coming forward to discuss his father's career , their unique intimate personal relationship and their bond of secrecy, Saint John Hunt is hopeful that in revealing the in-depth information and evidence he has, he will help provide the critical missing pieces of the puzzle surrounding the Kennedy Assassination. It is his deepest desire that these revelations will bring closure and light upon the darkest chapter of our nations history. A darkness continuing to this very day, which imminently threatens our liberties and future as free Americans. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6242320 John Potash :Drugs as Weapons Against Us https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-potash-drugs-as-weapons-against-us Drugs as Weapons Against Us: The CIA's Murderous Targeting of SDS, Panthers, Hendrix, Lennon, Cobain, Tupac, and Other Leftists Drugs as Weapons Against Us meticulously details how a group of opium-trafficking families came to form an American oligarchy and eventually achieved global dominance. This oligarchy helped fund the Nazi regime and then saved thousands of Nazis to work with the Central Intelligence Agency. CIA operations such as MK-Ultra pushed LSD and other drugs on leftist leaders and left-leaning populations at home and abroad. Evidence supports that this oligarchy further led the United States into its longest-running wars in the ideal areas for opium crops, while also massively funding wars in areas of coca plant abundance for cocaine production under the guise of a “war on drugs” that is actually the use of drugs as a war on us. Drugs as Weapons Against Us tells how scores of undercover U.S. Intelligence agents used drugs in the targeting of leftist leaders from SDS to the Black Panthers, Young Lords, Latin Kings, and the Occupy Movement. It also tells how they particularly targeted leftist musicians, including John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain, and Tupac Shakur to promote drugs while later murdering them when they started sobering up and taking on more leftist activism. The book further uncovers the evidence that Intelligence agents dosed Paul Robeson with LSD, gave Mick Jagger his first hit of acid, hooked Janis Joplin on amphetamines, as well as manipulating Elvis Presley, Eminem, the Wu Tang Clan, and others. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6175497 Murder of Marilyn Monroe: Case Closed https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/murder-of-marilyn-monroe-case-closed Marilyn Monroe died under suspicious circumstances on the night of August 4, 1962. In The Murder of Marilyn Monroe: Case Closed, renowned MM expert Jay Margolis and New York Times best-selling author Richard Buskin finally lay to rest more than 50 years of wild speculation and misguided assertions by actually naming the screen goddess's killer. At the same time, they use the testimony of eyewitnesses to describe exactly what took place inside her house on Fifth Helena Drive in Los Angeles's Brentwood neighborhood. Implicating Bobby Kennedy in the commission of Monroe's murder, this is the first book to name the LAPD officers who accompanied the attorney general to her home, provide details about how the Kennedys used bribes to silence one of the ambulance drivers, and specify how the subsequent cover-up was aided by a noted pathologist's outrageous lies. This blockbuster volume blows the lid off the world's most notorious and talked-about celebrity death, and in the process also exposes the third gunman in the pantry who delivered the fatal bullet to the back of RFK's head - and the third gunman's female accomplice who, until now, has only been known to the LAPD and the FBI as "the girl in the polka-dot dress." https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6108562 J. Michael Springmann:Visas for Al Qaeda https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/j-michael-springmann-visas-for-al-qaeda J. Michael Springmann served in the United States government with the Commerce Department and as a diplomat with the State Department’s Foreign Service, with postings in Germany, India, and Saudi Arabia. He left federal service and currently practices law in the Washington, DC, area. Springmann has been published in numerous foreign policy publications, including Covert Action Quarterly, Unclassified, Global Research, Global Outlook, the Public Record, OpEdNews, and Foreign Policy Journal. He holds a JD from American University, in Washington, DC, as well as undergraduate and graduate degrees in international relations from Georgetown University and the Catholic University of America. In 2004, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee recognized Springmann as one of its Pro Bono Attorneys of the Year. Link is website for book (Visas for Al Qaeda: CIA Handouts That Rocked The World): https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6075049 Victoria DiNatale : STANDING VICTORIOUS https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/victoria-dinatale-standing-victorious Victoria DiNatale is a 23-year-old alumna of Armstrong Atlantic State University with a bachelor’s degree in English. As a former victim of severe middle and high school bullying, she now shares her anti-bullying message, STANDING VICTORIOUS™, with thousands of students and adults in universities, schools, and civic events. Through her advocacy, she has also reached thousands via television, radio, magazine, and online blogs. In 2012, Victoria was asked by school counselor and international author, Raychelle Lohmann, to write a Letter to the Student, which appears as an introduction to Lohmann’s book, The Bullying Workbook for Teens: Activities to Help You Deal with Social Aggression and Cyberbullying. Victoria is a former “Bullying Breakdown” columnist for the Savannah Morning News. She is also the founder of Standing Victorious, LLC. As a young, relatable speaker, Victoria has traveled the southeastern United States sharing her eye-opening story and addressing both victims and bullies alike. It is Victoria’s life-long mission to spread this anti-bullying message to all 50 states, teaching students that there is hope and help and that suicide is never an option! https://api.spreaker.com/episode/6014282 Toby Rogers: Ganja Godfather https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/toby-rogers-ganja-godfather The Untolld Story of NYC’s Weed Kiingpiin Genovese mob-scion Silvio Eboli lived within the shadows of history, and now for the first time, the untold story of a mafia legend is revealed. The Ganja Godfather (Trineday, March 23, 2015, ISBN: 978-1937584955) s the story about an ongoing organized criminal operation, in real time with firsthand accounts and experiences by award-winning author and investigative journalist, Toby Rogers. Shadowing the Ganja Godfather, Rogers witnesses it all standing next to the Boss himself: violence, drugs, celebrities, girls, construction hustles, crime-family business meetings and social gatherings. From strip clubs in Atlantic City to Sunday night dinner with the wife and kids, Rogers experiences whatever the Ganja Godfather does on any given day. As exhilarating as Silvio’s life had become, it certainly was much more stressful behind the scenes. Being the Empire State’s spliff king was undoubtedly the hardest job in New York. And it was only after Silvio finally got to the top of the mountain that he realized just how easy it was to fall over the edge. With a wife and kids, dysfunctional family business obligations, and an out-of-control social life all pulling him in conflicting paths, Silvio struggled keep the empire moving forward without detection from law enforcement. But when he was introduced to a Colombian cocaine princess with aspirations to become a model, he saw an opportunity to expand the family’s profit margins to unimaginable heights and risked it all despite the collision course with disaster he saw right before him. Toby Rogers is an award winning author and investigative journalist. He has written for the New York Times, New York Post, Village Voice, High Times, Clamor Magazine, and Houston’s Public News. He has been featured on MSNBC’s Countdown with Keith Olbermann, Democracy Now, with Amy Goodman as well as the National Enquirer. He was a consultant and featured in HBO’s Horns and Halos documentary. Rogers’ first book, Ambushed: Secrets of the Bush Family, was featured in newspapers and magazines in America and internationally. rThe New York Times described Rogers as “a hell of a journalist,” and Ambushed as “very impressive top notch stuff.” https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5942741 Bradley Nickell : Repeat Offender https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/bradley-nickell-repeat-offender Out of high school, Bradley Nickell spent almost four years in the United States Air Force, working on the super-secret SR-71 and U2 spy planes. in the last two years of his military service, Bradley also worked as a Reserve Police Officer in Marysville, California. In 1992, Bradley joined the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department and was promoted to detective in 1999. For the past sixteen years, Bradley has been assigned to the Repeat Offender Program, specializing in identifying, catching, and helping convict career criminals who prey on the citizens of Southern Nevada. Although still a police detective, Bradley is a credentialed member of the press and has written several law enforcement-themed features for both American COP Magazine and POLICE Magazine. Bradley has been interviewed on TruTV (formerly Court TV) as a subject matter expert and was a key speaker at the Fifth Annual LeadsOnline ® Law Enforcement Leadership Conference in Las Vegas (2012). Bradley’s debut true-crime thriller, REPEAT OFFENDER, is being released by WildBlue Press on 04/14/15. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5918130 Arnaldo Lerma : Scientology Cult https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/arnaldo-lerma-scientology-cult rnaldo (Arnie) Pagliarini Lerma (born November 18, 1950) is an American writer and activist, a former Scientologist, and critic of Scientology, who has appeared in television, media and radio interviews. Lerma was the first person to post the court document known as the Fishman Affidavit using his real identity, including the Xenu story, to the internet via the Usenet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology. Lerma started in Scientology at the age of 16 at the urging of his mother, an executive director for the Washington, DC church. He was impressed by L. Ron Hubbard's exaggerated account of his military career and scientific credentials. Lerma joined Scientology's Sea Org and was assigned in 1976 to a post working alongside Hubbard's daughter Suzette. He claims they became romantically involved and planned to elope. Lerma alleges that other Sea Org officers discovered their plans and threatened to mutilate him if he did not cancel the marriage. Lerma quit Scientology soon afterward. After Lerma posted the Fishman Affidavit in August 1995, his home was raided by federal marshals and lawyers from the Church of Scientology, alleging he was in possession of copyrighted documents.A lawsuit was filed against Lerma and his Internet service provider by the church's Religious Technology Center, (RTC), claiming copyright infringement and trade secret misappropriation. The Washington Post and two investigative reporters were added to the lawsuit, as an article written about the raid contained three brief quotes from Scientology "Advanced Technology" documents.[5] The Washington Post, et al. were released from the suit when USDJ Leonie Brinkema ruled in a memorandum on November 28, 1995: "When the RTC first approached the Court with its ex parte request for the seizure warrant and temporary restraining order, the dispute was presented as a straightforward one under copyright and trade secret law. However, the Court is now convinced that the primary motivation of RTC in suing Lerma, DGS and The Post is to stifle criticism of Scientology in general and to harass its critics. As the increasingly vitriolic rhetoric of its briefs and oral argument now demonstrates, the RTC appears far more concerned about criticism of Scientology than vindication of its secrets." (Memorandum Opinion of November 28, 1995, by U.S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema; Religious Technology Center v. Arnaldo Lerma, Washington Post, Mark Fisher, and Richard Leiby) The Memorandum Opinion acknowledges what Scientology practices to this day: the "Fair Game" policy, a written directive by L. Ron Hubbard that encourages harassment of anyone who speaks out against the church. In conclusion, the court awarded RTC the statutory minimum of $2,500 for five instances of non-willful copyright violation. Arnie Lerma started a website "Lermanet" which concentrates on news about Scientology and on documenting lawsuits by Scientology. Arnie Lerma is also noted for discovering an altered picture on a Scientology website on New Year's Eve in 1999, one that appeared to inflate the number of members attending a millennial event at the Los Angeles Sports Arena in California. He posted the pictures to his website identifying the alterations, with the most prominent feature being the "man with no head." The story appeared on national television and in the press. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5908705 Carolina Sarassa: Dancing On Her Grave 2 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/carolina-sarassa-dancing-on-her-grave_1 Author Carolina Sarassa is an award-winning news reporter, now anchor of the national nightly news for Latino network MundoFox. She was the first to break the story of the shocking murder, and became the journalist who forged the closest association with the key players, including Flores’ roommate, parents and former boyfriends. “Dancing on Her Grave: The Murder of a Las Vegas Showgirl” brings Sarassa’s unparalleled chronicle of events to life, providing readers with a detailed depiction of this tragic true crime. But beyond the investigation, and beyond the trial is a moving cautionary tale of one of society’s most urgent social problems – domestic violence. An ambiguous text message Debbie left behind for her mother led authorities to her charismatic boyfriend, Jason “Blu” Griffith, a fellow Vegas dancer. When the details of the crime unfolded, Blu was hiding a terrible secret, one that involved a rental van, bags of cement, two plastic tubs, and a handsaw. Debbie’s dreams of a dazzling career became a nightmare. How could a girl with such passion and promise come to an end so violent and unexpected? In time, the truth would reveal a life more tumultuous than believed – and what exactly transpired on Debbie’s tragic final day will blow readers minds. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5883037 Carolina Sarassa: Dancing On Her Grave 1 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/carolina-sarassa-dancing-on-her-grave-1 Author Carolina Sarassa is an award-winning news reporter, now anchor of the national nightly news for Latino network MundoFox. She was the first to break the story of the shocking murder, and became the journalist who forged the closest association with the key players, including Flores’ roommate, parents and former boyfriends. “Dancing on Her Grave: The Murder of a Las Vegas Showgirl” brings Sarassa’s unparalleled chronicle of events to life, providing readers with a detailed depiction of this tragic true crime. But beyond the investigation, and beyond the trial is a moving cautionary tale of one of society’s most urgent social problems – domestic violence. An ambiguous text message Debbie left behind for her mother led authorities to her charismatic boyfriend, Jason “Blu” Griffith, a fellow Vegas dancer. When the details of the crime unfolded, Blu was hiding a terrible secret, one that involved a rental van, bags of cement, two plastic tubs, and a handsaw. Debbie’s dreams of a dazzling career became a nightmare. How could a girl with such passion and promise come to an end so violent and unexpected? In time, the truth would reveal a life more tumultuous than believed – and what exactly transpired on Debbie’s tragic final day will blow readers minds. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5882901 John Morgan They Murdered Princess Di 3 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-morgan-they-murdered-princess-di-3 John Morgan was born in Rotorua, New Zealand in 1957, and has lived in Australia for the last 26 years. He and his wife currently reside in Redcliffe, on the shores of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane. John is an investigative writer with a diploma in journalism from the Australian College of Journalism. He completed his first book titled Flying Free in 2005 – about life inside a fundamentalist cult. In his earlier life John was an accountant for various organisations in Auckland and Sydney. Later during the 1990s, he became a retailer operating a shop on Sydney’s northern beaches. Since the 1980s John travelled widely throughout the Pacific, Asia and the Middle East. He retired in 2003 at the age of 46, after being diagnosed with a severe neurological illness called multiple system atrophy. After a year or two of coming to terms with that devastating turn of events, he eventually found that the forced retirement created an opportunity to fulfil a lifelong ambition to write. Following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, John developed an interest in the events that had led to the Paris crash. Since 2005 he carried out extensive full-time research into those events and studied the official British police report after it was published in late 2006. John subsequently completed a book on that subject in September 2007 – it was titled Cover-Up of a Royal Murder: Hundreds of Errors in the Paget Report. That book was read and used by the lawyers at the London inquest into the deaths of Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed, which commenced in October. Throughout 2008 John Morgan continued his investigations into the crash and closely followed the six months of the inquest which concluded in April. That research resulted in the six evidence-based volumes of the highly acclaimed Diana Inquest series – written and published between 2009 and 2013. After publicising the second volume of that series, in late 2009 John received a large volume of unpublished documentation from within the official British police Paget investigation. As a result of that in 2010 he was able to compile a dedicated volume entitled: Diana Inquest: The Documents the Jury Never Saw. During 2012 John completed a page-turning summary of the shocking story of Diana’s death, Paris-London Connection: The Assassination of Princess Diana. Kopp Verlag translated this book and published the German edition in 2014. Meanwhile John’s health continued to deteriorate, nevertheless by late 2014 he was able to publish his most important work yet – the narrative abridgement of the six volume Diana Inquest series. It was entitled How They Murdered Princess Diana: The Shocking Truth. Early in 2015 Jon Conway’s play Truth Lies Diana commenced a five week season at the Charing Cross Theatre in London’s West End. About the death of Princess Diana the play drew heavily on the evidence revealed in the Diana Inquest series. John Morgan starred as a character in the play – his role was played by British actor Barry Bloxham. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5876139 John Morgan They Murdered Princess Di 2 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-morgan-they-murdered-princess-di-2 John Morgan was born in Rotorua, New Zealand in 1957, and has lived in Australia for the last 26 years. He and his wife currently reside in Redcliffe, on the shores of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane. John is an investigative writer with a diploma in journalism from the Australian College of Journalism. He completed his first book titled Flying Free in 2005 – about life inside a fundamentalist cult. In his earlier life John was an accountant for various organisations in Auckland and Sydney. Later during the 1990s, he became a retailer operating a shop on Sydney’s northern beaches. Since the 1980s John travelled widely throughout the Pacific, Asia and the Middle East. He retired in 2003 at the age of 46, after being diagnosed with a severe neurological illness called multiple system atrophy. After a year or two of coming to terms with that devastating turn of events, he eventually found that the forced retirement created an opportunity to fulfil a lifelong ambition to write. Following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, John developed an interest in the events that had led to the Paris crash. Since 2005 he carried out extensive full-time research into those events and studied the official British police report after it was published in late 2006. John subsequently completed a book on that subject in September 2007 – it was titled Cover-Up of a Royal Murder: Hundreds of Errors in the Paget Report. That book was read and used by the lawyers at the London inquest into the deaths of Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed, which commenced in October. Throughout 2008 John Morgan continued his investigations into the crash and closely followed the six months of the inquest which concluded in April. That research resulted in the six evidence-based volumes of the highly acclaimed Diana Inquest series – written and published between 2009 and 2013. After publicising the second volume of that series, in late 2009 John received a large volume of unpublished documentation from within the official British police Paget investigation. As a result of that in 2010 he was able to compile a dedicated volume entitled: Diana Inquest: The Documents the Jury Never Saw. During 2012 John completed a page-turning summary of the shocking story of Diana’s death, Paris-London Connection: The Assassination of Princess Diana. Kopp Verlag translated this book and published the German edition in 2014. Meanwhile John’s health continued to deteriorate, nevertheless by late 2014 he was able to publish his most important work yet – the narrative abridgement of the six volume Diana Inquest series. It was entitled How They Murdered Princess Diana: The Shocking Truth. Early in 2015 Jon Conway’s play Truth Lies Diana commenced a five week season at the Charing Cross Theatre in London’s West End. About the death of Princess Diana the play drew heavily on the evidence revealed in the Diana Inquest series. John Morgan starred as a character in the play – his role was played by British actor Barry Bloxham. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5875604 Dean Henderson https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/dean-henderson Dean Henderson was raised on a cattle ranch near Faulkton, SD. He earned a BLS from the University of South Dakota and an MS in Environmental Studies from the University of Montana. He founded/published/edited one of America’s first political “zines” – The Missoula Paper - in 1990 in Missoula, MT – where he was also a regular columnist for the Montana Kaimin. His Left Hook columns have appeared on Infowars, Globalresearch.ca, David Icke and many other websites. His print articles have appeared in Multinational Monitor, In These Times,Paranoia and several other journals. He is a featured columnist for Veterans Today & Rense.com, and appears regularly on Press TV, RT and other international stations. A self-described revolutionary and traveler to 50 countries, in 2004 he won the Democratic nomination for Congress in Missouri’s 8th District, where he and his wife operate a self-sufficient homestead. He has authored five books. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5842639 Nick Bryant : Confessions of DC Madam https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/nick-bryant-confessions-of-dc-madam Confessions of a D.C. Madam The Politics of Sex, Lies, and Blackmail Confessions of a DC Madam (Trine Day, March 2015) is an autographical account of Henry W. Vinson’s odyssey from the humble origins of Williamson, West Virginia to running the largest gay escort service in Washington, DC by the time he was 26 years old. This haunting exposé is the first book to tell the tale of sexually blackmailed politicians and government officials in the U.S. by an individual who actually witnessed these sinister maneuverings first-hand. Confessions of a DC Madam proves that there is a clandestine checks-and-balances system in effect within our government—blackmail. Vinson intricately documents his interactions with various closeted and non-closeted VIPs who solicited the escorts he employed. Moreover, this new book details Vinson’s numerous exchanges with a CIA asset whose specialty was sexually compromising the powerbrokers of Washington, DC, and the trials and tribulations Vinson suffered because he was privy to information that could have produced a seismic political scandal. Confessions of a DC Madam details the federal government’s illicit, malicious, and relentless attack on Vinson to ensure his silence, which included incarceration rooted in trumped-up charges and Vinson’s story shows the reader the illegal activities the government executes to silence those who are privy to the fact that American politicians and power brokers are compromised by their sexual improprieties. This fascinating and shocking facet of government corruption reveals the integral role blackmail plays in American politics and the unbelievable lengths the government perpetrates to silence those in the know. Henry W. Vinson is the former funeral director for W. W. Chambers Funeral Home, who also owned and operated the largest gay escort service in Washington, DC. He lives in Cincinnati, Ohio. PUBLICATION DATE: MARCH 2015, ISBN 978-1-937584-29-0 HISTORY/CURRENT EVENTS 201 PAGES, 6 X 95, FORMAT: TRADE PAPER $24.95 (US $24.95) (CA $27.95) RIGHTS: WOR - TRINE DAY Nick Bryant Nick Bryant is an investigative journalist whose work largely focuses on the plight of disadvantaged children in the United States. His mainstream and investigative journalism has been featured in Gear, Playboy, the Reader, and on He is the coauthor of America's Children: Triumph of Tragedy, addressing the medical and developmental problems of lower socioeconomic children in America. Bryant is the author of The Franklin Scandal: A Story of Powerbrokers, Child Abuse and Betrayal. Bryant has also been published in numerous national journals, including the Journal of Professional Ethics, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, and Journal of School Health. He lives in New York City. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5809036 Opperman Report Aftershow: Ike Ilkew https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/opperman-report-aftershow-ike-ilkew http://nycadventuretours.com/ Ike Ilkiw, NYC Adventure Tours Founder and Tour Guide. Ike was born on the Lower East Side of New York City in the early 1960′s…his family moved to Brooklyn in 1963, and he grew up in the Brooklyn Cypress Hills neighborhood. He worked at various jobs, but was appointed to the to the NYC Transit Police in 1982, and was promoted to the rank of Detective in 1986. It is from his experiences of growing up in New York City and being a NYC Police Detective that he decided to start the NYC Adventure Tours web site. Ike is a licensed New York State Private Investigator, and has worked with every level of law enforcement, from the New York City to the Federal level, including FBI, and The DEA. Ike has assisted in Television Show development and story ideas from “Amsterdam” (2007) and his first screen credit with “Pelham 123″ in 2009. Check out Ike in a short online YouTube - Ghosts of Washington Square Park, and his IMDB Resume Page: Ike Ilkiw. (Original Broadcast 3-13-2015) https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5785674 Ike Ilkew : NYPD Crime Tours https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/ike-ilkew-nypd-crime-tours http://nycadventuretours.com/ Ike Ilkiw, NYC Adventure Tours Founder and Tour Guide. Ike was born on the Lower East Side of New York City in the early 1960′s…his family moved to Brooklyn in 1963, and he grew up in the Brooklyn Cypress Hills neighborhood. He worked at various jobs, but was appointed to the to the NYC Transit Police in 1982, and was promoted to the rank of Detective in 1986. It is from his experiences of growing up in New York City and being a NYC Police Detective that he decided to start the NYC Adventure Tours web site. Ike is a licensed New York State Private Investigator, and has worked with every level of law enforcement, from the New York City to the Federal level, including FBI, and The DEA. Ike has assisted in Television Show development and story ideas from “Amsterdam” (2007) and his first screen credit with “Pelham 123″ in 2009. Check out Ike in a short online YouTube - Ghosts of Washington Square Park, and his IMDB Resume Page: Ike Ilkiw. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5776230 Daniel Estulin: Bilderberg Group https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-estulin-bilderberg-group Daniel Estulin Award Winning Investiagative Journalist, International Bestselling Author, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Daniel Estulin is a dangerous man to the status quo. Possessed, obsessed, tenacious and courageous, an award-winning investigative journalist, he is a man who has been in the crosshairs of the global power brokers for almost two decades. He is our preeminent historian of the global elite, a scholar of remarkable breadth and erudition and one of the world’s most outspoken public intellectuals. Estulin doesn’t mince words and he doesn’t hold back when naming names, and when identifying the cauldrons of chaos they have created. Over the past 20 years, he has exposed these and other “Shadow Masters” among the secret global power elite as the coolly vicious orchestrators of wars, terrorism, drug trafficking and grand-scale theft. Served by minions with recognizable names, the Shadow Masters further their agendas using public monies and government resources around the world as if they personally owned them. Meanwhile, banks launder hundreds of billions of narco-dollars yearly. In his international best seller, The True Story of the Bilderberg Group, Mr Estulin was the first man to publicly expose this shadowy cabal of some of the world’s most powerful behind the scenes manipulators. Again and again, Daniel Estulin bravely journeys to the epicenter of hell to uncover some of the most mind boggling crimes by the men who run the world from behind the scenes. Mr. Estulin is inarguably one of the world’s most daring and experienced reporter on the global power elite. At a great person cost and unimaginable personal risk, Mr. Estulin has demonstrated a clear understanding of the differences between those who would seek to do evil, and their victims...and has gone to incredible lengths to bring to the task their crimes. He meticulously documents his reporting and has developed sources other journalists don’t even know exist. Asked why he practices such a difficult and controversial brand of journalism, Estulin replies, “Because universal corruption and abuse of power and privileges at the deepest levels of society must be exposed and because I refuse to turn my back on inhumanity and violence.” Estulin doesn’t just inspire us, he informs us with his intelligence, authenticity, generosity and compassion. Daniel Estulin provides the information, tools, and motivation necessary to inspire and catalyze strategic citizen action. In doing so, his work strengthens movements, ensures a more just system, and brings us closer to the promise of democracy. His Nobel nomination is a tribute and recognition for all the work in fighting, exposing and risking his life for the common good of the human race. www.danielestulin.com https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5731143 Opperman Report Aftershow 2015 02 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/opperman-report-aftershow-2015-02-27 Kris Millegan: Fleshing Out Skull and Bones,: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society R.A. Kris Millegan is a publisher, writer and musician. After first working in 1999 with author/investigative reporter Daniel Hopsicker in producing, Barry and the 'boys': The CIA, the Mob and America's Secret History, Kris started TrineDay in 2000 as a vehicle to get suppressed books wider circulation. With no shortage of spiked materials, TrineDay has grown to over 50 volumes in print, and has succeeded in achieving a wider distribution for suppressed works. The current catalogue can be viewed at trineday.com . Kris edited and is an author of Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. He is a prolific songwriter with two songs in National Lampoon's Last Resort, and plays with the Normal Bean Band. Kris lives in Walterville, Oregon. Mr. Millegan is the publisher at TrineDay, the country’s leading publisher of suppressed works. Millegan, 65, was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Fairfax, Virginia, while his father was working for the Central Intelligence Agency. The last overt job of Millegan’s father was serving as Branch Chief, Head of the East Asia Analysis Office. Ten years after leaving the agency in 1959 and moving the family out to Oregon, Lloyd spoke to his son about his experiences in intelligence, especially about psychological warfare, narcotics trafficking, secret societies and the conflict in Vietnam. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5719337 Kris Millegan: Skull and Bones 201502 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kris-millegan-skull-and-bones-201502-27 Kris Millegan: Fleshing Out Skull and Bones,: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society R.A. Kris Millegan is a publisher, writer and musician. After first working in 1999 with author/investigative reporter Daniel Hopsicker in producing, Barry and the 'boys': The CIA, the Mob and America's Secret History, Kris started TrineDay in 2000 as a vehicle to get suppressed books wider circulation. With no shortage of spiked materials, TrineDay has grown to over 50 volumes in print, and has succeeded in achieving a wider distribution for suppressed works. The current catalogue can be viewed at trineday.com . Kris edited and is an author of Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. He is a prolific songwriter with two songs in National Lampoon's Last Resort, and plays with the Normal Bean Band. Kris lives in Walterville, Oregon. Mr. Millegan is the publisher at TrineDay, the country’s leading publisher of suppressed works. Millegan, 65, was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Fairfax, Virginia, while his father was working for the Central Intelligence Agency. The last overt job of Millegan’s father was serving as Branch Chief, Head of the East Asia Analysis Office. Ten years after leaving the agency in 1959 and moving the family out to Oregon, Lloyd spoke to his son about his experiences in intelligence, especially about psychological warfare, narcotics trafficking, secret societies and the conflict in Vietnam. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5719279 Mark Ebner : Bill Cosby Rape Allegations https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/mark-ebner-bill-cosby-rape-allegations New York Times best selling author Mark Ebner is an award winning investigative journalist who has covered all aspects of celebrity and crime culture for Spy, Rolling Stone, Maxim, Details, Los Angeles, Premiere, Salon, Spin, Radar, Angeleno, The Daily Beast.com, Gawker.com, BoingBoing.net and New Times among other national and international and internet publications. He has repeatedly positioned himself in harm's way, conducting dozens of investigations into such subjects as Scientology, Pit Bull fighting in South Central Los Angeles, the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, celebrity stalkers, drug dealers, missing porn stars, sports groupies, mobsters, college suicides and Hepatitis C in Hollywood. Ebner has produced for and/or appeared as a journalist-commentator on NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, A&E, The BBC, Channel 4 (UK), National Public Radio, Court TV, Fox News, FX, VH-1 and E! Entertainment Television. He has been a featured guest on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Today Show, The Early Show, Inside Edition, The Dylan Ratigan Show, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Fox & Friends, Catherine Crier Live, and a host of other television and radio programs in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom and Asia. In 2000, Ebner hosted his own nationally syndicated radio program, Drastic Radio, and co-authored the New York Times/Los Angeles Times best-seller, "Hollywood, Interrupted" in 2005 with the late Andrew Breitbart of the Drudge Report. He followed that collaboration with the Hollywood true crimer "Six Degrees of Paris Hilton" (Simon and Schuster) in 2008, and 2011 saw publication of "We Have Your Husband" (Berkley Books)with Jayne Garcia Valseca which resulted in a Lifetime Movie adaptation of the same title. 2013 and 2014 bring Being Uncle Charlie (Random House Canada)with former Canadian undercover copper Bob Deasy and Poison Candy with former Florida prosecutor Elizabeth Parker respectively. Ebner consulted on the Emmy-nominated "Trapped In The Closet" episode of South Park for Comedy Central, consulted for NBC/Dateline on the "Paris Hilton Tapes" report, and field produced a one-hour VH1 special on the same topic. He also hosted "Rich and Reckless," a crime show for TruTV, co-starred in I Can't Believe I'm Still Single (Showtime), and blogs when he can at HollywoodInterrupted.com. http://www.amazon.com/Mark-Ebner/e/B001IXNZG4/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_2 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5621828 Katie Beers: Buried Memories 2015 01 16 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/katie-beers-buried-memories-2015-01-16 Katie Beers disappeared on December 28, 1992, two days before her tenth birthday. She was lured by the promise of birthday presents to the home of a family friend, John Esposito. She left a message on her godmother's answering machine saying, "I've been kidnapped by a man with a knife." Esposito, almost immediately a suspect due to his own personal history, falsely alleged that Beers was kidnapped by a third party while at the Spaceplex indoor amusement park, but security cameras disclosed that Esposito entered Spaceplex by himself. Beers was held in a 6-foot-by-7-foot concrete bunker under Esposito's garage in Bay Shore, New York, concealed by a 200-pound concrete trap door. The bunker contained a commode toilet, television set, mattress and chains used to restrain Beers. Beers, along with other children, had played in the dirt displaced by the bunker as Esposito dug it a few years earlier. He told police he had built the bunker for Beers.On January 13, 1993, she was found alive in the bunker after Esposito led police to it. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5529921 Kathryn MacDonald: Jeff MacDonald Murder https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/kathryn-macdonald-jeff-macdonald-murder (Note: Due to technical issues, only part of this interview is available.) The case of Jeff MacDonald has been infused with controversy since the murders took place, almost 39 years ago. Through it all, Jeff has steadfastly maintained his innocence. Over the many years since trial, thousands of pages of government reports, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, that prove the existence of outside assailants, have been obtained. In fact, not only do these documents show Jeff's claim of outside assailants to be true, they also show how the prosecution deliberately set out to suppress evidence supporting these claims before, during, and after his trial. The MacDonald case has served as an example of malfeasance in the investigation of the FBI Crime Lab's misconduct, and the case has been featured in numerous congressional hearings and in such publications as The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe and The New Republic. In January, 2006, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals panel of three unanimously agreed that the affidavit of Jimmy Britt, a respected former US Marshal, was sufficient grounds to propel a rare fourth appeal (successive habeas petition) forward for review to the District Court in Raleigh, North Carolina. Jimmy Britt died in October, 2008. In November, 2008, the District Judge denied relief. The defense will appeal to the 4th Circuit. The MacDonald case is one of the most enduring and haunting legal cases of our time, and a torturous example of injustice and wrongful conviction. It continues to endure and weigh heavily on the public consciousness because the right conclusion has never been has never been issued in a court of law- that Jeff MacDonald is an innocent man and must be released. If guilt was so clear, its hard to imagine that the interest and emotion this case continues to proliferate would still exist nearly 40 years later. http://themacdonaldcase.org/index.html https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5529754 James M Rothstein NYPD \| Process Church https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/james-m-rothstein-nypd-process-church Guest JAMES M ROTHSTEIN NYPD Ret. - Process Church, Son of Sam, Manson, and more My guest today , James M Rothstein NYPD Det Retired, was just fascinating. We discussed the Son Of Sam investigation, The Franklin Coverup, Boys Town, Manson, Organized crime cases in NYC. NYC politics and blackmail. Just a fascinating guy from NYC 70s NYPD. Great stuff. We even got into the French Connection case. Youtube link will be available tomorrow. One thing he is very passionate about is a law he wrote to combat human trafficking: Retired Detective Jim Rothstein as a member of the New York City Police Department and his retirement from the New York City Police Depart in 1980 to the present, has continued his work as a researcher and consultant on human trafficking. Det. Rothstein worked with various out of state agencies, officers, departments, professional groups, and numerous federal agencies to develop the expertise so vital to be effective. Det. Rothstein’s assignment to the New York State Select Committee Crime was also the end of his career. These hearings were ordered by Governor Carey of the State of New York and a Bi-partisan Legislative Committee. The mandate was to find what the effects these crimes were having on society. The most important lessons learned was that there must be absolute integrity, honesty, trust, and don’t use the merchandise. Honesty without integrity does little to help the Investigator establish credibility. You don’t break the law to enforce the law. If these principals are not followed closely, all trust is destroyed and you will become totally ineffective. The bright side of human trafficking; these are the true stories of Retired New York City Detective James Rothstein. There is a message and a lesson in every story. On the street, he was known as “Boots,” because he always wore black cowboy boots. Detective Rothstein was told he had been awarded nine medals. He never filed a request for recognition unless he was ordered to do so. Det. Rothstein never accepted or displayed any of these medals. Det. Rothstein always believed he had done his job to the best of his ability as a sworn Police Officer. These stories touch the heart and soul of the toughest Detective and are never forgotten. The names may be forgotten (he tries) but the faces and memories are always there. These are the forgotten children, prostitutes, victims of pedophilia, and others. There is no individual discrimination; they are all discriminated against, Black, White, Yellow, Indian, and whatever else there may be. They may be Catholics, Protestants, or any other denomination; they are all victims. Nobody cared or cares. The Dark Side of human trafficking, prostitution, pedophilia, and corruption go far beyond human comprehension. It is a world of “Smoke and Mirrors,” where “Deceit and Deception” are the norm. The degradation, torture, and mental manipulation of the victims that were uncovered in the investigations, conducted by Rothstein (Boots), were never made public. They were not politically correct, or feel-good do-good. You cannot disguise decadence with the smell of clover or the pureness of a white lily. It is what it is, vulgar and despicable. Great effort was taken by the powers to be to discredit and cover-up the findings. Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies have no problem doing low level investigations. When they go after the “Big Time” traffickers they have problems. ANY investigators, prosecutors, or other authorities that do an in-depth investigation are stopped by the powers to be and their careers are ruined ____________________________________________ TRAFFICKING LAWS Laws to be passed: Any person, agency, or other entity that interferes, threatens, harasses, impedes, or in any way compromises an investigator, investigation, prosecution, or witness in human trafficking, child porn, pedophilia, or criminal use of children case is guilty of a felony with a mandatory 5 year prison sentence. Any enforcement agency, agent, prosecutor, elected government official, or any other authority that fails to act, with due haste, on human trafficking, pedophilia or the criminal use of children complaint and then doing a complete investigation of the complaint is guilty of a crime. (felony) Any person or entity who uses human trafficking, children, child porn, pedophilia, to compromise, extort or cause another person to do an unwilling act is guilty of a felony with a mandatory 25 year to life in prison, no parole, prison sentence. Any person or entity who buys, sells, trades, or in any way promotes, enables, or profits from human trafficking, pedophilia, human compromise, extortion, or uses children in a criminal manner is guilty of a felony with a mandatory 25 year to life in prison, no parole, prison sentence. The use of electronics, social media, or any other form of communications to facilitate, promote, or further human trafficking, child porn, pedophilia, human compromise, extortion, use of children in a criminal manner is a felony with a mandatory fine of one million dollars per incident and a 10 year prison sentence for all parties involved. As heinous as these crimes of human trafficking, pedophilia, human compromise and sexual exploitation of children are, an overzealous uninformed law enforcement agency, prosecutor, social worker, or mental health expert, who uses less than scientific investigative methods to conduct a “witch hunt,” can wreak havoc on our society and don’t provide any real solutions. There must be an Oversight Committee (see Oversight Committee report) to prevent innocent people from becoming another victim and furthering an already heinous crime. Upon conviction of either/or #3, #4, #5 and affirmation of the Oversight Committee all assets of the perpetrator(s) or entities involved shall be seized and given to the victim(s). Jim Rothstein Ret. Det. NYCPD _________________________________________________ JAMES M ROTHSTEIN NYPD Ret. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY United States Navy, Deck Hand Chase Manhattan Bank, Computer Proof and Distribution 1965-1980 New York City Police Department, Police Officer and Detective 1980-Present Researcher and Consultant LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE Fifteen years experience with the New York City Police Department, Police Operations and Investigations. February 1965 to June 1965; New York City Police Academy. Basics in Law Enforcement, Criminal Law, Use of Weapons, and Necessary Force. June 1965 to January 1967; Patrol Midtown Manhattan, Introduction the basics of Patrol and Law Enforcement. January 1967 to January 1971; Plainclothes Anti-Crime Patrol, Plainclothes Investigator, Undercover Surveillance, re: Pimps, Prostitutes, Narcotics, and Organized Crime. January 1971 to March 1973; Plainclothes and Undercover Investigator. Headquarters Special Investigations; re: Vice, Narcotics, Corruption, Intelligence, Electronic and Photo Surveillance. March 1973 to March 1980; Detective specializing in Vice related crimes, Intelligence on a local and national level. Special Assignments. March 1980 to present; Researcher and Consultant; continued the work started as a Detective, on a National and International Level. SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS New York State Select Committee on Crime; Investigator and Advisor, A study into the Effects of Crime on Society. Policy Science Corporation; assigned as an Advisor and Consultant. Internal Revenue Service; Special Assignment, Investigator and Advisor. Criminal Prosecution of National Pimp Organization and Intelligence Networking. New York State Liquor Authority; Intelligence co-ordinator and Advisor. Other Police Agencies in the United States; developed a National Information Data Base tracking prostitution ( male and female ) and the trafficking of children. SPECIAL RESEARCH PROJECTS Inslaw-Promis Software; The theft of the proprietary rights to computer software developed by Bill and Nancy Hamilton. The Oaklahoma City bombing of the Murrah Building; The involvement of Iraqi Terrorists in the OKC bombing. The Sexual Abuse Crisis In the Catholic Church; The Infiltration of and the Cover-up by the Church. [Note: This episode originally aired on Tuesday, October 15, 2013. For technical reasons, this episode is only now released in archive form. It is a very important episode however, and is well worth the wait. ] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5467325 Opperman Report Aftershow 2015 01 02 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/opperman-report-aftershow-2015-01-02 Ed Opperman and David Shurter, author of Rabbit Hole: A Satanic Ritual Abuse Survivor's Story are joined by Joshua Brookshire and Mike Gray in this week's aftershow. From the nationwide satanic panic in the 1980s to local political cover-ups, shocking kidnappings, unsolved child murders, and scandalous pedophile rings, this book takes you behind the deceptive headlines and, finally, reveals what was going on in Omaha when all hell broke loose. Rich and well-connected members of Omaha’s elite carried out unspeakable acts of abuse and even murder on innocent children. David Shurter was one of those sexually abused survivors forever scarred by the horrible rites performed on him by his own parents and other followers of Satan. It wasn’t until he entered psychotherapy in midlife that long ignored childhood memories came to light, and when he discovered his gruesome nightmares were indeed real. This book, finally, is an expose of the surprising participants and unbelievable horrors involving murder, drugs, lavish parties, pedophiles, suspected government conspiracies, and the Omaha gay scene that cast a dark cloud of suspicion over an unsuspecting city. David Shurter takes you down the rabbit hole. http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Hole-Satanic-Ritual-Survivors/dp/0984893717/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=MHIW7FSAS3F2OQUG&creativeASIN=0984893717 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5435238 David Shurter: Satanic Ritual Abuse https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/david-shurter-satanic-ritual-abuse From the nationwide satanic panic in the 1980s to local political cover-ups, shocking kidnappings, unsolved child murders, and scandalous pedophile rings, this book takes you behind the deceptive headlines and, finally, reveals what was going on in Omaha when all hell broke loose. Rich and well-connected members of Omaha’s elite carried out unspeakable acts of abuse and even murder on innocent children. David Shurter was one of those sexually abused survivors forever scarred by the horrible rites performed on him by his own parents and other followers of Satan. It wasn’t until he entered psychotherapy in midlife that long ignored childhood memories came to light, and when he discovered his gruesome nightmares were indeed real. This book, finally, is an expose of the surprising participants and unbelievable horrors involving murder, drugs, lavish parties, pedophiles, suspected government conspiracies, and the Omaha gay scene that cast a dark cloud of suspicion over an unsuspecting city. David Shurter takes you down the rabbit hole. http://www.amazon.com/Rabbit-Hole-Satanic-Ritual-Survivors/dp/0984893717/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=MHIW7FSAS3F2OQUG&creativeASIN=0984893717 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5435173 The Opperman Report Aftershow 2014 12 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-aftershow-2014-12-27 Ed Opperman and Author/investigator, Kevin M. Sullivan: "Writing the story of Richard Chase was both fascinating and appalling. Fascinating, because once the horrific murders began, it was literally a race against time for the police as they worked tirelessly to stop the slaughter, and appalling, due to the fiendish nature of the crimes being committed by this strange, and for a time, very elusive killer. Visiting the sites of these murders, and following closely the trail of Richard Chase in the spring of 2012 while conducting research for the book, gave me at least a “feel” for what it must have been like during that hellish period in Sacramento’s history." -Kevin M. Sullivan, on researching Richard Chase "Despite the multitude of books about Bundy, The Bundy Murders offers fresh material and ideas about Bundy's predatory movements. Well researched and highly recommended, for Bundy scholars and true crime fans alike."--Katherine Ramsland, author of The Human Predator and The Devil's Dozen Theodore Bundy was one of the more infamous, and flamboyant, American serial killers on record, and his story is a complex mix of psychopathology, criminal investigation, and the U.S. legal system. This in-depth examination of Bundy's life and his killing spree that totaled dozens of victims is drawn from legal transcripts, correspondence and interviews with detectives and prosecutors. Using these sources, new information on several murders is unveiled. The biography follows Bundy from his broken family background to his execution in the electric chair. http://www.amazon.com/Bundy-Murders-Comprehensive-History/dp/0786444266/ref=la_B002HN5T7W_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419808341&sr=1-1 http://www.amazon.com/Bundy-Murders-Comprehensive-History/dp/0786444266/ref=la_B002HN5T7W_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419808341&Esr=1-1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5406935 The Ted Bundy and Richard Chase Murders https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-ted-bundy-and-richard-chase-murders First Half Hour: Mark Ian Schwartz of TruthFunders.com, an exciting new organization helping fund researchers through crowd-sourcing. Then for the remaing show, we have Kevin M. Sullivan, the Author of 'Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History' & 'Vampire: Richard Chase murders' About TruthFunders.com Crowd Funding For Truth Seekers and the True Believers Mission: Truth Funders is here to help open up the minds of everyone around us, by developing a supportive community of people that believe in the unknown and that prove that the answers are out there. Together we can finance the truth, collect more proof, connect the dots, and unite our thoughts in a way that we have never been able to do before. Description: Truth Funders was created by true believers, and born from the idea to take the exploration of truth to the next level. We exist to give hunters of the unknown (ufologists, cryptozoologists, ghost hunters), the financial stability to fund the truth, tell your story, enable the community to answer bigger questions, and take on larger investigations. Truth Funders is here to help open up the minds of everyone around us, by developing a supportive community of people that believe in the unknown and that prove that the answers are out there. Together we can finance the truth, collect more proof, connect the dots, and unite our thoughts in a way that we have never been able to do before. Now anyone can raise the money needed to explore the unknown. Do you have a paranormal novel that you’ve been dying to write? A message from the beyond that you want to share? A documentary or movie that needs to be told? Need to hire expert scientists to prove or disprove evidence? Want to fund a program for the metaphysical? Truth Funders is here. Contact Info [email protected] Website http://www.truthfunders.com __________________________________________________________________ Kevin M. Sullivan: "Writing the story of Richard Chase was both fascinating and appalling. Fascinating, because once the horrific murders began, it was literally a race against time for the police as they worked tirelessly to stop the slaughter, and appalling, due to the fiendish nature of the crimes being committed by this strange, and for a time, very elusive killer. Visiting the sites of these murders, and following closely the trail of Richard Chase in the spring of 2012 while conducting research for the book, gave me at least a “feel” for what it must have been like during that hellish period in Sacramento’s history." -Kevin M. Sullivan, on researching Richard Chase "Despite the multitude of books about Bundy, The Bundy Murders offers fresh material and ideas about Bundy's predatory movements. Well researched and highly recommended, for Bundy scholars and true crime fans alike."--Katherine Ramsland, author of The Human Predator and The Devil's Dozen Theodore Bundy was one of the more infamous, and flamboyant, American serial killers on record, and his story is a complex mix of psychopathology, criminal investigation, and the U.S. legal system. This in-depth examination of Bundy's life and his killing spree that totaled dozens of victims is drawn from legal transcripts, correspondence and interviews with detectives and prosecutors. Using these sources, new information on several murders is unveiled. The biography follows Bundy from his broken family background to his execution in the electric chair. http://www.amazon.com/Bundy-Murders-Comprehensive-History/dp/0786444266/ref=la_B002HN5T7W_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419808341&sr=1-1 http://www.amazon.com/Bundy-Murders-Comprehensive-History/dp/0786444266/ref=la_B002HN5T7W_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1419808341&sr=1-1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5405409 The Opperman Report Aftershow 2014 12 19 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-aftershow-2014-12-19 William Zabel on the Columbine Shootings William began researching political, social, and economic crimes by the U.S. Government in 1989 after the Panama invasion where the U.S. Military committed numerous crimes against the Panamanian people to include murder and rape of civilians. William’s first work was in fact Panama as he was there to photograph the events for Associated Press International. Some of that photographic work was presented in the film; The Panama Deception. From there William collected documents and video evidence concerning the Rocky Flats scandal involving possible theft of nuclear material in the 90’s. This material was presented in the two hour documentary; On Deadly Ground: The Rocky Flat’s Cover-up. William attended graphic design and film school and after graduating has been using those skills to expose government corruption including school shootings through the web and documentary films. Contact Details: William Zabel P.O. Box 1171 Brighton, Colorado 80601 80601 Email: [email protected] Website: www.thephantomchasers.org/ Phone: (720) 518-1215 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5381914 William Zabel: Conspiracy at Columbine https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/william-zabel-conspiracy-at-columbine William began researching political, social, and economic crimes by the U.S. Government in 1989 after the Panama invasion where the U.S. Military committed numerous crimes against the Panamanian people to include murder and rape of civilians. William’s first work was in fact Panama as he was there to photograph the events for Associated Press International. Some of that photographic work was presented in the film; The Panama Deception. From there William collected documents and video evidence concerning the Rocky Flats scandal involving possible theft of nuclear material in the 90’s. This material was presented in the two hour documentary; On Deadly Ground: The Rocky Flat’s Cover-up. William attended graphic design and film school and after graduating has been using those skills to expose government corruption including school shootings through the web and documentary films. Contact Details: William Zabel P.O. Box 1171 Brighton, Colorado 80601 80601 Email: [email protected] Website: www.thephantomchasers.org/ Phone: (720) 518-1215 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5381895 Opperman Report Aftershow 2014 12 12 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/opperman-report-aftershow-2014-12-12 Sara Jane Woodall, Adventures of a Vegas nude and fetish model "I am a foul-mouthed, flat-chested bon vivant and adventuress who likes to curse, drink, smoke and run around nude, and I refuse to kow-tow to the bourgeois moral code of the day. I’ve lived in Vegas over ten years, and have a few stories to tell. I roll around town in a truck stocked with a Breathalyzer and a swizzle stick, a spare pair of panties and two stun guns. Don’t fck with me!" from wonderhussy.com original air date 12-12-2014 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5353275 Guest: Sara Jane Woodall 2014 12 12 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/gurst-sara-jane-woodall-2014-12-12 Adventures of a Vegas nude and fetish model "I am a foul-mouthed, flat-chested bon vivant and adventuress who likes to curse, drink, smoke and run around nude, and I refuse to kow-tow to the bourgeois moral code of the day. I’ve lived in Vegas over ten years, and have a few stories to tell. I roll around town in a truck stocked with a Breathalyzer and a swizzle stick, a spare pair of panties and two stun guns. Don’t fck with me!" from wonderhussy.com original air date 12-12-2014 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5353259 The Opperman Report Aftershow 2014 11 28 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-aftershow-2014-11-28 Lee Lamb: Oak Island Obsession Stay tuned for the aftershow, as the fascinating story of the Oak Island Mystery deepens even further. (Original Air Date 11-28-2014) An immense treasure lies buried deep within a tiny island on Canada’s East Coast … Or so the story goes. For more than two hundred years, treasure-hunters have come to Oak Island in search of riches and glory. Fired by the discovery of man-made underground shafts, tunnels and passageways, men have pitted their own ingenuity, money, and muscle against the island. But always, the island has sent them away, empty-handed. Bob Restall was sure that he could succeed where others had failed. He moved his wife, Mildred, their teenage son, Bobby, and their younger son, Ricky, to Oak Island, where, for nearly six years the family lived a Spartan life, channeling their energies into a persistent drive to unravel the mystery of Oak Island and claim the treasure. But, then one August day, the Restall hunt for buried treasure came to a sudden and tragic end. Four men lay dead. . . . . . Publications: Lee Lamb is the daughter of Mildred and Bob Restall. She authored Oak Island Obsession: The Restall Story (Dundurn, 2006), to honour her parents, and to set the record straight about what had occurred during the Restall hunt for treasure on Oak Island. Lee's book includes a description of Restall family life before Oak Island, the realities they encountered in their Oak Island search for treasure, and events that transpired after the accident. The book contains letters, journals and essays written by each family member, as well as numerous original photographs, sketches and maps. Oak Island Family: The Restall Hunt for Buried Treasure (Dundurn, 2012), Lee's second book, was written for teens, young adults, and adults who are unfamiliar with the history of Oak Island. It guides the reader through the discoveries made on Oak Island starting in 1795. These discoveries are astounding and have been seen by treasure-hunters, historians and fans as proofs that an immense treasure lay within Oak Island. Oak Island Family also includes a retelling of the Restall family's experiences on the Island in a shortened version, suitable for teens. This book includes family anecdotes and around fifty sketches, maps and photos, not published in “O. I. Obsession”. Education: About five years after the accident on Oak Island, Lee was given the opportunity to attend university. Until then, she had been a grade ten dropout. At McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology and a Bachelor of Social Work. Ten years later she added a two-year diploma in Fashion Arts (Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario). Approximately ten years after that, Lee earned a Bachelor of Education degree and a Master of Education at the University of Toronto OISE, Toronto, Ontario. Learning for its own sake has become one of Lee’s favorite activities. Acquiring an education that grants access to rewarding careers has been equally prized. Education has allowed Lee to spend many years of her life working with people. She enjoyed years as a hospital social worker and even more years as a high school teacher, first locally, and then in northern fly-in Cree communities. She is sincerely grateful for those experiences. General: Lee Lamb lives in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Her friends and family members are found throughout Canada and the United States. http://www.amazon.com/Oak-Island-Obsession-Restall-Story/dp/1550026259/ref=la_B003203H46_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417317992&sr=1-1 http://www.amazon.com/Oak-Island-Family-Restall-Treasure/dp/1459703421/ref=la_B007IVDLUU_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417318059&sr=1-1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5279499 Lee Lamb: Oak Island Treasure 2014 11 28 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/lee-lamb-oak-island-treasure-2014-11-28 Lee Lamb: Oak Island Obsession: The Restall Story & Oak Island Family: The Restall Hunt for Buried Treasure (Original Air Date 11-28-2014) An immense treasure lies buried deep within a tiny island on Canada’s East Coast … Or so the story goes. For more than two hundred years, treasure-hunters have come to Oak Island in search of riches and glory. Fired by the discovery of man-made underground shafts, tunnels and passageways, men have pitted their own ingenuity, money, and muscle against the island. But always, the island has sent them away, empty-handed. Bob Restall was sure that he could succeed where others had failed. He moved his wife, Mildred, their teenage son, Bobby, and their younger son, Ricky, to Oak Island, where, for nearly six years the family lived a Spartan life, channeling their energies into a persistent drive to unravel the mystery of Oak Island and claim the treasure. But, then one August day, the Restall hunt for buried treasure came to a sudden and tragic end. Four men lay dead. . . . . . Publications: Lee Lamb is the daughter of Mildred and Bob Restall. She authored Oak Island Obsession: The Restall Story (Dundurn, 2006), to honour her parents, and to set the record straight about what had occurred during the Restall hunt for treasure on Oak Island. Lee's book includes a description of Restall family life before Oak Island, the realities they encountered in their Oak Island search for treasure, and events that transpired after the accident. The book contains letters, journals and essays written by each family member, as well as numerous original photographs, sketches and maps. Oak Island Family: The Restall Hunt for Buried Treasure (Dundurn, 2012), Lee's second book, was written for teens, young adults, and adults who are unfamiliar with the history of Oak Island. It guides the reader through the discoveries made on Oak Island starting in 1795. These discoveries are astounding and have been seen by treasure-hunters, historians and fans as proofs that an immense treasure lay within Oak Island. Oak Island Family also includes a retelling of the Restall family's experiences on the Island in a shortened version, suitable for teens. This book includes family anecdotes and around fifty sketches, maps and photos, not published in “O. I. Obsession”. Education: About five years after the accident on Oak Island, Lee was given the opportunity to attend university. Until then, she had been a grade ten dropout. At McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology and a Bachelor of Social Work. Ten years later she added a two-year diploma in Fashion Arts (Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario). Approximately ten years after that, Lee earned a Bachelor of Education degree and a Master of Education at the University of Toronto OISE, Toronto, Ontario. Learning for its own sake has become one of Lee’s favorite activities. Acquiring an education that grants access to rewarding careers has been equally prized. Education has allowed Lee to spend many years of her life working with people. She enjoyed years as a hospital social worker and even more years as a high school teacher, first locally, and then in northern fly-in Cree communities. She is sincerely grateful for those experiences. General: Lee Lamb lives in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Her friends and family members are found throughout Canada and the United States. http://www.amazon.com/Oak-Island-Obsession-Restall-Story/dp/1550026259/ref=la_B003203H46_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417317992&sr=1-1 http://www.amazon.com/Oak-Island-Family-Restall-Treasure/dp/1459703421/ref=la_B007IVDLUU_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417318059&sr=1-1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5279385 The Opperman Report Aftershow 2014 11 21 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-aftershow-2014-11-21 Wal-Mart Strikes, Boycotts & Govt Welfare for1% Walton Family The Case Against Wal-Mart In This Week's Aftershow -Special guests join in. The six Waltons on the Forbes 400 list—Christy, Alice, Jim, Rob, Ann, and Nancy—are worth a combined $148.8 billion. According to the most recent data available, they have the same wealth as the bottom 42% of American families combined. Walmart associates, in comparison, have been risking arrest in their fight for $25,000 a year for full time work. Some have responded to criticism of the Waltons by arguing that the family is helping to create much needed jobs. Sadly for U.S. workers and families, the facts just don’t support this statement. Here are the facts. Fact: Walmart is a job killer. •Walmart store openings destroy almost three local jobs for every two they create by reducing retail employment by an average of 2.7 percent in every county they enter. •Walmart costs America an estimated 196,000 jobs – mainly manufacturing jobs – between 2001 and 2006 as a result of the company’s imports from China. Fact: Walmart jobs are poverty jobs. •Walmart workers average just $8.81 hour. This translates to annual pay of $15,576, based on Walmart’s definition of full-time. This is less than two-thirds of the poverty line for a family of four, and well below what most families actually need to get by. •According to the company, most workers make less than $25,000 a year. In a September 2013 presentation, Walmart US CEO Bill Simon included the fact that out of all Walmart associates in the country, only 475,000 make more than $25,000 a year. •Walmart pays less than other retail firms. A 2005 study found that Walmart workers earn an estimated 12.4% less than retail workers as a whole and 14.5% less than workers in large retail in general. A 2007 study which compared Walmart to other general merchandising employers found a wage gap of 17.4%. •Last year, Walmart slashed already meager health benefits again, dropping health insurance for new hires working less than 30 hours a week and leaving more workers uninsured. Fact: Taxpayers are paying the price for Walmart. •Taxpayers subsidize Walmart’s low wages and poor benefits. Just one Walmart store costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million in public assistance usage by employees, according to a new report from the Democratic staff of the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce. •In many of the states across the country that release such information, Walmart is the employer with the largest number of employees and dependents using taxpayer-funded health insurance programs. A few examples: •In Arizona, according to data released by the state in 2005, the company had more 2,700 employees on the state-funded plan. •The company also topped the list in their home state of Arkansas, with nearly 4,000 employees forced onto the state’s plan according to data released by the state in 2005. •In Massachusetts, in 2009, taxpayers paid $8.8 million for Walmart associates to use publicly subsidized healthcare services. •Despite all the damage they have done to US workers and communities, a 2007 study found that, as of that date, Walmart had received more than $1.2 billion in tax breaks, free land, infrastructure assistance, low-cost financing and outright grants from state and local governments around the country. This number has surely increased as Walmart continues to receive additional subsidies. •Meanwhile, the Waltons use special tax loopholes to avoid paying billions in taxes. According to a recent Bloomberg story, the Waltons are America’s biggest users of a particular type of charitable trust that actually allows the donor to pass money on to heirs after an extended period of time, without having to pay much-debated estate and inheritance taxes. According to Treasury Department estimates reported in Bloomberg, closing the two types of loopholes the Waltons appear to use would raise more than $20 billion over the next decade. The message of the Occupy movement has moved from Wall Street to Main Street, as all 1% corporations are scrutinized for their irresponsible behavior. And the "Mother of all 1% corporations," according to author Al Norman, is none other than the mightiest retailer of them all, Walmart. Norman, the chief anti-Walmart activist for 20 years, argues that Walmart is the perfect target for effecting change in the unfair global economy. Walmart, "the most ubiquitous symbol of what has gone awry in corporate America today," is in our neighborhoods. As the 99% become less tolerant of the 1% who make billions by exploiting workers, taxpayers, and shoppers, they long to bring back local citizen control to our hometowns. In such places as Athens, Georgia and Mira Loma, California, groups have begun actions against Walmart and its distribution centers. Occupy Walmart is a compilation of essays Norman has published in the Huffington Post, along with updates of the issues and additional commentary. In the book's foreword, Robert Greenwald, founder of Brave New Films and producer of the 2005 documentary about Walmart, The High Cost of Low Price, says, "these essays create an uncomfortable film about the greed, profiteering, and cheating that make up the Walmart business model." A grassroots activist who has helped countless groups organize efforts to fight the spread of Walmarts in their hometowns, Al Norman has been on 60 Minutes and quoted in publications from Fortune to the Wall Street Journal to the New York Times. He posts frequently on his blog, Sprawl-Busters.com, and continues to contribute essays to the Huffington Post. http://www.amazon.com/Occupy-Walmart-Al-Norman/dp/0982664486/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=QV6VL4KR5CNVH4FU&creativeASIN=0982664486 http://www.amazon.com/The-Case-Against-Wal-Mart-Norman/dp/0971154236/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=J3OLOVMFWISTGQV7&creativeASIN=0971154236 http://www.amazon.com/The-Case-Against-Wal-Mart-Norman/dp/0971154236/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=J3OLOVMFWISTGQV7&creativeASIN=0971154236 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5242817 Wal-Mart Strikes, Boycotts 2014 11 21 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/wal-mart-strikes-boycotts-2014-11-21 The six Waltons on the Forbes 400 list—Christy, Alice, Jim, Rob, Ann, and Nancy—are worth a combined $148.8 billion. According to the most recent data available, they have the same wealth as the bottom 42% of American families combined. Walmart associates, in comparison, have been risking arrest in their fight for $25,000 a year for full time work. Some have responded to criticism of the Waltons by arguing that the family is helping to create much needed jobs. Sadly for U.S. workers and families, the facts just don’t support this statement. Here are the facts. Fact: Walmart is a job killer. •Walmart store openings destroy almost three local jobs for every two they create by reducing retail employment by an average of 2.7 percent in every county they enter. •Walmart cost America an estimated 196,000 jobs – mainly manufacturing jobs – between 2001 and 2006 as a result of the company’s imports from China. Fact: Walmart jobs are poverty jobs. •Walmart workers average just $8.81 hour. This translates to annual pay of $15,576, based on Walmart’s definition of full-time. This is less than two-thirds of the poverty line for a family of four, and well below what most families actually need to get by. •According to the company, most workers make less than $25,000 a year. In a September 2013 presentation, Walmart US CEO Bill Simon included the fact that out of all Walmart associates in the country, only 475,000 make more than $25,000 a year. •Walmart pays less than other retail firms. A 2005 study found that Walmart workers earn an estimated 12.4% less than retail workers as a whole and 14.5% less than workers in large retail in general. A 2007 study which compared Walmart to other general merchandising employers found a wage gap of 17.4%. •Last year, Walmart slashed already meager health benefits again, dropping health insurance for new hires working less than 30 hours a week and leaving more workers uninsured. Fact: Taxpayers are paying the price for Walmart. •Taxpayers subsidize Walmart’s low wages and poor benefits. Just one Walmart store costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million in public assistance usage by employees, according to a new report from the Democratic staff of the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce. •In many of the states across the country that release such information, Walmart is the employer with the largest number of employees and dependents using taxpayer-funded health insurance programs. A few examples: •In Arizona, according to data released by the state in 2005, the company had more 2,700 employees on the state-funded plan. •The company also topped the list in their home state of Arkansas, with nearly 4,000 employees forced onto the state’s plan according to data released by the state in 2005. •In Massachusetts, in 2009, taxpayers paid $8.8 million for Walmart associates to use publicly subsidized healthcare services. •Despite all the damage they have done to US workers and communities, a 2007 study found that, as of that date, Walmart had received more than $1.2 billion in tax breaks, free land, infrastructure assistance, low-cost financing and outright grants from state and local governments around the country. This number has surely increased as Walmart continues to receive additional subsidies. •Meanwhile, the Waltons use special tax loopholes to avoid paying billions in taxes. According to a recent Bloomberg story, the Waltons are America’s biggest users of a particular type of charitable trust that actually allows the donor to pass money on to heirs after an extended period of time, without having to pay much-debated estate and inheritance taxes. According to Treasury Department estimates reported in Bloomberg, closing the two types of loopholes the Waltons appear to use would raise more than $20 billion over the next decade. The message of the Occupy movement has moved from Wall Street to Main Street, as all 1% corporations are scrutinized for their irresponsible behavior. And the "Mother of all 1% corporations," according to author Al Norman, is none other than the mightiest retailer of them all, Walmart. Norman, the chief anti-Walmart activist for 20 years, argues that Walmart is the perfect target for effecting change in the unfair global economy. Walmart, "the most ubiquitous symbol of what has gone awry in corporate America today," is in our neighborhoods. As the 99% become less tolerant of the 1% who make billions by exploiting workers, taxpayers, and shoppers, they long to bring back local citizen control to our hometowns. In such places as Athens, Georgia and Mira Loma, California, groups have begun actions against Walmart and its distribution centers. Occupy Walmart is a compilation of essays Norman has published in the Huffington Post, along with updates of the issues and additional commentary. In the book's foreword, Robert Greenwald, founder of Brave New Films and producer of the 2005 documentary about Walmart, The High Cost of Low Price, says, "these essays create an uncomfortable film about the greed, profiteering, and cheating that make up the Walmart business model." A grassroots activist who has helped countless groups organize efforts to fight the spread of Walmarts in their hometowns, Al Norman has been on 60 Minutes and quoted in publications from Fortune to the Wall Street Journal to the New York Times. He posts frequently on his blog, Sprawl-Busters.com, and continues to contribute essays to the Huffington Post. http://www.amazon.com/Occupy-Walmart-Al-Norman/dp/0982664486/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=QV6VL4KR5CNVH4FU&creativeASIN=0982664486 http://www.amazon.com/The-Case-Against-Wal-Mart-Norman/dp/0971154236/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=J3OLOVMFWISTGQV7&creativeASIN=0971154236 http://www.amazon.com/The-Case-Against-Wal-Mart-Norman/dp/0971154236/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=J3OLOVMFWISTGQV7&creativeASIN=0971154236 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5242729 Maury Terry's book The Ultimate Evil https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/maury-terrys-book-the-ultimate-evil Hour 2 - Original Air Date 11/7/14 Tonight at 6 PM PST we'll be having a round table discussion with a group of students of the book The Ultimate Evil written by Maury Terry. The book covers the Son Of Sam investigation, The Process Church of The Final Judgement and the Arlis Perry murder and much more. It is considered to be the some of the greatest works of investigative journalism exposing a nationwide and international network of satanic cults, serial killings and more. http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Maury+Terry&search-alias=books&text=Maury+Terry&sort=relevancerank https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5185936 Rev. Edward Pinkney - How BANCO Started https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/rev-edward-pinkney-how-banco-started Rev. Edward Pinkney - How BANCO Started (Hour 1) (Original Air Date: 11-7-14) "Many years ago I was going about my life believing that the justice system was just that until I started going to the court house to observe all the wrong convictions. There are numerous factors for wrongful convictions in the Berrien County court system. Most of the problems are in the local judicial system." "It's hard to believe that in the year 2012 we have a county in Michigan with a legal system this antiquated and racist. What's harder to believe is that no one at the State or National level is taking any action to remedy the situation." "We cannot run society for the privileged and allow a significant proportion of the population to be marginalized. It impacts the quality of life for all of us. If we have throwaway people, a justice system which tolerates injustice is doomed to collapse. I am truly ready for action." Call or write me anytime about anything! 269-925-0001 [email protected] blogtalkradio.com Pinkney to Pinkney show Every Sunday at 5pm ET Burn Baby Burn Burn all NAACP Membership Cardss http://www.bhbanco.org/ BANCO (legal defense fund for Rev Pinkney case) 1940 Union Ave Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5185914 Celestino Mota-Student Deaths 2014 10 31 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/celestino-mota-student-deaths-2014-10-30 Celestino Mota: From Mexico The 46 Student Kidnappings & Mass Graves His father is Northamerican and mother from the village where he now resides, Celestino was raised in the United States as a young child - he was educated in elementary school by Catholic nuns at Saint Catherine's, in western Pennsylvania. Celestino is able to explain - in perfectly good English - so our listeners will be able to understand this very strange news event, which has led, as of October 27th, 2014 to the appointment of a new Governor of the State of Guerrero as Angél Aguirre lost his Governship over this incident. What actually happened? The mass-media focuses on the discovery of mass clandestine graves on the hills outside of town. In twelve Municipal governments in northern Guerrero, hundreds of police were subsequently arrested all of them drug-tested, and closely interrogated by federal officials in locations far from Guerrero. The Mayor of Iguala and his wife are fugitives, and serious criminal charges are being brought against them. Supposedly, the students were taken to Cocula and turned over to the Guerrero Unidos gang executioners who were told that these were members of the Red Gang; their fate remains, to this day, unknown. Celestino with tell you something about the extraordinary history of the so-called narco-wars that have raged in Guerrero. The flamboyance of the massacres, and murders, shocked everybody! Celestino Mota does not pretend to have insider information; he is nothing but a humble person whose main gainful employment is as a professional driver, transporting the parish priest to masses in remote locations. He does work as a tourist guide sometimes, when it is a particular good opportunity, and sometimes he does written English and Spanish translations to make money. He does not belong to any political party, and he is freely offering his testimony in the spirit of truth and he has a really amazing story to tell about what happened in Iguala that night! Original Air Date 10-31-2014 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5155669 Michael Marinacci 2014 10 31 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/michael-marinacci-2014-10-30 Michael Marinacci : Mysterious California Michael Marinacci is the author of MYSTERIOUS CALIFORNIA, as well as the co-author of WEIRD CALIFORNIA and WEIRD HAUNTINGS. A lifelong student of his native state’s odder doings, he also wrote the Foreword to THE SHADOW OVER SANTA SUSANA, the definitive book on the Manson Family cult murders. Currently he lives in Marin County, and blogs about the state’s many non-traditional religions and spiritual groups at californiacult.blogspot.com . http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_3?ie=UTF8&field-author=Mike+Marinacci&search-alias=books&text=Mike+Marinacci&sort=relevancerank http://www.amazon.com/The-Shadow-Over-Santa-Susana/dp/0595199364/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=T6VAQ6KB267MXQOM&creativeASIN=0595199364 Original Air Date 10-31-2014 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5155630 Finding the Zodiac Killer 2014 10 24 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/finding-the-zodiac-killer-2014-10-24 Gary L. Stewart & Susan D. Mustafa The Most Dangerous Animal of All: Searching for My Father and Finding the Zodiac Killer Gary L. Stewart earned his bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from Louisiana State University and is vice president of Delta Tech Service of Louisiana. Ten years ago, Gary began writing a journal, chronicling every detail of his search for his father and his own identity. That journal served as the basis for The Most Dangerous Animal of All. Gary resides in Louisiana with his wife, Kristy, and son, Zach. Susan Mustafa is an award-winning author and journalist. She is the coauthor of Dismembered, written with Sue Israel, which chronicles the story of serial killer Sean Vincent Gillis; and Blood Bath, about the life and crimes of serial killer Derrick Todd Lee, written with Special Prosecutor Tony Clayton and Sue Israel. Susan lives in Louisiana with her husband, Scott. http://www.amazon.com/Most-Dangerous-Animal-All/dp/1483004384/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414400631&sr=1-4 http://www.amazon.com/Dismembered-Susan-D-Mustafa/dp/0786023619/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=7FDDZQKFW7Z2SE73&creativeASIN=0786023619 http://www.amazon.com/Ive-Been-Watching-You-Louisiana-ebook/dp/B006BKNTDS/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414400631&sr=1-3 http://www.amazon.com/Blood-Bath-Susan-D-Mustafa/dp/0786021330/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=SDAE7LPNFKHP57YL&creativeASIN=0786021330 Original Air Date: Friday, October 24, 2014 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5132005 Hour One: Rev Edward Pinkney 2014 10 17 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/rev-edward-pinkney-2014-10-17 Tonight First Hour Rev Edward Pinkney !! Rev Edward Pinkney, born in Chicago, Illinois: President of the Black Autonomy Network Community Organization(BANCO) and stop the Take Over of Benton Harbor. Rev Edward Pinkney attended West Texas State,Chobat College in Hayward, CA. and earned his certificate in Theology, Religious Education, A bachelor of Theology from Liberty University in Virginia. He is the Pastor of God House Of Faith. Rev Edward Pinkney has worked to reform the court system in Benton Harbor and around the country. A town with 70% unemployment and more people in prison per-capita than anywhere in the world. Rev Pinkney has worked to have over 400 criminal cases dismissed in a ten year period. Some years ago, the community exercised their democratic rights in a recall election of a city commissioner back by Whirlpool corporation. Whirlpool is the corporation that run Benton Harbor. Whirlpool is the community master, who is leading a redevelopment effort to take over the city and lakefront property deeded to the city, and threaten to displace the community, after a successful recall election in 2005. Rev Pinkney was arrested for voter fraud and convicted by an all white jury, that was motivated by something other than the truth. He later had his probation revoke and was sentenced to 3-10 years in prison for quoting the biblical admonition from Deuteronomy That God will punish those who act unjustly against others. The statement was published in the People Tribune, a national newspaper based in Chicago, after serving a year for the charge. A major victory was won for free speech. When the Michigan appellate Court overturn this ruling and the conviction. This was the first time anybody have ever been sent to prison for quoting the bible. Rev Pinkney continues to go the courthouse to court watch for the people. Rev Edward Pinkney said those who can not stop the message usually turn against mes sager. Rev Pinkney has continued to travel around the country speaking at many venues, including Cornell University, Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Washington State University, Western Michigan University, Wayne State University, The Social Forum, Black Men In Union, and over 127 other venues. Rev Pinkney has a blog talk radio show every Sunday. Rev Pinkney continues to lead the fight against the corporations of Whirlpool take over of Benton Harbor. The latest effort involves the struggle to resist an undemocratic state law public act 436. This law has put an emergency Manager and now a EFM under Public act 436. in charge of the cities in Michigan. The EFM has dictatorial power and stripped elected officials of all authority of running the city. This struggle in Benton Harbor, Michigan will continue. Rev Pinkney will be going on Trial October 27 in Berrien County Courthouse. Rev Edward Pinkney bhbanco.org blogtalkradio.com/Rev Pinkney Pinkney to Pinkney show Every Sunday at 5 pm eastrn time Burn Baby Burn Burn all NAACP MEMBERSHIPS CARDS Rev. Pinkney's trial begins on October 27, 8:30am. The charges are voter fraud - five felonies of forgery of a recall petition with no victims and no evidence. The judge and the prosecutor stated tha in Michigan evidence is not required in order to go to trial. The prosecutor presented no direct evidence or indirect evidence. Pinkney is potentially facing many years in prison when there has not been a crime committed by him. The attack on democracy and justice in Benton Harbor shows that the corporate power structure is determined to crush anyone who stand in it's way. It is part of a process under way across America in various forms. Democracy has been stolen from the people. Water rights have been stolen. Poverty is growing. We the people have nothing in common with the billionaires, their corporations, or government. We must stand together for a new America. Our challenge today must be to create discomfort in the house of the powerful around the nation, with or without violence, with an appeal for freedom, justice, equality and understanding. There are too many poor people in a nation so wealthy. Today we are not free and we are not equal. We have expanded the disparity gap between those who live in surplus and those who live in poverty. An economic system that doesn't feed, clothe, and house its people must be and will be overturned and replaced with a system that meets the needs of the people. The unfinished business will require both courage and risk. It will require sacrifice. We must dream above the clouds of doubt and fear. We must continue to fight until discrimination and poverty no longer exist. Nobody in the world, nobody in history, has ever gotten anything by appealing to the moral sense of the oppressor. The struggle that has taken place in recent years in Benton Harbor is a case in point, and one that holds a number of lessons for the American people. The fight in Benton Harbor is a war, not a conflict; it is a war over whether Americans will have prosperity and democracy or live in poverty under the heel of open corporate rule. Let's make this struggle a victory for all who are victims of the economic crisis in every city, town, and state in America. Rev Edward Pinkney blogtalkradio.com Pinkney to Pinkney show Every Sunday at 5pm ET Burn Baby Burn Burn all NAACP Membership Cardss http://www.bhbanco.org/ BANCO (legal defense fund for Rev Pinkney case) 1940 Union Ave Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5097969 Civil Rights Attny Daniel P. Sheehan https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/civil-rights-attny-daniel-p-sheehan Civil Rights Attny Daniel Sheehan; JFK Assination, Project Bluebook, CIA , Jimmy Carter, Silkwood, Pentagon Papers Daniel P. Sheehan is a Constitutional and public interest lawyer, public speaker and educator. Over the last forty-five years he has participated in numerous legal cases of public interest, including the Pentagon Papers Case, the Watergate Break-In Case, the Silkwood Case, the La Penca Bombing Case and others. He established the Christic Institute and the Romero institute, two non-profit public policy centers. He has also spoken publicly about UFOs and alien visitation. Today, Sheehan is Chief Counsel of the Romero Institute, where his current focus is the Lakota People's Law Project. The Lakota People's Law Project seeks to end what they claim are unlawful seizures of Native American Lakota children in South Dakota, and stop the state practice of placing the vast majority of these children in non-Native homes, in violation of the federal Indian Child Welfare Act. In addition, he recently published a memoir, The People's Advocate, and is finishing work for a book on the most up-to-date theories of the John F. Kennedy assassination. http://www.amazon.com/The-Peoples-Advocate-America%C2%92s-Fearless/dp/1619021722/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=Q4SBWRBCYA5HMVCM&creativeASIN=1619021722 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5046904 David McGowan & William Ramsey, WM3 Case https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/david-mcgowan-william-ramsey-wm3-case Tune in tonight as Ed Opperman welcomes Special Guests: William Ramsey, author of: "Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murder" "Aleister Crowley: A Visual Study" "Prophet of Evil: Aleister Crowley, 9/11 and the New World Order (Volume 1)" AND Dave McGowan, author of: "Weird Scenes Inside the Canyon: Laurel Canyon, Covert Ops & the Dark Heart of the Hippie Dream" "Derailing Democracy" "Understanding the F-Word: American Fascism and the Politics of Illusion" "Programmed to Kill: The Politics of Serial Murder" -- http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/688813.William_Ramsey http://www.amazon.com/Prophet-Evil-Aleister-Crowley-World/dp/1460920694/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1411960252&sr=1-5 http://www.amazon.com/David-McGowan/e/B00HX2N7LM/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1 http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/192349.David_McGowan?from_search=true If you enjoy the show please consider a PayPal.com donation to keep the show on the air [email protected] Original air date: 9-26-14 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/5019116 Paul Gaudet: For Family Court Judge https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/paul-gaudet-for-family-court-judge Friday, September 19, 2014 Paul Gaudet, Candidate for Family Court Judge Department L / Attny Mary Perry Ed Opperman and Paul Gaudet discuss justice in the in family court system. www. PaulGaudetforJudge.com 48 year old father of 3 children 22 years resident of Clark County, Nevada Bachelor of Science in Accounting from Southeastern Louisiana University Experienced Auditor/Accountant Juris Doctorate from Louisiana State University 22 years practicing attorney in Clark County, Nevada Law practice focusing on Domestic/Family issues and general civil litigation Extensive trial/courtroom experience, having tried hundreds of cases before the District Courts of Clark County, Federal Courts, Bankruptcy Courts, and other State Courts Experience as Arbitrator/Mediator for State Bar of Nevada Experience as Juvenile Hearing Officer in Clark County Experience as Small Claims Officer in Clark County Experience as Truancy Hearing Officer in Clark County Honored as Top 100 Trial Lawyers of American Trial Lawyer's Association Honored as Mountain States Super Lawyer Small business owner in Clark County, Nevada for 22 years "I was raised in Hardy Arkansas, which had a population of 750 people. That population has not moved much since my younger days. It had few opportunities for raising a family without government assistance, at least part of the time. We did not even have a McDonalds. My Mom and Dad supported us by being truck drivers, waiting tables, and jack of all trades just to keep food on the table. When my parents offered to send me through college, I turned them down. I knew I would not appreciate it as much if I did not earn it myself. I followed the path of many of the young girls in Hardy follow: have children, get married, work odd jobs. I had a daughter, got married and worked by bailing hay, cutting wood, and even as a caretaker. My marriage fell apart, so I joined the Air Force at 21. I loved serving my country. This was some of the best years of my life and I grew up, finally. Unfortunately, I was medically discharged eight and a half years later. I moved to Las Vegas as my final destination out of the Air Force While trying to figure out what I wanted to do with the rest of my, I worked as a keno runner, armed security, and in retail. Finally, I realized I would never earn more than $12.00 an hour, if I never went to college. I know how hard it is to raise a family and pay bills on a small pay check. In May 1996, I graduated from UNLV with a Bachelor of Science in Business Management. I still could not find a job that would pay more than $12.00 per hour starting out. It was disheartening. I decided I wanted to be an attorney and was lucky enough to be accepted at William S. Boyd's School of Law, at UNLV, It was Boyd's Charter Class and I was lucky enough to be a part of setting the standard for all other graduating classes. Even though I have experience in criminal law and personal injury, my passion is Family Law: divorce, child custody, child support, guardianships, abuse & neglect, etc., I have developed a deep respect and affection for the unique complexities that involve family law. So much so, I have represented over 1,000 clients, including more than 100 pro bono, in 13 years. I am known for assisting people around the courthouse just because they looked confused. I sit down with them and help with their paperwork and explain as much as possible. There are countless times I have done this. The court staff knows if I am there, I am willing to help with people at their window, when the clerks are unable to help. I am licensed in Nevada and Hawaii, and I am currently studying for the Missouri and Arkansas bar." https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4992289 Aftershow: FILM THE POLICE 2014 09 12 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-film-the-police-2014-09-12 Special Guest: Mike Smith FILM THE POLICE PORTLAND!!! Film The Police Portland is a grassroots, volunteer-run organization that focuses on police accountability through filming police encounters in the community. We intend to achieve our goals by growing our numbers of video activists so we can cover the entire downtown area of Portland Oregon! You can show support in one of 3 ways #1 you can volunteer and go out on patrol with us and film the police. #2 you can join our facebook group FTP PORTLAND FILM THE POLICE #3 you could donate to our worthy cause! DONATE LINK https://www.wepay.com/donations/72542847 Meet Our Team Mike Bluehair: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q08n2J... CarrieFoTruth: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeUBwu... Dr.Bartek: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54Tnj... Justin: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q4QM2... JessieSponberg:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAUryU... https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4966325 Bill Scott: LVMPD Murder of Eric Scott https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/bill-scott-lvmpd-murder-of-eric-scott Opperman Report 9-12-14 LAS VEGAS ANTI-GUN POLICY: KILL AND COVER William B. Scott is a former Rocky Mountain Bureau Chief for Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine. During his 22 years with the publication, he also served as Senior National Editor, Avionics Editor and Senior Engineering Editor. He is a co-author of three books: Space Wars: The First Six Hours of World War III; Counterspace: The Next Hours of World War III, and Inside the Stealth Bomber: The B-2 Story. A solo-written novel, The Permit, is based on the murder of his eldest son, Erik Scott. Scott holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from California State University-Sacramento, and is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School. In 35 years of military and civilian flight testing, plus evaluating aircraft for Aviation Week, he has logged approximately 2,000 flight hours on 80 aircraft types. On July 10, 2010, Erik B. Scott, a 1994 U.S. Military Academy at West Point graduate with an MBA from Duke University, was shot to death by three Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (“Metro”) officers in front of a Las Vegas, NV, Costco big-box store. While many readers will recall that egregious, senseless murder, few know what followed: A jaw-dropping cover-up more typical of the old Soviet Union than America. To every man and woman, who carries a firearm, the Erik Scott shooting is a chilling reminder that billion-dollar companies, such as Costco, have irrational, secret, anti-gun policies that literally kill their customers. Erik, a Boston Scientific cardiac pacemaker sales rep, was carrying a legally registered concealed firearm, while he and his girlfriend were shopping at Costco-Summerlin in Las Vegas. He also had a concealed-carry permit in his wallet, issued by the same Metro police force that killed him. When Erik squatted on the floor to verify that three metal water bottles would fit into a soft-sided, zip-up cooler, a Costco employee spotted Erik’s Kimber Ultra Carry .45-caliber semiautomatic in an inside-the-waistband holster. A civil interchange with a Costco manager ensued, and Erik was told that a Costco policy banned guns inside company stores—although there were no signs to that effect posted outside or inside, and there’s no mention of a gun-ban policy in the membership application. Erik calmly responded that his sidearm was legal and that he had a concealed-carry weapon (CCW) permit on his person. The manager never asked Erik to leave the store, and the two parted on good terms, according to witnesses. The Costco manager reassured a plainclothes security guard, Shai Lierley, that Erik would be leaving soon. For reasons known only to him, the young, cocky Lierley—defying management practices and company policy—placed a 311 call to the local police, falsely claiming Erik “had a gun and was acting erratic.” Thinking an armed madman was barricaded inside, Metro cops rushed to the store in overwhelming force—15 police cruisers, a helicopter, an incident-command team and an ambulance. An inbound Metro lieutenant suggested that Costco managers quietly evacuate the store. Unaware that the evacuation had anything to do with him, Erik and his girlfriend calmly walked out with the crowd, passing three Metro officers waiting at the entrance and exit doors. Costco’s Shai Lierley identified Erik to an agitated, scared Metro officer, William Mosher, who was clutching a semiautomatic, visibly shaking and sweating profusely. Alarmed, Mosher spun around and immediately yelled something, which even nearby cops failed to comprehend. Erik turned to find a frightened, obese cop shouting three conflicting commands. With his left hand, Erik lifted his T-shirt to expose the Kimber, and repeated, "I am armed, I am armed..." Witnesses said he moved his right elbow enough to expose the Kimber. In his right hand, Erik held a BlackBerry cell phone. Mosher instantly panicked and fired two shots with a .45-caliber Glock 21. The cop’s first hollow-point slug struck Erik in the heart; the second went through his right thigh, well below his jeans’ front pocket. Two other officers hesitated a long beat, then fired another five rounds, all into Erik's back. Erik was shot a total of seven times. The five that hit him in the back were fired after he was on the ground, dying. Based on a recording of Lierley’s 311-call, we’ve confirmed that Mosher gave Erik three conflicting commands and fired, all within two seconds. Mosher then knelt on his victim’s back and handcuffed Erik’s hands. Costco had numerous security cameras inside the store and at least four trained on the entrance, where the lethal shooting took place. Violating department policies, Metro detectives did NOT immediately seize the surveillance system's two digital video recorders’ hard disks. They left the critical DVR and hard drive in Costco's control for five days, allowing Costco-Summerlin personnel and the store’s IT contractor to tamper with video data. Five days after the shooting, Metro detectives finally decided to pick up one Costco DVR. After valiant attempts to “recover” critical imagery, the DVR was sent to the U.S. Secret Service’s Los Angeles office, where forensics experts examined it. The experts later testified that 96 percent of the DVR’s data were recovered. The four percent not recoverable just happened to encompass the time Erik was in Costco, as well as the fatal officer-involved shooting. The hard disk’s platter sectors, where that critical four percent of unrecoverable data resided, was physically damaged, as if the disk were running, “then dropped from about chest high,” according to forensic experts’ testimony. Within hours of the shooting, a Clark County Deputy Public Administrator and a Metro cop illegally broke into Erik's condominium and stole several of his firearms. One pistol, a small Ruger LCP, was later produced as "proof" that Erik was carrying two guns. Why two? Because the AMR ambulance crew had reported finding a gun on Erik’s body. The sole gun Erik really was carrying (the Kimber) had already been removed from the corpse and placed on the ground at Costco, still in the holster, as if Erik had pulled it, thereby “justifying” Mosher's murder. In fact, the only item Erik ever had in-hand was his BlackBerry smartphone. In a state of panic, Mosher couldn’t distinguish a BlackBerry from a semiautomatic pistol. He literally executed Erik. There is absolutely no doubt that Erik was murdered. However, integrity-challenged cops of Metro’s “Blue Wall” immediately resorted to post-shooting procedures that are standard practice for hundreds of corrupt Las Vegas police officers: Conceal the facts, destroy and manufacture “evidence,” coerce selected eyewitnesses, and systematically demonize the deceased victim. The cover-up of Erik’s murder-by-cop was aided and abetted by the Clark County District Attorney, an unprincipled union—the Las Vegas Police Protective Association—and wealthy power brokers, who control The Strip. My family filed two lawsuits in federal court—one against the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, the three shooters and the sheriff, Douglas Gillespie, and a second against Costco. For unbelievable reasons, both suits went nowhere. After the second was dismissed, our lawyer said, “I don’t think it’s possible to get justice in this town.” The truth about Erik’s murder and its blatant cover-up is so bizarre that non-Las Vegas citizens would never believe it. Consequently, I resorted to asymmetric warfare. I wrote a novel based on the actual events of my son’s senseless execution. Entitled The Permit, the book is “faction”—truth wrapped in a techno-thriller story. According to reviewers, The Permit is a fast-moving, riveting tale of intrigue, corruption and accountability. Synopsis of “The Permit:” A murder-by-cop victim, “Erik Steele,” was actually a covert assassin for Checkmate, an ultra-secret Department of Homeland Security counterterrorism team. Arrogant, low-intelligence Las Vegas Metro cops had brazenly killed a high-value federal agent. As Metro leaders soon realize, their trigger-happy cretins truly did kill the wrong guy. Metro’s clumsy attempts to cover-up Erik’s execution triggers a deadly campaign codenamed Operation Gold Shield. Activated by the highest office in America, Shield is designed to neutralize INDIGO, a new, dangerous class of domestic terrorist that has killed more Americans since 9/11 than were lost on that modern day of infamy: Rogue cops and their corrupt allies. Shield is launched to prevent the U.S. from erupting in armed revolt. However, the initial targets are those responsible for killing a fellow Checkmate agent, Erik Steele. Integrity-devoid killer-cops, corrupt district attorneys, police union thugs, an unscrupulous sheriff, and even a powerful billionaire are held accountable via advanced, highly classified means, such as tiny missiles with nanoparticle warheads; a microwave-beam weapon that fries a victim; an airborne system that creates “ghosts” in a target’s bedroom; a “black world” fighter aircraft armed with T-Rex, a stunning electrostatic weapon; an acoustic beam that shatters bones and buildings, and a lethal disease that precludes sleep. Ultimately, bodies pile up, government officials run scared and the glitzy Las Vegas Strip is silenced. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4966292 Danny Carlson: John Lennon 2014 09 05 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/danny-carlson-john-lennon-2014-09-05_1 Danny Carlson: Adventures of Dr. Winston O'Boogie and His Amazing Friends: The Untold Story Behind John Lennon's Murder! Dr. Winston O’Boogie® brings to life the untold true story behind a young fan’s quest to meet John Lennon, leader of the most famous Rock and Roll band in the world, The Beatles. But instead was unknowingly introduced to a disguised John Lennon posing as Winston or Dr. Winston O’Boogie® a 1970’s radical complete with his new band of counter culture rebels called the Yippies. All during a failed Beatles reunion concert originally planned to be held during the 1979 May Day Smoke-In at Washington Square Park. Discover how the Author quickly hits it off with Winston as he’s brought into John Lennon’s inner circle and meets his famous friends and ex-partners. All the while as he’s slowly becoming like a son and a personal muse to Lennon. Then for the next eighteen months, the young Author unknowingly witnessed first hand the final events leading towards Lennon’s tragic planned assassination. Plus the book also divulges how the young Author was also threatened with his own murder if he didn’t keep quiet about what he knew and witnessed... until now. About The Author The Author Danny Carlson was honored when he was made the Last 5th Beatle and also won John Lennon’s greatest fan contest. The Adventures of Dr. Winston O’Boogie® and His Amazing Friends will finally prove to the world what really happened to this talented musical genius... John Lennon. This multi-media 744 page book included with a FREE companion CD contains hundreds of newly and previously released declassified FBI, CIA and INS files that help take the reader behind the scenes of John Lennon’s secret radical lifestyle. http://www.amazon.com/Adventures-Winston-OBoogie-Amazing-Friends-ebook/dp/B00F72CGQ2/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=SSMX7V5HMDN27HYZ&creativeASIN=B00F72CGQ2 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4938498 Aftershow: John Potash on Tupac Shakur https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-john-potash-on-tupac-shakur Aftershow John Potash is the author of The FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders: U.S. Intelligence’s Murderous Targeting of Tupac, MLK, Malcolm, Panthers, Hendrix, Marley, Rappers and Linked Ethnic Leftists. He did graduate studies at Columbia University. He discussed his book on dozens of radio stations nationwide and was featured on CSPAN3’s American History TV earlier this year. His upcoming book, available for preview and preorder on Amazon, is Drugs as Weapons Against Us: The CIA’s Murderous Targeting of SDS, Panthers, Hendrix, Lennon, Cobain, Tupac and other Leftists. This book will be released in early November on Trine Day Press. John Potash :FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders: U.S. Intelligence's Murderous Targeting of Tupac, MLK, Malcolm, Panthers, Hendrix, Marley, Rappers and Linked Ethnic Leftists The FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders contains a wealth of names, dates and events detailing the use of COINTELPRO style tactics by the FBI against a generation of leftist political leaders and leftist musicians. Based on 12 years of research and includes over 1,000 endnotes. Sources include over 100 interviews, FOIA-released CIA and FBI documents, court transcripts, and many mainstream media outlets. Book is 192 pages of main text, 100 pages of endnotes, 8 pages of photos (incl. government/court documents) and some more pages of preface, foreword, afterword, and bios. http://www.amazon.com/Tupac-Shakur-Black-Leaders-Intelligences/dp/0979146909/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=Q4PNGLCRU4IIGGLC&creativeASIN=0979146909 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4938470 John Potash : Tupac Shakur 2014 08 29 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/john-potash-tupac-shakur-2014-08-29 John Potash is the author of The FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders: U.S. Intelligence’s Murderous Targeting of Tupac, MLK, Malcolm, Panthers, Hendrix, Marley, Rappers and Linked Ethnic Leftists. He did graduate studies at Columbia University. He discussed his book on dozens of radio stations nationwide and was featured on CSPAN3’s American History TV earlier this year. His upcoming book, available for preview and preorder on Amazon, is Drugs as Weapons Against Us: The CIA’s Murderous Targeting of SDS, Panthers, Hendrix, Lennon, Cobain, Tupac and other Leftists. This book will be released in early November on Trine Day Press. John Potash :FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders: U.S. Intelligence's Murderous Targeting of Tupac, MLK, Malcolm, Panthers, Hendrix, Marley, Rappers and Linked Ethnic Leftists The FBI War on Tupac Shakur and Black Leaders contains a wealth of names, dates and events detailing the use of COINTELPRO style tactics by the FBI against a generation of leftist political leaders and leftist musicians. Based on 12 years of research and includes over 1,000 endnotes. Sources include over 100 interviews, FOIA-released CIA and FBI documents, court transcripts, and many mainstream media outlets. Book is 192 pages of main text, 100 pages of endnotes, 8 pages of photos (incl. government/court documents) and some more pages of preface, foreword, afterword, and bios. http://www.amazon.com/Tupac-Shakur-Black-Leaders-Intelligences/dp/0979146909/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=Q4PNGLCRU4IIGGLC&creativeASIN=0979146909 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4911198 Aftershow: Hart Fisher & Kif Davis https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-hart-fisher-kif-davis Hart is a successful horror author, a critically acclaimed poet (Poems for the Dead), a gifted filmmaker with a knack for doing the impossible (producing & editing the critically acclaimed Flowers on the Razorwire feature film with a blind director), a cutting edge music video director who has worked with international death metal legends Obituary, kings of black metal Dark Funeral and metal superstar Glenn Danzig. Most recently Mr. Fisher was a guest of the 2011 South by Southwest as a featured panel speaker for the Reel Murder: From Crime Scene to Big Screen panel with multi-platinum selling musician Phil Anselmo, Ami Canaan Mann, Steve Mims and best selling true crime author Corey Mitchell. Not satisfied with that, Mr. Fisher has committed himself to conquering the horror industry with his new multi-platform horror entertainment company, American Horrors. In May 2011, Mr. Fisher entered into a worldwide licensing agreement with FilmOn to launch American Horrors as a new uncut 24 hour horror television channel as part of FilmOn’s basic tier of channels. American Horrors joins industry brand names such as BBC News, Universal Sports and more as part of FilmOn’s basic line up of channels that are available to subscribers for a $7.95 monthly fee (purchase a full year at $79.95 and receive two months free). FilmOn allows viewers to stream live TV on their Mac or PC computers, iPads/tablets, smart phones & mobile devices (iPhone, Android, Blackberry etc., etc.) and has just recently launched the world’s first AP breaking 24 hour news channel With a long and controversial career which began in comic books, where Fisher discovered such talents as Gerard Way (lead singer for the chart-topping rock band My Chemical Romance); John Cassaday (Captain America) and political essayist Stephen Elliott (a regular contributor for the San Francisco Chronicle, award-winning novelist and child protection advocate) among others, Fisher has carved out a fierce reputation and was dubbed ‘The Most Dangerous Man in Comics.’ (Hero Illustrated, 1994.) First put on the map by writing and publishing the infamous Jeffrey Dahmer comic book series, Mr. Fisher went on to write and publish books that would garner the young creator the ire of Milwaukee Brewing with the Jeffrey Dahmer: Milwaukee’s Best t-shirts, the fear of Image Comics founders Todd McFarlane, Rob Liefield and Jim Lee with the release of Kill Image and even a lawsuit from OJ Simpson over the Doin’ Time With OJ and OJ’s Big Bust Out books. Fisher’s opinions on serial killers and serial killer culture have been sought by numerous television producers for programs such as ABC's Day1, CNN's Murder By Numbers documentary, Entertainment Tonight, Larry King Live, The Jerry Springer Show, The Bertice Berry Show, CNN Headline News, A&E's Biography, American Scary, American Justice, on the radio with Crime Prevention 101 and True Crimes and in magazines such as Time, Tattoo Savage, Hero Illustrated, People, The Comics Journal, the non-fiction best seller The A-Z Guide to Serial Killers and many more. Fisher began his art career as the publisher behind Boneyard Press, a ferociously independent publishing house that has garnered coverage all over the world, in Japan (Words), Germany (Ego Magazine), England (The Sun) and brought the mass media (as well as protest marchers) to his door thanks to books such as Jeffrey Dahmer: An Unauthorized Biography of a Serial Killer, Rush Limbaugh Must Die, Dark Angel, Kill Marvel and Jeffrey Dahmer vs. Jesus Christ. Fisher's two collections of poetry (Poems for the Dead & Still Dead) were both carried in the Hot Topic chain of boutiques. Twice, Hero Illustrated placed Mr. Fisher in their 100 Most Important People In The Comics Industry list, and rock star Glenn Danzig hired Fisher to be the managing editor for his publishing company, Verotik, which Mr. Fisher promptly steered to the height of its popularity and controversy, when Mr. Fisher and co-author Christian Moore’s story for Verotika #4, "A Taste of Cherry" was banned in Oklahoma on the grounds that it was obscene material and is banned in that state to this day. Never one to shy away from outrageous showmanship, Fisher has faked his own death for April Fool’s Day (he was dead for a week before the hoax was uncovered by a pairing of The Comics Journal and The Comic’s Buyers Guide), spit in the eye of industry goliath Marvel Comics (at the San Diego ComiCon Fisher printed up hundreds of black t-shirts proclaiming that "Marvel Can Suck My Cock”-- The shirts sold out instantly and dogged the larger comics publisher at comics conventions for years after going onto be declared the most controversial t-shirt in comics history) and has proven he has a gift for stirring up controversy that sells his products by the truckload. Mr. Fisher has been a paid feature speaker around the world (including a headlining role at the Festival of Fantasy & Terror in Mexico City, sharing a building with the President of Mexico at the time, Vincente Fox), and has spoken publicly about American poetry, team building, leadership development, and all things horror. Mr. Fisher is currently the subject of a new documentary, The Scariest Man in America, and his first feature film, The Garbage Man is available on DVD and Netflix. You can see more of Mr. Fisher’s news clips, music videos and more on his Youtube channel that has received more than Half a Million Plays and counting at http://www.youtube.com/crimepayshart. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4863500 Hart Fisher: Hart Attack, Kif Davis https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/hart-fisher-hart-attack-kif-davis_1 Hart is a successful horror author, a critically acclaimed poet (Poems for the Dead), a gifted filmmaker with a knack for doing the impossible (producing & editing the critically acclaimed Flowers on the Razorwire feature film with a blind director), a cutting edge music video director who has worked with international death metal legends Obituary, kings of black metal Dark Funeral and metal superstar Glenn Danzig. Most recently Mr. Fisher was a guest of the 2011 South by Southwest as a featured panel speaker for the Reel Murder: From Crime Scene to Big Screen panel with multi-platinum selling musician Phil Anselmo, Ami Canaan Mann, Steve Mims and best selling true crime author Corey Mitchell. Not satisfied with that, Mr. Fisher has committed himself to conquering the horror industry with his new multi-platform horror entertainment company, American Horrors. In May 2011, Mr. Fisher entered into a worldwide licensing agreement with FilmOn to launch American Horrors as a new uncut 24 hour horror television channel as part of FilmOn’s basic tier of channels. American Horrors joins industry brand names such as BBC News, Universal Sports and more as part of FilmOn’s basic line up of channels that are available to subscribers for a $7.95 monthly fee (purchase a full year at $79.95 and receive two months free). FilmOn allows viewers to stream live TV on their Mac or PC computers, iPads/tablets, smart phones & mobile devices (iPhone, Android, Blackberry etc., etc.) and has just recently launched the world’s first AP breaking 24 hour news channel With a long and controversial career which began in comic books, where Fisher discovered such talents as Gerard Way (lead singer for the chart-topping rock band My Chemical Romance); John Cassaday (Captain America) and political essayist Stephen Elliott (a regular contributor for the San Francisco Chronicle, award-winning novelist and child protection advocate) among others, Fisher has carved out a fierce reputation and was dubbed ‘The Most Dangerous Man in Comics.’ (Hero Illustrated, 1994.) First put on the map by writing and publishing the infamous Jeffrey Dahmer comic book series, Mr. Fisher went on to write and publish books that would garner the young creator the ire of Milwaukee Brewing with the Jeffrey Dahmer: Milwaukee’s Best t-shirts, the fear of Image Comics founders Todd McFarlane, Rob Liefield and Jim Lee with the release of Kill Image and even a lawsuit from OJ Simpson over the Doin’ Time With OJ and OJ’s Big Bust Out books. Fisher’s opinions on serial killers and serial killer culture have been sought by numerous television producers for programs such as ABC's Day1, CNN's Murder By Numbers documentary, Entertainment Tonight, Larry King Live, The Jerry Springer Show, The Bertice Berry Show, CNN Headline News, A&E's Biography, American Scary, American Justice, on the radio with Crime Prevention 101 and True Crimes and in magazines such as Time, Tattoo Savage, Hero Illustrated, People, The Comics Journal, the non-fiction best seller The A-Z Guide to Serial Killers and many more. Fisher began his art career as the publisher behind Boneyard Press, a ferociously independent publishing house that has garnered coverage all over the world, in Japan (Words), Germany (Ego Magazine), England (The Sun) and brought the mass media (as well as protest marchers) to his door thanks to books such as Jeffrey Dahmer: An Unauthorized Biography of a Serial Killer, Rush Limbaugh Must Die, Dark Angel, Kill Marvel and Jeffrey Dahmer vs. Jesus Christ. Fisher's two collections of poetry (Poems for the Dead & Still Dead) were both carried in the Hot Topic chain of boutiques. Twice, Hero Illustrated placed Mr. Fisher in their 100 Most Important People In The Comics Industry list, and rock star Glenn Danzig hired Fisher to be the managing editor for his publishing company, Verotik, which Mr. Fisher promptly steered to the height of its popularity and controversy, when Mr. Fisher and co-author Christian Moore’s story for Verotika #4, "A Taste of Cherry" was banned in Oklahoma on the grounds that it was obscene material and is banned in that state to this day. Never one to shy away from outrageous showmanship, Fisher has faked his own death for April Fool’s Day (he was dead for a week before the hoax was uncovered by a pairing of The Comics Journal and The Comic’s Buyers Guide), spit in the eye of industry goliath Marvel Comics (at the San Diego ComiCon Fisher printed up hundreds of black t-shirts proclaiming that "Marvel Can Suck My Cock”-- The shirts sold out instantly and dogged the larger comics publisher at comics conventions for years after going onto be declared the most controversial t-shirt in comics history) and has proven he has a gift for stirring up controversy that sells his products by the truckload. Mr. Fisher has been a paid feature speaker around the world (including a headlining role at the Festival of Fantasy & Terror in Mexico City, sharing a building with the President of Mexico at the time, Vincente Fox), and has spoken publicly about American poetry, team building, leadership development, and all things horror. Mr. Fisher is currently the subject of a new documentary, The Scariest Man in America, and his first feature film, The Garbage Man is available on DVD and Netflix. You can see more of Mr. Fisher’s news clips, music videos and more on his Youtube channel that has received more than Half a Million Plays and counting at http://www.youtube.com/crimepayshart. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4863460 Guest: Steve Wick 2014 08 08 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-steve-wick-14-08-08 Steve Wick author "Bad Company: Drugs, Hollywood and the Cotton Club Murder" Steve Wick was born in Camden, N.J., in 1951 and grew up in nearby Haddonfield. He has been a journalist at Newsday on Long Island for more than 30 years. He has shared in two of Newsday's Pulitzer Prizes for Local Reporting and has won numerous other journalism awards. He has published three non-fiction books: Bad Company: Drugs, Hollywood and the Cotton Club Murder; Heaven and Earth: The Last Farmers of the North Fork; and The Long Night: William L. Shirer and The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. He lives on eastern Long Island. Steve Wick author Bad Company: Drugs, Hollywood and the Cotton Club Murder In 1983, Roy Radin, would-be impresario, joined forces with fading movie producer Robert Evans and Elaine "Laney" Jacobs, a woman with the burning ambition to use the millions she had made by drug dealing to buy her way into the movie industry. Together they planned to finance the movie Cotton Club. When Radin's body was found miles away from Los Angeles, the police had few clues and eventually had to put the investigation on hold. At the request of Radin's mother, New York Newsday's Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, Steve Wick, began looking into Radin's last weeks and soon unearthed the sordid connection between deal making and drug dealing that set all Hollywood on its ear. Bad Company is both a fascinating and strangely repellent look at the darker side of the entertainment industry, as well as a striking portrait of the people who control the drug culture in this country http://www.amazon.com/Steve-Wick/e/B000AR8AGO/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4838131 Aftershow: Jacque Hollander 2014 08 01 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-jacque-hollander-2014-08-01 Our guest is Jacque Hollander, the music producer for James Brown. We discuss her brutal attack by Mr Brown, her music career, her information about Michael Jackson and Rev Al Sharpton. Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to contract Graves' Disease, a thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist. Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun. In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later brought her case before the Supreme Court. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4810750 Guest: Jacque Hollander 2014 08 01 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-jacque-hollander-2014-08-01 Jacque Hollander: Music Producer The Real James Brown and Al Sharpton Our guest is Jacque Hollander, the music producer for James Brown. We discuss her brutal attack by Mr Brown, her music career, her information about Michael Jackson and Rev Al Sharpton. Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to contract Graves' Disease, a thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist. Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun. In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later brought her case before the Supreme Court. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4810642 Aftershow: Thomas Sheridan 2014 07 25 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-thomas-sheridan-2014-07-25 Thomas Sheridan: Jimmy Savile the 666 Serial Killer, The Aftershow Thomas Sheridan is an author, artist, musician, stand-up comic and independent researcher, best known for the book, Puzzling People: the Labyrinth of the Psychopath, along with his writings on socio-cultural engineering, propaganda and the influence of late Victorian occult societies and policy think-tanks upon the creation of both Fascism and Bolshevism, and the paralyzing shadow these aristocratically created and cultivated symbiotic ideologies have cast upon the face of humanity. In his latest book Walpurgis Night: Volume One, Thomas Sheridan known for his work on psychopathology, mass hysteria and social engineering, for the first time tackles a historical subject using these concepts as a framework in which to re-examine the rise of the Nazi cult and its legacy. While Thomas Sheridan was researching for this new book he also undertook an old fashioned style journalism investigation into the Jimmy Savile/BBC scandal in the UK and came to the conclusion that Savile was not only a vicious pedophile and necrophiliac, but was also a serial killer adept in the same school of black magic also practiced by European royalty bringing all of Sheridan's research together in a damning indictment of our global power structures and their disregard for human decency and compassion. Website: www.thomassheridanarts.com http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Thomas+Sheridan&search-alias=books&text=Thomas+Sheridan&sort=relevancerank https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4782204 Thomas Sheridan: Jimmy Savile 2014 07 25 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/thomas-sheridan-jimmy-savile-2014-07-25 Thomas Sheridan: Jimmy Savile the 666 Serial Killer Thomas Sheridan is an author, artist, musician, stand-up comic and independent researcher, best known for the book, Puzzling People: the Labyrinth of the Psychopath, along with his writings on socio-cultural engineering, propaganda and the influence of late Victorian occult societies and policy think-tanks upon the creation of both Fascism and Bolshevism, and the paralyzing shadow these aristocratically created and cultivated symbiotic ideologies have cast upon the face of humanity. In his latest book Walpurgis Night: Volume One, Thomas Sheridan known for his work on psychopathology, mass hysteria and social engineering, for the first time tackles a historical subject using these concepts as a framework in which to re-examine the rise of the Nazi cult and its legacy. While Thomas Sheridan was researching for this new book he also undertook an old fashioned style journalism investigation into the Jimmy Savile/BBC scandal in the UK and came to the conclusion that Savile was not only a vicious pedophile and necrophiliac, but was also a serial killer adept in the same school of black magic also practiced by European royalty bringing all of Sheridan's research together in a damning indictment of our global power structures and their disregard for human decency and compassion. Website: www.thomassheridanarts.com http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Thomas+Sheridan&search-alias=books&text=Thomas+Sheridan&sort=relevancerank https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4782094 Aftershow: Mark Ebner 2014 07 18 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-mark-ebner-2014-07-18 Church of Scientology "Hollywood, Interrupted" ,"Six Degrees of Paris Hilton"Ain't It Cool?: Kicking Hollywood's Butt New York Times best selling author Mark Ebner is an award winning investigative journalist who has covered all aspects of celebrity and crime culture for Spy, Rolling Stone, Maxim, Details, Los Angeles, Premiere, Salon, Spin, Radar, Angeleno, The Daily Beast.com, Gawker.com, BoingBoing.net and New Times among other national and international and internet publications. He has repeatedly positioned himself in harm's way, conducting dozens of investigations into such subjects as Scientology, Pit Bull fighting in South Central Los Angeles, the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, celebrity stalkers, drug dealers, missing porn stars, sports groupies, mobsters, college suicides and Hepatitis C in Hollywood. Ebner has produced for and/or appeared as a journalist-commentator on NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, A&E, The BBC, Channel 4 (UK), National Public Radio, Court TV, Fox News, FX, VH-1 and E! Entertainment Television. He has been a featured guest on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Today Show, The Early Show, Inside Edition, The Dylan Ratigan Show, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Fox & Friends, Catherine Crier Live, and a host of other television and radio programs in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom and Asia. In 2000, Ebner hosted his own nationally syndicated radio program, Drastic Radio, and co-authored the New York Times/Los Angeles Times best-seller, "Hollywood, Interrupted" in 2005 with the late Andrew Breitbart of the Drudge Report. He followed that collaboration with the Hollywood true crimer "Six Degrees of Paris Hilton" (Simon and Schuster) in 2008, and 2011 saw publication of "We Have Your Husband" (Berkley Books)with Jayne Garcia Valseca which resulted in a Lifetime Movie adaptation of the same title. 2013 and 2014 bring Being Uncle Charlie (Random House Canada)with former Canadian undercover copper Bob Deasy and Poison Candy with former Florida prosecutor Elizabeth Parker respectively. Ebner consulted on the Emmy-nominated "Trapped In The Closet" episode of South Park for Comedy Central, consulted for NBC/Dateline on the "Paris Hilton Tapes" report, and field produced a one-hour VH1 special on the same topic. He also hosted "Rich and Reckless," a crime show for TruTV, co-starred in I Can't Believe I'm Still Single (Showtime), and blogs when he can at HollywoodInterrupted.com. http://www.amazon.com/Mark-Ebner/e/B001IXNZG4/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_2 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4757578 Guest: Mark Ebner 2014 07 18 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-mark-ebner-2014-07-18 Church of Scientology "Hollywood, Interrupted" ,"Six Degrees of Paris Hilton"Ain't It Cool?: Kicking Hollywood's Butt New York Times best selling author Mark Ebner is an award winning investigative journalist who has covered all aspects of celebrity and crime culture for Spy, Rolling Stone, Maxim, Details, Los Angeles, Premiere, Salon, Spin, Radar, Angeleno, The Daily Beast.com, Gawker.com, BoingBoing.net and New Times among other national and international and internet publications. He has repeatedly positioned himself in harm's way, conducting dozens of investigations into such subjects as Scientology, Pit Bull fighting in South Central Los Angeles, the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, celebrity stalkers, drug dealers, missing porn stars, sports groupies, mobsters, college suicides and Hepatitis C in Hollywood. Ebner has produced for and/or appeared as a journalist-commentator on NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, A&E, The BBC, Channel 4 (UK), National Public Radio, Court TV, Fox News, FX, VH-1 and E! Entertainment Television. He has been a featured guest on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Today Show, The Early Show, Inside Edition, The Dylan Ratigan Show, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Fox & Friends, Catherine Crier Live, and a host of other television and radio programs in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom and Asia. In 2000, Ebner hosted his own nationally syndicated radio program, Drastic Radio, and co-authored the New York Times/Los Angeles Times best-seller, "Hollywood, Interrupted" in 2005 with the late Andrew Breitbart of the Drudge Report. He followed that collaboration with the Hollywood true crimer "Six Degrees of Paris Hilton" (Simon and Schuster) in 2008, and 2011 saw publication of "We Have Your Husband" (Berkley Books)with Jayne Garcia Valseca which resulted in a Lifetime Movie adaptation of the same title. 2013 and 2014 bring Being Uncle Charlie (Random House Canada)with former Canadian undercover copper Bob Deasy and Poison Candy with former Florida prosecutor Elizabeth Parker respectively. Ebner consulted on the Emmy-nominated "Trapped In The Closet" episode of South Park for Comedy Central, consulted for NBC/Dateline on the "Paris Hilton Tapes" report, and field produced a one-hour VH1 special on the same topic. He also hosted "Rich and Reckless," a crime show for TruTV, co-starred in I Can't Believe I'm Still Single (Showtime), and blogs when he can at HollywoodInterrupted.com. http://www.amazon.com/Mark-Ebner/e/B001IXNZG4/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_2 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4755894 Guest: Adam Gorightly 2014 07 11 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-adam-gorightly-2014-07-11 Adam Gorightly : Historia Discordia & The Shadow Over Santa Susana: Black Magic, Mind Control And The Manson Family Mythos A self-described 'crackpot historian,' for two decades Adam Gorightly's articles have appeared in nearly every 'zine, underground magazine, counter-cultural publication, and conspiratorial website imaginable. Bringing a mischievous sense of Prankster-Discordianism to the zany world of fringe culture, once Gorightly connects his dots, readers are plunged into alternative universes which forever alter their view of 'reality.' His landmark work, The Shadow Over Santa Susana: Black Magic, Mind Control and the Manson Family Mythos is by far the best ever compiled on the Tate-Labianca murders. Far from being portrayed as prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi's caricatured bogeyman, Gorightly paints a broader picture of Manson in relation to Hollywood porn films, Anton LaVey's Satanism, Scientology and the Process Church, MK-ULTRA, designer drugs, and the true Beatles-Helter Skelter story. An even wilder ride (if that's possible) can be found in The Prankster and the Conspiracy which examines the remarkable life of Kerry Thornley--a 1960s Zen radical chaos-creator who was quite realistically being groomed as a Lee Harvey Oswald 'patsy-double' before the Kennedy assassination. Everyone from Ken Kesey, Robert Anton Wilson, and Jim Garrison make appearances during this no-holds barred adventure. Other intriguing releases include Death Cults; the hipster biography, James Shelby Downard's Mystical War; and The Beast of Adam Gorightly: Collected Rantings. In the latter, he describes the time when Doc Ellis of the Pittsburgh Pirates dropped LSD and pitched a no-hitter; and how J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye has been used as a control mechanism to trigger mind-numbed Manchurian Candidates. Other subjects include Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut, the Disneyland Dead, and Hitler Was a Good American. --Victor Thorn http://www.amazon.com/Adam-Gorightly/e/B001K7RSPC/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4729653 Guest: David Livingstone 2014 07 04 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-david-livingstone-2014-07-04 Terrorism and the Illuminati & Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism and the New Age Based in Canada, David Livingstone is an independent historian who has written 3 books on the history of the occult and its influence throughout history. His first book, The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization, explores the foundations of the Western occult tradition from ancient times to the French Revolution. His second book, Terrorism and the Illuminati exposes the British plot to create Islamic fundamentalism, to foment a “Clash of Civilizations,” through the spread of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in the Middle East. His latest book, Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism and the New Age, further explores these trends, and exposes their relation to the occult tradition of synarchism and its influence in bringing about the fascist trends of the 20th century, which are being employed in the creation of a New World Order. http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/ Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/pages/David-Livingstone-Author/501628099906925?fref=nf Amazon Author Page: http://www.amazon.com/David-Livingstone/e/B005HXE740/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4700634 Aftershow: Timothy Charles Holmseth https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-timothy-charles-holmseth Guest, Timothy Charles Holmseth and Ed Opperman continue this fascinating discussion about the Caylee Anthony case, uncovering shocking facts that have hitherto been suppressed. Book: “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained)” Timothy Charles Holmseth is a former news reporter and investigative journalist from Minnesota. He has received first place awards from the North Dakota Newspaper Association for his writing and reporting. Now an investigative author – Timothy has written two books including his latest e-book “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained)”. In 2009, Timothy interviewed all the principle players in the kidnapping of HaLeigh Ann-Marie Cummings. In 2010, the Jacksonville FBI requested the Minneapolis FBI interview Timothy and obtain some of his audio interviews after receiving valuable tips from Timothy that were leading them to the missing child. Between 2009 and 2014, Timothy has had life threatened if did not shut down his publication and stop writing about the HaLeigh/Caylee case. He has also been told the government will take his child away if he doesn’t stop exposing the wrong people. In 2012, armed officers of the East Grand Forks (Minnesota) Police Department raided Timothy’s home office wearing bullet proof vests and seized all of his journalism equipment – including his 320 GB hard-drive. It was held at un-disclosed location for months and illegally searched without a warrant. No ‘Chain of Evidence” or “Record of Examination” was kept by the police department. A deputy testified in court he searched the hard-drive but found nothing illegal on it. When the police gave the hard drive back it didn’t work anymore. In June of 2014, Timothy released a book on Kindle - “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained) and submitted a detailed letter to the FBI detailing what he believes likely caused the death of Caylee Anthony, and explains how HaLeigh Cummings was used to cover it up. Timothy is the proud father of two beautiful daughters and an awesome son. http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Timothy+Charles+Holmseth&search-alias=books&text=Timothy+Charles+Holmseth&sort=relevancerank SHOW DATE: 2014 06 27 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4678678 Timothy Charles Holmseth 2014 06 27 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/timothy-charles-holmseth-2014-06-27 Guest: Timothy Charles Holmseth “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained)” Timothy Charles Holmseth is a former news reporter and investigative journalist from Minnesota. He has received first place awards from the North Dakota Newspaper Association for his writing and reporting. Now an investigative author – Timothy has written two books including his latest e-book “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained)”. In 2009, Timothy interviewed all the principle players in the kidnapping of HaLeigh Ann-Marie Cummings. In 2010, the Jacksonville FBI requested the Minneapolis FBI interview Timothy and obtain some of his audio interviews after receiving valuable tips from Timothy that were leading them to the missing child. Between 2009 and 2014, Timothy has had life threatened if did not shut down his publication and stop writing about the HaLeigh/Caylee case. He has also been told the government will take his child away if he doesn’t stop exposing the wrong people. In 2012, armed officers of the East Grand Forks (Minnesota) Police Department raided Timothy’s home office wearing bullet proof vests and seized all of his journalism equipment – including his 320 GB hard-drive. It was held at un-disclosed location for months and illegally searched without a warrant. No ‘Chain of Evidence” or “Record of Examination” was kept by the police department. A deputy testified in court he searched the hard-drive but found nothing illegal on it. When the police gave the hard drive back it didn’t work anymore. In June of 2014, Timothy released a book on Kindle - “In Re: Caylee Anthony (the shocking truth explained) and submitted a detailed letter to the FBI detailing what he believes likely caused the death of Caylee Anthony, and explains how HaLeigh Cummings was used to cover it up. Timothy is the proud father of two beautiful daughters and an awesome son. http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Timothy+Charles+Holmseth&search-alias=books&text=Timothy+Charles+Holmseth&sort=relevancerank https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4674483 Cynthia McKinney & Cisco Streetlove https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/cynthia-mckinney-cisco-streetlove Special Report: Opperman Report is very proud to welcome back Fmr Congresswoman and Presidential candidate Cynthia Mckinney to discuss her studies of assassinations and MKULTRA govt mind control programs. Second Hour: Cisco Streetlove, Author of "Yesterday's Shame: The Atlanta Child Murders" Cynthia stayed for the second hour to discuss Cisco's amazing investistigation with Ed. Not to be missed! Cisco StreetLove is a writer, who currently resides in Metro Atlanta. A near victim of suspected pederasty as a child, He is an advocate for the safety of minors. He's currently working on a sci-fi novel: America the Unexpected, that will be available on amazon.com soon. http://www.amazon.com/Yesterdays-Shame-Atlanta-Child-Murders-ebook/dp/B00851LB7W/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=&creativeASIN=B00851LB7W (Original Air Date: 2014-20-06) https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4646308 Guest: Stephen Singular 2014 06 13 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-stephen-singular-2014-06-13 Guest: Stephen Singular: Legacy of Deception: An Investigation of Mark Fuhrman and Racism in the LAPD In the early of investigating the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman, L.A.P.D. Homicide Detective Mark Fuhrman uncovered evidence destined to become the cornerstone of the prosecution's case in the trial of O.J. Simpson. But as the elaborate legal epic unfolded, Fuhrman himself-his character and professional conduct - far overshadowed the impact of his evidence. What emerged in the public eye, though shielded from the eyes of the jurors, was an appalling history of planting evidence, beating up suspects, virulent racism and anti-Semitism acted out behind the safety of a badge. While the defense attempted to capitalize on the heavily publicized information about Fuhrman, prosecutors scrambled to maintain courtroom focus on the actual defendant. Meanwhile, journalist Stephen Singular took on the task of infiltrating the police department crime lab in search of the truth. What he discovered earned him a starring role on the glittery defense team as he outlined for them a means of proving that the defendant's blood actually could have been planted at the crime scene. With this demonstration as a springboard, the defense scored a victory that astonished the entire world. But had a renegade cop actually planted the blood or not? In Legacy of Deception, Stephen Singular disassembles the wall of deception constructed by the L.A.P.D. to reveal a scenario far more sinister than anything that emerged in the course of the trial chilling proof that true innocence was rare or nonexistent in this nightmarish case. http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=adbl_dp_by_aut?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Stephen%20Singular&search-alias=books https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4616714 Guest: Sheryl McCollum 2014 06 13 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-sheryl-mccollum-2014-06-13 Guest: Pulitzer Prize Nominated Sheryl McCollum Director, Cold Case Investigative Research Institute Sheryl McCollum began her career with training at the Rape Crisis Center at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA. At this center, she received some of her best hands on training and contact with victims. She went on to work for the Department of Corrections, the Secretary of State and an internship with the FBI during the Pan American Games in Indianapolis, IN. Her training and education led her to the Crime Commission and an assignment with Operation Weed and Seed, a federal task force that combines federal, state and local law enforcement to combat crime in dangerous areas. During the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Sheryl was the Coordinator of a state wide response team formed to assist victims of crime during the games. When a bomb was detonated at the Olympic site, Sheryl and her team were on the scene within 45 minutes giving aid to over 100 victims. Along with becoming the State Director of Mothers Against Driving, Sheryl attained the rank of Captain in the Special Ops Division of the Reserve Unit with the Fulton County, GA Sheriff’s Office, and was the Director of police training in the Atlanta District Attorney’s Office under their Domestic Violence Project. While Sheryl was investigating for Cobb County, GA Juvenile Court, she began teaching college part time. She became an International Law Enforcement Trainer for the Department of State. She had the opportunity to create two Cold Case Squads after attending the prestigious Henry Lee Institute and recently completed training as a Crime Scene Tech for the state of GA, providing value to her position with Pine Lake Police Department Cold Case Squad. With over 25 years of experience and education, Sheryl is currently the Director of the Cold Case Investigative Research Institute, which is a collaboration between Auburn University Montgomery, Faulkner University and Bauder College. This collaboration brings together researchers, practitioners, students and the criminal justice community to develop new capabilities and work collectively to advance research, training and techniques in solving cold cases. The objectives of CCIRI are to provide the means, resources and guidance for Criminal Justice students throughout all Kaplan Higher Education to determine the solvability of actual unsolved crimes. "Join us for Wine and Crime series where we get the general public to help us "work" a case! They bring the wine we bring the crime and they give suggestions - its a fundraiser for the Cold Case Inst - it's $25 per person and they to meet all the experts from CNN, HLN like Alex Manning, DeWayne Thompson and Holly Hughes" - Sheryl McCollum http://www.amazon.com/Cold-Case-Pathways-Sheryl-McCollum/dp/0558654126/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=&creativeASIN=0558654126 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4616699 Aftershow: Hank Harrison 2014 06 06 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-hank-harris-2014-06-06-pt-1 Guest: G.H. "Hank" Harrison Courtney Love, Kurt Cobain, Grateful Dead and MORE!!!! Hank Harrison is a writer and publisher with a deep interest in Medieval History, the Celts, Neolithic Archaeology, the Star Mounds, archaic astronomy, Hermetism and sacred geometry. He began writing about human and animal psychology in graduate school in 1962. Since founding the Arkives Press in 1967, Hank has been a frequent guest on hundreds of national and international television and radio shows, including Katherine Cryer on Court TV, Geraldo Rivera and Maury Povitch. He has also appeared across Canada on CBC Radio highlighted by a historical appearance on the Jane Hauten Show. He is featured several times each year on American radio and television shows including, Tom Likus, Allen Handelman and numerous local shows. Media Appearances In pursuit of his work he has appeared on America's Most Wanted, Hard Copy, the National Enquirer, American Journal, Inside Edition, Unsolved Mysteries and A Current Affair and on similar radio and television talk shows in Europe. His entry in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World began with the 1976 edition. Hank is featured in the controversial documentary film: Kurt & Courtney, by British filmmaker Nick Broomfield and in the well-known educational documentary LSD: 25. Both films were released on Video and DVD and shown on Showtime, HBO and over the BBC channels. Likewise he was featured in books such as Who Killed Kurt Cobain (1997) by Max Wallace and Queen of Noise (1996) by Melissa Rossi. In the early years of his career (1965-1976) he was mentioned in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe and was featured in Time, Life, Newsweek and the New York Times for his pioneering work with Drug Abuse intervention programs. Hank spent an idyllic childhood on Cannery Row and the beaches of Pacific Grove before relocating to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1949. He attended Hayward High School, the College of San Mateo, San Jose State and San Francisco State University. He has lived and taught in Canada, England, Holland and Ireland. While in Ireland he worked as a consultant for the Irish department of labor. He is the author of seven books, and over 200 magazine & journal articles. Hank holds a degree in Psychology from San Francisco State University and has attended postgraduate classes in anthropology and various seminars at Stanford. He also studied urban cultural experiments at the University of Amsterdam and is privileged to have studied renaissance and medieval topics with the late Dame Frances Yates at the Warburg Institute, London. Awards & Honors In 1968 he was awarded a scholarship to the Rocky Mountain Writer's Conference. In 1974 he was writer in residence at Montalvo Center for the Arts, Saratoga, California and won a six-month journalism residency in Las Vegas as feature editor for the Las Vegas Sun. In 1984 he attended the prestigious Stanford Publications course on a grant from Applied Materials Corporation. The first two books of his trilogy on the social history of the Grateful Dead have exceeded 300,000 copies in sales worldwide and have been translated into Portuguese, (Brazil) German, French and Dutch. A mass-market paperback was released in England. The long awaited Vol. 3, Dead End is in preparation. His book: Love Kills: The Assassination of Kurt Cobain Can only be bought through him because all avenues of publication have been shut down. Email: [email protected] http://www.arkives.com/ http://www.eponafarms.com/ http://www.hankharrison.com/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4587532 Guest: Hank Harrison 2014 06 06 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-hank-harrison-2014-06-06 Guest: G.H. "Hank" Harrison Courtney Love , Kurt Cobain, Grateful Dead and MORE!!!! Hank Harrison is a writer and publisher with a deep interest in Medieval History, the Celts, Neolithic Archaeology, the Star Mounds, archaic astronomy, Hermetism and sacred geometry. He began writing about human and animal psychology in graduate school in 1962. Since founding the Arkives Press in 1967, Hank has been a frequent guest on hundreds of national and international television and radio shows, including Katherine Cryer on Court TV, Geraldo Rivera and Maury Povitch. He has also appeared across Canada on CBC Radio highlighted by a historical appearance on the Jane Hauten Show. He is featured several times each year on American radio and television shows including, Tom Likus, Allen Handelman and numerous local shows. Media Appearances In pursuit of his work he has appeared on America's Most Wanted, Hard Copy, the National Enquirer, American Journal, Inside Edition, Unsolved Mysteries and A Current Affair and on similar radio and television talk shows in Europe. His entry in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World began with the 1976 edition. Hank is featured in the controversial documentary film: Kurt & Courtney, by British filmmaker Nick Broomfield and in the well-known educational documentary LSD: 25. Both films were released on Video and DVD and shown on Showtime, HBO and over the BBC channels. Likewise he was featured in books such as Who Killed Kurt Cobain (1997) by Max Wallace and Queen of Noise (1996) by Melissa Rossi. In the early years of his career (1965-1976) he was mentioned in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe and was featured in Time, Life, Newsweek and the New York Times for his pioneering work with Drug Abuse intervention programs. Hank spent an idyllic childhood on Cannery Row and the beaches of Pacific Grove before relocating to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1949. He attended Hayward High School, the College of San Mateo, San Jose State and San Francisco State University. He has lived and taught in Canada, England, Holland and Ireland. While in Ireland he worked as a consultant for the Irish department of labor. He is the author of seven books, and over 200 magazine & journal articles. Hank holds a degree in Psychology from San Francisco State University and has attended postgraduate classes in anthropology and various seminars at Stanford. He also studied urban cultural experiments at the University of Amsterdam and is privileged to have studied renaissance and medieval topics with the late Dame Frances Yates at the Warburg Institute, London. Awards & Honors In 1968 he was awarded a scholarship to the Rocky Mountain Writer's Conference. In 1974 he was writer in residence at Montalvo Center for the Arts, Saratoga, California and won a six-month journalism residency in Las Vegas as feature editor for the Las Vegas Sun. In 1984 he attended the prestigious Stanford Publications course on a grant from Applied Materials Corporation. The first two books of his trilogy on the social history of the Grateful Dead have exceeded 300,000 copies in sales worldwide and have been translated into Portuguese, (Brazil) German, French and Dutch. A mass-market paperback was released in England. The long awaited Vol. 3, Dead End is in preparation. His book: Love Kills: The Assassination of Kurt Cobain Can only be bought through him because all avenues of publication have been shut down. Email: [email protected] http://www.arkives.com/ http://www.eponafarms.com/ http://www.hankharrison.com/ https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4587514 Aftershow: Russ Kyle 2014 05 30 Pt. 2 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-russ-kyle-2014-05-30-pt-2 Guest: Russ Kyle : San Francisco Crime Tours; Peoples Temple, SLA, Patty Hearst, OJ, Zodiac, Zebra Killers Zebra Killers: Don't believe the Hollywood hype you're gonna soon be hearing about The Zebra Killings. Ride along with Russ and you'll get the unvarnished truth about the jihad that occurred in the 70's in Baghdad by the Bay. Yeah this crime tour is not very PC, but then again, racially motivated murder never is. Patty Hearst Kidnapping / SLA / Symbionese Liberation Army: Slide into the limo for a fascinating look into SF's history of radical politics. Relive those heady days of the '70's when revolution was in the air and cults of personality were as common as Starbucks. Russ gives you a tour of the places touched by Patty Hearst and her wacky comrades in the gang known as the Symbionese Liberation Army. Hell's Angels, OJ Simpson, Charles Manson, Dan White, Zodiac Killer.....and much much more. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584347 Aftershow: Russ Kyle 2014 05 30 Pt. 1 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-russ-kyle-2014-05-30-pt-1 Guest: Russ Kyle : San Francisco Crime Tours; Peoples Temple, SLA, Patty Hearst, OJ, Zodiac, Zebra Killers Zebra Killers: Don't believe the Hollywood hype you're gonna soon be hearing about The Zebra Killings. Ride along with Russ and you'll get the unvarnished truth about the jihad that occurred in the 70's in Baghdad by the Bay. Yeah this crime tour is not very PC, but then again, racially motivated murder never is. Patty Hearst Kidnapping / SLA / Symbionese Liberation Army: Slide into the limo for a fascinating look into SF's history of radical politics. Relive those heady days of the '70's when revolution was in the air and cults of personality were as common as Starbucks. Russ gives you a tour of the places touched by Patty Hearst and her wacky comrades in the gang known as the Symbionese Liberation Army. Hell's Angels, OJ Simpson, Charles Manson, Dan White, Zodiac Killer.....and much much more. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584339 Guest: Russ Kyle 2014 05 30 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-russ-kyle-2014-05-30 Guest: Russ Kyle : San Francisco Crime Tours; Peoples Temple, SLA, Patty Hearst, OJ, Zodiac, Zebra Killers Zebra Killers: Don't believe the Hollywood hype you're gonna soon be hearing about The Zebra Killings. Ride along with Russ and you'll get the unvarnished truth about the jihad that occurred in the 70's in Baghdad by the Bay. Yeah this crime tour is not very PC, but then again, racially motivated murder never is. Patty Heart Kidnapping / SLA / Symbionese Liberation Army: Slide into the limo for a fascinating look into SF's history of radical politics. Relive those heady days of the '70's when revolution was in the air and cults of personality were as common as Starbucks. Russ gives you a tour of the places touched by Patty Hearst and her wacky comrades in the gang known as the Symbionese Liberation Army. Hell's Angels, OJ Simpson, Charles Manson, Dan White, Zodiac Killer.....and much much more. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584329 Guest: David McGowan 2014 05 23 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-david-mcgowan-2014-05-23 Guest: David McGowan David McGowan was born and raised in the suburbs of Los Angeles, California, where he still resides. After graduating from UCLA in 1983 with an unused degree in psychology, he went to work in construction and now works as a general contractor. He is the proud father of three daughters and is a lifelong music fan. As a native Angeleno who was born in 1960 and came of age in the 1970s, the music produced by the artists who populate this book provided the soundtrack to my youth, so it is a subject matter that is close to my heart. But what really set the hook was discovering, early on in my research, that there were a number of aspects of the Laurel Canyon scene that didn't really seem to fit in with the prevailing image of a hippie utopia that was ostensibly all about peace and love. Having grown up right alongside this scene, I was shocked to learn that I didn't even know that it had existed at all! And after asking around, I discovered that no one else that I know in this city did either. After the passage of nearly 50 years, it seemed that this was a story that was long overdue for greater exposure. Even more overdue, it seemed to me, was an expose of some of the hidden truths of Laurel Canyon. Though a few books exploring the scene have popped up over the last several years, all of them have a certain sameness to them, with the same stories told in much the same way. I felt it was time to tell a different version of the story - the one that can be found hiding in the details that are usually left out. http://www.amazon.com/David-McGowan/e/B00HX2N7LM/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584321 "Casino" The Real Story 2014 05 16 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/casino-the-real-story-2014-05-16 Vegas Mobster Frank Cullotta, Lawman Dennis Griffin "Casino" The Real Story Guest: Frank Cullotta Frank Cullotta was born in Chicago in 1938. As a youth he embarked on a decades-long criminal career, hanging around with some of the toughest kids on the Windy City’s streets. Frank and several of his associates went on to become accomplished thieves, arsonists, and killers. One of those was Frank’s friend, Tony “the Ant” Spilotro, who gained notoriety as a ruthless Chicago Outfit enforcer. Tony was the mob’s top man in Las Vegas during the 1970s and through the mid-1980s. Frank was his main man for much of that time. Together, they and their gang ruled the Vegas underworld. In 1982, the two men had a falling out that resulted in Frank rolling and becoming a government witness. His testimony was instrumental in putting a number of mobsters behind bars and causing the Outfit to lose its control over Las Vegas. Although the mob issued a contract on his life, Frank survived his time in prison and the Witness Protection Program. He is now a free man. His tell-all biography, Cullotta, is due to be released in May 2007. http://www.amazon.com/Hole-Wall-Gang-Frank-Cullotta/dp/1936759217/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=2KJKEWILBKXOWNET&creativeASIN=1936759217 Las Vegas mafia Guest: Dennis N. Griffin Dennis N. Griffin retired in 1994 after a twenty-year career in investigations and law enforcement in New York State, and moved to Las Vegas, Nevada later that year. In 1996 he wrote his first novel, The Morgue, based on an actual case he investigated. He currently has six mystery/thriller books in print. In 2002, Dennis turned his attention to non-fiction. Policing Las Vegas (Huntington Press, April 2005) follows the evolution of law enforcement in Las Vegas and Clark County from 1905 thru 2005. That successful debut was followed by The Battle for Las Vegas – The Law vs the Mob (Huntington Press, April 2006). This latest book tells the inside story of Chicago Outfit enforcer Tony Spilotro’s reign in Vegas, and the war law enforcement waged to remove him. The Hollywood version of that era was reflected in the 1995 movie Casino, in which actor Joe Pesci played a character based on Spilotro. Mr. Griffin is an active member of the Henderson Writers Group, Wizards Of Words, and the Public Safety Writers Association. http://www.amazon.com/Cullotta-Chicago-Criminal-Mobster-Government/dp/0929712455/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=GFAWKK3G4PCWHQGO&creativeASIN=0929712455 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584296 Aftershow: David Conn 2014 05 09 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/aftershow-david-conn-2014-05-09 Stayed tuned in for this week's aftershow as Ed Keeps the coversation going with Cult Expert, David Conn David Conn is a recognized expert on cult mentatlities and coauthored the book, THE CULT THAT DIED, published by G. P. Putnams’s Sons, New York, 1980. David has interviewed many of the people he has chosen to fictionalize in his new novel, LEDNORF'S DILEMMA, including professors, theologians, politicians, and numerous technical people within private industry and the Department of Defense. David Conn joined the Defense Department as a liaison among West Coast Navy and Air Force bases, the Defense Department and several industrial transportation companies. Prior to that Conn was a lead analyst with Chevron’s environmental laboratory. When he’s not uncovering some new cult, David enjoys singing and acting and has had lead roles in several musicals, including having played the part of Captain Von Trapp in Contra Costa Civic Theater’s “Sound of Music.” jim jones https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584286 Guest: David Conn 2014 05 09 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-david-conn-2014-05-09 Guest: David Conn: Cult Expert, Jim Jones, Peoples Temple, Jonestown Guyana David Conn is a recognized expert on cult mentatlities and coauthored the book, THE CULT THAT DIED, published by G. P. Putnams’s Sons, New York, 1980. David has interviewed many of the people he has chosen to fictionalize in his new novel, LEDNORF'S DILEMMA, including professors, theologians, politicians, and numerous technical people within private industry and the Department of Defense. David Conn joined the Defense Department as a liaison among West Coast Navy and Air Force bases, the Defense Department and several industrial transportation companies. Prior to that Conn was a lead analyst with Chevron’s environmental laboratory. When he’s not uncovering some new cult, David enjoys singing and acting and has had lead roles in several musicals, including having played the part of Captain Von Trapp in Contra Costa Civic Theater’s “Sound of Music.” http://www.amazon.com/The-Specific-Density-Of-Scientists/dp/1477207732/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=EY7KDEZU67OK6JEQ&creativeASIN=1477207732 http://www.amazon.com/Pleasure-Fiends-Orthodox-Meaning-Jonestown/dp/0989912108/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=J3BHMWH3TJKY7BS4&creativeASIN=0989912108 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584253 Guest: Cindy Sheehan 2014 05 02 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-cindy-sheehan-2014-05-02 Cindy Sheehan, aged 56, is an internationally renowned peace and social justice activist. Sheehan’s oldest son Casey was killed in Iraq on April 04, 2004 and many came to know about her and her work when she set up a peace camp near the faux-ranch of then president George W. Bush in Crawford, TX in the summer of 2005. Since then, Cindy Sheehan, has traveled the world working with fellow activists demanding peace and working with others to help create a world that is peaceful and more economically secure and equal. Cindy Sheehan is a native Californian who was raised in a California where education was excellent and other social safety nets were not as small and filled with holes so big, millions of Californians fall through while the rich and corporations keep exploiting more of this state's wealth and resources. Sheehan majored in California History at UCLA and envisions a state that leads the world in peace, economic stability and equality, environmental sustainability and delivering high-quality public education from pre-K through university. She knows it can be done because it has been done before. Cindy Sheehan has published seven books, been arrested for peace about 21 times, is currently a resident of Vacaville, CA and the mother of three surviving children and four grandchildren who are her love and her inspiration. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584215 Guest: Stephen Jimenez 2014 04 25 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-stephen-jimenez-2014-04-25 Stephen Jimenez : The Book of Matt: Hidden Truths About the Murder of Matthew Shepard Stephen Jimenez is an award-winning journalist, writer and producer. He is a 2012 Norman Mailer Nonfiction Fellow and has written and produced programs for ABC News 20/20, Dan Rather Reports, Nova, Fox, Court TV and others. His accolades include the Writers Guild of America Award, the Mongerson Award for Investigative Reporting (Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism), an Emmy, and several fellowships at the Ucross Foundation in Wyoming. A graduate of Georgetown University, he has taught screenwriting at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts and other colleges. Jimenez lives in Brooklyn, New York. What role did crystal meth and other previously under reported factors play in the brutal murder of gay college student Matthew Shepard? The Book of Matt is a page-turning cautionary tale that humanizes and de-mythologizes Matthew while following the evidence where it leads, without regard to the politics that have long attended this American tragedy. http://www.amazon.com/The-Book-Matt-Matthew-Shepard/dp/1586422146/ref=as_sl_pc_tf_til?tag=theopprep-20&linkCode=w00&linkId=UP3KAX24Y7M3FL4J&creativeASIN=1586422146 https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584176 Guest: Ramona Africa 2014 04 18 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-ramona-africa-2014-04-18 Ramona Africa : Last Survivor of MOVE MOVE or the MOVE Organization is a Philadelphia-based black liberation group founded by John Africa. MOVE was described by CNN as "a loose-knit, mostly black group whose members all adopted the surname Africa, advocated a peaceful but revolutionary 'back-to-nature' lifestyle. The group lived peacefully communally and frequently engaged in public demonstrations related to issues of social and economic justice. Since their founding in 1972, MOVE has been targeted by the Philadelphia Police Department. A major incident occurred in 1978, when the police unlawfully raided their Powelton Village home. This raid resulted in the imprisonment of nine group members, now known as the "MOVE 9." After this, the group relocated further west to a house at 6221 Osage Avenue. In 1985 the group made national news when police dropped a bomb on the Osage house from a helicopter. The explosion and ensuing fire killed 11 innocent people, including five children and the group's leader, John Africa. Only two occupants survived—Ramona, an adult and Birdie, a child. In addition, approximately 60 other (non MOVE-affiliated) homes were destroyed as the entire block burned. Police and firefighters standing by watching innocent people burn to death and an entire neighborhood destroyed. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584131 Guest: Mark Rudd 2014 04 11 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-mark-rudd-2014-04-11 Guest: Mark Rudd From 1965 t0 1968, I was a student activist and organizer in the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) chapter at Columbia University. I was one of the leaders of the Spring 1968 occupation of five buildings and the subsequent strike against the university's complicity with the war and its racism. At the time I was identified by the press as the symbol of student radicals. After being kicked out of Columbia, I became a full-time organizer for SDS, where I helped found the militant Weatherman faction. I was elected National Secretary of SDS in June, 1969, then helped found the "revolutionary" Weather Underground, which had as its goal "the violent overthrow of the government of the US in solidarity with the struggles of the people of the world." Wanted on federal charges of bombing and conspiracy, I was a fugitive from 1970 to 1977. All of the charges were dropped because of government illegalities. From 1980 to 2006 I was a math instructor at a community college in Albuquerque, NM, and a perennial organizer and nonviolent activist locally on issues of native American land rights, nuclear, US military interventions, Palestine solidarity, unionization, environmental justice, and war and militarization. I retired from teaching in 2007 and have been devoting myself since then to organizing and also writing and speaking on the history which I was involved in. In March, 2009, my book Underground was published. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4584006 Guest: Russ Dizdar 2014 04 04 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-russ-dizdar-2014-04-04 Guest: Russ Dizdar Coming out of the 60's into the 70's Russ was a rock n rolling bar fighting party-er, consuming drugs/alcohol and searching every door to meaning he could get his hands on. He was a dabbler in dark occultism and a practitioner of golden Buddha meditation where he was trained in astral projection to seek the ascended masters.... Russ says 'I sought to experience anything spiritual, supernatural and alternative I could .....to find what it was I was looking for.' But I didn't, instead I found myself on the edge of death and hell itself.... see more below under Once Blind. Russ Dizdar, started out in the AOG Church, was licensed to and then Ordained to the ministry October 1978 reformation Sunday at Green Baptist Church by the SBC. He has served as Sr. Pastor of 4 churches in the last 30 years. He was also Ex. Director of Greater Akron Youth For Christ, a Police Chaplain UNIT 78 UAPD. He is (1982) Founder and now directs Shatter the Darkness and Preemption Broadcast (2007). He has preached in Churches in 8 states, held training seminars and loves to do crusade evangelism. He has launched web sites and broadcasts messages that have been heard and downloaded in over 110 countries. The internet sites have gotten over 4 million hits by its 2ed year with over 700,000 downloads of messages, teaching material with evangelistic effort and will reach 1 million 900,000 downloads of these messages with over 30 million hits for 2010. Russ has been on many radio stations for interviews most of which are archived on the web. Russ has spoken and presented sessions at conferences in Ghent W.V., Michigan, New England area, Sharpsville PA, Washington PA, St Louis, New York, Indiana, Nashville Tenn. and Las Vegas, Groton CT, Mansfield OH, Branson Mo, and Canton Ohio. He has launched REEP mission trips in over 60 cites and one into France in 2012. Russ has studied at Cumberland College 'Biblical Studies', the University of Akron 'Criminology' and 'Military science', 2 1/2 years at Moody Bible School and in 1984 at Malone College went through graduating services for a BA in Religion/Philosophy, with advanced studies in Theology, Apologetics and Greek. He has studied at Emerge counseling center...Basics of Biblical Counseling, Crisis Counseling and other various training there. Training in Nothetic Counseling, Theophostics, Wise Counsel SBC, Mind Control deprogramming and Exit Counseling. Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy (OPOTA), UAPD police training, DEFTEC law enforcement training in advanced occult and cult crimes. 6 Specialized Occult/satanic crimes training seminars with Tom Wedge/author of The Satan Hunter. He has been to many training conferences and seminars including those on Satanic Ritual Abuse, SRA-MPD-DID, Mind Control, Spiritual Warfare, Abduction Research, Deliverance/Evangelism and other various fields. Youth for Christ USA training in leadership, evangelism and youth ministry, International Police Chaplin's courses, Navigators discipleship, MasterLife and MasterBuilders discipleship/leadership training. Church leadership, growth and other seminars, courses and conferences in Church related leadership, management and development. Russ currently seeks to master NT Greek vocabulary & NT manuscripts and Systematic Theology. Current aggressive studies include Surveillance Technologies, Private Investigations, Criminal Profiling, Forensics, Counter Infiltration Procedures and Trace Evidence. Trans humanism, AI, Theoretical Physics, Political ideology and scoping out the rise of luciferic globalism. He has written and taught 14 college level courses locally over the last 30 years. A major course he as taught is 'Preemptive Systematic Theology' and offers these courses as Internet external learning https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4583851 Guest: Cynthia McKinney 2014 04 04 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-cynthia-mckinney-2014-04-04 Guest: Fmr Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney "In the fight against bigotry, we stand together, and we must. In the fight against injustice, we stand together, and we must. In the fight against intimidation, we stand together, and we must. After all, a government that launches wars to steal another person's birthright will do anything to all of us." Cynthia McKinney has made a career of speaking her mind and challenging authority. She began on day one of her political life and hasn’t looked back. With her opinions, actions, and even her sense of style, McKinney has inspired both admiration and controversy. During her second term, her district was re-drawn and re-numbered the 4th district. McKinney protested the new boundaries, but was still reelected to the seat. She was a supporter of a Palestinian State in Israel-occupied territory, and sparked controversy by criticizing American policy in the Middle East. After 9/11, McKinney suggested the President had received warnings. The criticism she received as a result, combined with being targeted by the pro-Israel lobby, contributed to her defeat in the 2002 election; however, she ran for the seat again and was re-elected in 2004. McKinney was a vocal critic of the government’s response to Hurricane Katrina. When Nancy Pelosi encouraged a boycott of a Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate Hurricane Katrina, Cynthia chose instead to participate and submitted her own report to the Congressional Record. She continued her criticism of the Bush administration's handling of the matter and its failure to secure a way back home for Katrina survivors. Cynthia pressed for government transparency and accountability and introduced legislation to release the documents related to the murders of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Tupac Shakur. She was the first Member of Congress to file articles of impeachment against George Bush and she voted against every war funding bill put before her. Cynthia was forced out of Congress once more in 2007 when she was targeted for defeat, again, by donations from pro-Israel contributors that flooded into her opponent's campaign coffers. Cynthia McKinney has never been afraid to speak her mind, and stand up for what she believes in. Late in 2007, she left the Democratic Party to take her energy and ideas to the whole country by becoming a Green Party Presidential Candidate. Cynthia won the Green Party nomination for U.S. President and in 2008 ran for President. In December 2008, Cynthia made international headlines when the Free Gaza boat she was aboard was rammed by the Israeli military as she was attempting to deliver medical supplies to the people of Gaza during Israel's Operation Cast Lead. Cynthia and her fellow humanitarian activists, rescued by Lebanon, never made it to Gaza. In 2009, Cynthia attempted to reach Gaza again, this time armed with crayons, coloring books, and school supplies for the children. She and her fellow human rights workers became the Free Gaza 21 after their boat was overtaken in international waters by the Israeli military and they were kidnapped to Israel. Cynthia spent seven days in an Israeli prison. And again, Cynthia did not make it into Gaza. Finally, Cynthia entered Gaza by land in July 2009 with George Galloway's 250-volunteer-strong Viva Palestina, USA. And as a rider and a member of the support team, Cynthia recently completed a cross-country bicycle ride with five other Bike4Peace 2010 cyclists who started in California and ended in Washington, D.C., speaking to the American people about the possibility of more peaceful U.S. policies if enough of us are willing to participate in our own positive, personal transformations. Cynthia had not been on a bicycle in twenty years and faced many personal obstacles along the way. However, she met this challenge with her usual good humor and determination and by the last day of the ride was able to complete over 60 miles on her bicycle. In August 2011, Cynthia completed a very successful 21-city peace tour in the United States, educating urban communities in order to promote a more peaceful U.S. foreign policy. In 2009, Cynthia conceived of DIGNITY as an international activist peace organization to assert respect for human rights by taking direct action for peace. It was under this banner that Cynthia took three DIGNITY delegations to Libya, including one delegation of journalists during the U.S./NATO/Israel aggression against the Arab Jamahiriya state. Since 2005, Cynthia became a supporter and follower of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad’s efforts to “criminalize war.” She has appeared in Kuala Lumpur several times, declaring that city the Peace Capital of the World. She recently reported on her experience in Libya in the “Arab Uprising” Conference organized by the Perdana Global Peace Foundation and served as an official observer at the historic Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal that, on 22 November 2011, found former President George W. Bush and former Prime Minister Tony Blair guilty of the crime of aggression and other crimes against the state and people of Iraq. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4583827 Bill Deane author of "Smooth Criminal, a One Man American Crime Wave." 2014 03 28 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-bill-deane-2014-03-28 Guest: Bill Deane, Investigative Journalist, speaker, and best selling author of "Smooth Criminal, a One Man American Crime Wave." Bill's best-selling book exposes the consequences of our government freeing prisoners to carry out dangerous assignments. His expertise includes criminal behaviors, law enforcement (CIA, FBI, police, Justice Department), and the consequences of extreme secrecy (innocent American citizens's lives ruined). Bill is a professional on-air broadcaster, capable of telling a vital story in an info-tainment manner. A former major market anchor, news director, and network news assignment editor, Bill is an excellent radio guest. He is currently speaking on broadcast news history. You are also invited to check Bill's blog: www.OurMissingNews.com for daily updates that go beyond the What/Where to get into the How/Why. Bill Deane, Investigative Reporter Expert Will discuss....... •The CIA and its relationship with other law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI, local police, and the Justice Department •The invisible government •Why we aren't getting the real news •Ten ways to identify a con artist •Ten ways to avoid theft and robbery. Bill Deane Credentials •Investigative journalist, IRE •30 years as a network news assignment editor •major market news anchor and news director •demographic researcher •public speaker, national narrations and voiceovers •top 40 DJ •speech teacher •radio and TV producer of 7-hour 600 slide, 40 movie presentation •writer, author of one of this year's best sellers, Smooth Criminal, a One Man American Crime Wave. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4580782 After Show: Lorenzo Kom' Boa Ervin https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/after-show-lorenzo-kom-boa-ervin Stay tuned in for the aftershow as Ed continues this great conversation with Lorenzo Kom' Boa Ervin. Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin (born 1947) is an American writer, activist, and black anarchist. He is a former member of the Black Panther Party. He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and has lived in Memphis, Tennessee, since 2010. When he was 12, Ervin joined the NAACP youth group and participated in the sit-in protests that helped end racial segregation in Chattanooga. He was drafted during the Vietnam War and served in the army for two years, where he became an anti-war activist. In 1967 he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and, a short time later, the Black Panther Party. In February 1969, Ervin hijacked a plane to Cuba to evade prosecution for allegedly trying to kill a Ku Klux Klan leader. While in Cuba and Czechoslovakia, Ervin became disillusioned with state socialism. After several unsuccessful attempts, the American government eventually extradited Ervin and brought him to the U.S. to face trial. Ervin was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Ervin first learned about anarchism while in prison in the late 1970s. He read numerous anarchist books, and his case was adopted by the Anarchist Black Cross, a political prisoner support organization. While in prison, Ervin wrote several anarchist pamphlets, including Anarchism and the Black Revolution, which has been reprinted many times and may be his best-known work. Eventually, Ervin's legal challenges and an international campaign led to his release from prison after 15 years. 3-21-14 Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4580713 anarchism,black panther party,opperman,lorenzo kom' boa ervin,black revolution clean Lorenzo Kom' Boa Ervin ANARCHISM AND THE BLACK REVOLUTION-Black Panther Party For Self Defense 2014 03 21 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-lorenzo-kom-boa-ervin-2014-03-21 Guest: Lorenzo Kom' Boa Ervin ANARCHISM AND THE BLACK REVOLUTION-Black Panther Party For Self Defense Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin (born 1947) is an American writer, activist, and black anarchist. He is a former member of the Black Panther Party. He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and has lived in Memphis, Tennessee, since 2010. When he was 12, Ervin joined the NAACP youth group and participated in the sit-in protests that helped end racial segregation in Chattanooga. He was drafted during the Vietnam War and served in the army for two years, where he became an anti-war activist. In 1967 he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and, a short time later, the Black Panther Party. In February 1969, Ervin hijacked a plane to Cuba to evade prosecution for allegedly trying to kill a Ku Klux Klan leader. While in Cuba and Czechoslovakia, Ervin became disillusioned with state socialism. After several unsuccessful attempts, the American government eventually extradited Ervin and brought him to the U.S. to face trial. Ervin was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Ervin first learned about anarchism while in prison in the late 1970s. He read numerous anarchist books, and his case was adopted by the Anarchist Black Cross, a political prisoner support organization. While in prison, Ervin wrote several anarchist pamphlets, including Anarchism and the Black Revolution, which has been reprinted many times and may be his best-known work. Eventually, Ervin's legal challenges and an international campaign led to his release from prison after 15 years. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4580684 Diane Dimond: Be Careful Who You Love: Inside the Michael Jackson Case 2014 03 14 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-diane-dimond-2014-03-14 Guest: Diane Dimond: Be Careful Who You Love: Inside the Michael Jackson Case Diane Dimond is an American television journalist, reporter and host. She is best known for her coverage of Michael Jackson. She has worked as a correspondent for Hard Copy, Extra, Entertainment Tonight and Court TV. Diane is a Special Correspondent for Newsweek/TheDailyBeast.com where she has reported on some of the day’s most headline grabbing crime related stories. - See more at: http://dianedimond.net/about/#sthash.TV7hpxaM.dpuf Also check out Talk Center America: She writes a weekly crime and justice syndicated column that’s distributed by Creators Syndicate - and posted every Monday morning on http://dianedimond.net Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576621 Ole Dammegård & James Fetzer 2014 03 09 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/ole-dammegaard-james-fetzer-2014-03-09 Opperman Report Special Edition Guests: Ole Dammegård & James Fetzer SPECIAL EDITION Private Investigator Ed Opperman will be hosting a special edition of The Opperman Report Sunday March 9th 2 PM PST. In this broadcast JFK assassination experts Jim Fetzer and Ole Dammegard with be revealing starting accusations. They will be naming names of alleged JFK shooters that have been involved in assassinations of numerous eye witnesses in many notorious assassination plots. Including but not limited to John F Kennedy, Robert F Kennedy, John Lennon and many others both foreign and domestic. James H. Fetzer, a former Marine Corps officer, is McKnight Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota Duluth and a columnist for Veterans Today, where his most recent studies of the assassination of JFK can be found. http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/12/21/bank-robbers-and-serial-killers-the-cia-recruits-them-the-fbi-ignores-them/ Ole Dammegård is a prize winning author, investigator and former journalist. For some 30 years he has worked hard on exposing some of the biggest conspiracies around the globe. His goal is to prevent the Global Elite from turning this beautiful world into a controlled and horrible place and he is totally dedicated to revealing their agenda, including False Flag-operations all over the world. http://www.lightonconspiracies.com/ Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576606 Scott Michaels Six Degrees of Helter Skelter 2014 03 07 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-scott-michaels-2014-03-07 Scott Michaels : Six Degrees of Helter Skelter Dearly Departed Tours’ founder Scott Michaels is the authority on the Dark Side of Hollywood. Dearly Departed Tours is a multimedia Hollywood bus tour like no other. Cases like Manson, Janis, Whitney and Michael, and lesser-known celebrities with even more spectacular exits. Peppered with crime scene photographs and audio clips (including 911 calls), the tour has earned it’s consistent 5-star ratings. We’ve been featured on the E! Show Hollywood Death Trip, Anthony Bourdain’s The Layover and dozens more, and the FX's American Horror Story even paid tribute to the tour. Scott Michaels’ one-of-a-kind collection of celebrity death memorabilia on display in the Gallery includes the pink suitcase Jayne Mansfield packed the night she died and Rock Hudson’s deathbed. "The Six Degrees of Helter Skelter" walks in the footsteps of the Manson Family, visiting over 40 locations related to the infamous Tate/LaBianca murders, and tying together the dozens of odd connections between Charles Manson and the Hollywood elite. Entertainingly led by famous Hollywood historian Scott Michaels (E!'s 20 Most Horrifying Hollywood Murders, Dearly Departed: Vol. 1, FindADeath.com), this epic documentary employs never-before-seen autopsy reports (analyzed with the help of the Los Angeles Department of the Coroner), dozens of rare photographs, original Manson Family music recordings, and modern-day visits to the locations where the action went down, in the most complete retelling of the Manson Murders ever put on film. "You absolutely must by this DVD. (They) get the story right with witty commentary and tons of great footage of places you may have never seen." -- CharlieManson.com "Scott Michaels knows where the bodies are buried." -- The Los Angeles Times "Scott Michaels takes you on a journey in this feature-length DVD documentary... an entertaining and hauntingly unique retelling of the notorious Manson Family Murders!" -- MansonFamilyToday.info Featured on IGN and FilmStew.com. Visit the official website for the film at: HelterSkelterFilm.com "A hair-raising trip to the dark side of Hollywood, better than any movie...Nothing helter skelter about it. It cuts to the facts and gives you nightmares!" - Rex Reed. Scott Michaels https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576557 Steve Hodel "Black Dahlia Avenger" 2014 02 28 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-steve-hodel-2014-02-28 Guest: Steve Hodel, author of the "Black Dahlia Avenger" series. Steve Hodel is a New York Times and International bestselling author. His book, Black Dahlia Avenger: A Genius for Murder was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America as a "Best Fact" true-crime book. Steve Hodel was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He served four years as a medic in the U.S. Navy, and then joined the Los Angeles Police Department in 1963. After six years in uniform patrol, he transferred to Hollywood Division Detectives where he worked all of the “tables”: Burglary, Robbery, Auto-Theft, Juvenile, Crimes against Persons and was then permanently assigned to the Homicide Detail. During his career at Hollywood Homicide, Steve promoted to Detective II and in 1983 was the senior field homicide detective. During his years of service he received more than 75 commendations and handled over 300 separate murder investigations and had one of the departments highest “solve rates. “ Steve promoted to Detective III (the highest attainable rank in detectives) and retired from LAPD in 1986. HODEL INVESTIGATIONS was established in 1986. Steve has been a licensed California Private Investigator, conducting mainly criminal defense investigations, for the past 23-years. He worked over six-years as lead investigator on a high-profile international murder case which resulted in an innocent man (Yoshikuni Okubo) being released from prison in Tokyo, Japan and reunited with his family, after five years of detention. Steve’s first book, Steve Hodel: A Genius for Murder published in 2003 with new updated investigative chapters added to the HarperCollins paperback edition in 2004 and 2006. Black Dahlia Avenger is a New York Times Bestseller, a NYT Most Notable Book and was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for an Edgar Award in the Best Fact Crime category. Steve’s sequel, MOST EVIL: The Further Serial Murders of Dr. George Hill Hodel, is scheduled to be published by DUTTON – PENGUIN GROUP on September 21, 2009. Steve resides in his hometown of Los Angeles. http://www.amazon.com/Steve-Hodel/e/B001IO8EUU/ref=dp_byline_cont_pop_book_1 Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576448 Dave McGowan "Programmed To Kill," "Weird Scenes Inside the Canyon," 2014 02 21 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-dave-mcgowan-2014-02-21 Guest: Dave McGowan, author of "Programmed To Kill," "Weird Scenes Inside the Canyon," and many more. David McGowan was born and raised in the suburbs of Los Angeles, California, where he still resides. After graduating from UCLA in 1983 with an unused degree in psychology, he went to work in construction and now works as a general contractor. He is the proud father of three daughters and is a lifelong music fan. As a native Angeleno who was born in 1960 and came of age in the 1970s, the music produced by the artists who populate this book provided the soundtrack to my youth, so it is a subject matter that is close to my heart. But what really set the hook was discovering, early on in my research, that there were a number of aspects of the Laurel Canyon scene that didn't really seem to fit in with the prevailing image of a hippie utopia that was ostensibly all about peace and love. Having grown up right alongside this scene, I was shocked to learn that I didn't even know that it had existed at all! And after asking around, I discovered that no one else that I know in this city did either. After the passage of nearly 50 years, it seemed that this was a story that was long overdue for greater exposure. Even more overdue, it seemed to me, was an expose of some of the hidden truths of Laurel Canyon. Though a few books exploring the scene have popped up over the last several years, all of them have a certain sameness to them, with the same stories told in much the same way. I felt it was time to tell a different version of the story - the one that can be found hiding in the details that are usually left out. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576398 Phil Stanford, author of "White House Call Girl: The Real Watergate Story" 2014 02 14 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-phil-stanford-2014-02-14 Guest: Phil Stanford, author of "White House Call Girl: The Real Watergate Story" Phil Stanford is a true crime writer with a special interest in political corruption. His latest book, White House Call Girl, will be published this summer (2013) by Feral House Press. White House Call Girl is the real story behind the infamous 1972 Watergate break-in that led to the downfall of the President Richard Nixon, and features an ex-stripper and call girl madam by the name of Heidi Rikan. Many of the book’s most important revelations are, in fact, based on Stanford’s recent discovery of Heidi’s little black book. Stanford’s other books include Portland Confidential, which won the Independent Publisher’s “Best True Crime” award for 2005. The Peyton-Allan Files (2010) solves a 1960 lover’s lane murder for which two men were wrongfully convicted. City of Roses, a graphic novel with artist Patric Reynolds, is currently being serialized by Dark Horse Comics. His work has appeared in the New York Times Magazine, the Washington Post Magazine, the Washingtonian, Rolling Stone, and Columbia Journalism Review. He has worked as a magazine editor and a licensed private investigator, and was a columnist for the Oregonian and the Portland Tribune. As a journalist, Stanford is best known for his continuing work on the 1989 murder/cover-up of Oregon Corrections director Michael Francke. His 1994 Oregonian series on the “Happy Face Killer” case resulted in two innocent people being released from prison. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4576376 Guest: Daniel Hopsicker "Barry and the Boys" 911 2014 02 07 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/daniel-hopsicker-2014-02-07 Guest: Daniel Hopsicker, Investigative Journalist, MadCow Morning News Daniel Hopsicker is an investigative journalist dubious about the self-serving assertion of U.S. officials that there are no American Drug Lords. He is an author, filmmaker blogger and truly my hero. He has fearless reported on the biggest events of our lifetime. CIA drug smuggling, JFK assassination, 911 and much much more.... MadCow Morning News, investigative reporting into drug trafficking, 9/11, and state-sponsored crime... http://www.madcowprod.com/ Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4571724 After Show: TH Johnson OJ Simpson Murder Trial 2014 01 24 Part3 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/or-aftershow-2014-01-24-part3 Guest: TH Johnson, Author, Film Director, Expert on OJ Simpson Murder Trial and Investigation As OMIG, (Ocean Medical Investigative Group's), investigative team coordinator, Thomas H. Johnson, is nicknamed the traffic cop in managing an eclectic group of investigators whose common goal has been the discovery of suppressed or concealed evidence in the OJ Simpson Murder case since 1996. Much of Johnson's and the OMIG group's discoveries point to Simpson's innocence and raises concerns of malfeasance by sworn court officers in regard to other suspects. Because Johnson's high standard investigative expectation is based on the mantra "No One and Nothing is Granted the Privilege of Presumption" it requires that he motivate his investigators to dig deeper and move beyond presenting subjective evidence to OMIG as the ultimate truth. He been called on to go into the investigative trenches by OMIG's chairman, Dr. Henry S. Johnson and its board, since 1996, in pursuit of indisputable objective evidence. Under his management the OMIG investigative department has revealed several irregularities in the Simpson case, including problems with the alleged Bruno Magli shoes, the crucial time of the last phone call to Nicole Brown Simpson, the murder weapons used and the hands in which they were wielded by assailants. He reveals information regarding Ron Goldman and Goldman family connections left unexamined by law enforcement, and potential violent felons who were in close proximity to the murdered victims then known by law enforcement. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4564439 After Show: TH Johnson OJ Simpson Murder Trial 2014 01 24 Part2 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/or-aftershow-2014-01-24-part2 Guest: TH Johnson, Author, Film Director, Expert on OJ Simpson Murder Trial and Investigation As OMIG, (Ocean Medical Investigative Group's), investigative team coordinator, Thomas H. Johnson, is nicknamed the traffic cop in managing an eclectic group of investigators whose common goal has been the discovery of suppressed or concealed evidence in the OJ Simpson Murder case since 1996. Much of Johnson's and the OMIG group's discoveries point to Simpson's innocence and raises concerns of malfeasance by sworn court officers in regard to other suspects. Because Johnson's high standard investigative expectation is based on the mantra "No One and Nothing is Granted the Privilege of Presumption" it requires that he motivate his investigators to dig deeper and move beyond presenting subjective evidence to OMIG as the ultimate truth. He been called on to go into the investigative trenches by OMIG's chairman, Dr. Henry S. Johnson and its board, since 1996, in pursuit of indisputable objective evidence. Under his management the OMIG investigative department has revealed several irregularities in the Simpson case, including problems with the alleged Bruno Magli shoes, the crucial time of the last phone call to Nicole Brown Simpson, the murder weapons used and the hands in which they were wielded by assailants. He reveals information regarding Ron Goldman and Goldman family connections left unexamined by law enforcement, and potential violent felons who were in close proximity to the murdered victims then known by law enforcement. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4564403 After Show: TH Johnson OJ Simpson Murder Trial 2014 01 24 Part1 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/or-aftershow-2014-01-24-part1 Guest: TH Johnson, Author, Film Director, Expert on OJ Simpson Murder Trial and Investigation As OMIG, (Ocean Medical Investigative Group's), investigative team coordinator, Thomas H. Johnson, is nicknamed the traffic cop in managing an eclectic group of investigators whose common goal has been the discovery of suppressed or concealed evidence in the OJ Simpson Murder case since 1996. Much of Johnson's and the OMIG group's discoveries point to Simpson's innocence and raises concerns of malfeasance by sworn court officers in regard to other suspects. Because Johnson's high standard investigative expectation is based on the mantra "No One and Nothing is Granted the Privilege of Presumption" it requires that he motivate his investigators to dig deeper and move beyond presenting subjective evidence to OMIG as the ultimate truth. He been called on to go into the investigative trenches by OMIG's chairman, Dr. Henry S. Johnson and its board, since 1996, in pursuit of indisputable objective evidence. Under his management the OMIG investigative department has revealed several irregularities in the Simpson case, including problems with the alleged Bruno Magli shoes, the crucial time of the last phone call to Nicole Brown Simpson, the murder weapons used and the hands in which they were wielded by assailants. He reveals information regarding Ron Goldman and Goldman family connections left unexamined by law enforcement, and potential violent felons who were in close proximity to the murdered victims then known by law enforcement. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1881524884/ref=as_sl_pc_tf_lc?tag=theopprep-20&camp=14573&creative=327641&linkCode=as1&creativeASIN=1881524884&adid=0JR8TDACTRYZ7MX3EYYH&&ref-refURL=http%3A%2F%2Foppermanreport.blogspot.com%2F2014_01_01_archive.html Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4564350 Guest: Pat Brown Criminal Profiler 2014 01 31 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/oppermanreport2014-01-31 ABOUT PAT BROWN Pat Brown is a nationally known criminal profiler, television commentator, author, and the founder and CEO of The Sexual Homicide Exchange (SHE) and The Pat Brown Criminal Profiling Agency. Pat has provided crime commentary, and profiling and forensic analysis in over two thousand television and radio appearances in the United States and across the globe. She can be seen regularly on the cable television news programs of MSNBC, CNN, and FOX, and is a regular guest of Nancy Grace, Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, The Today Show, The CBS Early Show, Larry King, Joy Behar, and Inside Edition. For four seasons, Pat Brown profiled crimes on the weekly Court TV crime show, I, Detective. Criminal Profiler Pat Brown is the host of the 2004 Discovery Channel documentary, The Mysterious Death of Cleopatra and profiled a new Jack the Ripper suspect in 2010 for Mystery Files. In the spring of 2006, Pat went inside one of Florida’s maximum-security prisons to interview a child murderer for the new Discovery Channel series, Evil Minds. She is the author of The Murder of Cleopatra (Prometheus 2013), How to Save Your Daughter’s Life (HCI 2012), Only the Truth (Amazon 2012), The Profiler: My Life Hunting Serial Killers and Psychopaths (Hyperion 2010) and Killing for Sport: Inside the Minds of Serial Killers (Phoenix Books 2003), and writes for two blogs, Women in Crime Ink and The Daily Profiler. She has two new books coming out: and). Pat contributed special feature content included in the 2005 home DVD edition of Profiler: Season Two and the 15th Anniversary Edition, 2006 DVD release of Quentin Tarantino’s crime classic, Reservoir Dogs. Since 1996, The Sexual Homicide Exchange (SHE) has offered profiling and investigative services at no charge to law enforcement. The Pat Brown Criminal Profiling Agency provides training, crime scene analysis and behavioral profiling to law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, media, and international clients. Pat Brown has developed the Criminal Profiling and Investigative Analysis Certificate program at Excelsior College, the first accredited profiling program in the country. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4564087 Guest: TH Johnson OJ Simpson Murders Trial 2014 01 24 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/oppermanreport2014-01-24 Guest: TH Johnson, Author, Film Director, Expert on OJ Simpson Murder Trial and Investigation As OMIG, (Ocean Medical Investigative Group's), investigative team coordinator, Thomas H. Johnson, is nicknamed the traffic cop in managing an eclectic group of investigators whose common goal has been the discovery of suppressed or concealed evidence in the OJ Simpson Murder case since 1996. Much of Johnson's and the OMIG group's discoveries point to Simpson's innocence and raises concerns of malfeasance by sworn court officers in regard to other suspects. Because Johnson's high standard investigative expectation is based on the mantra "No One and Nothing is Granted the Privilege of Presumption" it requires that he motivate his investigators to dig deeper and move beyond presenting subjective evidence to OMIG as the ultimate truth. He been called on to go into the investigative trenches by OMIG's chairman, Dr. Henry S. Johnson and its board, since 1996, in pursuit of indisputable objective evidence. Under his management the OMIG investigative department has revealed several irregularities in the Simpson case, including problems with the alleged Bruno Magli shoes, the crucial time of the last phone call to Nicole Brown Simpson, the murder weapons used and the hands in which they were wielded by assailants. He reveals information regarding Ron Goldman and Goldman family connections left unexamined by law enforcement, and potential violent felons who were in close proximity to the murdered victims then known by law enforcement. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1881524884/ref=as_sl_pc_tf_lc?tag=theopprep-20&camp=14573&creative=327641&linkCode=as1&creativeASIN=1881524884&adid=0JR8TDACTRYZ7MX3EYYH&&ref-refURL=http%3A%2F%2Foppermanreport.blogspot.com%2F2014_01_01_archive.html Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4563955 Retired NYPD Det. Jim Rothstein: Bay of Pigs, Frank Sturgis , JFK 2014 01 17 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/oppermanreport2014-01-17 Retired NYPD Det. Jim Rothstein: Bay of Pigs, Frank Sturgis , JFK A return of our most popular guest Retired NYPD Det. Jim Rothstein, expert on the Son of sam investigation, Process Church, MK ULTRA, organized crime an corruption. Jim is currently a Mayor of a town in Minnesota and apparently an avid fishermen. Jim is a great guest with fascinating subjects and experiences including child abduction, The Franklin Coverup, Boys Town, The Finders, etc. In this show we'll try to cover some of Jim's experiences in the Navy and Bay of Pigs Invasion, his involvement with Watergate burglar Frank Sturgis and his theory on the John F Kennedy Assassination. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4562793 After Show: Russ Dizdar Occult Crimes SRA 2013 12 19 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/oppermanreportaftershow2013-12-19 Guest: Russ Dizdar Coming out of the 60's into the 70's Russ was a rock n rolling bar fighting party-er, consuming drugs/alcohol and searching every door to meaning he could get his hands on. He was a dabbler in dark occultism and a practitioner of golden Buddha meditation where he was trained in astral projection to seek the ascended masters.... Russ says 'I sought to experience anything spiritual, supernatural and alternative I could .....to find what it was I was looking for.' But I didn't, instead I found myself on the edge of death and hell itself.... see more below under Once Blind. Russ Dizdar, started out in the AOG Church, was licensed to and then Ordained to the ministry October 1978 reformation Sunday at Green Baptist Church by the SBC. He has served as Sr. Pastor of 4 churches in the last 30 years. He was also Ex. Director of Greater Akron Youth For Christ, a Police Chaplain UNIT 78 UAPD. He is (1982) Founder and now directs Shatter the Darkness and Preemption Broadcast (2007). He has preached in Churches in 8 states, held training seminars and loves to do crusade evangelism. He has launched web sites and broadcasts messages that have been heard and downloaded in over 110 countries. The internet sites have gotten over 4 million hits by its 2ed year with over 700,000 downloads of messages, teaching material with evangelistic effort and will reach 1 million 900,000 downloads of these messages with over 30 million hits for 2010. Russ has been on many radio stations for interviews most of which are archived on the web. Russ has spoken and presented sessions at conferences in Ghent W.V., Michigan, New England area, Sharpsville PA, Washington PA, St Louis, New York, Indiana, Nashville Tenn. and Las Vegas, Groton CT, Mansfield OH, Branson Mo, and Canton Ohio. He has launched REEP mission trips in over 60 cites and one into France in 2012. Russ has studied at Cumberland College 'Biblical Studies', the University of Akron 'Criminology' and 'Military science', 2 1/2 years at Moody Bible School and in 1984 at Malone College went through graduating services for a BA in Religion/Philosophy, with advanced studies in Theology, Apologetics and Greek. He has studied at Emerge counseling center...Basics of Biblical Counseling, Crisis Counseling and other various training there. Training in Nothetic Counseling, Theophostics, Wise Counsel SBC, Mind Control deprogramming and Exit Counseling. Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy (OPOTA), UAPD police training, DEFTEC law enforcement training in advanced occult and cult crimes. 6 Specialized Occult/satanic crimes training seminars with Tom Wedge/author of The Satan Hunter. He has been to many training conferences and seminars including those on Satanic Ritual Abuse, SRA-MPD-DID, Mind Control, Spiritual Warfare, Abduction Research, Deliverance/Evangelism and other various fields. Youth for Christ USA training in leadership, evangelism and youth ministry, International Police Chaplin's courses, Navigators discipleship, MasterLife and MasterBuilders discipleship/leadership training. Church leadership, growth and other seminars, courses and conferences in Church related leadership, management and development. Russ currently seeks to master NT Greek vocabulary & NT manuscripts and Systematic Theology. Current aggressive studies include Surveillance Technologies, Private Investigations, Criminal Profiling, Forensics, Counter Infiltration Procedures and Trace Evidence. Trans humanism, AI, Theoretical Physics, Political ideology and scoping out the rise of luciferic globalism. He has written and taught 14 college level courses locally over the last 30 years. A major course he as taught is 'Preemptive Systematic Theology' and offers these courses as Internet external learning. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4562684 Russ Dizdar Occult Crimes SRA 2013 12 19 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/oppermanreport2013-12-19 Guest: Russ Dizdar Coming out of the 60's into the 70's Russ was a rock n rolling bar fighting party-er, consuming drugs/alcohol and searching every door to meaning he could get his hands on. He was a dabbler in dark occultism and a practitioner of golden Buddha meditation where he was trained in astral projection to seek the ascended masters.... Russ says 'I sought to experience anything spiritual, supernatural and alternative I could .....to find what it was I was looking for.' But I didn't, instead I found myself on the edge of death and hell itself.... see more below under Once Blind. Russ Dizdar, started out in the AOG Church, was licensed to and then Ordained to the ministry October 1978 reformation Sunday at Green Baptist Church by the SBC. He has served as Sr. Pastor of 4 churches in the last 30 years. He was also Ex. Director of Greater Akron Youth For Christ, a Police Chaplain UNIT 78 UAPD. He is (1982) Founder and now directs Shatter the Darkness and Preemption Broadcast (2007). He has preached in Churches in 8 states, held training seminars and loves to do crusade evangelism. He has launched web sites and broadcasts messages that have been heard and downloaded in over 110 countries. The internet sites have gotten over 4 million hits by its 2ed year with over 700,000 downloads of messages, teaching material with evangelistic effort and will reach 1 million 900,000 downloads of these messages with over 30 million hits for 2010. Russ has been on many radio stations for interviews most of which are archived on the web. Russ has spoken and presented sessions at conferences in Ghent W.V., Michigan, New England area, Sharpsville PA, Washington PA, St Louis, New York, Indiana, Nashville Tenn. and Las Vegas, Groton CT, Mansfield OH, Branson Mo, and Canton Ohio. He has launched REEP mission trips in over 60 cites and one into France in 2012. Russ has studied at Cumberland College 'Biblical Studies', the University of Akron 'Criminology' and 'Military science', 2 1/2 years at Moody Bible School and in 1984 at Malone College went through graduating services for a BA in Religion/Philosophy, with advanced studies in Theology, Apologetics and Greek. He has studied at Emerge counseling center...Basics of Biblical Counseling, Crisis Counseling and other various training there. Training in Nothetic Counseling, Theophostics, Wise Counsel SBC, Mind Control deprogramming and Exit Counseling. Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy (OPOTA), UAPD police training, DEFTEC law enforcement training in advanced occult and cult crimes. 6 Specialized Occult/satanic crimes training seminars with Tom Wedge/author of The Satan Hunter. He has been to many training conferences and seminars including those on Satanic Ritual Abuse, SRA-MPD-DID, Mind Control, Spiritual Warfare, Abduction Research, Deliverance/Evangelism and other various fields. Youth for Christ USA training in leadership, evangelism and youth ministry, International Police Chaplin's courses, Navigators discipleship, MasterLife and MasterBuilders discipleship/leadership training. Church leadership, growth and other seminars, courses and conferences in Church related leadership, management and development. Russ currently seeks to master NT Greek vocabulary & NT manuscripts and Systematic Theology. Current aggressive studies include Surveillance Technologies, Private Investigations, Criminal Profiling, Forensics, Counter Infiltration Procedures and Trace Evidence. Trans humanism, AI, Theoretical Physics, Political ideology and scoping out the rise of luciferic globalism. He has written and taught 14 college level courses locally over the last 30 years. A major course he as taught is 'Preemptive Systematic Theology' and offers these courses as Internet external learning. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4562642 Guest: Ole Dammegard 2013 12 12 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-2013-12-12 Guest: Ole Dammegard : Coup d'etat in Slowmotion, JFK, John Lennon Princess Di Assassinations From Ole's Website: Dear Friends, my name is Ole Dammegård, I'm a prize winning author, investigator, former journalist, etc. For more than 20 years I have worked hard on exposing some of the biggest conspiracies around the globe, something that has turned out to be a very dangerous task. I humbly believe that I've now managed to more or less solve the assassination of the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, one of the world's greatest murder mysteries, combining the extensive research done by myself and other heavy weight private researchers like Lars Borgnäs, Sven Anér, Anders Jallai, Gunnar Wall, Anders Leopold, Henry Söderström, and Fritz G. Peterson among others. The result is my book 'Coup d'etat in Slowmotion (Statskupp i Slowmotion), available here in both English and Swedish. This extensive investigation has also revealed incredible links between big political 'events' like the killing of JFK, John Lennon, Robert Kennedy, Che Guevara, Salvador Allende, and Pablo Neruda as well as the cold-blooded sinking of m/s Estonia, taking almost 1000 innocent lives. I have made many international radio interviews on stations like Red Ice Creations, Project Camelot, Veritas, Global Peace Radio, and Super Woo Radio which has caused a tidal wave of international interest (more than 60 000 hits from 95 countries on this site) and shows that there is a great awakening going on. It is important to point out that I'm not here to spread fear. My goal is to prevent the Global Elite from turning this beautiful world into a controlled and horrible place and I am totally dedicated to revealing their agenda, including False Flag-operations all over the world. We all deserve so much better. It's time to stop the madness and wake up the world with love https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4562528 Rod Harrel John Lennon Assassination 2013 12 05 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-2013-12-05 Guest: Rod Harrel, on the John Lennon Assassination Rod Harrel is an actor, writer and filmmaker who has worked in both visual media and the theatre, primarily in Washington and Oregon. While he lived in Portland he co-founded three theatres, including Stark Raving Theatre, and started Orthicon Ghost Productions. The documentary, "John Lennon - a conspiracy of silence" was released in 2010, based on an earlier article Rod wrote for the weekly "PDXS". He currently lives in the Los Angeles. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONSORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4562130 William Ramsey Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murders 2013 11 21 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-william-ramsey-abomination-devil-w William Ramsey, Author & Filmmaker Books: Prophet of Evil: Aleister Crowley, 9/11 and the New World Order Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murders Abomination: Devil Worship and Deception in the West Memphis Three Murders is the second book published by William Ramsey. The book contradicts many of the public opinions about the horrific murders of three children that took place in West Memphis, Arkansas in May of 1993. Abomination also uncovers many new facts about the case. Currently, the book is available on Amazon and Kindle. Published in 2010, William Ramsey’s influential first book Prophet of Evil: Aleister Crowley, 9/11 and the New World Order decisively established that an occult influence pervaded the events of September 11th, 2001. The book provides a thorough analysis of the life and writings of Aleister Crowley and clearly shows how his ideas helped shape the 20th century. Currently, the book is available on Amazon and Kindle. Signed copies of both books are available at http://www.occult911.com Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4561996 Vito Colucci Colucci Investigations LLC2013 11 07 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-vito-colucci-2013-11-07 Vito Colucci, Jr. is the owner of Colucci Investigations LLC. Vito is a former member of the Stamford, Connecticut Police Department where he worked as Narcotic's Detective and Undercover Organized Crime Investigator. One of the main investigations Vito spearheaded during that time was uncovering the organized crime ties within his own police department. Working along with the FBI, he wore a wire for this assignment and infiltrated two crime families. Vito was one of the youngest members ever to receive the Combat Cross for a shoot-out he was in. During his time on the police department he also received Valor Citations. Vito graduated from the Arnold Markle Search and Seizure School. Vito has been a private investigator for the past 22 years, working many high profile cases; Michael Skakel/Martha Moxley case, Jayson William's case, honeymooner George Smith case, Charla Nash chimp case and the Andrew Kissell murder case. Vito has also worked on some of the biggest high profile cases in CT involving murders, rapes and a corrupt priest. Vito is a regular commentator on various news programs including: Fox News, MSNBC, Catherine Crier/Court TV, Star Jones, Glenn Beck, Nancy Grace, Larry King, CNN Headline News, and The Bill O'Reilly Show. Vito was a featured speaker at the first World Investigator's Conference in Las Vegas in 2005. Vito has a staff of investigators with various criminal justice backgrounds. http://coluccipi.com/ Vito is also the author of the newly released book "Inside the Private Eyes of a PI." Vito is a member in good standing of CALPI (Connecticut Association of Licensed Private Investigators. Crime Time with Vito Colucci, P.I. The show features anything crime related. Current high profile cases or trials are discussed in detail with commentary from law enforcement experts and lawyers. Guests like Henry Hill, the former mobster and Lucchese crime family associate, and subsequent FBI informant whose life was immortalized in the Goodfellas movie also will be featured. What it's like to be a P.I., the latest technology and crime detection resources as well as forensics methods are also discussed on Crime Time. In addition, listener calls will be answered(i.e. How do I know if my spouse is cheating?). Each program includes a segment entitled "WHAT WERE THEY THINKIN'?!" This centers on bizarre crime related news, possible new laws across the country, i.e. police in NY state told to shoot to wound in a confrontation with a criminal instead of shooting to kill; convicted criminals in 8 states having access to citizens social security numbers as part of their inmate work programs, etc. Vito comments on these subjects and listeners can also call in to give their opinion or perhaps their own examples. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4561246 Steph Watts Investigator Reporter, TV Producer, TV and Radio Personality 2013 10 31 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/steph-watts-investigator-reporter-tv-pro Guest: Steph Watts, Investigator Reporter, TV Producer, TV and Radio Personality Steph specializes in producing compelling crime and justice television. He has appeared on on “Nancy Grace,” “On the Record w Greta Van Susteren,” CBS News, FOX News, “Inside Edition,” “The View,” ESPN, CNN and A&E's BIO channel. Steph has written for Village Voice, Brill's Content, Court TV, Fox News.com, and ABC News.com. Steph's blog "Watts Up With This" features unique and breaking crime reports and full length features. Steph’s work as an investigative reporter is profiled in “The Murder Business”, a book by Mark Fuhrman and another book just released about Joran Van Der Sloot; “Portrait of a Monster.” Steph is currently producing and hosting documentaries and reality programing under WattsNewEntertainment.com and has produced for TRU TV, "E" Investigates, NBC's "Disappeared", A&E, Bravo, BIO Channel, HLN, ABC, CBS, Fox News and Discovery ID. Experience Producer/Writer/Director @ Redrum Discovery ID March 2013 – Present (8 months)NYC Producer/Reporter/Host wattsnewentertainment.com 2000 – Present (13 years)NYC Field Producer Investigation Discovery 2010 – 2013 (3 years) Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4561154 Jack Duffy JFK assassination 2013 10 24 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-jack-duffy-2013-10-24 Jack Duffy, author of "The Man From 2063", is an expert on the assassination of President Kennedy. He became interested in the JFK assassination after seeing a bootleg copy of the famous Zapruder film of President Kennedy's fatal motorcade in 1972. He has been researching the assassination ever since. Jack's entertaining book draws on his deep knowledge and personal research into the President's murder and is therefore based on actual events and people surrounding the assassination. Jack has interviewed many key eyewitnesses to the assassination of President John Kennedy, including Buell Frazier, Jean Hill, Mary Moorman, Beverly Oliver, and Bill Newman. He has also interviewed 2 surgeons who treated JFK at Parkland hospital - Dr. Robert McClelland and Dr. Charles Crenshaw. He has interviewed Marina Oswald. Jack has also met many researchers who have written books on the assassination including Vincent Bugliosi, Mark Lane, Josiah Thompson, Robert Groden, Jim Marrs and Gaeton Fonzi. Jack Duffy is a trial lawyer from Ft. Worth, Texas. He specializes in personal injury and criminal defense law. He was born in Bertram, Texas and grew up in Ft. Worth. He graduated from Paschal High School in Ft. Worth, Texas, and Texas Tech University with a BA in Political Science. It was at Texas Tech that Jack met Vincent Bugliosi. Mr. Bugliosi was giving a speech on the Charles Manson trial. Mr. Bugliosi influenced Mr. Duffy to become a lawyer. Mr. Duffy went on to graduate from Baylor University with a MBA and then graduated from South Texas College of Law with a JD. "The Man From 2063" is his first book. Jack Duffy, JFK Assassination Expert to discuss..... •Conspiracy Theories behind the murder of President John F. Kennedy •Medical evidence in the JFK assassination •Eyewitness testimony in the JFK murder •Photographic evidence in the JFK murder •Deaths of key witnesses in the JFK murder •The time travel aspect of Jack's new book •His new book and its premise, "The Single Bullet Theory" Jack Duffy Credentials •40 years of research on the JFK murder. •Jack has interviewed many key witnesses and doctors who treated JFK. •Mr. Duffy has one of the largest private book collections on the assassination. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4561040 Guest: James M Rothstein NYPD 2013 10 17 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-james-m-rothstein-nypd-2013-10-17 Guest: JAMES M ROTHSTEIN NYPD Ret. - Process Church, Son of Sam, Manson Retired Detective Jim Rothstein as a member of the New York City Police Department and his retirement from the New York City Police Depart in 1980 to the present, has continued his work as a researcher and consultant on human trafficking Det. Rothstein worked with various out of state agencies, officers, departments, professional groups, and numerous federal agencies to develop the expertise so vital to be effective. Det. Rothstein’s assignment to the New York State Select Committee Crime was also the end of his career. These hearings were ordered by Governor Carey of the State of New York and a Bi-partisan Legislative Committee. The mandate was to find what the effects these crimes were having on society. The most important lessons learned was that there must be absolute integrity, honesty, trust, and don’t use the merchandise. Honesty without integrity does little to help the Investigator establish credibility. You don’t break the law to enforce the law. If these principals are not followed closely, all trust is destroyed and you will become totally ineffective. The bright side of human trafficking; these are the true stories of Retired New York City Detective James Rothstein. There is a message and a lesson in every story. On the street, he was known as “Boots,” because he always wore black cowboy boots. Detective Rothstein was told he had been awarded nine medals. He never filed a request for recognition unless he was ordered to do so. Det. Rothstein never accepted or displayed any of these medals. Det. Rothstein always believed he had done his job to the best of his ability as a sworn Police Officer. These stories touch the heart and soul of the toughest Detective and are never forgotten. The names may be forgotten (he tries) but the faces and memories are always there. These are the forgotten children, prostitutes, victims of pedophilia, and others. There is no individual discrimination; they are all discriminated against, Black, White, Yellow, Indian, and whatever else there may be. They may be Catholics, Protestants, or any other denomination; they are all victims. Nobody cared or cares. The Dark Side of human trafficking, prostitution, pedophilia, and corruption go far beyond human comprehension. It is a world of “Smoke and Mirrors,” where “Deceit and Deception” are the norm. The degradation, torture, and mental manipulation of the victims that were uncovered in the investigations, conducted by Rothstein (Boots), were never made public. They were not politically correct, or feel-good do-good. You cannot disguise decadence with the smell of clover or the pureness of a white lily. It is what it is, vulgar and despicable. Great effort was taken by the powers to be to discredit and cover-up the findings. Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies have no problem doing low level investigations. When they go after the “Big Time” traffickers they have problems. ANY investigators, prosecutors, or other authorities that do an in-depth investigation are stopped by the powers to be and their careers are ruined. JAMES M ROTHSTEIN NYPD Ret. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY United States Navy, Deck Hand Chase Manhattan Bank, Computer Proof and Distribution 1965-1980 New York City Police Department, Police Officer and Detective 1980-Present Researcher and Consultant LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE Fifteen years experience with the New York City Police Department, Police Operations and Investigations. February 1965 to June 1965; New York City Police Academy. Basics in Law Enforcement, Criminal Law, Use of Weapons, and Necessary Force. June 1965 to January 1967; Patrol Midtown Manhattan, Introduction the basics of Patrol and Law Enforcement. January 1967 to January 1971; Plainclothes Anti-Crime Patrol, Plainclothes Investigator, Undercover Surveillance, re: Pimps, Prostitutes, Narcotics, and Organized Crime. January 1971 to March 1973; Plainclothes and Undercover Investigator. Headquarters Special Investigations; re: Vice, Narcotics, Corruption, Intelligence, Electronic and Photo Surveillance. March 1973 to March 1980; Detective specializing in Vice related crimes, Intelligence on a local and national level. Special Assignments. March 1980 to present; Researcher and Consultant; continued the work started as a Detective, on a National and International Level. SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS New York State Select Committee on Crime; Investigator and Advisor, A study into the Effects of Crime on Society. Policy Science Corporation; assigned as an Advisor and Consultant. Internal Revenue Service; Special Assignment, Investigator and Advisor. Criminal Prosecution of National Pimp Organization and Intelligence Networking. New York State Liquor Authority; Intelligence co-ordinator and Advisor. Other Police Agencies in the United States; developed a National Information Data Base tracking prostitution ( male and female ) and the trafficking of children. SPECIAL RESEARCH PROJECTS Inslaw-Promis Software; The theft of the proprietary rights to computer software developed by Bill and Nancy Hamilton. The Oaklahoma City bombing of the Murrah Building; The involvement of Iraqi Terrorists in the OKC bombing. The Sexual Abuse Crisis In the Catholic Church; The Infiltration of and the Cover-up by the Church. Please SUBSCRIBE!!!! If you like this show you can find more just like it in The Opperman Report Members Section: http://www.oppermanreport.com/members/ Please support our SPONORS: Pacific West Bamboo http://www.pacificwestbamboo.com/ New World Mexican Women http://handcrafted-ethnic-jewelry.com/new-world-mexican-women/ Straw Man! http://www.strawmanmusic.com/ Opperman Investigations Inc http://www.emailrevealer.com/ You can have your business or web site promoted for as little at $25 per week. Or if you enjoyed our show and would like to support our efforts please make a PayPal donation [email protected] https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4561018 Guest: Sheryl McCollum 2013 10 10 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/the-opperman-report-2013-10-10 Sheryl McCollum began her career with training at the Rape Crisis Center at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA. At this center, she received some of her best hands on training and contact with victims. She went on to work for the Department of Corrections, the Secretary of State and an internship with the FBI during the Pan American Games in Indianapolis, IN. Her training and education led her to the Crime Commission and an assignment with Operation Weed and Seed, a federal task force that combines federal, state and local law enforcement to combat crime in dangerous areas. During the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Sheryl was the Coordinator of a state wide response team formed to assist victims of crime during the games. When a bomb was detonated at the Olympic site, Sheryl and her team were on the scene within 45 minutes giving aid to over 100 victims. Along with becoming the State Director of Mothers Against Driving, Sheryl attained the rank of Captain in the Special Ops Division of the Reserve Unit with the Fulton County, GA Sheriff’s Office, and was the Director of police training in the Atlanta District Attorney’s Office under their Domestic Violence Project. While Sheryl was investigating for Cobb County, GA Juvenile Court, she began teaching college part time. She became an International Law Enforcement Trainer for the Department of State. She had the opportunity to create two Cold Case Squads after attending the prestigious Henry Lee Institute and recently completed training as a Crime Scene Tech for the state of GA, providing value to her position with Pine Lake Police Department Cold Case Squad. With over 25 years of experience and education, Sheryl is currently the Director of the Cold Case Investigative Research Institute, which is a collaboration between Auburn University Montgomery, Faulkner University and Bauder College. This collaboration brings together researchers, practitioners, students and the criminal justice community to develop new capabilities and work collectively to advance research, training and techniques in solving cold cases. The objectives of CCIRI are to provide the means, resources and guidance for Criminal Justice students throughout all Kaplan Higher Education to determine the solvability of actual unsolved crimes. Some of the high profile crimes Sheryl and her students have worked on include: Tu Pac Shakur Atlanta’s Missing and Murder Children Moore’s Ford Bridge Lynching Amber Hagerman Chandra Levy Natalee Holloway The Boston Strangler Mary Shotwell-Little https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4546120 Guest: Shaun Wheeler WM3 2013 09 26 https://www.spreaker.com/user/oppermanreport/guest-shaun-wheeler-wm3-2013-09-26 Guest: Shaun Wheeler Mr Wheeler is an expert an blogger on the West Memphis Three murder case. The West Memphis Three are three men who were tried and convicted as teenagers in 1994 of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. Damien Echols was sentenced to death, Jessie Misskelley, Jr. was sentenced to life imprisonment plus two 20-year sentences, and Jason Baldwin was sentenced to life imprisonment. During the trial, the prosecution asserted that the children were killed as part of a satanic ritual. The sensational Paradise Lost HBO documentaries have created doubt in the three convicted men's guilt. Mr Wheeler will set the record straight with his encyclopedia knowledge of the actual facts and evidence in this case. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Memphis_Three We will explore many overlooked facts and evidence including a history of Vampirism, satanism and animal abuse, as well as arson and other anti social and violent behaviors of the convicted killers. UPDATE: We just booked Terry Hobbs stepfather of Steve Branch, one of the victims. Terry was recently the subject of a smear campaign on HBO documentary Paradise Lost : Purgatory. This will be Mr Hobbs first opportunity to give a public statement regarding these events. https://api.spreaker.com/episode/4545468	i don't know
Which now defunct company operated the luxury liner Titanic?	Photo of iceberg that sank the Titanic sold at UK auction Photo of iceberg that sank the Titanic sold at UK auction By Marcus Hondro Oct 25, 2015 in World A photograph believed to be of the very iceberg that sank the RMS Titanic has been sold at an auction in the UK. It sold Saturday for £21,000. A Titanic iceberg The black and white photo has hung for decades on the wall of a boardroom of a firm connected to White Star Line, the now-defunct shipping company that owned the Titanic. It was sold at the Henry Aldridge & Son auctioneer house, along with a Spillers and Bakers pilot biscuit that had been on one of the life boats; the hardtack biscuit went for £15,000. The chief steward of a German vessel, the Prinz Adalbert, took the photo in the early hours of April 15, 1912, not long after the Titanic had sank and before the crew of the Adalbert was aware of the tragedy. The man who took the photo said he did so because he spotted a streak of red paint along the waterline on one side of the iceberg and believed it must have come in contact with a ship. The photo comes with a written declaration that reads: "On the day after the sinking of the Titanic, the steamer Prinz Adalbert passes the iceberg shown in this photograph. The Titanic disaster was not yet known by us. On one side red paint was plainly visible, which has the appearance of having been made by the scraping of a vessel on the iceberg." That declaration was signed "M. Linoenewald, and three crewmen." Despite that, experts say there is no way to confirm the iceberg is the one the RMS Titanic hit; however, it is widely believed that it is. Largest ocean liner The luxury liner was the world's largest passenger ship when she sailed from Southampton, England bound for New York on April 10, 1912; it was her first and last voyage. In the frigid waters of the North Atlantic she struck an iceberg four days after setting sail and was headed to the bottom of the sea 2 hours and 40 minutes later. Of the 2,223 passengers and crew, 1,517 died. In May of 2009 the last surviving Titanic passenger passed away. Millvina Dean was but 9-weeks-old when the ship hit the iceberg and sank. Her mother managed to get her and a brother to a lifeboat but her father went down with the ship. It has not been made public who purchased the photo of the iceberg.	White Star
Named for the developer of the steel plow, what Moline, Il. company is the world's largest producer of agricultural machinery in the world?	Save SS ‘United States’, called ‘America’s Flagship’ \| Full Steam Ahead! The Maritime Blog Full Steam Ahead! The Maritime Blog 4 Replies She was built as an unsinkable ship, a claim allegedly attributed to Bruce Ismay, the managing partner of the White Star Line, the direct shipowning company of the famous RMS Titanic. The year was 1912, and liner companies were in fierce competition with each other for the Transatlantic passenger trade. Fate would not be kind to Ismay and RMS Titanic as both soon floundered spectacularly, both literally and metaphorically. Forward Portside View of SS United States Four decades later, a longer, beamier, stronger, more powerful passenger vessel would be built in the US at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Virginia for the same trade. Like RMS Titanic, her maiden voyage made great news as well at the time as she crossed eastbound the Atlantic Ocean in record time of about three days and eleven hours. Soon thereafter, she pulverized the record for the more challenging westbound leg of the Transatlantic trip with a record of about three days and twelve hours. She earned the Blue Riband, the trophy for the fastest average cruising speed on both directions of the round Transatlantic voyage, a record that she still holds today, six decades later. Now, an arthritic, gracious, old lady past her prime and with the memory token of the trophy misplaced somewhere in the attic that today’s grandchildren of history would barely care getting bothered about. The name of the distinguished old lady is SS United States and her figurative attic is Pier 82 on the Delaware River in Philadelphia. Ship’s badge: SS United States Her speed may have placed her name on the record books, but she has been a remarkable ship in more ways than one. With 990 ft length overall, she was 110 ft longer than RMS Titanic and well within comparison to the 1,000-ft length commanded by today’s supertankers and monster containerships. Despite her length, her beam was kept narrow at 101 ft so that she could pass gracefully through the Panama Canal if her voyage called for it. Her steam turbines were capable of producing 248,000 shaft horsepower (SHP) – more than twice the power of today’s either typical supertanker or a two-engined Boeing 777 airplane. She brought the Blue Riband to American shores from Queen Mary by sailing as fast as almost 36 knots (approximately41 mph), which is believed to be even today the fastest crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in both directions by a standard mono-hull, merchant vessel. Last decade, when the world economies were growing robustly and just in time inventory was in vogue, containerships – the fastest commercial vessels these days – were crossing the oceans at twenty-four knots maximum speed, while in today’s anemic economic environment and high bunkering fuel cost, the fastest containeships typically slow steam at sixteen knots. Cruiseships are capable of achieving close to thirty knots, but usually barely sail above twenty knots in order to economize on fuel expense. Being built after RMS Titanic’s tragedy, the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in 1914, and after her sistership SS Olympia, SS United States was an embodiment to prevention and safety in the event of unforeseen events. Where first class cabins used to be – SS United States The vessel was launched in 1952 at a contract price of $78 million, or approximately $690 million in today’s purchasing power. With 4,060 berths, her contract price was 50% more expensive than today’s cruiseships (though she was a different, now extinct ‘asset class’, an ‘ocean liner’); efficiencies in shipbuilding can attribute to savings, but SS United States was distinctly a luxury vessel with half of her passengers traveling in first class (versus one-third of RMS Titanic) and she had one crew member for every two passengers (versus one crew member for every three passengers on RMS Titanic.) The high cost of the vessel was also partially attributed to increased specifications for military use, as less than a decade after World War II and with Cold War just settling in when she was built, the US government wanted access to passenger vessels in order to move rapidly military troops worldwide in case of military action. Although the vessel could accommodate up to three thousand passengers on a commercial voyage, five times as many (15,000) soldiers would be transported on one of the vessel’s military trips. As such, the vessel’s hull was built with re-enforced steel in order to sustain hostile fire and she was heavily compartmentalized with water-tight doors and bulkheads in order to prevent heavy flooding. For the right of having access to the vessel in time of emergency, the US Navy paid $50 million of the contract price, while $28 million was paid by her official shipowner and manager, the now defunct United States Lines (signage of the company can be seen today along the Chelsea Piers on the Hudson River in Manhattan.) Pioneering luxury: swimming pool onboard with layer of beach sand all around! There were twenty-two decks and plentiful luxurious common areas for the enjoyment of her privileged passengers, amenities such as indoor and outdoor promenades and sundecks, huge library with high ceilings and large, sunny windows in the front of the ship, ball room and dance floor with a dome structure, theater stage, tennis court, an elevator to the the master staircase, a luxurious bar opening to the sun deck in the rear of the vessel, a swimming pool complete with sand around it for the passenger’s enjoyment. All such luxury had to be dispensed without the presence of wood onboard the vessel in order to avoid fires; extensive use of aluminum substituted for wood, and Steinway himself had to demonstrate that the specially made piano for the ship was fire proof indeed and could actually cannot be set on fire (the piano and the butcher’s block were the only two wooden pieces ever allowed onboard.) Forward funnel, radar and crow’s nest – SS United States Two 65-ft tall, brilliantly red-painted funnels with small wings and gently leaning backwards, with a white stripe on top in parallel to a white stripe along the upper end of a black-painted hull, and almost a vertically raked bow and round ‘spoon shaped’ stern typical for ocean liners of that age, SS United States was cutting a graceful figure over the water and on the horizon and her New York City port calls have been immortalized on numerous post cards. Even today, the fainted red color of the two funnels is an eye-catcher when one is crossing the bridge approaching Philadelphia and from afar form the Seaport up the Delaware River; almost like two faint, red candle-flames over the horizon, two candle flames of the memory and glory, a prayer that the wind of modern times will not peel off the colorful existence altogether. Funnels – SS United States In her 800 Transatlantic crossings over her seventeen year career ending in 1969 (about one crossing per week), notable politicians and celebrities enjoyed unparalleled luxury in her fast and graceful sliding over the ocean; Marlon Brando, Coco Chanel, Sean Connery, Gary Cooper, Walter Cronkite, Salvador Dali, Walt Disney, Duke Ellington, Judy Garland, Cary Grant, Charlton Heston, Bob Hope, Marilyn Monroe, Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly, Elizabeth Taylor, John Wayne, and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor are known to travelled with her. Four U.S. presidents sailed aboard SS United States overtime, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy and Bill Clinton, the last as fresh graduate from Georgetown was on his way to study at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1968, one year before the retirement of the vessel. Indoors promenade: SS United States Ever since her retirement from active duty in 1969, the ship has been having a tumultuous life seeking a purpose and a permanent home; she has changed ownership several times since then, with buyers hoping to find commercial uses for her. She was designed as a passenger liner vessel to travel fast and her conversion to a cruiseship or theme vessel or a floating hotel is not absolutely ideal, as she’s too narrow by her beam and her fuel consumption (replacing diesel powered steam turbines) will be high. She has been gutted internally and most of the asbestos has been removed, so she’s ready for her next development stage. There have been proposals for her to be developed as a museum or theme vessel and get relocated to major metropolitan areas, possibly New York, perhaps along the historic aircraft carrier Intrepid or find a place with Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan. Stern – SS United States registered with New York as her homeport At present, the vessel is owned and controlled by the SS United States Conservancy ( http://www.ssusc.org/ ), an non-for-profit organization, under the leadership of Susan L. Gibbs, the granddaughter of ingenious William Francis Gibbs, the naval architect and marine engineer who designed SS United States (and also notably the vessels that would be known as ‘Liberty Ships’ during WWII.) Through sizeable donations and ongoing fund raising efforts, the Conservancy has kept a close watch over the vessel and her constant need for upkeep and continuous cleaning efforts. However, a couple of recent proposals for the ship’s development have fallen apart, and the running costs of keeping the vessel at her present location is more than $60,000 per month. We have had the distinct honor to be invited recently by the SS United States Conservancy to board and tour the vessel, to be allowed to get a glimpse through history’s spider-webbed, broken glass of a porthole into another age and way of life. It was a breezy, sunny day in March after a long winter in Philadelphia and the Northeast; just to envision for a few hours the luxury ship built with military grade steel and aluminum superstructure careening effortlessly fast over the ocean, with Marilyn Monroe lingering on a chaise lounge chair on one of the sundecks portside and Salvador Dali pondering on surrealism by his cabin starboard, John Kennedy leaning over a book in the library while there was a stage performance in the theater abaft, it was indeed a unique invitation to have a front row viewing to a maritime and historical miracle, a project of supreme American engineering and soaring ambition, to a ship that links us to the roots of American maritime tradition which regrettably seems to slip further away from us by the day. While ‘unsinkable’ RMS Titanic got crushed by fate soon in her maiden voyage, SS United States, more than sixty years after she was launched from a navy shipyard, still stands tall, a testament to her shipbuilder’s ambition for building a ship that ‘you cannot catch her, you cannot set her on fire and you cannot sink her’. Save SS United States! ‘America’s Flagship’ has done her duty to her country and to her owners and her passengers, glamorous or not; she has served history well. We owe it to her to keep her afloat in glamor and perseverance, to get involved, to volunteer or donate for her maintenance until the right development is found for her. One can find more about the vessel and the Conservancy at http://www.ssusc.org/ and donations are strongly encouraged at http://www.ssusc.org/give-and-join/donate/ or at https://www.savetheunitedstates.org/ The pictures taken during the recent visit are a testament to her magnificent structure and an invitation and challenge to see the ship restored to her past glory; we owe it to her! © 2013-2014 Basil M Karatzas & Karatzas Marine Advisors & Co . All Rights Reserved. IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: Access to this blog signifies the reader’s irrevocable acceptance of this disclaimer. No part of this blog can be reproduced by any means and under any circumstances, whatsoever, in whole or in part, without proper attribution or the consent of the copyright and trademark holders of this website. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that information here within has been received from sources believed to be reliable and such information is believed to be accurate at the time of publishing, no warranties or assurances whatsoever are made in reference to accuracy or completeness of said information, and no liability whatsoever will be accepted for taking or failing to take any action upon any information contained in any part of this website. Thank you for the consideration.	i don't know
After a Compromise, what state was admitted to the union as the 24th, on August 10, 1821?	Missouri is the 24th State Admitted to the Union \| World History Project Missouri is the 24th State Admitted to the Union On August 10, 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the twenty-fourth state. Named after the Native American people who originally inhabited the land, Missouri was acquired by the U.S. as part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. At that time, the territory's occupants were mainly French settlers. After the War of 1812, American settlers poured into the region. In 1818, the Speaker of the House of Representatives presented the first petition of the Territory of Missouri requesting statehood. The question of Missouri's admission as a slave or free state led statesman Henry Clay to devise the Missouri Compromise of 1820, admitting Missouri as a slave state while admitting Maine as a free state, and prohibiting slavery in Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36º 30', Missouri's southern border. This resolution proved temporary. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a series of laws that amended the Fugitive Slave Act, abolished the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and admitted California to the Union as a free state. The Compromise of 1850 also established territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico, but left the issue of slavery in the new territories to be decided by the local residents. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act served to abrogate the Missouri Compromise. And in 1857, as a part of the Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the compromise unconstitutional by ruling that Congress had no power to bar slavery from a territory, as it had in 1820. Four years later, the slavery debate erupted in civil war. Source: Library of Congress Added by: Aimee Lucido Originally part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1821 as part of the Missouri Compromise. It earned the nickname "Gateway to the West" because it served as a departure point for settlers heading to the west. It was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi was integral to the state's economy. To try to control flooding, by 1860 the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees on the Mississippi. The state was site of the epicenter of the 1812 New Madrid earthquake, possibly the most powerful earthquake in the United States since the founding of the country. Casualties were light due to the sparse population. Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth, the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary. In 1835 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchasing the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition made what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km2) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles (which included West Virginia at the time) even larger. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido “ I can remember as well as if it happened yesterday, one of the men spread his arms out and said, "stand back men I'll kill the rascal" and raised his gun to shoot when we heard a shout and looked up the road to see what it was and saw Judge Myers coming as fast as his horse could run, shouting as loud as he could. The man dropped his gun to his side, when Judge Myers rode up be was shaking his head and his eyes were blazing fire. He turned around in his saddle and pointed back toward town and said you men get out from here and do it…quick…All the Jayhawkers turned around and sulked off like a whipped dog.” — J. F. Smith	Missouri
How many days in a fortnight?	Missouri Tourism Escort Notes: History of Missouri Meet in MO History of Missouri Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, who descended the Mississippi from the north in 1673, supplied the first written accounts of exploration in Missouri. The early Indians in Missouri were the Osages, Sacs, Foxes, Otos, Iowas, Missouris, Miamis, Kickapoos, Delawares, Shawnees and Kansas. Although named for an Indian tribe, today there are no organized tribes left in Missouri. As part of the Louisiana Purchase territory, Missouri has belonged to three nations: France, Spain and the United States. First claimed for France by LaSalle in 1682, Missouri was ceded to Spain in 1762. Although Spain held the country for 40 years, its influence was slight. The early development of Missouri was closely associated with lead mining. Galena, a lead ore, was first discovered in 1701 near Potosi and began to be mined in earnest in 1720 upon the discovery of significant deposits at Mine La Motte. Mining, the earliest commercial activity in Missouri, lured early French settlers and continues to be a major enterprise today. It was the French who were responsible for the first permanent settlement of Ste. Genevieve in the mid 1730s. This settlement survived alone in the huge Upper Louisiana Territory until the establishment of St. Louis as a fur trading post in 1764. Because of its excellent location where the Missouri River flows into the Mississippi, St. Louis became the largest settlement in the state and today is one of the nation's larger cities. By secret treaty in 1802, Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory back to France. Napoleon Bonaparte, anxious to rid himself of the vast and troublesome frontier, sold it to the United States in 1803 for a total of $15,000,000. About this time President Jefferson organized the Lewis and Clark Expedition which was the first extensive exploration of the northwestern part of the new territory. The expedition left St. Louis in 1804. Missouri was organized as a territory in 1812 and was admitted to the Union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821. Missouri was the second state (after Louisiana) of the Louisiana Purchase to be admitted to the Union. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed whereby Missouri was to be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Although admitted as a slave state, Missouri nevertheless remained with the Union throughout the Civil War. At the beginning of the Civil War, most Missourians wanted only to preserve the peace. However, the state governor, Claiborne Fox Jackson, was strongly pro southern and attempted to align Missouri with the Confederacy. He and most of the legislature were forced to flee to southern Missouri where they actually passed an ordinance of secession. However, this government was no longer recognized by most Missourians. The most important and bloodiest battle fought in Missouri was the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield. Other important battles in Missouri were fought at Carthage, Lexington, Westport and Boonville – the first engagement within the state. Missouri contributed 109,000 men to the northern cause while sending at least 30,000 men into the Confederate ranks. During World War I, Missouri provided 140,257 soldiers, one third being volunteers. Missouri contributed such notable leaders as Gen. John J. Pershing of Laclede, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, and Provost Marshall Enoch H. Crowder of Grundy County who drew up the Selective Service Act. During World War II, Missouri contributed a total of over 450,000 men and women to the various armed forces. Eighty nine top officers were from Missouri including Gen. Omar N. Bradley of Clark and Moberly and Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle of St. Louis. The nation's leader during the last year of the war was Lamar born Harry S. Truman, first Missourian to become President of the United States. After assuming office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, President Truman was re-elected to a full four year term. His was the fateful decision to use the atom bomb and hasten the Japanese surrender consummated on the deck of the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Missourians later served in the Korean and Vietnam wars and Dr. Thomas A. Dooley and Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor emerged as noted figures. Like the rest of the country, Missouri has moved toward the 21st century with modernized technology, nuclear energy, transportation, education; progress in civil rights and women's rights; and shifts in the economy and business outlook.	i don't know
Epitomized by Vernon Wormer, what name is given to individuals that run universities or colleges?	College fraternities: Belching a dirge? \| The Economist Belching a dirge? Tweet “WAS it over when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbour? Hell no!”, thundered John "Bluto" Blutarsky in the 1978 film "Animal House", one of the highest-grossing comedies of all time. Bluto (played by the now immortal John Belushi) was rallying the beleaguered brothers of Delta Tau Chi, victims of the censorious Dean Vernon Wormer and his campaign to obliterate the fraternity of debauched misfits. Jump forward to 2014 and Dean Wormer has real-life company. A glut of new reports about excessive underage drinking, sexual assaults and otherwise dangerous behaviour in college fraternities has put university administrators on the defensive. Across the country, and particularly at elite institutions in the north-east, many are starting to crack down on these all-male and historically quite-white societies. Amherst College in Massachusetts, which had already formally banned Greek groups three decades ago, announced in May it would suspend or expel any student joining an underground group deemed “fraternity-like [or] sorority-like”. JP Morgan Chase stopped managing an investment account of the charitable foundation run by Sigma Alpha Epsilon, or SAE (the groups are known by the Greek letters of their names). Lloyd’s of London threatened to cancel SAE’s insurance plan thanks to the threat of injuries and deaths, Bloomberg News revealed in March. All this comes as the White House presses universities to better police campus sexual assault, intensifying the scrutiny on these clubs. The possibility of legal action looms constantly over fraternity houses, which are effectively communal drinking societies for aspiring professionals. Undergraduates often compete to join the individual campus chapters of national fraternities, lured by the networking prospects, the camaraderie, the chance to live in a run-down home with their soon-to-be closest friends and the booze. Prospective members undergo up to a year of “pledging” (often inebriation-heavy hazing rituals) before becoming “fraternity men”, with all the social benefits that entails. Pledging mostly happens behind closed doors, but reports of egregious physical hazing occasionally become public : a University of Tennessee fraternity was suspended in late May after pouring hot sauce on its recruits’ genitals. In December a first-year student at New York’s Baruch College died of brain injuries after being pummelled. In 2011, months after a student died in a hazing incident, Cornell University’s president David Skorton penned a New York Times essay explaining his decision to forbid fraternity pledging altogether. This was one day after Princeton University banned its own fraternities from recruiting first-year students. Hazing is illegal in 44 states, and Bloomberg reports over 60 fraternity-related deaths since 2005. A recent Bloomberg series , paired with an Atlantic magazine cover story , has provided anti-Greek campaigners with a wealth of statistical ammunition. But the groups have some fearsome weapons of their own. Alongside numerous business executives, 39 senators and 101 House members are fraternity or sorority alumni, boasts the website of the North-American Interfraternity Conference trade group, which represents 74 national fraternities. It is a bipartisan and powerful bunch. The Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee, FratPAC, aggressively fights legislation that threatens to harm the clubs, such as anti-hazing measures. Over 300,000 undergraduate men nationwide are fraternity members today. Defenders of fraternities have claimed their share of scalps. The president of Trinity College in Connecticut will retire earlier than planned in June after tangling with graduates who threatened to withhold donations when he mandated the groups coeducate. At larger southern schools, where the culture of fraternities is especially strong, colleges are less likely to fight. Many universities are quietly eager to let students live in their own group houses, off the schools’ books. While small, elite north-eastern colleges such as Amherst and Williams College have done away with fraternities, this has not been so easy elsewhere. At Dartmouth College—the inspiration for "Animal House"—repeated faculty-driven efforts at reform have been repelled. Scuffles between university administrators and fraternities are hardly new. But for name-brand schools such as Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania and Wesleyan University, where Greek organisations have run into legal or reputational trouble in recent years, the stakes are higher. No sweeping legislation condemning fraternity life is expected—the groups have too many high-profile supporters for that. But decades after Bluto's call to arms, it may be that Dean Wormer gets the last laugh.	Dean
Name the book and the author:' These two very old people are the father and mother of Mr. Bucket. Their names are Grandpa Joe and Grandma Josephine.'	Aussie Title, 12th Grand Slam MELBOURNE, Australia Serena Williams loves a good underdog story and understood that most of the crowd was behind her opponent Justine Henin. All that sentiment was put aside once she heard an insult from the stands, a crack that went right to the heart of all athletes. Williams surged to a 6-4, 3-6, 6-2 victory in the Australian Open final last weekend, closing the chapter on Henin's remarkable comeback from retirement. "I think everyone was for Justine tonight," Williams said. "But you know what really helped me out? This one guy was like, 'You can beat her Justine, she's not that good.' The win marked her fifth Australian Open title. It also gave her more Australian titles than any woman in the Open era and allowed her to match Billie Jean King's career total of 12 majors in singles. Serena has now won three majors in 12 months, including Wimbledon and the Australian in 2009. Her conversion rate in Grand Slam finals is 12 of 15, second only to Margaret Court. Rutgers suspends Sigma Gamma Rho Chapter for hazing National leaders of the Sigma Gamma Rho sorority have suspended its Rutgers University chapter amid an ongoing probe of hazing allegations. The North Carolina-based sorority took the action last week after six members of the Rutgers chapter were charged with hazing prospective pledges by paddling them and denying them food. Rutgers has also sus- pended the sorority. Campus police say the incidents occurred between Jan. 18 and Monday and at least seven woman sustained some injuries, including one who sought medical attention. One woman claimed sorority members struck her 201 times with a pad- dle over a week and planned another round of punishment before the alle- gations became public. The six sorority members are charged with aggravated hazing, an indictable criminal offense, and could face disciplinary action and possi- ble expulsion under the university's code of conduct. They are free on bail. Oakland Transit system to pay $1.5M over cop's fatal shooting of passenger San Francisco, California -- Officials have agreed to pay $1.5 million to the daughter of twenty-two year old Oscar Grant, the man fatally shot in the back by a transit police officer on New Year's Day 2009 in Oakland, California. A bystander's cell-phone video of the shooting on a transit platform was widely circulated on the Internet and on news shows. The video showed then-Officer Johannes Mehserle, 27, pulling his gun and shooting Grant in the back as another officer kneeled on Grant. "It's been a little over a year since we experienced the tragic death of Oscar Grant," BART Board President James Fang said. "No matter what anyone's opinion of the case may be, the sad fact remains this incident has left Tatiana without a father. The $1.5 million settlement will provide financial support for her." Grant's daughter, Tatiana, is 5. Mehserle might have intended to draw and fire his Taser rather than his gun, according to a court filing by his attorney. The shooting sparked large protests in Oakland and led to Mehserle's arrest on a murder charge. The case against him is pending. Initially, attorney John Burs asked for $50 million in a wrongful-death lawsuit filed on behalf of Grant's daughter. The transit system's police department has made several changes since the shooting. The department has increased training hours for officers, is requiring them to report all "use-of-force incidents," and is tapping the public's help in searching for a new police chief, the transit system said in a statement. dubbed the 'murder capital of the state" and heinous activities still plaguing Black America, the idea that yes "success does run in our race" is obviously not instilled in the masses. The historical relevance of Blacks helping out their less for- tunate is all but gone with the exception of a faithful few as the great divide between the haves and the have-nots grow wider and wider. "Yes the murder rate is bad," began one Free Press reader who stopped by our offices, "But as long as you're not around that kind, you should be ok," they said. Not really. Statistics say a Black man is more likely to die at the hands of another Black man more than any other force in the universe. More than AIDS, stroke, heart attack, drugs or any random attack of violence. Continued on page 3 Perfect timing for Miss America 2010 TwceassMn lc eale innt Prollege )C o'UrcliAmerican Beliaich a 1111CS [IN llMk m O 10' ;C l0 \V\C' Miss America Caressa Cameron telling kids they should get outside more often., 22 year old Caressa Cameron was crowned Miss At the competition, held in Las Vegas, Caressa Cameron a student at Virginia Commonwealth won one of the oldest and most cel- ebrated titles in American popular culture. "Take away the TV, take away the video games, set some standards for our children!" she answered unhesi- tatingly in the interview portion of the contest, in which she was asked what to do about the epidemic of childhood obesity. As winner of the pageant, which is in its 88th year, she is to receive a $50,000 scholarship. Her platform was listed as AIDS education. In 1983, Vanessa L. Williams was the first African American woman crowned Miss America. In 1990, Debbye Turner became the second black woman to win the title. Others who have been crowned include Ericka Dunlap (2004), Erika Harold (2003) and Kimberly Clarice Aiken (1994). Sunday, January 31, 2010 was proclaimed American Beach Day by the Nassau County Board at a ceremony held at Franklintown United Methodist Church on Lewis Street on American Beach. Festivities includ- ed a panel discussion by beach historians and residents (shown above) George Green, Annette Myers, Camilla Thompson and Marsha Dean Phelts. Judge Henry Adams moderated the discussion. American Beach, a well known established African-American community, celebrates 75 years this year. It was founded by the Afro American Life Insurance Company in 1935. T Austin photo Woodlawn Celebrates 140th Anniversary With a Step Back in Time Dr. Conrad Murray, who practices in Houston, instead of taking the case before a grand jury, which is done in private. The complaint would be the prelude to a public hearing in which a judge would weigh testimony from witnesses to decide if there is proba- ble cause to try him on an involuntary manslaughter charge. Jackson died June 25 from an anesthetic overdose. Murray maintains nothing he gave Jackson should have killed him. Murray arrived in Los Angeles last weekend in anticipation of a charg- ing decision from the district attorney's office. Jackson, 50, hired Murray to be his personal physician as he prepared for a strenuous series of comeback performances in London. He died in Los Angeles after Murray administered the powerful general anesthetic propofol and two other sedatives to get the chronic insomniac to sleep, according to the Los Angeles County coroner's office, which ruled the death a homicide. Murray has denied any criminal wrongdoing. Woodlawn Presbyterian Church kicked off their 140th Anniversary last weekend with a luncheon honoring their past. Organized by Ms. Letha Isles, the celebration was highlighted by the period wear of church members and honoring longstanding members. Shown above dressed in the attire of the 1800's are Woodlawn participating memebrs: Front Row: Hannah and Dionne Cooke, Frank Morene HI, Muriel Exson, Letha M. Iles, Barbara H. Walker, Nancy S. Watts, Ardelia McClain, Second Row: Pauline E. Davis, Joyce Lawson, Mary P. Crumley, Reva M. Oliver, Gail W. Holley, Mary L. Brown, Rev. and Mrs. J.W. Rigsby, Carolyn Newton, Harriett M. Hallback, Carolyn Alexander, Betty Burgess, Esther Barton and Jennie M. Sharpton. For more see page 5. Winston Northern Photo --g------ ~ ----~I~Sg- -d II February 4-10, 2010 Page 2 Ms. Perry's Free Press Does race play a role in the way we tip? When from opinions and data collected from restaurant servers. that a third of whites within the study did not know the standard amount accepted for gratuities. Lynne who has continued to update his research findings, believes that there is no single answer as to why blacks might tend to tip less. At the same time Lynne also believes that the data can point to potential difficul- she counted on her signa- ture garlic blue crab dish and a lit- tle Southern charm as a way to sat- isfy her customers. Although her restaurant is relatively young and most likely prone to new start-up headaches, one of the things that McGinnis never expected was the way that some of her African- American customers failed to leave behind a tip or gratuity. Almost right away McGinnis noticed the difference between the tips she received from her African- According to McGinnis this past week an Black NFL player patron- ized the cafe and left without tip- ping. "He pulled out not a small amount of money, but a wad...I just had to experience [this] firsthand," says McGinnis who runs Bushels Seafood Caf6, a mom and pop style establishment with her husband and one additional worker. "I never paid attention before but I've noticed [here] that our white cus- tomers tip more than our black cus- tomers who come through." McGinnis says that her food item prices range from $8 $25 dollars for a meal. While some restaurants go as far as calculating or even including the gratuity as part of the bill, at the caf6 McGinnis says that she prints a straight bill or receipt for the food and service she deliv- ers. "It's up to them whether they tip," McGinnis adds. Dr. William Michael Lynne, a professor at Cornell University's School of Hotel Administration has been examining the relationship between gratuities and race since the late-80s but due to what he saw as a politically sensitive topic, Dr. Fullwood Files Students are not learning about Civics, Social Studies, Science and Art because the stakes are so high that it becomes imperative that they focus on "the test." That is not what our educational system should be about. We should be concentrating on balanced curriculums that intro- duce children to all aspects of educa- tion not just a standardized test. If standardize test prove anything, they prove that there is still tremen- dous inequality in our public school system. So what happens as a result of these lower test scores? Researchers consistently find that adding test scores to the admissions equation results in fewer women and minorities being accepted than if their academic records alone were considered. And do not be mistaken I am not totally opposed to NCLB and stan- dardized testing, but the emphasis has to be changed. Unlike the last administration, at least Obama is willing to bring everyone to the table to improve public education, Signing off from Central Riverside Elementary School, I If you're dining at a sit-down restaurant and you'ree %aited on b\ a server for all of your meal, a tip of fifteen to twenty percent is called for. If you feel the service was truly exemplary, you can, of course, tip more. Unless your service was below standard, it's not good eti- quette to tip less than fifteen per- cent. If you're dining at a restaurant that offers only partial service, for instance a buffet, the gratuity should be less, about five to ten percent depending on the quality, and amount, of service received. For take-out orders you'll want to tip the delivery person fifteen per- cent of the order. For a catered affair where the food must be presented as well as delivered, tipping upwards of twenty percent is the norm. Deliveries that have nothing to do with food require a tip as well. For a food delivery, one to five dollars is Lynne only recently began to dis- cuss some of the implications attached to the subject. "It's a dirty secret in the industry that there is a wide spread perception that blacks don't tip well," says Lynne. Because of this perception, Lynne , believes that African-Americans might often receive inferior serv- ice. Lynne who has conducted surveys in targeted areas of he U.S. believes that at least some of the evidence from hisresearch supports the neg- ative perception of blacks and tip- ping. According to Lynne, one study from the paper concluded that among whites, blacks, Hispanics and Asians, blacks gave or claimed to give the lowest average tip. In another survey from the same report blacks were more than twice as likely as whites to leave a flat dollar amount instead of a gratuity reflecting a percentage of the bill. Part of Lynne's research also came a A acceptable depending on the number and size of items ordered. For very large deliveries, you might want to be more generous. For furniture, three to five dol- lars per piece of furniture is acceptable; however, you should take into consideration the type of furniture and how much lifting and maneuvering was required to get it to its final destination. Your hair stylist should receive a tip of fifteen to twenty percent of the final bill if you received the basic cut and style. Additional services require additional gratuities. The person who washes your hair should receive a dollar or two. If you had a manicure, your nail technician should receive one to three dollars. Different hotel workers also where from one to ten dollars per that even if blacks and whites have similar socioeconomic back- grounds the difference in tipping etiquette might have to do with the actual amount of disposable income within a black household. "Class-wise, it may appear as if [certain] blacks should be dining out but I think that blacks carry more debt and less wealth...what we know about black wealth is that it's different, few black people have wealth," says Williams. Williams who dines out approxi- mately at least once a week says that she has noticed a difference in service when dining out with blacks versus eating with mixed groups at restaurants. "I never receive poor service when [dining] out with whites [or] Asians and it never happens if there is a white male in the group," adds Williams. "I've heard of the stereotypes and I believe that some blacks are over tipping in order to not be identified as that sort of patron since we tend to internalize oppression and preju- night. If you're in a large room in an expensive hotel, a high-end tip is expected. You should also give gen- erously if you're not very neat, or if you constantly have to contact housekeeping. The bellhop should receive one to three dollars per piece when carrying bags to your room, and it's proper to tip the room serv- ice delivery person ten to fifteen percent. If you receive valet parking, one or two dollars is fine. Taxi Drivers require a ten to fif- teen percent tip and limousine driv- ers should receive about twenty per- cent. receive ten to twenty percent. Tips or donations for wedding clergy person usually amount to $50-75. If your house of worship brings in an organist, that person should receive fifty dollars as well. South African president's extra JOHANNESBURG South Africa's governing party says a report that the president fathered a child out of wedlock is making "a moun- tain out of nothing." 4' Johannesburg's Sunday Times friends of the woman's family, reported that President Jacob Zuma had a daughter in October.' 'r The paper said the child's moth- V er is not one of Zuma's three wives nor a fourth woman to whom he is engaged. Jacob Zuma Zuma, an unabashed polygamist, has not commented on the Times story. Monday's statement from the governing African National Congress party neither confirmed nor denied Zuma is the child's father. Zuma's party swept parliamentary elections last year, ensuring him the presidency, even though he had acknowledged a previous affair. Veterans Employment and Education Expo set for Feb. 11th dice." For McGinnis in Atlanta, part of the differences in the way her cus- tomers tip might actually come from home. "My mother never taught me as a child about tipping and we went out to eat all the time, says McGinnis. "We as parents need to educate our children and tell them 'why do we tip?'...it has to start with educating our kids." Anna Brathwaite, a New York based musician and educator, imag- ines that black restaurant patrons and waitstaff with black clientele should probably assume the best of each other as opposed to relying on stereotypes. "I think you should behave the way you think you should behave," says Brathwaite. "Your tipping them or not tipping them is not going to change their opinion of you, ultimately if they already have such a pre-judgment. If you think that their service was good then you should tip well, if not then you don't have to ...I don't think you should let another per- son's ignorance spoil your ability to go out and enjoy a [meal]." educational institutions, fran- receive your free annual report from each of the three major credit reporting bureaus. It's the law! During Black History Month and throughout the year, Winn-Dixie salutes all those great Americans who fought and still fight for the dream of liberty and equality for all. There will be a a free employ- ment, education, and entrepre- job seekers who have military backgrounds in Jacksonville on Thursday, February 11. The event will take place from 11 a.m. until 3 p.m. at Jacksonville Municipal Stadium, home of the will be open to veterans who already have civilian work expe- rience, men and women who are transitioning from active duty to civilian life, members of the National Guard and reserve Naming job creation as his priori- ty for 2010, President Barack Obama pitched his $30 billion loan program proposal this week o help small businesses grow their compa- nies through increased hiring. Obama said he hopes to take money repaid by Wall Street banks as part of the $700 billion bank bailout known as TARP to create the Small Business Lending Fund, which would provide capitol to com- munity banks to spur economic growth on Main Street. Obama noted that small businesses have created roughly 65 percent of all new jobs over the past 15 years. The new loan program could, by loosening credit, help to create thou- sands of jobs, the president said. To encourage hiring, the president supports a tax credit that will encourage companies to hire work- ers, to pay competitive wages, and to expand facilities such as manufac- turing plants. He also supports cut- ting the capital gains tax on small business investment. The announcement came one day after announcing a $3.8 trillion fiscal blueprint for 2011. The budget calls for an additional $100 billion in spending to bring down unemploy- ment and boost the economy. Shown above are the leadership of the recent Women Ministry Breakfast: (L-R) Rev. Roz Carter, Elder Beverly Clark, Rev. Darleatha LaSane, Rev. Zella Richardson, Sandra McGlockton, Tresonda Thompson and Carolyn Madison. R. Silver photo Bethel Women's Ministry Breakfast invokes the power of prayer The Women's Ministry of Bethel Baptist Instittional Church held their annual Prayer Breakfast and inspired ladies throughout the First Coast with a spirit filled morning. The speaker for the event was Rev. Zella Richardson who spoke on the power of prayer and referenced Luke 11. Rev. Richardson imparted to the audience that one can actually void their prayers with some of the words spoken out of their mouths. Mr. & Mrs. JB Richardson celebrate 53 years of marriage Mr. & Mrs. JB Richardson celebrated their Fifty-Three years of marriage with family members and close friends at Alhambra Dinner Theatre. After Dinner the party enjoyed the play entitled "High School Musical". The couple was married February 1, 1957 in Jacksonville, Florida. She is the former Barbara Baldwin. Mrs. Richardson retired from teaching after twenty-Two years of dedicated service with the Duval County School board. Her devoted mate retired from Jacksonville Transport Management after Seventeen years of services. The Richardson Attend Greater St. Matthew Missionary Baptist Church. They are the proud Godparents of two Goddaughters and three Godsons. A need for Black History Continued from front the most successful and despairing Furthermore, the only statistic immigrant of all time for nothing. It exceeding a Black woman being seems as if we have taken advan- killed by her spouse is that of a tage of the very best and worst Black man being killed by his. opportunities available to us and During the days of segregation we everyone ran in different directions. depended on each other for every- As the front page story indicates - thing from services and entertain- there WERE more Black males in ment to healthcare and information, college thirty years ago than today. Not so today. Black businesses As an educated reader, we implore struggle to survive and a recent you to take advantage of the oppor- study showed Black patients ran- tunities this month to learn and domly thought white doctors had reenergize your thoughts and self more sense. And that is just the tip during this month of cultural indul- of the iceberg of how far we as a gence. people have descended as a people. We at the Free Press will do our Yes we need a Black History best to make sure you are aware of Month. the opportunities (many of them Matter of fact, we need a Black free) available to you in hopes that History Brainwashing. Black peo- the the reminders of sacrifice, bril- ple haven't endured 300 years of liance and struggle will remind us slavery and Jim Crow to become hat we've come too far to turn back the most parallel paradox of being now. Take more control of your money and earn $150: Now when you switch to SunTrust and enroll in Online Banking with Bill Pay, you'll not only be able to more easily manage your money, you can also earn up to $150. Paying bills online with SunTrust is free, lets you track up to 18 months of past activity and allows you to pay all your bills from a single Web site. Find out more at suntrust.com/solid. SUNTRUST Live Solid. Bank Solid. 'Offer ends on April 30, 2010. 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Matthews just couldn't stop thinking about race when Obama spoke. Can't be too hard on him, though, for his foot-in-the mouth blurt. Matthews, as Reid, simply mut- tered an uncomfortable but tor- menting reality for Obama; and that's that Obama's presidency, elo- quence, political acumen, and still sky high personal likeability has not buried thoughts about Obama and race in the skulls of many. The racial pillorying of the presi- dent has been ruthless and relent- less. There are countless active anti-Obama websites filled with attacks. The sites have received millions of hits and posts-almost all unflattering. The digs have worked. Polls show that a majority of Republicans and a significant per- cent of other respondents still think there's something to the charge that Obama is an illegal alien. On the eve of Obama's State of the Union Address, and fully one year after his election, a California Field Poll found that, fully one-third of Californians nation's most popu- lous state are not satisfied that Obama was U.S.-bom. More than ten percent have convinced them- selves that he's a Constitution-vio- lating foreigner and nearly one- quarter aren't sure. The silly talk about a post-racial America after Obama's presidential win was not merely exercises in self-delusion, honest wish and media chatter. Race, Obama or no, is and continues to be America's oldest, deepest and touchiest issue. Politicians know it. And they can subtly work the race card to inflame passions, deepen divisions, and bag votes. Or they can ignore it and hope that it goes away, at least until the votes are counted. With presidential candidates, and as we've seen with Obama in the White House, race has been a taboo subject for presidents and their challengers on the campaign trail for the past two decades. No presi- dent or presidential challenger, especially a Democrat, can risk being tarred as pandering to minorities for the mere mention of racial problems. The double standard on race is troublesome to Obama. He backpedalled fast from his first, and impulsive, quip that the white Cambridge officer who man han- dled and cuffed Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates was out of line. The reaction to Obama's Gate's defense was savage and the back- lash momentarily sent his poll numbers down. When the rattled Obama in December with the threat of voting against one of his financial reform measures if he didn't do more to help black busi- nesses and the black unemployed, Obama was unfazed. He told an interviewer that he would not do anything special to help blacks. He had too. He has one eye always nervously fixed on public opinion. The Gates flap reminded him again in no uncertain terms that race is a deadly minefield that can blow up at any time and the explosion can fatally harm him, his image, and his presidency. But polls, white voter wariness over race and Obama's nervous eye on them can't magically make racial issues disappear. In each of its annual State of Black America reports the past decade the National Urban League found rampant dis- crimination and gaping economic whites in every area of American life. In the past decade, the income, and education performance gaps between blacks and Latinos and whites have only marginally by urban riots following the beating of black motorist Rodney King. Clinton's administration was sad- dled with conflicts over affirmative action, police violence and racial profiling. W. Bush's administration was confronted by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, voting rights, repara- tions, and affirmative action bat- tles, gang violence, and failing inner city public schools. The pile of racial or race leaden problems that always lurk just under the surface haven't and won't go kapoof and vanish. Matthews's "almost forgot" crack about Obama's blackness was just one more reminder from a windy, and obnoxious, talking head of that. Earl Ofari Hutchinson is an author and political analyst. His new book is, How Obama Governed: The Year of Crisis and Challenge (Middle Passage The National Football League's showcase event will draw an audience numbering in the millions and money in the billions for the NFL and team owners. While African American fans root, bet and grouse about the game and competing teams, we'd be remiss not to ask the NFL, and its member teams, "Are NFL hiring and retention practices acts of equal and equitable opportunities?" The bloom is off the rose in the "hunt" for Black coaches. Indianapolis Colts coach Jim Caldwell is the fourth African-American to stalk the side- lines in a Super Bowl. But, even with that progress does the league still fall short in on-field and front-office practices? Despite what you see on the field seven times out of 10 it is an African American player the NFL is a good "old boy network" of rich White men. The NFL exemplifies the dif- ference between the nouveau riche and real wealth. It is run by men who regularly write checks in the millions. The National Football League is big business The 32 teams have millions of fans that generate billions of dol- lars for the NFL from merchandise, TV contracts, advertising and ticket sales. Billions of dollars are generated in the teams' participation in an annual 17-week competition and culminating in the final annual competition between the National and American America's biggest entertainment event. On the field, a few stars like Colts quarterback Payton Manning makes $14 million a year and play multiple seasons; but the average NFL player plays 3 years, makes $770,000 a year, and a career average of $2.3 million. Playing in the NFL has made many rich, but Conferences: the Super Bowl, Playing in the NFL has made many rich, but all the money he made. within five years after retiring most have lost all the money he made. Upstairs, in NFL owners' boxes are billionaire owners such as: Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, Seattle Seahawks net worth of $16.8 billion. Others include Malcolm Glazer, Tampa Bay Bucs, $2.5 billion; Wayne Huizenga, Miami Dolphins, $2.5 billion; Cleveland Browns, Randolph Lerner, $1.6 billion; Robert McNair, Houston Texans, $1.5 billion; Arthur Blank, Atlanta Falcons, $1.5 billion; Dallas Cowboys' owner, Jerry Jones, $1.3 billion; Robert Kraft, New England Patriots, $1.4 billion; Baltimore Ravens owner Steve Bisciotti, $1.3 billion; and Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder has a net worth of $1 billion. In 2002, attorneys Cyrus Mehri and the late Johnnie Cochran accused NFL of denying Black coaches a fair chance to compete for head coaching jobs. That led to establishment of the "Rooney Rule," which requires that each team interview at least one minority candidate prior to filling a head coach position. Two NFL owners recently ran a rook on the Rooney Rule. The Redskins recently hired Mike Shanahan as their new head coach and give him a 5- year, $35 million contract. The Redskins also interviewed their secondary coach, Jerry Gray, an African American, for the job. The Seahawks tapped famed USC coach Pete Carroll for five years for $35 million. But, Seahawks management first flew to Minneapolis to interview Vikings defensive coor- dinator Leslie Frazier, an African American, for the job. During the 2009 season, seven of the league's 32 head coaches Mike Tomlin at Pittsburgh, Marvin Lewis at Cincinnati, Mike Singletary in San Francisco, Perry Fewell at Buffalo, Lovie Smith at Chicago, Raheem Morris at Tampa Bay and Jim Caldwell were African American. But, it is difficult to square the Rooney Rule with reality. Leslie Frazier reportedly a "can- didate" for seven NFL head coaching jobs over past years, is simply being interviewed multiple times just to comply with the rule. The Redskins were in such a lather over how to comply with the rule that team officials inter- viewed Gray even before former head coach Jim Zorn was fired ostensibly to clear the path for Shanahan. Bottom line is that neither Frazier nor Gray had a chance of head coach- ing jobs at Seattle or Washington. Snyder and Allen are at the top of their game; so if Shanahan and Carroll make them more money and build their legacies as NFL owners, ain't that just "the boyz doin' business as usual. 6t BUTORS: Lynn Jones, Charles Griggs, Camilla Thompson, Reginald d, E.O.Huthcinson, William Reed, Andre X, Brenda Burwell, Dyrinda arsha Oliver, Marretta Latimer, Phyllis Mack, Carlottra Guyton, Brenda Rhonda Silver, Vickie Brown, Rahman Johnson, Headshots DISCLAIMER The United State provides oppor- tunities for free expression of ideas. The Jacksonville Free Press has its view, but others may differ. Therefore, the Free Press ownership reserves the right to publish views and opinions by syndicated and local columnist, professional writers and other writers' which are solely their own. Those views do not neces- sarily reflect the policies and posi- tions of the staff and management of the Jacksonville Free Press. Readers, are encouraged to write letters to the editor commenting on current events as well as what they wouldlike to see included in the paper. All letters must be type writ- ten and signed and include a tele- phone number and address. Please address letters to the Editor, c/o JFP, P.O. Box 43580 Jacksonville, FL 32203. (No CALLS PLEASE) Yes, I'd like to bers were dressed in the attire of the 1800's as a tribute and flashback to 1870 when the Church received its first charter. The month of February will pro- vide other celebratory activities including a Black History oratorical contest; laying of a wreath on the founder's graves on Old City Cemetery, Woodlawn's Got Talent - a showcase of talent of all age groups; the musical caring caravan which will visit nursing homes in the area: the anniversary luncheon at the Wyndham Hotel and conclud- ed with a special worship services on Sunday February 28, 2010. The Community is invited to share in these activities. For infor- mation you may contact the church at 768-5905 or 768-1777. Page 6 Ms Pery' Fre Pres Februar 4-1,20 ^ L -^SWrv^i %S V ^y" yj ^^ ^^.A.A^^SS. Free Gospel Concert Gospel superstars headline Gospel Praise and Come join Bishop A.C. Richardson and the NLEC family in the first free gospel concert of the year. You heard right FREE! Grammy nominated Troy Sneed with special guests Elisha Parris & Heart's Desire, Vickie Farrie, and Radar also featuring Saving Grace Dance Ministry, and Prophetic Expression will perform on Saturdday February 6th starting at 6 p.m. The concert will be held at the New Life Evangelistic Center located at 8040 Lone Star Road. For More information e-mail [email protected]. Grand Lodge Black History Program The Most Worshipful Union Grand Lodge of Jacksonville invites the community to their 3rd annual Black History program. It will be held February 20th at 3:00p.m. Special guests include E.J. Cameron and Delores Duff. Ms.Cameron has an OES Chapter names after her, has been a part of the Order for approximately 40+ years and is a past Worthy Matron and District Deputy. Delores Duff has been a member of the Order for over 40+ years and has held several appointed imperial positions in the order. Mary Hall Daniels is also one of the honorees. As one of the original sur- vivors of Rosewood, she will be present to share some of her history moments. Also honored will be Herman Randolph. He is one of the first original black members of the Black Paratrooper Unit called, "Triple Nickels" of WWII. This great service will be held at Greater Israel United Missionary Baptist Church located at 6901 N. Main Street. For more infor- mation call 904-759-2838. of North Side will celebrate the 34th Anniversary of our Pastor Dr. Landon L. Williams Sr., We invite you to celebrate with us. The com- munity is invited to participate in one of the many celebration Anniversary services that will be held at the church. Guest speakers are as follows: Sunday February 14th, Bishop Virgil Jones Pastor of Philippian Community Church, Mt. and Pastor Dr. Robert Herring in addition to Mt. Vernon Baptist Church and Pastor Rev Kelly Brown. On Sunday February 21st, the spoken word will be delivered by Dr. John Guns Pastor of St. Paul Missionary Church joined by First Missionary Baptist Church Marvin McQueen, at 4:00 p.m. . For more information please call the Church at 764-9257. Church will host the 2010 Gospel Heritage Praise & Worship Conference at the church February 18-19, 2010. The 2-day worship encounter is being themed an event "that will bless your life and revolu- tionize your personal and public ministry." In addition to world class music, classes, seminars and general sessions are specially designed to provide information, inspiration and education to all facets of church life. The event will kick off on Thursday, February 18th featuring The 4th Annual Stanton Gala for alumni, faculty and staff of Old Stanton, New Stanton and Stanton Vocational High School will be held May 1, 2010 at the Prime Osborn convention center. This year's event will spotlight for- mer Stanton Bands and honor, posthumously, Band Director Mr. Kernaa McFarlin. For more information about this year's Gala and to view previous Galas, visit www.stantonhighschool.org or call Gala Chairman Kenneth Reddick at 904-764-8795. Tickets will be available at our next meeting February 8th at 6:00p.m. at Bethel Baptist Institutional Church. Kirk Franklin host pastor, Dr. Rudloph McKissick, Jr.at 9 a.m. and will conclude with Bishop Noel Jones at 7p.m.Min. and Gospel superstar Kirk Franklin will headline Friday, February 19th at 9 a.m.Friday evening will conclude with an "Unforgettable Evening of Gospel Greats" at 7 p.m. Grammy winning attendees include, Kirk Franklin and Bishop Hezekiah Walker. Other artist that will be a part of the Gala Concert on Friday, include Bishop Paul Pastor DeWayne Harvey and a spe- cial tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s daughter, Elder Bernice King among others. In addition, the first fifteen min- utes of the program will be a special prayer for the victims of Haiti. This effort will be met with song, "Are You Listening" the Artists United For Haiti's landmark song with also a visual presentation of the music video. "Our goal is to preserve the Special Valentine Dinner Concert Come celebrate with us "A Song Within My Heart" Valentine Dinner Concert featuring Sharon Coon, Ray Mezo, and Robert Moore. This year's Semi-Formal red carpet event is Saturday, February 13, 2010, 6:30 pm, Omni Jacksonville Hotel. A special love tribute to singles will be presented and a sentimental vows renewal ceremony of couples. For reservations, call Dr. Cheresa Hamilton at 904 514-8125. Minister Byron Cage Gospel heritage and perpetuate the Gospel legacy, which is to help each other in times of need", says Dr. Teresa Hairston. In 1996, Hairston founded the Gospel Heritage Foundation and says, "The 2010 Gospel Heritage Praise & Worship Conference is probably the largest international Gospel celebration during Black History month and we are happy to have our conference in the city of Jacksonville in Florida. For a full conference schedule or more information, vist Seeking the lost for Christ Matthew 28:19 20 .E...- S:00 A.M. Early Morning Worship 9:30 am. Sunday School School of Ministry Tuesday at 7:00 p.m. Thursday High Praise Worship 7:00 p.m. 2061 Edgewood Avenue West, Jacksonville, Florida 32208 (904) 765-5683 Email:[email protected] Worship Conference 2010 hosted by BBIC 1 I o. I NOTICE: Church news is pub- lished free of charge. Information must be received in the Free Press offices no later than Monday, at 5 p.m. of the week you want it to run. Information received prior to the event date will be printed on a space available Basis until the date. Fax e-mail to 765-3803 or e- mail to [email protected]. Tuesday Evening 7 p.m. Prayer Service Wednesday Bible Study 6:30 7 p.m. Mid-Week Worship 7 p.m. Radio Weekly Broadcast WCGL 1360 AM Sunday 2 PM 3 PM *FREE TUTORING FOR YOUTH IN ENGLISH, SCIENCE, HISTORY AND MATH EVERY TUESDAY 6:30 8 P.M. 5863 Moncrief Rd. Jacksonville, FL 32209 (904) 768-8800 FAX 764-3800 Join Us for One of Our Services SUNDAY Ms. Perry's Free Press Page 9 The Greensboro Four, 50 Years Later Remembering the four young men who challenged segregation and launched a movement. The image of the Greensboro Four is frozen in American history, four young men sitting quietly at the lunch counter at the F.W. Woolworth in downtown Greensboro, N.C., on Feb. 1, 1960--politely asking to be served and being refused because they are black. There had been sit-ins before, but the headlines generated by the simple act of Franklin McCain and three friends at North Carolina A&T State University inspired others and launched a movement. However, Franklin McCain is not one for nostalgia. The 68-year-old lives very much in the present. And even as the new International Civil Rights Center & Museum prepares for its opening, exactly 50 years after this historic act, in the shell of that long-closed Greensboro more about what's next for him and the country. The museum is supposed to be "a place for people to exchange ideas about this society of ours and democracy or the lack of," he told me in his Charlotte, N.C., home. It's a place for "kids to talk about the heritage of black folks." "I am always reminded that in any upheaval or in any march for change you really need just a few people, sometimes only one. And I am also reminded to give myself a little report card to see what I've done lately," he said. "I'm forced to give myself a grade, comparing what I have done to what I should have, could have done." He said he is not always ecstatic about the grade, not depressed either. "It's sort of a challenge." He intends to be a part of the museum's opening celebration, parts of which he will especially cherish. There's the luncheon to honor "unsung and Ezell Blair Jr. University stuck had a lot in com- at a segregate mon from the start. They were all science majors, took several classes together and lived 15 feet apart. "We were brought up with the same set of val- ues and outlooks, the same kinds of lessons from our parents and grand- parents," McCain said. The sit-in happened "because of a dare." "We were totally exhausted," he said, spending time-as college stu- dents always have-discussing people we loved and admired." They gave their parents a hard time "because of what we thought they had not done." The young men couldn't understand how they could live with segregation. "To us, that didn't make sense. Why not do something about it?" Then they realized they were judging the wrong people. "Our parents didn't do so badly; after all, look at us. All these months we had been talking and giving our parents hell," he remembered. And with all the opportunity in the world, "I haven't done one thing." To walk away would be irresponsible. the store was "on every corner," and because while anyone could get service at any counter in New York and Philadelphia, it was a different story in Richmond, Va., or Greensboro. They made purchases, so that when they were turned away at the lunch counter, they could show receipts to prove they had already been served in the store. "We were going to be nonvio- lent," McCain said, even when peo- ple "said nasty things or spat on us or whacked us across the head. They were going to be courteous, have exemplary decorum and look nice, as everyone who has seen the photos of the young men surround- ed by chaos knows. McCain knew that things would never be the same: "If I were lucky, I would go to jail for a long, long time. If I were not quite so lucky, I would come back to my campus but in a pine box." "I was too angry to be afraid." label as one of the Greensboro Four. take care of his parents, he worked as a janitor f rf the G reensboron Health Care Center. He died in December 1990, at 49, and was awarded a posthumous hon- orary doctorate degree from A&T. "David had some difficulties at the end of his life," said McCain. "I always felt that David was some- what afraid of true success because in so many instances he would defer to others who were far, far less capable than himself ... He never wanted things to be focused on him, never wanted to stand out." Ezell Blair Jr. was a campus leader, president of the junior class, A&T's NAACP and the Greensboro Congress for Racial Equality. He S1. YES! By taking just minutes to answer 10 simple questions, you can S, arrives in March. Responses are confidential by law and will not be shared ii:.with third parties, including immigration or law enforcement. I2010CENSUS.GOV -'- YES! Bytakingjust 10.minutes to ansr 10 simple questions, you can .. help improve education, public transportation and even healthcare in our ..r. 1, 1960 four African-American North Carolina Agricultural & Technological State lents, Ezell A. Blair Jr., David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain sat d lunch counter in the Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworth's store. was "jovial, the jokester, very gre- garious," said McCain. He moved to New Bedford, Mass., in the mid- 1960s, where he became a member of the New England Islamic Center and took the name Jibreel Khazan. In New Bedford, Khazan has worked with the developmentally Council in Boston and other groups. Joseph McNeil, who McCain said is "more like a brother" than a friend, graduated from A&T with a degree in engineering physics. "He is smart, gifted smart," said McCain, a dean's list student with a full four-year scholarship. "He is very analytical. He is impatient. He's got a great soul as a person." McNeil served in the U.S. Air Force after graduating, attaining the rank of captain. In the Air Force, he initiated diversity programs and has worked for IBM, Bankers Trust in New York and as a stock broker. McNeil, who lives in Hempstead, N.Y., served the Federal Aviation Administration for over 15 years as head of the Flight Standards Division for the Eastern Region in Jamaica, N.Y. He retired from the Air Force Reserves with the rank of major general. His son, Franklin David, McCain's godson, is named for his friends. Black Eyed Peas will be in concert Tuesday, February 9th at the Veterans Memorial Arena. Tickets are currently on sale. For more information call 745-3000. The Soweto Gospel Choir was formed to celebrate the unique and inspirational power of African Gospel music. The 26-strong choir draws on the best talent from around Soweto. They will be in concert on February 10, 2010 at 8 p.m. at the Florida Theatre. For tickets or more info, call 355-2787. Learn how to can foods The City of Jacksonville Canning Center will offer a workshop on Wednesday, February 10th from 9 a.m. to Noon and another from 1 to 4 p.m. Get ready for Valentines Day by learning how to make Sweetheart Jam and take some home for the family to enjoy. The cost is $20.00 per person which includes all materials. Space is lim- ited and you must pre-pay to regis- ter. Send your $20 check made payable to DCOHAC and mail to Canning, 1010 N. McDuff Ave., JLOC Open Meeting The Jacksonville Local Organizing Committee for the Millions More Movement Inc., will have 'Open Meetings' on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Sunday of each month. The time is 6:00 8:00 p.m, at 916 N.Myrtle Avenue. The meetings are open to the public. If you are concerned and want to see improvement in the quality of life and living conditions in your communi- ty, you are invited to attend. For more information call 904-240-9133. Jacksonville, FL 32254. Deadline is February 8. Call Jeannie at 387- 8850 to register. The FAMU JRE Lee Alumni Chapter will have their upcoming meeting on Saturday, February 13th at the Pharmacy Building, 2050 Art Museum Drive, Suite 200. For more information email: jrwa- [email protected] or call 910-7829 will present a forum on "Post- Racial America: Are You Kidding Me?": An Evening With Dr. Andrew Manis. It will be held on Thursday, Feb. 18th at WJCT Public Broadcasting Studios, 100 Festival Park Ave starting at 6 p.m. Reception. To RSVP for the free event call 630-4620 or email [email protected]. Girls Inc. will present their annu- al Father Daughter Dance that will take place on Saturday, February 20th at the Hyatt Hotel. All pro- ceeds will benefit the programs of Girls Inc. For more information, call 731-9933. I look forward to receiving the Free Press each and every week. I've ever given several gift subscriptions and truly feel that it is a viable part of our community. If you care about what's going on in our community and our world, I encourage you to join the Fre Press family! Fort Mose Historic State Park will celebrate the first free black com- munity in the U.S. to commemorate Black History Month on February 27. Re-enactors in period clothing will tell the story of Fort Mose in "Flight to Freedom" a living history event. In addition, the St. Augustine Spanish Garrison will perform Colonial Spanish military drill, give demonstrations of musket and can- non firing. The event will take place from 10 a.m.to 3:00 p.m. at the park located at 15 Fort Mose Trail in St. Augustine, FL. For more informa- tion call 904-823-2232. The Genealogy, Society'. will, be, hosting a full day of seminars on Saturday, February 27, 2010. Family History in Your Cell: Using DNA for Genealogical Research", "Where is the Book with My Family In It", "Social Networking for Genealogical Researchers" and Technology Tools to Help Manage Your Research. It will be held at Crown Point Baptist Church, 10153 Old St. Augustine Road. For addi- tional information call 264-0743. Come out and enjoy an evening of Spoken Word at the Ritz Theater in Thursday, March 4, 2010. The free event will start at 7 p.m. Spoken word night is held on the first Thursday of every month where poets, writers, vocalists and sometimes musicians gather to present and hear some of the area's most powerful and profound lyrical voices in a casual open-mic setting. For more info call 632-5555. Ritz Jazz Jamm On Saturday, March 6, join the Ritz Theatre for the Ritz Jazz Jamm. Admission is $15 at the door and includes 1 drink of your choice. It's an experience of relax- ing music, beverages and a unique atmosphere. Na'im and the Jazz Band welcomes you to bring your instrument or vocals and Jam with the band. Or just bring your "Ears on Jazz"! The first Saturday of every month the Ritz Jazz Band fea- tures a different jazz artist. This month is the music of Grover Washington. Call 632-5555 for The March meeting of the PRIDE 'Book ,Club will be on Friday, March 12, 2010 at 7 p.m. at the homeof Marie Carter. The book for discussion will be ON THE LINE by Daniel Paisner. For directions or more information, call 220-4746. The 13th Annual San Marco Art Festival on San Marco Blvd. will be held March 27th-28th from 10 a.m. 5 p.m. Sibmt Yoar NeVg amn d m" Eymift News deadline is Monday at 6 p.m. by the week you would like your information to be printed. Information can be sent via email, fax, brought into our office or mailed in. Please be sure to include the 5W's - who, what, when, where, why and you must include a contact number. Email [email protected] Fax (904) 765-3803 Mail: Coming Events Jacksonville Free Press 903 W. Edgewood Ave. Jacksonville, FL 32208 Commemorate your special event with professional affordable photos by the Picture Lady! - -- You never know what who you may miss in the Free Press SUBSCRIBE TODAY FOR only $36.00- February 4-10, 2010 Page 10 Ms. Perry's Free Press Page~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11-M.PrysFe rs eray41.21 Are the Oscars finally colorblind? Gabourey Sidibe, left, Mo'Nique are seen on stage at the 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards on Saturday, Jan. 23, 2010, in Los Angeles. Mo'Nique, Lee Daniels (the stars and director of Precious, respec- tively) and the legendary Morgan Freeman (who embodied Nelson Invictus) were all recognized for their acclaimed work in film with Academy Award nominations. By most accounts this was a better than average showing for African- Americans in the film industry. These significant achievements fol- low a decade of considerable suc- cess for African-Americans on the awards circuit and beg the question: are the Oscars finally colorblind? Ever since their inception, the Academy Awards have had a rocky history when it comes to recogniz- ing African-American performers. most actors and actresses covet "the Oscar" regardless of race. But for blacks it can also be a major acknowledgment of acceptance and status in a still mostly white-domi- nated industry. In 1939, Hattie McDaniel, after enduring the indignity of being barred from her own film's pre- miere, was the first black performer recognized by the academy, win- ning the best supporting actress award for the stereotypical role of 'Mammy' in Gone with the Wind. The next time a black actor was nominated was in 1948 and the next time one actually won a prize was in 1963, when Sidney Poitier became the first black man to win best actor for Lilies in the Field. In the decades that followed African-Americans were rarely nominated and hardly ever won. The exclusion of blacks became so consistent that black Hollywood secret "black Oscars" on the eve of the actual ceremony in the early 1970s. Over the years, performers like Will Smith, James Earl Jones, Whitney Houston and Samuel L. Jackson would get together with their peers in the industry and honor their own. By 1996, the paucity of African- American talent honored at the Academy Awards was so egregious that it inspired a highly publicized protest featuring the Reverend Jesse American community? Jackson. That year out of 166 nom- "[The Academy Awards] are seen inees only one was a person of internationally and there is a recog- color. In an open letter addressed to nized bump in terms of financial the entertainment industry, Jackson gain for projects that win or are lamented: "Behind the glamour and nominated," said Bulluck. "In the glitz, behind the fantasy of inclu- business sense getting recognition sion and opportunity so carefully is important and in the cultural nurtured by the film industry, there sense getting recognized is his- is the reality that there is only one toric." In other words, if more films African American nominee this made by and starring African- year and zero Latino, Asian Pacific, Americans are both critical and or Native Americans. What does commercially viable, more oppor- this fact say about the marginal role tunities will be there for people of people of color play in films?" color in the future. To many, 2002 was a turning Still, even with the pride and point. That year Denzel Washington prestige that comes along with win- became the first black man to win ning a high-profile award it is still best actor since Poitier in 1963. challenging for Blacks to get the That same night Halle Berry made kind of roles that receive critical history by becoming the first, and kudos. Bulluck believes the black so far only, black woman to win community needs to continue to best actress. The rest of the decade support black nominees with their brought victories for Jamie Foxx, dollars so they can continue inspire Forest Whitaker, Morgan Freeman us with their work. and Jennifer Hudson--with many According to Bulluck, the final more African-Americans recog- vote on this issue is at the box nized with nominations. In total, 11 office. "Gabourey Sidibe is a phe- African-Americans have won nomenal actress, if you look at her Oscars--six of them within the last performance and when you look at decade. Perhaps as a sign of the who she really is--it's incredible. times the plug was pulled on the When she is in her next project-- "black Oscars" in 2007, as they black audiences need to show up." were deemed no longer necessary. Vie Bulluck, the Executive Social N c Director of the NAACP's Hollywood Bureau says that while F "phenomenal actors over the years F acebook ri have been overlooked" the Academy Awards have grown more LOS ANGELES When a gang "inclusive" in recent years. Still, his member was released from jail soon organization's Image Awards have after his arrest for selling metham- done a far better job of recognizing phetamine, friends and associates black talent consistently and early. assumed he had cut a deal with "We recognized Denzel was a star authorities and become a police when he was the third lead on St. informant. Elsewhere," said Bulluck. They sent a warning on Twitter African-Americans undeniably that went like this: We have a snitch broke ground this Oscar season. in our midst. Sidibe is the first black woman to Unbeknownst to them, that tweet be nominated for best actress since and the traffic it generated were Halle Berry won and Daniels is being closely followed by investi- only the second African-American gators, who had been tracking the to be nominated for best director in San Francisco Bay Area gang for the academy's history (the only months. Officials sat back and other black best director nominee watched as others joined the con- was John Singleton in 1991 for versation and left behind incrimi- Boyz N the Hood)., But why-should f.,nating information. . these awards shows mean anything Law enforcement officials say to these performers or the African- gangs are making greater use of A study by the Center for Economic Policy Research (study) has found that when it comes to adopting children in America, there is a noticeable bias in favor of girls and a significant bias The authors suggest that this pref- erence for girls in cases of adop- tive children may be because adoptive parents "fear dysfunc- tional social behavior in adopted children and perceive girls as 'less atwoking Use of Twitter, Twitter and Facebook, where they sometimes post information that helps agents identify gang associ- ates and learn more about their organizations. "You find out about people you never would have known about before," said Dean Johnston with the California Bureau of Narcotics Enforcement, which helps police investigate gangs. "You build this little tree of people." In the case involving the suspect- ed informant, tweets alerted investi- gators to three other gang members who were ultimately arrested on drug charges. been at home in chatrooms-and-on' Web sites'like M)Space. but the) appear to be gravitating toward Twitter and Facebook, where they can make threats, boast about crimes, share intelligence on rivals and network with people across the country. turn the tables, asking contacts across their extended networks for help identifying undercover police It's hard to know exactly how many gang members are turning to Twitter and Facebook. Many police agencies are reluctant to discuss the phenomenon for fear of revealing their investigative techniques. Gang use of Twitter and Facebook still,lags behind use, of the much- I NeM !MySpa .-r gang members' online venue of choice. nf- Tavis Smiley says he is ending his annual State of the Black Union (SOBU) symposiums, which served as an anticipated event for African Americans during the last decade. The host of "Tavis Smiley" on PBS said ending production of SOBU will allow him to \ focus attention on his 2010 primetime specials on PBS as well as grow other divisions of his multimedia company, including the SmileyBooks imprint, his weekly public radio show, his non-profit youth foundation and the award-win- ning traveling museum exhibition America I AM: The African American Imprint. Past SOBUs are now available on DVD. "The State of the Black Union: 10-Year Conversation Box Set Collection" includes all 10 symposia on 23 separate discs. Each boxed set is numbered and personally auto- graphed by Smiley. Awareness Day by offering free HIV testing on Thursday, February 4, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the Central Health Plaza, 515 W. 6th St. Information will also be avail- able regarding basic facts about HIV/AIDS, treatment, and com- In Florida, Blacks account for 49% of all cases of people living with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death among black males and black females aged 25 to 44 years. The disparity is attributed to poverty, access to health care, lack of awareness and education, and social stigma. The state Department of Health urges all Floridians to educate them- selves; know their HIV status; sup- port those in their community bat- tling the virus; and talk about HIV/AIDS where they live, work, play, and worship. vances, call 253-1413 or 253-1337, or visit www.blackaidsday.org or Free testing and other events mark Black HIV Awareness Day U a caregiver to help them floss. Flossing is a tough job that takes a lot of practice. Waxed, unwaxed, flavored, or plain floss all do the same thing. The person you care for might like one more than another, or a certain type might be easier. 1. Grip the floss between the thumb and index finger. 2. Start with the lower front teeth, then floss the upper front teeth. Next, work your way around to all the other teeth. Step 3. Visit a Dentist Regularly You should have regular dental appointments. Professional clean- ings are just as important as brush- ing and flossing every day. Regular examinations can identify problems before they cause unnecessary pain. Like everyone else, people with developmental disabilities can have a healthy mouth if these three steps are followed: Go Red for Women has open casting call for heart healthy women Go Red For Women is calling on real women from the First Coast to share their heart health stories. By participating in the 2010 Go Red for Women heart healthy campaign. Six women will become the official "Heart of Go Red" and represent the movement throughout the year, including the opportunity to appear in the advertising campaign. The campaign is looking for survivors, family members, friends or heart health professionals to share their stories. Participants should send a biography including their heart story and their image demonstrating their favorite way to "Go Red" to the local American Heart Association office at 5851 St. Augustine Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32207 or by email to [email protected]. Submissions can also be dropped off at First Coast Jiffy Lube locations. For more details call (904) 256-5642. Submissions will be accepted through February 28, 2010. Three steps to a healthy mouth fPr. Che5ter Aikens S 5 305 La5t Union street in Powniown JacksonviLLe clips and commentary by former dancers and crew members as well as music executives (Clive Davis, Antonio "L.A." Reid) and major performers who appeared on "Soul Train," including Chaka Khan, Snoop Dogg, Aretha Franklin and Sly Stone. At the helm is "Soul Train" creator/producer/host Don The special, produced by VH1 Rock Does and Soul Train Holdings, doubles as entertainment and history lesson. The innovative show's August 17, 1970, debut was bracketed on one side by the civil rights movement and on the other by the emergence of black empow- erment. Cornelius jokes in the documen- tary that the hit's title change was his "one mistake." During a recent phone interview, though, he said his fondest memory is the show's early validation by major R&B talent. "Gladys Knight & the Pips helped us start out, but we didn't know where it would go from there. We were just determined to make this happen, feeling it was the right kind of show for this country at the time," he recalls. "Then one day James Brown walked onto the sound stage. A few months later came the Jackson 5, and then Stevie Wonder. So we're thinking, 'OK, this might work.'" The show later hosted perform- ances by such pop stars as Elton John and David Bowie. Jones redoes "We are the World" to benefit Haiti Actors and singers perform at a recording session of the 1985 song "We Are The World" to raise money for the Haiti earthquake, at Jim Henson Studios in Hollywood February 1, 2010 in this handout photo from WATW Foundation. Celebrities including Celine Dion, Justin Bieber, Usher, Katharine McPhee, will.i.am, Toni Braxton, Barbra Streisand, LL Cool J, Harry Connick Jr., Wyclef Jean and Natalie Cole took part in the recording. More than 75 mega-stars gathered this week to re-record the 1985 charity anthem "We are the World" in the same Hollywood recording studio where the original was cut 25 years ago. Pink, Celine Dion, Natalie Cole, the Jonas Brothers, Kanye West, Tony Bennett, Jennifer Hudson, Akon and other musical luminaries stood shoulder to shoulder on risers at Henson Recording studios, singing their hearts out and hoping to help Haiti. At one point during the session, the musicians broke out into an a cappella version of the pop classic "Lean on Me." Rapper Lil' Wayne was told he would do Bob Dylan's part in the original song. "I said, 'Are you kidding?'" he said. He felt blessed to record the song but admitted, "I don't know how to sing." Asked how the earthquake had affected him, he said he had Haitian friends in Miami who lost relatives in the disaster. "1 think it's amazing what's been done for Haiti, but I think it's amaz- ing what hasn't been done for New Orleans," said the Crescent City native. Quincy Jones, who produced the 1985 anthem, announced last week that he planned to redo the song to benefit recovery from the deadly earthquake in Port-au-Prince. Written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie, the original "We Are the World" thundered up the charts when it was released on the radio and in record stores in March 1985. An unprecedented number of top pop musicians gathered atA&M the night of Jan. 28, 1985, following the American Music Awards, to record the tune. The song featured 45 American superstars, including Tina Turner, Ray Charles, Bruce Springsteen, Diana Ross, Bob None of the original performers returned for the re-record. The 1985 record raised more than $30 million for USA for Africa, a nonprofit organization founded by the singers to fund hunger relief in African nations. Avail able from Commercial News Providers ETTA JAMES HOSPITALIZED Etta James, the pioneer R&B singer por- trayed by Beyonce in the film Cadillac . Records, was hospitalized in Southernf California over the weekend with a serious \ infection, but she should be released soon, ." according to her son. Donto James says his 72-year-old mother, perhaps best known for her recording of the h standard ballad "At Last," has been at Riverside Community Hospital for about a week and is recovering from sepsis caused by a urinary tract infection, The Associated Press reports. Donto says James, who lives in Woodcrest, Calif., entered a treatment program about a month ago to shake a dependency on painkillers and over-the-counter medicine. She was transferred to another facility and then the hospital when her physical condition worsened. ALICIA KEYS REPORTEDLY ENGAGED TO A MARRIED MAN Can you be engaged to a man that's already mar- ried? According to the rumor mill, Alicia Keys is. TP, The music superstar is reportedly wearing an engagement ring given to her by music producer / *Swizz Beatz as the couple vacationed in Hawaii. Problem is, Swizz is still legally married to R&B singer Mashonda. We'll keep watching this one. TV ONE CANCELS 5 P.M. RERUN OF "WASHINGTON WATCH" If you're looking for the 5 p.m. repeat of Sunday's "Washington Watch" political talk show on TV One, expect to see reruns of the "Martin" sit- com instead. The repeat has been moved to the early-morning hours. "Washington Watch has always been intended to be a Sunday morning show, but when it was new in the fall Johnathan wanted to offer an addi- tional afternoon sampling opportunity for the show, which TV One did until the beginning of the year," spokeswoman Lynn McReynolds told Journal-isms, referring to TV One CEO Johnathan Rodgers. T he show, oriented toward African American interests and hosted by Roland Martin, airs at 11 a.m. Eastern time and now repeats at 2 a.m. Eastern and 6 a.m. Eastern the next morning. A spokeswoman for the Nielsen Co.said that "Washington Watch" was carving a small niche at 11 a.m. but that the 5 p.m. rerun barely regis- tered in its ratings. PRECIOUS BASKING IN OSCAR LOVE The recently announced six Oscar nominations for "Precious" has the film's director Lee Daniels feeling pretty precious himself. "I am stoked," the best director nominee told the Hollywood Reporter. "I haven't moved. I'm in bed feeling like a stuffed pig, I'm just so over- whelmed with joy and so full with excitement." Daniels becomes the second black filmmaker to earn a directing Oscar nom after John Singleton broke the racial barrier in 1992 with "Boyz N the Hood." "It doesn't even register," Daniels said. "When it's down to a black per- son, it's always a first of something. Lilk,jiminy Cri t!.4..w., many, firsts are there?" "What it does is it makes me think that it's not just for little black kids hoping to dream, but for all kids hoping to dream because what happens is they all see that anything is possible everything is possible," Daniels said. As reported earlier, "Precious" also received Academy Award nomina- tions for best picture, best actress (Gaborey Sidibe), best supporting actress (Mo'Nique), adapted screenplay (Geoffrey Fletcher) and editing (Joe Klotz). lets you give students at risk of dropping out the boost they need to make it through high school. Because over 30% of students in the U.S. aren't graduating. And they've got a lot momr to tackle than just their schoolwork. ~--------------- Ms. Perry's Free Press Page 13 Pare 14- Ms. Perry's Free Press February 4-10, 2010 oublix.com/ad	i don't know
Hiroshima was the first city to feel the effects of an atomic bomb. What Japanese city was next to be visited on Aug 9, 1945?	Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - World War II - HISTORY.com Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Author Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki URL A+E Networks Introduction On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.” Google The Manhattan Project Even before the outbreak of war in 1939, a group of American scientists–many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe–became concerned with nuclear weapons research being conducted in Nazi Germany. In 1940, the U.S. government began funding its own atomic weapons development program, which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S. entry into World War II . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed “The Manhattan Project ” (for the engineering corps’ Manhattan district). Did You Know? After World War II, most of Hiroshima would be rebuilt, though one destroyed section was set aside as a reminder of the effects of the atomic bomb. Each August 6, thousands of people gather at Peace Memorial Park to join in interfaith religious services commemorating the anniversary of the bombing. Over the next several years, the program’s scientists worked on producing the key materials for nuclear fission–uranium-235 and plutonium (Pu-239). They sent them to Los Alamos, New Mexico , where a team led by J. Robert Oppenheimer worked to turn these materials into a workable atomic bomb. Early on the morning of July 16, 1945, the Manhattan Project held its first successful test of an atomic device–a plutonium bomb–at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico. No Surrender for the Japanese By the time of the Trinity test, the Allied powers had already defeated Germany in Europe. Japan, however, vowed to fight to the bitter end in the Pacific, despite clear indications (as early as 1944) that they had little chance of winning. In fact, between mid-April 1945 (when President Harry Truman took office) and mid-July, Japanese forces inflicted Allied casualties totaling nearly half those suffered in three full years of war in the Pacific, proving that Japan had become even more deadly when faced with defeat. In late July, Japan’s militarist government rejected the Allied demand for surrender put forth in the Potsdam Declaration, which threatened the Japanese with “prompt and utter destruction” if they refused. General Douglas MacArthur and other top military commanders favored continuing the conventional bombing of Japan already in effect and following up with a massive invasion, codenamed “Operation Downfall.” They advised Truman that such an invasion would result in U.S. casualties of up to 1 million. In order to avoid such a high casualty rate, Truman decided–over the moral reservations of Secretary of War Henry Stimson, General Dwight Eisenhower and a number of the Manhattan Project scientists–to use the atomic bomb in the hopes of bringing the war to a quick end. Proponents of the A-bomb–such as James Byrnes, Truman’s secretary of state–believed that its devastating power would not only end the war, but also put the U.S. in a dominant position to determine the course of the postwar world. “Little Boy” and “Fat Man” Hiroshima, a manufacturing center of some 350,000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo, was selected as the first target. After arriving at the U.S. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was loaded aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay (after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets). The plane dropped the bomb–known as “Little Boy”–by parachute at 8:15 in the morning, and it exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city. Hiroshima’s devastation failed to elicit immediate Japanese surrender, however, and on August 9 Major Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man” was dropped at 11:02 that morning. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 square miles. At noon on August 15, 1945 (Japanese time), Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s surrender in a radio broadcast. The news spread quickly, and “Victory in Japan” or “V-J Day” celebrations broke out across the United States and other Allied nations. The formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2, aboard the U.S. battleship Missouri , anchored in Tokyo Bay. Tags	Nagasaki
If Lady is a pedigree American Cocker Spaniel, what is the name of the mongrel?	The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1940 - 1949 The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki At the time this photo was made, smoke billowed 20,000 feet above Hiroshima while smoke from the burst of the first atomic bomb had spread over 10,000 feet on the target at the base of the rising column. (August 6, 1945). SuperStock/Getty Images By Jennifer Rosenberg Updated February 29, 2016. Attempting to bring an earlier end to World War II , U.S. President Harry Truman made the fateful decision to drop a massive atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. On August 6, 1945, this atomic bomb, known as "Little Boy," flattened the city, killing at least 70,000 people that day and tens of thousands more from radiation poisoning. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation, the United States dropped another atomic bomb.This bomb, nicknamed "Fat Man," was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people immediately and another 20,000 to 40,000 in the months following the explosion. On August 15, 1945, Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced an unconditional surrender, ending World War II. The Enola Gay Heads to Hiroshima At 2:45 a.m. on Monday, August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber took off from Tinian, a North Pacific island in the Marianas, 1,500 miles south of Japan. The 12-man crew ( picture ) were on board to make sure this secret mission went smoothly. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States Colonel Paul Tibbets , the pilot, nicknamed the B-29 the "Enola Gay" after his mother. Just before take-off, the plane's nickname was painted on its side . The Enola Gay was a B-29 Superfortress (aircraft 44-86292), part of the 509th Composite Group. In order to carry such a heavy load as an atomic bomb, the Enola Gay was modified: new propellers, stronger engines, and faster opening bomb bay doors. (Only 15 B-29s underwent this modification.) Even though it had been modified, the plane still had to use the full runway to gain the necessary speed, thus it did not lift off until very near the water's edge.1 The Enola Gay was escorted by two other bombers that carried cameras and a variety of measuring devices. Three other planes had left earlier in order to ascertain the weather conditions over the possible targets. The Atomic Bomb Known as Little Boy Is on Board On a hook in the ceiling of the plane, hung the ten-foot atomic bomb, "Little Boy." Navy Captain William S. Parsons ("Deak"), chief of the Ordnance Division in the " Manhattan Project ," was the Enola Gay's weaponeer. Since Parsons had been instrumental in the development of the bomb, he was now responsible for arming the bomb while in-flight. Approximately 15 minutes into the flight (3:00 a.m.), Parsons began to arm the atomic bomb; it took him 15 minutes. Parsons thought while arming "Little Boy": "I knew the Japs were in for it, but I felt no particular emotion about it."2 "Little Boy" was created using uranium-235, a radioactive isotope of uranium. This uranium-235 atomic bomb, a product of $2 billion of research, had never been tested. Nor had any atomic bomb yet been dropped from a plane. Some scientists and politicians pushed for not warning Japan of the bombing in order to save face in case the bomb malfunctioned. Clear Weather Over Hiroshima There had been four cities chosen as possible targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Nagasaki, and Niigata (Kyoto was the first choice until it was removed from the list by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson ). The cities were chosen because they had been relatively untouched during the war. The Target Committee wanted the first bomb to be "sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it was released."3 On August 6, 1945, the first choice target, Hiroshima, was having clear weather. At 8:15 a.m. (local time), the Enola Gay's door sprang open and dropped "Little Boy." The bomb exploded 1,900 feet above the city and only missed the target, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately 800 feet. The Explosion at Hiroshima Staff Sergeant George Caron, the tail gunner, described what he saw: "The mushroom cloud itself was a spectacular sight, a bubbling mass of purple-gray smoke and you could see it had a red core in it and everything was burning inside. . . . It looked like lava or molasses covering a whole city. . . ."4 The cloud is estimated to have reached a height of 40,000 feet. Captain Robert Lewis, the co-pilot, stated, "Where we had seen a clear city two minutes before, we could no longer see the city. We could see smoke and fires creeping up the sides of the mountains."5 Two-thirds of Hiroshima was destroyed. Within three miles of the explosion, 60,000 of the 90,000 buildings were demolished. Clay roof tiles had melted together. Shadows had imprinted on buildings and other hard surfaces. Metal and stone had melted. Unlike other bombing raids, the goal for this raid had not been a military installation but rather an entire city. The atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima killed civilian women and children in addition to soldiers. Hiroshima's population has been estimated at 350,000; approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years. A survivor described the damage to people: The appearance of people was . . . well, they all had skin blackened by burns. . . . They had no hair because their hair was burned, and at a glance you couldn't tell whether you were looking at them from in front or in back. . . . They held their arms bent [forward] like this . . . and their skin - not only on their hands, but on their faces and bodies too - hung down. . . . If there had been only one or two such people . . . perhaps I would not have had such a strong impression. But wherever I walked I met these people. . . . Many of them died along the road - I can still picture them in my mind -- like walking ghosts.6 The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki While the people of Japan tried to comprehend the devastation in Hiroshima, the United States was preparing a second bombing mission. The second run was not delayed in order to give Japan time to surrender, but was waiting only for a sufficient amount of plutonium-239 for the atomic bomb. On August 9, 1945 only three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, another B-29, Bock's Car ( picture of crew ), left Tinian at 3:49 a.m. The first choice target for this bombing run had been Kokura. Since the haze over Kokura prevented the sighting of the bombing target, Bock's Car continued on to its second target. At 11:02 a.m., the atomic bomb, "Fat Man," was dropped over Nagasaki. The atomic bomb exploded 1,650 feet above the city. Fujie Urata Matsumoto, a survivor, shares one scene: The pumpkin field in front of the house was blown clean. Nothing was left of the whole thick crop, except that in place of the pumpkins there was a woman's head. I looked at the face to see if I knew her. It was a woman of about forty. She must have been from another part of town -- I had never seen her around here. A gold tooth gleamed in the wide-open mouth. A handful of singed hair hung down from the left temple over her cheek, dangling in her mouth. Her eyelids were drawn up, showing black holes where the eyes had been burned out. . . . She had probably looked square into the flash and gotten her eyeballs burned. Approximately 40 percent of Nagasaki was destroyed. Luckily for many civilians living in Nagasaki, though this atomic bomb was considered much stronger than the one exploded over Hiroshima, the terrain of Nagasaki prevented the bomb from doing as much damage. The decimation, however, was still great. With a population of 270,000, approximately 40,000 people died immediately and another 30,000 by the end of the year. I saw the atom bomb. I was four then. I remember the cicadas chirping. The atom bomb was the last thing that happened in the war and no more bad things have happened since then, but I don't have my Mummy any more. So even if it isn't bad any more, I'm not happy. --- Kayano Nagai, survivor8 Notes 1. Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986) 410. 2. William S. Parsons as quoted in Ronald Takaki, Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1995) 43. 3. Kurzman, Day of the Bomb 394. 4. George Caron as quoted in Takaki, Hiroshima 44. 5. Robert Lewis as quoted in Takaki, Hiroshima 43. 6. A survivor quoted in Robert Jay Lifton, Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima (New York: Random House, 1967) 27. 7. Fujie Urata Matsumoto as quoted in Takashi Nagai, We of Nagasaki: The Story of Survivors in an Atomic Wasteland (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964) 42. 8. Kayano Nagai as quoted in Nagai, We of Nagasaki 6. Bibliography Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. Kurzman, Dan. Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986. Liebow, Averill A. Encounter With Disaster: A Medical Diary of Hiroshima, 1945. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1970. Lifton, Robert Jay. Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. New York: Random House, 1967. Nagai, Takashi. We of Nagasaki: The Story of Survivors in an Atomic Wasteland. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964. Takaki, Ronald. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1995.	i don't know
August 16, 1977 saw the passing of what singing legend, found on the floor of his bathroom?	1000+ images about ELVIS (death) on Pinterest \| Sad day, On august and Elvis death Forward "The Colonel stood before the open casket, studded with copper, in which Elvis Presley icon was resting:. Swollen in a white suit - blue shirt, silver tie Unlike friends and confidants of Elvis dressed in black suits paying their last respects, Parker dressed in Hawaiian theme he carried a printed palm tree in silk shirt and a baseball cap." See More	Elvis Presley
What is the name of the seismic fault line that runs for about 800 miles in California?	Elvis Presley \| Historipedia Official Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia elvis.com Elvis Aaron Presley [lower-alpha 1] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer, musician, and actor. One of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as "the King of Rock and Roll", or simply, "the King". Born in Tupelo, Mississippi , Presley and his family moved to Memphis, Tennessee when he was 13 years old. His music career began there in 1954, when he started to work with Sam Phillips , the owner of Sun Records . Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , Presley was an early popularizer of rockabilly , an uptempo, backbeat -driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who was to manage the singer for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA single, " Heartbreak Hotel ", released in January 1956, was a number-one hit in the US. He became the leading figure of rock and roll after a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines that coincided with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement , made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender . In 1958, he was drafted into military service: He resumed his recording career two years later, producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and their accompanying soundtrack albums, most of which were critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special, Elvis , which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii . Several years of prescription drug abuse severely deteriorated his health, and he died in 1977 at the age of 42. Presley is one of the most celebrated musicians of 20th-century. Commercially successful in many genres, including pop , blues and gospel , he is the best-selling solo artist in the history of recorded music . [5] [6] [7] [8] He was nominated for 14 Grammys and won three, receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36. He has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame . Contents File:Elvis' birthplace Tupelo, MS 2007.jpg Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi , to 18-year-old Vernon Elvis Presley and 22-year-old Gladys Love Presley (née Smith), [9] in the two-room shotgun house built by his father in readiness for the birth. Jesse Garon Presley , his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before him. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an unusually tight bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God church, where he found his initial musical inspiration. [10] Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix: on his mother's side, he was Scots-Irish , with some French Norman ; one of Gladys' great-great-grandmothers was Cherokee . [11] [lower-alpha 2] His father's forebears were of Scottish [14] and German [15] origin. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evidencing little ambition. [16] [17] The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak . In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of altering a check written by the landowner. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives. [18] In September 1941, Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated, where his instructors regarded him as "average". [19] He was encouraged to enter a singing contest after impressing his schoolteacher with a rendition of Red Foley 's country song " Old Shep " during morning prayers. The contest, held at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3, 1945, was his first public performance: dressed as a cowboy, the ten-year-old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang "Old Shep". He recalled placing fifth. [20] A few months later, Presley received his first guitar for his birthday; he had hoped for something else—by different accounts, either a bicycle or a rifle. [21] [22] Over the following year, he received basic guitar lessons from two of his uncles and the new pastor at the family's church. Presley recalled, "I took the guitar, and I watched people, and I learned to play a little bit. But I would never sing in public. I was very shy about it." [23] File:Elvis and his parents.jpg Entering a new school, Milam, for sixth grade in September 1946, Presley was regarded as a loner. The following year, he began bringing his guitar in on a daily basis. He played and sang during lunchtime, and was often teased as a "trashy" kid who played hillbilly music. The family was by then living in a largely African-American neighborhood. [24] A devotee of Mississippi Slim 's show on the Tupelo radio station WELO , Presley was described as "crazy about music" by Slim's younger brother, a classmate of Presley's, who often took him into the station. Slim supplemented Presley's guitar tuition by demonstrating chord techniques. [25] When his protégé was 12 years old, Slim scheduled him for two on-air performances. Presley was overcome by stage fright the first time, but succeeded in performing the following week. [26] Teenage life in Memphis Edit In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee . After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses , they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Courts. [27] Enrolled at Humes High School , Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, "Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher "agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing." [28] He was usually too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a "mama's boy". [29] In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette —formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts. [30] That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater. [31] Other jobs followed, including Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products. [32] During his junior year, Presley began to stand out more among his classmates, largely because of his appearance: he grew out his sideburns and styled his hair with rose oil and Vaseline. On his own time, he would head down to Beale Street , the heart of Memphis's thriving blues scene, and gaze longingly at the wild, flashy clothes in the windows of Lansky Brothers . By his senior year, he was wearing them. [33] Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Courts, he competed in Humes's Annual "Minstrel" show in April 1953. Singing and playing guitar, he opened with " Till I Waltz Again with You ", a recent hit for Teresa Brewer . Presley recalled that the performance did much for his reputation: "I wasn't popular in school ... I failed music—only thing I ever failed. And then they entered me in this talent show ... when I came onstage I heard people kind of rumbling and whispering and so forth, 'cause nobody knew I even sang. It was amazing how popular I became after that." [34] Presley, who never received formal music training or learned to read music, studied and played by ear. He frequented record stores with jukeboxes and listening booths. He knew all of Hank Snow 's songs [35] and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff , Ernest Tubb , Ted Daffan , Jimmie Rodgers , Jimmie Davis , and Bob Wills . [36] The Southern Gospel singer Jake Hess , one of his favorite performers, was a significant influence on his ballad-singing style. [37] [38] He was a regular audience member at the monthly All-Night Singings downtown, where many of the white gospel groups that performed reflected the influence of African-American spiritual music . [39] He adored the music of black gospel singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe . [36] Like some of his peers, he may have attended blues venues—of necessity, in the segregated South , only on nights designated for exclusively white audiences. [40] He certainly listened to the regional radio stations that played "race records": spirituals, blues, and the modern, backbeat -heavy sound of rhythm and blues . [41] Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African-American musicians such as Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas . [42] [43] B.B. King recalled that he had known Presley before he was popular, when they both used to frequent Beale Street. [44] By the time he graduated from high school in June 1953, Presley had already singled out music as his future. [45] [46] First recordings (1953–55) See also: List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label In August 1953, Presley walked into the offices of Sun Records . He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc : " My Happiness " and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin". He would later claim that he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he "sounded like", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argues that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, "I sing all kinds." When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, "I don't sound like nobody." After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did along with her own commentary: "Good ballad singer. Hold." [47] Presley cut a second acetate in January 1954—"I'll Never Stand In Your Way" and "It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You"—but again nothing came of it. [48] Not long after, he failed an audition for a local vocal quartet, the Songfellows. He explained to his father, "They told me I couldn't sing." [49] Songfellow Jim Hamill later claimed that he was turned down because he did not demonstrate an ear for harmony at the time. [50] In April, Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver. [51] His friend Ronnie Smith, after playing a few local gigs with him, suggested he contact Eddie Bond, leader of Smith's professional band, which had an opening for a vocalist. Bond rejected him after a tryout, advising Presley to stick to truck driving "because you're never going to make it as a singer." [52] Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring to a broader audience the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused. As Keisker reported, "Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'" [53] In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, "Without You", that he thought might suit the teenage singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable to do it justice. Despite this, Phillips asked Presley to sing as many numbers as he knew. He was sufficiently affected by what he heard to invite two local musicians, guitarist Winfield "Scotty" Moore and upright bass player Bill Black , to work something up with Presley for a recording session. [54] Template:Listen The session, held the evening of July 5, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's " That's All Right ". Moore recalled, "All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for. [55] Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played "That's All Right" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show. [56] Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black. [57] During the next few days, the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe 's " Blue Moon of Kentucky ", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed "slapback". A single was pressed with "That's All Right" on the A side and "Blue Moon of Kentucky" on the reverse. [58] Early live performances and signing with RCA Edit The trio played publicly for the first time on July 17 at the Bon Air club—Presley still sporting his child-size guitar. [59] At the end of the month, they appeared at the Overton Park Shell , with Slim Whitman headlining. A combination of his strong response to rhythm and nervousness at playing before a large crowd led Presley to shake his legs as he performed: his wide-cut pants emphasized his movements, causing young women in the audience to start screaming. [60] Moore recalled, "During the instrumental parts he would back off from the mike and be playing and shaking, and the crowd would just go wild". [61] Black, a natural showman, whooped and rode his bass, hitting double licks that Presley would later remember as "really a wild sound, like a jungle drum or something". [61] Soon after, Moore and Black quit their old band to play with Presley regularly, and DJ and promoter Bob Neal became the trio's manager. From August through October, they played frequently at the Eagle's Nest club and returned to Sun Studio for more recording sessions, [62] and Presley quickly grew more confident on stage. According to Moore, "His movement was a natural thing, but he was also very conscious of what got a reaction. He'd do something one time and then he would expand on it real quick." [63] Presley made what would be his only appearance on Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry on October 2; after a polite audience response, Opry manager Jim Denny told Phillips that his singer was "not bad" but did not suit the program. [64] Two weeks later, Presley was booked on Louisiana Hayride , the Opry Template:'s chief, and more adventurous, rival. The Shreveport -based show was broadcast to 198 radio stations in 28 states. Presley had another attack of nerves during the first set, which drew a muted reaction. A more composed and energetic second set inspired an enthusiastic response. [65] House drummer D.J. Fontana brought a new element, complementing Presley's movements with accented beats that he had mastered playing in strip clubs. [66] Soon after the show, the Hayride engaged Presley for a year's worth of Saturday-night appearances. Trading in his old guitar for $8 (and seeing it promptly dispatched to the garbage), he purchased a Martin instrument for $175, and his trio began playing in new locales including Houston, Texas , and Texarkana, Arkansas . [67] By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a substantial regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker , whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Parker—Dutch-born, though he claimed to be from West Virginia—had acquired an honorary colonel's commission from country singer turned Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis . Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold , he was now working with the new number-one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour. [68] [69] When the tour reached Odessa , Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: "His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it." [35] Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to "Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like "That's All Right", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the "R&B idiom of negro field jazz"; others, like "Blue Moon of Kentucky", were "more in the country field", "but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both". [70] This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country-music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm-and-blues stations would touch him because "he sounded too much like a hillbilly." [71] The blend came to be known as rockabilly . At the time, Presley was variously billed as "The King of Western Bop", "The Hillbilly Cat", and "The Memphis Flash". [72] Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser. [73] The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year. [74] Neal recalled, "It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something." [75] The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley , whose " Rock Around the Clock " had been a number-one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads. [76] At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist. [77] Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000. [78] [lower-alpha 3] Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract. [79] Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach , to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all of the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forego one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions. [80] [lower-alpha 4] By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings. [83] Commercial breakout and controversy (1956–58) File:Elvispresleydebutalbum.jpeg On January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville. [86] Extending the singer's by now customary backup of Moore, Black, and Fontana, RCA enlisted pianist Floyd Cramer , guitarist Chet Atkins , and three background singers, including Gordon Stoker of the popular Jordanaires quartet, to fill out the sound. [87] The session produced the moody, unusual " Heartbreak Hotel ", released as a single on January 27. [86] Parker finally brought Presley to national television, booking him on CBS's Stage Show for six appearances over two months. The program, produced in New York, was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey . After his first appearance, on January 28, Presley stayed in town to record at RCA's New York studio. The sessions yielded eight songs, including a cover of Carl Perkins ' rockabilly anthem " Blue Suede Shoes ". In February, Presley's " I Forgot to Remember to Forget ", a Sun recording initially released the previous August, reached the top of the Billboard country chart . [88] Neal's contract was terminated and, on March 2, Parker became Presley's manager. [89] Template:Listen RCA Victor released Presley's self-titled debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll : "Blue Suede Shoes"—"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way", according to critic Robert Hilburn —and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard , Ray Charles , and The Drifters . As described by Hilburn, these "were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases." [90] It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. [86] While Presley was not an innovative instrumentalist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry , cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, "of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music." [91] Milton Berle Show and "Hound Dog" Edit Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC's Milton Berle Show on April 3. His performance, on the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego , prompted cheers and screams from an audience of sailors and their dates. [92] A few days later, a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when an engine died and the plane almost went down over Arkansas. [93] Twelve weeks after its original release, "Heartbreak Hotel" became Presley's first number-one pop hit. In late April, Presley began a two-week residency at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The shows were poorly received by the conservative, middle-aged hotel guests—"like a jug of corn liquor at a champagne party", wrote a critic for Newsweek . [94] Amid his Vegas tenure, Presley, who had serious acting ambitions, signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures . [95] He began a tour of the Midwest in mid-May, taking in 15 cities in as many days. [96] He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas, and was struck by their cover of " Hound Dog ", a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . [97] It became the new closing number of his act. [98] After a show in La Crosse, Wisconsin , an urgent message on the letterhead of the local Catholic diocese's newspaper was sent to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover . It warned that "Presley is a definite danger to the security of the United States. ... [His] actions and motions were such as to rouse the sexual passions of teenaged youth. ... After the show, more than 1,000 teenagers tried to gang into Presley's room at the auditorium. ... Indications of the harm Presley did just in La Crosse were the two high school girls ... whose abdomen and thigh had Presley's autograph." [99] File:Elvis in Milton Berle Show.jpg The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, "Let 'em see you, son." [100] During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of "Hound Dog" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. [100] Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. [101] Television critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway." [102] Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos". [103] Ed Sullivan , whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him "unfit for family viewing". [104] To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as "Elvis the Pelvis", which he called "one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult." [105] Steve Allen Show and first Sullivan appearance Edit The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a "new Elvis" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang "Hound Dog" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, "Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition". [106] Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's "strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing" and simply worked the singer into the customary "comedy fabric" of his program. [107] Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. [108] Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling , a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, "No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?" [103] File:Ed Sullivan.jpg The next day, Presley recorded "Hound Dog", along with " Any Way You Want Me " and " Don't Be Cruel ". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, "You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight." [109] In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida , ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order. [110] The single pairing "Don't Be Cruel" with "Hound Dog" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years. [111] Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of "Hound Dog", contributed " Love Me ". [97] [112] Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. [113] The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. [114] Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident. [104] Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot only from the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley "got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!" [115] Sullivan publicly told TV Guide , "As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots." [113] In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. [116] [117] Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad " Love Me Tender ", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders. [118] More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions. [104] Accompanying Presley's rise to fame, a cultural shift was taking place that he both helped inspire and came to symbolize. Igniting the "biggest pop craze since Glenn Miller and Frank Sinatra ... Presley brought rock'n'roll into the mainstream of popular culture", writes historian Marty Jezer. "As Presley set the artistic pace, other artists followed. ... Presley, more than anyone else, gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation—the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture." [119] Crazed crowds and movie debut Edit Template:Listen The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, "He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time." [120] At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble. [121] Elvis , Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from "That's All Right" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that "these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become." [122] Presley returned to the Sullivan show at its main studio in New York, hosted this time by its namesake, on October 28. After the performance, crowds in Nashville and St. Louis burned him in effigy. [104] His first motion picture, Love Me Tender , was released on November 21. Though he was not top billed, the film's original title— The Reno Brothers —was changed to capitalize on his latest number one record: "Love Me Tender" had hit the top of the charts earlier that month. To further take advantage of Presley's popularity, four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role. The movie was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office. [95] Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and jammed with them. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure the session was captured on tape. The results became legendary as the " Million Dollar Quartet " recordings— Johnny Cash was long thought to have played as well, but he was present only briefly at Phillips' instigation for a photo opportunity. [123] The year ended with a front-page story in The Wall Street Journal reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22 million on top of his record sales, [124] and Billboard Template:'s declaration that he had placed more songs in the top 100 than any other artist since records were first charted. [125] In his first full year at RCA, one of the music industry's largest companies, Presley had accounted for over 50 percent of the label's singles sales. [118] Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice Edit Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6, 1957—on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist. Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity. [117] [126] In any event, as critic Greil Marcus describes, Presley "did not tie himself down. Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows, he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha, if not a harem girl. From the make-up over his eyes, the hair falling in his face, the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth, he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out." [104] To close, displaying his range and defying Sullivan's wishes, Presley sang a gentle black spiritual, " Peace in the Valley ". At the end of the show, Sullivan declared Presley "a real decent, fine boy". [127] Two days later, the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1A and would probably be drafted sometime that year. [128] File:Elvis Presley and Judy Tyler in Jailhouse Rock trailer.jpg Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one: " Too Much ", " All Shook Up ", and " (Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear ". Already an international star, he was attracting fans even where his music was not officially released. Under the headline "Presley Records a Craze in Soviet", The New York Times reported that pressings of his music on discarded X-ray plates were commanding high prices in Leningrad. [129] Between film shoots and recording sessions, the singer also found time to purchase an 18-room mansion eight miles (13 km) south of downtown Memphis for himself and his parents: Graceland . [130] Loving You —the soundtrack to his second film , released in July—was Presley's third straight number one album. The title track was written by Leiber and Stoller, who were then retained to write four of the six songs recorded at the sessions for Jailhouse Rock , Presley's next movie. The songwriting team effectively produced the Jailhouse sessions and developed a close working relationship with Presley, who came to regard them as his "good-luck charm". [131] The title track was yet another number one hit, as was the Jailhouse Rock EP . Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response. [132] A Detroit newspaper suggested that "the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed." [133] Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia, [133] and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage. [134] Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as "brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore." [135] Asked for a response, Presley said, "I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago." [136] Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album . Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: "Santa Claus Is Back In Town", an innuendo-laden blues. [137] The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time . [138] [139] After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time. [140] On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole , in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis . A couple of weeks into the new year, " Don't ", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since "Heartbreak Hotel" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley. [141] A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965. Military service and mother's death (1958–60) File:Presley & Mahendra.jpg On March 24, Presley was inducted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee , near Fort Smith, Arkansas . His arrival was a major media event. Hundreds of people descended on Presley as he stepped from the bus; photographers then accompanied him into the fort. [142] Presley announced that he was looking forward to his military stint, saying he did not want to be treated any differently from anyone else: "The Army can do anything it wants with me." [143] Soon after Presley commenced basic training at Fort Hood , Texas, he received a visit from Eddie Fadal, a businessman he had met on tour. According to Fadal, Presley had become convinced his career was finished—"He firmly believed that." [144] During a two-week leave in early June, Presley cut five sides in Nashville. In early August, his mother was diagnosed with hepatitis and her condition rapidly worsened. Presley, granted emergency leave to visit her, arrived in Memphis on August 12. Two days later, she died of heart failure, aged 46. Presley was devastated; [145] their relationship had remained extremely close—even into his adulthood, they would use baby talk with each other and Presley would address her with pet names. [3] After training, Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg , Germany, on October 1. [146] Introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant while on maneuvers, he became "practically evangelical about their benefits"—not only for energy, but for "strength" and weight loss, as well—and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging. [147] The Army also introduced Presley to karate, which he studied seriously, later including it in his live performances. [148] Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley's wish to be seen as an able, ordinary soldier, despite his fame, and to his generosity. He donated his Army pay to charity, purchased TV sets for the base, and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit. [149] While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu . They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship. [150] In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public. [151] Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. [152] Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including " Wear My Ring Around Your Neck ", the best-selling " Hard Headed Woman ", and " One Night " in 1958, and " (Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I " and the number one " A Big Hunk o' Love " in 1959. [153] RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. [154] Focus on movies (1960–67) Edit Template:Listen Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5. [155] The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans. [156] On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single, " Stuck on You ", which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit. [157] Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads " It's Now or Never " and " Are You Lonesome Tonight? ", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues "menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph . Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic." [158] As a whole, the record "conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things", in the words of music historian John Robertson: "a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker". [159] Released only days after recording was complete, it reached number two on the album chart. Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special —ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership. [160] G.I. Blues , the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine , followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in Great Britain, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records. [161] A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody . [162] As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound , the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely "a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright." [163] It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii . It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years. [164] Lost in Hollywood Edit Parker had by now pushed Presley into a heavy moviemaking schedule, focused on formulaic, modestly budgeted musical comedies. Presley at first insisted on pursuing more serious roles, but when two films in a more dramatic vein— Flaming Star (1960) and Wild in the Country (1961)—were less commercially successful, he reverted to the formula. Among the 27 movies he made during the 1960s, there were few further exceptions. [165] His films were almost universally panned; one critic dismissed them as a "pantheon of bad taste". [166] Nonetheless, they were virtually all profitable. Hal Wallis , who produced nine of them, declared, "A Presley picture is the only sure thing in Hollywood." [167] Of Presley's films in the 1960s, 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs. The movies' rapid production and release schedules—he frequently starred in three a year—affected his music. According to Jerry Leiber, the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army: "three ballads, one medium-tempo [number], one up-tempo, and one break blues boogie". [168] As the decade wore on, the quality of the soundtrack songs grew "progressively worse". [169] Julie Parrish , who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966), says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films. [170] The Jordanaires' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone: "The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn't sing it." [171] Most of the movie albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman . But by and large, according to biographer Jerry Hopkins , the numbers seemed to be "written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll." [172] Regardless of the songs' quality, it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well, with commitment. [173] Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite: "Presley isn't trying, probably the wisest course in the face of material like 'No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car' and ' Rock-a-Hula Baby .'" [122] In the first half of the decade, three of Presley's soundtrack albums hit number one on the pop charts, and a few of his most popular songs came from his films, such as " Can't Help Falling in Love " (1961) and " Return to Sender " (1962). (" Viva Las Vegas ", the title track to the 1964 film, was a minor hit as a B-side, and became truly popular only later.) But, as with artistic merit, the commercial returns steadily diminished. During a five-year span—1964 through 1968—Presley had only one top-ten hit: " Crying in the Chapel " (1965), a gospel number recorded back in 1960. As for non-movie albums, between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback, only one LP of new material by Presley was issued: the gospel album How Great Thou Art (1967). It won him his first Grammy Award , for Best Sacred Performance. As Marsh described, Presley was "arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time [and] really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs." [174] Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu. They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas. [175] The flow of formulaic movies and assembly-line soundtracks rolled on. It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem. "By then, of course, the damage had been done", as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it. "Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has-been to all but his most loyal fans." [176] Comeback (1968–73) File:Elvis Presley 68 Comeback Special.jpg Presley's only child, Lisa Marie , was born on February 1, 1968, during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career. [179] Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968, only two charted in the top 40, and none higher than number 28. [180] His forthcoming soundtrack album, Speedway , would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart. Parker had already shifted his plans to television, where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960. He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special. [181] Recorded in late June in Burbank, California , the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock-and-roll days. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned. [182] The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience. [183] Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, "There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy." [184] Dave Marsh calls the performance one of "emotional grandeur and historical resonance." [185] By January 1969, the single " If I Can Dream ", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling , the special reminded Presley of what "he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man." [183] Binder said of Presley's reaction, "I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'" [183] From Elvis In Memphis and the International Edit Template:Listen Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio , which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis . Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is "a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement." [186] The album featured the hit single " In the Ghetto ", issued in April, which reached number three on the pop chart—Presley's first non-gospel top ten hit since "Bossa Nova Baby" in 1963. Further hit singles were culled from the American Sound sessions: " Suspicious Minds ", " Don't Cry Daddy ", and " Kentucky Rain ". Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, "That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?" [187] In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley. He was scheduled to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and Sweet Inspirations . [188] Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance. [189] Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2,200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, "Can't Help Falling in Love" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s). [190] At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as "The King", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino , who was taking in the scene. "No," Presley said, "that's the real king of rock and roll." [191] The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million. [192] Newsweek commented, "There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars." [193] Rolling Stone called Presley "supernatural, his own resurrection." [194] In November, Presley's final non-concert movie, Change of Habit , opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. "Suspicious Minds" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last. Cassandra Peterson , later television's Elvira, met Presley during this period in Las Vegas, where she was working as a showgirl. She recalls of their encounter, "He was so anti-drug when I met him. I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana, and he was just appalled. He said, 'Don't ever do that again.'" [195] Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs, he also rarely drank. Several of his family members had been alcoholics, a fate he intended to avoid. [196] Back on tour and meeting Nixon File:Elvis mugshot.jpg Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage . [197] In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome . [198] In April, the single " The Wonder of You " was issued—a number one hit in Great Britain, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is . Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge. [199] The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident. [200] [201] The album That's the Way It Is , produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, "The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis." [202] After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November. [203] File:Elvis-nixon.jpg On December 21, 1970, Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House, where he expressed his patriotism and his contempt for the hippie drug culture . He asked Nixon for a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge, to add to similar items he had begun collecting and to signify official sanction of his patriotic efforts. Nixon, who apparently found the encounter awkward, expressed a belief that Presley could send a positive message to young people and that it was therefore important he "retain his credibility". Presley told Nixon that The Beatles , whose songs he regularly performed in concert during the era, [204] exemplified what he saw as a trend of anti-Americanism and drug abuse in popular culture. [205] (Presley and his friends had had a four-hour get-together with The Beatles five years earlier.) On hearing reports of the meeting, Paul McCartney later said that he "felt a bit betrayed. ... The great joke was that we were taking [illegal] drugs, and look what happened to him", a reference to Presley's death, hastened by prescription drug abuse. [206] The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971. [207] Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located "Elvis Presley Boulevard". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , the Grammy Award organization. [208] Three new, non-movie Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country , a concept record that focused on genre standards. [209] The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas , "the truest statement of all", according to Greil Marcus. "In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas, Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues. ... If [Presley's] sin was his lifelessness, it was his sinfulness that brought him to life". [210] Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii See also: Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour , which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year. His gospel album He Touched Me , released that month, would earn him his second Grammy Award, for Best Inspirational Performance. A 14-date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden . [211] The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later. Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley's biggest-selling albums. After the tour, the single " Burning Love " was released—Presley's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart. "The most exciting single Elvis has made since 'All Shook Up'", wrote rock critic Robert Christgau . "Who else could make 'It's coming closer, the flames are now licking my body' sound like an assignation with James Brown 's backup band ?" [212] File:ElvisPresleyAlohafromHawaii.jpg Presley and his wife, meanwhile, had become increasingly distant, barely cohabiting. In 1971, an affair he had with Joyce Bova resulted—unbeknownst to him—in her pregnancy and an abortion. He often raised the possibility of her moving into Graceland, saying that he was likely to leave Priscilla. [214] The Presleys separated on February 23, 1972, after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone , a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her. Priscilla relates that when she told him, Presley "grabbed ... and forcefully made love to" her, declaring, "This is how a real man makes love to his woman." [215] Five months later, Presley's new girlfriend, Linda Thompson , a songwriter and one-time Memphis beauty queen, moved in with him. [216] Presley and his wife filed for divorce on August 18. [217] According to Joe Moscheo of the Imperials, the failure of Presley's marriage "was a blow from which he never recovered." [218] In January 1973, Presley performed two benefit concerts for the Kui Lee Cancer Fund in connection with a groundbreaking TV special, Aloha from Hawaii . The first show served as a practice run and backup should technical problems affect the live broadcast two days later. Aired as scheduled on January 14, Aloha from Hawaii was the first global concert satellite broadcast, reaching millions of viewers live and on tape delay. [219] [220] [221] Presley's costume became the most recognized example of the elaborate concert garb with which his latter-day persona became closely associated. As described by Bobbie Ann Mason , "At the end of the show, when he spreads out his American Eagle cape, with the full stretched wings of the eagle studded on the back, he becomes a god figure." [222] The accompanying double album , released in February, went to number one and eventually sold over 5 million copies in the United States. [223] It proved to be Presley's last U.S. number one pop album during his lifetime. At a midnight show the same month, four men rushed onto the stage in an apparent attack. Security men leapt to Presley's defense, and the singer's karate instinct took over as he ejected one invader from the stage himself. Following the show, he became obsessed with the idea that the men had been sent by Mike Stone to kill him. Though they were shown to have been only overexuberant fans, he raged, "There's too much pain in me ... Stone [must] die." His outbursts continued with such intensity that a physician was unable to calm him, despite administering large doses of medication. After another two full days of raging, Red West , his friend and bodyguard, felt compelled to get a price for a contract killing and was relieved when Presley decided, "Aw hell, let's just leave it for now. Maybe it's a bit heavy." [224] Health deterioration and death (1973–77) Edit Presley's divorce took effect on October 9, 1973. [225] He was now becoming increasingly unwell. Twice during the year he overdosed on barbiturates , spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident. Toward the end of 1973, he was hospitalized, semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction. According to his main physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos , Presley "felt that by getting [drugs] from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street." [226] Since his comeback, he had staged more live shows with each passing year, and 1973 saw 168 concerts, his busiest schedule ever. [227] Despite his failing health, in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule. [228] Presley's condition declined precipitously in September. Keyboardist Tony Brown remembers the singer's arrival at a University of Maryland concert: "He fell out of the limousine, to his knees. People jumped to help, and he pushed them away like, 'Don't help me.' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post. Everybody's looking at each other like, Is the tour gonna happen?" [229] Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled, "He was all gut. He was slurring. He was so fucked up. ... It was obvious he was drugged. It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body. It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible. ... I remember crying. He could barely get through the introductions". [230] Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit, "I watched him in his dressing room, just draped over a chair, unable to move. So often I thought, 'Boss, why don't you just cancel this tour and take a year off ...?' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment. He patted me on the back and said, 'It'll be all right. Don't you worry about it.'" [230] Presley continued to play to sellout crowds. As cultural critic Marjorie Garber describes, he was now widely seen as a garish pop crooner: "in effect he had become Liberace . Even his fans were now middle-aged matrons and blue-haired grandmothers." [231] On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired " Memphis Mafia " bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to "cut back on expenses". [232] [233] [234] Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, [235] and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits. [236] However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency. [237] Presley and Linda Thompson split in November, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden . [238] He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again. [239] RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974. [240] Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis . [241] Recorded on March 20, it included a version of "How Great Thou Art" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award. [242] (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful. [243] In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home. [244] Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him. [245] Template:Listen For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977). [246] The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. " My Boy " was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975, and " Moody Blue " topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976. [247] Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his "apocalyptic attack" on the soul classic "Hurt". [248] "If he felt the way he sounded", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, "the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long." [249] Final year and death Edit Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, "Elvis Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts." [250] In Alexandria, Louisiana , the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand". [251] Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge ; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled. [251] Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota , "he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to "perform any significant movement." [252] Guralnick relates that fans "were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books." [253] A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes . [254] " Way Down ", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. His final concert was held in Indianapolis at Market Square Arena , on June 26. File:Elvis grave Graceland.jpg The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1. [255] It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers. [256] By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon , each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse. [226] Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Ginger Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital. [257] President Jimmy Carter issued a statement that credited Presley with having "permanently changed the face of American popular culture". [258] Thousands of people gathered outside Graceland to view the open casket. One of Presley's cousins, Billy Mann, accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse; the picture appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer Template:'s biggest-selling issue ever. [259] Alden struck a $105,000 deal with the Enquirer for her story, but settled for less when she broke her exclusivity agreement. [260] Presley left her nothing in his will. [261] Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18. Outside the gates, a car plowed into a group of fans, killing two women and critically injuring a third. [262] Approximately 80,000 people lined the processional route to Forest Hill Cemetery, where Presley was buried next to his mother. [263] Within a few days, "Way Down" topped the country and UK pop charts. [247] [264] Following an attempt to steal the singer's body in late August, the remains of both Elvis Presley and his mother were reburied in Graceland's Meditation Garden on October 2. [260] Since his death, there have been numerous alleged sightings of Presley. A long-standing theory among some fans is that he faked his death. [265] [266] Template:Page needed Fans have noted alleged discrepancies in the death certificate, reports of a wax dummy in his original coffin and numerous accounts of Presley planning a diversion so he could retire in peace. [267] Template:Page needed Since 1977 Edit Between 1977 and 1981, six posthumously released singles by Presley were top ten country hits. [247] Graceland was opened to the public in 1982. Attracting over half a million visitors annually, it is the second most-visited home in the United States, after the White House. [268] It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006. [269] Presley has been inducted into four music halls of fame : the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1998), the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2001), and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame (2007). In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music 's first Golden Hat Award. In 1987, he received the American Music Awards ' Award of Merit. [270] A Junkie XL remix of Presley's " A Little Less Conversation " (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup . It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S , that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of " Rubberneckin' ", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of "That's All Right" the following year. [271] The latter was an outright hit in Great Britain, reaching number three on the pop chart. In 2005, another three reissued singles, "Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung", and "It's Now or Never", went to number one in the United Kingdom. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million. [272] He placed second in 2006, [273] returned to the top spot the next two years, [274] [275] and ranked fourth in 2009. [276] The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil 's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas. [277] In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks. [278] [279] As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products. [280] He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity. [281] Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard Template:'s top 40 and top 100: chart statistician Joel Whitburn calculates the respective totals as 104 and 151; [282] Presley historian Adam Victor gives 114 and 138. [283] Presley's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double-sided "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" and "Don't/I Beg of You" singles, which precede the inception of Billboard Template:'s unified Hot 100 chart , are analyzed. [lower-alpha 5] According to Whitburn's analysis, Presley and Madonna share the record for most top ten hits with 38; [284] per Billboard Template:'s current assessment, he ranks second with 36. [285] Whitburn and Billboard concur that The Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20 and that Mariah Carey is second with 18. Whitburn has Presley also with 18 and thus tied for second; [284] Billboard has him third with 17. [286] Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one: alone at 80, according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; [287] [288] tied with Carey at 79, according to Billboard. [289] [290] He holds the records for most British number one hits, with 21, and top ten hits, with 76. [291] [292] Musical style Edit Presley's earliest musical influence came from gospel . His mother recalled that from the age of two, at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family, "he would slide down off my lap, run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform. There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them." [293] In Memphis, Presley frequently attended all-night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium, where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that, Guralnick suggests, sowed the seeds of Presley's future stage act: Template:Blockquote As a teenager, Presley's musical interests were wide-ranging, and he was deeply informed about African American musical idioms as well as white ones (see " Teenage life in Memphis "). Though he never had any formal training, he was blessed with a remarkable memory, and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19. When Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller met him two years later, they were astonished at his encyclopedic understanding of the blues. [294] At a press conference the following year, he proudly declared, "I know practically every religious song that's ever been written." [134] Genres Edit Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly , according to music historians. Katherine Charlton even calls him "rockabilly's originator", [295] though Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that "[Sam] Phillips, Elvis, and I didn't create rockabilly." [296] and, according to Michael Campbell, " Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit." [297] "It had been there for quite a while", says Scotty Moore. "Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson, and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old." [298] However, "Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label", writes Craig Morrison. [299] Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as "essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction": "the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country". [300] In "That's All Right", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, "a combination of Merle Travis –style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion." [300] At RCA, Presley's rock and roll sound grew distinct from rockabilly with group chorus vocals, more heavily amplified electric guitars [301] and a tougher, more intense manner. [302] While he was known for taking songs from various sources and giving them a rockabilly/rock and roll treatment, he also recorded songs in other genres from early in his career, from the pop standard " Blue Moon " at Sun to the country ballad "How's the World Treating You?" on his second LP to the blues of "Santa Claus Is Back In Town". In 1957, his first gospel record was released, the four-song EP Peace in the Valley. Certified as a million seller, it became the top-selling gospel EP in recording history. [303] Presley would record gospel periodically for the rest of his life. Template:Listen After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. His first post-Army single, the number one hit " Stuck on You ", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its "mild rock beat"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it "upbeat pop". [304] The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as "Down in the Alley" and " Hi-Heel Sneakers ". [305] The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as " Are You Lonesome Tonight? ", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his movie soundtracks was in a much lighter vein. [306] While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were "hard to find". [307] A significant exception was "Burning Love", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk . Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as "Suspicious Minds", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star. [308] Vocal style and range Edit Music critic Henry Pleasants observes that "Elvis Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor. An extraordinary compass ... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion." [309] He identifies Presley as a high baritone, calculating his range as two octaves and a third, "from the baritone low G to the tenor high B, with an upward extension in falsetto to at least a D-flat. Presley's best octave is in the middle, D-flat to D-flat, granting an extra full step up or down." [309] In Pleasants' view, his voice was "variable and unpredictable" at the bottom, "often brilliant" at the top, with the capacity for "full-voiced high Gs and As that an opera baritone might envy." [309] Scholar Lindsay Waters, who figures Presley's range as two and a quarter octaves, emphasizes that "his voice had an emotional range from tender whispers to sighs down to shouts, grunts, grumbles and sheer gruffness that could move the listener from calmness and surrender, to fear. His voice can not be measured in octaves, but in decibels; even that misses the problem of how to measure delicate whispers that are hardly audible at all." [310] Presley was always "able to duplicate the open, hoarse, ecstatic, screaming, shouting, wailing, reckless sound of the black rhythm-and-blues and gospel singers," writes Pleasants, and also demonstrated a remarkable ability to assimilate many other vocal styles. [309] Questions over cause of death Edit "Drug use was heavily implicated" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. "No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy." A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported "fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity." [311] Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: "Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call." [312] The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia , a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive. [313] Allegations of a cover-up were widespread. [312] While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name." His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription. [226] Amidst mounting pressure in 1994, the Presley autopsy was reopened. Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared, "There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs. In fact, everything points to a sudden, violent heart attack ." [226] Whether or not combined drug intoxication was in fact the cause, there is little doubt that polypharmacy contributed significantly to Presley's premature death. [313] Racial issues Edit When Dewey Phillips first aired "That's All Right" on Memphis radio, many listeners who contacted the station by phone and telegram to ask for it again assumed that its singer was black. [57] From the beginning of his national fame, Presley expressed respect for African American performers and their music, and disregard for the norms of segregation and racial prejudice then prevalent in the South. Interviewed in 1956, he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup —the originator of "That's All Right"—"bang his box the way I do now, and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw." [42] The Memphis World, an African American newspaper, reported that Presley, "the rock 'n' roll phenomenon", "cracked Memphis's segregation laws" by attending the local amusement park on what was designated as its "colored night". [42] Such statements and actions led Presley to be generally hailed in the black community during the early days of his stardom. [42] By contrast, many white adults, according to Billboard Template:'s Arnold Shaw, "did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll', Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex." [314] Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, "The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes." A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet , Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock , Presley granted him an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view. Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist. [42] [315] Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter , who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, "He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest." [316] Dudley Brooks , an African-American composer and studio musician who worked with Presley during the 1950s and 1960s, also disputed allegations that Presley was a racist. [317] Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later. [318] The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit " Fight the Power ", by Public Enemy : "Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain". [319] The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgment and commercial success largely denied his black peers. [315] Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had "stolen" black music still found adherents. [318] [319] Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson , who argued, "A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis." [320] And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, "Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that]." Nine years earlier, he had said, "Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues." [321] Influence of Colonel Parker and others Further information: Colonel Tom Parker Once he became Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker insisted on exceptionally tight control over his client's career. Early on, he and his Hill and Range allies, the brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach , perceived the close relationship that developed between Presley and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a serious threat to that control. [322] Parker effectively ended the relationship, deliberately or not, with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958. Leiber thought there was a mistake—the sheet of paper was blank except for Parker's signature and a line on which to enter his. "There's no mistake, boy, just sign it and return it", Parker directed. "Don't worry, we'll fill it in later." Leiber declined, and Presley's fruitful collaboration with the writing team was over. [323] Other respected songwriters lost interest in or simply avoided writing for Presley because of the requirement that they surrender a third of their usual royalties. [324] By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise. [325] Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances; [326] a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well. [327] Priscilla Presley noted that "Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it." [328] Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a "hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone." [329] Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969. The American Sound sessions represented a significant departure from the control customarily exerted by Hill and Range. Moman still had to deal with the publisher's staff on site, whose song suggestions he regarded as unacceptable. He was on the verge of quitting, until Presley ordered the Hill and Range personnel out of the studio. [330] Although RCA executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the producer's song choices and the quality of the recordings, [331] Moman, to his fury, received neither credit on the records nor royalties for his work. [332] Throughout his entire career, Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States—all of them in Canada, during brief tours there in 1957. Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million-dollar bid for an Australian tour. Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant, prompting those close to Presley to speculate about the manager's past and the reasons for his apparent unwillingness to apply for a passport. Parker ultimately squelched any notions Presley had of working abroad, claiming that foreign security was poor and the venues unsuitable for a star of his magnitude. [333] Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's movie career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road , on which Mitchum was writer and producer. [334] According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy . [335] In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born . [336] In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, "The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground." [329] The operative attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again "try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley". [168] Memphis Mafia Main article: Memphis Mafia In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the "Memphis Mafia". [337] "Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence", as journalist John Harris puts it, "it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open." [338] Tony Brown , who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: "But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends". [339] In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, "[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier." [340] Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: "I mean there has to be a purpose ... there's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel." [341] Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously. [342] Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour. [226] Sex symbol File:Girls Girls Girls Poster B.jpg Presley's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged. "He was once beautiful, astonishingly beautiful", in the words of critic Mark Feeney . [343] Television director Steve Binder , no fan of Presley's music before he oversaw the '68 Comeback Special, reported, "I'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you're male or female, to look at him. He was that good looking. And if you never knew he was a superstar, it wouldn't make any difference; if he'd walked in the room, you'd know somebody special was in your presence." [344] His performance style, as much as his physical beauty, was responsible for Presley's eroticized image. Writing in 1970, critic George Melly described him as "the master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl." [345] In his Presley obituary, Lester Bangs credited him as "the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America." [346] Ed Sullivan's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar. [347] While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sound Template:'s Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as "aggressively bisexual in appeal". [348] Brett Farmer places the "orgasmic gyrations" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a "spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image". [349] In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, "Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display." [350] Reinforcing Presley's image as a sex symbol were the reports of his dalliances with various Hollywood stars and starlets, from Natalie Wood in the 1950s to Connie Stevens and Ann-Margret in the 1960s to Candice Bergen and Cybill Shepherd in the 1970s. June Juanico of Memphis, one of Presley's early girlfriends, later blamed Parker for encouraging him to choose his dating partners with publicity in mind. [195] Presley, however, never grew comfortable with the Hollywood scene, and most of these relationships were insubstantial. [351] Legacy Template:Quote box Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture. [8] As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude. [352] With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture. [353] In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, "He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music." [354] Al Green agreed: "He broke the ice for all of us." [355] President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977: "His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country." [258] Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world. [356] File:ElvisPresleyStarHollywoodWalkOfFame.PNG Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe. [357] He has inspired a legion of impersonators . [358] In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans. [lower-alpha 6] "Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein . "He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it." [366] Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as "like busting out of jail". [355] A New York Times editorial on the 25th anniversary of Presley's death observed, "All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely." [367] Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus: Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American. [368] Discography See also: List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley , List of Elvis Presley hit singles , and List of Elvis Presley hit albums A vast number of recordings have been issued under Presley's name. The total number of his original master recordings has been variously calculated as 665 [283] and 711. [343] His career began and he was most successful during an era when singles were the primary commercial medium for pop music. In the case of his albums, the distinction between "official" studio records and other forms is often blurred. For most of the 1960s, his recording career focused on soundtrack albums. In the 1970s, his most heavily promoted and best-selling LP releases tended to be concert albums. This summary discography lists only the albums and singles that reached the top of one or more of the following charts: the main U.S. Billboard pop chart; the Billboard country chart, the genre chart with which he was most identified (there was no country album chart before 1964); and the official British pop chart. (1) The year given is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance, in 1974, Elvis' 40 Greatest, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks. [369] The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death. [370] (2) Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general Top 100. Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period. Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts. Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits. All of the 1956–58 songs listed here as number one U.S. pop hits reached the top of both the sales and, with three exceptions, the Top 100 charts: "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" (three), "Hound Dog" (two, behind its flip side, "Don't Be Cruel"), and "Hard Headed Woman" (two). (3) Several Presley singles reached number one in the United Kingdom as double A-sides; in the United States, the respective sides of those singles were ranked separately by Billboard. [lower-alpha 7] In the United States, Presley also had five or six number one R&B singles and seven number one adult contemporary singles; [lower-alpha 8] in 1964, his " Blue Christmas " topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart. [246] [371] He also had number one hits in many countries beside the United States and United Kingdom. Number one albums Goldman, Albert (1981). Elvis. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-023657-7 . Goldman, Albert (1990). Elvis: The Last 24 Hours. St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-92541-7 . Klein, George (2010). Elvis: My Best Man: Radio Days, Rock 'n' Roll Nights, and My Lifelong Friendship with Elvis Presley. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-307-45274-0 Marcus, Greil (2000). Double Trouble: Bill Clinton and Elvis Presley in a Land of No Alternative. Picador. ISBN 0-571-20676-X . Nash, Alanna (2010). Baby, Let's Play House: Elvis Presley and the Women Who Loved Him. It Books. ISBN 0-06-169984-5 . West, Red, Sonny West, and Dave Hebler (as told to Steve Dunleavy) (1977). Elvis: What Happened? Bantam Books. ISBN 0-345-27215-3 . </dl>	i don't know
What airline, the world’s largest, uses Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson Airport as its’ US hub?	BBC - Travel - Why is Atlanta the world’s busiest airport? Travel Tips Why is Atlanta the world’s busiest airport? With more than 250,000 passengers and nearly 2,500 arrivals and departures each day, a layover at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is not uncommon. By Suemedha Sood 8 February 2013 One might expect the world’s busiest airport to be located in New York or London or Beijing, but the distinction actually belongs to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, located in the southern US city of Atlanta, Georgia. No matter which way you calculate it, Hartsfield-Jackson has been the world’s busiest since 1998. Not only does it attract more travellers than any other airport in the world (with about 92.4 million passengers passing through in 2011, the last full year on record), it also manages more aircraft movements (that is, more takeoffs and landings) than any airport in the world – with about 950,000 in 2010, also the last year on record. All of this begs the question, why is Atlanta the busiest hub for air travel in the world? The Delta factor Atlanta is home to one of the world’s largest airlines. Delta Air Lines was founded in the city of Macon, Georgia (originally as a crop-dusting company called Huff Daland Dusters) and later moved its headquarters about 85 miles north to Atlanta in 1941 (after running its first passenger flights under the name Delta Air Service in 1929). Until 2012, Delta held the record for most annual traffic – measured by “revenue passenger miles” (RPM) – of any airline in the world. The metric of RPMs takes into account both the number of passengers carried and the distances an airline flew during a given year. In 2012 though, Delta’s RPM was beaten by United Airlines , which had grown in size following the 2010 merger between United and Continental Airlines. So it makes sense, then, that Chicago, home to United’s headquarters, hosts the world’s second busiest airport as measured by aircraft movements – with 882,627 in 2010 – and the world’s fourth busiest as measured by sheer passenger numbers – with 66.6 million passengers in 2011. (The second and third busiest by number of passengers in 2011 are Beijing Capital International Airport, with 77.4 million and London Heathrow Airport with 69.4 million) Hartsfield-Jackson serves 225 destinations in 51 countries , receives more than 250,000 passengers a day, and sees nearly 2,500 arrivals and departures per day. Out of this, Delta runs about 1,000 flights daily , serving more than 200 destinations. The location According to data collected by Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, Atlanta is located within a two-hour flight of 80% of the US population, making the city a major port of entry into the US and a logical stopover for travel within the expansive country. Hartsfield-Jackson is also the only airport located in Atlanta and by far the biggest airport in Georgia. Most other major hub cities, such as New York, split traffic between two or more major airports. The nearest major airport to Hartsfield-Jackson, is 250 miles northwest, in Nashville, Tennessee. The city Hartsfield-Jackson also happens to be located in a city that attracts its fair share of travellers. Atlanta has been ranked the seventh most visited city for business travel in the US – unsurprising, since it is home to the headquarters of 10 Fortune 500 companies , including Coca-Cola, Home Depot (a massive home improvement retailer), UPS (the United Parcel Service) and, of course, Delta Air Lines. For non-business visitors, Atlanta is also home to perhaps the world’s largest aquarium , where visitors can find the biggest fish on Earth . Rivalled only by the new SEA Aquarium in Singapore (which also calls itself the world’s largest), the Georgia Aquarium holds more than 8 million gallons of water and provides habitat to around 120,000 animals, according to aquarium statistics . Atlanta’s big companies also offer behind-the-scenes tours popular with all kinds of travellers. Coca Cola offers an attraction called The World of Coca-Cola, a sort of museum taking tourists into the history of one of the planet’s most consumed beverages. CNN, the 24-hour cable news channel available around the world, has a popular Inside CNN Studio Tour . If you find yourself enduring the all-too-common layover in Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Jaunted offers five ideas for passing the time – including renting out a room at the airport’s unique Minute Suites, which let you rent out a private room by the hour or for the night in Terminal B, and dining at the upscale “southernnational” joint One Flew South, a restaurant in Terminal E incorporating southern ingredients and techniques to international cuisine fit for the typical Hartsfield traveller.	Delta
What is the subject of the latest PBS documentary by Ken Burns, which will premiere on public television later this month?	Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Airport remains world's busiest with 96m passengers \| Daily Mail Online comments Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport has held onto its crown as the world’s busiest airport, staying clear of competition from Beijing and London. While it may appear to be an unlikely No 1, the airport serves as the headquarters for Delta Air Lines, the world’s busiest airline in terms of passenger traffic, and is a major hub for travel through the southeastern US states. Hartsfield-Jackson had 96.1 million domestic and international passengers travel through its terminals in 2014, maintaining a comfortable lead over Beijing Capital International Airport (86.1 million) and London Heathrow Airport (73.4 million). Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson airport is a hub for Delta Air Lines and travel through southeastern US states TOP 10 AIRPORTS IN THE WORLD Atlanta – 96.1 million (1.9% increase) Bejing Capital – 86.1 million (2.9%) London Heathrow – 73.4 million (1.4%) Tokyo Haneda – 72.8 million (5.7%) Los Angeles – 70.6 million (6%) Dubai International – 70.4 million (6.1%) Chicago O’Hare – 69.9 million (4.5%) Paris Charles de Gaulle – 63.8 million (2.8%) Dallas/Fort Worth – 63.5 million (5.1%) Hong Kong – 63.1 million (5.9%) Tokyo Haneda (72.8 million) and Los Angeles International (70.6 million) rounded out the top five. Dubai’s main airport, which ranked first for international passengers ahead of Heathrow, came in sixth spot overall once domestic figures were factored in, with a 6.1 per cent rise in traffic – the most of any airport in the top 10, according to Airports Council International’s latest world airport traffic report. London, meanwhile, remains the world’s largest airport system with almost 147 passengers handled at six airports in and around the capital (Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, Southend). The report analysed data from more than 2,200 airports in more than 160 countries. It found global passenger traffic increased by 5.7 per cent in 2014 to more than 6.7 billion, despite deadly conflicts or disease outbreaks, and further growth is expected in 2015. Airports in Asia-Pacific had the most traffic, with 2.3 billion passengers (up 7.1 per cent on 2013), followed by Europe (1.8 billion, 5.5 per cent rise) and North America (1.6 billion, 3.2 per cent increase). RELATED ARTICLES Share 196 shares Angela Gittens, director general of ACI World, said in a statement: ‘Passenger traffic remained resilient in the face of the global uncertainties that beleaguered many economies in 2013 and 2014. London's system of airports, including Heathrow, remains the world's largest with 147 million travellers ‘International tourism, in particular, was irrepressible in 2014 considering the geopolitical risks that have persisted in certain parts of the world, such as Eastern Europe and the Middle East. 'The Ebola outbreak also presented significant challenges to the aviation sector. ‘Notwithstanding, by and large, the international traveller in 2014 appears to have been immune to these potential dangers.’	i don't know
Suzette Charles of New Jersey became Miss America 1984 because of the resignation of the actual winner. Whom did she replace?	Miss America winners: 1921-2016 - San Antonio Express-News Miss America winners: 1921-2016 Image 1 of 89 Miss America winners from 1921 to today 1921: Margaret Gorman, District of Columbia. Gorman was just a junior in high school when she entered the "Inter-City Beauty" contest as part of the Atlantic City (N.J.) Pageant. less Miss America winners from 1921 to today 1921: Margaret Gorman, District of Columbia. Gorman was just a junior in high school when she entered the "Inter-City Beauty" contest as part of the Atlantic City (N.J.) ... more Photo: Miss America Organization Miss America winners from 1921 to today 1921: Margaret... Photo-4931079.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 2 of 89 1922: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Just 17 at the time, but the pageant was taking off in popularity and the winner was dubbed "Miss America." 1922: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Just 17 at the time, but the pageant was taking off in popularity and the winner was dubbed "Miss America." Photo: Miss America Organization 1922: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Just 17 at the time,... Photo-4931080.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 3 of 89 1923: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Yes, again -- contestants were allowed to compete in more than one year back then. Campbell's the only repeat winner in the history of the pageant. 1923: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Yes, again -- contestants were allowed to compete in more than one year back then. Campbell's the only repeat winner in the history of the pageant. Photo: Miss America Organization 1923: Mary Katherine Campbell, Columbus, Ohio. Yes, again --... Photo-4931081.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 4 of 89 1924: Ruth Malcomson, Philadelphia. Photo-4931082.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 5 of 89 1925: Fay Lanphier, Oakland, Calif. The first winner to represent an entire state; as many as 84 contestants had been entered in the early years, sometimes divided into groups of "professionals" (models), "amateurs" and "inter-city beauties." less 1925: Fay Lanphier, Oakland, Calif. The first winner to represent an entire state; as many as 84 contestants had been entered in the early years, sometimes divided into groups of "professionals" (models), ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 1925: Fay Lanphier, Oakland, Calif. The first winner to represent... Photo-4931083.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 6 of 89 1926: Norma Smallwood, Tulsa, Okla. Photo-4931158.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 7 of 89 1927: Lois Delander, Joliet, Ill. After this, the pageant was discontinued until 1933 because of protests that it had become too risqué. 1927: Lois Delander, Joliet, Ill. After this, the pageant was discontinued until 1933 because of protests that it had become too risqué. Photo: Miss America Organization 1927: Lois Delander, Joliet, Ill. After this, the pageant was... Photo-4931084.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 8 of 89 1933: Marian Bergeron, West Haven, Conn. Bergeron was just 15 when she won the crown after the pageant. The Great Depression and a series of minor controversies derailed the pageant for one year after this. 1933: Marian Bergeron, West Haven, Conn. Bergeron was just 15 when she won the crown after the pageant. The Great Depression and a series of minor controversies derailed the pageant for one year after this. Photo: Miss America Organization 1933: Marian Bergeron, West Haven, Conn. Bergeron was just 15 when... Photo-4931085.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 9 of 89 1935: Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh. As the pageant resumed, a talent competition was added. Leaver sang and tap danced. 1935: Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh. As the pageant resumed, a talent competition was added. Leaver sang and tap danced. Photo: Miss America Organization 1935: Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh. As the pageant resumed, a... Photo-4931086.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 10 of 89 1940: Frances Marie Burke, Philadelphia. Photo-4931091.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 15 of 89 1941: Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles. The pageant instituted a new rule after this year, preventing contestants from entering more than once. LaPlanche's win, some complained, was made easier by the fact she'd been in the pageant the year before. less 1941: Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles. The pageant instituted a new rule after this year, preventing contestants from entering more than once. LaPlanche's win, some complained, was made easier by the fact she'd ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 1941: Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles. The pageant instituted a new... Photo-4931092.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 16 of 89 1948: BeBe Shopp, Hopkins, Minn. Photo-4931157.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 23 of 89 1949: Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Ariz. Mercer was married briefly before her reign ended and later was instrumental in passing a rule that Miss America winners could no longer become married while holding the title. less 1949: Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Ariz. Mercer was married briefly before her reign ended and later was instrumental in passing a rule that Miss America winners could no longer become married while holding the ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 1949: Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Ariz. Mercer was married briefly... Photo-4931100.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 24 of 89 1951: Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Ala. The pageant, then held in September, didn't skip a year, it merely decided to call the winner Miss America for the year following her coronation, since the majority of her reign would occur then. Betbeze had perhaps a more important distinction; raised in a convent, she refused to be seen in swimwear after her coronation on moral grounds, angering swimear manufacturer and pageant sponsor Catalina. Catalina thus pulled out of the pageant and started the Miss USA competition, which led to creation of the Miss Universe pageant. less 1951: Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Ala. The pageant, then held in September, didn't skip a year, it merely decided to call the winner Miss America for the year following her coronation, since the majority of her ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 1951: Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Ala. The pageant, then held in... Photo-4931099.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 25 of 89 1984: Suzette Charles, Mays Landing, N.J. Became Miss America only... Photo-4931132.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 58 of 89 1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the first African-American Miss America when sexually explicit photos of her were published in Penthouse magazine. Williams has since gone on to success in music and acting. less 1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the first African-American Miss America when sexually explicit photos of her were published in Penthouse magazine. Williams has since gone on to ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the... Photo-4931133.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 59 of 89 1985: Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, the only foreign-born (Paraguay) Miss America. Worked for ESPN for a time. 1985: Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, the only foreign-born (Paraguay) Miss America. Worked for ESPN for a time. Photo: Miss America Organization 1985: Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, the only foreign-born... Photo-4931134.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 60 of 89 2006: Jennifer Berry, Tulsa, Okla. Trained for a time with Pacific... Photo-4931153.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 80 of 89 2005: Deidre Downs, Birmingham, Ala. Hers was the last pageant to be shown on a major TV network; poor ratings relegated it to cable thereafter, and the pageant moved from Atlantic City, N.J., to Las Vegas; from September to January; and from ABC to cable networks CMT, and then to TLC from 2008. less 2005: Deidre Downs, Birmingham, Ala. Hers was the last pageant to be shown on a major TV network; poor ratings relegated it to cable thereafter, and the pageant moved from Atlantic City, N.J., to Las Vegas; ... more Photo: Miss America Organization 2005: Deidre Downs, Birmingham, Ala. Hers was the last pageant to... Photo-4931154.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 81 of 89 2008: Kirsten Haglund, Farmington Hills, Mich. Photo-4931156.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 83 of 89 2010: Caressa Cameron, Fredericksburg, Va. Her reign will end Saturday night, and a new Miss America will be crowned -- the 85th in a pageant that is 90 years old. Who will it be? The pageant returns to ABC and can be seen at 9 p.m. (delayed three hours in the Pacific time zone). less 2010: Caressa Cameron, Fredericksburg, Va. Her reign will end Saturday night, and a new Miss America will be crowned -- the 85th in a pageant that is 90 years old. Who will it be? The pageant returns to ABC and ... more Photo: Getty Images 2010: Caressa Cameron, Fredericksburg, Va. Her reign will end... Photo-4931159.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 84 of 89 2011: Teresa Scanlan, Miss Nebraska 2011: Teresa Scanlan, Miss Nebraska Photo: Ethan Miller, Getty Images 2011: Teresa Scanlan, Miss Nebraska Photo-519183.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 85 of 89 2012: Miss Wisconsin Laura Kaeppeler, left, standing next to Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan reacts after being crowned Miss America 2012: Miss Wisconsin Laura Kaeppeler, left, standing next to Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan reacts after being crowned Miss America Photo: AP 2012: Miss Wisconsin Laura Kaeppeler, left, standing next to Miss... Photo-2067373.66593 - San Antonio Express-News Image 86 of 89	Vanessa Williams
What now American tourist attraction that received its first visitor on August 11, 1934, was originally named by its’ Spanish discoverer as ‘The Island of the Pelicans’?	Full text of "Southerner" See other formats Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/southerner491985univ ■Ji>- N 6R 1915 \ SI 1 ,ii-« Title Page 1 2 Opening while you're elbow deep in grease. You have :, had your fill of slaving away for a glorious tan J that fades and peels into nostalgia long before (you've had a chance to show it off to campus I friends. You are thoroughly tired of having to justify your reason for making a phone call ev- ery time you pick up the receiver. It is time to go home. Opening 3 ■_( .,. fcc . ■;:,W \ m 'f "5 T here is a certain element of risk involved in returning to the family for lengthy stretch- es of time such as summer break. Permit yourself to reacquire an affinity for sleep- ing on clean shee and it becomes only too easy to delude yourself into thinking This Is Reality. Fortunately, howev- er, all it takes is some small confirmation of the existence of a life in Hattiesburg — a letter from a friend enrolled in summer school, or maybe a registration assignment — to do away with such demoralizing thoughts altogether. M?<# 4 Opening M Opening 5 .;■;■'■:■:;. v.:; A > o you go home. After the first few days' high of visit- ing favorite nightlife stomping grounds (a tradi- tion that is doomed to bite the dust, given the inevita- ble forthcoming hike of the drinking age in Mississippi), swapping tales of summer with friends, and whipping the living quarters into inhabitable shape, you settle back into the same old routine of pulling all-nighters and passing off a diet drink and potato chips as a nourishing meal. You are, indeed, home again. Opening 7 t gets to the point that home can just as easily be a dorm room the size of a small walk-in closet, or a "handyman's special" apartment where the own- er could make a killing in rent money if his building brought in as many tenants as roaches, rather than the plush three bedroom abodes complete with wall-to-wall carpeting and color television that we all grew up in. If you have a place to park your clothing, your stereo, and your study-weary bones, then you've found a home. 8 Opening Opening 9 10 Opening y allowing ourselves to B think of college as home, we've managed to merge the very best of two possi- ble lifestyles. We may well agree that we can't go home again, but there's a certain security in knowing that our first home will be there for us at those times when college seems like less of a kick. And, by the same token, when the old roles don't seem to fit anymore, we've got our alternative at hand, because there's al- ways another semester, another opportunity to give it our best. Opening 1 1 c oming back to school means retiring the simple and sweet in clothing to the back of the closet until the next hometown visit and bringing out the unmatched earrings, sunglasses on a string, and oversized everything. Gender-bending was the look for the year as the line between men's and women's clothing became harder to distinguish; denim jackets, pierced ears, and neon brights prevailed for both sexes. The an- drogynous look for women meant shoulders with heavy padding for definition, big sweater vests, bag- gy pleated trousers, and a Michael Jackson-inspired pairing of black leather flats and white legwear. By contrast, the most ladylike put-togethers to surface in years were seen, with an abundance of long skirts, jumpers, chemises, beaded sweaters, ropes of pearls, and Hollywood rhinestone earrings. The jellies that dominated summer footwear were replaced by suede ankle boots for fall; high-topped sneakers in the most unlikely colors made a comeback for men. But the big fashion news for the year was the re- definition of the basic pair of blue jeans, the one must-have of any student's wardrobe. Denim was stonewashed, pinstriped, cropped, and cuffed, with zippers and snaps at the ankles and cargo pockets on the outer seams. Designers called the new style in denim "distressed," but the parents would have , probably just dismissed them as another pair of ' worn-out jeans ready to be trashed. Opening 13 ^^^ ollege doesn't always seem like home, of course. When your feet are hitting the floor before the sun cracks the sky to get dressed for an 8:00 a.m. class and your eyes burn like hell from a hard night of studying or drinking, whichever the case may be, you can't quite believe that you're actual- ly paying good money for the privilege of projecting yourself into this routine of insan- ity. We are here to get an education, a fact we are painfully aware of when we haul out the finances at registration to make another in- stallment on our future. But we'd have to go through our four years at USM with our eyes blindfolded, mouths gagged, and ears plugged to keep us from getting out of here with some degree of smarts. And in the process of all this, if we can have a bit of fun, make a few good friends, and leave as somewhat stronger persons than we were when we came, then so much the better, be- cause when you get right down to it, that's what it's really all about, isn't it? 14 Opening W^M a o 16 Opening SOUT HE RNER Table of Contents 17 :■ < «aH.--;^ ,J$U H f JIfJ ' Jl/fl " : Hi'' :.:"::..". IHBHHHI mi, 1 i-am ;-agfe ". ^(ii, i- t8l ►- ' 'I '- >_ - -_ ._ ._ :_ - _ _ ._ .._ \_ _ - _ ,- : _ >f^H ■B^^nHnn _ — — — p- — — — — — — — . — — — — r— — — If"" f- j\| ,,,,,. _. , ;B "" vents D i u iiio n/ E u^nt i — 19- UNIVERSITY FORUM 1984 RAYMOND STROTHER September 25, 1984 Terming it a "bad reputation," Raymond Strother, a political campaign consultant, opened up the 1984 fall forum with a discus- sion of the public's image of cam- paign consultants. Campaign consultants are seen as "mold- ers" of a political candidate, an interpretation which Strother called "nonsense." Political con- sultants communicate the candi- date's positions or ideas to the public; they do not influence the candidate's views themselves. Raymond Strother has worked on 140 political campaigns in 30 different states, including the campaign of Democratic presi- dential candidate Gary Hart. Hart appealed to what Strother referred to as the "Big Chill" generation, who are now the so- called "establishment" of soci- ety. This generation, now lacking a candidate, will probably vote for Ronald Reagan, predicted Strother. Calling voting an "unnatural act," he pointed out that only 50 percent of the people do vote. Campaign consultants try to reach that percent which does vote. Consultants get an idea of their area voters through the use of polls — a useful, but often overrated device. Candidates do not have to be popular with ev- eryone; only 25 percent plus one of the votes will win the election. Concluded Strother, "Politics is not a complicated thing." Kelsey Green 20 University Forum LESTER THUROW October 2, 1984 Declaring the day and age of a prosperous American economy over, Lester Thurow, an econo- mist from the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, looked at America's financial future with little optimism. He predicted that the citizens of the United States will soon face a change in their standard of living. Both Europe and Japan are now ahead of the United States in production, with the United States putting less and less mon- ey into civilian research and de- velopment. Europeans and the Japanese are also ahead of the United States in that their people save and invest more of their money. In 1983, the average American family saved or invest- ed 5 percent of their income. This is 50 percent less than the Japanese and two-thirds less than the Europeans. The quality of the American work force is also less than that of other industrial nations. Public education is no longer a plus, with national student test scores falling. As the work force be- comes less well educated, indus- try becomes less productive. The main problem that Thurow sees within the economy is the refusal of the American popula- tion to believe that the dollar will crash. Thurow called the 1980s an "age of denial," saying that every American is looking for a "painless solution." Kelsey Green LEWIS GRIZZARD October 9, 1984 "I don't understand nothing about nothing no more," com- plained award winning journalist Lewis Grizzard. Grizzard spoke to students and the general pub- lic about the problems of the world today as he sees them. A native of Georgia and a colum- nist for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Grizzard's work relates both to the South and the problems around him. Grizzard cited food, music, the women's movement, and public restrooms as examples of per- plexing changes in the world. Grizzard also pointed out the im- portance of taking advantage of opportunity and competition. He compared life to a dogsled team. "If you aren't the lead dog, the scenery never changes." Grizzard said that he did not al- ways want to be a journalist; as a young man, his career ambition was to be a preacher. Now a suc- cessful journalist, his column is syndicated to over a hundred newspapers. Grizzard has also written several best selling books. His latest is "Elvis is Dead and I Ain't Feeling So Well My- self." Kelsey Green MARVA COLLINS October 16, 1984 "We believe in the set worth of every student who enters our doors," said a teacher who put aside the "Dick-and-Jane" ap- proach to learning to find that children can become successes if they are taught that they can be nothing less. Marva Collins, founder of West- side Preparatory School in Chi- cago, has children reading by ages three and four, and her grammar school students read great classical works that college students don't always under- stand. Sick of seeing children pushed through a system where "little or no learning was taking place," she took $5,000 from her pen- sion fund and founded a two- room school in her own home. The Westside Preparatory School has grown to two build- ings and from 18 to more than 200 students. "1 don't believe in 'can't,' 'won't,' or 'maybe,' " she said. "We must be willing to polish our students. There is no greater joy than to see the student look at us with a shine in his eyes that says silently, 'Oh, that's the way it goes!' " "We must tell our children that all the great places in the world have not been taken," said Col- lins. "America needs each of us to relight the candles now flicker- ing." Rhonda Holifield FALL LECTURE SERIES HALEY BARBOUR DAVID BOWEN (Pictured) October 23, 1984 The format for the October 23 forum involved a debate of sorts between David Bowen and Ha- ley Barbour. Arguing the Democrat's view was David Bowen. Bowen was elected in 1972 to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served five consecutive terms. He is now co-chairman of the Mississippi branch of the Mondale-Ferraro campaign. Republican Haley Barbour is an attorney in Yazoo City, Mississip- pi. In 1982, he ran unsuccessful- ly for the U.S. Senate. Barbour was also a delegate to the 1984 Republican Convention in Dallas. Both men addressed the issues which are prevalent in this 1984 presidential campaign. Bowen pointed out the need to cut governmental spending and balance the budget. He also brought up the issue of Social Se- curity cuts and environmental protection when speaking about Reagan's policies. Barbour countered by remarking that today's economy is in the best shape it has been since the advent of Reaganomics. Barbour also indicated that the problems Reagan has had to deal with were caused by the Democrats who preceded him. Both men were given equal time to speak and respond to the audi- ence's questions. RAY MABUS October 30, 1984 When Ray Mabus entered into the office of state auditor for Mis- sissippi, many changes began to take place, to the surprise of many Mississippians. There was no filing system in the state auditor's office, and he found Mississippi way behind in its audits. As state auditor, he plans to bring the audits up to date. He has already recovered $400,000 in state money that was misspent, stolen, or other- wise misappropriated. Also as state auditor, Mabus has pushed for state educational re- form. Through his efforts, kinder- gartens and compulsory educa- tion were instituted, an unprecedented step to upgrade Mississippi education. Mabus claims that the hardest opposi- tion in Mississippi to reform was "well organized apathy." Known for his straightforward determination, Mabus quoted the motto he has modeled his work after, "Make sure you are right, then go ahead." Kelsey Green MICHAEL MANLEY November 6, 1984 "It starts with an escalation and motivation of misunderstand- ing," stated Michael Manley, re- ferring to the situation in Central America. Michael Manley is the former prime minister of Jamai- ca and a member of the People's National Party. He is presently the leader of the opposition party to the government in Jamaica. Manley commented that the pre- sent nature of the Third World is a result of modern imperialism. The modern imperialists bring under control large areas of land and then use it to produce a product that their country does not use. This type of imperialism brought about the development of the plantation system. The planta- tion system was inefficient, and it bred an elite class who used the natives as slaves. Also, the plan- tation system did not encourage a capitalistic spirit. This created a special problem when coun- tries became independent, as they realized that political stabil- ity did not mean economic stabil- ity. Manley concluded that the future of Central America is deter- mined by future U.S. policy. He questioned whether or not Cen- tral American nations could de- velop a policy that could hold up under the present U.S. economic dominance. Kelsey Green ISSACHAR KATZIR November 13, 1985 Issachar Katzir, new Consul Gen- eral of Israel for the Southeast- ern U.S., addressed the relation- ship between the two "sister countries of democracy," stat- ing, "Eighty percent of the coun- tries in the United Nations are dictatorships. Only 20 percent is left for the democracies. It is a battle, if you will, between qual- ity and quantity." Katzir defined two reasons for the peaceful relations between Israel and the United States. He cited first the moral aspect of the Jewish-Christian heritage, which provides a respect for the dignity of the human race. Second, there was the practical aspect, which focuses on the military-strategic point of view. After the tragedy of the Holo- caust, which claimed over six mil- lion Jewish lives, Israel invited survivors to her shores. These survivors are primarily responsi- ble for the existence of the strong Israeli nation today. "As long as you educate chil- dren, you will have respect for human life," he said. "Our desire for peace may be translated as weakness by outsiders, but we will overcome this problem. We can manage, given time." Peggy Kissinger c 'X 2 X 3 O Kelsey Green University Forum 21 SpRlNG D A M C E 22 Spring Dance Concert Department of Theatre and Dance March 28-30. 1985 Dancers Lisa Aucoin Margaret Bowlin Deborah Browning Lisa Brown Laura Carleton Patrick Clark Brenda Davis Patricia Ann Emmett Karen Garman Erin Givens Eve Lovelace Sammie Lowe Mark Napier Shellie Nielsen Susan Patterson Mary Ann Peterson Jamie Rasberry Susan Rutherford Sarah Stravinska Tammy Warren Choreographers Patricia Amacker Margaret Bowlin Miguel Lopez Shellie Christine Nielsen Janet Prieur Dorothy "Peaches" Rogers Sarah Stravinska C O N C E R T Spring Dance Concert 23 34 , M&rdi Gras Gala MARDI GRA'S GALA Thursday, February 14, captured all of the anything-goes excitement of Mardi Gras in a romantic Valentine's Day setting. Sponsored by the Residence Hall Associ- ation, the festive event was geared toward students living on campus. A shuttle service was provided to the Hattiesburg Community Center, which was decorated with large red hearts, each representing a residence hall or RHA cabinet member. doubloons, and "University of Budweiser" cups were the evening's giveaways. T-Mac provided dance music, playing their own popular originals as well as a variety of other artists' songs. A king and queen were selected by the crowd by secret ballot. Kirk Edmunds, a resident of Hattiesburg Hall, was crowned king, and Cin- dy King, a resident of Hickman Hall, was chosen queen. Each received a Budweiser spectively. The costumes worn to the gala ranged from new wave versions of traditional sequined Mardi Gras garb to frilly red formals. Brenda Smith, dressed as "Brenda the Barbarian," was awarded the prize for best costume via crowd approval. She, too, received a Bud- weiser jacket. Karen Godail Mardi Gras Gala 25 Alabama returned once again to South- ern's campus on Saturday, April 27, in a University Activities Council-sponsored ap- pearance, prepared to deliver their whole- some country crossover sound to anxious area fans. Although tickets for the perfor- mance sold slower than those for last year's appearance, the concert was an eventual sell-out. Opening for Alabama was Bill Medley, whose initial emergence on stage was met with a questionable response from the audience. However, once he began his song "I Still Do," the audience applauded with positive recog- nition. Medley also performed a first-rate ver- sion of Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock and Roll." Medley ended his set with "You've Lost that Lovin' Feeling," which was quite appropriate, since he was once half of the Righteous Brothers. Alabama's appearance on stage was met with screams and yells of admiring fans to the accompaniment of "You Can't Keep a Good Man Down." The females in the audience showed distinct partiality to lead singer Ran- dy Owens, considering his every move pro- voked squeals of delight. The band's driving sound was strong during their down-home country songs, while the ballads such as "Lady Down on Love" were definitely not at a loss for feeling. The prevail- ing appeal of their sound is their ability to harmonize with perfection even in concert, a talent many present day acts lack. Overall, the show was a balance of new re- leases smattered with old favorites. Although the entire production was enjoyed by all, Ala- bama's past hits were preferred by the crowd. "Dixieland Delight" nearly brought down the roof with claps, stomps, and yells, almost surpassed by the excitement brought on by "Old Flame" and "Gonna Have a Par- ty." Alabama left the stage briefly after their per- formance, only to return for an encore of "Mountain Music" and a long instrumental which showed their non-vocal talents in an impressive light. The final tune of "My Home's in Alabama" induced a mellow mood, enabling the audience to leave hang- ing on the thrill of the evening. Lisa Wright 26 Alabama Shaffer's Pulitzer Prize winning Equus, performed Feb- ruary 27 through March 2 by the Department of Theatre r and Dance, is a lesson in psycholo- gy — a mystical journey through a dis- turbed mind. Directed by George Crook, the production was the first of its convention-defying nature to be performed in Hattiesburg. Instead of merely telling a story, it perplexed the minds of its viewers by exploring the unsettling question of the right of the unimpassioned to take away the happiness along with the pain of the deranged. Alan Strang, played by Marlin Seal, is a young man who sexually worships horses. i Much of the play takes place in Rokesby Psy- chiatric Hospital in Southern England where Martin Dysart, played by Clay Rouse, at- tempts to uncover the cause of Alan's pecu- liar behavior. Dysart finds that Alan came from a back- ground of religious contradiction. His mother encouraged the worship of God while his fa- ther frowned upon it. Alan became obsessed with television and biblical stories of horses. When his father ripped down a picture of Jesus hanging in Alan's room after an argu- ment about religion, his son replaced it with one of a horse, creating his own god, Equus. The character of Alan Strang keeps every- thing within himself, including his fear that reality means living a life without sexual or religious fulfillment. His escape is his horses. He enjoys riding them in tbe nude, recalling the pleasure of a childhood horse-riding ex- perience as sexual. He is sent to the hospital for the crime of blinding six horses with a metal hoof pick after the animals witnessed his attempt to have sex with a girl in the stables. Alan is driven to commit the horrible deed when he realizes that he has betrayed his god (Equus) by expressing sexuality with a female in the "temple." "I couldn't see her," Alan laments to Dysart. "Every time I kissed her — He was in the Dysart's final analysis is that Alan's worship is all he has to live for. "It's the core of his life. What else has he got? He can't read or write. He has no music except for television jingles. He has no friends ... he lives for one hour every three weeks." Other members of the cast included Carol Owen as the nurse, Janet Reed as Hester Salomon, David Stevens as Frank Strang, Heidi Cline as Dora Strang, Tracy Pigford as Nugget, Michael Weinberger as Harry Dal- ton, Lulu McBride as Jill Mason, and Tim Bond, Gabriel Masson, Marty McKeever, and Eric Sorensen as the horses. The play was performed in the USM Performing Arts Cen- Karen Godail Directed and designed by George Crook Original score by Raoul Jerome and H.J. Powell Arranged and conducted by Harold Powell Choreography by Dorothy "Peaches" Rogers Costumes by Larry Mullican Technical direction by Robert Hill 28 Equus Equus 29 The Staff Director Bob Funk Set and Lighting Designer George T. Crook Costume Designer Kerri Ishee Technical Director R.B. Hill Assistant Director/Stage Manager Janet Reed Costume Advisor Larry Mullican Accompanist Dale Trotter Dimmer Operators Jeffry Powe, Tim Bond Sound Operator Laura Denton Props Mistress Melva Hackbarth Master Carpenter Joey Jordan The Cast Allan Felix Michael Weinberger Nancy Heidi Cline Bogey Thomas Morrison Dick Christie Dale Crawson Linda Christie Melva Hackbarth Dream Sharon/Sharon Lulu McBride Gina Jill Cimbora Vanessa Carol Owen Go-Go Girl Ramona Piland Intellectual Gril Ginger Parsons Barbara Heather Duncan 30 Play It Again, Sam ++% +■ ( i I Woody Allen's "Play It Again, Sam," di- rected by Bob Funk, was presented as a dinner theatre in the R.C. Cook University Union from April 16 to April 20 by the De- partment of Theatre and Dance and the Union Board. "The action of this play takes place in the mind and the New York apartment of Allan Felix. The time is 1969," notes the produc- tion's program. The decade was re-created through such garish costume trappings as white boots, mini skirts, bell-bottom pants, and fringed halter tops; sixties' hairstyles, music, and dances; and mod plastic beads in the doorway between rooms. Posters emulat- ing the late Humphrey Bogart decorated the relationship after a brief weekend walls of Allan Felix's small apartment. Linda returning to her husband's fling, with affections. The plot of the show centered around a re- cently divorced film writer, Allan Felix, and his struggle to find his perfect woman. After his wife left him alone and lonely, Allan turned to Dick, his best friend, and Linda, Dick's wife, for comfort. Linda made several attempts to find a girl for Allan, but her ef- forts were always unsuccessful. Lacking sex appeal and self-confidence, the neurotic Al- lan would simply try too hard to impress his dates. During one of Dick's business trips, Allan and Linda realized they had a mutual romance in mind, but terminated the shaky Allan's perfect woman appears at last in a romantic finale that has Allan falling in love with his new neighbor, Barbara. Special lighting was used to suggest flash- backs and daydreams of Allan's previous mishaps and his future hopes and fears. His daydreams often depicted the doomed, inse- cure writer as a sexy, sought-after playboy. The cigarette-smoking Humphrey Bogart, sporting his trademark fedora and trench coat, appeared as Allan's conscience to offer advice about love and women. When Allan and Linda found themselves alone in Allan's apartment, Bogey gave Allan encourage- ment, telling him, "Go ahead, kid. Kiss her." Thomas Morrison's realistic Humphrey Bo- gart, Allan Felix as a convincing Woody Al- len, and the humorous antics of Allan's ex- wife and prospective girlfriends made "Play It Again, Sam" a superb production. The au- dience's enthusiastic approval was noted in laughter and hearty applause. Dee Dougherty + «► Play It Again, Sam 31 >••••» HAL^°^rEEiV : i College students are notorious for seizing any excuse to ditch the books in favor of all-night revelry, and there is no bigger or better excuse than All Hallows Eve. Celebrations decreeing cos- tumes and kegs abounded in the Hatties- burg area; USM students turned out for an evening of ghostbusting nonsense in full force. There were many options for those seek- ing an evening of bewitching entertain- ment. Dimmed lights, greasepaint, and mock blood transformed Elam Arms into a first-rate haunted house, while the R.C. Cook Union Halloween Carnival offered bake sales, space walk, and a face paint- ing booth, giving campus organizations an opportunity to raise money for their favor- ite charities. The University Activities Council featured its annual screening of the ultimate Halloween flick Rocky Hor- ror Picture Show, traditionally shown as an outdoor movie for the obvious prob- lems with post-viewing clean up. Cyndi Lauper and Culture Club concerts in New Orleans and Baton Rouge on the 30th and the 31st called for Halloween roadtrips for many students, with costumed concert- goers competing with the performers themselves for their moment in the spot- light. Witches, goblins, and ghosts roamed the area well past midnight, refusing to allow even the prospect of early morning classes to dampen the spirit. Returning home with reluctance, we washed off our makeup, traded our finery for more customary garb, and settled for being just students for yet another year. Kim Willis • i • i • i if- '<- '* P-^V.A-.^ (kS\ fl~ The Crew Director Michael Howard Musical Director Raoul Jerome Set and Lighting Design Robert C. Warren Choreographer Alton Geno Pianist, Rehearsal Pianist Melissa Kendrick Rehearsal Pianist Thomas Edward Moore Assistant to the Musical Director Pam Holifield Program Cover Graphic Laura Carleton "\ tw% *wKi^ ^4feL&. '. '- . •«>; Man of La Mancha, written by Dale Was- serman, is a musical loosely based on Miguel De Cervantes' Don Quixote. USM's production of this work was performed Sep- tember 19 through 21 by the School of Music and the USM Opera Theatre. In Man of La Mancha, Miguel De Cervantes is tossed into prison during the Inquisition. While imprisoned, he is tried by his fellow prisoners for being a fool and a dreamer. To defend himself, he recounts the story of Don Quixote, taking on that character himself and delegating the other characters to the prison- ers. The cast of Man of La Mancha was a bril- liant combination of university and communi- ty talent. Alfred Anderson, who portrays Cervantes/Quixote, is a professor of voice at Southern. Two other major characters. Dul- cinea/Aldonza and Sancho Panza, are Iron ..' fc I ' ^ >\, 34 Man of La Mancha V?; The Cast Captain of the Inquisition Joseph Wyatt Manservant (Sancho Panza) William Watkins Miguel De Cervantes (Dor. Quixote and Alonso Quijana) Alfred Anderson Governor Gregory Smith Duke Dale Crowson Muleteers Thomas Jenkins, Alan Carlson, Sammy Polk, Michael Weinberger, Eric Sorensen, Joseph Wyatt, Martin Hennis, Louis Daniels, Brent Stenson, Greg Craven Aldonza (Dulcinea) Mildred Hong Innkeeper Gregory Smith Maria (Innkeeper's Wife) LaNell Lucius Antonia (Alonso's Niece) Pamela Jones Housekeeper (for Alonso) Mary Lenn Buchanan Padre Karl Brock Dr. Sanson Carrasco (Antonia's Fiance) Dale Crowson Barber Kenneth Clay Horse Gabriel Masson Mule Patrick Clark Guitar Player John DeChiaro Spanish Guards Louis Daniels, Sammy Polk Prisoners Lulu McBride, Laura Carleton, Michelle Creel, Gloria Hillman, Amy Jackson The Musicians Flute and Piccolo Mary Claire Harrison, Kelly Brown Oboe Linde Lynn Clarinet J.C. Barker Bassoon Christy Hall Trumpet Mark Deaton, Chip Herrington Horn Warren R. Galle, Bonnie Piper Trombone Frank Longino, Gene Barnett Percussion I, II, III Sherman Hong, Carroll Hardin, Fred Mclnnis John DeChiaro played by Mildred Hong and Bill Watkins, guests artists from the Hat- tiesburg community. Prepared with only two weeks of rehearsals, Man of La Mancha is an outstanding example of the hard work and dedication of an extremely talented cast and a support ive production crew. ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦. '♦♦♦♦♦, ■ The Associated Student Body set the USM campus rocking with the presenta- tion of the locally sought-after band T-Mac. The concert got underway Friday, Septem- ber 28, on Pride Field after a football pep rally for the Memphis State gate. T-Mac gave the vocal audience exactly what it wanted to hear: rowdy rock and roll music. The band performed sets of cover material of such favorite artists as The Who, Rolling Stones, Van Halen, Pink Floyd, ZZ Top, and Loverboy. The band also played some of their own music, including "Feel Like An Ani- mal" and "I Want Her." The band received a great deal of support from the local radio station WHSY-104, who played their origi- nals on the air continuously throughout the week in preparation for their campus ap- pearance. As the night drew to an end, the crowd cheered for more. The band returned for two encores, the last being their original work of "Sliding In the Backway." T-Mac is based in Huntsville, Alabama. Bob- by Hendricks, Terry McNeal, Tomi Carter, and Chris Cooper teamed up little more than a year ago; the band features two Hatties- burg natives and one Hattiesburg resident. The band's independently-produced single "Feel Like An Animal" has been a local hit since this summer. T-Mac is in the process of negotiating for a record contract with Colum- bia/CBS, Atlantic Records, and Warner Brothers. Marcie Davis In March of 1984, T-Mac signed with Epic Records, a division of CBS, for a multi-album deal. Their debut album is scheduled for release in September — Editor. T-Mac 37 nnebaker Cimbora arlin Seal .Tim Bond Laura Carleton . Dale Crowson ...Dana Nelson Vade Dempsey -Glaririet/B#s,G]arin( Saxophones "Trairipef '!3ff,\%'Ul,Jj: Trombone ;.'.;„,. .., . , ,>,;;. ...,,..,. ■.,.-,: Marty; Hm ,,.,,,.,,,, : Marty Hennis ,. Jamin Holfrrian Pile Kfostag. Bruce Piilvef ,j..i,i,;.-.-.-., ,.,,'.,. ,.-;'.V JJ Led£ Diaz ©HtetMrag's Afoot, a musical, murder ! nayster>, - - - - tes McDona .\ Dai d Vos. 2-i a Robert Geriach, was performed at the USM orrnkig Arts Center Oct ©fee 31 fibre ,gh Mo- be: 4. This strongly satirical comedy based gatha Christie's Ten Little Indians classic seemed to poke fun at Agatha Christie myster- ies and old-fash >ned r> sieai styles The cast itself portrayed typical British stereotypes, ac- : i c is ."=-?' v acce its in 1935. the story puts ten unsuspecting ?le stranded together on an island in the roar's Retreat" by the estate's ' r didn't do it,' murderer. As the ical, who-dunnit pe into the mystery is a h the end, when an unexpected twist reveal actual murderer and the motive;;,:;:;' ■Directed by Blaine Quarnstrom, Somethi Afoot earned very favorable reviews from critics. Judging from the turnout at USM's 1 it seemed that the Hattiesburg comtm would give Afoot a four-star review as well, crowd responded with hearty laughs and en siastic applause to the various humor-filled n cal numbers. Special effects, such as clap thunder, flashes of lightning, and explos kept the audience wide-eyed. The encore r ■ ber "I Owe It All" drew a standing ovation f pleased viewers/Members of the cast incluu Karen Rice as Lettie, the maid; Tracy Pigford, as Flint, the gardener; David Pennebaker, as IClive, the butcher; Jill Cimbora, as Hope; Marlin (Seal, as Dr. Grayburn; Tim Bond, as Nigel; Lau- I ra Carleton, as Lady Grace Manley-Prowe; Dale jCrowson, as Colonel Gillweather; Wade Demp- jsey, as Geoffrey, the oarsman; and Dana Nel- ison, as Miss Tweed, the novice detective. 1 Karen Godail Members of Southern Exposure are Sissy Sharp, Eddie Jones, Mattelyn Cassels, Lisa Hargett, Brad Cun- diff, Jill Bailey, Director Tim Breland, Twila Williams, Sammie Lowe, Ben Preston, Dawn Broadus, Michelle Elliott, and Bobby Hensley. Southern Exposure Let Southern Exposure take you "Back to Broadway" with its ever-popular blend of rock and roll, country, and Broadway tunes. The popular song-and-dance group, sponsored by the USM Public Relations Of- fice, is returning to the classic look of Broad- way with basically black and white costumes, new stage sets, and a number of new per- formers. The troupe performed on four occa- sions at the World's Fair in New Orleans. The week before second semester, Southern Ex- posure traveled through South Alabama and the Florida Panhandle to entertain as well as to promote USM. The cast was selected through open auditions in September. Timothy Breland, director of Southern Exposure since 1980, is both pleased and proud of the fact that the per- formers represent almost every school and college on campus. Said Breland, "Overall, as far as performance abilities and, more im- portantly, as far as working together is con- cerned, this is one of the best groups I've worked with." Being such a close-knit group helps the cast deal with some of the less pleasant aspects of performing, such as cop- ing with crazy schedules, getting lost in unfa- miliar towns, sleeping on a crowded bus, grabbing a hamburger between perfor- mances, and loading and unloading the two- ton equipment truck. 40 Southern Exposure fc Director Tim Breland holds a master's de- gree in music education from USM and was a member of the original Southern Exposure troupe. Choreographer for the group, Nancy Wingo, is a graduate of the USM Department of Dance. David Judice is the troupe's sound engineer. Sissie Myrick, graphic artist for USM Public Relations, designs and illustrates sets for the show. Southern Exposure band members (right) include Shelton Feazell, gui- tar; Tim Breland, piano; Bill Wilkins, drums; and Russ Harless, bass. Beth McCoy Southern Exposure 41 The 1984 USM Homecoming was distin- guished by a cold and wet Homecoming week, an increased number of independent can- didates for the royal court, and a timely "Go for the Gold" theme. Many entries in the Homecoming display com- petition were destroyed or never constructed due to the stormy skies that hovered over cam- pus in the week leading up to the game. Blaming the "extraineous conditions," Delta Gamma so- rority draped their display with a sheet pro- claiming the Demons and their display "Gone With the Wind." The displays that survived the soaking illustrat- ed any number of imaginative variations on the "Go for the Gold" theme, including Olympic gold medals, gold mining, gold records, and even gold busters. Overall winner for the competition was Sigma Alpha Epsilon with a gold record-inspired dis- play based upon the hits "Thriller" and "Beat It." - Sffo «•>:' 42 Homecoming Displays SICU \ Al I'M A IPSIION Recognized for originality were Sigma Alpha Ep- silon, Phi Mu, Central Area, English Language Institute, Phi Kappa Tau, Delta Tau Delta, Del- ta Zeta, Hillcrest, and Alpha Phi Omega. Win- ners in the category of beauty were Kappa Al- pha, Alpha Sigma Alpha, South Area, Delta Sigma Pi, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Chi Omega, Cen- tral Area, and Phi Theta Kappa. Taking honors for theme were Alpha Tau Omega, Alpha Kappa Alpha, South Area, SNEA, Kappa Sig- ma, Pi Beta Phi, Scott and Bond Halls, and Phi Theta Kappa. Kim Willis (S^VcPf, Homecoming Displays 43 fort'i K' J rFg: t The 33rd annual Chi Omega Songfest, held Friday, November 30, proved to be the largest ever. Twenty-one organiza- tions participated, including campus new- comers Alpha Delta Pi and Delta Tau Delta. Looking like a class act in white gloves and black and gold dress, Delta Gamma won the competition for the second consecutive year with "Christmas Southern Style." The ever- stylish Sigma Alpha Epsilon captured top honors for the third straight year with "Clare Grundman's Three Noels." Second place winners were Delta Delta Delta and Kappa Sigma. Pi Beta Phi and Delta Tau Delta placed third. Kappa Alpha's "Hallelujah Chorus," featur- ing "Welcome to Miller Time" and Kappa Alpha Psi's "Santa Adds Life" were big hits with the audience. Sigma Nu fraternity, pos- ing as sorority sisters from Moorehead State College, provided comic relief with a some- what-altered version of "Hello, Dolly" to greet USM president Aubrey K. Lucas (i.e. — "Hello, Aubrey . . ."). Chi Omega president Leslie Driskell present- ed United Way with a check for $3066.47. The money went to the Rape Crisis Center and the Abused Family Program. Represen- tatives from United Way recognized Chi Omega with a plaque to commemorate Song- fest donations over the past three years. Chairperson for the event was Jennifer Munn. Holly Hughes 44 Songfest WfW£8!W Songfest 45 Twila Williams Miss Southern 1985 The competition was over, but the hardest part had just begun. Beth Glover, the reigning Miss Southern, made her final run- way walk on Saturday, January 25, before turning her title over to a new winner. Twila Williams of Meridian was crowned Miss Southern in the Associated Student Body/ Delta Gamma sponsored 39th annual pag- eant. The 19-year-old sophomore, majoring in performing arts, also won the talent com- petition with her rendition of "Corner In the Sky." Seventeen contestants competed for the cov- eted title and were judged in the areas of talent, evening gown, swimsuit, and judges' interviews. Those receiving the titles of alternates were Jana Kay Mills of Bay Springs, first alternate; Laurie Mullis of Hattiesburg, second alter- nate and swimsuit preliminary winner; Heidi Cline of Fort Walton Beach, Florida, third alternate; and Kelli Pigott of Indianola, fourth alternate. Special awards were given to Diane Silver of Mobile, Alabama, who won the Director's Award, and Cindy Brown of Jackson, who was voted Miss Congeniality. Entertainment for this year's pageant was indeed special, as the 1983 Miss Mississippi and Miss America alternate Wanda Geddie, and Miss Mississippi 1984, Kathy Manning, sang and danced to a variety of duets and solos, including the pageant's theme "That's Entertainment." .... Tammy Holder 46 Miss Southern Miss Southern 47 thF ELEfcTIO it/~\ ur work is not finished," proclaimed V-/ President Regan on a Sunday night in January of 1984, putting an end to the spec- ulations of the American public. Rumors had abounded that Reagan was feeling all of his 73 years and that he would prefer to quit while he was ahead rather than face the pos- sibility of losing the election and leaving office in defeat. His request for "four more years," however, brought cheers from many Ameri- can homes. From his "aw shucks" grin down to his ranch-worn cowboy boots, Reagan was a well-liked man in his first term as president. The preceding four years had done nothing but make him look good. Inflation was down in 1984 while the economy was up. Over six million new jobs were created, crime rates deopped, and $31 billion was recovered from fraud or waste. Reagan had proven himself a capable leader with the pushover liberation of Grenada and could credit himself with a powerful new patriotism that could be felt Oltil ill 48 The Election From top. Vice President George Bush, Demo- cratic party presidential nominee Walter Mon- dale, running mate Geraldine Ferraro, and Sena- tor Gary Hart. throughout the country. Upon the com- mencement of his second presidential cam- paign, Reagan was optimistic about his politi- cal future, as well as that of America. USM Political Science Professor Joseph Parker called it "the clearest choice presented to the American public in 20 years." On an icy morning in February of 1983, Wal- ter "Fighting Fritz" Mondale became a democratic contender for the presidency. "I know myself," he boasted to the crowd at St. Paul. "I am ready. I am ready to be President of the United States." It had taken four years of experience as vice president in the Carter White House to bring Mondale's confidence and ambition to that level. A representative of his party's New Deal tradition, Mondale was seen as a compassionate man with possi- bilities. His promise was to make America a safer, fairer, and more productive place than it had been in recent years. His campaign opened up its Washington headquarters in early 1982, with media consultant Ray Spence seeking to remake Mondale in the image of a stronger man. Spence noted in a strategy memo that the public looked upon Mondale as "a typical old-fashioned politi- cian whose heart is in the right place but has no real depth, no real inner strength, no real backbone — a politician who is so tied to old answers that he is not up to the job of leading a new America." In April of 1983, John Glenn journeyed in with a flutter of American flags, down John Glenn Highway to John Glenn High School where he announced his candidacy for Presi- dent. He had come, he said, to call America back to a belief in the possibilities of tomor- row. "Two decades ago," he said, "I served a young president who promised to get Amer- ica moving ... I say it's time America was on the march." Glenn sought to be the Demo- cratic party's hero as Ronald Reagan was for the Republican party. He banked on winning the nomination through the media alone, put- ting his American heroism on a pedestal in- stead of organizing precincts and grubbing endorsements. By midsummer, he had drawn even with Mondale in the polls and had overtaken him in trial heats against Rea- gan, documenting his claim that he was the electable man. The entire edifice, however, soon proved to be one built on mere dreams. Glenn came to politics late in life and showed neither pleasure nor eloquence in his cam- paigning. Politics for Glenn was less a voca- tion than a support system. Strategies changed from week to week, and he was finally reduced to trying to define himself by attacking Mondale. When he turned nega- tive, he became just another politician, and a losing one at that. "It's time for a transition," wailed Jesse Jack- son at an audience from the ballroom stage at the Peachtree Plaza in Atlanta, his voice hoarse and thick, his face streaming sweat, and his own passion becoming stronger by the answering amens. "From freedom to equality, from charity to party, our time has come!" In midsummer of 1983, Jesse Jack- son made public his intention to run for the presidency. He was by no means a politician, but, rather, a preacher who had come to prominence in the 1960s as a follower of Martin Luther King, Jr. His jump-on-the- bandwagon candidacy more nearly resem- bled a crusade than a conventional presiden- tial campaign. According to Jackson's press secretary, Frank Watkins, getting elected was never seriously a part of the picture; the campaign was conceived instead as a kind of civil rights demonstration raised to a higher plane, with Jackson as its evangelist chief. His mission, Watkins said, was "prophetic." Jackson's campaign got off to a spectacular running start by garnering the black endorse- ments that would have otherwise gone to Fritz Mondale. Jackson could fill a hall and light it up with ease, but the drudgery of organization seemed to defeat him. His reli- ance on the collection plate as the basic means of fund-raising saddled him with a limited cash flow for his campaign. At a USM campaign stop in the spring semester of 1983, Jackson arrived an hour and a half late for a scheduled appearance at Bennett Audi- torium. "If he can't make it at least some- where near on time to his own scheduled appearances, I'd hate to see him as presi- dent," commented one annoyed student. Jackson also erred when he referred to Jews as hymies in what he thought was an in-the- family-chat with a black reporter from the Washington Post, a slip of the tongue that reawakened tensions between the Jews and the blacks. Jackson evaded dealing with the uproar that resulted, pleading innocence or amnesia for days on end. His standing in the polls went from double to single digits within a week, effectively eliminating Jackson from the race for the candidacy altogether, but his campaign as the first serious black presiden- tial candidate in either party will always have historical significance. Mondale might have had the Democratic nomination in the bag had it not been for a dark horse candidate who unexpectedly swept the primaries after a brief television appearance with the other contenders for the nomination. Gary Hart, the voice for the frirftitikftftitftft&izitftiz The Election 49 The Election ftittiftitfttitiftftjt&ti&ftjtitft \jT uppie generation, created quite a stir within the Democratic party. A youth- ful, good-looking Colorado man, Hart proved to be an intellectual with a Yale degree and a senate address. He was criticized for his lack of warmth in public and his tendency to sepa- rate himself from other politicians, but Hart went from being a relative unknown to the promise for the future in a matter of days. The fresh face gave a new twist to Democratic principles and seemed to attract the "me" generation that increasingly dominates the vo- ting public. Alarmed by the public interest that the young politician drew, Mondale began to throw punches at Hart in the debates, point- ing out that Hart had changed his position on arms control seven times. "Where's the beef?" demanded Mondale. Hart's cause was hardly helped by his refusal to respond to Mondale's blows. When a pro- Hart commercial attacking Mondale was aired without Hart's permission, he immediately or- dered it off the air. Mondale battled right up to the day before the primary and managed to bring in enough delegates to put him over the top. Hart carried more states and nearly as many votes, but it was Walter Mondale who stood on the podium at the eleventh hour. At 11:59 p.m. Mondale announced to the Demo- cratic Convention in San Francisco, "I am pleased to claim victory and I will be the nomi- nee of the Democratic party." As Mondale celebrated his victory, Geraldine Ferraro was preparing herself to be the first female candidate for vice president. Ferraro's climb to success as a wife, a mother, a night- school lawyer, and finally as a politician had impressed Walter Mondale. In Mondale's eyes, she was remarkably witty and at ease, but most of all she had style, which was some- thing he had worked hard at in his own politi- cal life. She would bring a certain tone he wanted to the campaign, a flavor of the past in which work and family mattered and a future in which no door would be closed to anyone good enough to walk through it. American voters, however, seemed uncomfortable with his daring decision. Many were suspicious of his motive. He had, indeed, chosen Ferraro from a list of minorities of blacks, hispanics, and women. Some believed that Ferraro was too liberal to be an effective vice president. On the other hand, many Americans, especially women, applauded Mondale's selection. Said former Mississippi Lieutenant Governor Eve- lyn Gandy, "She was selected for the nomina- tion on the basis of her qualifications, accord- ing to Mr. Mondale's announcement at the convention. She is certainly well qualified." Clothed in red, white, and blue, Ronald Rea- 50 The Election gan accepted his nomination before an intent GOP convention audience with a speech based on patriotic pride. The Mondale manag- ers called Reagan the luckiest politician in America; with a stable economy and a peace- ful international relationship among the world powers, it seemed that nothing could deflate the President's healthy popularity. Reagan stumbled with a careless joke on open mike about bombing the Russians. "Testing one, two, three," he intoned. "My fellow Ameri- cans, I am pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russsia for- ever. We begin bombing in five minutes." The Soviet news agency TASS desplored the crack as "unprecedentedly hostile toward the USSR." Reagan's image, however, merged unscathed from his prank and reports that the President occasionally catnaps at boring cabi- net meetings. Geraldine Ferraro was less for- tunate in her attempts to play down the con- troversy generated by husband John Zaccaro's tax returns and a charge of illegal funding in her first congressional election cam- paign in 1978. The real moment of truth for the parties came at the televised presidential debates. Mondale finished out the first round in Louisville looking like a winner. Poised and self-confident, Mon- dale succeeded at putting his opponent on the defensive, forcing Reagan to back up his poli- cies and past accomplishments while at the same time boasting of his own. Set to close out with a curtain speech aimed at appealing to the voting Americans for a chance to "finish the job we have together begun," the normal- ly camera-perfect Reagan forgot his lines and resorted to a weak ad-lib that defended his achievements. Talk that Reagan was reaching an age when infirmities more severe than memory lapses can begin to set in dominated the news for the remainder of the week, prompting Reagan staffers to rush out copies of the President's latest medical report, which described him as "a mentally alert, robust man." The age issue was settled once and for all in the second debate in Kansas City. Mondale came off looking nervous and tired while Rea- gan had regained his show-business demea- nor. When asked about the age issue, Reagan said that of course he felt up to the job and "I want you to know that I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to ex- ploit for political purposes my opponent's youth and inexperience." The American pub- lic got what it wanted — the reassurance that despite his age, Reagan was capable of going strong for four more years. Following the de- bate, Reagan's returns showed him ahead by 20 points. I If k I i % 3 Faces of particular importance to Mississippians, from top, Jesse Jackson, who made a presiden- tial campaign stop at USM; former governor Wil- liam Winter, whose practically non-existent race guaranteed the election of the incumbent; Thad Cochran; and perennial favorite congressman Trent Lott. jtJTftftfttiti&tititiJt&JtJtJtJttitititii* Students on the USM campus took an active interest in the election and many devoted themselves to furthering the cause of their favorite candidate. The Young Democrats set up a table at registration to distribute cam- paign literature, hung up posters, and went door-to-door in rural neighborhoods to urge voter turnout. In September, the students slat- ed John Zaccaro, son of Geraldine Ferraro, to speak at the Wesley Foundation and violated a 10-day prior notice rule in the process. On election day, the Young Democrats organized a rally which included speakers such as Chris Revis, Mondale field representative; Pat Ken- nan, National Organization of Women State Chairman; and Juanita Blackwell, the first fe- male mayor of Mayorsville and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. Finally, the Young Democrats, by working out of a local attorney's office, helped many voters without transportation get to and from the polls. The College Republicans also got involved with campaigning. Before the presidential debates, they held an informal three-day poll of 250-300 students, seeking to predict which candidate would receive the greatest support among students; only ten percent cast a ballot for Mondale. Prior to the elec- tion, the College Republicans handed out ab- sentee ballots to out-of-town students who would not be able to make a trip home to vote. Lastly, as a means of supporting their candidate, the College Republicans held a rally on November 1 with Trent Lott as the featured speaker. The political fervor travelled from the cam- pus to the Coast on October 1, where Ronald Reagan was appearing in person to ask the primarily youthful crowd for four more years. His speech attacked his op- ponent for being pessimis- tic about the future, and appraised the past four years and the present in terms of the economy and defense. "The United States of America is a very different place," he told a cheering crowd bearing signs declaring the race "A Ron-Away Election." "It is stronger, more prosperous and bursting with patrio- tism." He ended his speech by commending the Gulf Coast's Coast Guard for its record level drug arrests and seizures, and left his happy fans waving their signs and chanting, "Four more years." On Tuesday, November 6, the lengthy and controver- sial race finally came to an end. Reagan fidgeted in- side his hotel room, refus- ing to trust any results until they were confirmed at the polls. "I'm going to wait un- til somebody knocks on my door," the President joked. "If they say, 'Hey you,' I'll know I lost." Rea- gan achieved a 16.5 mil- lion vote lead over Fighting Fritz, twice the margin he had over Jimmy Carter in 1980. Mondale carried only his own state and the District of Colum- bia. "I am at peace with the knowledge that I gave everything I've got. I am confident that history will judge us honorably," Mondale concluded on the night of his defeat. Summed up Reagan, "The people made it very clear that they approve of what we're doing." With a 53 million vote mandate under his belt, Reagan will have his four more years to finish the job he started in 1981. Said Senator Paul Laxalt, Republican national chairman, "Tuesday's historic landslide was not only a great personal victory for President Reagan but also a clear mandate that will serve to shape American politics for years to come." Karen Godail ^>^^ The Election 51 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1 O 1 . • O . O ^uuuuuuuu^^^^^^~~~~~^~~ ooooooooooooooooooooooooo. ,00000000000000000000000000000 °„ n S? n n n °nS oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o^^^ u u oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. , o o o o oooooooooooooooooooo oooooooo o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o^^ ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo M Southern At Seventy-Five Happy 75th, Southern! arch 30, 1985, marked the kickoff of the University of Southern Mississippi's 75th Anniversary Celebration. The gala will continue through September 18, 1987. The first date commemorates the college's establishment by the Missis- sippi Legislature, while the second date represents the actual convening of classes on Southern's campus. The fanfare began with a satellite broadcast to over 100 alumni meetings all over the United States and will last for the next 30 months. We present "Southern At Seventy-Five" as not only a chronicle of the events of this year, but also as a contemplation of that which brings us our own peculiar brand of distinction. And no matter how often circumstances may bring us to wonder to the contrary, we can conclude with all certainty that we are proud to be a part of this university. Happy 75th, Southern! ooooi 10000 ooooi (0000 ooooi 10000 oooot 10000 poooi pgiiu' 3000C 0000 ooooc O OOOOI OOOOO OOOOOi OOOOO OOOOO' OOOOC OOOOO DOOOOC OOOOO 30000C OOOOO ooooc OOOOO DOOOOC lOOOOO OOOOOC I ooooo (ooooc OOOOOC lOOOOO fooooc OOOOOC lOOOOO jooooc OOOOOC lOOOOO OOOOOC lOOOOO OOOOOC lOOOOO OOOOOI lOOOOO loctooc OOOOOC (OOOOO fcoooc OOOOOI ) O O O O O joi OOOOOC lOOOOO OOOOOI JOOOOC OOOOi lOOOOO OOOOOi lOOOOC OOOOO' ) ooooc OOOOOi JOOOOC OOOOO' lOOOOC OOOOO- lOOOOC OOOOO! JOOOOC OOOOO: lOOOOC OOOOO JOOOOC OOOOO JOOOOC OOOOO JOOOOC 00000 1 JOOOOC OOOOO JOOOOC OOOOOi" joooocup. 1 ;; ooooo L", jooooC" ooooo L' C V C joooo(!\| C .;. 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The 13-member board, which oversees the eight state universi- ties in Mississippi, made the deci- sion to switch the journalism leadership role to the accredited department at Ole Miss and move computer science into an undesignated category that in- cludes subjects such as business and English. President Aubrey K. Lucas immediately em- phasized that the loss of leadership roles did not mean the loss of the majors themselves. Total enrollment of students majoring in jour- nalism comes to 173, with class enrollment standing at well over 400; USM's computer science department ranks in the top five in the nation, with 1,500 majors and enrollment close to the 5,000 mark. The computer sci- ence department is pledged to upgrading its program and will actively seek national ac- creditation. The Department of Journalism has received provisional accreditation, mak- ing USM part of a group of 17 universities with accreditation in four programs and one of the few schools to achieve this without relying on broadcast divisions. The purpose of assigning a leadership role is to guide the College Board in determining which universi- ty's request for financial and structural assis- tance within a given field of study should be granted highest priority. Local response to the loss of the roles result- ed in the formation of the USM Political Ac- tivist Committee, a lobbying group dedicated to protecting the interests of USM. Although Southern is the largest university in the state, almost 80% of the College Board members are from North Mississippi; the result, main- tains the USM-PAC, is a lop-sided granting of funds and favors. A move to restrict the seemingly unlimited powers of the College Board took the form of a legislative bill that would precisely define the acceptable routes a College Board decision could follow. The bill originated out of a written request submitted by Associated Student Body President Steve Sheppard and the Stu- dent Body Presidents' Council. Authored by Hattiesburg Senators Rick Lambert and David Smith, the bill would require the College Board to publish the standards which a program would be measured against before the Board could take legal action of any kind against a program. Urging students to lobby in support of the bill, the Associated Student Body of USM distributed information packets, complete with model letters and district maps, to encourage a campus letter-writing cam- paign to back the bill. Political support for the bill seemed posi- tive, but inconsistent. The proposal that the Board could not in any way remove, limit, or change a university's programs without the required prior publication was immediately voted down in the House Uni- versities and Colleges com- mittee when it was introduced by Hattiesburg Representa- tive J.B. Van Slyke. Anxious to avoid the same lobbying efforts of the College Board that had killed the bill so readily in the House of Re- presentatives, backers of the motion scaled down the lan- guage and aspirations of the bill in an effort to guarantee passage in the house. Largely due to the arguments of Col- lege Board President Charles Jacobs, the bill was amended to require only that the Board notify the president or chancellor over the school to be affected by the decision of the Board and work closely with them in the process of the changes. The aim of the altered bill was to assure at minimum that the colleges and universities are informed prior to the an- nouncement or implementation of any re- strictive action. The original version of the bill passed the Senate narrowly, but a reconsideration of the amended version passed with a whop- ping 8-0 vote. When the issue came up before the House of Representatives again, the bill was re- strengthened to the point of requiring that a university president must be consulted before any program can be altered or re- moved, only to be cut back down to the milder version before passage. The amended bill was signed into law by Governor Bill Allain on Monday, April 1, 1985. Marcie Davis, Dee Dougherty, Kim Willis OOOOOOO ■ OOOOOOOC OOOOOOO , OOOOOOOC OOOOOOO ' OOOOOOOC 30000000 ' OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC. 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IJ U 1 1 U U U U U U U U U LI LHH I U U U U U U U LJLJULJUUUlJUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUt) OOOOOOOC ooooooooooooooooooo oooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo D00OO0OO0000OOO0O00OOO0OOOO0O0O0000000000000000000OO000000000000OO00000000000000000000000000000C OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO' DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ~ ' -tooooooc ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooi College Board Bill 53 o o o o o c D0000O0OOO0OOOO00000OO0000OOO000O00000O00O000000000000000000O0000000O00C000 OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOl Southern At Seventy-Five 41 Dangerous Hardy street crossing gets long-awaited walk/don't walk" traffic light fter years of seemingly endless fuss USM students were granted a traffic light on Hardy Street and Thirty-Eighth Avenue in early October. The purpose of the new light is to guarantee safe street crossing from campus to Elam Arms and off-campus housing. Due largely to the lobbying efforts of a USM planning committee, the city of Hat- tiesburg okayed the move of a used light from the downtown McCloud-Hardy area to the section of Hardy running across the front of campus. Moving a light rather than adding a new one dropped the cost from the originally estimated $50,000 to $10,000. With the installation of the new traffic light, the students can now push a button for a red light and a "walk" prompt, with an average wait of thirty-five seconds. The Hardy Street crossing prior to the installation of the new traffic light. University and city officials alike agree that the installation of some sort of barri- cade to prevent jay walking would be fea- sible, but no such project ranged for yet. been ar- Marcie Davis QOOOOQOI OOOOOOOL DOOOOOOOl OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO oooooooc DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC >ooooooo< OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOOi OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOi OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOi OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO lOOOOOOO" OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOO OC OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOI OOOOOOOO 'OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO ■OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO o o o o o o Q o°o C ooflcjcJOeJOOcWScjcjUoUUcjOUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU^ i 1000000000000000 00000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc looooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO DOOOOOO )00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000C 1 O O O O O O ( S4. Trsffir I inht /Flprtinn Annoak OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOO Lignt/tlection Appeals )000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC IOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO noOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC B Q ^ ^o^r^^onnpinrmnrio OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO loooc f>Z >ooo boot loooc o0 ° JOOO )00C o o o c ooo; JOOO '« cc OOOC ° 001 JOOO '0°° OOOC o° 0, JOOO '0°° OOOC ° 00( JOOO 5000 OOOC i" 00( JOOO )000 OOOC oocc JOOO JOOO oooc pooc JOOO fooo OOOC moo IOOO 000' OOOC joooo IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC OOO OOOC OOO OOOC OOO DOOC OOO DOOC OOO DOOC OOO DOOC OOO DOOC J0001 OOO Charges of wrongdoing abound ASB election yields multiple appeals in post-race outcry This year's race for executive offices and senate positions in the Associat- ed Student Body was plagued by contro- versy. Although no one had contested the race as of March 26, the Tuesday election night, appeals were eventually made. After vice presidential hopeful Daniel Hall lost the race by twelve votes, he contested the election on the grounds that the elec- tion procedures were "ambiguous." The close outcome of the race prompted a re- count of the ballots, confirming Todd Courtney as the winner. Another major issue of the election was the failure to make candidates aware of their duty to post position papers. The election code states that the candidates shall turn in the position papers of their own choosing to the Election Commission- er; these materials can include qualifica- tions, platforms, graphics, photos, and similar material. ASB Vice President David Kendrick pro- posed that the entire results of the Senate election be revoked. However, since all candidates were equally affected by not turning in position papers, the decision was made that the race would not be re- called. Runoffs were held, with each can- didate being notified to submit position pa- pers. The appeal filed about Lee Carnes being listed on the science-technology ballot rather than the library science ballot, thus altering the outcome in the sci-tech race, was ruled invalid, as the appeal was not made within 48 hours after the election. Shortly after the election, a hearing was held to determine what additional changes would be necessary to further better the recently revised election code. Sugges- tions made for future elections included a meeting of candidates and more specific methods of ballot preparation, vote tally- ing, and appeal filing. Despite the many setbacks involved in the election process, Barry Reynolds succeed- ed in taking the office of student body president, receiving 59 percent of the stu- dent vote. Dee Dougherty I uuuuuuuuuuuuouoOOOOOOOOOOOOOO JOOOO0000O0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000OOOOOOOOO0O0000O000O0O0O0OO0O00OO0O0000OOOOOOO00OO000O0OO0OOOC 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo' JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOnnnonnonnnnn JOOOO Southern At Seventy-Five u Roadtrip, roadtrip! > You've been there before. We know — we all have. Semester burn- out slaps you in the face, taunting you with the grim realization that you're going to have to either fight back with some serious diversion or wimp out by surrendering yourself to its fatalistic clutches. Never mind that your impending projects and exams prod endlessly at your guilty conscience; forget that you are long over- due for a weekend visit home; overlook the fact that the likelihood of your having enough food to get you through the next week correlates directly to the number of hours you put in on your job this weekend. The urge for hitting the road rather than hitting the books strikes as never before in the dehabilitating weeks leading up to fin- als. Thus, you come to the proper conclusion that a major-scale roadtrip is crucial to the maintenance of your precariously-bal- anced state of well-being. Roadtrips to Jackson and Biloxi will suffice temporar- ily, but real roadtripping means crossing the state lines in search of a lower drinking age. New Orleans and Pensacola fit the bill nicely, with the respective age limita- tions of 18 and 19; their geographical proximity, permitting one to indulge and still make it back for an early morning class, is a winning bonus. The actual date of a roadtrip is best left to fate. Planning a roadtrip as much as in- vites killer tests, family emergencies, and expensive car trouble. No, the finest of roadtrips are born out of spontaneity. A wild-eyed friend flinging himself through your door, bellowing, "Roadtrip, road- trip!" is as good a reason as any for aban- doning the books. My all-time favorite ex- cuse for a roadtrip is conjuring up an honest-to-God justification for the trav- el — i.e., a roadtrip to Florida to search for an out-of-print book vital to the completion of a senior project or a trek to the Cafe du Monde to satisfy a maddening craving for beignets. There are any number of unwritten rules to follow when you actually set out on your roadtrip. Among the wisest of them: 1. Roadtrips involving the pursuit of a tan should not be aided in their execution by a few fibs. No teacher worth his salt is going to buy any story about a case of the 24- hour flu if you return looking as well- bronzed as if you just stepped down from the lifeguard's chair. ed, 1 managed to read Orstein's "Psychol- ogy of Consciousness" while sweltering under the Florida sun and successfully memorized French conjugations with a flashlight on a bumpy highway trip to Pat O's, but the albatross of schoolwork is enough to ruin your travelling mates' good time without your less-than-subtle remind- ers. 3. Choose your roadtripping companions with care. Although limiting yourself to close friends reeks with missed opportuni- ty (Two mutual pals of mine returned from a roadtrip as the best of friends after one had to hold up the other, who had fallen asleep in a nightclub restroom from the combination of physical exhaustion and alcohol overindulgence), you should never extend this axiom to the opposite extreme of inviting a person you thorough- ly despise just because they have volun- teered their imported sports car as the means of transport. No yourself up for disaster. sense in setting No matter how great a fervor you ap- proach your roadtrip with, however, there will always be an occasional fiasco or two. I remember a particularly recent trip that involved a late departure, a two-hour long wrong turn, an insolent waiter, and a 3 a.m. blow-out with a car full of decidedly non-mechanically minded passengers. Need I tell you. however, that despite our muttered swearings to the contrary, we were back on the road the following week? Kim Willis 2. Leave your studies on campus. Grant- pooooooo oooooooc OOOOOOO' oooooooc- lOOOOOOO. oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc' JOOOOOOO' oooooooc lOOOOOOO' oooooooc j oo ooooo oooooooc' JOOOOOOO ' OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO • OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOO'' DOOOOOOC OOOOOOOf DOOOOOOC OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO' DOOOOOOC OOOOOOOf DOOOOOOO' OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOC OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO oooooooc 'OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO' DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO' DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO' DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO! DOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOO'OOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO oooooooc lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC lOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC 'OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC 'OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC OOOOOOO DOOOOOOC II ... ' ' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOO OOOOOOO GOO OOOOO GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO' JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO COO CO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO" "OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC R oa HtriDS 55 ' o o O O O O ( JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO v OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ,)OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOCOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO& IUUUUWUUUUUUL (J 1 - 1 J ! ?C ?C ?0 C ?0 P© G ?0 ?C ?C ?C ?C ?C Po O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOO O O 0_0_0_0_OJDJ3J3J3J3J3J3^^^^^ [ ^^annt^n^oaQOOOOOO^OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC jooooooooooooouuuu " u u u u u u u u u u w w w ^^-/ nnnnnnnnnnoooOQOOO nnooonnoooooooooooonnnnnooooooo oooc Southern At Seventy-Five Culture-crossing language program offers distinction ith 19 country representation N ot all students who enroll at USM do well at English. In fact, some of them don't know any English at all. Since 1947, USM has been in the business of teaching foreign students English. In that year, Southern began the Latin American Institute, which taught Latin American businessmen the English lan- guage. This program evolved into the Eng- lish Language Institute which tence today. is in exis- Students from the middle and far east as well as Latin America come to USM to participate in the extensive four-level pro- gram. They take a placement exam which puts them in a category ranging from knowing no English at all to knowing just about enough to be accepted as an aca- demic student. The program requires 25 hours of courses a week, including gram- mar, vocabulary, reading, writing, and lis- tening comprehension. But these students leave USM with more than just memories of the drudgery of their studies. "They leave [USM] with a good feeling about Mississippi," said Shirley Bateman, director of the ELI. Bateman notes that other USM students and the community are very friendly towards the international students. Many churches in the area plan special events for the benefit of the foreign stu- dents on campus. Temple Baptist Church holds an international fair every spring, while Main Street Baptist hosts an interna- tional holiday feast. The Baptist Student Union invites the ELI students over for meals and their various planned pro- grams, and 38th Avenue Baptist Church holds weekly English language drill classes for them. In February, Alpha fraternity and the melting pot festiva' Phi Omega service ELI co-sponsored a for all international students. The annual event represented each participating country with food sam- ples, crafts, music, dancing, and other cul- tural displays. Folk dancing, singing, a martial arts demonstration, and a Japa- nese tea ceremony highlighted the cul- ture-crossing event. About 50% of the students in the ELI program eventually become academic students. "Many are required by their countries to be accepted as academic stu- dents in the university before they can enroll in the program," she said. Although most students go back to their own coun- tries after they graduate, some like it so much in America that they choose to stay. The majority of these academic graduates are able to find good jobs. The international students get much out of USM's ELI program, but leave their own international mark on our country, said Bateman. Furthermore, their being here enhances the economy, she added. In an attempt to further internationalize the university, USM adopted a sister Ko- rean college in January. Mokpo National College in the Republic of Korea has many similarities to USM. It, too, started out as a normal school, then a teacher's college, and finally, like USM, became a national university. The agreement will provide opportunities for faculty and student exchange, joint faculty research, official academic visita- tions, and the exchange of cultural and athletic programs. JQO'JO 'oooo' ooooi 10000 g000< iOOOO 30OO< OOOO ooooc oooo ooooc JOOOO ooooc JOOOO ooooc JOOOO p ooooc JOOOO ooooc N>°„ , JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOi JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO ooooc JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO ooooc JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO ooooc JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO ooooc JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO ooooc JOOOO ooooc JOOOO ooooc JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOOC JOOOO OOOO! JOOOO OOOOl JOOOO OOOOl JOOOO OOOOl JOOOO OOOOl JOOOC OOOOi JOOOC OOOOi JOOOCi 3000 oooo ;:: ;: ooooi :;' aooo< IOOOO ;;;■ -o:" ;o-: : JOCCO ooooi 10000 :::: JOOOC 00001 Idoooo 5003! 10000 OOOOi c;, .:: 30000 oot (.. (N jc: i:;;oi jc: o.,. ic :.: i::c. k: . oq \|: k it: OOOO' JOOOC OOOOi JOOOC OOOO JOOOC )-c;:;': 0:;r. Ik;:;- OOOOC OOOO ,,, looocr.- 1 - OOOO r^':: JOOOC/-:," OOOO l u , joooct OOOO' JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JO >•■ i: 3,C30ij )( c oocf' c oooo JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO JOOOC OOOO joooc >-'.:; O O O O ' °'3 JOOOC 1 'OOOOl OOOO : i°3000 joooc, jcooj: OOOO .ooooo JOOOC^OOon, oooo ;:ooooo JOOOC 3 COCO: OOOO 0;;-] JOOOC 3Cv- O O O O j.OO )OOOOOOOOOOOUUUUUUUuuuuu' ,00000000000000000000000 ooo«" u n u n u »" u ; ro o o Q o o o o ooooo oooooo°o°o^^^^^ ooool Po o o o o o o o o o o o o o ooooo°oo^^^^^^ Southern At Seventy-Five ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTITUTE STUDENTS W&&" Japan ■•• 14 .Jp ^ xJ BS ^# M Korea 6 I IB Saudi Arabia 5 ^ ^ M Jf> ^ Costa Rica 4 I^Sll^V^ ^-^ Thailand 4 Venezuela 3 I Salvador ............. 3 HBWBfc\|.l M Wkl4 M( ' i Iran ^ Colombia 2 Honduras 2 BSL A Mexico 2 ■»> Vietnam <- Bolivia 2 ' t . ... . Bahrain 1 Nicaragua 1 SSI : ^ Syria 1 B/T^ X India 1 I B^J /' T^^Hi^iP§ISlA N[ I Taiwan 1 Republic of Panama 1 Total 57 ^m^^^^mnM^^f^4^^ Former ELI students who have gone on to become academic students come together with current ELI enrollees for a group portrait. Declining attendance on part of students, community members prompts revision of Honors — sponsored forum lecture series A new program was proposed in No- vember to replace the faltering uni- versity forum lectures. Honor's Forum, which features distin- guished speakers on a weekly basis, is a one semester hour course open to all stu- dents enrolled in the university. Students must attend six of the eight lectures given in a semester. Honors students are re- quired to take forum four times. Food service gears to student tastes, needs Striving to meet the needs of the stu- dent, University Food Services un- dertook several new projects this year aimed at providing greater service. In the fall of 1984, the Commons' hours were extended to meet the unpredictable meal times of working students. Meal ser- vice times were switched from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 4:45 to 6:30 p.m. to a more convenient 7 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. with the exception of two periodic 15 minute breaks. The Union Grill and Coffee Shop will also adapt to varying demands of the students, undergoing either a face lift or transforma- tion into a popular fast food restaurant in the near future. In March, a survey taken among customers to determine which change the students would prefer resulted in an almost split vote. Renovation suggestions included adding new furniture, opening up a larger serving space, installing a salad bar, and selling soft serve ice cream. Transforming the grill into a fast food ser- vice would result in a franchise takeover of the cafeteria. The reasons cited for the proposed facility updates were to compensate for the large noon rush and to satisfy the changing tastes and needs of the students. Karen Godail Revision of the forum lectures was pro- posed after the program experienced a significant decline in attendance over a three year period. Dr. Richard Bowers, director of the university forum, holds that the proposed changes will make better use of the $20,000 per semester allotted for use in the program. If the proposal is adopted by the forum committee, the individual university de- partment will become more involved in choosing the speakers. Each department would be responsible for organizing and administering a seminar, to be given by their chosen speaker. The guest speaker would visit the campus six times to conduct the seminar, which would be open to graduate students of that particular department and senior honors students. Honors students would be required to take one three-hour semi- nar. In addition to conducting a seminar, the speaker would also give public lectures open to all students and faculty. Karen Godail OWWWWWWWWW ! u U U U U U U I I U U U U U U I loooooooc lOOOOOOO' loooooooc lOOOOOOO oooooooc )0000000' oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc JOOOOOOO oooooooc OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO lOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO lOOOOOOOl OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOi OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC JOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOO! 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IOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO' JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOi JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO' JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO JOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO 000000000000000000000000000000000 oooooooooooo 000000000000000000000000000000 °°°°°°°°°°vv°°°°°°°J- joooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo P o o ° o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ' ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooo°°°°^ joooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo o° 0000 ^ 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 C I O I C I C i O ' C lO' C I O ' ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° c oooo o o o o o oV6VoVoVo~oToVbVo~oVo~o~6'o oooo'oooooo OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooooooooooooooocooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 50000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000C ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo )OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo )00oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 00 o 000 oooooo 00 oooo ooo 00000000( Southern At Seventy-Five Racial, social housing conflicts cause changes in residence halls Housing conflicts among blacks and whites, greeks and independents, led to many changes in residence hall poli- cies in 1984-1985. Early in spring semester, the oldest soror- ity on campus had its charter cancelled by national headquarters. Sigma Sigma Sig- ma, colonized in 1937, failed to increase its floundering membership to an accept- able level during a February recoloniza- tion effort. Barbara Ross, associate dean of student development, concluded that the sorority was unable to recolonize successfully be- cause the effort was attempted in the spring rather than in the fall. Most women with the intention of joining a sorority did so during the formal fall rush; other poten- tial members may have joined Delta Zeta sorority during its recolonization drive in fall of 1983 or Alpha Delta Pi in its estab- lishment of a new chapter this past fall. Tri Sigma's disbanding opened up the top floor of Wilber Hall, Panhellenic housing, to other sororities. Although the six re- maining members were not required to move until the end of the spring semester, competition for the open floor began as soon as Sigma Sigma Sigma's closing be- came official. The four sororities not housed in Panhel- lenic at that time were Alpha Delta Pi, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, and Sigma Gamma Rho. In order to qualify for housing in a vacant floor in Wilber Hall, a sorority must submit proof that funds will be available to pay the nine month $1,080 rent for the chap- ter room. If more than one group fulfills the requirement, the group which has been on campus the longest is given the floor. Alpha Kappa Alpha, the oldest chapter of the eligible campus groups, was chosen to live on the vacated floor starting in the fall of 1985. AKA will be the first black soror- ity to be housed in Wilber Hall. The black greek system suffered a set- back in late March, however, when Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity had its charter sus- pended. The suspension stemmed from hazing activities that took place in campus housing. Responding to a call from the housing of- fice about a ransacked room in Bond Hall, Joe Paul, dean of student development, investigated and found four physically and emotionally abused pledges in the room. One pledge was forced to drink numerous cartons of milk while another had a large bruise on his chest from being punched. The pledges were reportedly flogged with paddles and canes and forced to do pain- ful calisthenics. The four pledges were confined to a crowded dorm room de- signed to accomodate two people. Paul noted that all the pledges were suffering from fatigue and lack of sleep. The fraternity was found guilty of a total of seven charges, resulting in a suspension of charter for one year. They will be per- mitted to apply for another charter in May of 1986. In December, Associated Student Body President Steve Sheppard made a pro- posal for an integrated greek social sys- tem. USM is practically a segregated communi- ty, stated Sheppard. A large percentage of the activities on campus are sponsored by the segregated greek system. Thus, most of these activities turn out to have predominately white or black participa- tion. The problem at hand is not the fault of the University or the greeks, said Sheppard. There are no provisions against a white joining a black fraternity or sorority or vice versa. The change is not expected to occur for several years, but Sheppard hopes that with the ASB's encouragement, it will come about naturally. Although the move of AKA into Panhellenic is not an integra- tion within a group, it will bring the greek system closer to the integration of the resi- dence halls, where blacks and whites are integrated to the extent of sharing rooms. Greeks also faced the problem of housing sororities in residence halls other than Panhellenic. In November, the responses were mixed to the possibility of setting aside a floor in Scott Hall for Alpha Delta Pi sorority. Many Scott Hall residents resented the idea of being pushed off their floors. They worried that the sorority would bring un- wanted noise and revelry to the dorm. By contrast, many residents were enthusias- tic about the potential move, feeling that the shared housing would help to close up the gap between greeks and indepen- dents. Alpha Delta Pi was not assigned a housing unit as a group, but many ADPi's chose to move into an east wing floor of Scott Hall for spring semester. No serious problems have arisen. Recognizing the need for special interest group housing, USM Housing set up guide- lines that will allow non-greek organiza- tions as well as sororities and fraternities to set up quarters in campus residence halls. Official university organizations with at least 16 members and an on-campus advisor may reserve a living unit if appli- cation is made four weeks prior to housing pre-registration. The organization must be in good standing with the university. This policy applies to greek and independent groups alike. Karen Godail OOl )OI OOl IO( OOl )Oi Oi )OI 0( )Oi Oi )Ol 0( IO( Oi ) I 0( OOl oo OOl OO OOl OOO OOl OOO OOl OOO ij)i " OOi OOO to JOO OOO OOO' OOC OOOi OOOO DOOO oooc DOOO OOOC DOOO OOOO DOOO oooc )000 oooo> 3 OOO' „ OOOC ](i DOOO, (feu' OOOC' ) M 0C JOOO i OOOC OOO OOOC .OOO OOOC c',, 3 OOO) oo; oooc ccooo D OOO i 0! oooc 5c 3 OOO ■• OOOC ' C DOOO oooc DOOO OOOC DOOO \|; 00o; OOOC joood OOOO iOOOOC oooc DOOO OOOC DOOO. OOOC DOOO oooc DOOO OOOC DOOO ooocl DOOO oooc DOOO oooc DOOO! Oi DOI ooocf DOOO (t);;";; oooojf □ 3 no 000UUUOOO00000000000000000000o °0000OO00O00000000000O000000 00O0000000OO000000000000O00000< JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl OOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi i n VTrP OOO0O0O0OO0ooo0o00o0O0 °00OOOO000O0000OOOOOOOO0O0O0O0OOO0OOOOOOOOOOOOO0OOOOOO00OO0 >?,- 58 Housing Chanaes DOOOOOOOOOOOOOO °oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo< s ooooooooooooo OOOO OO OOO ooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo DOww^w^ww^^v^ ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooi Doooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo )0O0OO0O0O0OO00OO0O0O0000OOOOOO0O0OO00OOO0OOOO0OOOOOOOOO0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0OOOO0O0OO< > )( Southern At Seventy-Five Deficit overcome for golden eagle mascot USM nearly lost its golden eagle to the government due to a debt of $15,000. The money owed for Nuggett's upkeep was lowered to a palatable $3,000 in the spring, due to student and alumni fund-raising efforts. The USM foundation, which receives and administers all private gifts to the universi- ty, loaned money to Nuggett's fund in 1980 for the construction of the bird's pre- sent living quarters. Half scholarships to the eagle's caretakers and food and maintenance for the mascot also contributed to the deficit. The Alumni Association, working with the campus' ROTC programs, organized a fund-raising activity for the Homecoming game. Close to $4,000 was collected from Golden Eagle fans attending the game. Clubs and other civic organizations also contributed to the Nuggett fund. It wasn't until early in the spring semester, however, that the deficit was cut to a "safe" amount. At the prompting of Asso- ciated Student Body Senator Gary Howell, a bill allowing voluntary contribu- tions of $2 per student at spring registra- tion passed the senate. Nearly a third of all registering students participated, bringing in $4,600 more to the fund. It looks as if Nuggett, who is on loan from the U.S. Department of Interior, will pre- side over quite a few seasons of USM ath- letics to come. With finances and circum- stances permitting, the university will acquire a female counterpart for the handsome bird. Karen Godail Campus John Zaccaro speech results in probation The Young Democrats, a political or- ganization of USM students, was slapped with a three week probation with- out sanction charge on October 10 for vio- lating a Mississippi ten-day prior notice rule. The probation resulted from a Sep- tember speaking engagement at the Wes- ley Foundation by John Zaccaro, Jr., the 20-year-old son of vice presidential candi- date Geraldine Ferraro. John Revis, the Young Democrats member who coordi- nated Zaccaro's visit, said that he only learned of Zaccaro's desire to speak at USM about six days before his arrival. Plans were to have Zaccaro speak at an informal gathering of Young Democrats about campaign policy, but the small re- ception turned into a local media event. The Young Democrats were guilty not for holding a reception in Zaccaro's honor, but because Zaccaro gave his speech on campus, which is in violation of the speak- er policy. As a result of the problems with the Zac- caro speech, the Associated Student Body's Legal Services division proposed that the required 10-days notice be scaled down to a two-day notification. Although such a request would lessen the time for appealing a denial of permission to speak, the change would make little difference, because speakers are rarely denied. Once a finalized version of the proposal is adopted, it will be sent to Peter Durkee, vice president of student affairs, for ap- proval. From Durkee it will go to President Lucas, will in turn send it to the State Board of Trustees of Institutions of Higher Learning for verification. The USM Young Democrats can only stand by to wait for this much-needed change in policy, but not for less than ten days! Karen Godail As of this writing in late February, the state College Board has made no decision on the proposal, which has passed through all USM channels- Editor. ooooooo ooooooc ooooooo ooooooc (OOOOOOO oooooooc (OOOOOOO oooooooc (OOOOOOO oooooooc (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO oooooooc (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOC (OOOOOOO OOOOOOO' (OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! (OOOOOOO OOO OOOOi (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO! (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO! 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(OOOOOOO OOOOOOOi (OOOOOOC OOOOOOOi (OOOOOOO OOOOOOO 5 O O O O O O O OOOOOOOi (OOOOOOO OOOOOOOi IOOOOOOO OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC ooooooo IOOOOOOO OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC OOOOOOO (OOOOOOC ooooooo iooqoooc ooooooo (OOOOOOC ooooooo (OOOOOOC (ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo op OOO OOO ooo ooo Ooo oo^^^ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc „/ )OOOOOO0OOO00OOOOOOOOO0O0OOO00OOOOOOOOOO0OOOOOOOOOOOO0OO0O0O00OOOOOOOO000OOO0OO000OOO0OO0OOOOO ' oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO L^'o oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc^ Southern At Seventy-Five Out with the old, in with the new Entire Honors faculty fired; 'new blood 9 pumped into program T hey called it a means of introducing new blood into the Honors College, but the callous "rotation" of the Honors faculty came off looking like a bureaucrat- ic conspiracy against educational ethics. It was a strange thing, that blanket dis- missal. Somehow, we had never noticed that there was anything wrong with the old blood. When James Sims, vice presi- dent of academic affairs, called a meeting of the Honors faculty to inform them of their termination, no honest justification could be offered for the action. There had been no whispered rumors of Honors Col- lege faculty giving hams to the parents of prospective honors students or accusa- tions of incompetency in teaching. The move seemed to be one of campus poli- tics, based upon jealousy and fear of a selective program that might reflect unfa- vorably on a university that strives for educational equality across the board. The infamous Doblin report that orches- trated this fiasco was drawn up largely on the basis of a meeting with Honors College students. To this day, it is difficult for us to accept that it was our very loyalty and enthusiasm for the unity of our depart- ment that led to its systematic destruction. The committee, headed by Dr. Steve Dob- lin, chairman of the department of math- ematics, seemed eager to help us fine- tune an already excellent program; we were completely candid in our responses and gladly cooperated with the investiga- tive process. The betrayal that resulted bore little re- semblance to the constructive recommen- dations we had anticipated. Our dedica- tion to our honors studies was twisted to read as a collective thumbing of noses at the university as a whole. The cautious support we granted for a potential means of improving the program was interpreted as a whole-hearted approval of the im- pending hatchet job. Our distrust of the inconsistent Doblin re- port is justifiable. Among the changes deemed necessary by the report were the recommendations that we be given an honors library and an active student asso- ciation. We can only assume that the ad hoc committee chose not to tour the hon- ors facilities in McMillin Hall; had they bothered to step inside the building, it would have been immediately noted that the Honors College library is a favorite gathering place for all levels of Honors College students and that "Honors Stu- dent Association Meeting Tonight — Be There!" signs are very much in evidence. A more technically accurate and workable solution was presented by a committee drawn from outside the university — a committee, may I note, made up of Hon- ors experts rather than a group largely comprised of mathematics and business teachers blindly passing judgment on an interdisciplinary program that bears a rather vague resemblance at best to their own fields of expertise. While the outside evaluators expressed approval of the proposal to introduce new faculty, they were adamant that an across-the-board dismissal of faculty would "severely disrupt the program" and would generate "unnecessary psy- chological consequences." Whatever was behind the decision to spend money and energy soliciting a sec- ond opinion for what was apparently ap- pearances purposes only remains to be seen. The news broke on March 7, 1985, that the faculty was being dismissed fol- lowing the resignation of Dr. Wallace Kay, Honors College dean. The day before spring break timing of the dismissal was significant; Sims admitted the plans had been in the making for some time and were slated for release over the student holiday. He had good reason to expect an infuriated outcry. To literally turn our col- lege upside down with only the sketchiest ideas for following up the action struck us all as the poorest of planning. Our sole consolation lies in the fact that the administration and the Doblin commit- tee truly believe the action they have tak- en is in the best interest of the Honors College and its future at Southern. And what are we students to do in the after- math of such a decision? We wear our black arm bands and make our displeas- ure known, but short of withdrawing from the Honors College — which would pain us more than the college itself — our options for protest are limited. Total disregard has been shown for our opinion up to this point; it seems absurd to presume that our thoughts could matter to those who hold the cards now. At this stage, we are all inclined to wonder what we have done that was so wrong. The firing — which, no matter how much some may prefer the neutral-connotation term of "rotation" is an accurate defini- tion, according to my dictionary — of the honors faculty was a horrible insult. Un- doubtedly, some students and faculty will leave not only the Honors College but the entire university as a result of the firing. What has been left behind is a mockery of what existed before; the bitterness that replaced our commitment to the program will hardly provide a solid foundation for the building of a new curriculum. Dr. Peggy Prenshaw will have a hard go of it as the new Honors College dean by vir- tue of the unfortunate circumstances un- der which she came into her position. I have been told that she is a competent and compassionate woman, and extend to her my quasi-worthless but nonetheless well- intentioned wishes for success. She must have a tremendous strength of character to walk into a no-win situation like this one; God knows, she'll need all the strength she can get in the upcoming months. oooo ooooc oooo oooc IOOOO DOOOC oooo IOOOOC oooo ooooc oooo ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC IOOOO OOOOC >oooo: ooooc IOOOO ooooc 10000: ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO ooooc IOOOO OOOOC lOOOOl) OOOOCJc; IOOOO so OOOOC ft; \|>0 00 k\; .,1 OOOO;; joooo Hjoo( ooooc t- JOOOO «;;;-;] OOOOC st- - [IOOOO [J-" OOOOCfc JOOOO js;- O OOOCjic \|> O O O O js, OOOOC i; c: ., JOOOO s, ; ' OOOOOic ioooo t : ooooc'n"" JOOOO ! ■'•'■ OOOOCjic'-'-". JOOOO [jf"." OOOOC', c '-'.:. JOOOO jo;' ooooc, JOOOO , d OOOOC f JOOOO )0OOC 000O1 JOOOO 00001 poooo )000( c . 0C( 10000 O000( iOCOO 0CO( Jjoooo 00" :. .. 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The firing of the Honors faculty was untimely, deceit- ful, and unwarranted. That move towards distinction that we talk so much about seems to be nothing more than an aspira- tion for academic mediocrity. Somehow, the value of our Honors degree seems cheapened. It is hard to believe that our luck has gotten this bad. Kim Willis Content of this article was accurate at our early April press time. Techni- cal errors should be attributed to a lack of available official information at the transition point when this arti- cle was written — Editor UUUUUUUUUUUUuuuui lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0OOOO0OOOOOOOOO0OO00OOOO0OOOOOO00OOO0OO0OOOO0OOO000OO0OO0OO0O00OOO0OO00OOOOOOO0O000OOO0O0OOOO00I lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO' OOOOOO OOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOQQQQOOOOOOOOOOOQOQOOOOQ ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc oooooooJH 9Pm H PMM BVW HMH^HHHUBHSMi""'" 1 oooooocB »^^^ni^^^^^^^l^K?^^T^^^T^Wl3^^^^B l)OOOC iooooooI KJiJillllijl f\|i«inlHlllfl lilj loooo ooooooo B ^hm - ■■:._. ^taeK^m»m^_? ■ ;.•-■■. ■ IK^i MB HM ■><>'><.>(: JOOOOOOl ooooooo 30000001 ooooooo DOOOOOOI ooooooo 30000001 ooooooo 30000001 ooooooo 30000001 ooooooo )OOOOOOI ooooooo JOOOOOOt ooooooo )O00OOO( ooooooo JOOOOOOI ooooooo joooooot ooooooo )000000( ooooooo 1000000C ooooooo lOOOOOOt ooooooo lOOOOOOt ooooooo lOOOOOOt ooooooo lOOOOOOt] OOOOOOO lOOOOOOt OOOOOOO 'OOOOOOt OOOOOOO lOOOOOOt ooooooo OOOOOOt ooooooo 'OOOOOOt ooooooo OOOOOOt OOOOOOO OOOOOOt OOOOOOO OOOOOOt ooooooo OOOOOOt OOOOOOO OOOOOOt OOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt 3000000 OOOOOOt 3000000 OOOOOOt 3000000 OOOOOOt 3000000 OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt ) O O O O O o OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt JOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt 'OOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt IOOOOOO OOOOOOt 'OOOOOO OOOOOOt OOOOOO OOOOOOt OOOOOO The ringing in your ears . . . Fire Alarm 1 L OOKING AHEAD In spring of 1984, maintenance men lit- tered dormitory rooms at Elam Arms, Scott, Hattiesburg, and Mississippi Halls with ladders, wires, and tools of all sorts. The students were more than willing to endure this invasion of space and privacy because the men were installing an im- proved fire alarm system. The residents will truly feel safe and protected with this updated system. It is comforting to know that University Housing spends our mon- ey so wisely. TYPICAL SCENARIO Being able to go to sleep early may not sound exciting to anyone who's not a stu- dent, but after a day of rushing through back-to-back meetings, researching multi- ple term papers, and waking up at a na- ture-defying 5:00 a.m. to study for a mid- term exam, slumbering at an early hour sounds thrilling. My roommate had equally grueling schedule and was also ready to turn in for the night. We were both tucked in and resting peacefully, dreamy visions dancing in our heads when that noise started. Rrrinnggg, rrrriinnngggg, rrrrriiinnnnggg, a continual, obnoxious ring. Is it the phone? Is it the alarm clock? Is it Batman? I only wish it were Batman to the rescue, but my roommate is shaking me to wake up. The "effective" fire detector has gone off — again. We reach for our robes, focus our eyes, and begin walking toward the stairs for the fourth time this week. In the windy November air, college women hud- dle together in front of Scott Hall, waiting for the head resident to signal that it's safe to return. Complaining was rampant as knees knocked on these chilly evenings. CAUSE AND REFLECTIONS Throughout the fall semester, the fire alarms went off an average of three times a week. Insects and hairspray were the primary culprits. Surely, University Hous- ing can overcome dragon flies and Final Net . . . The students walk out slowly now and some have to be pressured to leave the building at all. What with evacuation being such a bother, no one would react serious- ly in the presence of an actual fire. Thus, the new system has defeated its intended purpose. An "effective" system, indeed. Mary Harris <•> Gr ©r The false alarm situation was re- lieved somewhat by the installation of new control boxes and "bug screens" over the sensors in the most problem-plagued residence halls, but dorm dwellers still have middle-of-the-night evacuations on a fairly regular basis — Editor. 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'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCl OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO: OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OO OOOO OOOOOOO OOOO OOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OO OOOO OOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOO OO OOOOOO OOOOOOO OOOOO OOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCj OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOif OOOOOO OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC 3000 00000 00 00000000 00000000000000 00000000000000000000 00000000 000000 0000000000000000000000000 oooooonoonnonoonnoonnnnnnnnnnooonooooooooooonooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc.15 (OOnoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOUUUUUUUUUUUuuuuuuuuuvjuuuuuuuuuwu- Southern At Seventy-Five Donation valued at $24,500 Wheeling, dealing USM foundation takes sporty fundraising approach he USM foundation got its own set of wheels on January 28 in the form of T a costly DeLorean sports car Donated by Hattiesburg construction ex- ecutive Wiley Fairchild, the 1981 model is valued at $24,500. USM President Au- brey K. Lucas, who received the car in an official donation ceremony, said that the money would be used to advance USM's academic interests. Fairchild attests that the car is in excellent condition and will likely go up much in value over time. He donated the collect- ible vehicle at the suggestion of John Wel- lons, Jr., director of development for the Alumni Association. Wellons observed that Fairchild never used the car and pro- posed that he give it to USM. Fairchild bought the car because it was available for $10,000 less than the price being charged by competing retailers. The car became a nuisance when his relatives were constantly wanting to borrow it. ooooooo oooooooc ooooooo oooooooc DOOOOOOO OOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOO( OOOOOOOO lOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO IOOOOOOO( OOOOOOOO lOOOOOOOC OOOOOOOO to ooooooc OOOOOOOO (OOOOOOO! 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OOOOOOOC p ooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooi DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOr DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOO OO OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO! 30000000 0000000000000000000 0000000000000000000 00000 00000000000 000000000 000000000000 000000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOnoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC Dr. Lucas atop the distinctive donation. The USM foundation receives all tax-de- ductible private gifts donated to the uni- versity. Powell Ogletree, director of the Alumni Association, speculates that the car will be sold rather than stored and the money will be put i benefit the students. the foundation to Karen Godail Campus core requirements to be revised as early as fall 1985 Future USM students will benefit from a more balanced education due to core curriculum revisions formulat- ed in December. The changes involve revisions in all areas of study, including reasoning and commu- nication skills, humanities and fine arts, social and behavioral sciences, natural and applied sciences, and personal health and fitness. The total number of semester hours re- quired in the core curriculum will go from 32 to 46, but the 128 hours needed for graduation will not change. Major changes in the core include higher- level math requirements, a mandatory lit- erature course, and a required world civil- ization class that combines the American and world history courses. In the science department, eight hours of laboratory sci- ence will be required along with a three hour science elective; only six hours of science were required in the spring semes- ter of 1985. A personal health and fitness class will replace the old two hour physical education requirement, and three hours from fine arts will be required. All schools and colleges have prepared reports evaluating the content and objec- tives of courses in the present core. The Academic Council will study each in-house evaluation before submitting a proposal to Dr. Lucas for official approval. The changes were drawn up by the Aca- demic Council's ad hoc committee with the initial purpose of upgrading the eight required curriculums. USM's university accreditation expires in spring of 1986, however, and the changes will support USM's bid for an extension. The changes may be implemented as soon as the fall semester of 1985. Karen Godail UUuU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUuuuuuui )OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo )OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooonoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ ooooooooooooooo JOOOOOO OOOOOOO JOOOOOO OOOOOOO lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! ) O O O O O O OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! JOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO ( OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! OOOOOOO OOOOOOO ( lOOOOOOO OOOOOOO! OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! ■OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! lOOOOOOO OOOOOO Ol OOOOOOO OOOOOOO! OOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOO OOOOOOO OOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOO 3000000 OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOO DOOOOOO OOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOC OOOOOOO OOOOOOO D OOO OOOl OOOOOOC 30000001 OOOOOOO DOOOOOO OOOOOOC DO OO O OO OOOOOOC 3000000 OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOC 3000000 OOOOOOC 3000000 OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOO! )OO0OOO OOOOOOC )OOOOOOi OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOC 3000000 OOOOOOC 5000000 OOOOOOC JOOOOOO OOOOOOO lOOOOOO OOOOOOC 3 O O O O O O OOOOOOC 3000000 OOOOOOC JOOOOOO OOOOOOC lOOOOOO OOOOOOC JOOOOOO OOOOOOC 3 O O O O O O OOOOOOC JOOOOOO Southern At Seventy-Five RC was equivalent to a modern day John Wayne" 13 emember RC? Not as in RC and moon pies, nor as in Royal Crown, but as in RC and Sidewinder, RC and Horn, RC and Lipps. RC as in Reggie Collier. RC as in Real Cool. When I arrived here for my first semester, RC was at the height of his powers. It was the season before the NCAA report, the season before Dejarnette, the season of Bobby Collins and coverage in Sports Il- lustrated, the season that Reginald O. Collier became the first quarterback in NCAA history to rush and pass for over 1,000 yards. It was the year of our na- tionally televised massacre of Florida State (Remember live TV coverage?). That year through the first 10 games, Reg- gie threw only one interception. What a year. What a guy. I had never heard of Reggie Collier before that — my first, his second — season. But for some reason, after those magic dozen games, my roommate and I became fans of the perfect "10." Our fanness extended beyond an appre- ciation of Reggie's throwing arm; we ad- mired Reggie the man. To a pair of imma- ture freshmen (and later sophomores), Reggie seemed to be the Platonic Ideal of Togetherness. He had the walk — a slow, shoulders-back strut, swaying lazily side to side with each wing-footed step. He had the perfect athletic body — broad, thick shoulders, slim at the waist, carrying 210 pounds on his 6'4" frame — with lineback- er-mocking 4.4 speed. And he had the face with his confident, full-toothed smile, the distinguished high cheekbones, and his eyes — wide and black, slanting with just a touch of the Orient. For us, RC was equivalent to a modern day John Wayne. When Reggie hung up his cleats after that first season, he pulled on some high tops and went to work as center for the Gulf Coast All-Stars intramural basketball team. Whenever I hear of Tracy Gamble, I am reminded of RC's last intramural game that year. Gulf Coast was playing the only team that offered them any real competi- tion — a group of first year football players billed as Freshman Sensations. Both the All-Stars and the Sensations were unde- feated. Reggie went up for a routine one- handed dunk, but for some reason cuffed the ball against the rim. Gamble, coming up fast from behind, accidentally clipped Collier's legs out from under him and the 6'4" center crashed onto the hardwood floor, landing on his back. For 45 minutes Reggie writhed on the ground before a captive gym. The ambulance arrived. They strapped him onto a stretcher and whisked him away. Reggie didn't play any more that year, but Gulf Coast went on to win the Division I title with ease. They had young talent and looked a cinch to contin- ue their intramural domination. The fol- lowing year, however, the Q Dogs of Ome- ga Psi Phi took the title — Reggie had learned to bark. I remember Reggie as a pledge, kneeling one day in front of the Hub before big brother, Space Dog. He and the three other purple-clad hopefuls held their bricks high and chanted in disci- plined unison, "Oh, big brother of Omega Psi Phi, you so smooth, you so cool, we wanna be just like you ..." ending with "Is there anything we can do for you, Sir!" Space Dog decided it would be appropri- ate for them to roll over on their backs like real dogs. I remember the first time I saw RC vis a vis. I was walking past the Commons, when I saw him approaching with that sleepy stride. My heart raced stupidly, and I tried not to look too awed. Just be- fore he passed by, I glanced up casually. "What's happenin'?" he muttered. I nod- ded an acknowledgement, my head cocked calmly to the side. The next week he stopped at a stop sign 3Q0C ooo pooc 000 pooc 000 t>ooe ooo pooc ooo DOOC ooo DOOC ooo )OOC ooo DOOC ooo foooc ooo DOOC ooo loooc ooo oooc ooo oooc ooo oooc ooo oooc ooo booc ooo DOOC ooo DOOC OOO loooc ooo DOOC ooo DOOC ooo loooc ooo oooc 1 ' 1 " ooo oooc ooo oooc ooo DOOC ooo oooc ooo. oooc iOOO oooc ooo oooc ooo oooc iOOO oooc IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO oooc IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO OOOC IOOO oooc IOOO oooc IOOO oooc IOOO oooc IOOO OOOC IOOO oooc IOOO oooc IOOO oooc ooo loooc OOOOOOC _ DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOUOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOj OOOOOOOOOOO OOOO OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCP DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOf OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOO „ OOO O OOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC 3 O O O O C 64 Reggie Collier loOCU'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOflOOu. ~~ .- ~ ^ _~ -^ - OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC OOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC mmmmm.O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOO OOOOOOC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO i :.■;,,.; iO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOO OOOOOO OOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ^ ^ ^ p q o-. Lnja^ananaaaa^afl ■jlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000C hoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc >oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oo 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 o o o o o o c Southern At Seventy-Five across from my roommate's car at an in- tersection. "There he is," my roommate pointed out. Then RC made our day, stick- ing his arm out his sunroof to wave us into existence. I went with the rugby team to last year's Ole Miss game. We arrived late Friday night, stopping at Wendy's outside of Ox- ford. To my amazement, big RC showed up with several of his canine friends. As we were leaving, a Canadian member of our team stepped purposely in front of the Silver Reggie Mobile. Collier stared pa- tiently until the guy moved. It was only after we got in our car that I realized that everyone was just as embarrassed as I. "Man, Chuck, you're a jerk," somebody said. You just don't pull that crap on a local hero. After the football game the following day as I walked back to my car, bruised and bloodied from the morning's rugby. Collier came trotting by, wearing a tight, purple Polo, his gold chains slapping lightly against his chest. Up ahead he straddled a Yamaha and pulled on a full-faced silver helmet, leaving only the bridge of his nose and those distinct eyes exposed. The bike's engine turned over smoothly. "You better be careful with that thing," I said in passing. He looked up and nodded. "I can handle it." The last time I saw RC was just before his disasterous season with the Washington Federals. He was standing in the middle of the Commons, visiting with some of his fraternity brothers. I was standing in the diet line. "RC!" I called over the rows of tables. He turned, looking curiously in my direction. I waved cooly. He stuck that big throwing arm up in the air and grinned. Where have all the heroes gone? I don't know about anybody else, but mine went to the USFL. J. David Stem Thanks to Student Printz Executive Editor Carol Bagley and to David, for allowing us to reprint his Thursday, September 20 column of "An Autonomous Voice" — Editor. ft ykj&fok oooooo ooooooc OOOOOO' ooooooc- DOOOOOO. ooooooc DOOOOOO 'OOOOOOC' DOOOOOO' OOOOOOC DOOOOOO- OOOOOOC DOOOOOO. OOOOOOC DOOOOOO' ooooooc DOOOOOO" OOOOOOC- DOOOOOO. OOOOOOC DOOOOOO OOOOOOC' DOOOOOO" ooooooc- DOOOOOO- OOOOOOC. DOOOOOO. 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OOOOOOO" OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Ke 9gie COlllier/hagle Fever 65 lOOOOOOC JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC ooooooo- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC- "HOW 'BOUT THEM EAGLES!" may not have been the catch phrase for the 1984 football season, but marketing the Nasty Bunch image was still a lucrative venture for manufacturers. Katherine Bontemps, a junior in broadcast journalism, is flanked by a sam- pling of the products bearing the Eagle image that are available at the Hub Bookstore. 6b Division/Competition" o mpetitio b e Pivisuti (.'i>ii ; ;vtitinr. oT" losing season wasn't a part of the game plan for the Golden Eagles, but the fall semester of 1984 marked the team's first in almost a decade. Finishing out with a lacklus- ter 4-7 record, it would be a gross oversimpli- fication to say that it was not one of our better years. We all wondered how it had ever happened. At the start of the season, USM ranked as the 13th winningest team in the nation in the last 50 years of football. The Nasty Bunch had survived the loss of Collins, Collier, and Lipps and was determined to keep USM football moving in the direction of consistent national recognition. Head Coach Jim Carmody blamed the losses on a lack of consistency from start to finish in a game and big plays by the opponents. Many disillusioned fans preferred to find fault with Carmody's leadership, hastily overlook- ing relatively solid football seasons under his direction in 1982 and 1983. Said Carmody in a much-quoted lament after a Tulane loss, "We seem to bring out the best in everybody we play. They play good and we play bad." It was time, he said, to "fight back." Acknowledging that their opponents could "smell blood," a team not used to losing con- tinued to be defeated game after game, fall- ing victim to many of their traditionally most hapless opponents. The team rallied together to carry off (thank God) a victory against Ole Miss in the last match ever between the two football forces, but only with the psychologi- cal prodding of a "panty distribution" of du- bious origins. Even the not inconsiderable feat of winning the season's last two games lost a little of its glow when a juvenile on-field brawl between players broke out, tarnishing what should have been the glorious final moments of the season. The Golden Eagles' problems were just start- ing when the playing ended. Four weeks shy of coming out of a two year probation, the athletic department was contacted by the NCAA through Athletic Director Roland Dale with the news that a celebration was not yet in order. The University brought upon itself an investigation of alleged violations committed in recruiting freshman signees by alerting the NCAA to the problem. It marked the third NCAA investigation of the USM ath- letic department in two years. Determined to dispell the program's tainted image, the University chose to release fresh- man signee Donald Palmer of Brandon from his letter of intent to play football for USM; barred certain present and former Southern students from association with the football program; sacked Assistant Football Coach Jerry Fremin; and placed a freeze on Jim Carmody's salary, declining to extend his contract beyond its January 1987 cut-off at this time. We collectively set about the business of put- ting the season behind us, and tried to regain our enthusiasm for fall of 1985. And as much as we complain and talk of hanging up our binoculars and gold and black pom poms for good, it's a far gone conclusion that we'll be right back in the stands same time next year, screaming ourselves hoarse. Hope springs ever eternal because, as we all well know, there's always another year. Kim Willis "We've got fiaht back" 68 Football football Football 69 football September 8, 1984 USM vs. Georgia 19-26 The Golden Eagles opened the 1984 sea- son with an enormous challenge "be- tween the hedges" in Athens, Georgia. The 81,427 fans who witnessed the defensive struggle also saw a record-breaking kicking contest. Sophomore kicker Rex Banks nailed four field goals, establishing a new USM re- cord for the most field goals in one game; Georgia kicker Kevin Butler matched Banks' footwork with four three-pointers of his own. The two kickers set a new NCAA record for the most field goals in a single game. Quarterback Robert Ducksworth threw for 155 yards, completing 12 of 20 attempts, and Sam Dejarnette rushed for 92 yards on 14 carries. An inspired team effort fell short, however, due to several crucial Eagle mis- takes. The first quarter belonged to the Eagles as they dominated both on offense and defense, posting a lead on Banks' first field goal of 30 yards. Butler responded with a 23-yarder for Georgia in the second quarter. Banks and Butler traded field goals to knot the score at USM 6, Georgia 6. Tracy Gamble rambled 11 yards and the Eagles went up by 7. The lead was cut, however, on another Butler field goal aided by two costly Eagle penalties. At halftime, the scoreboard read USM 13, Georgia 9. The Bulldogs stormed out in the second half, scoring two touchdowns in the third quarter, the second on a 50-yard run by Andre Smith. The Eagles responded with two field goals, but were unable to get any closer. With time running out, Butler hit another field goal. The Bulldog defense stiffened, sacking Ducks- worth three times on the final Eagles posses- sion. The final game tally left Georgia 26, USM 19. September 15, 1984 USM vs. Louisiana Tech 34-0 The Eagles opened their home campaign to the satisfaction of the 28,342 fans who came to M.M. Roberts Stadium. After sophomore Andrew Mott returned the open- ing kickoff 32 yards, quarterback Robert Ducksworth engineered a 69 yard scoring drive for the early lead. Ducksworth was re- sponsible for 50 of these yards via land. Ducksworth would eventually gain 140 yards rushing before the game's final gun. Stiff defensive play by the Nasty Bunch sty- mied the Louisiana Tech offense the entire game. Andrew Mott returned the first Tech punt 59 yards for a touchdown, putting the Eagles on top at USM 14, Louisiana Tech 0. A 48-yard field goal by Rex Banks gave Southern a 17-0 lead. A late touchdown by Vincent Alexander closed the half. The Eagles continued to play strong, adding another Banks field goal and a 59-yard touch- down gallop by Ducksworth in the second half. The Nasty Bunch sealed the victory with outstanding defensive play by Richard Byrd, Greg Haeusler, and Tim Smith. The winning score was USM 34, Louisiana Tech 0. Football 71 September 22, 1984 USM vs. Auburn 12-35 The Eagles flew into Auburn's Jordan- Hare Stadium in Auburn, Alabama and were forced to flutter home on the short end of a 35-12 decision witnessed by 74, 841 orange-and-blue clad fans. An Auburn team minus Heisman candidate Bo Jackson and hurting from two opening losses came to life, chewing up the Nasty Bunch for 318 total yards. As lineback Greg Haeusler observed, "We were doing everything wrong the first quarter." The War Eagles scored twice in the first quarter on drives of 62 and 69 yards, setting the tally at USM 3, Auburn 14. A scrambling Robert Ducksworth set up a 48- yard field goal by Rex Banks. Auburn re- bounded with a long time-consuming drive to lengthen its lead to 21 points to USM's three. The Eagles managed a 38-yard field goal to draw closer, but any hope of an Eagle come- back was flattened when Brent Fullwood re- turned the second-half kickoff 96 yards for a touchdown. Southern scored again late in the third quar- ter, but a two-point try failed, leaving the score at USM 12, Auburn 28. Another USM special team breakdown allowed a 46-yard punt return to close out the scoring at Auburn 35, USM 12. September 29, 1984 USM vs. Memphis State 13-23 For the 28,831 fans who entered M.M. Roberts Stadium, the first quarter re- sembled a replay of the previous game at Auburn. Tiger running back James "Punkin" Williams bounced off a tackle and sprinted 68 yards on the game's first play to post a 7-0 score in favor of the visitors. Stunned early, the Eagles were unable to add momentum or imagination into their offense. Memphis State added a field goal to their score to make it 10- Tigers. The Eagles soared back with a Vin- cent Alexander touchdown and two late field goals by Rex Banks, making the Eagles the leader at the half, 13-10. The Tigers roared back on their first posses- sion of the second half to regain the lead they would never relinquish. The Eagle offense went into hiding in the final 30 minutes and eventually wound up on the wrong end of the 23-13 score. 72 Football football Football 73 football ■ The Senior Line-CIp . . . October 6, 1984 USM vs. Mississippi State 18-27 The 50,184 faithful who flocked to see the first round of the state championship saw the reappearance of a phantom that had haunted the Golden Eagles in their first four games — that of the big play. With Bulldog quarterback Don Smith generating the plays, State opened the scoring with a 56-yard bomb from Smith to flanker Louis Clark to establish the score at USM 0, MSU 7. The Eagles responded with a 26-yard field goal and played solid defense the rest of the half, despite giving up a 31-yard field goal to finish out the half. In the third quarter, missed tackles allowed the Bulldogs' Smith to romp 80 and 56 yards for touchdown and post a formidable lead of 24 points to USM's three. Two late touch- downs by Vincent Alexander were not enough to turn the game around, as the Ea- gles fell to the Bulldogs for the first time in seven years, closing out at a humiliating loss of MSU 27, USM 18. October 13, 1984 USM vs. Tulane 7-35 Before a Superdome crowd of 30,374, the Eagles fell to their fourth loss in a row. The Green Wave applied a beating compara- ble to the 42-7 loss to Alabama in 1980. As Coach Carmody put it, "We seem to bring out the best in everybody we play . . . they play good and we play bad." The Eagle of- fense gave up seven fumbles, losing four, and suffered five interceptions. The Green Wave 74 Football offense, however, moved at will on the Nasty Bunch, scoring a quick 28 points in the first half. Struggling with the Green Wave defense left the Eagles looking futile and confused. 3,000 disillusioned Eagle fans were looking at a halftime scoreboard of USM 0, Tulane 28. The second half was noteworthy only in that the Eagles managed to eliminate the goose egg score with a 41-yard touchdown run by Robert Ducksworth, but also surrendered an- other Green Wave touchdown. The match yielded another frustrating loss, with a score of Tulane 35, USM 7. October 20, 1984 USM vs. Ole Miss 13-10 The diehards who journeyed to Mississippi Memorial Stadium saw both a beginning and an end for the Golden Eagles. For the first time in four weeks, the Eagles posted a victory, one that ended a twenty-four year rivalry with the Rebels and was the last scheduled match between the two teams. The Nasty Bunch resurfaced from its ab- sence since the Louisiana Tech game and did not surrender the big play. They played with intensity and forced Rebel mistakes through- out the game. The offense kept mistakes to a minimum one turnover. Vincent Alexander went over the century mark, carrying 15 times for 115 yards, while Robert Ducks- worth had a satisfying afternoon, passing for 118 yards. The Rebels scored early on a 19-yard Austin to Moffet pass, but never found the end zone again. The Eagles looked sluggish and man- aged a single field goal of 32 yards in the first half. The Rebels got their own three-pointer and lead at intermission with 10 points to USM's three. The Eagles scored a quick three and drew the score closer. They finally made a move for big points; safety Tim Smith intercepted Austin and the Eagles went ahead on Ducksworth's 7-yard keeper to up the score to USM 13, Ole Miss 10. Unlike the weeks before, the Eagle defense dominated the remainder of the game, finally sealing the victory on a fumble recovery by Eagle line- backer Eric Redd. The players and coaches called it a new beginning, a second season, as the Eagles walked away with a final score of USM 13, Ole Miss 10. October 27, 1984 USM vs. Southwestern Louisiana 7-13 The Ragin' Cajuns of Lafayette, Louisiana broke a 54-game losing streak to the Ea- gles dating back to the days when the Cajuns represented Southwestern Louisiana Insti- tute and the Eagles were the Yellowjackets of Mississippi Southern College. The loss as- sured the Eagles of their first losing season since 1976. A crowd of 19,605 Cajun fans watched an injury-riddled Eagle squad strug- gle for points all night. With starting quarter- back Robert Ducksworth out of the game with a deep thigh bruise, the Eagles started backup Timmy Byrd. Byrd injured a knee in the first half, leaving the job to red-shirt Tom- my Compton. Compton led an Eagle offense that manufactured 335 total yards, but was denied the end zone three times by gutsy Cajun goal-line stands. The Cajun score came on a 71-yard bomb, the phantom of the big play, and on two late field goals. A 4-yard fake field goal by Compton earned the Eagles their only score of the evening. The Nasty Bunch was unable to rally after Compton's touchdown and fell short, finishing up the match USM 7, USL 13. Tony Gray Football 75 November 3, 1984 USM vs. Northwestern Louisiana 0-22 A Homecoming crowd of 24,682 fans saw an embarrassing shutout by the Demons of NLU. The defeat marked the first Eagle blanking since a 31-0 loss at Auburn in 1980. The Eagles mounted just 128 total yards for the game and did not secure a first down till the second quarter. Their only scoring threat was snuffed out when Rex Banks' 38-yard field goal was blocked. The Demons used a balanced offense and rolled up 311 total yards in shutting down the Nasty Bunch. In- consistency and a lack of motivation spelled a slow end for the Eagles, with a discouraging NLU 22, USM finish. November 10, 1984 USM vs. East Carolina 31-27 Possibilities for win number three looked bleak to none as the Eagles entered Fick- len Stadium in Greenville, North Carolina. At halftime, the situation was worse, with USM managing only 10 points to ECU's 24. The potent Pirate offense had racked up 259 yards rushing in only the first half. The Eagle offense was erratic, and the defense had van- ished. What transpired in the second half was what Coach Carmody called, "one of the greatest comebacks in school history." The Nasty Bunch reappeared and held the Pirates to three points in the second half. Their vicious hitting caused two fumbles, which lead to two touchdown passes from quarterback Andrew Anderson; Anderson scored another touch- down on a 2-yard bootleg to flanker Lyneal Alston. Andrew Mott also contributed a 66- yard punt return touchdown which sparked the comeback. The Eagles held on to record a hard-earned victory, erasing what had been a 21-point deficiency. Final score for the cele- brated victory was USM 31, ECU 27. 76 Football Greg Haeusler football Fred Huddleston Chris Jackson Kent Jones Shelton Kennington Football 77 football November 17, 1984 USM vs. Louisville 34-25 The final 1984 game for the Eagles ended on a pleasant note; for the 15,904 fans who filled the M.M. Roberts Stadium, the victory provided a redeeming conclusion to a season filled with disappointment. The Eagles struck first on a 1-yard plunge by tailback Vincent Alexander, but found them- selves down 13-7 on a 51-yard bomb from Cardinal quarterback Ed Rubbert to flanker Heston Gray. By halftime, however, the Ea- gles had converted two long drives for touch- downs and a 28-yard Banks' field goal, put- ting the score at USM 24, UL 13. Having successfully ovecome many of the er- rors that had plagued the team all season, the Eagles continued to pull in the points in the second half. Tim Smith intercepted a tipped pass early on and ran 26 yards for a score. The Nasty Bunch recovered two funbles and picked off two more passes to ensure the Eagle victory. The Cardinals did pull off two late touchdown passes, but were unable to match the Eagle score. The Golden Eagles closed with a satisfying victory and a 4-7 record, winding up their final match at USM 34, UL 25. Willie B. Moore . . . 78 Football 1 Hi Jg^jtt^glgHMjj^^^M^^I^^^^^^A Football 79 Men's Basketball 80 Men's Basketball Looking for a season of progress Coming off of a dismal semester of foot- ball, the prospect of starting anew with an untarnished basketball season to prove that Golden Eagle athletes do, indeed, have the stuff that record book legends are made of seemed uncommonly appealing. Head Coach M.K. Turk, a veteran of eight years at the team's helm, looked for a season of progress. Set back by the loss of four-year starter and floor general Curtis Green, who became a fourth-round draft choice of the NBA's New York Knicks, the Golden Eagles were in the position of competing as a rookie team; not only is USM the youngest team in the Metro Conference, ten of 14 players are freshman or sophomores. Highlighting the positive about his squad, Turk enthused, "We have a better overall talent now than we've ever had before." Men's Basketball 81 82 Men's Basketball men's basketball The team's youth showed in the opening ballgame, a 69-62 loss to Fairmont State in Reed Green Coliseum. The Eagles shot a dismal 37 percent from the floor. In their second game, the team played consis- tent basketball and dominated the scoring for a 74-56 victory against McNeese State in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Next up for the Eagles was the Mid-South tournament in Memphis. The opening game ended in controversy when a shot at the buzz- er by USM was knocked out of the air before it hit the rim. A livid M.K. Turk screamed for goal tending, but the Eagles lost a close one, 73-72. The second tournament game was an- other tight scoring match. Down at the half 41-49, the Eagles rallied in the second half for a comeback victory of 65-64. In the com- petition that followed, however, Northeast Louisiana plucked the Eagles 73-59 by the hot hand of Arthur Hayes, who had 30 points. The Eagles soared back with a 88-61 mauling of Central Arkansas. James Wil- liams led the Eagles with 19 points and six rebounds. The Eagles traveled to face the Mississippi State Bulldogs next and fell again, 71-53. Giving up sixteen turnovers, the Eagles stum- bled quickly and never recovered. Southern came up against a tough Tennessee Volunteer squad in the Volunteer Classic in Knoxville, Tennessee. The first-ever meeting of the two schools was dominated by the Vol- unteers, who capitalized on twenty turnovers by the Eagles to win, 89-73. The consolation game with Iowa State went down to the last second. The Cyclones car- ried off a 73-72 victory when forward Kenny Siler's 20-footer rattled out of the rim with two seconds left. S ... A ■ ~ • » \| \| zm jfj la % ■ " ' First Row: Kevin Ross, Student Manager; Andy Ross, Student Manager; Scott McCann, Student Manager; Kenny Siler, Michael Jett, Derrek Hamilton, John White, Casey Fisher, Jay Ladner, Roy Lee Fletcher, Frank Glenn, Student Trainer; Beck Warren, Student Man- ager. Second Row: Robert Mclnnis, Assistant Coach; Ralph Moore, Assistant Coach; Marc Tisza, Student As- sistant; James Williams, Robert McDaniel, Steve Jett, Paul Crowley, Eddie Pope, Adam Simmons, Randolph Keyes, Larry "Doc" Harrington, Head Trainer; M.K. Turk, Head Coach. Men's Basketball 83 men's basketball Frustration continued for the 3-7 Eagles, who fell next to Tennessee Tech. USM shot a blistering 64 percent from the floor, led by a career-high 31 points for James Wil- liams. The Tech squad hit clutch free throws, however, and won 72-67. The Eagles closed 1984 with another loss, this one to the Jag- uars of South Alabama, 67-58. The new year brought better play, as the Eagles handily defeated Wisconsin Parkside, 83-66. Optimistic after a solid win, USM opened Metro Conference play against Keith Lee and Company of Memphis State. The Tigers outmanned the Eagles and rolled to a 82-60 win. Louisville followed up, expecting to give "% a beating comparable to the one delivered by Memphis State. USM proceeded to can 28 of 34 free throws for 83 percent, and outscored the Cardinals in the second half, 50-34. Led by guard Michael Jett, with 18 points, the Eagles claimed a hard-earned win, 72-63. The Eagle cagers fell twice to Virginia Tech and Cincinnati, but followed with a 77-63 drubbing of Florida State in which Kenny Siler scored 16 points. The Eagles also dropped the next two, the second in a cardiac thrilling 64-63 to Tulane. After a dishearten- ing loss to Virginia Tech, James Williams led the explosive Eagles with 28 points in a na- tionally televised win over South Carolina, 77-66. Mediocrity returned, as the Eagles dropped their next two games to Florida State and Cincinnati. The Eagles ended a discouraging roadtrip with a 88-71 loss to Louisville. The final two home games yielded losses to Tulane, 71-67, and Memphis State, 78-63. The Eagles faced Memphis State again, this time in the first round of the Metro Confer- ence Tournament. USM cut the margin to six points three times during the game, but the tall timberline of Keith Lee and William Bed- ford proved too much in the late going. The Tigers prevailed, 68-58. As much as anything else in the year, the final loss to Memphis State typified a disappoint- ing season that had aspired to be one of pro- gress. The team's final 8-21 record estab- lished with all certainty that if there's anything more frustrating in athletics than a lost cause, it's a season of almost-wins and should-have-beens. Brad Cundiff 84 Men's Basketbal Men's Basketball 85 Head Coach Kay James guided an in- spired ladies squad that fielded an im- pressive season. The Lady Eagles finished with a 21-8 record, playing with a zeal that made a Metro conference ladies champion- ship seem likely. With two solid opening round wins over Lou- isville, 79-64, and South Carolina, 87-80, the Lady Eagles, headed by seniors Portland McCaskill, Wilhelmina Smith, and Bridget Winston, charged optimistically into a tourna- ment championship game against Memphis State. A crowd of 3,247 fans witnessed an overtime struggle that was not resolved until the final two seconds, when Memphis State scraped by with a victory of 77-75. The Lady Eagles also seized a second place finish in the Tennessee Tech Classic and downed national ranked Louisiana State Uni- versity, 75-74, in the Northwestern Louisiana Tournament. Portland McCaskill passed two milestones during the year, garnering 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds in a career. Almost, but not quite As a final bonus, the Lady Eagles received an at-large NCAA bid, but fell short in the open- ing round game to the Lady Rebels of Ole Miss, 88-81. It was a hollow finish for an excellent season, but sometimes the end is only the beginning. Brad Cundiff First Row: Cindy Blackmer, Student Trainer; Steph- anie Moore, Amy Heiden, Diane Backstrom, Kelly Six- killer, Bridget Winston, Portland McCaskill, Jenise John- son, Student Trainer. Second Row: Anita Dudley, Wilhelmina Smith, Sharon Varnado, Juliette Weaver, Pam Wilson, Robbie Grady, Ana Jones, Faye Hodges. Third Row: Shirley Jones, Assistant Coach; Kay James, Head Coach; Laura Porciello, Assistant Coach. 86 Women's Basketball women's basketball Women's Basketball 87 women's basketball 88 Women's Basketball Women's Basketball 89 90 Women's Basketball women's basketball Women's Basketball 91 baseball he Eagles baseball team broke away this year and stayed close to a .500 mark of wins and losses for the first time in several years. Coach Hill Denson said that he had "mixed emotions" about the team's play, citing, "Sometimes we have played good and sometimes we have played bad." Denson blamed "young mistakes" for the rol- lercoaster season. Despite the ups and downs, the Eagles broke several school records, including most wins in a season. The Golden Eagles outdistanced the old record of 23 set in 1981 with a 4-0 win over Metro rival Memphis State in April. In addition to the school win record, the Ea- gles topped the school record of 32 home runs set last year. Senior outfielder Tommy Sims spent the year in pursuit of the school's home run record of 13 set by Wilson Plunkett in 1973. Batting average honors were shared throughout the year by Juan Vazquez and Mike Glassman. The Eagles welcomed the addition of a new baseball park named for long-time coach C.J. "Pete" Taylor and enjoyed good fan support throughout the year. The Golden Eagles baseball team finished out the year with a 28-41 record. Brad Cundiff «mw f^'"' ■i.-"»,..oHHS ! Tafw« . -i^.r-j s^fe"t ni mourns?- >:. -mm ;^. '\|t jfSE . fflfc :fS ft. =%„ 1 1 % i Zm ^ •£* First Row: Alan Mattox, Student Assistant; John Mig- liore, Jeff Moss, Mike Jacobs, Ive Burnett, Marcos Gar- cia, John Hankins, Mike Magee, Brian Kozlowski, John Gessner, Doug Borries, Hector Palacios, Alan Powers, Student Assistant. Second Row: Dick Brown, Man- ager; Darrell Lindsey, Chris Seroka, Whit Jones, Scott Darby, Greg Breal, Cliff Jordan, Dean Nettles, Darrin Nixon, Mark Johnston, Mike McGrath, Dan Pourciau, Stan Wielgosz, Manager. Third Row: Tommy Sims, Will Roberts, Juan Vazquez, Jeff Rymer, Mike Glass- man, Travis Bourgeois, Sammy Basford, Greg Conner, David Stanton, Graduate Assistant; Corky Palmer, Gra- duate Assistant; Hill Denson, Head Coach. ! y i p 4 4k&> ,-., ,',-vSr*. ««ta»a-s ;';>-i»~ 92 Basebal HRN Baseball 93 With nine letter winners returning from 1984 and six talented newcomers, the Lady Eagles softball team went into the 1985 schedule looking for a successful season. "We have more depth at every position," said Laura Porciello, sixth-year softball coach. Porciello is the first full-time assistant coach for women's athletics at the school and is assisted by Paul Funk, USM student assis- tant softball coach. S, „ iijjjyififr'fl' * ' v ^ Following USM's athletic goal of toughening up its schedules, the 34-game women's soft- ball schedule featured such noteworthy op- ponents as Florida State, Nicholls State, and Northeast Louisiana. Big victories for the season included 6-2, 8-9, 6-0, 7-1 wins over Southeastern Louisiana; a pair of 13-0, 10-0 wins over Tennessee Tech; and a 9-3 win over Grambling State. The Lady Eagles softball team closed out the season with a 19-18 record. Wyndi Moak 94 Softball I tmti* softball <j* Warn miu , * • . ■ » .■• First Row: Debbie Anderson, Kristy King, Robin Whi- taker, Donna Legg, Susan Smith, Joan Copeland, Vicki Burton. Second Row: Paul Funk, Graduate Assistant Coach; Kim Richards, Leigh Marrero, Kelli Harper, Dee- dee Grant, Marti Jahnke, Amy Boutwell, Roxanne Sa- rnies, Laura Porciello, Head Coach; Jeri Peterson, Stu- dent Trainer. Not Pictured: Sandra Duck. Softball 95 men's tennis Facing the toughest coaching schedule of his career, Men's Tennis Coach Larry "Doc" Harrington and his Golden Ea- gle netters went into the 1985 season with a previous year's record of 17-6. Coach Har- rington, who also serves as USM's all-sports trainer, holds the distinction of not coaching a losing squad in his 24 previous seasons. Four players had departed since the 1984 line-up, but three lettermen were returning. Harrington, expressing concern over the loss of the "very productive" players, was opti- mistic about the improvement of the return- ing players. Last year's number two player, Michael Hansson of Sweden, took over the number one spot for 1985 and posted a 23-7 individ- ual record at 76.7%. Out of 32 scheduled dual matches, the team had six 9-0 shutouts over Keesler, Jackson State, Fort Rucker, Alcorn, and William Carey. The team placed 15th in the 32-team Big Gold Invitational Tournament, first in the 24th annual USM invitational Tournament and seventh out of eight teams in the Metro Conference Championships at Memphis State. The Golden Eagles finished with a 17-8 re- cord for the year. Wyndi Moak First Row: Joey Jarrell, Gayden McAlpin, Reed Longo. Second Row: Alex Silveria, Graduate Assistant; Tom Purser, Sammy Kay. Michael Hanson, Shannon Kreiger, John Paul Kennedy, Student Assistant; Dennis Forten- berry. Coach; "Doc" Harrington, Head Coach. 96 Men's Tennis Men's Tennis 97 Women's Tennis women's tennis Looking for "youthful experience" to improve on a 16-9 finish in 1984, fifth- year Women's Tennis Coach Helen Grant guided her team into the most ambitious schedule ever. The team was slated for more than 30 dual matches and two tournaments in a season that would run from a February 12 opener to a mid-April Memphis Metro Tournament. Most of the returning team members from 1984 were sophomores, giving the Lady Ea- gle netters the advantages of depth and youth. Getting off to a strong start, the Lady Eagles won their first four matches of the season, carrying off victories over UNO, Millsaps, USL, and Memphis State. Other big wins for the season were 9-0 closeouts against Ni- cholls State and OWJC; a 8-1 win over Au- burn; and a 7-2 win in a match with Spring Hill. Grant cited the consistent improvement on the part of sophomore netters Kim Taylor and Shelley Porter as a factor in the team's staying above the .500 mark all season. The Lady Eagles finished fourth in the USM Invitational Tournament, third in the Metro Conference Tournament, and had a 13-11 record for the up-and-down 1985 season. Kim Willis snrssos Wh- First Row: Christy Waters, Shelley Porter, Kim Taylor, Lee Ann Elkins. Second Row: Laurie White, Antrice Kay, Kim Pope, Michele Lorio, Helen Grant. Women's Tennis 99 swimming The Golden Eagles swim team under Coach Mike Giles had several high fin- ishes this year in various tournaments in the Metro Conference. Swimmer Tim Roarty said, "The team's confidence was hurt by the drop in swimmers. In September, we had 25 and by the Metro Conference we only had 12." The swim record in dual meets for the year was 1-8, but the team also placed third in the seven-team Hendrix Classic and the 11-team Hendrix Relays. The highlight of the year, however, was the breaking of many school records set by the Golden Eagles swim team. Several of these records were broken at the February Metro Conference meet, among them the 100 breast stroke, 100 and 200 butterflies, 200-400 IM, and the 400 medley relay. This record-breaking Metro performance made an excellent end to a swim team's year of improvement. Brad Cundiff 'liKta*' First Row: Richard Bean, Matt Johnson, Craig Cole- man, Cal Calhoun, John Ahem. Second Row: Joe Shannabough, Brian Murphy, Tim Roarty, Dudley Moore, Ronnie Gaston, David Horton. Third Row: Jon Shoro, Curt Crawford, Joe Jasmon, Jim Sisson, Scott Somerville. Fourth Row: Jim Frische, Bobby Ross, Rick McCarthy, Jimmy Lagana. 100 Swimming Swimming 101 golf The 1985 Golden Eagle golfers recorded a successful year on the links under the leadership of Coach Teddy Bouchillon, com- peting in tournaments throughout all the South. The tournament schedule was marked by several satisfying finishes by the Eagle golfers. Skills of individual players were improved through repeated practice on the USM Golf Course and the Laurel Country Club grounds. Player Jeff Jennings cited the team as having had "an improved year." The season looked bleak with an opening tournament finish of 21st out of 21 teams in the Florida State Seminole Classic. The showing improved somewhat in the course of the season, with a 15 of 18 team finish in the UNO Invitational; 10 of 15 in the Panhandle Intercollegiate; 14 of 19 in the Tiger-Point Invitational; and a final tournament finish of 11 of 15 in the Mississippi State Cola Invita- tional. Low golfers for the year were Kenny Hughes and Bruce Magee. Brad Cundiff (> First Row: Juan Cox, Al Sutton, Bruce Magee, John Raccaiti. Second Row: Jeff Jennings, Mike Clark, Sean Casey, Teddy Bouchillon, Coach. Not Pictured: Mike Marshall, Kenny Hughes. 102 Golf track Working with what sixth-year Track Coach Marshall Bell termed a "reason- able" schedule, the Golden Eagle track divi- sions of cross country, indoor, and outdoor programs looked as if they would finish out the year-round program in "good shape." Indoor results included: a first place Pat Ker- gosien finish in the NSU Decathlon; first place in the pole vault and shot put of the Jackson State Indoor Invitational; and first place in the 60-yard dash preliminaries at the NLU Indoor Invitational Track and Field meet. Eight letter winners returned from the 1984 team, which finished fifth in the Metro Con- ference Championships. Two key returnees were senior Donzell Moody and junior Pat Kergosien. Cross country meet highlights were: a second place finish in the USM Invitational Cross Country meet and a first place finish in the Tulane Invitational. Noteworthy indoor track finishes were: third place in team scoring in the Southeastern Louisiana Invitational; no-score showings in several categories of the Paper Tiger Invita- tional; a second place finish in the Ole Miss Invitational; and a first place finish in the Harding University Invitational. Wyndi Moak .-V--' - ' - t: .'.• "* ">• i» -- ' <■:■' First Row: Dean Clifton, Willis Mitchell, Scott Adams. Second Row: Tony Myers, Fabian Martinez, Ruben Martinez, Matt Carpenter. Track 103 volleyball The key to this year's successful Eagles volleyball squad, under Coach Helen Grant, was team playing. "We got all our plays together in the very last game versus Southeast Louisiana." said Maureen Sulli- van, one of this year's team members. "It wasn't that we didn't play well the first of the year," she said, "it just all came together that last game." Highlights of the season were high-scoring wins over Livingston University, Nicholls State, South Alabama, and Arkansas State. The volleyball team finished out the year with a 9-25 record. Brad Cundiff First Row: Jenise Johnson, Trainer; Maureen Sullivan, Laura Bjorklund, Sheila Sims, Susan McGlothlain, Train- er. Second Row: Traci Van Winkle, Toni Ann Cou- manis, Geraldine Jackson, Helen Grant, Coach; Lori Salmon, Cynthia Holcomb, Marda Bendel. 104 Volleybat sports clubs The sports club program at Southern is a division of the intramural-recreational department. Sixteen individual clubs are cur- rently registered as student organizations and provide varying programs of instruction, competition, and recreation. Most of these sports clubs offer members intercollegiate competition beyond the intramural level, but performance ability is not always required. Instructional programs and practice sessions prepare members for the scheduled season. Sports Club Council is an advisory organiza- tion with representation from each recog- nized sports club. Current clubs offered are men's and wom- en's bowling, chess, equestrian, men's and women's fencing, women's gymnastics, judo, Kempro and Ishenru karate, men's and wom- en's soccer, racquetball, rugby, table tennis, water skiing, and power and bodybuilding weight-lifting. Each club establishes its own organizational framework, membership and leadership re- quirements, and performance levels, but the Sports Club Council recommends budget al- locations, disciplinary actions, and policies and procedures for individual programs. The The 1985 rugby team qualified for the re- gional tournament and this year's soccer team took the state championship title. Kim Willis Ski--? sMta Sports Clubs 105 In any given semester, approximately 25 intramural sports are participated in by teams of men, women, and co-rec pair- ings. These teams divide into leagues repre- senting sororities, fraternities, dormitories, and independent groups. The leagues are also divided according to level of skill, with Level I competitions being the most challeng- ing. The All-University point system awards points to each team whenever the group wins a game, makes a playoff, or qualifies for a tournament. The team that ends the year with the most points in all intramural sports is awarded the "All-University" plaque. Steve Rey, director of intramural activities, notes that intramurals were up in three areas of participation: team participation, up by 15 to 20 teams; participation in dual sports, up by 25 to 30 players; and participation of women, especially in co-rec activities. Rey attributes these increases to both more orga- nization in the residence halls and among in- dependent students, and the renovation of intramural playing fields. Though sorority and fraternity teams still dominate both participation in and organiza- tion of intramurals, Rey looks for a continued upswing in the participation of independents, allowing the intramural department to better serve the university as a whole. Brad Cundiff Bowling Phi Kappa Tau "A" Bud I Pi Beta Phi "A" Lucky Strikes Wompers il Beach Bums Volleyball Train Gang II Ball Doctors Train Gang Pi Beta Phi High Pressure Pi Kappa Alpha/Chi Omega Golf Tournament Mann/O'Shaughnessy (Phi Kappa Tau) Howell/Bradley (Kappa Alpha) Tennis Singles John Gratwick (Sigma Alpha Epsilon) Steve Collins (Indy) Keith Schwab (Indy) Chip Herrington (Kappa Alpha) Mark Newman (Indy) Gill Burke (Phi Kappa Tau) Tennis Doubles Schott/Collins (Indy) Edmunds/Dillon (Haulers) Celestin/Cole (Indy) Patterson/Williams (Indy) Short/Bell (Indy) Burke/Coumanis (Phi Kappa Tau/Delta Delta Delta) Flag Football Phi Kappa Tau Salt and Pepper [.D.K. Pi Beta Phi Pi Kappa Alpha/Chi Omega "A" Sigma Chi/Phi Mu Floor Hockey Ball Doctors Zeppelin "ZoSo" Turkey Trot 19-Under Robert Cook (Alpha Tau Omega) 20-25 Scott Gallagher (Sigma Nu) 26-30 Wallace Hamilton (Haulers) Over 30 Pat O'Shaughnessy (Phi Kappa Tau) 19-Under Kristi King (I. D.K.) 20-25 Teresa Ginn (Kappa Delta) 26-30 Donna Reedy (Indy) 106 Intramurals intramurals Weight Lifting Meet Class 123 Billy Boldow (Sigma Chi) 148 Tracy Henley (Train Gang) 165 Rusty Hammons (Train Gang) 181 Davy Davis (Train Gang) 198 Joe Prestridge (Train Gang) 220 Doug Burns (Pi Kappa Alpha) 242 Mark Turner (Train Gang) Class 114 Vickie Burton (Train Gang) 123 Fairest Stevenson (Train Gang) 132 Susan Bell (Salt and Pepper) 148 Kim Owen (Train Gang) 165 Kym Williams (Kappa Delta) Putt Putt Golf Jamie Madison (High Voltage) Dub Johnson (Phi Kappa Tau) Imbragulio/Pitalo (Sigma Nu/Delta Gamma) McDowell/Taylor (Sigma Nu/Lil Sis) Racquetball Bruce Crane (Indy) Ted Maisch (Sigma Alpha Epsilon) Tori Gallager (Pi Beta Phi) Linda Pope (Indy) Racquetball Doubles Yelverton/DeSlauriers (Indy) McWilliams/McDonnell (Sigma Chi) Vann Hall Moody's Girls Chi Omega Sigma Chi/Chi Omega Train Gang Sudden Impact Ball Doctors Train Gang 111 Nads Frisbee Golf J.B. White Dale McVeay Debbie Van Laurie Mullis Track All Track Club Vann Hall Women's All Track Chi Omega mgsm Soccer Sigma Chi Ruggers 'A" Easter Run Robert Cook (Alpha Tau Omega) William Bolden (NSBE) William Tetmeyer (Indy) Easter Run 19-Under Robert Cook (Alpha Tau Omega) 20-25 William Bolden (NSBE) 26-30 William Tetmeyer (Indy) Halfcourt Basketball Divisions 1, II, HI 20-25 Lois Montgomery (Pi Beta Haulers 1 Over 30 Jane Tetmeyer (Indy) Kappa Alpha Psi "A" Black Gold i.D.K. Swim Meet White Shadow Pi Kappa Alpha High Voltage VI Sigma Nu Army ROTC Pi Beta Phi Kappa Alpha "E" Softball Divisions I. II Walleyball MITH Deen Train Gang Wompers Hard Times Pi Beta Phi Express Hickman The Train Gang Phi Dl's Ultimate Frisbee Phi Kappa Tau "B" Phi Kappa Tau "Flingers ' Sigma Chi "B" Train Gang Water Basketball Sports Trivia Bowl Phi Mu/Sigma Chi Train Gang Sigma Chi/Delta Delta Delta Delts Super Sports Basketball Divisions I, II. Ill Train Gang Has Beens Pi Kappa Alpha/Chi Omega "B Intramurals 107 I .. Ill ■■ — ■- m - — •i^ k: -jJK — D i v i g i on/Partic i pation a r t i c i p a t i ^ ^ Divicion /Partic i pation — W9- Teresa Abney, Donna Aldridge, Lisa Allegrezza, Maria Anderson, Catherine Beavers, Cynthia Breard Pearlee Cameron, Linda Caraway, Donna Castle, Leta Coleman, Jo Cooley, Aletha Cousson Donna Crosby, Cynthia French, Mary Harris, Mary-Therese Hickman, Lita Hosey, Holly Hughes a (0 4n2 PH^ V Q s- (0 £ V a ca PHHl N < m 4-> The 132nd chapter of Alpha Delta Pi so- rority was successfully colonized at USM in September of 1984 with Grand Vice-Presi- dent Marilyn Long conducting the rush par- ties. ADPi national representatives chose members on the basis of scholastic ability and leadership skills, looking for those who would work together to form a strong sisterhood. The colony was welcomed to Southern with mixers hosted by the Panhellenic Conference sororities on campus. The Ole Miss chapter of Alpha Delta Pi also greeted the new colo- ny, extending invitations to their annual fall formal. ADPi participated in activities that are an integral part of Greek life, such as pep rallies, paint parties, swaps, intramurals, blood drives, and Songfest. Members were active in many campus organizations, including South- ern Exposure, cheerleading, Dixie Darlings, Southern Misses, Public Relations Student Society of America, University Activities Council, Associated Student Body, and the Southerner staff. Alpha Delta Pi was the first secret society for college women, founded in 1851. The mean- ing of ADPi is symbolized by azure blue, white, diamonds, violets, lions, and the motto, "We live for each other." The first year of the Eta Zeta chapter has been one of challenges and expectations. The ADPis look forward to a bright and fulfill- ing future at USM. 110 Alpha Delta Pi Nona Hughes. Cheri Kettinger, Peyton Kohr, Linda Montgomery, Mary Moore, Kim Owens, Terri Russell. Susan Rutherford, Beverly Sermons Missi Voltz, Wendy Wagner, Karen Watson, Tanya Weaver, Anna Wells, Paula Wilson Alpha Delta Pi 111 Michelle Bell, Marion Branch, Terrilyn Griffith, Elizabeth Hanshaw, Angela Hathorn, Agnes Henery Shunda Johnson, Jacqueline Lovett, Yolanda Moulds, Michelle Nichols, Phyllis Randle, Patricia Walker Laura White SI c* ;9H _,.. 9p . \ i 1 Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., the world's oldest Greek letter sorority founded for and by black women, was estab- lished in 1908. The Iota Kappa chapter was colonized on the campus of USM in April of 1975 under the leadership and guidance of Shirley Green Mays and became the first black Greek organization to be sanctioned at Southern. plays. AKA members' campus involvement includes membership in Gamma Beta Phi, Alpha Lambda Delta, Golden Key Society, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Chi Theta, Pre- Law Society, Society for Paralegal Studies, Residence Hall Association, Association for Computing Machinery, Air Force RGTC, As- sociated Student Body, Dean's List, and Na- tional Dean's List. Emphasizing such qualities as leadership and academic excellence, the sorority sponsored the Gem's and Gent's Fashion Extravaganza and a Mr. Esquire pageant. The ladies of Alpha Kappa Alpha sponsor a Sickle Cell Anemia Awareness Project and Voter's Reg- istration Drive, and carried away first place in the theme competition of Homecoming dis- The major goal of Alpha Kappa Alpha is to be of service to all of mankind; this commit- ment to service is implemented and support- ed by the ladies of salmon pink and apple green through a program of targets that em- phasize life-long learning, health care, and fulfillment. 112 Alpha Kappa Alpha William Bolden, Anthony Clark, Eddie Jiles, Kenneth Jimmerson, Jessie Kelly, Eric Labat Anthony Leggett, Bryan McLendon, Dwayne Redman, David Schexnayder, Clemon Terrell, Gregory Turnipseed s c > X ^mM n T3 sr ST eh tt "■1 ^ sr > sr Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity was estab- lished at Cornell University in 1906 and was founded on Southern's campus by How- ard Jones and Charles Johnson in November of 1976. The Mu Xi chapter received its offi- cial charter in October of 1982. The men of black and old gold are distin- guished on a national level as well as on cam- pus, receiving recognition as the national Al- pha Phi Alpha basketball champions, campus Interfraternity Council basketball champions, greatest United Way fraternity contributors, and first place winners in the Que-Delta Greek step show. Alpha Phi Alpha philanthropic and communi- ty activities include a United Way fundraising Annual Masquerade Party; the Jones-John- son Scholarship, given to a full time USM student each academic year; and Operation HOPE (Help Our People Excel), a program offering assistance to individuals on campus and in the community via "manpower." The fraternity presents an annual Tribute to Black Women Program that recognizes the accomplishments of black women on a local as well as a national level. The men of Alpha Phi Alpha also sponsor an annual Miss Black and Gold beauty pageant. The winner of the 1985 campus contest has gone on to capture the state title. Alpha Phi Alpha 113 u a (0 u Q CO (0 a (0 E 35 pC a < Julie Addy, Cecile Arnold, Sharon Bell, Linda Billups, Lisa Breckenridge, Lena Burford Elizabeth Campbell, Melissa Delaney, Dee Dougherty, Kerri Folse, Wendy Harris, Rachael Hetherington .. , - ■'• V--'"" '• Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority, a part of Southern's Greek life since 1938, lives by the motto aspire, seek, and attain. Alpha Sigs are a rapidly-growing and diversified group, with members from as far away as Indiana as well as those whose home is as close as a half a block from campus. ASA's high social, physical, spiritual, and intellectu- al aims placed them in every aspect of cam- pus life. Socially, Alpha Sigs were a part of Halloween, Songfest, Greek Unity Week, Fall and Spring Formals, Alumni Tea, Par- ent-Daughter Banquet, swaps, and fraternity little sister programs. Physically, ASA par- ticipated in Greek Games and Anchor Splash and had members involved in the Pride, Uni- versity Singers, and cheerleading. Spiritual- ly, members attended chapter church and were active in Campus Crusade for Christ and the Baptist Student Union. Intellectually, the group GPA was in the top 15 percent sorority-wide; Alpha Sigs were Gamma Beta Phi, Lambda Sigma, and Omicron Delta Kappa members and many were University and Presidential Scholars in the Honors Col- lege. Asters, ladybugs, pearls, rubies, crimson, and pearl white are representative of Alpha Sigma Alpha. The ladies of Alpha Sig take pride in a sisterhood that encourages each member to grow to the best of her ability. 114 Alpha Sigma Alpha Tracy Jones, Karen Kay, Shawn Leopard, Robin MacCormack, Melanie McGehee, Elizabeth Mann Eva Metz, Lisa Mullins, Deidre Parker, Jennifer Pittman, Stella Posey, Tekla Potter Amy Rehg, Robin Reynolds, Lisa Roebuck, Donna Rutherford, Debora Sayre, Catherine Smith Alpha Sigma Alpha 115 The Bandit, A. Kool Breeze, Chippy, Anthony Darling, Skippy Van Doren, California Dreamin', Mike Falgout, Go For It 111, Patrick Gustin Edwin Halliburton, Need More Heiny, Al C. Hoi, Captain Hueck, Katdaddy, David Kendrick, Jay Kerrick, Doc Kayle Keys, Pope J. Knight George D. Little, E. Z. Living, Mark McDonald, Demolition Man, Bradley Martindale, Who's That Maskedman, Hi Mom, The Lost Musician, Hank Phillips jam (0 m CD £ O u mm 2 3 & <8 6 H § CO I < CD a ~ ** . ! The 35th chapter of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity was founded at USM in No- vember of 1949 and is one of the oldest fra- ternities on Southern's campus. ATO is known for its involvement in many social ser- vice projects and is distinguished by having the Top Greek Scholars in the sophomore and junior classes and many sorority big brothers. The men of Alpha Tau Omega are involved in artistic, athletic, intellectual, and leadership endeavors on campus; ATO mem- bers can be found in the Pride, Jazz Band, Symphony Orchestra, theatre productions, cheerleading, varsity athletics, intramurals, University Honors College, honorary fraterni- ties, University Activities Council, Associat- ed Student Body, and Air Force and Army ROTC. Socially, Alpha Tau Omega is syn- onymous with post-game parties, Homecom- ing, Songfest, swaps, and Viking and Toga parties. The men of azure blue and gold are avid Golden Eagle backers and look forward to moving into the ATO complex on new frat row within the next year. 116 Alpha Tau Omega lb $JL Wasted Pledge, Cardinal Puff, Tod Quint, Christopher Remley, Gerald Samies, Dobyone Selman, lam Strange, Tad, Preppy Tadwell Biff Tidwell, Chadwick Tidwell, Radcliff Tidwell, Back Ward, Floyd Wimberley, "Mom" Dot Wood. Monique Bordelon, Joanne Donley, Karen Donnelly Kelsey Green, Maria Halterlein, Tracy Harwell, Sherye McCaa, Karen McGuffee, Daphne Nail, Susan Parkel, Sherri Pierce, Tekla Potter Susan Quarles, Sally Roberts, Sebrina Zerkus Alpha Tau Omega 117 Cheryl Ainsworth, Missie Arata, Melanie Barber, Tamaria Bartley, Johanna Baskin, Angela Becker, Mechele Becker, Julie Beeson, Cathy Blakeslee Susan Bowman, Delwyn Broadhead, Temple Bush, Jill Butler, Catherine Calhoun, Kathy Catchot, Deanna Caveny, Erin Chapman, Margaret Chesser Debbie Ciano, Connie Clinton, Lisa Collins, Dana Conliff, Julie Cook, Tori Dallas, Desiree Davion, Elena Diaz, Leslie Driskell Sally Dudley, Carol Estes, Missy Ezelle, Renee Fallin, Ellen Ferrell, Angela Foster, Valerie Garrett, Leslie Grantham, Jenny Harper (0 Urn O) V a ■is S u to V •m a jz c o U CO a First I QUARTER TIME OUTS LEFT '■(m&\ The roots of Chi Omega can be traced back to 1895, with the Epsilon Delta chapter established at Southern in April of 1949. Chi O is known for its involvement with local and national philanthropies, hosting the annual Songfest, presenting this years' pro- ceeds to the United Way; participating in the Hattiesburg Jail/Bail for the Heart Associ- ation; and making Thanksgiving, Christ- mas, and Easter donations to a variety of philanthropies. Many members have been honored by their selection as Homecoming court maids, Top Ten Beauties, Miss Missis- sippi pageant contestants, Pike calendar girls, Miss USM, academic scholars, and Who's Who and Hall of Fame members. Chi Omega's emphasis on scholarship is illus- trated by the number of members in the var- ious honoraries on campus, including Omi- cron Delta Kappa, Alpha Lambda Delta, Lambda Sigma, and Phi Kappa Phi. Chi O's hold positions of leadership as well as being members of Campus Crusade for Christ, Stu- dent Alumni Association, and the Associated Student Body. Pearls, diamonds, cardinal red, straw gold, owls, white carnations, Christmas Formal, Blind Date Party, Eleusinian Banquets, and intramurals are all a part of the home Chi Omega becomes for its members during their years at college. 118 Chi Omega Beth Hall, Twila Hendry, Mary Jordan, Kathy Kirkpatrick, Kathy Klusendorf, Edie Lack, Deborah Lightsey, Nina Lowery, Suzanne Lumpkin Erin McCrary, Carolyn McDermott, Tracy McMahon, Molly Mallet, Dianne Middleton, Laura Milstead, Connie Mitchell, Kerri Mordica, Monica Mosher Laurie Mullis, Jennifer Munn, Karen Nichols, Emily Niles, Penny Nowell, Russlyn Owen, Mary Parker, Terri Parks, Alesia Phillips April Philpot, Erin Pittman, Tiffany Pletz, Chelye Prichard, Susan Quarles, Sandra Rawson, Jan Rich, Rhonda Richard, Tracy Richmond Leslie Ridlehoover, Alyce Riley, Susan Robinson. Peggy Schroeder, Alexa Simon, Angela Sliman, Katherine Sneed, Pamela Southerland, Cathy Steen Andrea Stribling, Laurie Sweeney, Samantha Tewes, Tracey Tinnon, Debra Van, Vicki Vann, Melissa Warren, Carol Weatherford, Carolyn Welch Suzie Welch, Twila Williams, Ginger Williamson, Wendy Williamson, Dawn Windham, Elizabeth Windham, Bridget Wise, Michael Finley, David Ishee William Massey, Thomas Towler Chi Omega 119 Lynn Ainsworth, Jill Bailey, Ann Bancroft, Melanie Bancroft, Angie Benfield, Sharon Bentz, Cindy Bradshaw, Helen Brewton, Becky Britt Andree Brown, Kelly Brown, Dawn Bryant, Maureen Bryant, Lucy Bush, Kimberly Chamblee, Stephanie Clark, Jan Cook, Julie Cook Elizabeth Cooper, Karen Cooper, Laurie Corbin, Tonie Ann Coumanis, Cara Dawkins, Penny Dewey, Kelly Duff, Lee Ann Elkins, Rickie Elkins Sandy Ellis, Susie Faver, Angela Fokakis, Monica Freeman, Melanie Gavin, Francie George, Gigi Gerson, Donna Ginn, Beth Glover (0 Q (0 2 Q u c o °5> Q. UJ • mm a. Delta Delta Delta sorority came to USM in March of 1951. The ladies of Tri Delta enjoy Fish Fry, Orange Crush Party, Founder's Day, Apple Polishing Party, Kid- nap Breakfast, Stars and Crescent Ball, Hal- loween and Christmas parties, Homecoming Reception, and Pansy Pops. Top Ten Beauties, Homecoming queen and sophomore maid, Pike calendar girls, Eag- lette captain, Miss Southern 1984, Outstand- ing Freshman Women, and fraternity little sisters can all be found in Delta Delta Delta. Members of Tri Delta are active in all aspects of campus life, from such spirit and athletic activities as Dixie Darlings, Eaglettes, South- ern Misses, Gold Tenders, Golden Girls, cheerleading, varsity volleyball and tennis to student-oriented groups like the Associated Student Body, Student Alumni Association, Southern Exposure, Campus Crusade for Christ, Southern Style, and University Sing- ers to the academically-related Who's Who, Omicron Delta Kappa, Lambda Sigma, Gam- ma Beta Phi, President's List, and Dean's List. The school-spirited Tri Deltas were recog- nized in fall of 1984 through pep rally spirit awards and a first-place Homecoming dis- play theme. Delta Delta Delta finds meaning in pearls, pansies, silver, gold and blue. Each member wholeheartedly agrees that Tri Delta means triple the reasons for pride. 120 Delta Delta Delta Beth Goodman, Beth Graham, Cindy Hahn, Sabyne Hardy, Hope Harrington, Gidget Horn, Allison Hurt, Lisa Hurt, Amy Jackson Lisa Jenkins, Robin Kessler, Krista Kleinpeter, Amy Knight, Lisa Long, Cindy Lucas, Melmda McCarty, Lisa McNeal, Tonya Manasco Julie Manning, Toye Mason, Lisa Moore, Lisa Myrick, Tanza Nations, Pamela Newman, Leigh Ann Nosser, Sonya Parrish, Kimberly Phillips Jean Pittman, Kim Pope, Tracy Robin- son, Terri Rounsaville, Sherri Salvaggio, Amanda Scott, Tracy Scrimpshire, Julie Shaw, Stephenne Shelton Missy Smith, Michele Stockstill, Nan Sumrall, Lisa Taylor, Tami Tonore, Sonja Tullos, Swain Turner, Janet Vega. Carmen Walters Karon Walters, Stephanie Webb, Amy Weldy, Melinda West, Craig Beeding, Mike Fitzgerald, Chip Huey, Alan Lu- cas, Scott Morrow Delta Delta Delta 121 Pollyanna Alexander, Lisa Anderson, Amy Becker, Jena Belcher, Barbara Bingham, Cindy Blackmer, Vicki Boyd, Cheryl Boyles, Renee Breazeale Cindy Brown, Mary Grace Callahan, Jackye Chapman, Charlene Clark, Leslie Cocran, Sheila Comegys, Joanna Corban, Carolyn Cowart, Sharon Crook Stephanie Cummings, Karen Donnelly, Doreen Dore, Dena Douglass, Allison Dyar, Lynley Eiken, Christy Ellzey, Angela Farragut, Ashley Farron U a (0 u •mm a. a -» "v a (0 E E (0 a a I Delta Gamma sorority is one of the youn- gest sororities on campus, colonizing at USM in 1971, but in its 14 years at Southern DG has built a history of pride. The ladies of bronze, pink, and blue are noted for their philanthropic support, actively working with blood drives, assisting the Lion's Club with White Cane Days, visiting elementary schools for eye alert programs, reading for the blind, and assisting the handicapped on campus with their studies. Delta Gammas serve as official timers for the swim team, hostesses of the Miss Southern pageant, scor- ekeepers for the Magnolia Golf Classic, and sponsors of the annual Anchor Splash. The ladies of DG can also be found in the Associ- ated Student Body Senate and Cabinet, Southern Misses, Gold Tenders, Dixie Dar- lings, Eaglettes, varsity tennis, Southern Style, USM Singers, the Southerner staff, Omicron Delta Kappa, Lambda Sigma, Gam- ma Beta Phi, Phi Delta Rho, Rho Gamma, Who's Who, and fraternity little sisters pro- grams. From diamonds, pearls, cream roses, Rag- gedy Anns, and anchors to Big Sis-Lil Sis Fall Retreat, Fall Toga Party, Old Fashioned Christmas Party, Blind Date Party, Anchor Ball, Pumpkin Caroling, Hurricane Party, Wine and Cheese Party, and Goodbye Girl Party, the glow of Delta Gamma grows brighter each day. 122 Delta Gamma '"- Meg Flowers, Michael Galliano, Flo Gaston, Debbie Green, Michelle Hale, Katheryn Hanvey, Susan Harvey, Helen Hays, Dana Henley Joni Jackson, Rosemarie Jones, Antrice Kay, Jackie Keys, Lee Ladner, Robyn Lee, Jennifer Lindsay, Tracy Logan, Missy Loughman Karyn Ludington, Connie McCardle, Nicole McCleery, Karen McGuffee, Ronda Maness, Mary Meador, Julie Miller, Robin Moore, Debbie Newman Janice North, Jill Patterson, Leighann Perkins, Kristi Pitalo, Toni Ponder, Lauren Richmond, Donna Ritchey, Donna Rogers, Kathy Schwarzauer Cindy Singletary, Tracy Stevens, Cindy Stewart, Maria Straub, Lynn Styron, Lynn Swett, Kim Taylor, Remonia Vinson, Lisa Wells Patricia Williams, Sheila Williams, James Downing, Chuck Harrell, Curtis Hebert, Tom Johnson, Steven Lacy, Scott Miller, James Sarnies Brooks Sullivan, Hans Weger Delta Gamma 123 Carol Jones, Kelley Jones, Thecia Kelly, Debbie King, Valerie Lucas, Melvyner Mason, Donna Satcher, Sheryl Seaton, Gwendolyn Smith (0 V £ H (0 E O) •pp L CO V a (0 (0 ^■J »C p^ V O 3 z Q s Delta Sigma Theta sorority was founded at Howard University in 1913 and is the largest black sorority in the nation, with chap- ters also established in Haiti, Liberia, West Germany, and the Virgin Islands. The Mu Nu chapter of Delta Sigma Theta came to Southern's campus in July of 1975 and began with eleven members. Delta Sig- ma Theta is a public service sorority dedi- cated to strong membership skills and organi- zational practices within the public interest. Annual events for the Deltas include the Pep- permint Cotillion, Founders Day Service, scholarship programs for needy youths, charm clinics, Que-Delta Greek show, and service projects for the community. On the USM campus, Deltas can be found in such organizations as Resident Assistants, Golden Girls, Gold Tenders, Alpha Sweet- heart, Kappa Sweetheart, Union Board, Afro American Cultural Society, and the Associ- ation for Computing Machinery. Delta Sigma Theta members have been honored by their selection to Gamma Beta Phi, Beta Beta Beta, Lambda Sigma, Who's Who, and Na- tional Dean's List. The members of Omega Psi Phi are the fra- ternal brothers of the ladies of crimson red and cream. The Deltas strive for high stan- dards of academic excellence, maintaining the belief that "intelligence is the torch of wisdom." 124 Delta Sigma Theta e Jeffery Bolden, Philander Ellis, Bennie Feagin, Antonio Hughes, Daniel Jones, Freddie Jones, Earnest May, Warren Miller, Willie Moody Kenneth O'Quinn, Ray Polk, Andre Redd, Edward Taylor, Greg Turner, Kent Willis T.TTr { - w ' - »" * Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity had its begin- ning in 1911 with the goal of achieve- ment in every field of human endeavor. The Kappa Iota chapter, founded at USM in April of 1976, exemplifies this ideal by placing an emphasis on brotherly love, catering to the public need, and enriching the community both educationally and spiritually. The Kappas hold the honor of being the first black organization to have earned the first place position in Songfest and are known for their distinctive style of stepping that in- volves original steps and the use of canes. Many campus leaders can be found within the men of crimson and cream, who include a Mr. USM finalist, Associated Student Body, University Activities Council, Union Board Southern Style, Student Alumni Association, Youth Congress, Association for Computing Machinery, Air Force and Army ROTC, var- sity football, basketball, baseball teams, and Dean's List members. The Kappas are often labelled "nupes" or "prettyboys" and hold the belief that "many are called, but few are chosen." Kappa Alpha Psi 125 Stuart Babington, John Brady, Shawn Bullard, Roy Butts, Chris Calhoun, Aaron Clemts Marcus Corban, John Crosby, Brad Cundiff, Kent Dollar, Mark Driver, Mark Ferguson Kenneth Finnegan, Dean Fletcher, Shaun Gilley, Larry Graham, David Griffin, Kevin Gunter The Crescent colony of Delta Tau Delta fraternity, the first Delt chapter to be established in Mississippi, formed at USM in October of the fall semester. Looking for those with a willingness to work, scholastic achievement, campus involvement, firm per- sonal values, and a desire to build a strong Delt chapter, national recruiters pledged 42 men to be the founding fathers of the fraterni- ty. Delta Tau Delta was formed in West Vir- ginia in 1858 and strives for high ideals, firm principles, and the uncompromising pursuit of excellence. Within six days of their formation, the Delts set their standards of advancement for mem- bers to come by earning an honorable men- tion in the Homecoming display competition and in just over a month giving a third place performance in the annual Chi Omega Song- fest. Delts are visible in a variety of campus organizations, including Gamma Beta Phi, Omicron Delta Kappa, Upsilon Pi Epsilon, Rho Gamma, Southern Exposure, Resident Assistants, Head Residents, University Schol- ars, University Activities Council, the South- erner staff, and the President's List and Dean's List. The men of purple, gold, and white have a house just off campus they fondly refer to as "Our Shelter." Given the pace of advance- ments the Delts have set thus far, Delta Tau Delta shows promise of continued growth and success. 126 Delta Tau Delta •■ Daniel Gunther, Russ Harless, Scott Harrison Eddie Jones, Vince Lanoue, John Lefevre, Buu Lenz, Bobby Ochoa, Thomas Parker Billy Powers, Stephen Richards, Dan Richart Timothy Roarty, James Russel! Terry Shafer, Jimmy Sheppard, Richard Sheppard, Frank Sloan Jay Spencer, John Stegall, Michael Thompson, Daniel Wiggins Delta Tau Delta 127 Dori Anderson, Sidney Bailey, Becki Barcellona, Robin Blankenhorn, Barbara Bleichner, Tammy Boone Monique Bordelon, Suzanne Bounds, Angela Bradford, Yohna Chambers, Theresa Cook, Melissa Coulon Lisa Davis, Dana Delk, Sherrie Dick, Maria Douglass, Jana Elliott, Dana Fields (0 1- 0) N JZ u CO 3 ^J s PMH* c V Q a < Through hard work and perseverance, the ladies of Delta Zeta sorority finished out their first full year at USM since their recolon- ization in fall of 1983 with a formal rush pledge class that met quota. It proved to be a busy year for the new chap- ter, with its involvement in community ser- vice through participation in the Hattiesburg Blood Drive, fingerprinting over 800 area children for "Childprint," and contributions to the Galludet College for the speech-hear- ing impaired; the competitive activities of in- tramurals, Songfest, Greek Week, Anchor Splash, and pep rallies; and sorority events such as Big Sis-LiI Sis, Pajama Party, Christ- mas Party, Rose Petal Ball, Moonshine Mad- ness Fall Party, Pizza Party, and swaps. DZ members are also involved in Gamma Beta Phi, Lambda Sigma, Order of Omega, the Pride, Flag Corps, Eaglettes, Dixie Dar- lings, Angel Flight, Southern Misses, Resi- dent Assistants, and fraternity little sister programs. The ladies of Delta Zeta share a common love for turtles, diamonds, old rose pink, and vieux green, but it is the individuality and continued growth of each member that gives the bond of Delta Zeta its strength. 128 Delta Zeta Amy Frederick, Wendy Goodson, Lisa Griffith, Pamela Grosche, Shirley Gunnell, Maria Halterlein, Angela Harrell, Babbette Henry, Tammy Hoffman Allison Hoggatt, Virginia Hoover, Phyllis Hudson, Pam James, Jennifer Johnson, Leah Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Jennifer Kimbrough, Diane Larson Hope Lott, Kathleen McGraw, Susan Middleton, Virginia Minton, Tamara Mitchell, Jamie Mustain, Sonya O'Neal Susan Peddicord, Sherri Pierce Lori Pridgen, Melissa Riley, Allison Rowland, Gwen Serpas, Kathy Shindler, Catherine Sisson. Michelle Stark, Robin Stuart, Michele Sykes Robyn Tillman, Michelle Trigg. Teresa Williams, Andra Wisinger, Annie Wissel, Candace Wright Delta Zeta 129 Michael Barefield, Glynn Beverly, Chris Carmody, Marathon Choptrog, Douglas Clements, Troy Daniels, Samuel Day, Milton Dearman, Bobby Herring Mark James, Ulysses Lobstrog, Scott McManus, Kent McPhail, Geoffrey Sullivan, Biglog Trogg, Bozski Trogg, Bullfrog Trogg, The Coast Trogg Drainclog Trogg, GO. Texas Trogg, Herman Trogg, Hog Trogg, Ivan Trogg, Joe Trogg, Magnum Trogg, The Moneback Trogg, Panama Trogg Pork Trogg, Seagrams Trogg, Shelton Trogg, Siamese Trogg, B.T. Trogg, Rocket Trogg, Sir Tool-Man Trogg, Tex Trogg, Tim Trogg a to N £ S (0 a CO a re a a KAPPA ALPHA Many years ago, on a distant campus far away, Kappa Alpha Order was founded. The tides of time swept the seed of Kappa Alpha to the University of Southern Mississip- pi, center of art, culture, and higher learning. In November of 1949, this seed flourished and formed the Kappa Alpha Mansion, home of distinguished Southern gentlemen, where honesty, courtesy, and brotherhood prevail and where mint juleps are served daily on the Southern lawn. The men of crimson red and old gold have since taken a paramount role in the academic, artistic, athletic, cultural, gov- ernmental, recreational, and social develop- ments of the University, remaining a vital cog in the mystic orb of collegiate life at USM, in the South, and in the Universe. 130 Kappa Alpha Tool Trogg, Tripod Trogg, Trippin Trogg. Tyrone Trogg, Ugatoricia Trogg, Billy Vaughan, Samuel Ward. Erin Chapman. Tori Dallas Desiree Davion. Katherine Myrick. Sonya Parish, Erin Pittman. Rebecca Ross, Cindy Singletary, Maria Straub, Melissa Tylor, Samantha Tewes Debra Van. Cynthia Warren. Danna Whitworth Kappa Alpha 131 Angel Ambrose, Lisa Andry, Theresa Arender, Lacey Ashley, Courtney Bancroft, Myra Bodie, Alison Boyd, Michele Bracken, Amanda Byrd Connolly Clark, Allison Clayton, Lee Clayton, Heidi Cline, Patricia Collins, Misty Corkern, Susan Crane, Beverly Currie, Regina Daniels Genia Day, Janet Delaney, Donna Dickerson, Katie Dobie, Michelle Elliott, Burnie Ewell, Gina Fortenberry, Mary Garcia, Sheila Garland Diane Garner, Dawn Gentry, Teresa Ginn, Jennifer Gollott, Michelle Goodman, Danette Gould, Ashley Griffin, Lisa Griffith, Laurie Grizzard Pledging to strive for that which is "honor- able, beautiful, and highest," Kappa Delta sorority had its beginning in 1897. The Beta Sigma chapter formed at USM in May of 1949. Annual events for the ladies of olive green and pearl white include White Rose Formal, Bearhug Party, Founder's Day Banquet, Beach Party, Initiation Tea, Blitz Party, and Installation Banquet. Kappa Deltas are visi- ble in many campus organizations, including Alpha Lambda Delta, Lambda Sigma, Phi Delta Rho, cheerleading, Dixie Darlings, Golden Girls, Southern Misses, Eaglettes, Southern Style, Associated Student Body, Southern Exposure, and University Singers. KD members include Homecoming Court maids, Top Ten Beauties, Pike calendar girls and cover girl, fraternity little sisters, and many Miss Hospitalities. Kappa Delta pledges its support to the Crip- pled Children's Hospital in Richmond, Virgin- ia, the state in which KD was founded, through the sale of KD-designed Christmas seals among members. Fond of diamonds, emeralds, pearls, rain- bows, and rooms full of teddy bears, the Beta Sigma chapter of Kappa Delta is one of ac- complishment that lives up to its national reputation as the Greek system's friendliest sorority. 132 Kappa Delta Jackie Hall, Lisa Hargett, Teri Harper, Teri Hart, Allison Hodges, Julie Johnson, Shannan Jones, Tara Kennedy, Peggy Kern Virginia Lane, Kelly Love, Lucy Lupo, Leslie Mclnvale, Sweyn McKay, Leslie Magee, Mary-Margaret Mitchell, Pamela Montgomery, Linda Moody Monique Morrell, Mona O'Bannon, Angela Perusse, Penny Petro, Kelli Pigott, Louise Porter, Jeanene Purser, Kimberly Purvis, Jennifer Quayle Pamela Rawlinson, Dana Robinson, Mary Rush, Stephanie Sandeford, Ann Sanderson, Christi Schexnayder, Sandra Sherman, Marian Sinopoli, Debra Slay Megan Smith, Wendy Smith, Jacqueline Stevenson, Cherrie Suse, Rachel Thames, Carol Theobald, Terri Till, Robin Varnado, Kris Vernon Dana Voivedich, Lisa Ward, Kymberly Williams, Tammy Wise, Jim Estes, Paul Farmer, Christopher Farris, Jeffery Files, Walker Foster Jamie Loris, Bob Posey, Newall Simral IV Kappa Delta 133 Bruce Adams, Pat Adams, Ronnie Adcock, Tim Agosta, Daniel Alexander, Chris Amend, John Barrett, Gary Bass, Julio Beaton Toby Berryhill, Mike Bohlke, Jon Bostick, Scotty Brinson, Steve Broadus, Brett Broghammer, Richard Brown, George Carlton, Carl Carter Chris Carter, Jeff Carter, Ty Chatman, Dave Creighton, Joe Davenport, Brian Dear, Donald Dollar, Jim Estes, Jeff Evans fl} (7% (^ Mklk\ ik diM dk Mtk MM a e$ t% * f% (0 E CO V js w i a- -- £ UJ The Epsilon Nu chapter of the men of scarlet, white, and green came to the USM campus in December of 1948 with the intention of pursuing excellence. In the 1984- 1985 school year, the Kappa Sigs worked towards that goal through campus involve- ment, athletics, community service, and so- cial activities. The members of Kappa Sigma were well re- presented in campus affairs. In student gov- ernment, Kappa Sigs held several key posi- tions in the Associated Student Body Cabinet and Senate. Academically, Kappa Sigma honors included membership in Alpha Lamb- da Delta, Phi Eta Sigma, Lambda Sigma, and Omicron Delta Kappa, the highest honor un- dergraduates can receive at USM. In interfra- ternal affairs, Kappa Sigs hold the positions of treasurer and judicial board members of the Interfraternity Council. Several members were also named to Who's Who and Out- standing Young Men of America. Kappa Sigma maintains an active athletic program, participating in over 30 intramural programs. Kappa Sigma placed teams in the playoffs of volleyball, football, soccer, tennis, and bowling. Kappa Sigs also have represen- tatives on the varsity baseball and football teams, as well as the cheerleading squad. In community service, Kappa Sigma won the Gift of Life Award presented by the Hatties- burg Blood Center for the second straight year. Kappa Sigma's social activities include foot- ball game parties with live entertainment, swaps, Founder's Day, Canoe Trips, and the legendary Kappa Sig bash, a four-day South Sea Island Seafood Extravaganza. 134 Kappa Sigma ft ft € \' : 'k ml M/M * a i ml%* Vk i . ' m ft ^ f) £5 O ttf^ft)^ 4 -J 4iJ 4£il ii'ii 4 ji jt i 4 1 £ 4,1 .,£ ^ ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft 4 J ********** km* I ^ A O ^ n ft ^ ft f^ ft ^ ^ < t a ft 0% ft a ft 0% a %%m jhihrL mmmM m*\ik0*{ Mike Fultz. Leigh Furrh. Johnny Gilmore, Matt Grubbs, Chris Guernsey, Robert Hall, Greg Hamby, Ed Hatten, Charlie Henderson Dan Henley, Mike Holmes, Jay Hoover, Bubba Hopkins. John Howland, Jeff Hudson, Jeff Hutson, Scott Jolley, Troy Jones Andy Kimbrell, Ronnie Ladner, Andy Langenbach, Jeff Lincoln, Billy MacWilliam, Mike Mangrum, Greg Marshall, Jeff Martella, Ken Martin Perry McCain, Hal McDonald, Ray Meadows, Landi Phillips. Mike Phillips, Dane Powell. Doug Powell, Ben Preston, Scott Pridmore Jeff Redden, Rhett Rush, Steve Scott. George Sheffield, Blair Shelburne, Bob Shelton, Steve Simmons, Wronal Simmons, Scott Stone John Stuart, Steve Strickland, Achim Suit, Brooks Sullivan. Trace Taylor, Monty Tedder, David Thames, Malcolm Torres, Johnny Tramontana Keith Ward, Walt Warren, Jay Wendland, Brian White, Todd Williams, David Wilson, Kevin Wood, Cynthia Bradshaw, Susan Faver Jenny Harper, Belinda Hicks, Jackie Keys, Terri Legg, Leslie Mclnvale, Leslie Magee, Connie Mitchell, Angela Perusse, Peggy Schroeder Melissa Spencer Kappa Sigma 135 Roderick Booker, Joseph Bryant, Fulton Dear, Grayland Fredericks, Ranard Head, Joel Kilgore (0 u E SO a; Omega Psi Phi was established in 1911, with the Nu Eta chapter installed at Southern in May of 1975. The men of royal purple and old gold are distinguished by a first place showing in the Kappa Alpha Psi step show at the University of South Alabama; a first place win in the USM Extravaganza step show; and an intra- mural fraternity track championship title for the past six years. As individuals, Omega Psi Phi members are recognized for their part in Army ROTC, Resident Assistants, Delta Sigma Pi, Order of Omega, and National Dean's List. Community involvement for the Omegas means taking part in Big Brother Weekend, the Clean Up Hattiesburg Project, and pro- viding Easter baskets for the needy. The Omegas sponsor an annual talent show that spotlights local talent and a Homecom- ing bash for returning alums. Co-hosting with Delta Sigma Theta sorority, Omega Psi Phi holds an annual Que-Delta weekend that draws greeks from all over the United States. 136 Omega Psi Phi H ^ CD sr rn i^» QJ Bet n 0) ft 0) ! CO ^» CO 3 0) The beginnings of Phi Beta Sigma go back to January of 1914, with the The- ta Eta chapter coming to the USM campus in November of 1982. Phi Beta Sigma's men of blue and white are known for their work with local philanthro- pies, with many members involving them- selves with the March of Dimes Walk-a-thon and the Zeta Phi Beta MDA Dance-a-thon. As individuals, Sigma men are found in the Pride, Kappa Kappa Psi, and the varsity foot- ball and track teams. Phi Beta Sigma mem- ber Donnie Young's participation on the track team resulted in his becoming the first USM student ever to qualify for NCAA Championships and the U.S. Olympic Trials. The men of Phi Beta Sigma were chosen the most active chapter on the Black Panhellenic Council, place consistently in the Que-Delta step show, and sponsored their first annual Blue and White Extravaganza step show with Zeta Phi Beta this past fall. Phi Beta Sigma 137 Jeff Alexander, Randall Amason, Barry Baria, David Baria, Craig Beeding, Brehm Bell, Alan Blue, David Blue, Ricky Brewer Greg Bryant, Theodore Burke, John Carter, Lance Cooper, Taylor Craven, Rex Cunningham, James Davidson, Damon Deas, Jimmy Dickerson Paul Farmer, Christopher Farris, Van Fayard, Mike Fitzgerald, Ted Fortenberry, Walker Foster, John Freeman, Guy Gardner, Tommy Garriga Urn 3 (0 G mm a w 03 Excellence is what the Beta Epsilon chap- ter of Phi Kappa Tau has come to expect and achieve. Chartered at USM in October of 1948, Phi Tau was the first national fraterni- ty to come to campus. The men of Harvard red and old gold continue to demonstrate this excellence, carrying away four of the five fraternity awards at the annual Interfrater- nity Council/Panhellenic Awards Banquet, including the IFC University/Community Service Award for the second year. Rush Chairman, and cheerleaders. Academically, Phi Kappa Tau has members in the Honors College, Lambda Sigma, Phi Kappa Phi, and Omicron Delta Kappa. Athletics are also important to Phi Kappa Tau. Phi Tau won the IFC championship in flag football; the fraternity also has represen- tation on the varsity football, basketball, baseball, and tennis teams. Phi Tau's involvement on campus encom- passes such honors as Who's Who, Hall of Fame, Greek of the Year, Best Citizen, Greek Varsity Athlete of the Year, Greek Intramural Athlete of the Year, Associated Student Body Senators, and Southern Style members. Phi Tau's have also held such posi- tions as ASB Treasurer, IFC President and Socially, Phi Kappa Tau is known for Red Carnation Formal, Lost Weekend, and Fall Party. The men of Phi Kappa Tau believe that "suc- cess is never coasting." This firm belief has carried them to the highest degree of excel- lence. 138 Phi Kappa Tau & J! ® f^ ft ^ IM 4x4:Mvfc 9 f f ©J^ © 4fc J^ #% ^ O i^S €^ Jh Mark Glover, Clay Graham, Scotty Greer, Allan Gustin, Kenny Hall, Perry Hall, Chuck Harrell, Billy Hewes, Charles Hewes Robert Hughes, Jay Hutto, David Ishee, David Ivey, Dub Johnson, Thomas Jones, William Kahl, Eddie Kavanagh. Scott Keeney Jackie Key, Will Kinnebrew, Klint Krieger, David Little, Jamie Loris, Scott McCrory, Thomas Mann, Tim Maples, Clay Martin Michael Miller, Tommy Murphy, Ricky Myers, Leslie Neal, Harold Netto, English Noe, Steve Novak, Tony Parks, Jeff Pnchard Rick Raborn, John Roberson, Jerry Roberts, Charles Robinson, Keith Robinson, Lonny Schraeder, Michael Stephens, George Stewart, Mark Stutzman David Taylor, Scot Townsend, Tommy Vervaeke, Elliott Voivedich, Steven Warner, Robert Wheat, Russell Wooten, Lee Yarbrough, Nutzack Sally Matthews, Cheryl Boyles, Kathy Catchot, Lori Clark, Beverly Currie, Regina Daniels, Mary Duncan, Missy Ezelle, Tara Kennedy Jackie Lane, Mary-Margaret Mitchell, Monica Mosher, Chelye Prichard, Susan Robinson, Sissy Sharp, Natalie Sumrall. Dana Voivedich, Kymberly Williams Phi Kappa Tau 139 Joyce Baldwin, Sandie Barnes, Tamara Bass, Sherry Black, Jill Brady, Debra Broadhead, Mary Brocato, Lana Brooks, Karen Brown Stacey Calloway, Lori Clark, Karen Collier, Melissa Conaway, Delery Cook, Cynthia Cooley, Christine Corban, Julie Cotton, Monique Crabtree Cindy Downey, Mary Duncan, Ginger Flynt, Kimberly Gleber, Amanda Green, Terri Guerrio, Tracy Harwell, Lisa Helton, Belinda Hicks Phi Mu sorority had its beginning in 1852 and the ladies of rose and white were established in USM's Greek system in March of 1950. The Phi Mu spirit of sharing and the need to "lend to those less fortunate a help- ing hand" led to Phi Mu's involvement with Project HOPE, the Half-Way House, Laurel Children's Orphanage, valentines for For- rest County General Hospital's pediatric ward, and Christmas parties, Thanksgiving dinners, and Easter baskets for the needy. In campus life, Phi Mus can be found in Gam- ma Beta Phi, Alpha Lambda Delta, Phi Eta Sigma, Lambda Sigma, Honors College; Dix- ie Darlings, cheerleading, Eaglettes, the Pride, Southern Misses; Association for Com- puting Machinery, American Society of Inte- rior Designers, Fashion Plus, Student Nursing Association; Southern Exposure; Associated Student Body Senate; Baptist Student Union; and the Pike calendar girls and fraternity lit- tle sisters programs. Annual social events for the sorority include Fall Fling, Pink Carnation Ball, Founder's Day, Wine and Cheese Party, International Dinner, and Mother, Father, Daughter Ban- quet. Lion-loving Phi Mus place an emphasis upon faith among the sisters. Love, honor, and truth are the principles within which the meaning of Phi Mu can be found. 140 Phi Mu Carole Hosch, Lisa Hudson, Beth Hutson, Jennifer Janus, Jill Johnson, Angela Jones, Cyndi Jones, Kathy King, Jackie Lane Kimberly Lee, Terri Legg, Ruth Leggett, Lisa Lueders, Lisa Luther, Joan McCormick, Debbie Marlow, Tracy Middleton, Jana Mills Michele Monk, Lisa Morgan. Jennifer Nagle, Teresa Nichols, Lisa Norman, Laurie Pace, Cindy Patton. Sherry Peacock, Karen Primm Teresa Rankin, Robyn Reed, Joanna Reid, Kristi Reynolds, Lisa Robison, Kelly Seals, Monica Sedita, Sissy Sharp, Erin Shaw Vickie Simon, Teresa Sims, Kelly Smith. Delane Taylor, Delia Thompson, Kristen Triche, Gena Turnipseed, Sandy Williams. Dana Wiman David Baria. Guy Garner, Vince Gordon, Scott Keeney, Ricky Myers. Alex Sivira, John Sullivan Phi Mu 141 Carol Addy, Winter Ainsworth, Jaye Anderson, Catherine Averette, Rachel Benefield, Becky Benton, Jennifer Bradford, Elizabeth Bush, Lisa Cabaniss Lori Carpenter, Jill Clark, Kimberly Clark, Andrea Conerly, Cindy Crane, Cristy Crane, Melinda Dana, Susan Dillard, Kimberly Dionne Sherry Dixon, Robin Dubuisson, Andrea Eidt, Jeanne English, Pamela Evans, Amy Firmin, Janet Fisher, Sandra Fowler, Victoria Gallagher I I Pi Beta Phi was founded in 1867, with the Mississippi Alpha chapter coming to USM in April of 1961. Among the Pi Phi sisters there are President's and Dean's List Scholars; members of scholastic honor soci- eties; Sigma Nu, Kappa Sigma, Kappa Al- pha, and Alpha Tau Omega Little Sisters; Phi Gamma Delta and KA Sweethearts; Greek Goddesses for 1983 and 1984; Gold- en Girls President; Associated Student Body Assistant Spirit Director; Pike calendar cover girl; Top Ten Beauty; Panhellenic Rush Chairman; ASB Senators; and ASB Election Commissioner. Pi Beta Phi is also known for its involvement in the Dixie Darlings, Angel Flight, Pom Pom Girls, University Activities Council, the Pride, Union Board, and the Southerner staff. The ladies of wine and silver blue have held first place in overall intramurals for the last two consecutive years, won Greek Games for the last two consecutive years, and received the Sportsmanship trophy in Greek Games for three years. The Pi Phi philanthropy is Arrowmont, a school for arts and crafts in Gatlinburg, Ten- nessee. Socially, Pi Phis enjoy the Shipwreck Dance, Hoedown, Beau and Arrow Ball, Blind Date Party, Big Sis-Lil Sis Retreat, Halloween Par- ty, Mom and Pop's Day, and Christmas Par- ty. Golden arrows, wine carnations, and angels are that in which Pi Phi takes pride. The Pi Beta Phi record of achievement speaks for itself. i I 142 Pi Beta Phi ' \\- :. '.- . ■■. .'•! : 1 1 Paula Gates, Katrina Gunn, Amy Hall Christine Hall, Christy Hall, Elizabeth Hardin, Leslie Harris, Phyllis Harter, Alicia Hoskins Pamela Ingram, Patricia Jackson, Cynthia Johnston, Angie Jones, Lisa Joseph, Kristie King, Janna Lee, Deborah Leyda, Michelle Lorio Eileen McCaa, Chelle Mclnnis, Kimber McHenry, Kim McPhie, Melinda Martin, Brenda Matthews, Lois Montgomery, Melanie Morris, Julie Mount Teresa Pace, Susan Parkel, Rhonda Parker, Anita Phillips, Mary Pitalo, Charlotte Poole, Renee Powell, Rebecca Prescott, Jan Richards Susan Robbins, Donna Schmidt, Ellen Shahan, Cynthia Simpson, Kimberly Smith, Deanne Sory, Melissa Spencer, Robin Stephens, Mary Stephenson Stephanie Stotland, Jeanne Taylor, Wendy Valentine, Pam Verucchi, Patrice Vest, Harriet Vickers, Kim Vowell, Cynthia Warren, Brenda Willson Joy Wixon, Jennifer Wyatt, Scott Brinson, Douglas Clements, Jeff Davidson, Pete Formica, David Grantham, Stacey Mathis, Kevin Roberts Lonny Schraeder, Paul Shore Pi Beta Phi 143 Christopher Arthur, John Austin, Beryl Bagley, Gary Barton, John Becker, Gary Bedsole, J.K. Bowman, Kavanaugh Breazeale, Paul Broussard Eric Brown, David Cobb, Gerald Cooper, Francis Coulters, Curt Crawford, Michael Ditto, Daniel Edwards, Johnny Eisler, Barry Elam H 6 P h4 k^^wa- M The men of Pi Kappa Alpha feel that ex- cellence isn't just a word — it's a way of life. The Delta Mu chapter of Pike, estab- lished at USM in December of 1949, won the Pi Kappa Alpha National Chapter Excel- lence Award for 1983 and hosted the frater- nity's regional convention. Pikes are leaders on Southern's campus as well. In student government. Pikes are in the Associated Student Body Cabinet and Sen- ate, Supreme Court Chief Justice, Interfra- ternity Scholarship Chairman, and 1FC Judi- cial Board. In academics, Pikes can be found in the Honors College, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Theta Kappa, and all academic honoraries. Pikes are well represented in ath- letics, with members on the varsity football and swim teams, as well as a top ranking in intramurals. Pi Kappa Alpha also marshalls the annual Magnolia Golf Classic. The men of Pike stand out as Southern Style members, Youth Congress Senator, Mr. Delta Gamma Anchor Splash, Who's Who, Marketing Stu- dent of the Year, and sorority big brothers. The men of garnet and old gold are known for such parties as the four-day Pikefest, the Ha- waiian Tropic International Beauty Pageant, Halloween Party, Christmas Ski Lodge, Dream Girl Formal, Florida Party, and swaps. Excellence is the word, say the Pikes, and it can be seen in action at one of the oldest fraternitites at USM — Pi Kappa Alpha. i J J ( 144 Pi Kappa Alpha k. •- ' Pete Formica, John Frye, Curtis Galle, J.L. Graham, Steven Lacy, David Lee, John Leonard, Lonnie Leonard. Gregg Levy Damon McCarthy, Thomas McCay, Robert McCrary, Ronald Marts, Phillip Mechatto, Stephen Peranich, Jim Phillips, Edward Pinero, Geoff Price Lee Purvis, Russell Ragsdale, James Richards, Wilson Risinger, Bobby Ross, Andrew Samples. Scott Schlosser, Mitchell Schwitters, Perry Sewell Greg Smith, Stan Smith, John Sonnier, William Story, Bo Stuart, Joe Tally, Thomas Towler, Keith Varner, Craig Voineag Thomas Warren, Greg Watson, Andrew Wichert, Guy Wimberly, Ray Zasoski, Maria Pullen, Theresa Arender, Pamela Baker, Catherine Calhoun Lisa Collins, Julie Cook, Sally Dudley, Diann Eastland, Laurie Grizzard, Melinda McCarty, Louise Porter. Angela Sliman. Cindy Stewart Karon Walters, Suzie Welch Pi Kappa Alpha 145 Gary Adam, Wayne Baucum, Tim Beaver, Tom Booth, Travis Bourgeois, Rob Brackett, Jim Brassell, Stan Buckley, Steve Buckley Greg Butler, Mark Butler, David Cauthen, Steven Champney, Joe Clarke, Mark Coats, Michael Cooper, Monte Cooper, Paul Corkern David Cuevas, Joy Daniels, Ray Daniels, David Daughdrill, Billy Davis, Karl Davis, Phil Deaton, Don Dibo Chuck Donlin ft t t - \ C$ O C$ I W A k * (0 cy 4-» £ a a a ^HB( u < (0 CO a •mm E w •pn CO CO s c o a The Mississippi Sigma chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, founded at Southern in December of 1965, is the largest fraternity at USM, with members, little sisters, and Mom Fairley numbering well over 120. SAE was the overall winner of the Homecoming dis- play competition, winner of the Chi Omega Songfest for the third consecutive year, and winner of the overall campus spirit award for the sixth straight year. The Mississippi Sigma chapter has been repeatedly recognized as one of the best in the nation in recent years. SAE has an outstanding community service program, with involvement in the Muscular Dystrophy Bowl, the Kissing Close-Up Games, Easter egg hunts for the child care center, and fundraising for a local Christian music radio station. The active participation of the men of royal purple and old gold extends to the USM cam- pus as well, with the fraternity joining in as a group in Anchor Splash, Greek Games, blood drives, pep rallies, and all intramural sports. As individuals, the members of SAE can be found in varsity football, baseball, tennis, golf, track, rugby, and soccer; Lambda Sig- ma, Omicron Delta Kappa; Southern Expo- sure, Southern Style; Who's Who, Hall of Fame; cheerleading; and sorority big brother programs. Social involvement within the fraternity in- cludes post-game parties, Homecoming cele- crations, swaps, receptions, Champagne Breakfast, Christmas Party, and the annual spring blow-out Paddy Murphy. The men of Sigma Alpha Epsilon consider membership a taking on of the best possible life and call SAE, "a degree in friendship." 146 Sigma Alpha Epsilon AL Am M%d ********* /i fn i&vif A* ** j* i r4 !i O 9 A A Q 3f 4 44 p^ii -:'.f rM i r» 4* J kttM i /MA ** r% C'Jb II A A ±M MM MM MM\M\ ft 1 JL <* & £ 3 © 9 iL 3. » tf A 4 J* A* A* 4 A MM gM\ dM\ 4 a Cliff Downing, Jeff Drummonds, Jon Everill, Jim Farmer, Jon Farris, Julius Franzen, Tater Freeman, Peter Gargiulo, Robert Garner John Gratwick, Willie Goss, Charlie Guest, Bobby Hensley, Lowell Howell Nick Hubbard, Joey Jarrell, Jeff Jordon, Brennan Kean Billy Kemp, John Kirk, Marvin Koury, Randall Lee, Joey Lenoir, Joey Lyon, Tift Lyons, Ted Maisch, Tom Marine Bob Marshall, Bill Massey, Stacey Mathis, Tracy Matthews, Jeff Mayfield, Gayden McAlpin, Jerry McWilliams, Alan Metz, Dean Miller Scott Miller, Rowdy Nosser, Tony Page, Barry Parker, Jerry Pierce, Jim Pinson, Terry Pinson, Bob Posey, Jody Powell John Price, John Rea, Roy Robinson, Michael Rowells, Ronnie Runnels, Kurt Russ. Adrian Sandel, Michael Sanders, Jody Schlesinger Morgan Shands, Jerry Shoulders, David Simmons, Newrall Simrall, Dennis Smith, Max South. Frank Spencer, Jeff Stringer, Holmes Sturgeon David Sullivan, Mike Temple, David Tidwell, Jody Tidwell, Clay Tucker, Michael Turnbough, Chris Vance, John Vardaman. Bruce Walt Ken Waltman, Hans Weger. John White, Robin Williamson, Chris Winstead, Danny Wright, Virginia Fairley, Lacey Ashley, Susan Bowman Cindy Brown, Allison Clayton, Penny Dewey, Angela Fokakis. Mary Garcia, Carole Hosch, Mary Jordan, Peggy Kern, Kerry Love Penny Petro, Mary Schwarzauer Sigma Alpha Epsilon 147 James Aguilar, William Barrett, Kreg Bartley, Cary Blaes, Billy Boldon, Rod Bonham, Greg Bradley, Ronny Bryant, William Carter Donald Davenport, Mark Deakle, Jeff Dingier, Tommy Dorsey, Dan Drane, Jeffery Files, Michael Finley, Michael Foazall, Brian Fugler u u a CO JC (0 u to "3 E Q •p^ CO v Sigma Chi fraternity was founded in 1855, with the Theta Delta chapter in- stalled at Southern in November of 1981. For the third year in a row, the young USM chap- ter received both the Peterson Significant Chapter Award and the Legion of Honor Scholarship Award from Sigma Chi interna- tional. The men of blue and old gold are recognized for their community involvement with fun- draisers for the United Way, contributions to the Wallace Village for Children, and partici- pation in the Muscular Dystrophy Bowl. On campus, Sigma Chis can be found in Alpha Lambda Delta, Phi Eta Sigma, Lambda Sig- ma, Omicron Delta Kappa, Gamma Beta Phi, Sigma Psi Alpha, Pi Tau Chi, Beta Beta Beta, Phi Beta Lambda, Rho Gamma, Hon- ors College; Associated Student Body Sen- ate, University Activities Council; American Marketing Association, Student Alumni As- sociation, Residence Hall Association; Cam- pus Crusade for Christ; Southern Style; cheerleading; and varsity tennis, soccer, track, and football teams. Individually, Sigma Chis have been recog- nized as the Associated Student Body Chair- man of Judicial Board, Director of Fall Spirit, Director and Associate Director of Student Services; Who's Who; Student Alumni Award; Lambda Sigma President; University Scholars; Eagle mascot for basketball; soror- ity big brothers for Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta, Delta Gamma, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Phi Mu; and three of the five Outstand- ing Freshman Males for 1983, including the Most Outstanding Freshman Male. Being a part of Sigma Chi means winning the Homecoming display award for originality for three consecutive years. Sweetheart Ball, Winter Ski trips, annual Yacht Club parties, and swaps. The men of the Theta Delta chap- ter can claim with good reason, "Sigma Chi . . . you'll find it here." 148 Sigma Chi W^^ k^4 p? -j i p A ^ Carey Gaughf, Frank Glenn, Vince Gordon, Steven Hand, Curtis Hebert, Kevin Heltz, Robert Hernngton, Michael Hillman, Jay Hoitt Louis Holmes, Stephen Ice, Kerry Kaiser, Drew Keith, James King, Andy Leslie, Scott Leslie, Jesse Long, Alan Lucas Steven McArthur, Graham McCarty, Sean McGee, Elmer Mclnnis, Robert McKlemurry. Michael McMullan, Robert Mathner, Steven Meadows, Robert Moss Anthony Mullen, Scott Nations, Michael Neal, Jerry Nettles, Al Newton, John Allen Phillips, Stephen Phillips, Kevin Reinerth, Barry Reynolds Mike Riley, Sloan St. Germain. Michael Scandone, Paul Shore, Allen Smith, Mark Spinney, John Sproles. Charles Steadman, Joe Stevens Kendall Turnage, Paul Upton. Floyd Warren. Ron Weinberger. Jeff White, Robert Wiley, Lynn Ainsworth. Tamaria Bartley, Janet Delaney Leslie Grantham, Lisa Griffith, Jennifer Lindsay, Tracy McMahon, Tracy Middleton, Kerri Mordica, Laurie Mullis. Alesia Phillips. Tracey Tinnon Amy Weldy Sigma Chi 149 Adingleberry Leroy, Bleugume Leroy, Bodean Leroy, Captain Leroy, Chanmanan Leroy, Derwood Leroy Erotic Leroy, Farmington Leroy, Frampton Leroy, Gangrene Leroy, Hambone Leroy, Indiana Leroy Jamin Leroy, Jessie Leroy, Kame Leroy, Kermit Leroy, LaDong Leroy, Mean Leroy m K ^w a I E 2 CO e, the men of Sigma Nu, continue our strive for excellence in academics, ath- letics, and brotherhood. As we do so, we like to have fun along the way. Some social events of the year included our three-day Lorris Morris Homecoming Gala, the unri- valed "KN All-Star Party" hosted by Kappa Alpha and Sigma Nu, and our White Rose Formal in Gulf Shores, Alabama. Contrary to popular belief, all is not fun and games. Sigma Nu sets its goals high and achieves them. For the second year in a row, Sigma Nu has taken possession of the covet- ed Aubrey K. Lucas award for the highest grade point average among fraternities. We also defend the first place trophy for Interfra- ternity Council sports, the first place trophy for campus-wide intramural sports, and the first place Greek Games trophy. Although we take pride in our individuality, we have a strong sense of brotherhood. We're looking forward to the construction of our new house and a prosperous new year. 150 Sigma Nu Musclemeat Leroy, No More Leroy, Not Available Leroy, Ohmy Leroy, Parthenes Leroy, Petey Leroy, Pickie Leroy, Race Leroy, Ruppurt Leroy Sam-Boy Leroy, Slam Dunk Leroy, St. Leroy, Tasmanian Leroy, Tell Leroy, Toxic Leroy, U Seen Leroy, Vanished Leroy, Vernix Leroy WasThere A. Leroy, Womenless Leroy, Xavier Leroy, Yarbeau Leroy, Yomama Leroy, Zanadu Leroy, Zeke Leroy, Pamela Evans, Alice Fish Antrice Kay, Sandra Smith, Robin Stephens Sigma Nu 151 Skeeter Aubin, Michael Bourgeois, Warren Carpenter, Jodi Corey, Gerald Crimm, Robert Cross, Keith Detommaso, Barry Dill, Jackie Dill Roger Doody, Scott Dutton, Gregory Fairley, Gregory Farris, Steen Hambric, Greg Harrelson, Louis Holden, Kerry Jenkins, Jessie Joyner Michael Leaseburg, Christopher McCloud, John McDonald, John Mclnnis, Jerald McVeay, Michael Major, Wayne Martin, James Oswalt, Tommy Ramshur c pm3 • P4 (D u a uj ft x: #p"< u j= ft £ a £ ft ft a "a £ a O) '35 V) CO The beginnings of Sigma Phi Epsilon, the second largest greek social fraternity for men in the nation, go back to 1901, with the Mississippi Gamma chapter coming to USM in May of 1953. Sig Ep brothers include Dean's List Scholars; members of the Ameri- can Marketing Association, Association for Computing Machinery, ROTC, Lambda Sig- ma, Omicron Delta Kappa, Upsilon Pi Epsi- lon; and varsity football, baseball, rugby, and golf team members. The men of red and purple raise money for the United Way by sponsoring an annuai haunted house at the R.C. Cook Union Hal- loween Carnival. Sig Eps also participate in Fight Night, an amateur boxing match be- tween fraternities held each spring for char- ity. Annual social events for the fraternity in- clude Balle Masque, a masked spring ball in honor of Mardi Gras, and the Golden Hearts Ball, an annual spring formal for Sigma Phi Epsilon little sisters. The men of Sigma Phi Epsilon have adopted as their cardinal principles a faith in virtue, diligence, and brotherly love. These princi- ples have been a guide and source of strength and inspiration since the earliest beginnings of Sigma Phi Epsilon. 152 Sigma Phi Epsilon &$$& %" £ flt" J fi u- &fl Li Mitchell Reeves. Christopher Seroka, Terry Thomas, Kenneth Thompson, Joy Samrow, Dori Anderson, Pamela Chandler, Yvonne Crimm, Dee Dougherty Kerri Folse, Jessica Fuller, Rene Gautier, Denise Gray, Donna McCloud, Laurie Moore, Wendy Mullen, Nancy Neal, Joy Necaise Lisa Roebuck, Paige Saulters, Mamie Warczinsky, Renee Williams Sigma Phi Epsilon 153 (0 E 55 h E 8 (0 i S Darla Baronich, Amy Coghlan, Cheri Hudson, Mary Kahlstorf, Angela Reedy, Lisa Smith Beth Steinbruck, Anne Stowers, Kelly Williams, Laurie Williams, Chris Calhoun, Jackie Key Sigma Sigma Sigma had its national founding in 1938. The Alpha Sigma chapter is the oldest sorority on campus, coming to Southern in May of 1937. The ladies of royal purple and white have as their national philanthropy "Sigma Saves Children," which supports play therapy for hospitalized children. Tri Sigs present a bal- loon ascension to benefit this Robbie Page Memorial. Tri Sigma participates in Greek Week, Greek Games, Anchor Splash, Songfest, and Home- coming. Sigma activities include Fall Shindig, Fall Pledge/Active Retreat, Big Sis-Lil Sis Party, Christmas Party, Homecoming Tea, Spring Formal, Inspiration Week, Sigma Show-Off Week, and Founder's Day Ban- quet. As individuals, Tri Sigs are involved in the Honors College, the Honors Student Associ- ation, the International Food Service Execu- tives Association, Gamma Beta Phi, the Pride, and the Residence Hall Association. Pearls, sailboats, purple violets, and "faith- ful unto death" are among that which Tri Sigma holds most dear. The ladies of Sigma Sigma Sigma believe in faith, love, loyalty, ceremony, ritual, and tradition — a warm friendship between sisters. 154 Sigma Sigma Sigma tkf&9& Glenda Beverly, Ralanda Camper, Faye Causey, Carmen Evans, Mary Lyons, Gerald McCarty Jeanne McGee, Toni Mitchell, Patricia Patrick, Linda Perdue, Marcia Tardy, Lutricia Thomas Ethel Washington, Tammy Winfrey Zeta Phi Beta sorority was founded in Jan- uary of 1920, with the Lambda Theta chapter established at USM in May of 1982. The ladies of royal blue and white have as their main objectives finer womanhood, sis- terly love, scholarship, and service. There are more than 450 undergraduate and graduate chapters in the United States and Africa, with membership totaling more than 45,000. Zetas include women in the profes- sions of medicine, law, the fine arts, inven- tion, teaching, and other fields of higher learning. The ladies of Zeta Phi Beta strive to become a part of the community life of the nation and have involved themselves in civic and social betterment throughout the world. Philanthropic projects of the Lambda Theta chapter include the March of Dimes Walk-a- thon. United Way Halloween Carnival, Cys- tic Fibrosis Foundation, Easter Seal Cam- paign, and visits to nursing homes and children's wards of local hospitals. The fraternal brothers of Zeta Phi Beta are the men of Phi Beta Sigma. The two organiza- tions work together as "a nationwide family, secure under one blanket of love" to improve the human condition. Zeta Phi Beta 155 The Pride Kelly Love, Director; Georgane Love, Coordinator of Flag and Rifle Corps; Gary Adam, Drum Major; Ron Pence, President; Bobby Fayard, Vice President; Bonnie Piper, Secretary/Treasurer; Jim Griffith, Senior Class Representative; Leah Summerse Junior Class Representative; Janice Perkins, Sophomore Class Representative; Mike Bass. Freshman Class Representative. 156 The Pride MM#M»vWr'V 1 * rt The Pride 157 Dixie Darlings 158 Dixie Darlings m k KiJ a 7'J If' f ' SSV Sh3rP ' TammV WiS6 ' Jack ' e Hal1 ' Michelle M ^or- I I x? ; Vm H ° USley ' Ddery C °° k ' Rene Fallin > Je ™<" Caveny Suzanne Lumpk in . Mary Ann Rush, Lisa Collins, Dana Jernigan, Gndy Brown. Wendy W,Z Se ,s bTcU St^n k? B ;° Wn ' Ji " But ' er ' Jennifer Nag,e ' Mis ^ ™<. a Second R n . ^ Me '° dy Woodard " Jackie Lane ' "* Leggett Wa,r r^U " r ° adUS ' Brid96t WiS6 ' Terr ' Ducar P e ' Hoii V Hasty, Snd, St?' T ^ ■ ° USS ° n ' De ' ane Tayl ° r ' Gi9 ' GerS ° n ' Mela - Barbe, Ka 1 R ' r^ a'" I"" Le "' ^ AnderSOn ' Pam VerU « hi ' Kim Harrington, Kaykay Brown, Qnny Burkes, Missy Conaway, Ki m Gleber, Deborah Lyles, Summe Posey, Shannan Jones, Hope Chiniche, Lisa Helton. Michelle Elliott. ; .-i. Dixie Darlings 159 Football Cheerleaders 160 Football Cheerleaders Football Cheerleaders 161 Men's Basketball Cheerleaders i First Row: Lamar Lott, Bobby Wheat, Jeff Davidson, Mike Mason, Captain; Willie Lawrence, Randy Herrala. Second Row: Gidget Horn, Alyce Riley, Captain; Rhonda Richard, Jackie Hall, Sonya White, Bridget Horn. 162 Men's Basketball Cheerleaders Women's Basketball Cheerleaders Women's Basketball Cheerleaders 163 CISM Golden Girls I First Row: Ingrid Wil- liams, Lisa Griffith, Tere- sa Jordan, Erin Chapman, Denine Blackston, Diann Eastland. Second Row: Kelli Pigott, Stephanie Sandiford, Julie Johnson, Shannan Jones, Pam Ver- ucchi, Theresa Arender, Dana Voivedich, Diedre Hodge, Dannetta Potts, Ann Rankin. Third Row: Patricia Armstrong, Cathy Steen, Lori Hasson, Cindy Warren, President; Kellee Milstead, Secre- tary; Sheryl Seaton, Sally Dudley, Carole Lee. CISM Gold Tenders ! First Row: Debbie Moore, Melissa Hudson, Courtney Thornton, Mary Knight, Sharon Myles, Willie Cook, Emma Har- rell, Lisa Jackson, Jan- nifer Hassell, Alisa Larry, Natalie Taylor. Second Row: Jennifer Pittman, Benita Stewart, Elesia Williams, Sonya White, Yolanda Holmes, Ro- maine Randall, Mary Tis- dale, Renee Bardwell, Dannetta Potts. 164 Organizations ■irtlfc Southern Misses First Row: Elma Smith, Captain; Karyn Mullen, Captain Second Row: Kelly Russo, Teresa Ran- kin, Monica Brown, Robin Fortenberry, Dana Robin- son, Lisa Ward, Jenny Harper. Third Row: Su- san Rutherford, Jean Jones, Becky Barcellona, Becky Askew, Director; Michelle Hall, Petra Ar- nold, Beth Brocato. Eaglettes First Row: Julie Smithie, Robin Belvel, Donna Cros- by, Sharon Bentz, Laurie Ehlers, Antrice Kay, Lon- nie Melvin. Second Row: Amy Shumate, Dana Fields, Julie Neely, JoAnn Patterson, Holly Herring- ton. Valerie Galle, An- nette Jenkins. Organizations 165 University Activities Council I First Row: Woody Hines, Billy Powe, Milton Anderson, Rinny Woodruff, Jon Morren, Andy Gunkel, Marcie Davis, Pam Randall. Second Row: Mike Dobbins, Advisor; Roy Butts, Leah Shemper, Marie Scheeler, Vince Gordon, Sandra Smith, Carlin Wolfe, Denise Reuben, Angela Rice, Esther Jarrell, Lynley Eiken. Third Row: Joannie Green, Cindy Crane, Kenneth Finnegan, Mary Harris, Cheri Kettinger, Wendy Gor- don, Doreen Ciesiel, Gloria Genna, Rhonda Morgan. Fourth Row: Robby Edwards, Ricci Mussiett, Mark McDuff, Scott Somerville, Cathy Hardin, Jonathan Curtiss, Claude Garmon, Joey Allen, Trish Borosky, LaJuanzo Davis, Robert Lesley, Mara Hartman, Bea Daniels, David "Cookie" Cook, Mark Wigginton, Lisa Wright, Amy Bass. Fifth Row: George Yerger, Victor Bailey, Vince Cowan, Sonny Davis, Keith Brown, Melissa Evans. 166 Organizations CIAC Officers George Yerger, Secre- tary; Melissa Evans, Ad- vertising Chairman; Trish Borosky, Non-Music Chairman; Mara Hart- man, Music Chairman; Leah Shemper, President. UAC Advertising Committee First Row: David "Cook- ie" Cook, Scott Parks, Marie Scheeler, Vince Gordon, Vince Cowan, Cheri Kettinger, Esther Jarrell, Doreen Ciesiel. Second Row: Claude Garmon, Sonny Davis, Lynley Eiken, Melissa Ev- ans, Chairman; Joannie Green. Third Row: Jona- than Curtiss, LaJuanzo Davis, Keith Brown, Mark Wigginton, Jon Morren. Organizations 167 CIAC Music Committee L First Row: Rinny Wood- ruff, Roy Butts, Mary Har- ris, Sandra Smith, Billy Powe. Second Row: Cathy Hardin, Mara Hart- man, Chairman; Robert Lesley, Kenneth Finne- gan, Cindy Crane, Victor Bailey. Third Row: Robby Edwards, Vince Cowan, Bea Daniels, Ricci Mussiett, Milton Ander- son. ) CIAC Non-Music Committee I First Row: Marcie Davis, Andy Gunkel, Vince Cowan. Second Row: Carlin Wolfe, Victor Bai- ley, Angela Rice, Lisa Wright, Pam Randall, Trish Borosky, Chairman; Woody Hines, Wendy Gordon, Claude Garmon. 168 Organizations Union Board First Row: Dannette Potts, Felecia Dailey, Ra- chel Pudas, Thecia Kelly, Annie Anderson, Alisa Larry. Second Row: Jef- fery Johnson, Aquetta Dennis, Peggy Wolfe, Phyllis Jones, Belinda Mil- hollin, Bernice Wilson, Carol Cannon, Carol Clif- ton. Third Row: Warren K Dunn, Advisor; Law- rence Joiner, President; Willie Moody, Kirk Qua- vas, Susan Jennings, Nick Kidd, Janice Ridley, Adri- an Moffett, Minnie Austin, Advisor. Southern Style ' «v * * .J * I /v.nf.'<y it First Row: Joannie Green, Angie Kern, Cathy Catchot, Ann Bancroft, Angie Sliman, Jenny Lind- say, Amy Weldy, Carol Rogers. Second Row: Barry Parker, Rhett Rush, Steve Simmons, Rod Bon- ham, John Roberson, Chris Farris, Terry Towler, Jeffery Johnson. ' ''.'■.>' Organizations 169 ASB Executive Officers Tommy Garriga, Treasurer; Steve Sheppard, President; Amy Firmin, Election Commissioner; Kent McPhail, Attorney General; David Ken- drick, Vice President. ASB Office of the President Janice Perkins, Secretary; Steve Sheppard, President; Barry Reynolds, Chief of Staff; Eric Sorensen, Special Assistant. Not Pictured: Vince Cowan, Public Relations Director. Associated Student Body The Associated Student Body is made up of all the students at USM. Its officers are elected or appointed to manage a H 00,000 budget of student dues and money raised through student services. The ASB is the official voice for students to the administration as well as state, local, and national government This year, the president of the ASB also served as the representative for all Mississippi universities to the Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learn- ing. Through the efforts of the USM campus, student requests to the legislature resulted in the first law ever passed at the request of the students. This law prevents the College board from removing programs at any uni- versity without consulting with its president. The ASB instituted this year the executive projects divi- sion. Under the leadership of the chief of staff, it com- bined over twelve departments to run programs in legis- lative relations, rape prevention, United Way fundraisers, disaster response programs, CPR training, and similar projects. The spirit department is responsible for selecting, train- ing, and managing the cheerleaders and mascot, pep rallies, and other spirit promotions for all sports at the university. The legal services department provides legal assistance for students with civil or criminal problems. It has the assistance of a staff counsel and referral to a thirty-five lawyer network of attorneys. Student services provides a low-interest loan program for students, a check-cashing system, student insurance, and refrigerator rental program. The ASB also sponsors the Homecoming display compe- tition, the student handbook, the freshman register, the student judicial system, the Miss Southern pageant, and Mr. and Miss USM and beauties elections. Mike Dobbins, ASB Advisor; Steve Sheppard, Student Body President I 170 Associated Student Body ASB Legal Services Cathy McKenzie, Director; Cynthia Junior, Paralegal; Dr. ASB Student Services Department Louis Holmes, Assistant Director; Karen Far- Ronald Marquardt, Staff Counsel Not Pictured: Jackie Kermode, Assistant Director. row, Assistant Director; Fran Jones, Staff Advisor; Renee Breazeale, Director; Sheila Miller, Assistant Director. ' ■nm» ii-'SKi - » Viir>tje'-j'i-'<r<isssf('bi Mike Dobbins, Advisor Renee Brezeale, Director of Student Services Vince Cowan, Director of Public Relations and Secret Police Karen Farrow, Assistant Director of Student Services Amy Firmin, Election Commissioner Tommy Garriga, Treasurer June Guice, Executive Projects Division Director Louis Holmes, Assistant Director of Student Services David A.G. Kendrick, Vice President Associated Student Body 171 ASB Senate Staff Daniel Hall, Parliamentarian and Sergeant-At-Arms; David A.G. Kendrick, President; Cindy Bradshaw, Secretary; Swain Turner, Historian; Billy New- man, President Pro Tempore. ASB Executive Projects Division First Row: Frank Gellstrap, Assistant Director; June Guice, Director; Heidi Cline, Director; Barry Reynolds, Chief of Staff; Lisa Griffith, Director; Eric Labat, Assistant Director. Second Row: Jenny Lindsay, Assis- tant Director; Vince Cowan, Director; Christy Hall, Director; Tommy Mann, Director; Carlin Wolfe, Assistant Director; Claude Garmon, Assistant Director; Pat Story, Direc- tor. Eric Labat, Executive Projects Division Director Cathy McKenzie, Director of Legal Services Kent McPhail, Attorney General Michelle Nichols, Manpower Coordinator Janice Perkins, Secretary Barry Reynolds, Chief of Staff Steve Sheppard, Student Body President Eric Sorensen, Special Assistant to the President Pat Story, Executive Projects Division Director 172 Associated Student Body ASB Senate First Row: David AG. Kendrick, President; Cin- dy Bradshaw, Tammy Smith, Shannon Bee- cham, Julie Cook, Billy Newman, Cindy Crane, Charlotte Poole. Colette Towles, Robin Kay. Sec- ond Row: Joel Wesson, Twila Hendry. Third Row: Mike Dobbins, Advi- sor; Swain Turner, Lisa Luther, Leslie Ridle- hoover, Melanie Barber, Andy Mozingo, Gary Howell, Summer Posey, Daniel Alexander, Melin- da Dana, Donald Dollar, Ronnie Adcock. Fourth Row: Mitch Simmons, An- gie Gilder, Guy Garner. Fifth Row: Tom Lancas- ter, Lyn Horn. Sixth Row: Todd Courtney, Eliz- abeth Hanshaw, ASB Cabinet First Row: Frank Gell- strap, Claude Garmon, Cathy McKenzie, June Guice, Tommy Garriga, Heidi Cline, Renee Brea- zeale, Lisa Griffith, Karen Garrow, Victor Bailey. Second Row: David AG. Kendrick, Vice President; Pat Story, Christy Hall. Carlin Wolfe, Kent McPhail. Amy Firmin, Jenny Lind- say, Mike Dobbins. Advi- sor; Eric Labat, Vince Cowan. Associated Student Body 173 Interfraternity Council First Row: Kreg Bartley, Rhett Rush, Mike Man- grum, Jeff Files, Mitch Reeves, David Daughdrill, Scott Patten, Adrian Mof- fett, Jamie Loris, Van Im- bragulio. Second Row: Matt Smith, Brad Cundiff, Scooter Richards, Barry Parker, Billy Hewes, Jim Estes, Richard Sheppard, Tony Darling, Eric John- son, Mike Miller, Joe Paul, Advisor. Third Row: Ronnie Nettles, Mark Bry- ant, Bob Snell, Andre Redd, Pat Slack, Paul Farmer, Ken Jimmerson, Ian Kinloch. ^^ - .€ IFC Officers First Row: Joe Paul, Ad- visor; Scott Patten, Activi- ties Chairman; Billy Hewes, President; Eric Johnson, Secretary; Ron me Nettles, Graduate As sistant. Second Row: Ja mie Loris, Rush Chair man; Rhett Rush, Trea surer; Tony Darling, Pub lie Relations Chairman Not Pictured: Bob Snell Vice President; Kreg Bart ley, Academic Chairman 174 Organizations Senior Panhellenic Council Renee Breazeale, Kerry Love, Heather Duncan, Terrilyn Griffith, Alesia Phillips, Pam Odie, The- cia Kelly, Dawn Bryant, Terri Abney, Cathy Smith, Amy Firmin, Pam James, Darla Baronich, Lori Kennedy, Barbara Ross, Advisor Junior Panhellenic Council First Row: Lisa Jenkins. Julie Beeson, Gina Forten- berry, Cathy Smith, Advi- sor Second Row: Tracy Jones, Angela Jones, Ali- cia Hoskins, Sandy Barnes Not Pictured: Pollyanna Alexander, Leta Coleman, Lori Prid- gen, Beth Steinbruck. Organizations 175 IAD-IFSEA Institution Administration Department Club- International Food Service Executives Association First Row: Judy Lung Danny Mullis, IFSEA Na tional Secretary/Trea surer; Belinda McMichael President; Sharon Quig ley, IFSEA Secretary Evelyn Kwan, IAD Secre tary; Miriam Schenkel Second Row: Nancy Ryder, Delores Gill, Jim- my Johnson, Dana Thayer, Darrel Welborn, David Daughdrill, Diane Johnson. Third Row: Greg Golden, Robert St. John, Guy Lewis, Dana Martin, David Carr, Barry Parker. CISM Soccer Club First Row: Greg Mc- Donald, Juan Carlos Fran- co, Matt Smith, Tom Dem- boski, Tom Harlan, Lico Galvez, Rick Hartsell. Second Row: Andy Kay, Assistant Coach; Mike Thompson, Jimmy Shep- pard, Steve Alexander, Han Mustafa, Ken Cash, Keri McNab, Frank Glasmer, Coach. Not Pic- tured: Jeevan Campos, Luis Henriquez, Jay Jett, Jim Lynch, Victor Villeda. k 176 Organizations Past Beauties First Row: Angela Foka- kis, Nicole McCleery, De- siree Davion, Penny Nowell, Laurie Mullis. Second Row: Nan Sum- rail, Lisa Coleman, Deb- bie Van, Theresa Arender, Kelly Day, Con- nie Mitchell. Fashion Plus ■ First Row: Carolyn Cowart, Vicky Perian, Cynthia Mosely, Rhonda Wehner, Secretary; Paula Jeter, Program Chair- man; Danette Gould, Vice President; Diane Necaise, Treasurer; Cathy Perian, President; Lee Ann Ladner, Social Chairman; Gina Lytle, Publicity Chairman; Deidre Arring- ton, Gina Tillery, Janine Parvin Second Row: Stan Sanford, Jill Patter- son, Cynthia Seale, Karen Purvis, Eddie Jones, Diann Eastland, Sandie Fowler, Melinda Miranda. Susan Gandy, Lauren Richmond, Claudia Creekmore, Sheila Crane. Velma Macabee. Third Row: Erin McCrary, Jen- nifer Johnson, Denise Brent, Lisa Shakelford, David Woods, Julie Ba- bair, Nanette May. John Hollingshead, Helen Thomas. Organizations 177 RHO GAM/rtA Honorary Yearbook Fraternity First Row: Kim Willis, President; Anita Phillips, John Osborne, Bob Myers, Billy Jackson, Rinny Woodruff, Activi- ties Coordinator. Second Row: Garnet Palmer, Jen- nifer Haas, Laurie Martin- olich. Holly Hughes, Mary Harris. Third Row: Marc Kendrick, Kim Coalter, Ronnie Bleyer, Wendy Gordon, Lynley Eiken, Mark Wigginton, Elaine Sharp, Melissa Evans, Lee Ann Willis, Wyndi Moak, Tammy Holder, Darlene Clark, Cathy Hardin, Sharon Cottrell. Fourth Row: Rob Dillard, Margit Littlefield, Deedee Blan- ton, Carlin Wolfe, Denny Atkin, Lisa Wright, Social Chairman; Jay Hammons, Karen Godail, Woody Hines, Charles William- son, Sonny Davis, Cindy Crane, Mike Krebs, Victor Bailey, Vince Cowan. Not Pictured: Joey Allen, Rob- ert Biddle, Tricia Borosky, Brandy Breaux, Thad Carr, Todd Courtney, Brad Cundiff, Robby Ed- wards, Tracy Fenwick, Claude Garmon, Julie Johnson, Jay Jordan, Ter- ry Long, Cathy McKenzie, Scott Parks, Lee Penne- baker, Steve Sheppard, Charles Smith, Kenny Smith, John Stegall, Da- vid Tims, Jack Welch, Darryl White, Jim Wilkin- son. But where's Chuck? I Officers Lisa Wright, Social Chairman; Kim Willis, President; Rinny Woodruff, Activities Coordinator Rho Gamma Actives First Row: Darryl White, Jerri Waltman, Kim Willis, Bob Myers, Sonny Davis, Rinny Woodruff. Second Row: Robert Biddle, Wyndi Moak, Lee Pennebaker, Dana Whitfield, Lisa Wright, Laurie Martinolich, Mary Harris. Third Row: Roy Butts, Melissa Evans, Lynley Eiken, Kim Coalter, Jennifer Haas, Elaine Sharp, Darlene Clark, Lee Ann Willis. Fourth Row: Holly Hughes, Ken Thomas, Mark Wigginton, Jim Wilkinson, Marc Kendrick, John Lefevre, Rob Dil- lard, Terry Long. 178 Organizations i^. Student Printz First Row: Suzanne Prig- den, David Stem, Kim Bouchillon, Carol Bagley, Editor; Jim Johnston, Peg- gy Kissinger, Mark McGee, Debbie Rouse. Second Row: James Sax- ton, Harlan Stensaas, Ad- visor; Kimberly Laub, Yas- min Hague, Mary-Therese Hickman, Leah Summer- sell, Cathy O'Connor, Lee Warren, Mike Jones, So- nya Rath, Melody Ford. Third Row: Phil Hendrix, C.J. Reichenthal, Bobby Peacock, Steve Maggio. Public Relations Student Society of America First Row: Sandy Smith, Mary Harris, President; Karen Stanback, Tammy Holder, Vice President. Second Row: Holly Hughes, Susan Ham- mond, Harriet Newell, Tom Smith. Third Row: Kai Yuan, Jack Welch, Patrick Hopkins. Fourth Row: Darin Meadows, Mike Krebs, Secretary/ Treasurer; Janna Lee, Todd Cooper, Mike James Not Pictured: Suzannah Blackwell. Al- ice Fish, Mary-Therese Hickman, Travis Madison, Lisa Palmer, Rebecca Prescott, Wynelle Mor- gan, Sheila Skipper, Gra- duate Advisor; Leah Sum- mersell, Joanna Taylor, Tommye Weaver, Brian White, Gerald Wither- spoon. Organizations 179 Army Personnel COL Edwin Fclsher, Jr., Department Chairman CPT Paul Sweet CPT Charles Walker MSG Frank Toles SSG Raymond White MAJ Harold McClelland CPT Sherilyn Sigler CPT Jeffrey Hammond SFC Karl Dune SSG Edward Evans MAJ Drue Moore CPT David Ford SGM Jimmy Shoemaker SFC Sandra Gann Mrs. Mary Louise Brown MAJ Joseph Carlson CPT Wayne Andrews MSG Freddie Frazier SSG Jose Dalipe Mrs. Shirley Willis 180 Organizations l — Army ROTC Ranger Company First Row: Glenn Ryan, Will Hopkins, Will Hen- nen, David Carr, Don O'Quinn, Bill Whitney, Ron Trahan, Randal Al- ston, James Drago, XO; David Milling, Command- er Second Row: SFC Karl Dune, Advisor; Da- vid Acevedo, Charles Guest, Chris Wheeler, Joy-Lynn Medel, Bruce Clark, Greg Hinton, Greg Swanson, Berry Collins, Allen Currie, Donald Pen- ny. Southern Generals Drill Team First Row: Cathy Riddler, Martha Eaton, Don O'Quinn, Zelda Barnes, Commander; Ber- nard Lee, Executive Offi- cer; Renee Acker. Cyn- thia Montgomery, Alvin Bolton Second Row: John Hesselberg, Marvin McGee, Greg Swanson, Ken Seaton, Marvin Cle- ments, Darrell Ward, Drill Sergeant; SFC Karl Dune, Advisor; Mallie Hayes. Not Pictured: Susan Peddicord, Secretary; Greg Craven, Janice Green, Bennie Feagin. James Sims, Platoon Leader. Organizations 181 Army Rifle Team First Row: SSG Edward Evans, Advisor; James Henderson, Bruce Clarke, Wilson Horst. Second Row: Novel Lee Rogers, Lori Ann Loney, William Stinson. I ARMY ROTt RIFLE RANGEVJilll ! Cadet Brigade Staff I First Row: CDT/MAJ Richard Clark, CDT/ MAJ Sonja Sheppard, CDT/MAJ Randal Al- ston, CDT/LTC Tony McCarty, CDT/COL Don O'Quinn, CDT/MAJ Rhonda Pressler, CDT/ MAJ Ron Trahan, CDT/ MAJ Vicki Wansley. Sec- ond Row: CDT/LTC Judy Browning, CDT/ LTC Bill Whitney, CDT/ LTC Stella Stallworth. 182 Organizations Scabbard and Blade First Row: Rhoda Spiers. Jeannie McGee, Velma Ward, Sheila Smith, Wil- liam Gillette, Stephanie Le, Vicki Wansley, Ve ronica Mollett, Vice Presi dent; Arnot Libby. Sec ond Row: K.Y. Craft Treasurer; Peter Gar giulo, Glenn Ryan, John Cross, Tanya Dean, Greg Magee, Sonya Sheppard, Judy Browning, Secre- tary; Ken Rice, Captain Sherilyn Sigler, Advisor. Third Row: Jeff Morri- son, President; Randall Lee, Greg Swanson, Alan Currie, Clifton Eakes, Thomas Ross, Novel Rog- ers, Stella Stallworth. L'Esprit de Corps I I p t mm \ J^jJIl, First Row: Analiesa Thompson, Brenda Cook, Lori Carlock, Leona Boyd. Second Row: Rhonda Drinkard, Peggy Smith, Tammy Chatman, Kathleen Crandall, Anna Hoselle, Edna Womack, Teresa Cash, Sandra Graff, Auxiliadora Arana. Third Row: Mable Britt, Shelia Rather, Lynn John- son, Mary Seals, Deborah Kiddy, Cynthia Montgom- ery, Carol Ann Garner. Donna Schmidt, Kim Cre- vitt Fourth Row: CPT Jeff Hammond, Advisor; K.Y. Craft, Don O'Quinn, James Drago, John Fox, Will Hopkins, Jeff Morri- son. Organizations 183 Distinguished Military Students i First Row: CDT/MAJ Veronica Mollett, CDT/MAJ Rhonda Pressler, CDT/MAJ Vicki Wansley, CDT/MAJ Will Henner, CDT/MAJ Sonja Sheppard, CDT/LTC Judy Browning, CDT/MAJ Ron Trahan, CDT/LTC Stella Stallworth, CDT/COL Don O'Quinn. Second Row: CPT/MAJ Randal Alston, CDT/MAJ Richard Clark, CDT/LTC Bill Whitney, CDT/MAJ Glenn Ryan, CDT/CPT Mike Lyons, CDT/MAJ K.Y Craft, CDT/CPT Jeff Morrison, CDT/CPT James Henderson. 184 Organizations t^_ Army ROTC Military Science III Class I <* « . * »-«•< ..- First Row: CPT Wayne Andrews, Stephanie Le, Zelda Collins, Donald Stewart, Velma Ward, Martha Eaton, Janice Price, Jeanne McGee. Rhoda Spiers, David Cue- vas, Joy-Lynn Medel, Sheila Smith. Alvin Bolton, Charles Holloman, Charles Hewes, Leicer Wade, SFC Karl Dune. Second Row: Cathylean Riddle, James Pinson, Bobby Nix, Ramon Ruiz, David Kendrick, Renee Acker, Johnny Hesselberg. Brad Nix, Marvin Clement, Thomas Ross, Kenneth Cager, Chris Kelley, Robin McFadden, John Cross, Lowell Seal. Third Row: Brenda Cook, David Acevedo, Anthony McCort. James Ward, Brian Govin, Steven Knotts, Jeff Ryan, Randall Lee, John MacDonald, Michael Powers, Tim Gatlin, Don Fuller. Fourth Row: James Savage, Kenneth Rice, Bruce Clarke, Bennie Simmons, John Hinton, Steen Hambric, Clifton Eakes, Kenneth Sea- ton, Greg Swanson. Marvin McGee, Eddie Jiles. Not Pictured: David Brundage, John Scott Carter, Alan Currie, Evelyn Dantzler, James Jeff Davidson, Virgil Fannin, Wayne Pierce, James Smith, Matthew Smith, Jeffrey Stringer, Craig Thompson, John Wilson. Organizations 185 I r n Army ROTC Military Science IV Class First Row: Veronica Mollett, Rhonda Pressler, Teresa Cash, Vicki Wansley, Will Gillette, Aseem Puri, Judy Browning, Will Hennen, Ron Trahan, Don O'Quinn, Randal Alston, Ray Zasoski, Dane Powell, Calvin Lockett. Second Row: Zelda Barnes, Michelle Walker, Sonja Sheppard, Tommy Williams, Stella Stallworth, Will Hopkins, Tanya Dean, Tommy Ramshur, Alex Twigg, Steve Farragut, Chris Peden, Michael Jordan, Leonard Starks, William Gray. Third Row: Cathy Savoy, John Fox, Mack Knight, James Drago, Carl Carter, K.Y. Craft, David Milling, Gregory Magee, Tony Mason, Jeff Morrison, James Bower., Clintis McCray, William Gray. Fourth Row: Barbara McLeod, Buddy Rogers, Bernard Lee, William Whitney, Thomas Chatman, Glenn Ryan, Andy Cameron, Jon Bostick, Al Hillman, Alton Smith, Milton Richardson, James Henderson, Charles Roberts, Cathy Huffman, Dorothy Williamson, Mark Seals. Not Pictured: John Alston, Charles Campbell, David Carr, Deborah Davis, Sam Dejarnette, Joan Ellzey, Patrick Harkins, Cary Holmes, Jimmy Howington, Andy Kimbrell, Tony McCarty, Ricky Pitts, Roy Robinson, James Sims, James Stearns, Gary White, Charles Whittington, Peter Gargiulo, Jerry King, Mike Lyons, Donzell Moody. I 186 Organizations i. Air Force ROTC Staff First Row: CPT Karen Koenig, COL Joseph Kin- nan, Lenise Young. Sec- ond Row: SSG Wayne Cox, CPT Jon McDer- mott, MSG Ken Miller, CPT Jim Saunders, SSG Terry Jones. Leadership Training Organization First Row: Don Jones, Commander; Maureen Horgan, Margaret Slaver Jason Mohawk, Pam Hon eychurch, Trimella Steed Second Row: Erin Coff man, Mike Allerheiligen Mike Schneider, Lemeuc Kidd, Carolyn Warren, Jim Welborn, Tim Skin- ner Third Row: CPT Jon McDermott, Advisor; Paul Hudson, Jim King, Richard King. Organizations 187 Arnold Air Society First Row: Cheryl Lopcr, Alumni Relations; Tim Skinner, Information Offi- cer; Dave Creighton, An- gel Liason Officer; Mark Dennis, Administration Officer; Valerie Maleche, Comptroller; Mark Hundscheid, Command- er; Scott May, Oper- ations; Mike Major, Pledge Trainer; Wayne Canipe, Greg Kessler, Mike Matthews, Ricky Skinner, Jim King, Rich- ard Sheppard, Ann Loney. Second Row: Pam Honeychurch, Paul Hudson, Augustus Stan- ton, Sandra Zieglar, Ran- dy Coats, Curtis Olive, Maureen Horgan, Beth Gillum. Third Row: Bren da Brinkley, David Fine hout, Stewart Turner Thomas Hess, Erin Coff man, Lemeuc Kidd, Wil liam Owen, Don Jones Carl Cole, Trimella Steed Kelly Rayburn, Jim Wei born, Mark Ortiz, John Schneider, CPT Jon McDermott, Advisor. I Air Force ROTC Drill Team & First Row: Mike Allerhei- ligen, Pam Honeychurch, Maureen Horgan, Scott May, Commander. Sec- ond Row: CPT Jim Saunders, Advisor; Thom- as Hess, Paul Hudson, Don Jones, Jim Welborn. AEROSPACE STUDIES 188 Organizations Angel Flight First Row: Cathy Hyde, Pledge Trainer; Paige Saulters, Comptroller; Shelby Smith, Vice Commander; Margaret Slaver, Pledge Trainer; Millie McDaniel, Commander; Gloria Poole, Operations; CPT Karen Koenig, Advisor. Second Row: Cheryl Lehtola, Kim Reed, Darlene Tallarico, Sharon Thomas, Tammy Goetz Third Row: Yvonne Crimm, Barbara Bingham, Suzie Campbell, Barbara Bleichner, Doreen Dore, Belinda Miller. Organizations 189 Association of Baptist Students i First Row: Rhonda Steele, Karen Steele, Diane Roman, Laura Ad- cox, Dewanna Varnado. Second Row: Clayton Sullivan, Secretary/Trea- surer; David Conover, Vice President; Wesley Rector, David Sprague, President; Reverend Lloyd Rester. Not Pic- tured: Myra Beard, So- cial/Publicity Chairman, Anna Stewart, Steve Bol- grin, Rosalie Brand, Advi- sor. COGIC Church of God in Christ Fellowship First Row: Valerie John- son, Stephanie Cork, Treasurer; Ramona Reid, Bernice Wilson, Secre- tary; Felita Clark. Sec- ond Row: Samuel Miller, Vice President; Micah Scott, President; Elaine Newton, Lester Scott, Public Relations Manager; Lynn Johnson. Not Pic- tured: James Dean, Tammy Chatman, Ka- trina Lewis, Cynthia Mill- er, K.Y. Craft, Cynthia Cummings, Catherine Wil- son, Advisor; Genette Green, Marvin Miller, Mel- vin Miller, Milton Miskel, Valerie White, Dennis Smith. I 190 Organizations LSD Choir Love, Salvation, and Determination First Row: Jonathan Curtiss, Treasurer; Ro- gina Ruffin, Secretary; Marion McCaleb, Presi- dent; Dr. Roderick Posey, Advisor Second Row: LePatrick Hartwell, Musi- cian; Pam Patterson, Pen- ny Rembert, Vice Presi- dent; Willis Williams, Skip Guy, Marcus Adams, Mu- sician. Not Pictured: Lo retta Barnes, Rodney Young, Timothy Leonard, Gerald Witherspoon, Tony Davis, Donna Scatcher, Gina Johnson, Charlotte Dubose, Tony Hughes. RLDS "Faith to Grow 1 First Row: Don McNeill, Vice President; Mark Gib- son, President; Linde Lynn, Secretary. Second Row: Jeffrey Evans, Advi- sor; Barry Reynolds, Jeff Lynn. Not Pictured: Robert Ladnier, Debbie Calahan, Barry Adcock, John Dockens. Organizations 191 Gamma Beta Phi Honorary Service Organization Officers First Row: Maria Straub, Treasurer; Renae Nanney, Recording Secretary; James Cole Galloway, Parliamentarian. Second Row: Diane Larson, Corresponding Secretary; John Stegall, Historian; Richard Spiers, Advisor; Ronald Connally, President Not Pictured: Thomas Delcambre, Vice President. Members Cynthia Allen Dori Anderson Lisa Anderson Marsha Anderson Denise Balius Melanie Barber Lisa Barhonovich Julie Barksdale Janet Beeland Rachel Benefield Sharon Bentz Jean Bernier Larry Betts Barbara Bingham Cathy Blakeslee Valerie Bogart Anita Bolton Damea Bourne Danise Boyd Stephanie Boykins John Brady Edith Brooks Lorraine Brooks Debra Brown Donna Buchanan Mark Burch Roxanne Burrus Aleta Bush Temple Bush Jill Butler Charles Byram Amanda Byrd Janice Carter Meg Chesser Connolly Clark George Cloy Michael Collins Ronald Connally Delery Cook Julie Cook Mary Cooper Tonie Coumanis Nancy Craig Doris Culberson Sandra Culumber Tiffany Danos Anthony Darling Kathy Davies Julian Davis Thomas Delcambre Mark Dennis Penelope Dewey Cheryl Dillon Richard Dobbs Donald Dollar Barbara Donley Dee Dougherty Dan Drane Karon Eichorn Susan Ellingson Terry Ellis Christy Ellzey Kristin English Renee Fallin Ashley Farron Pamela Favre Sandra Fisher Thomas Flowers Teresa Flynt Kerri Folse Amy Frederick Richard Fung-A-Fat James Galloway Karen Gambrell Lisa Garner Pamela Garst Susan Gibson Marilyn Giles Rhonda Gill Kimberly Gleber David Griffin Christine Hall Anita Hamel Carroll Hardin Phyllis Harter Corinne Henry Holly Herrington Anne Hoselle Cynthia Hudnall Holly Hughes Mark Hundscheid Paula Hunt Patricia Husley Vicky lllanne Helen Jackson Joni Jackson Jennifer Janus Jacobo Jarufe Julie Johnson Lawrence Joiner Darla Jones Kelley Jones Kevin Jones Julie Joyner Shirley Justice Kristin Kaskie Joann Keane Steve Keller Tara Kennedy Debbie King Katherine Kirkpatrick Amy Knight Priscilla Knight Andrew Langenbach Valerie Langley Diane Larson Cheryl Lee Shawn Leopard Deborah Leyda Mun Lian Jit Lim Jeffrey Lincoln Larry Lizana David Lloyd Christine Lohrer Dallas Lombard Ann Loney Michelle Loughman Sherye McCaa Melinda McCarty Kathleen McGraw Kimber McHenry Kenneth Mclntire Michael McMullan Natalie McQuaig Jeri Madison Michelle Magee Karen Malley Debbie Marlow Deborah Meadows Pamela Melzer David Milling Peter Mims Antoinette Mitchell Tamara Mitchell Ulenda Moffett Katie Mooney Nancy Moore Jonathan Morren Yolanda Moulds William Munn Roger Murray Jamie Mustain John Myatt Renae Nanney Sandra Neighbors Deborah Nelson Herman Nelson Mona O'Bannon Catherine O'Connor Cynthia O'Connor Bob Olliff Dana O'Meallie Ellen Opperthauser Terri O'Quin David Owens Scott Patten Joyce Payton Sherry Peacock Jeannie Perrin Charles Phelps Anita Phillips Frances Pickens Kristi Pitalo Gloria Poole Bonnie Pope Karen Pope Kimberly Pope Louisa Porter Rachel Pudas Beth Reed Karl Reiden Janet Remich Channon Renfroe Denise Reuben Laura Rice Allison Richards Scott Riebuck Kelly Riley Connie Roberts Patricia Robinson Susan Robinson Sherrie Rodgers Lisa Roebuck Sharon Rouser Rogina Ruffin Mark Russell Keith Sargent Paige Saulters Marie Scheeler Karen Schroeder Jeffrey Schwind Gwen Serpas Kathleen Shaw Holly Short Lisa Shroyer Cheryl Singleton Georgia Skrmetta Lisa Smith Peggy Smith Shelby Smith Cindy Snowden Michael Stalnaker Catherine Steen John Stegall Beth Steinbruck Beckie Stock Maria Straub Beverly Strickler Carolyn Strong Mary Strong Yvette Sturgeon David Sullivan Lynn Swett Stephanie Sykes Roxanne Taylor Theresa Taylor Sharon Terrell Ronald Toms Carmia Turner Humberto Vargas John Vettel David Walker Vicki Wansley Gaby Watts Joan Webb Julie Welch Keisha Welford Lisa Wells Robin White Ginny Whitfield Cheryl Whittington Ramona Williams Renee Williams Donna Wood Linda Wrighter Tong-Shing Yong Michele Young 192 Organizations Honors Student Association First Row: Dr. Wallace Kay, Dean; Dr. George Pessoney, Faculty. Sec- ond Row: Sharon Crook, Mary Robinson. Honors College Secretary; Carlin Wolfe, Vice President; Charles Smith, Sergeant- At-Arms; Pat Ferrell, Dee- dee Blanton, Junior/Sen- ior Representative; Jay Reddy. Third Row: Bob- by Ross, Heather Miller, Secretary; Scott Nations, John McDonald, Jay Hammons, Denny Atkins. Sophomore Representa- tive; Kim Willis, Todd Courtney, President Not Pictured: Kris Smith, Ju- nior/Senior Representa- tive; Claude Garmon, Freshman Representa- tive; David Tims, Faculty Representative. Lambda Sigma Sophomore Honor Society First Row: Julie John- son, Treasurer; Cathy Steen, Secretary Sec- ond Row: Cheryl Lee, Temple Bush, Jill Butler, Erin Chapman, Vice President; Erin Shaw, Denise Reuben, Michelle McCormick. Sheila Co- megys, Cindy Brown, Ale- sia Phillips, Senior Advi- sor Third Row: Dana Thayer, Suzannae Lump- kin, Tammy Boone, Stephanie Stotland, Me- linda McCarty, Tammy Bass, Courtney Bancroft. Susan Robinson, Hope Kennedy. Stephanie San- diford, Barbara Ross, Ad- visor Fourth Row: Kim Pope, Charles Byram. Stuart Babington, Jim King, Dan Drane, John Al- len Phillips, Mike McMul- lan, President Not Pic- tured: Amanda Byrd. Melinda Dana, Cindy Hahn, Shawn Leopard. Roy Pope, Newrall Sim- rail, Senior Advisor Organizations 193 Phi Theta Kappa ! Alpha of Mississippi Alumni Chapter First Row: Vanetta Thompson, Mike Boyette, Regina Shepperd, Presi- dent; Darrell O'Quinn, Historian; Beth Reedy, Advisor. Second Row: Sherry Cook, Stella Po- sey, Treasurer; Marlin Sa- vell, Harriett Vickers, Secretary Third Row: Kathy Haralson, Paula Sartin, Terri Weitzel, Barry Reynolds, Second Vice President; Debbie Wade. Fourth Row: Lin da Pogue, Terry Lowe First Vice President George Calhoun. NotPic tured: Connie Mathes, Re porter. ) Officers First Row: Terry Lowe, First Vice President; Regi- na Shepperd, President. Second Row: Darrell O'Quinn, Historian; Stella Posey, Treasurer; Harri- ett Vickers, Secretary; Barry Reynolds, Second Vice President. Not Pic- tured: Connie Mathes, Re- porter. 194 Organizations Phi Delta Rho Senior Women's Leadership Honorary First Row: Amber Wat- son, Rachel Benefield, Kathy Kirkpatrick, Co- lette Towles, Michelle Ni- chols, Deborah Skelton, Leslie Driskell, Kerrin Wells, Kim Willis, Tom Ponder Second Row: Nina Lowery, Alana Snow, Tammy Holloway, Carol Lucas, Alesia Phil- ps, Deanne Sory, Eliza- beth Grenn, Lisa McQuil- lin, Julie Barrett Not Pictured: Tami Cassell, Rhonda Holifield, Pam Johnson, Kim McPhie, Tara Odom, Ginny Sand- ers, Laurie White. Outstanding Freshmen Women Marsha Anderson, Melinda McCarty, Shawn Leop- ard, Kim Pope, Most Outstanding Freshman Wom- an; Cindy Brown Officers Kathy Kirkpatrick, Vice President; Rachel Bene- field, Secretary; Colette Towles, President Organizations 195 Omicron Delta Kappa Senior Leadership Honorary First Bow: Terry Pinson, Tommy Mann, John Ro- berson, Beth Glover, An- gela Fokakis, Lynn Ains- worth, Amy Weldy, Alan Lucas, Holmes Sturgeon, Matt Smith, David Milling, Dr. Joe Greene, Dr. Fred Walker, Dr. Thomas Panko, Advisor; Sandy Safigan, Dr. Nancy Duni- gan, Bonnie Warren, Julie Cook, Angie Sliman, Cheryl Boyles, Colette Towles, Penny Nowell, Joy Necaise. Second Row: Ricky Wyatt, Vijay Muthye, Jim Stroo, Jim Griffith, Nina Lowery, Connolly Clark, Alesia Phillips, Mitch Simmons Beth Evans, Edie Lack Donna Wood, John Ste gall, Judy Browning, Dr Bill Taylor, Veronica Mol lett, Bobby Hensley, Eric Hueck, Mark Bryant, Car ol Bagley, Christy Hall Carlin Wolfe, Dr. Wallace Kay, Dr Aubrey Lucas Not Pictured: David Sul livan, Hans Weger, Kim Willis, Tammy Yates. Officers Beth Glover, Secretary; Ricky Wyatt, Public Rela- tions Director; Amy Weldy, Treasurer; Bobby Hensley, Vice President; Lynn Ainsworth, Presi- dent I 196 Organizations L Society for the Advancement of Management First Row: Janice Ridley, Lisa Barhonovich, Sharon Larona, Paula Gates, Stephanie Butler, Vice President of Fund-Raising; Chip Day, Heather Holloway, Rhonda Mor- gan, Vice President of Promotion. Second Row: John Hayman, Adrian Moffet, Vice President of Membership; Bill Allen, Bob Olliff, Daniel Hall. President; John Joachim, Fall Treasurer; William Quinnelly, Vice President of Programs; Ronnie Bleyer, Secretary; Jay Quave Not Pic- tured: Robert Hall. Ex- ecutive Vice President; Dr. Richard Vaden, Advi- sor; Jody Gleason, Assis- tant Vice President of Fund-Raising; Julene Brown, Spring Treasurer, Scott Hays. American Marketing Association First Row: Dolly Loyd, Advisor; Ross Walton, President; Monique Glaab, Vice President; Dr. William Schoell, Advisor. Second Row: Barbara Bingham, Juleen Brown, Elizabeth Dugas. Sharon Larona, Jerry Gentle. An- drea Zarske, Joanna Smith, Charles Hughes, Christie Porter, Tanya Rankin Third Row: Joanie Green, Yvonne Crimm, Shannon Schoell, Alicia Fayard, Kathy Kirk- patnek. Daniel Hall, Bill Smith, Mitch Simmons. Organizations 197 Phi Beta Lambda Professional Business Fraternity First Row: Ruth Mals- bury, Kathy Lay, Rose Rainey, Joy Necaise. Second Row: Scott Bras- well, Stella Posey, Wanda Kennedy, Peggy Wolfe, Reporter; Regina Shep- perd, Secretary; Dr. Don- na Conerly, Advisor. Third Row: Shirley Mays, Advisor; Robert Morris, Treasurer; Mark Dent, Lawrence Joiner, Steve Wilson, President; Kendall Turnage, Vice President. Phi Chi Theta Professional Business Fraternity First Row: Dale Turner, Corresponding Secretary; Sylvia Sonier, Elizabeth Dugas, President; Walton Chan, Vice President; Nancy Magee, Recording Secretary; Nancy Chan Treasurer; Joanne Smith Second Row: Pam Cle ments, Jackie Lovett Shelley Dees, Cathy Elli son, Janet Hagerty, Susan Gandy, Andrea Zarske, Adele Lyons, Gwyn Law- rence, Premo Sabbatini, Sharon Lorona, Jerry Gentle. Third Row: Joannie Green, Ricardo Villeda, Terri Ducarpe, Carl Johnston, Robert Sturtz, Lisa Freeman, Ra- mon Martinez. 198 Organizations Delta Sigma Pi Professional Business Fraternity First Row: Julie White, Angela Alexander, Sharon Ijames, Lori Wynne. Robin White Second Row: Mike Luehlfing. Advisor. Tammy Webb. Penny Brown, Pa- tricia Husley, Brenda Alston. Ra- chel Pudas, Miriam Robinson, Bar- bara Howard. Mandy McCann, Michele Young, Sharon Scranage. Beth Evans Third Row: Michelle Lewis. Leslie Wilkinson. David Crain, Kim Culpepper. Belinda Parkes. Pat McCabe, Robert Rice, Laura Sorey, Jamie Chapman. Debbie Riley, Jan Waring Fourth Row: JoAnn Patterson, Suzette Glaab, Mariela Chinnos, Risa Cathey, Bill Munn, Janice Ridley. Charles Hughes. Jeff Livingston. Mark Russell Fifth Row: Mitch Simmons. Ray Rayburn. William Quinnelly. Keith Brown. John Bon- ey. Augustus Annang, Michael Martin, Tommy Delcambre Sixth Row: Jay Cox, Gentry Mordica. Keith Carrico, Donald Kitrell. Mark h, Adrian Moffett, James Beasley Not Pictured: Shern Al- bert, Jane Eastland, Chen Nazary, Mary Meador, John Patterson, Ma- mda Ponder, Ricky Seale, Jim Stroo, Becky Thomas, Lori Wren, Paula Ainsworth, Cheryl Whitting- ton, Tanya Rankin. Albert McGuf he. Duane Blackmon, Lorrie Nu- gent, Beth Herrin, Tim Blake Fall Officers Spring Officers First Row: Mitch Simmons, President. Second Row: Beth Evans, Vice President for Pledge Educa- tion; Barbara Howard, Treasurer; Angela Alex- ander, Social Chairman; Michelle Young, Historian. Third Row: Mike Luehlfing, Advisor; Augustus An- nang, Chancellor. Fourth Row: William Quinnelly, Vice President for Professional Activities. Not Pic- tured: Beth Herrin, Vice President for Finance; Al- bert McGuffie, CEI Chairman, Jim Stroo, Senior Vice President. First Row: Beth Evans, President. Second Row: Mariela Chirinos, Vice President for Finance; Mike Luehlfing, Advisor; Angela Alexander, Rose Formal Chairman; Robin White, Treasurer. Third Row: Keith Carrico, Vice President for Pledge Education; Mitch Simmons, Chancellor; Pat McCabe, Vice President for Professional Activities; Mark Burch, Social Chairman. Fourth Row: Mark Russell, Histo- rian; Tommy Delcambre, Senior Vice President; Laura Sorey, Secretary; Charles Hughes. CEI Chair- man Organizations 199 Beta Alpha Psi Honorary Accounting Fraternity First Row: Tammy- Vaughn, Michele Young, Robin White, Ava Sander- son, Sharon Scranage, Bill Munn, May Sayegh, Pris- cilla Herrington, Rachel Tullos, Natalie Dowdy, Nina Lowery, Cynthia Tipton. Second Row: Kathy Catchot, Kathy Al- britton, Maria Colbet, JoAnn Patterson, Mandy McCann, Sandy Safigan, Penny Brown, Judy Ber- ry, Shannon Johnson, Pam Dailey, Tony Smith, Lori Nugent. Third Row: Jit Lem, Jeff Edwards, Gary Bedsole, Roger Sim- mons, Pat McCabe, Dale Sanford, Diane Koontz, John Patterson, Chuck Li- zana, Larry Betts, Jerri Ann Creel, Rene Hender- son, Debi Riley, Jeff Schwind, David Reeves, Stan Clark. I Sigma Psi Alpha Accounting Society First Row: Roy Butts, Mi- chele Young, Sharon Scranage, Lori Wynne, Sharon Ijames, Charles Hughes Second Row: Nancy Chan, Barbara Howard, Sandra McFad- den, Robin White, Dr. Jer- ry King, Advisor. Third Row: Rachel Pudas, JoAnn Patterson, Gayle Rettig, Patricia Husley. Fourth Row: Mary Lew- is, Karen Eichorn, Penny Brown, John Robinson. Fifth Row: Debra Riley, Bill Munn, Brenda Alston, Cleopatra Munn, Julie White. Sixth Row: Bar- ney Fife, John Patterson, Gene Yateman, Mandy McCann, Michele Mc- Quaig, 200 Organizations Kappa Mu Epsilon Mathematics Honor Society First Row: Virginia En- trekin, Advisor; Alice Es- sary. Corresponding Sec- retary; Deanna Caveny, Secretary; Dr. Steve Dob- lin, Chairman of the Math- ematics Department. Second Row: Jan Davis, Robin Chapman, Donna Legg. Third Row: Peggy Horton, Newsletter Edi- tor; Tori West, Sherry Peacock. Organizations 201 SNASM i Student Nurses Association of Southern Mississippi First Row: Lee Ann Wil- lis, Recording Secretary; Kathy Richardson, Kathy Miller. Second Row: Kim Medley, Advisor; Jody Smith, Vice President; Ginger McKnight, Corre- sponding Secretary; Cath- erine Robinson, Mike Har- ris, Parliamentarian, Robin Kaye. Upsilon Pi Epsilon The Computer Science Honor Society First Row: Gene Carter, Sandy Gunter, Lynn Krell, Joy Necaise, Amy Frederick, Valerie Mc- Kay, Terry Dillon, Angela Martin, Charlotte Trigg, Jennifer Nagle, Terri Weitzel. Second Row: Danny Carter, Eric Rei- den, Peter Haupt, Mitch Krell, Eric Kellen, Al Ley- bourne, Laurie Simmons, Tommy Mann, Mark Hunscheid, Twila Hen- dry, Mary Dayne Gregg, Pascal Gill, Donna Lindi- grin, Michelle Lennox, Ted Holt, Sherri Pierce, Kenneth Mclntyre, Carla Smith, Rose West. Third Row: Jimmy Miller, Valer- ie Bogart, Isaac Traxler, Keith White, Dean Huff- man, Glenn Oehms, Mark Russell, Wayne Walters, Thomas Markwalder, Al Newton, John Stegall, Terry Miller, David Mor- gan, Steve Miles, Jennifer Saab, Sidney Bush. 202 Organizations I ail Association for Computing Machinery Officers First Row: Terri Parks, Secretary; Linde Lynn, Treasurer. Second Row: Steve West, President; Jim Griffith, Vice Presi- dent. First Row: Ingo Camp, Ingo Dean, Alex North, Mitch "Gnome" Krell, Ad- visor; Gil Kerley, Tern Weitzel, William Tet- meyer, Sidney Bush Sec- ond Row: Keith Remley, Bruce Sculthorpe, Kent Keeter, Amy Frederick, Kelly Jones, Ronald Toms, Bridget Stringer, UNIDENTIFIED, Cindy Blackmer, Linda Brown, Leigh Moody, Warren Miller, Derrick Oatis. Third Row: Todd Stone, Roscoe Henry, Lee Toole, Ashley "Knife" Morris, Valerie Lucas, Donna Lin- digrin, Gene Williams, John McDonald. Steve West, President; Alex Channey. Fourth Row: Tommy Mann, Shirley Wilson, Lisa Bennett, Au- drey Watson, Elizabeth West, Laura Leigh Fowlkes, Cheryl Hennig, Leanne Geddis, Connie Mathis, Joy Necaise, Terri Parks, Secretary; Jim Griffith, Vice President; Dennis Macklin, Reo Gro- ver, Jimmy Miller. Fifth Row: Keith Moore, Lyn Lepre, Jimmy Roush, Ben Crumby, Al Cranford, Frank Pancratz, Sanjay Mishra, Pete McGuire, Steve Miles, Buu Lenz, Doug Hutcherson. John Hayman, Kelly Gavins, Lee Dilley. Organizations 203 Student Constructors First Row: Scott Mor- row, Sam Day, George Tallent, Stewart Redden, Grant Gilleon, Stan Wiel- gosz, Wayne Duckworth. Second Row: Brad Fountain, Mike Ezell, R.A Denison, Michael Jones William Tyson, Ed Pugh Tim Stewart, Dwight Pas chal. Not Pictured: Bob by Price. CISM Student Homebuilders First Row: Wayne Duck- worth, Treasurer; Dwight Paschal, Renee Dunlap, Deborah Nelson, Vice President; Julian Davis, Arlin Steen. Second Row: Edward Pugh, Scott Morrow, Grant Gilleon, Historian; Rusty Rags- dale. Third Row: Terry Stinson, Cletus Hass, Nes- tor Wong. 204 Organizations American Institute of Building Design First Row: Ysidro Sali- nas, Advisor; James Ber- nier. Treasurer; Deborah Nelson, Secretary; Char les Carson, Historian Second Row: Joey Rob erts, Wes Neese, Moha mad Al'bitar, Gus Ro merez. Third Row Julian Davis, Keith Boyd. Cletus Haas, James Graves Fourth Row: Sammy King, Nestor Wong, Terry Stinson. Fifth Row: Arlin Steen, Bruce Crane Not Pic- tured: Rusty Ragsdale, President; Renee Dunlap, Vice President; Wil Bol- den, Mark Chapman, Al Guynes, Cecil Hopkins. American Society of Interior Designers First Row: John Dawn, Advisor; Charissa Sim- mons, Secretary; Lori Ward. Marcia Larson, Vice President; Gina Weeks, Reporter; Connie Johnson. Jen Pilgrim, Cynthia Southerland. Donna Woodyard Sec- ond Row: Leigh Ann Sla- ven, Treasurer; Marilene Majarrez, Barbara Morris, Michelle Goodman. Tracy Kent, Claire Land, Steph- anie Webb, Lisa Conner. Organizations 205 Society of Polymer Science n First Row: Ken Cash, Melissa Cranford, Ronda Purer, Diane Barger, Sec- retary; Mary Reynolds, Ginger See, President; Karla Cotruvo, Becky Brown. Second Row: Cal Calhoun, Randy Thompson, Wayne Price, Jimmy Dickerson, Fairest Stevenson, Vince Cowan, Dr. Rob Storey, Advisor; Dale Hutchens, Craig Hankins, Melissa Hogue, Darren Smith. Third Row: Dawson Wilkerson, Steve Ates, Charles Smith, Phillip Wood, Ron- nie Rose, Dale Barger, Joel Lee, Manuel Bo- sarge. t Kappa Kappa Psi Honorary Band Fraternity First Row: Terrance Johnson, Sergeant-At- Arms; Charles Thomas, Vice President; John Pat- terson, President; James Boykins, Treasurer; Tom- my Sckiets, Director of Activities; Silas Lewis, Secretary. Second Row: Leanne Stott, Nocmi Gon- zalez, JoAnn Patterson, Lori Ellers, Jerry Cadden, Bobby Fayard, Walter Cotson, Carl Johnson, Mark Kidd, Carol Weath- erford. Third Row: Holly Herrington, Julie Kneely, Paul Rester, Willie Craig, Clark Schull, J. P. Bonds, Terry Trigg, Neil Sumrali, Troy Meacham, Terrance Mixon, Robert Williams, Jason Harvison, Leda Diaz, Tim Lavigne, Sheila Walker, Janice Perkins, Sweetheart. Not Pic- tured: Frank Sloan, David Weekly, Willie Lawrence, Wayne Swann, Glenn Per- due, Valorie Moran, Geor- gane Love, Advisor. < I 206 Organizations Alpha Psi Omega Honorary Dramatics Fraternity Clockwise, from top: Stan Lofton, President; David Stevens, Vice Presi- dent; Karen Rice, Kerri Ishee, Treasurer; Diane Johnson, Secretary; Roy Magee, Jerilyn Bridges, David Pennebaker, R.B. Hill, Advisor. Organizations 207 Chi Tau Epsilon L Honorary Dance Fraternity First Row: Margaret Bowlin, Vice President; Brenda Davis, Rocio Trest. Second Row: Debbie Browning, Secre- tary/Treasurer; Lisa Au- coin, Sarah Stravinski, Advisor; Susan Patterson, President; Karen Gar- man. PsiChi 208 Organizations Residence Hall Association First Row: Renee Bardwell, Geor gia Jackson, Beverly Stnckler, Eliz- abeth Blackmon. Lilith Burdine, Darlene Tallanco, Regma Peairs. Peggy Leggett, Jackie Mitchell. Ann Rankin, Lynn Johnson, Tammy Chatman, Angela Odom, Kimberla Allen, Denise Reuben. Abby Huber, Pamela Patterson. Dorothy Williamson. Patrice Myers, Monique Laphand, Phyllis Jones, Michelle Bell. Yolanda Moulds, Karen Peterson, Chen Hudson, Beth Strong. Cindy Crane. Karen Celestin, Janeane Montgomery Second Row: Bram Saucier, Denny Atkin, Tommy McGlothlin, Jody McKewen, Ben Mullen. Stephen Bittick, Kirk Cue vas. Stephen Richards. Pierre Pre vost. Ladonna Shields. Lynn Nig let Third Row: Chloris Brown Constance Smith, Rogina Ruffin Cynthia Hudnall. Sandra Taylor Melodie Hudson, Elizabeth Hamil ton, Ann Wood. Lon Dimpeno Cassandra Love, Rachelle Star rett, JoAnn Monohon. Karen Echols. Kimberly Laub. Natalie Taylor, Ann Lathrop. Steve Mead ows, Jerry Chambers. Keith Vaughan, Cathy O'Connor, Margie Scheetz, Jessica Fuller. Rebecca Bicki-.am RH A Officers Beth McCoy, NCC; Dana Thayer, Vice President Linda Elder, Secretary Brad Haik, President Bonnie Shapley, Publicity Mignon Wilson, Treasur- er; Ann Howell, Graduate Advisor. Organizations 209 Hattiesburg Hall Haulers I Brad Haik, President; Da- vid Harris, Vice President; David Mason, Secretary; Doug Williams, Social Chairman; Keith Vaughan, Intramural Chairman; Ken- ny Sowell, Publicity Chair- man; Romero Hopkins, Ex- ecutive Assistant; Buffkin Adams, Mel Carlock, Ken Johnson, Floor Representa- tives; Bob Rohrlack, Head Resident; Kirk Edmunds, Alex Heidelberg, Pat McCarron, Resident Assis- tants. Hickman Hall Linda Thames, President; Rogina Ruffin, Vice Presi- dent; Debra Landry, Se- cretary/Treasurer; Chloris Brown, Intramural Chairman; Julie Trotter, Public Relations Director; Arlesia Winding, Newslet- ter Editor; Monique Brooks, Laura Dungan, Lisa Rowe, Ladonna Shields, Constance Smith, Minako Smith, Floor Re- presentatives; Lisa Ole- son, Head Resident; Paula Etheridge, Jessica Fuller, Cynthia Hudnall, Debbie King, Resident Assistants. I 210 Organizations Hillcrest Tracy Dugue, President; Jan Staten, Vice Presi- dent; JoAnn Monohon, Secretary; Kim Laub, Publicity; Ann Lathrop, Intramural Chairman; Theresa Cash, Floor Re presentative Coordinator Kay Wilson, Head Resi dent; Ann Howell, Gra duate Assistant; Kather ine Bontemps, Danise Boyd, Winnie Chapman, Vernesia Gipson, Tammy Holloway, Alynda Pon- der, Jan Rich, Jan Turner, Resident Assistants. — — — JJMI ■ Jones Hall Ann Rankin, President; Melissa Maher, Vice Presi- dent; Sheryl Walker, Se- cretary/Treasurer; Stephanie Williams, So- cial Chairman; Julie llewski. Spirit Chairman; Meladi Lane. Intramural Chairman; Jackie Mitch- ell, Publicity Chairman; Ramona Collins, Peggy Leggett, Cindy Miller, Mil- dred Moore, Teresa Pace, Floor Representatives; Tiffany Danos, Head Resi- dent; Cindy McCool, Shei- la Neill, Tonya Rawls, Sheryl Seaton, Brenda Smith, Andrea Troth. Resident Assistants. Organizations 211 Pulley Hall Pam Patterson, President; Dorothy Williamson, Vice President; Nita Anderson, Secretary/Treasurer; Sherry Fairley, Social Chairman; Karen Peter- son, Spirit Chairman; Marilyn Abram, Intramu- ral Chairman; Phyllis Jones, Publicity; Marilyn Abram, Michelle Bell, Pa- trice Myers, Cindy Wil- liamson, Floor Represen- tatives; Renae Nanney, Head Resident; Renee Conner, Sharon Gipson, Michelle Nichols, Sonya O'Neal, Lisa Wells, Mig- non Wilson, Resident As- sistants. 1^ :■ I Scott Hall Myra Beard, President; Veronica Hogsett, Vice President; Davida Blyler, Secretary; Marlene Shoe- make, Treasurer; Angela Ray, Social Chairman; Angela Odom, Intramural Chairman; Richelle Peter- son, Publicity; Kim Allen, Charlotte Brown, Tammy Chatman, Meshelle Cook, Janet Fiveash, Cindy Hi- litsky, Shari Hughley, Lynn Johnson, Allison Jordan, Joyce Lock, Rhonda Maberry, Connie Mathes, Janeane Mont- gomery, Sherry Payne, Lisa Price, Nancy Ryder, Jenifer Sykes, Beth Strong, Tracy White, Chris Wright, Floor Re- presentatives; Angela Kirkley, Head Resident; Ronnie Bleyer, Susan Bry- ant, Alice Fish, Kelley Jones, Gloria Lanehart, Paula Patton, Paula Sar- tin, Missy Voltz, Resident Assistants. L 212 Organizations Wilber (Panhellenic) Hall TMlfc di\dm " " -"-- " "" ' \|\|M i n Carol Rogers, Head Resident; Amy Frederick, Cheryl Lee, Patti Lightfoot, Kathy Schwarzauer, Anne Stowers, Maria Straub, Resident Assistants. Organizations 213 214 Division /Academics :fc M^^r Q / \ ?%0T iti^r ^ % u> (ty ^ lift - <: 3 d c ni i <: s Division /Academics 215 College of Business Administration Joseph A. Greene, Jr., Dean The College of Business Administration at Southern trains students to fulfill the de- mands of entry-level positions in business, gov- ernment, and non-profit organizations. All stu- dents within the college pursue a liberal arts education for their first two years to learn to be flexible in their thinking and adaptable to change. After studying a variety of aspects of business, they specialize in the area of their choice, obtaining the background necessary to move into positions of greater managerial re- sponsibility. To keep up with current technological changes in business administration throughout the coun- try, the college is a member of the Southern Business Administration Association and the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business. The content of business courses and curriculum is altered as is necessary; all aca- demic programs are fully accredited by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business. Quality education at the master's level is pro- vided for those currently working in business, military personnel with a need for training in business administration, and college graduates who wish to prepare themselves for further gra- duate work or more responsible beginning posi- tions in business or government. The School of Professional Accountancy offers a five year program leading to a master's in pro- fessional accounting. Other divisions within the college are the Departments of Economics, Fi- nance and General Business, Management, and Marketing. 216 Business Administration COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AD k ^^1 ROOM 1 '' faff* * Ronnie Adcock, Mitch Simmons, Daniel Alexander, Melin- da Dana; Senators Business Administration 217 College of Education and Psychology James O. Schnur, Dean s ince its beginning as a teachers' college in 1910, then known as Mississippi Normal College, USM has been regarded as one of the best teachers' colleges in the South. The College of Education and Psychology strives to prepare its students to assume roles as imaginative and well-educated teachers in public schools, col- leges, and universitites. The college holds mem- bership in the American Association of Teacher Education; all undergraduate programs in teacher education are fully accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. Those who wish to apply their talents to non- teaching human service fields such as business education, industrial mechanics, psychology, and social and rehabilitation services receive equally excellent training to help them acquire jobs outside of the classroom. Through such programs as the Office of Student Teaching, the Psychology Center, the Reading Center, the Institute for Educational Leader- ship, the Center for Community Education, the Counseling Psychology Laboratory, the Chil- dren's Laboratory of Learning, and the Applied Gerontology Educational Services, clinical and professional services are provided to the public schools of Mississippi and to the University while educational and psychological research is pro- moted. The college is made up of the Departments of Business Education, Counseling Psychology and Counselor Education, Curriculum and Instruc- tion, Industrial and Vocational Education, Psy- chology, and Special Education. 218 Ed-Psych ;£JgQr Shannon Beecham, Angie Gilder, Charlotte Poole. Tom Lancaster: Senators Ed-Psych 219 College of Fine Arts John E. Green, Dean Characterized by superior faculty and facili- ties, USM's College of Fine Arts is one of the most highly respected programs in the South. The college seeks to prepare its students for professional or teaching careers in the areas of art, music, dance, and theatre. Music majors are given the opportunity to per- form in orchestra, chorus, and band, and have access to a professional recording studio and a comprehensive music library. They are trained for careers as conductors, composers, musi- cians, and singers. The emphasis within the art department is upon practical training in fine art and graphic commu- nications. Exhibitions on tour and student exhibi- tions are arranged and presented by the faculty and student committees. Theatre and dance is the only program in the state offered in a fine arts college. The program provides for extensive experience in all aspects of production while at the same time offering exposure to visiting professional artists. The college aims to give students in all depart- ments the chance to participate in artistic activi- ties and develop an awareness of cultural values through an Allied Arts class that fulfills the Uni- versity core requirements for fine arts. This course is designed to introduce the arts in an integrated manner and is taught by teams of instructors drawn from each college. The College of Fine Arts consists of the Depart- ments of Art, Music, and Theatre and Dance. 220 Fine Arts Fine Arts 221 School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation The School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation at USM trains students to assume athletic administration and coaching du- ties within an academic environment, while pro- viding the opportunity to specialize for certifica- tion in the areas of aquatics, athletic training, minor sports, and officiating competitive sports. The school additionally instructs students in the less traditional areas of community health edu- cation, school health education, safety and driv- er's education, first aid instruction, corrective therapy certification, recreation planning and resource management, therapeutic recreation, and leisure studies. HPER offers a professional degree for students who desire careers in non-teaching areas. The school is responsible for the coordination of the required physical education activity program, intramural recreation sports, extramural sports clubs, and the recreational equipment loan ser- vice. HPER is divided into the five Departments of Athletic Administration and Coaching, Health and Safety Education, Physical Education, Re- creation, and Intramural Recreational Sports. 222 HPER Cindy Crane, Senator HPER 223 School of Home Economics Allene G. Vaden, Dean Acknowledging the expansion within the fiel for men as well as women, Southern' School of Home Economics features a currici lum planned to place a major emphasis upo careers and improving family life. Students ar encouraged to develop creative abilities as we as professional ideals related to the environmer of the individual, family, and community. The excellence of the practical training of th school is nationally recognized, with the undei graduate degree in dietetics receiving accredit tion from the American Dietetic Associatior eliminating the need for a year of institution internship. Hands-on experience in hotel an restaurant administration involves a widesprea co-op program and the operation of the Cha: coal Room, a modern cooking laboratory locate in the University Commons. The Charcoal Roor serves as an experience and training center ur der the guidance of institutional managemer faculty and turns out high quality food for facu ty and staff members, graduate students, co leagues, guests, and families. The school also oversees the operation of th University Nursery School, which provides a environment for observation of the developmer and relationships of young children while allow ing students to participate in the direction c various nursery school activities, and the Infar Development Center. The School of Home Economics is organized int the Departments of Environmental Desigr Home Economics Education and Family Lif Studies, and Institution Administration. I 224 Home Economics J & :■ ^ ! A \ 5 ^. ^ygw^ u^sfL ^ason. va^\ Home Economics 225 Afdm H 1 1 i i pMi: 1 ^p l^^ w? w College of Liberal Arts G. Terry Harper, Dean A liberal arts education has traditionally been viewed as a superior one, providing a broad cultural and educational experience that leads students to pursue self-education as the reward- ing enterprise of a lifetime. USM's College of Liberal Arts is no exception to this definition, developing a program that prepares students to serve both society and their own self-interests productively and responsibly. Liberal arts graduates value highly the ability to think logi- cally, communicate effectively, and judge wise- ly, qualities which are developed through the college. Almost all majors within the college are interdis- ciplinary in nature, involving the interaction of many departments. Divisions within liberal arts are involved in research and are funded by both public and private agencies, with such grants making jobs available for students in their indi- vidual fields. The division of communication was recently des- ignated as a Center of Excellence after being assigned the leadership role in the state. The new title of the division is the School of Commu- nication. The college is divided into the Departments of Communication (Division), Criminal Justice, English, Foreign Language, Geography and Area Development, History, Journalism, Philos- ophy and Religion, Political Science, Radio, Television, and Film, Sociology and Anthropolo- gy, Speech and Hearing Science, and Speech Communications. 226 Liberal Arts $$M & jt m : nJ c,«^l : " ^^ P^ir ^ . Leslie Ridlehoover, Billy Newman, Summer Posey, Colette Towles, Elizabeth Hanshaw; Senators Liberal Arts 227 School of Library Service Southern's School of Library Service was es- tablished in 1976 as a professional school; prior to this, the academic program in librarian- ship was under the College of Education and Psychology. The school offers a truly compre- hensive program for those who plan to become professional librarians in public, school, aca- demic, or special libraries. The curriculum is planned to prepare future librarians to organize, develop, facilitate, and evaluate numerous types of print and non-print resources, including filmstrips, maps, audiovi- sual, and computerized equipment. Practical experience in library work is fostered through conferences, field trips, and use of USM library facilities. Students are encouraged to specialize in any major before beginning their library train- ing, since library service is basically and realisti- cally a combination field. The school offers teaching and non-teaching de- grees on both the bachelor's and master's levels. The graduate program in library science is ac- credited by the American Library Association. The school is an institutional member of the American Library Association, the Association of American Library Schools, the Mississippi Li- brary Association, and the Southeastern Library Association. Students in the library profession strive to devel- op an appreciation for the changing role of the library in society, relating library services to the larger social and cultural needs of contemporary society. 228 Library Service Tammy Smith, Senator Library Service 229 School of Nursing Jerri D. Laube Morgan, Dean ' I ' he nationally accredited School of Nursing * at USM is hailed as one of the best training programs in the South. In the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education programs at Southern, students are prepared to fulfill a great range of job opportunities as health experts. Through the use of the Skills Laboratory, stu- dents are taught practical nursing procedures. At the Learning Center facilities, students can videotape themselves and their peers at work. By studying pre-recorded lectures and demon- strations, students are able to gain an in-depth understanding of the field of nursing outside the classroom. Graduates receiving a bachelor's in nursing are eligible to take the State Board of Nursing Ex- amination to become registered nurses. These graduates are qualified for the general practice of professional nursing in hospitals, community health agencies, and other health care agencies where nursing care is provided. Specialization in nursing occurs at the graduate level. The School of Nursing offers master's in nursing, community health nursing, and nursing service administration. Role options are avail- able in teaching, administration, or clinical spe- cialization. The continuing education program provides the educational opportunities for registered nurses to maintain and augment nursing knowledge and skill competencies beyond initial prepara- tion. 230 Nursing ! Nursing 231 College of Science and Technology G. David Huffman, Dean Phenomenal growth within USM's College of Science and Technology, paired with excel- lence in teaching, research, and service, make the college one of the very strongest at the Uni- versity. A young, well-educated faculty, thor- oughly modern facilities, and a curriculum that combines traditional and innovative programs in science, technology, and mathematics are re- sponsible for the superiority of the college. The college features learning labs, which spe- cialize in individual instruction, co-op programs, and student assisted research programs. The technological programs within the college are designed to give students a working knowl- edge of industrial application and an under- standing of basic supervisory skills. All students enrolled in the college are provided with training in all of the classical areas of science, several contemporary multidisciplinary areas, and ca- reer-oriented technology degree programs. The college consists of the five Institutes of Envi- ronmental Science, Genetics, Microbiology and Related Sciences, Surface Coatings, and the Mississippi Polymer Institute, and the twelve De- partments of Biology, Chemistry, Computer Sci- ence and Statistics, Construction and Architec- tural Technology, Geology, Industrial Technology, Mathematics, Medical Technology, Microbiology, Physics and Astronomy, Polymer Science, and Science Education. Additional pro- grams are offered in a variety of pre-profession- al curriculums. 232 Sci-Tech Sci-Tech 233 Honors College Wallace G. Kay, Dean The former Honors Center at Southern was expanded and reorganized in 1976 to be- come one of 14 full-fledged Honors Colleges in the nation. The self-defined aim of the Honors College is to identify, encourage, and reward academic ex- cellence in all fields, and to serve students with widely varying academic interests, awarding de- grees cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. Membership in the college is granted by the University Honors Council on the basis of high school or junior college grades, a minimum ACT score of 28, personal recommendations, inter- views, and an extemporaneous essay. Honors College students may choose any major field of study offered by the University, replac- ing regular core curriculum with the honors core. Core requirements for honors include 12 hours of a foreign language, three laboratory sciences, computer science, and higher level mathematics. Traditional history courses are re- placed with a four-year enrollment in Honors Colloquium, which combines the study of histo- ry, philosophy, and literature. All students graduating from the college are required to com- plete senior projects and take comprehensive exams in their major field. The college sponsors the University Forum, which consists of a lecture series by nationally recognized speakers, outstanding films, panels, and other enrichment programs. Each honors class elects a representative to the Honors Council, which also has faculty repre- sentation from all schools and colleges of the University. The council establishes policy for the Honors College. 234 Honors College Kris Smith. Junior/Senior Representative; Carlin Wolfe. Vice President; Todd Courtney. President; Denny Atkin. Sophomore Representative; Deedee Blanton. Junior/Sen- ior Representative: David Tims, Faculty Representative; Claude Garmon. Freshman Representative Honors College 235 School of Social Work Southern's School of Social Work exists on the graduate level, offering the only mas- ter's degree of social work within the state of Mississippi. The school prepares students for service to individuals, families, groups, and com- munities. USM offers three separate degree programs in the Department of Social Work on the regular, accelerated, and part-time levels. The core cur- riculum emphasizes a body of knowledge and practice skills that prepare students for a vari- ety of service delivery settings on the behalf of individuals, groups, families, and communities. Advanced foundation and elective courses sup- ply students with the appropriate knowledge and intervention skills to practice in areas of mental health, mental retardation, family and children's services, services to older persons, and health and social welfare policy and admin- istration. Students spend a good deal of their time work- ing in social agencies because the curriculum is competency-based and practice oriented. The human services agencies throughout the state of Mississippi are potential employers of those stu- dents who successfully complete the MSW de- gree program. The school meets the educational requirements of the Council on Social Work Education and has a fully accredited program. Shirley J. Jones, Dean ■pr m% 236 Social Work ■V - HH IHHI ■mni^Bi^i^Hia aMMHanBa 1Ka ^ HBH H HH1 ^\|^^ B \| B { aK 1 i ■ M * ? fe££ H 9 ^ v 4 ^ ! / / i ^3 r Lyn Horn. Senator Social Work 237 '/■58 Division/People Division /People 239 enth year celebration ! A Southerner staff copy writer hailed him as a "perfect fit" when Dr. Aubrey K. Lucas took on the presidency of USM on July 1, 1975. Stating that he would accept the job "not for the money or the prestige, but for the challenge," Lucas came to Southern after four years as president of Delta State University. Describing himself as a "peren- nial freshman" who "gets out and does things that students enjoy," Lucas called his new position a "fantastic honor." He is now celebrating the tenth year anniver- sary of his return to USM. In an early Febru- ary interview to mark this tenth year, Dr. Lucas discussed his past and present as president and looked to the future for USM. What made you decide to take on the job as President of USM? Oh my goodness — I doubt that I know! It's difficult to remember everything that runs through your head, but . . . first of all, I was asked by the Board of Trustees. I asked some friends here to determine if there was an interest in my coming back. I didn't want to come back if faculty and students didn't want me, but my preliminary indication was that they did. I was asked, and I think that I was wanted, and I do enjoy it. I realize that this institution has potential and eveyone wants to be affili- ated with an institution that does have poten- tial. What were your goals when you took the job? I've had an overriding goal that I've talked about a good bit, and I suspect that people are tired of hearing it, but I think it's impor- tant . . . that goal is to bring a new measure of distinction to this institution. I was convinced when I came here that to achieve that distinc- tion, it was important for us to nuture a facul- ty that would help to establish the institu- tion's reputation beyond the boundaries of the state, certainly into the southeast region and into the nation. We have done that. I knew it was also important to recruit a stu- dent body that could take advantage of that kind of a faculty, and we have been able to do that as well. How do you feel about the loss of lead- ership roles in journalism and comput- er science? Well, we've only had leadership roles for three years; there used to be no such thing. We tend to focus on the leadership roles we lost, but we really should focus in on the ones we have, because we have so many very important leadership roles. We regretted im- mensely losing those two, but we do seem to misunderstand what that meant. We did not lose those programs; we still have those pro- grams, and they are even better now than they were when we were assigned the leader- ship roles in them several years ago. It hurt our pride, but it cannot hurt the programs. How had football changed in the past ten years? We've always had good football. For the past ten years, our football team has enjoyed greater attention, with our going to two major bowls and being a ranking team one of those years. On the negative side, we have regret- ted the problems we have had with NCAA infractions. That has given us a lot of public- ity, but not necessarily the kind we want! However, it has given us the opportunity to demonstrate that the university intends to abide by NCAA policy. Our following is more national now. When you turn on pro football, you see so many of our alums doing such wonderful work. What is your biggest regret and biggest success over these last ten years? I guess my biggest regret is that we have not been able to fund our faculty and our staff to the extent that they need. We have great ambition of things we want to do, but we just don't have the money to do it with. I think my greatest joy or satisfaction would relate to the quality that has come to the institution, the quality in terms of the stu- dents, faculty, staff, and the programs. This institution is emerging; it is becoming. It isn't yet where it wants to be. This institution has a vision of what it wants to be, and that vision has to do with being better. Marcie Davis Dr. Aubrey K. Lucas dr. aubrey k. lucas liT . '■..• - 7 Dr. Aubrey K. Lucas 241 Student Body Maid Joannie Green Escort David Kendrick Graduate Maid Cheryl Loper Escort Kent McPhail Senior Maid Missy Ezelle Escort Bob Snell omecoming court 1984 H attiesburg native Angela Fokakis pre- sided as queen over Southern's 1984 Homecoming Court. Angela is a senior major- ing in elementary education and holds mem- bership in Alpha Lambda Delta, Phi Eta Sig- ma, Lambda Sigma, Gamma Beta Phi, and Pi Tau Chi honoraries. In her freshman year, she was chosen as Homecoming Court fresh- man maid, a Top Ten Beauty, and Most Out- standing Freshman Woman. She has been involved in spirit-promoting activities in her years at USM, serving as a football and bas- ketball cheerleader, a Dixie Darling, and a member of the Fellowship of Christian Ath- letes. Angela is chaplain of Sigma Alpha Ep- silon's little sisters and is Delta Delta Delta sorority's rush chairman. She is a member of the Student Alumni Association and SNEA Teacher's Organization and can be found on the National Dean's List. Junior Maid Louise Porter Escort Dale Shearer Sophomore Maid Nan Sumrall Escort Tommy Garriga Freshman Maid Mary Alice Jordan Escort James Aguilar . n a / I ■ .'T^«PWk^..:^ ML \ '■•'' ' ^ '". ■fife * "" ■ ;■* I t * I * * «^ ff^^^^fe' 3 „J-> ■ ' • »• >» 1 g9 , t - • '■'' ' ?< 3( It - alan lucas I alesia phillips and miss GSM I'Sfc ^§lfj M^ kJp aHPlB ^1 ^htvy Wm &S£ ^^V,* *J^H ■1 -^~zfJM ppp- jp- ■ ^^r \ Hli% jfcn^^B V 'VvHfe; /M V. j l ^\| 1 M HI ^JH^j^jSaSVi ^^ - ! W ■"** / Ian Lucas of Hattiesburg is a senior ma- , joring in biology and planning to attend dental school. Now serving as president of Sigma Chi, he is a Delta Delta Delta big brother and holds membership in Alpha Epsi- lon Delta, Omicron Delta Kappa, Interfrater- nity Council Judicial Board, and the Student Alumni Association. Chosen as the Most Out- standing Southern Style Member, Alan is a Dean's List scholar and is listed in Who's Who Among American Colleges and Universities. In his four years at USM, Alan has been presi- dent and junior advisor for Lambda Sigma, Pi Tau Chi vice president, and secretary for Rotoract. peech communications major Alesia Phillips is a senior from Hattiesburg with intentions of working in public relations. Ac- tively involved with Chi Omega, Alesia has been a Panhellenic delegate, model pledge, and a Chi-O-Tee singer. She is president of the little sisters and sweetheart for Sigma Chi. Alesia holds officers' positions in many campus honoraries and is a member of the Associated Student Body Supreme Court and Spirit Committee. Named as an Out- standing Freshman Woman her first year on campus, Alesia is a President's List Scholar and is listed in Who's Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. Mr. and Miss USM 245 ith "peanut" buckley Beauties 247 nna ginn beauty Beauties 249 BHpHMHB\| ^fcjte,- beauty ^ V '/// f / €^ obinso ? * } y beauty anet vega Beauties 253 / / ynthia Williams beauty Beauties 255 reek god and goddess 256 Greek God and Goddess clarke baratti dara moore Sigma Nu's Clarke Baratti and Pi Beta Phi's Dara Moore Greek life at Southern is celebrated each year with Greek Week, a time set aside in late April for dances, swaps, jersey days, and a Greek parade. The festivities culmi- nate in the Greek Games competition, a not- quite-Olympian athletic event that includes relay races, piggyback runs, swim-across, and tug-of-wars. Fraternities and sororities are paired off at random by drawing names and battle it out as a team for the winning positions. Having selected their most deserving mem- bers, the fraternity and sorority that win the overall Greek Games competition also take the honor of having the University Greek God and Goddess for the year. Sigma Nu fraterni- ty and Pi Beta Phi sorority garnered top hon- ors for the second consecutive year and named Clarke Baratti and Dara Moore as Greek God and Goddess for 1984. Mobile resident Dara Moore is a senior major ing in paralegal studies. She is a member of the Society for Paralegal Services, social chairman of Pi Beta Phi, and has been active- ly involved with intramurals in her four years at USM. Clarke Baratti is a senior from Sarasota ma- joring in marketing. He is an alumni contact for Sigma Nu fraternity and is a delegate and rush chairman for the Interfraternity Council. A member of the American Marketing Asso- cation, Clarke has served as AMA treasurer and delegate to the national AMA conven- tion. ABrAEZH0IKAMNHOnP2TT4>X^12 Greek God and Goddess 257 all of Fame/ Best Citizen Stephen J. Carmody Newman Club; Fellowship of Christian Athletes; Alpha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma; Omicron Delta Kappa; Gamma Beta Phi; Beta Gamma Sigma; Beta Alpha Psi; Outstanding Freshman Male; ROTC Outstanding Freshman Cadet, Three-Quarters Award, American Legion Leadership Award; Who's Who; Varsity Football Team, Outstand- ing Special Team Player, Outstanding Offensive Player, Game Captain; NCAA Graduate Studies Scholarship; Kappa Sigma Scholarship Award; Dean's List. David A.G. Kendrick Associated Student Body Vice President, Outstanding Senator, Cabinet, Forum Repre- sentative, Alumni Relations Officer, Senate Parking Committee Chairman; Honors College; Pre-Law Soci- ety; Gamma Beta Phi; Alpha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma; Omicron Delta Kappa; USM Campus Planning Committee; Outstanding Freshman Male; University Scholar; Who's Who; Order of Omega; Alpha Tau Omega Treasurer, Alumni Relations Chair- man, Scholarship Award; President's List; Dean's List. Tammy J. Hammond Pride of Mississippi; Residence Hall Association Treasurer; Head Resident; Resident Assistant; Roberts Hall Vice President; Special Olym- pics; Alpha Lambda Delta Outstanding Member; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma Service Chairman, Most Out- standing Member; Phi Kappa Phi; Phi Delta Rho; Beta Alpha Psi Outstanding Member; Phi Chi Theta Out- standing Senior Business Woman; Who's Who; School of Accounting Faculty Award for Scholastic Achievement; Harrison County Alumni Scholarship; Frederick Kena- mond and Acounting Faculty Scholarship; Delta Delta Delta Service Scholarship; President's List; Dean's List. Michelle L. Nichols Associated Student Body Cabi- net, Director of Governmental Relations and University Relations, Public Relations Committee; Resident Assis- tant; USM Modeling Squad; Fashion Plus; Southern Toastmasters; Afro American Cultural Society; Student Alumni Association; Golden Key Society Charter Mem- ber, Secretary; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa; Alpha Epsilon Delta; Beta Beta Beta; Student Body Homecoming Maid; Who's Who; Miss Southern Pageant Director's Award; Order of Omega; Panhellenic Out- standing Greek Active; Greek Woman of the Month; Alpha Kappa Alpha President, Vice President; Dean's List; National Dean's List. 258 Hall of Fame/Best Citizen Donna L. Huch Honors Student Association; Honors College; Gamma Beta Phi Charter Member; Alpha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi; Omicron Delta Kappa; Golden Key Society; Pi Delta Phi Vice President, Secretary/Treasurer; Kappa Mu Epsilon; Who's Who; University Scholar; Directory of Distin- guished Americans; Young Personalities of America; Young Community Leaders of America; Outstanding French Student; Delta Zeta President; Order of Omega Charter Member; President's List; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Alice F. Hultz Association of Computing Machinery; Head Resident; Resident Assistant; Wesley Foundation; Campus Crusade for Christ; ROTC Brigade Command- er, Scholarship Winner, Three-Quarters, Recondo Badge, Distinguished Military Graduate, Class Council Scabbard and Blade Model Pledge; Gamma Beta Phi Alpha Lambda Delta; Lambda Sigma; Phi Delta Rho Omicron Delta Kappa; Pi Tau Chi; Upsilon Pi Epsilon Who's Who; Delta Delta Delta Service Scholarship; Pi Beta Phi Model Senior, Pledge Class Vice President; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Billy G. Hewes, Best Citizen Southern Style Presi- dent, Vice President, Most Outstanding Mini Quarter Facilitator; Campus Crusade for Christ; Pride of Missis- sippi; Associated Student Body Election Committee, Greek Life Committee; University Activities Council Of- ficer Review Board; Phi Beta Lambda; Who's Who; ROTC Daughters of American Founders and Patriots Award; University Fraternity/Sorority Committee; In- terfraternity Council President, Secretary; Phi Kappa Tau Gold Star Award, Secretary, Social. Chairman; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Jacqueline B. Thompson Golden Girls Secretary; Fel- lowship of Christian Athletes; Pom Pom Girl; Student Nurses Association of Southern Mississippi; Residence Hall Council; Alpha Lambda Delta Vice President; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma Most Outstanding Member; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa; Sigma Theta Tau; Rho Lambda; Who's Who; Outstanding Young Women of America; Top Ten Beauty; Chi Omega Vice Presi- dent, Outstanding Member; Sigma Chi Sweetheart; Na- tional Pike Calendar Girl; President's List; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Angela C. Welker Associated Student Body Public Relations Committee; Student Printz Executive Edi- tor, Copy Editor; Communications Journal Editor; Honors College; Gamma Beta Phi; Phi Kappa Phi; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa President; Pi Tau Chi; Sigma Delta Chi; Presidential Scholar; Who's Who; Ex- cellence in Editing Award; Outstanding News-Editorial Student; Mississippi Press Association Convention Stu- dent Delegate; Chi Omega Vice President, Pledge Train- er, Pledge Class Scholarship Award; Panhellenic Junior Scholarship Award; Sigma Chi Little Sisters Treasurer; President's List; Dean's List. Melissa A. Ezelle. Best Citizen Dixie Darling Cap- tain; Football Cheerleader; Basketball Cheerleader; Fel- lowship of Christian Athletes; Miss Southern Pageant Choreographer; Omicron Delta Kappa; Chi Tau Epsilon; Who's Who; Outstanding Freshman Woman; Chi Omega Rush Chairman, Songfest Coordinator; Phi Kappa Tau Little Sister; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Hall of Fame/Best Citizen 259 ho's Among Students In American Colleges and Universities Patricia A. Borosky University Activities Council Scholarship, Non-Music Chairman, Officer and Member- ship Review Boards; National Association of Campus Activities Delegate; Jones Hall Secretary, Floor Repre- sentative; Southern Playhouse Repertory Theatre; Al- pha Psi Omega Activities Chairman; Rho Gamma; Best Supporting Actress; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Judy A. Browning Army ROTC Cadet/Lieutenant Colonel, Battalion Commander; Scabbard and Blade Pledge Trainer, Secretary; Beta Gamma Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi; Omicron Delta Kappa; Outstanding Senior Woman, College of Business Administration; American Legion Award for Academic Excellence; Superior Cadet Award; Distinguished Military Student; President's List. Christopher K. Carter Associated Student Body Ex- ecutive Assistant to the President, Senator; Southern Style; Student Alumni Association Treasurer; Interna- tional Food Service Executives Association; Institution Administration Club; Rotoract Club Vice President; Al- pha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma; Omi- cron Delta Kappa; Outstanding Freshman Male; Statler Foundation Scholarship; Lanelle Gaddis Long Home Economics Scholarship; Outstanding Young Men of America; Kappa Sigma President; Kappa Delta Big Brother; Dean's List. Mai la •;: : 260 Who's Who Who Rachel E. Benefield Associated Student Body Su- preme Court, Spirit Committee; Wesley Foundation Vice President; Gamma Beta Phi Social Chairman; Phi Delta Rho Secretary; Pi Tau Chi President, Treasurer; Resident Assistant; Pi Beta Phi Chaplain, Vice President of Pledge Class, Standards Committee; Kappa Alpha Little Sister; President's List; Dean's List. Maria T. Colbet Union Board President, Outstanding Leadership Award; Association of College Unions, Inter- national Regional Chairperson, State Representative; Beta Alpha Psi Vice President of Initiates. National Stu- dent Seminar Delegate; Pi Tau Chi; Head Resident; Resident Assistant; Residence Hall Floor Representa- tive. Cindy G. Crane University Activities Council; USM Recreation Club Treasurer; Intramural Advisory Board Co-Chairman, Secretary; Southerner Staff; Associated Student Body Senator, Rho Gamma; Intramural Recrea- tional Sports Scholarship; Who's Who Among Women; Pi Beta Phi Outstanding Athlete, Junior Panhellenic Del- egate, Intramural, Fraternity Heritage, Philanthropies, Anchor Splash Chairman; Sigma Nu Little Sister. D. Desiree Davion USM Modeling Squad; Pi Tau Chi; Kappa Omicron Phi President, Programs and Speaker Organizer; Phi Theta Kappa; America's Outstanding Names and Faces; Top Ten Beauty; Chi Omega Pledge Class Vice President, Assistant Secretary, Homecoming Committee, Songfest Wardrobe Chairman; Kappa Al- pha Little Sister; Dean's List, National Dean's List. Who's Who 261 ho's Who Leslie M. Driskell Student Alumni Association Presi- dent, Vice President; Speech Communication Associ- ation Secretary/Treasurer; Associated Student Body Public Relations, Greek Life, Spirit Committees; Cam- pus Crusade for Christ; Young Republicans; Alpha Lambda Delta; Lambda Sigma Vice President; Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa; Ivah O Wilber Scholarship; Pulley-Pulley-Gough Scholar- ship; Chi Omega President, Corresponding Secretary, Model Initiate; Order of Omega; President's List; Na- tional Dean's List. Catherine A. Egley Angel Flight Pledge Treasurer Alpha Lambda Delta; Lambda Sigma; Phi Delta Rho Omicron Delta Kappa; Rho Lambda Vice President Outstanding Young Women of America; Ivah O Wilber Panhellenic Scholarship; Delta Gamma National Senior Scholarship; Order of Omega; Delta Gamma President, Panhellenic Delegate; Panhellenic Council President, Vice President; Dean's List. Amy R. Fredrick Baptist Student Union Social Chair- man; Gamma Beta Phi Historian, Charter Member; Phi Delta Rho; Pi Delta Phi President, Vice President, Pi Tau Chi; Upsilon Pi Epsilon Vice President, Charter Member; Honors College; University Scholar; Resident Assistant; Delta Zeta Panhellenic Delegate, Treasurer; Order of Omega; President's List, Dean's List; National Dean's List. Jim Hit ('■■ Gary L. Harrelson USM Student Sports Medicine As- sociation President; Gamma Beta Phi; Golden Key Soci- ety; Kappa Delta Phi; National Athletic Trainers Associ- ation Chuck Cramer, Undergraduate, Postgraduate, District Nine Memorial Scholarships; Distinguished Leadership Award, Department of Athletic Administra- tion and Coaching; President's List, Dean's List; Nation- al Dean's List. Ronald A. Herrington, Jr. Air Force ROTC Flight Commander, Officer in Charge, Protocol Officer, Pilot Candidate; Epcot All-American College Band Member; Olympic All-American College Marching Band; Sym- phonic Wind Ensemble First Chair; Jazz Lab Band; Pride of Mississippi Soloist, Drill Master, Freshman Band Council Representative; Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Pledge Class Vice President; Lambda Sigma; Raymond Manoni Music Scholarship; Roy Martin Music Scholarship; Air Force Award of Special Achievement; Veteran of For- eign Wars Award; Kappa Alpha. Rhonda K. Holifield Honors Student Association; L'Esprit de Corps; Honors College; Student Printz Executive Editor, Copy Editor; Arete Editor; Honors College News Editor; Gamma Beta Phi; Alpha Lamb- da Delta; Golden Key Society; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa; Sigma Delta Chi President; Outstanding Journalism Student; University Scholar; Chevron, Mis- sissippi Press Women; Jones County Alumni, Laurel Kiwanis, Valedictorian Scholarships; President's List; Dean's List. 262 Who's Who Jim K. Griffith, Jr. Associated Student Body Off-Cam- pus Affairs Committee; Association of Computing Ma- chinery Vice President, Speaker Committee Chairman, Publicity Committee; Pride of Mississippi Tailgate Band, Clarinet Choir, Drill Master, Senior Representative; Col- lege Republicans; Alpha Lambda Delta; Omicron Delta Kappa; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Elizabeth A. Hanshaw Residence Hall Council; Pre- Law Society; Society for Paralegal Studies; Associated Student Body Senator, Spirit Committee; USM Senior Board; British Studies Program; Alpha Kappa Alpha Vice President, Panhellenic Delegate, Recording Secre- tary, Soror of the Month; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Brian L. Hardison Outdoor Adventure Education Su- pervisor; Mississippi Recreation and Parks Association; Gamma Theta Upsilon; USM Equestrian Center Dedi- cated Service Award; President's List; Dean's List; Na- tional Dean's List. William L. Holmes III Southern Style; Beta Gamma Sigma; Associated Student Body Assistant Director of Student Services, Assistant Dean of Student Selection Committee; Omicron Delta Epsilon; Phi Beta Lambda; Pi Tau Chi; Interfraternity Council Rush Chairman; Sig- ma Chi Model Active, Pledge Class President, Pledge Trainer; Kappa Delta Big Brother; Dean's List. Jeffery W. Johnson Southern Style Public Relations Chairperson; Union Board Vice President; Association of College Unions International State Chairperson; Student Alumni Association; Baptist Student Union; Resident As- sistant; Phi Beta Lambda State President; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Pamela R. Johnson Associated Student Body Sena- tor, Governmental Relations Committee, Election Com- mission; Mississippi Youth Congress State Secretary, Sergeant at Arms; Southerner Staff; Honors College; Student Alumni Association; WMSU-AM Student Broad- caster; Baseball Team Bat Girl; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa; Kappa Mu Epsilon; Rho Gamma Secre- tary; Psi Chi; Delta Delta Delta Secretary, Activities Chairman; Greek Rush Book Editor; Dean's List; Nation- al Dean's List. Who's Who 263 ho's Who Lawrence M. Joiner Union Board President, Most Outstanding Member; Student Judicial Council; Gamma Beta Phi; Phi Beta Lambda; Head Resident; Resident Assistant. Kelley R. Jones Golden Girls Girls; Gold Tenders; Resi- dent Assistant; Gamma Beta Phi; Lambda Sigma; Delta Sigma Theta Treasurer, Keeper of Property; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Kathy L. King Dixie Darlings; Fashion Plus; Modeling Squad; Gold Tenders; Student Nursing Association; As- sociated Student Body Senator, Ways and Means Com- mittee, Appointments and Budgets, Homecoming Chair- man, Spirit Committee; Phi Mu Model Pledge, Most Active Active, Pledge Class Secretary, Campus Activi- ties Chairman, Rush Chairman; Sigma Chi Little Sister. Wil ■"': Prid Tea Alan D. Lucas Southern Style, Most Outstanding Mem- ber, University Self Study Program; Student Alumni As- sociation; Rotoract Community Service Chairman, Sec- retary; Lambda Sigma President, Junior Advisor; Pi Tau Chi Vice President; Alpha Epsilon Delta; Mr. USM; Sig- ma Chi President, Vice President, Pledge Class Treasur- er, Rush Chairman; Delta Delta Delta Big Brother; Or- der of Omega; Interfraternity Council judicial Board. Kimberly McGuffee Golden Girls; Student Alumni As- sociation; Associated Student Body Public Relations Committee, Spirit Committee; Speech Communication Association Vice President; Campus Crusade for Christ; Fellowship of Christian Athletes; Pi Tau Chi; National Pike Calendar Girl; Top Ten Beauty; Sophomore Home- coming Maid; Chi Omega; Kappa Sigma Stardusters Chaplain; Dean's List. Kent D. McPhail Associated Student Body Senator, Attorney General; Pride of Mississippi; Governor's Collo- quium Student Reporter; Omicron Delta Kappa; Home- coming Court Escort; Kappa Alpha; Dean's List. 264 Who's Who Willie C. Lawrence, Jr. Associated Student Body Spirit Director; Association of Computing Machinery; Pride of Mississippi; Cheerleader, Mike Man; Rugby Team Coach; Kappa Kappa Psi Vice President, Activi- ties Director, Pledge Trainer; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Donna L.B. Lindigrin Honors College; Campus Cru- sade for Christ; Association of Computing Machinery Treasurer; Supreme Court Student Justice; Honors Stu- dent Association Faculty Representative; Gamma Beta Phi Reporter; Phi Eta Sigma; Lambda Sigma Treasurer; Phi Kappa Phi; Omicron Delta Kappa; Kappa Mu Epsi- lon; Upsilon Pi Epsilon; Presidential Scholar; Outstand- ing Undergraduate General Chemistry Student; Presi- dent's List. Nina J. Lowery Golden Girls Vice President; Student Alumni Association; Honors College; Associated Stu- dent Body Director of Greek Life; Fellowship of Chris- tian Athletes; Campus Crusade for Christ; Gamma Beta Phi Service Chairman; Lambda Sigma; Phi Delta Rho; Omicron Delta Kappa Treasurer; Beta Alpha Psi Pledge Class President; Omicron Delta Epsilon; University Scholar; Outstanding Freshman Woman; Chi Omega Pledge Class Vice President; Dean's List. Kimberly A. McPhie Golden Girls; American Market- ing Association; Lambda Sigma; Rho Lambda President; Phi Delta Rho; Outstanding Freshman Woman; Ivah O. Wilber Panhellenic Scholarship; Pi Beta Phi President, Panhellenic Delegate; Panhellenic Council President, Vice President. Thomas O. Mann Associated Student Body Senator. Cabinet, Director of Executive Project Division; Bond Hall Intramural Director, Social Chairman; Gamma Beta Phi; Golden Key Society; Omicron Delta Kappa; Alpha Epsilon Delta; Upsilon Pi Epsilon; Pi Tau Chi; Wendell Ladner Athlete of the Year Award; John F. Nau Scholar- ship; Phi Kappa Tau Academic Director; President's List, Dean's List; National Dean's List. Taffy S. Morrison Service of Adult Students Organiza- tion; American Cancer Society Representative; DREAM Youth Council Representative; Phi Theta Kappa; Phi Delta Rho; Phi Kappa Phi; Eta Sigma Gamma President; Hood Memorial Scholarship; Phi Theta Kappa Scholar- ship; Distinguished Leadership Award, Department of Health and Safety; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Who's Who 265 ho's Who Patrick E. Murphy Associated Student Body Election Commission; Honors College Junior/Senior Representa- tive; Honors Student Association President, Vice Chair- man; National Collegiate Honors Council Delegate; Var- sity Swim Team; USMagazine Illustrator; Omicron Del- ta Kappa; University Scholarship; Cottonpix Film Festi- val Award; Sigma Nu President, Recorder; Order of Omega; Dean's List. Joy A. Necaise Association of Computing Machinery; Alpha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi; Omicron Delta Kappa; Phi Beta Lambda Reporter, State Leadership Conference; Upsilon Pi Epsilon Presi- dent; Valedictorian Scholarship; American Legion Scholarship; Sigma Phi Epsilon Little Sisters Vice Presi- dent, Secretary/Treasurer; President's List; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Alesia A. Phillips Associated Student Body Supreme Court Justice, Spirit Committee; Golden Girls; Student Alumni Association; Campus Crusade for Christ; Fellow- ship of Christian Athletes; Southerner Staff; Speech Communications Association Treasurer; Lambda Sigma Senior Advisor, Secretary; Gamma Beta Phi; Phi Delta Rho; Rho Lambda; Outstanding Freshman Woman; Miss USM; Chi Omega; Chi-O-Tees; Sigma Chi Little Sister President, Sweetheart; President's List; Dean's List. Ion Mr Asso mini: ship; lenic ■"«"» I Stephen M. Sheppard Associated Student Body Presi- dent, Vice President, Director of Legal Services; Honors College; Pride of Mississippi Outstanding Bandsman; Concert Band; Jazz Lab Band; Board of Trustees Stu- dent Advisor; USM Political Action Committee Founding Member; Students for Reagan-Bush, State College and Universities Coordinator, Campus Chairman; College Republicans; Omicron Delta Kappa; Phi Mu Alpha Sin- fonia; Rho Gamma; Outstanding Young Men in America; Presidential Scholar; President's List; Dean's List. Stephen R. Simmons Associated Student Body Sena- tor, Election Commission, Supreme Court Chief Justice; Student Alumni Association; Southern Style; Rotoract; Special Olympics Volunteer; Kappa Sigma Intramural Chairman, Pledge Board, Leadership Conference Dele- gate; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Debra R. Slay Alpha Lambda Delta; Phi Eta Sigma; Wesley Foundation; Campus Crusade for Christ; Special Olympics Volunteer; Kappa Delta Treasurer, Sister- hood Committee Chairman. W.Pa 6 - ■ -' orsStu taKap taity List; D 266 Who's Who Toni E. Ponder American Home Economics Associ- ation; American Dietetic Association; Student Dietetic Association President, Vice President; Institution Ad- ministration Food Service Executive Committee Scholar- ship; Delta Gamma Outstanding Pledge, Junior Panhel- lenic Delegate; President's List; Dean's List. Helen Rentz Associated Student Body Senator; Angel Flight Operation Officer; Campus Crusade for Christ Bible Study Leader; USM Parks and Recreation Club President, Secretary/Treasurer; Pi Tau Chi; Phi Delta Rho; Recreation Department Outstanding Recreation Award; Chi Omega Outstanding Member Award, Per- sonnel Officer, Intramural Chaplain, Chi-O-Tees. M. Katherine Schwarzauer USM Youth Congress Delegate; Miss Southern Pageant Hostess; Resident As- sistant; Swim Team Timer; Gamma Beta Phi; Rho Lambda; Rho Gamma Social Chairman; Lambda Sigma; Omicron Delta Kappa; Ivah O. Wilber Scholarship; Del- ta Gamma Pledge President, Panhellenic Council Dele- gate, Greek Unity Week Chairperson; Panhellenic Dele- gate of the Month; Sigma Alpha Epsilon Little Sister; Dean's List. W. Patrick Story Honors College; Associated Student Body Supreme Court Chief Justice, Executive Project Director, Greek Life Committee, Election Commission, Student Organization Committee; Southern Style; Hon- ors Student Association; Phi Theta Kappa; Omicron Del- ta Kappa; USM Academic Excellence Award; interfra- ternity Council Academic Excellence Award; Pi Kappa Alpha Pledge Class President, Secretary; President's List; Dean's List. Amber J. Watson Associated Student Body Govern- mental Relations Board; Student Alumni Association Membership Chairman; Southern Style; Pom Pom Girl; Lambda Sigma Ritual Chairman; Phi Delta Rho; Out- standing Freshman Woman; Delta Delta Delta Model Pledge, Historian, Pledge Trainer, Standards Board, Scholarship Rush, and Nominating Committees; Kappa Alpha Little Sister; Dean's List. Kymberly K. Williams Associated Student Body Spir- it Committee; Art Alliance Executive Board Member; Campus Crusade for Christ; Residence Hall Council, Residence Hall Floor Representative, Homecoming Chairman, Bible Study Leader; Head Batgirl; Pi Tau Chi; USM Outstanding Achievement Award; Kappa Del- ta Model Pledge, Pledge Class President, Projects Chair- man, Scholarship Committee, House Committee, Alum- ni Relations; Phi Kappa Tau Little Sister; Dean's List; National Dean's List. Who's Who 267 TION ROBERT T. VAN ALLER Dean of the Graduate School REBECCA A. ASKEW Director of High School and Junior College Relations MINNIE R. AUSTIN Assistant to the Director of the University Union UGENE S. BARNES Assistant to the Vice President for Research and Extended Affairs SHIRLEY A. BATEMAN Director of Academic Affairs, English Langauge Institute IAS' ; S, BATEMAN Director of Communication Services MARSHALL L. BELL Head Track Coach •' ' DAVID J. BODENHAMER \ ssistant to the Vice President for Academic Affairs ■NVA K. BOSHEARS >an of the School of Library Service JRT1S E. tnager of P HARRY L, BROWN Director of Accounting Services JAMES E. CARMODY, JR Head Football Coach JAMES R. CARPENT l Director of the University Goll ( >ui w ROBERT H. CL, WALTER E. COOPER Dean of the School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Administration 269 Administration 271 .Ui ROBERT HERRINGTON, JR. Director of Personnel Services JOE E. HOLLOWAY Dean of USM at Gulf Park G. DAVID HUFFMAN Dean of the College of Science and hnology RT J. JAEGER :ant to the Vice President for Business and Finance \Y JAMES int to the Athletic Director for Women nen's Basketball Coach ALICE L. MAW Director of Internal Affairs, Center for International Education HOWARD MILLER Director of Public Safety DANNY W. MONTGOMERY Registrar JERRI D. LAUBE MORGAN Dean of the School of Nursing POWELL G. OGLETREE Director of Alumni Activities JOSEPH S. PAUL Dean of Student Development ROBERT B. PHILLIPS Manager of Photo Service CHARLES H. PROBST Dean of Student Services BARBARA L. ROSS Associate Dean of Student Development GENE D. SAUCIER Dean of Special Academic Services GUIL1A L. SAUCIER Acting Director of External Affairs, Center for International Education JAMES O. SCHNUR Dean of the College of Education and Psychology WILLIAM C. SCRUGGS, JR. Director of the Computing Center BILL W. SHAFER Director of University Counseling Center JAMES H. SIMS Vice President for Academic Affairs ministration 27 MINISTRATION Administration 277 Abadie Abadie, Gregory Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Abney, Teresa A Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Abou-seoud, Anas Damascus, Syria; Sr. Acappella, Skippy Academik Dismissal, CA; Sr. Acree, Frank M Clinton, MS; Jr. Adams, Brenda S Fulton, MS; Fr. Adams, J. Mark Biloxi, MS; Sr Adams, Jeffrey S Summit, MS; Jr. Adams, Marcus D Kosciusko, MS; Fr. Adcock, Melinda A Clinton, MS; Jr. Addy, Carol M Decatur, MS; Sr. Addy. Julie E Decatur, MS; Sr. Aguilar, James R San Jose, Costa Rica; Jr. Ahmad, Mahani Pahang, Malaysia; Jr. Aikens, Consuela Y Picayune, MS; Jr. Ainsworth, Cheryl K Brandon, MS; Sr. Ainsworth, L. Lynn Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Ainsworth, Winter M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Akins, Douglas L McComb, MS; Sr. Albritton, Mary K McComb, MS; Sr. Alderman, Stephen J Greenwood, MS; Sr. Al-bitar, Mohamad H Damascus, Syria; Sr. Aldridge, Donna A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Alexander, Jeff V Brandon, MS; Jr. Alexander, Lynn B Biloxi, MS; Sr. Alexander, Pollyanna Hollandale, MS; Fr. Algood, James A Philadelphia, MS; Jr. Ailegrezza, Lisa G Jackson, MS; Sr. Allen, Allen J Forest, MS; Jr. Allen, Bill H Heidelberg, MS; Sr. Allen, D. Grant Houston, TX; Jr. Allen, Gene S Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Allen, George G Bogue Chitto, MS; Jr. Allen, Irene Meridian, MS; Jr. Allen, Kimberla D Greenville, MS; Fr. Allen, Larry J Jackson, MS; Fr. Allen, Nancy M Gulfport, MS; Sr. Allen, Patty Gautier, MS; Fr. Allen, Rebecca L Gautier, MS; Sr. Allen, Sherrelyn D Jackson, MS; Sr. Aldridge, Sandra B Laurel, MS; Jr. Alsobrooks, Tammy M Picayune, MS; Sr. Alston, Brenda S Meridian, MS; Sr. Amason, Randall J Jackson, MS; Jr. Ambrose, Angel M Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Anderson, Brian K Hattiesburg, MS; So. Anderson, Dori A Jackson, MS; Jr. Anderson, Lisa M Chalmette, LA; So. Anderson, M. Jaye Lucedale, MS; Jr. Anderson, Maria D Purvis, MS; So. Anderson, Marsha J Huntsville, AL; So. Anderson, Tammy R Mobile, AL; So. Anderson, Tina M Purvis, MS; Fr. Anding, Robert D Columbia, MS; Fr. Andrews, Letha L Mobile, AL; So. Andrus, Donna M Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Andry, Lisa A Brandon, MS; So. Angel, Camilo A Medellin, Colombia; Jr. Annang, Augustus W Accra, Ghana; Jr. Arata, Missie E Bogalusa, LA; Fr. I 278 Mugshots Babington Arcnder, Theresa R Pearl, MS; Jr. Argus, Billy L New Orleans, LA; So. Armstrong, Angie D Jackson, MS; Fr. Armstrong, Lisa A Silver Creek, MS; Fr. Armstrong, Patricia R Silver Creek, MS; So. Arnold. Cecile A Hattiesburg, MS; So. Arnold, Kimberly D Natchez, MS; So. Arrington, James E Shubuta, MS; Fr. Arthur, Christopher E Picayune, MS; Fr. Ashley, Lacey L Brandon, MS; Jr. Ations, Dudley N Fullersville, KY; Sr. Atkin, Dennis L Brandon, MS; So. Atteberry, Mark A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Atwood, Tony M Clinton. MS; Sr. Aubin, Skeeter Alexandria, VA; So. Auger, Barbara C Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Austin, John R Hazelhurst. MS; Jr. Austin, John S Germantown, TN; So. Autry, Rebecca L Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Avera, Donald K Meridian, MS; Jr. Averette, Catherine E Bogalusa, LA; So. Babair. Julie A Windermere. FL; Jr. Babin. Dale A Gulfport. MS; Jr. Babington. Stuart C Slidell. LA; So. Mugshots 279 Back Back, Gimmy Dat Gulfport, MS; Jr. Back, Hunch M Vicksburg, MS; So. Back, Will B Mobile, AL; Jr. Badeaux, Tammy D Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Bagley, B. Shane Carrierc, MS; Jr. Bailey, Leah J Meridian, MS; Jr. Bailey, Sidney A Miami, FL; Jr. Bailey, Sandra G Magee, MS; Jr. Bailey, Victor Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Baker, Elmer J Brookhauen, MS; Gr. Baker, Pamela G Brandon, MS; Sr. Baldwin, B. Joy Laurel, MS; So. Balentine, Kevin R Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Balius, Dwaine P Biloxi, MS; Fr. Balius, Suzanne D Biloxi, MS; Sr. Ball. LaVonnia T Clarksdale, MS; Fr. Ballentine, Stalita J Batesville, MS; Fr. Bancroft, Courtney J Tarpon Springs, FL; So. Bancroft, Melanie D Tarpon Springs, FL; Sr. Banes, Jackie K Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. Banks, Jennie M Clinton, MS; Sr. Bankston, Ted E Jackson, MS; Sr. Bankston, Troy D Tylertown, MS; Jr. Barber, Melanie C Memphis, TN; So. Barber, Susan L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Barcellona, Becki C Jackson, MS; So. Bardwell, Carla R Moss Point, MS; So. Barefield, Michael C Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Barfield, John A San Antonio, TX; So. Barger, Dale R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Barger, Diane K Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Barham, Benjie D Meridian, MS; So. Baria, Barry A Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Baria, David W Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Barksdale. Julie G Sibley, MS; Sr. Barlow, Beth A Pearl, MS; Sr. 280 Mugshots Bell Barnes. Brenda N Collins, MS; Sr. Barnes. Cheryl I Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Barnes, Elcia A Collins, MS; Jr. Barnes. Elvia A Collins, MS; Jr. Barnes. Gloria J Prentiss, MS; Jr. Barnes. Jennette Collins, MS; Jr. Barnes, Loretta Prentiss, MS; Sr. Barnes. Melissa L Oakvale, MS; Fr. Barnes. Rosie L Collins, MS; Jr. Barnes. Sandie L Magee, MS; Fr. Barnes. Teresa L Collins, MS; So. Barnes. Willie N Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Baronich. Darla T Metarie, LA; Jr. Barr, Phyllis R McComb, MS; Jr. Barrett, Theresa L Magee, MS; Jr. Barrett, William J Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Bartels, Judith L Mobile, AL; Gr. Bartley, Kreg Brandon, MS; Sr. Bartley, Tamara Brandon, MS; Jr. Bartolomucci, Joseph M Springfield, 1L; Jr. Barton, Gary M Jackson, MS; Jr. Baskin, Johanna T Jackson, MS; Fr. Bass, Michael E Columbia, MS; Fr. Bass, Tamara L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Bass, William T Gulfport, MS; So. Bateman, Rodney M Franklington, LA; Sr. Baucum, Margaret A New Augusta, MS; Fr. Baucum, Rachel A Meridan, MS; Sr. Baxter, Anita C Lucedale, MS; So. Baxter. Kathy L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Bayles, Donna C Carson, MS; So. Beard, Kenneth T Jackson, MS; So. Beard. Michael D Picayune, MS; Sr. Beard. Molly D Jayess, MS; Jr. Beard, Myra E Vicksburg. MS; Jr. Beasley, Cynthia A Collins. MS; So. Beasley, James O Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Beaugez, Phillip A Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Beavers, Catherine E Sumrall, MS; So. Beavers, Martha B Bogue Chitto, MS; So. Becker, Amy T Brookhaven, MS; So. Becker, Angela Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Becker, John D Picayune, MS; Fr. Becker, Michele Brookhaven, MS; So. Beckham, Linda G Carthage, MS; Jr. Bedenbaugh. Mike H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Bedsole. Gary M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Beebe, Marvin F Picayune. MS; Sr. Beech, Lysbeth R Leakesville, MS; Jr. Beecham, Shannon D McComb, MS; Sr Beeding, Craig A Clinton, MS; Sr Beeson, Julie M Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Belcher, Jena A Meridian, MS; Sr. Belham. Scott J Gulfport, MS; Sr. Bell, Brehm T Pearlington, MS; Sr. Bell, Charles W Forest. MS; Jr. Bell, John D Lakeland, FL; Jr. Bell. Michelle L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Bell, Sharon A Purvis, MS; Fr. Bell. Stuart E Kokomo, MS; Jr. Mugshots 281 Bell Bell, Susan E Kokomo, MS; Jr. Bellais, Tammy W Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Belli, Debbie J Lake Villa, IL; So. Bendzlowicz, Michael D Long Beach, MS; Sr. Benefield, Rachel E Gulfport, MS; Sr. Benefield, Steve G Brandon, MS; Fr. Bennett, Claudia D Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Bennett, Connie W Gulfport, MS; Fr. Benton, Becky Jo Mendenhall, MS; So. Bentz, Sharon M Biloxi, MS; Jr. Bercaw, Amy F Jackson, MS; Fr. Berry, Judy L Biloxi, MS; Sr. Berry. Kendall W Nashville, TN; Sr. Berry, Mitzi R Prentiss, MS; Jr. Berry, Teresa A Mendenhall, MS; Jr. Bertucci, Kelly L Biloxi, MS; Fr. Beverley, Angela L Picayune, MS; Sr. Beverly, Glenda R Ruleville, MS; So. Beverly, Glynn L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Beyea, Deborah S Clinton, MS; So. Bezzo, Candy R Ashland, MS; Sr. Bickham, Rebecca A Bogalusa, LA; So. Bignoli, Kathryn A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Bilbo, Trenton W Clinton, MS; Jr. Billups, Linda L Pass Christian, MS; So. Bingham, Barbara A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Birdsong, Tammy J Meridian, MS; Sr. Bissell, Barbie A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Bissell, Charles P Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Bittick, Stephen K Brandon, MS; So. Black, Sherry L Laurel, MS; Fr. Blackburn, Christine N Mobile, AL; Fr Blackmer, Cindy L Long Beach, MS; Sr. Blackmon, Dietrich D Shannon, MS; Fr. Blackmon, Elizabeth R Natchez, MS; So. Blackmon, Franklin D Meridian, MS; Sr. Blackmon, Ida R Canton, MS; Sr. Blackston, Dura D Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Blackwell, John A Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Blackwell, Marcia Jackson, MS; So. Blaes, Cary E Mobile, AL; Fr. Blake, Deborah S Biloxi, MS; Jr. Blakeslee. Cathy Gulfport, MS; Jr. Blalock, Richard A Clinton, MS; So. Blankenhorn, Robin B Orangeville, IL; Sr. Blass, Rebecca N Satsuma, AL; Jr. Bleichner, Barbara A Biloxi, MS; Fr. Blount, Martin G Hattiesburg, MS; So. Blue, Alan L Pensacola, FL; So. Blue, David R Pensacola, FL; Fr. Blue, Tom Hollandale, MS; Jr. Blurnenberg, Vernon F Greenville, MS; Fr. Bobinger, Lyndon M Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Bochonok, Jeff T Elmwood, IL; Jr. Bodie, Myra L Columbia, MS; Sr. Bogan, Cynthia D Gulfport, MS; Fr. Bogart, Valerie L Long Beach, MS; Sr. Bolden, Jeffery A Picayune, MS; So. Bolden, William K Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Boldon, Billy G Picayune, MS; Sr. 282 Mugshots Brady ALP Bolcte, LaSandra D Union, MS; Fr. Boleivare, Robert K Collins, MS; Sr. Bolton, Alvin P Lucedale, MS; Jr. Bolton, Elizabeth A Picayune, MS; Jr. Bond, A. Maria Hatticsburg, MS; Fr. Bond, Bobby J Purvis, MS; Sr. Bond, Perry E Quitman, MS; Fr. Bond, Steven K Poplarville, MS; Jr. Bonds, Angela D Magnolia, MS; Jr. Bonds, James P Columbus, MS; Fr. Bonham, Rod A Jackson, MS; Sr. Bonom, Carolyn M Jackson, MS; Fr. Booker, Roderick Abbeville, MS; Sr. Booner, Tammy A Angie, LA; So. Booth, Michelle Morton, MS; Jr. Booth, Tara M Jackson, MS; Jr. Booth, Tom Amory, MS; Jr. Bordelon, Monique M Jackson, MS; So. Borges, Santiago A Caracas, Venezuela; Sr. Borosky, Patricia A Gautier, MS; Sr. Bosley, Kimberly D Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Bounds, Joseph A Picayune, MS; Sr. Bounds, Sharon G Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Bourgeois, Michael C Chalmette, LA; Fr. Bourgeois, Michelle M Waveland, MS; Jr. Bourgeois, Tom F Waveland, MS; So. Bourne, Damea E Columbia, MS; So. Bourne, Emily I Columbia, MS; Fr. Bourne, J. Michael Gulfport, MS; Jr. Bowen, Fiona R Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Bowman, J.K Magnolia, MS; Sr. Bowman, Susan C Natchez, MS; Sr Bounds, Suzanne Brandon, MS; So. Boyd, Denise B Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Boyd, Eric K Monticello. MS; Gr. Boyd, F. Alison McComb, MS; Jr. Boyd, Jimmy L Laurel, MS; Fr. Boyd, Keith A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Boyd, M. Danise Pensacola, FL; Sr. Boyd, Patty J Prentiss, MS; Fr. Boyd, Robert C Meridian, MS; Gr. Boyd, Vicki L Monticello, MS; Sr. Boykin, Stephanie L Magee. MS; Sr. Boykins, James L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Boyles, Cheryl A Jackson, MS; Jr. Boyte, Carlos L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Boyte. Jeanne E Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Boyte, Sue E Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Boyte, Wendy A Bude, MS; Jr. Bozzetto, Enzo Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Jr. Bracken, Michele R Clinton, MS; Fr. Braden. Deidra R Hurley, MS; Fr. Bradford, Angela T Picayune, MS: Fr. Bradford, Jennifer L Ocean Springs. MS; Fr. Bradford. Karl S Laurel. MS; Sr. Bradley, Greg T Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Bradshaw, Cynthia D Pearl, MS; So. Brady, Barry L Grenada. MS; Fr. Brady, Jill R Gulfport, MS; Fr. Brady, John T Picayune. MS; Sr. Mugshots 283 »rady Brady, Polly A Lumberton, MS; Jr. Branch, Marion F Greenville, MS; Jr. Branning, William B Collinsville, MS; Jr. Brashears, Tammy M Foxworth, MS; Sr. Bratcher, Sandy D Magee, MS; Sr. Breard, Cynthia G Meridian, MS; So. Breazeale, C. Rcncc Gulfport, MS; Jr. Breazeale, R. Kavanaugh Port Gibson, MS; Jr. Breckenridge, Lisa P Gulfport, MS; Fr. Breeland, Read H Biloxi, MS; Gr. Breland, Alphonso B New Augusta, MS; Fr. Breland, Steven S Lake, MS; Sr. Brennan, Mary A Brookhaven, MS; Gr. Brent, H. Denise Jackson, MS; Sr. Brent, William J Bogue Chitto, MS; So. Brewer, Felicia A Richton, MS; Jr. Brewer, Karen A Grenada, MS; Gr. Brewer, Kateri M Charleston, SC; So. Brewer, Ricky L Florence, MS; Fr. Bridges, Arsell Prentiss, MS; Fr. Bridges, Jerilyn B Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Bridges, Jimmy L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Bridges, Linda D Silvercreek, MS; Sr. Bright, Veleace J Kosciusko, MS; Jr. Bringedahl, Joy L Lumberton, MS; Fr. Brinson, Richard S Prentiss, MS; Jr. Britt, Becky L Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Broadhead, Debra K Saraland, AL; Jr. Broadhead, Delwyn D McHall, MS; Jr. Broadway, Norma J Jackson, MS; Jr. Brocato, Mary E Indianola, MS; Jr. Brock, R. Kelley Jackson, MS; Sr. Brooks, Angela V Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Brooks, Dedrick Hattiesburg, MS; Gr. Brooks, Edith R Natchez, MS; So. Brooks, Lana C Hattiesburg, MS; So. Brooks, Lorraine Mound Bayou, MS; So. Brooks, Suzanne J Mechanicsville, VA; Gr. Broussard, Donna L Biloxi, MS; Jr. Broussard, Paul N Biloxi, MS; Sr. Brown, Andy J Jackson, AL; Sr. Brown, Billy J Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Brown, Charlotte A Sumrall, MS; Jr. Brown, Chloris A Meridian, MS; So. Brown, Cindy A Jackson, MS; So. Brown, Eric W Jackson, MS; Fr. Brown, Jocelyn J Jackson, MS; So. Brown, Joe L Laurel, MS; Fr. Brown, Karen L Runnelstown, MS; Sr. Brown, Karen W Laurel, MS; Jr. Brown. Kenneth J Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Brown, Linda S Axis, AL; Sr. Brown, Mike F Hickory, MS; Jr. Brown, Nena C Lucedale, MS; Sr. Brown, Penny L DeKalb, MS; Jr. Brown, Ray C Vossburg, MS; Sr. Brown, Richard B Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Brown, Richard D Jackson, AL; So. Brown, Richard K Gautier, MS; Sr. Brown. Rose M Jackson, MS; Jr. 284 Mugshots Bueche Bruner, David W Pensacola, FL; So. Bryant. Carl W Natchez. MS; Sr. Bryant, Greg S Gainesville, FL; Sr. Bryant. Jeffrey N Pearl, MS; Sr. Bryant, Joseph N Gulfport, MS; Sr. Bryant, Mark S Seminary, MS; Sr. Bryant, Ronny S Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Bryant, S. Dawn Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Bryant. Terra P McComb, MS; So. Buckley, Edith A Biloxi, MS; Fr. Buckley, Stan P Natchez, MS; Fr. Bueche. Stacey A Mobile, AL; Fr. Mugshots 285 Buffington Buffington, Raymond A Silver Creek, MS; Jr. Buford, Angela H Vicksburg, MS; Sr Billiard. Shawn S Biloxi, MS; So. Buntyn, Lynda K Moss Point, MS; Fr Burch, Gregory W Loxley, AL; Jr Burchfieid, Edna F Columbia, MS; Sr Burford, Lena E Greenville, MS; Fr Burge, Lana L Poplarville, MS; Jr Burgess, Mark K Brandon, MS; Jr Burgess, Zelma R Hattiesburg, MS; So Burke, Theodore G Mobile, AL; So Burnett, James A Brandon, MS; Jr Burnham, Cindy L Collins, MS; Jr Burns, Andre G Jackson, MS; Fr Burril, Bobbye L Forest, MS; Jr Burrus, Roxanne G Pensacola, FL; So Burton, Vicki D Ridgeland, MS; Jr Bush, Aleta R Hurley, MS; Sr Bush, Elizabeth A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Bush, Karl C Hattiesburg, MS; Gr Bush, Lena K Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Sr Bush, Lucy M Long Beach, MS; Jr Bush. Sydney C Petal, MS; Sr Bush, Temple S Hattiesburg, MS; So Butler, Jill E Madison, MS; So Butler, Stephanie E Jackson, MS; Sr Butts, Roy H Raymond, MS; Jr Byler, Davida E Palermo, NJ; So Byrd, Amanda S Brookhaven, MS; So Byrd, James J Harrisville, MS; Sr 286 Mugshots Chamblee Byrd. Van G Mobile, AL; Sr. Cabaniss, Lisa A Bay St. Louis, MS; Fr. Cage, Elise S Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Cagcr, Kenneth G Union, MS; Jr. Cagle, Melanie A Asheville, NC; Jr. Caldarelli, Debra D Long Beach, MS; Sr. Caldwell, Mattie L Slidell, LA: Gr. Calhoun, Catherine J Magee, MS; Sr Calhoun, Chris C Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Callahan, Mary Grace Covington, LA; Fr. Callista, Angela L Pearl, MS; Sr Calloway, Stacey L Laurel, MS; Fr. Calvin, Sandra D Poplarville, MS; Fr. Cameron, M. Pearlee Hattiesburg, MS; So. Cameron, Sandra S Sumrall, MS; Jr. Camp, Tamela C Petal, MS; Fr. Campbell, Cathy M Brandon, MS; Jr. Campbell, Elizabeth E Slidell, MS; Fr Campbell, Jonathan C Natchez, MS; Jr. Campbell, Susanne C Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Campbell, Tim C Columbia, MS; Jr. Camper, Rahanda A Moss Point, MS; Jr. Candler, Sylvia N Jackson, MS; Jr Cannon, Carol L Jackson, MS; Sr Caraway, Linda C Meridian, MS; So. Carey, Marion J Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Carlisle, Kevin Natchez, MS; Jr. Carlos, Paula R Laurel, MS; So. Carlson, Ann M Jackson, MS; Fr. Carnes, Lee E Biloxi, MS; Jr. Carpenter, Joey Moselle, MS; Jr. Carpenter, John P Moselle, MS; Sr. Carpenter, Lori L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Carpenter, Margaret E Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Carpenter, Preston F Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Carpenter, Warren D Ft. Walton Beach, FL; So. Carr, Joseph D Queenstown, MD; Sr Carrico, Charles K Belleville, IL; Jr. Carrubba, Frances X Long Beach, MS; Jr. Carter, Janice L Biloxi, MS; So. Carter, John S Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr. Carter. Katie R Shubuta. MS; So. Carter, Michael D Biloxi, MS; Fr. Carter, Pamela D Jackson, MS; So. Carter, William M Columbia, MS; So. Cash, Dearth Academik Dismissal, CA; Fr. Cash, Ken P Jackson. MS; Fr. Castle, Donna L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Catchot. Kathy A Biloxi, MS; Sr. Cathey, James A Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Cathey, Risa A Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Causey, Deanna M Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Causey, Faye P Greenville, MS; So. Cavanaugh, Patricia J Bassfield, MS; So Caveny. Deanna M Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Chaffin. Clelta C Gulfport. MS; Jr. Chambers. Jennifer K Jackson, MS; Fr. Chambers, Jerry M Mendenhall. MS; So. Chambers. Yohna J Gautier, MS; Jr Chamblee, Kimberly D Bell Glade, FL; Fr Mugshots 287 Chan Chan, Nga M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Chandler, Lynda B Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Chandler, Pamela R Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Chancy, Alex R Hickory, MS; Sr. Chaplin, Julie K Columbia, MS; Sr. Chapman, Charles E Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Chapman, Erin L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Chapman, Jackye L Gautier, MS; Jr. Chapman, Jamie L Jackson, MS; Sr. Chapman, Mark A Pensacola, FL; Fr. Chapman, Renee C Crystal Springs, MS; Jr. Chapman, Robin L Clinton, MS; Jr. Chapman, Tammy M Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Chatman, Tammy C Chicago, 1L; Jr. Chesser, Margaret F Laurel, MS; Sr. Chilton, Johnny J Picayune, MS; Jr. Chiplin, Felicia A Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Chism, Patrick A Grenada, MS; Sr. Chism, Sharon J Picayune, MS; Sr. Chivers, Robin L Gautier, MS; Sr. Chuah, Chong E Ipoh, Malaysia; Jr. Ciano, Debbie A Pensacola, FL; Jr. Ciesiel, Doreen K Seminole, FL; Jr. Cimbora, Merrilu Purvis, MS; Sr. Clark, Anthony R Meridian, MS; So. Clark, Charles M McComb, MS; Jr. Clark, Connolly L Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Clark, Darlene D Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Clark, Geoffrey M Waynesboro, MS; So. Clark, Jeffrey E Lake, MS; Jr. Clark. Jill S Natchez, MS; Fr. Clark, John M Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Clark, Karen A McComb, MS; Sr. Clark, Kimberly S Laurel, MS; Fr. Clark, Lisa C State Line, MS; Sr. Clark, Lori L Pensacola, FL; So. Clark, Raymond V Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Clark, S. Charlene Bay St. Louis, MS; Sr. Clark, Sam C Madison, MS; So. Clark, Stephanie L Greenville, SC; Sr. Clayton, Allison P Laurel, MS; Sr. Clayton, Lee A Laurel, MS; So. Clements, Douglas S Gulfport, MS; Sr. Clements, Pamela G Gulfport, MS; Sr. demons, Deborah R Florence, MS; So. Clemts, Aaron R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Clifton, A. Dean Slidell, LA; Fr. Cline, Heidi J Ft. Walton Beach, FL; So. Clinton, Connie M Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Cloy, George P Meadville, MS; Jr. Cloy, John D Meadville, MS; Gr. Coalter, Kimberly P Utica, MS; So. Coats, James W Laurel, MS; Sr. Coats, M. Pene Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Coats, Randy Podunk, MS; Jr. Cobb, David H Biloxi, MS; Sr. Cochran, Noal B Richton, MS; Fr. Cockrell. Penny M Magee, MS; Jr. Cochran, Leslie A Slidell, LA; Fr. Coen, Kelly A Saucier, MS; Jr. 288 Mugshots Cooley Coffman, Daniel A D'Iberville, MS; So. Coghlan, Amy L Brookhaven, MS; So. Colbct, Maria T Biloxi, MS; Sr. Cole, Carlton D Gloster, MS; Sr. Cole, Gordon H Prentiss, MS; So. Cole. Jacqueline DeKalb, MS; So. Cole, Kaylyn G Columbus, MS; So. Cole, Wendi L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Coleman, Edna L Brandon, MS; Sr. Coleman, Leta J Mobile, AL; Fr. Colen, Joseph W Jackson, MS; Sr. Collier, Karen A Mobile, AL; Fr. Collier, LaVonda C Canton, MS; So. Collier, Nathaniel Yazoo City, MS; So. Collins, Ann E Gulfport, MS; Sr. Collins, Betty A Summit, MS; Fr. Collins. Lisa G Mobile, AL; So. Collins, Patricia R Gulfport, MS; Jr Collins, Ramona D Jackson, MS; So. Collins, Robert L Biloxi, MS; Sr. Collins. Zelda M Biloxi, MS; Jr. Comegys, Sheila A Natchez, MS; So. Comfort, E. Shawn Brandon, MS; Gr. Compton, Robert M Gautier, MS; Sr Conaway, Melissa R Chalmette, LA; So. Conerly, Andrea M Biloxi, MS; Fr. Conliff, Dana L Laurel, MS; Sr. Connally, Ronald D Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Conner, M. Renee Smyrna, GA; Sr. Conrad, Richard Laurel, MS; So. Cook, David W Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Cook, Delery M Arabi, LA; So. Cook, Julie A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Cook. Ken W Jackson, MS; Sr. Cook, Linda M Crystal Springs, MS; Jr. Cook, Lucy L Gulfport, MS; Jr. Cook, Robert J Madison, MS; Fr. Cook, Sherry F Magee, MS; Jr. Cook, Theresa L Madison, MS; Jr. Cooksey, Wayne L Meridian, MS; Sr. Cooley, Cynthia L Pearl, MS; Fr. Cooley, Jo E Kenner, LA; Fr. Mugshots 289 Cooley Coolcy, Sheila L Pearl, MS; Gr. Cooper, Gerald L Jackson, MS; Fr. Cooper, Perry T Meridian, MS; Sr. Cooper, R. Lance Clinton, MS; Jr. Copeland, Jennifer L Jackson, MS; Sr. Corban, Christine E Gulfport, MS; Sr. Corban, Joanna B Biloxi, MS; Jr. Corban, Marcus S Meadville, MS; Sr. Corbin, Laurie S Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Corey, Jodi H Slidell, LA; Fr. Cork, Stephanie Louise, MS; So. Corkern, Misty D Franklinton, LA; Fr. Corley, Cassandra L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Cornelison, John E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Correll, Carolyn G Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Cothern, Patricia L McComb, MS; Jr. Cotson, Walter L Mobile, AL; Fr. Cotton, Carl L Houston, TX; Sr. Cotton, Julie A Mobile, AL; Jr. Cottrell, Sharon M Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Coulon, Melissa A Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Coulter, Timothy L Brandon, MS; Fr. Coulters, Francis J Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Coumanis, Tonie A Mobile, AL; So. Courtney, Elizabeth A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Courtney, Jacqueline K Clinton, MS; Sr. Cousson, Aletha R Pensacola, FL; Jr. Cowart, Carolyn E Lucedale, MS; Jr. Cox, Clara J Laurel, MS; Jr. Cox, James M Tutwiler, MS; Jr. Cox, Kimberly J Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Cox, Nina G Jackson, MS; Sr. Crabtree, Monique Pensacola, FL; Sr. Craft, K.Y Raleigh, MS; Jr. Craft, Pamela A Raleigh, MS; Sr. Craft, Rena R Jayess, MS; So. Craig, Kara L Sandhill, MS; Jr. Crain, Brian R Franklinton, LA; Jr. Crain, David A D'Iberville, MS; Sr. Crain, Robert T Puckett, MS; Jr. Cran, Cynthia J Waynesboro, MS; Fr. Crandall, Kathleen A Picayune, MS; Sr. Crane, Cindy G Carthage, MS; Sr. Crane, Cindy L Clinton, MS; Jr. Crane, Cristy F Carthage, MS; Jr. Crane, Sheila R Jackson, MS; So. Crane, Susan M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Cranford, Melissa L Laurel, MS; Jr. Craven, Lorie A Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Craven, Scott A Collinsville, MS; Jr. Craven, Taylor H Lyon, MS; Jr. Crawford, Curt R Springfield, IL; Sr. Crawford, Jeffrey E Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Crawford, Ray E West Palm Beach, FL; Jr. Crawford, Ted J Jackson, MS; Jr. Creech, Sonya G Bude, MS; Jr. Creekmore, Claudia Grenada, MS; Jr. Creel, Gerry A Biloxi, MS; Sr. Crew, Joy C Jackson, AL; So. Crimm. E. Yvonne Vicksburg, MS; Sr. 290 Mugshots Davis Crimm, Gerald W Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Crocker, Cynthia R Leakesville. MS; Fr. Crockett. Kathy L Greenwood, MS; Sr. Cronin, Jeffrey H Clinton, MS; Fr. Crook, Sharon Hattiesburg, MS; So. Crosby, Donna M Picayune, MS; Fr. Crosby, John M McComb, MS; Jr. Cross, Robert W Live Oak. FL; Jr. Crowder, James L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Crowson, William L Hattiesburg, MS; Gr. Cruise, Charlotte A Laurel, MS; Sr. Crumby. Benjamin L Jackson, MS; Sr. Cuevas, Joseph K Gulfport, MS; Fr. Cuevas, Mark Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Culberson, Doris A Gulfport, MS; So. Culumber, Sandra J Biloxi, MS; So. Cumbest, Sheila R Carriere, MS; So. Cummings, Stephanie L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Cundiff, D. Brad Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Cunneen, Julie K Duxbury, MA; Fr. Cunningham, Anthony T Louisville, MS; Sr Cunningham. Curtis W Columbus, MS; Gr. Cunningham, Rex T Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Currie, Beverly K Hattiesburg. MS; Jr. Currie, Tara V Jackson, MS; Jr. Curtiss, Jonathan J Hattiesburg. MS; Jr. Dacosta, Carlos J Puerto La Cruz. Venezuela; Sr. Dahlgren, Cynthia A Gautier, MS; Sr. Dailey, Felecia A Moss Point, MS; Jr. Dallas, Tori R Mendenhall, MS; Jr. Dana, Melinda A Long Beach, MS; So. Daniel, Louis F Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Daniel. Thomas W Pascagoula, MS; So. Daniels, Clarence R Gulfport, MS; Fr. Daniels, James R Laurel, MS; Jr. Daniels, Kenneth M Greenville, MS; Jr Daniels, Regina K Jackson, MS; Sr. Daniels, Troy P Hattiesburg. MS; Jr. Daniels, W. Joe Laurel, MS; Jr. Danos, Tiffany R Harvey, LA; Jr. Darling, Anthony J Aurora, IL; Jr. Daughdrill, Shannon Brandon, MS; Fr Daugherty, Charles E Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Davenport, Donald S Pascagoula, MS; Sr. David, Carol L Biloxi. MS; Jr. Davidson, James J Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Davidson, Joseph C Corinth, MS; Jr. Davies, Brian S Pascagoula, MS; Gr. Davies, Sherrie L Natchez, MS; Jr. Davion, D. Desiree Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Davis, Amy Vancleave. MS; Sr. Davis, Brenda L Jackson, MS; Sr. Davis, Janet E Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Davis. Jessie Jackson. MS; Sr. Davis, John J Vancleave, MS; Sr. Davis, Julian L Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Davis, June K Hattiesburg, MS; So. Davis, Lisa L Petal. MS; Fr. Davis, Marcie L Jackson, MS; So. Davis, Pamela S Waynesboro. MS; Sr. Mugshots 291 Davis Davis, Shayne P Mobile, AL; Jr. Davis, Victoria T. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Dawkins, Cara L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Day. Genia K Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Day. James W Biloxi, MS; Sr. Day. Samuel B Gulfport, MS; Sr. Deacon, Tomas Lima, Peru; Sr. Deakle. Mark A Gautier, MS; Sr. Dean, lugo K Brandon, MS; Fr. Dean, James B Yazoo City, MS; Jr. Dean, Jennifer C Slidell, LA; Fr. Dean, Todd A Jackson, MS; Fr. Dear, Fulton L Brandon, MS; Jr. Deas, Damon R Waynesboro, MS; So. Dees, Stephanie D Jackson, MS; Jr. DeJarnette, Willie J Selma, AL; Fr. Delaney, Melissa E Jackson, MS; Fr. Delaney, T. Renea Hattiesburg, MS; So. i ' i • 292 Mugshots Draughn Delk, Dana L Gulfport, MS; So. DclNcro, Marcos Hattiesburg, MS; So. Demboski, Thomas J Bay St. Louis, MS; Sr. Dempsey, Jimmy W Picayune, MS; Jr. Dennis, Aquetta Natchez, MS; Jr. Denton, Melanie P Forest, MS; Jr. DeShazo, Angela E Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. DeTommaso, Keith E Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Dewey, Penny A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Diaz, M. Elena Ocean Springs, MS; So. Diboll. Donald C Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Dick, Sherrie L Lacombe, LA; Sr. Dickerson, Donna J Drew, MS; Fr. Dickerson, Jimmy P Waynesboro, MS; Jr. Dickey, Pamela M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Dieckman, Diana Jackson, MS; Sr Dieckman, Donald J Jackson, MS; Jr. Diehl, Melissa E Pearl, MS; So. Diggs, Deirdre D Greenville, MS; Sr Dill, Barry D Jackson, MS; Jr. Dill. Jackie L Natchez, MS; Fr Dillard. David B Laurel, MS; So. Dillard. Robert C Clinton, MS; Fr. Dillard, Susan C Meridian, MS; Sr Dillard, Susannah E Laurel, MS; Jr. Dilley, N. Lee Long Beach, MS; So. Dillon, Teresa D New Augusta, MS; Sr. Dilworth, Billy A Corinth, MS; So. Dimperio, Lori L Slidell, LA. Jr Dingier. Jeff S New Orleans, LA; Fr Dionne, Kimberley J Gautier, MS; So. Ditto, Michael P Vicksburg, MS; Fr Dixon, Jodie Clarksdale, MS; So. Dixon, Sandra M Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Dixon, Sherry V Silver Creek, MS; Sr. Djavidan, Farhad Berlin, West Germany; Sr. DoBie. Katie G Mt Hermon, LA, Fr Dollar. Kent T Gulfport, MS; Sr. Dominick, Banacek Centreville, MS; Jr. Donald, Robert H Quitman, MS; Sr. Donley. B. Joanne Long Beach, MS; Jr. Donlin, Chuck L Pass Christian, MS; Jr. Donlon, John E Picayune, MS; So Donnelly. Karen I Mobile, AL; Sr Doody. Roger G Slidell, LA; Fr. Dore, Doreen D Biloxi, MS; Fr Door. Billy E Picayune, MS; So. Dorsey. Tommy E Gautier, MS; Fr. Dossett, Alice T Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Dougherty, Dee A Ocean Springs. MS; So Douglas. Ricky A Jackson, MS; Jr. Douglass, Dena M Meridian, MS; So. Douglass, L. Maria Tampa, FL; Sr. Dowdy, Natalie Y Lucedale, MS; Jr. Dowe, Kimberly M Canton, MS; Fr. Downey, Cindy J Cleveland, TN; So. Downing, James C Hattiesburg. MS; Jr. Dozier, Alicia M Laurel. MS; Jr. Drane, Dan D Columbia, MS; So. Draughn. Rex E Petal, MS; Jr. Mugshots 293 Dravis Dravis, Tim P San Antonio, TX; Jr. Drennan, Janet L Laurel, MS; Jr. Driskell, Leslie M Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Driver, Mark J Hernando, MS; Sr. Dubra, Aubrey L Gulfport, MS; Sr. Dubuisson, Robin E Long Beach, MS; Jr. Ducarpe, Terri M Picayune, MS; So. Duckworth, Abby G Wesson, MS; Sr DuCote, Ashley L Pascagoula, MS; So. Dudley, Sally E Birmingham, AL; Jr. Dugas, Elizabeth A Gulfport, MS; Sr. Dugue, Tracy A Pass Christian, MS; So. Dunaway, Rachel C McComb, MS; Jr. Duncan, Mary H Laurel, MS; Jr. Dunn, Deborah A Philadelphia, MS; Fr. Dunn, Malcolm K Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Duran, Brenda L Magee, MS; Sr. Dutton. Scott A Slidell, LA; Sr. Dyar, Allison Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Dye, Kandi A Petal, MS; Jr. Dye, Marcus Enterprise, AL; Sr. Dye, Teresa A.B Enterprise, AL; Sr. Dyess, Vickey L Pelahatchie, MS; Jr. Earnest, Caroline Philadelphia, MS; Jr. Earnest, W. Curt Clinton, MS; Sr. Eastland, Diann Brandon, MS; Sr. Eaton, Russell C Long Beach, MS; Sr. Echols, Karen E Coldwater, MS; Sr. Echols, Patricia A Natchez, MS; Fr. Edon, Lawrence D Jackson, MS; Jr. Edwards, Daniel L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Edwards, Denise M Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Edwards, Dorothy L Gloster, MS; So. Edwards, Elizabeth A Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Edwards, Rita L Hattiesburg, MS; Gr. Edwards, Robby D Pearl, MS; Jr. Egnew, Phyllis R Columbus, MS; Fr. Ehlers, Lori A Long Beach, MS; Gr. Eichhorn, Karen E Gulfport, MS; Sr. Eidt, Andrea S Natchez, MS; Sr. Eiken, Lynley L Gautier, MS; So. Eisler. Johnny E Picayune, MS; Fr. Ekey, Richard D Biloxi, MS; Sr. Elam, Barry D Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Elkins, A. Richie Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Elkins, Lee Ann Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Elliott, Jana E Richton, MS; Fr. Elliott, Michelle E Jackson, MS; Jr. Ellis, Arden D Columbus, MS; Fr. Ellis, David R Vicksburg, MS; So. Ellis, Philander R Jackson, MS; Sr. Ellison, Cathy T Gulfport, MS; Sr. Ellzey, Christy E Pascagoula, MS; So. Emmer, J. Chris Metairie, LA; Fr. English, Jeanne Jackson, MS; Fr. English, Pennie R Union, MS; Jr. Essary, Michael W Hattiesburg, MS; So. Estes, Carol A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Estes, Jim R Atlanta, GA; So. Evans, Angela D Bond, MS; Jr. 294 Mugshots Ferrell Evans, Carmen L Sandersville, MS; Jr. Evans, Eric H Long Beach, MS; Fr. Evans, Karen L Jayess, MS; Fr. Evans, Letitia Carthage, MS; Sr. Evans, Pamela G Slidell, LA; Jr Evans, Patricia B Summit, MS; Sr. Everill, Derek J Picayune, MS; Sr. Ewell, Burnie J Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Ezelle, Missy A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Fageins. Monique M Senatobia, MS; Fr. Fairey, Gregory L Slidell, LA; Fr. Falgout, Michael J Metairie, LA; Jr Fallin, Renee D Natchez, MS; So. Fandel, Charles J LeMoore, CA; Gr. Farad, David Sicily, Italy; Sr. Farmer, Paul L Bogalusa, LA; Jr. Farmer, Tamara G Picayune, MS; Sr. Farrior, Loralee A Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Farris, Greg E Slidell, LA; Fr Farris, S. Christopher Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Farron, Ashley Pass Christian, MS; So. Farry, Maureen A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Faver, Susan J Long Beach, MS; Sr. Fayard. Robert J Bay St. Louis, MS; Sr. Fayard, Van M Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Feagin, Bennie Citronelle, AL; So. Feazall. W. Michael Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Felder, Deborah L Gulfport. MS, Fr. Felter, Cynthia G Crosby, MS; Sr. Felton, Redbone L Biloxi. MS; So. Fenwick, Tracy A Vicksburg, MS; So. Ferguson, David L Brandon. MS; Jr. Ferguson, Mark E Gautier, MS; Jr. Fernandez, Jose J ...Valencia, Venezuela; Sr. Ferrell. Dagna E Huntsville. AL; Fr Ferrell, James K Bay St. Louis. MS; Sr. Mugshots 295 Fields, Dana D Ocean Springs, MS; So. Files, Jeffery J Brandon, MS; Jr. Finch, Holly E Monticello, MS; Jr. Finch, Susan L Jackson, MS; Sr. Findley, Marcia L Molino, FL; So. Finley, Michael E Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Finnegan, Kenneth M Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Firmin, Amy A Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr. Fish. Alice A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Fisher, Beverly F Utica, MS; Jr. Fisher, Janet L Marion, IN; Sr. Fisher, Sandra B West, MS; So. 296 Mugshots Gardner Fishman, Cheryl A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Fitzgerald, Mike D Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr. Fitzgerald, Shannon M Gautier, MS; So. Fleming, Robert F Slidell, LA; Sr. Fletcher, Dean A Biloxi, MS; Sr. Flowers, M. Meg Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Fluker, Anita F Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Flynt, Ginger K Mt. Olive, MS; So. Flynt, Jessica L Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. Fokakis, Angela E Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Folse, Kerri A Ocean Springs, MS; So. Ford, Kathy A Canton, MS; Fr. Ford, Melody Louisville, MS; So. Forestieni, Michael Long Beach, MS; So. Formby, John M Picayune, MS; Jr. Forrest, Patsy L Ponchatoula, LA; Jr. Fortenberry, Carolyn S Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Fortenberry, Gina L Gulfport, MS; Fr. Fortenberry, Ted O Tylertown, MS; Jr. Foster, Angela West Point, MS; So. Foster, L. Walker Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Fountain, Kimberly D Moss Point, MS, So. Fowler, Paula G Pensacola, FL; Sr. Fowler, Sandra J Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Fowlkes, Laura L Fulton, MS; Jr. Foy, Daniel S Kiln, MS; So. Franco, Juan C Cali, Colombia; Jr. Franklin, David L Foxworth, MS; Sr. Franklin, Rhonda K Chickasaw. AL; Fr. Frederick, Amy R Edwards, MS; Sr. Fredericks, Grayland C Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Freeman, Donna G Purvis, MS; Jr. Freeman, John C Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Freeman, Monica L Natchez, MS; Fr. Freeman, Sherrie J Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Freibert, Franz J Jackson, MS; Jr. French, Cynthia D Biloxi, MS; So. Friar, Janet Booneville, MS; Fr. Friesz, Linda M Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Frith, Susan A Long Beach, MS; Jr. Frye, John A Brandon, MS; So. Fugler, Brian K Brookhaven. MS; Jr. Fukazawa, Akio Nakatomi-Cho, Yamanashi-ken; Sr. Fuller. Don D Starkville. MS; Jr. Fuller, Jessica B Hattiesburg, MS; So. Fullilove, Tana D Pearl River, LA; So. Funchess, Shelia C Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Funes. Garda L Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Jr. Funk, Karl E Gulfport. MS; Sr Furlow, M. Melanie Jackson, MS; Sr. Gallagher, Victoria J Gautier, MS; Fr. Galle. Curtis P Biloxi. MS; Fr. Galliano, Michael A Jackson, MS; Jr. Galloway, James C Jackson, MS; So. Galloway, Karla D Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Galo, Miguel A San Salvador. El Salvador; So. Gandy, Melba Y Hattiesburg. MS; Fr. Garcia, Angela I Laurel, MS; Jr. Garcia, Mary A Waveland, MS; So. Gardner, Gayle A Gulfport. MS; Jr. Mugshots 297 Garland Garland, Sheila M Biloxi, MS; Fr. Garmon, Claude E Gulfport, MS; Fr. Garner, Diane G Biloxi, MS; Jr. Garner, Garvisa V Petal, MS; Jr. Garner, Guy H Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Garner, Robert M Meridian, MS; So. Garrett, Don Selma, AL; Fr. Garrett, Valerie D Gautier, MS; Fr. Garriga, Tommy R Gulfport, MS; Sr. Gaston, Flo A Mobile, AL; So. Gaston, Ronald C Mobile, AL; So. Gates, Paula L Wiggins, MS; Sr. Gaughf, Carey B Jackson, MS; Sr. Gautier, E. Rene Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Gavin, Melanie E Laurel, MS; Sr. Gay, Laura J Lake, MS; So. Geddes, Margery L Pass Christian, MS; Sr. Geddie, Martha L Tupelo, MS; Sr. Gentle, Jerry W Long Beach, MS; Sr. Gentry, Christos T Hattiesburg, MS; So. Gentry, Dawn M Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Gerald, Walter C Sumter, SC; Gr. Gibbs, Homer Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Gibson, C. Teddy Natchez, MS; Sr. Gibson, James L Long Beach, MS; Jr. Gieger, Connie A.B Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Gilbert, Sharon L Carriere, MS; Jr. Gilder, Angie D Anguilla, MS; Jr. Giles, Marilyn M Laurel, MS; So. Gillen, Martha M Gulf Breeze, FL; Jr. Gilley, Shaun M Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Gillis, D. Jody Gulfport, MS; Jr. Gillis, Penny C Pinola, MS; Sr. Gillum, Alex W Waveland, MS; Jr. Gillum, Elizabeth A Norfolk, VA; Sr. Gilmer, Mary J Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Gilreath, Kevin C Picayune, MS; So. Gina, Teresa J Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Gingrich, Patricia S Seminary, MS; Jr. Ginn, Donna K Atlanta, GA; Jr. Ginn, Teresa J Columbia, MS; Jr. Girard, Mark A Jackson, MS; Fr. Gleber, Kimberly A Chalmette, LA; So. Glenn, Frank A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Glover, Beth Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Glover, Cindy Clarksdale, MS; Sr. Glover, Mark T Saraland, MS; So. Godail, Karen E Baton Rouge, LA; So. Goede, Teresa A Picayune, MS; Fr. Goggans, Tina L Corinth, MS; Sr. Gollott, Jennifer B Biloxi, MS; Fr. Gomez, Daniel E La Paz, Bolivia; Sr. Gomez, Juan C Maracaibo, Venezuela; Jr. Gomez, Natasha L Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Goodman, Elizabeth L Tampa, FL; So. Goodman, Michelle M Shreveport, LA; So. Goodson, Karen L Canton, MS; Fr. Goodson, Wendy C Brandon, MS; Fr. Goolsby, Keith A Pensacola, FL; Fr. Goolsby, Mark C Pensacola, FL; So. 298 Mugshots Haag Gordon, Vince R London, England; Jr. Gordon, Wendy A Starkville, MS; Jr. Gore, Renee F Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Goss, Robert E Natchez, MS; Fr. Gough, Charles H Meridian, MS; Sr. Gould, Danette K Tucker, GA; Sr Graham, Beth A Jackson, MS; Fr. Graham, Clay A Biloxi, MS; Sr. Graham, J.L Picayune, MS; So. Graham, Larry R Biloxi, MS; Fr. Grant, Beth Picayune, MS; Sr. Grantham, David G Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Grantham, James L Jackson, MS; Sr. Grantham, Leslie A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Graves, Nancy B Soso, MS; Jr. Gray, Denise M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Gray, Lisa M Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Gray, Stephanie T Biloxi, MS; Fr. Gray, William A Columbus, MS; Sr. Grayson, Charla K Carrollton, TX; Sr. Green, Alice D Washington, MS; Fr. Green, Amanda J Daphne, AL; So. Green, Bessie D Lexington, MS; Fr. Green, Blythe W Gautier, MS; Jr. Green, Debbie F Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Green, Gennettie Gulfport, MS; So. Green, Jacky L Edwards, MS; Jr. Green. Kelsey D Mobile, AL; Fr Greer, Scotty E Clinton, MS; Jr. Gregg, Lori K Hattiesburg, MS; So. Grenn, Emily Y Pearl, MS; So. Griffin. Ashley L Mobile. AL, Fr. Griffin, David M Columbus, MS; So. Griffin. Joseph E Hickory, MS; Jr. Griffin, Shannon D Lawrence, MS; Jr. Griffith, Lisa A Slide!!. LA. Fr. Griffith. Lisa S Mobile, AL, Jr Griffith, Steffi A Magee, MS; Jr. Griffith, Terrilyn L Picayune, MS; Jr. Griffon, Hugh W Magee, MS; Sr. Grissom, William M Taylorsville, MS; Jr. Griswold, Elizabeth A Biloxi, MS; Fr. Grizzard, Laurie B Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Grosche, Pamela L Brandon, MS; So. Grover, Melanie Hattiesburg, MS; So. Grubbs, Dinah J Star, MS; Jr Guercio, Terri L Natchez, MS; So. Guice, June H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Guillot, Monique S Gulfport, MS; Sr. Gunkel, Andrew J Gautier, MS; So. Gunn, E. Katrina Columbia, SC; So. Gunnell, Shirley S Bogue Chitto, MS; Sr. Gunter, Kevin C McComb, MS: Jr. Gunther, Daniel J Escatapa, MS; Fr. Gustin. Patrick R Mobile, AL; So. Gustin, R. Allan Bay St. Louis. MS; Fr. Guthrie, Cheryl L Yazoo City. MS; Jr. Guthrie. Willie E Moselle. MS; Fr. Guevara. Catalina del C CD. Bolivar; So. Haag. Chris R Chatom. AL; Jr. Mugshots 299 odds Haas, Clctus A Kiln, MS; Sr. Hafler, D. Lance Brandon, MS; Jr. Hagerty, Janet G Gulfport, MS; Sr. Hahn. Cindy S Petal, MS; So. Haik, P. Brad Jackson, MS; Sr. Hale, Michelle L West Memphis, AR; Fr. Haley, Trula M Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Hall, Amy R St. Francisville, LA; Fr. Hall, Beth McComb, MS; Fr. Hall, Christine A Satellite Beach, FL; Jr. Hall, Daniel R Jackson, MS; Sr. Hall, E. Christy Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Hall, Gregory L Gulfport, MS; So. Hall, Harry N Noxapater, MS; Jr. Hall, Jackie Lebanon, TN; Fr. Hall, Kenny A Saraland, AL; Jr. Hall, Mack S Ocean Springs, MS; So. Hall, Olin L Monroe, LA; Gr. Hall, Tom W Purvis, MS; Sr. Hall, W. Perry Laurel, MS; So. Halliburton, Edwin D Brooksville, MS; So. Halterlein, Maria B Long Beach, MS; Sr. Hambric, Steen H Woodbridge, VA; Jr. Hambrick, Eric H Jackson, MS; Sr. Hamel, Anita M Long Beach, MS; So. Hamilton, Elizabeth J Water Valley, MS; Jr. Hamilton, Krista K Annandale, VA; Fr. Hamilton, Rodney E Pensacola, FL; So. Hamilton, Wallace E McComb, MS; Jr. Hammond, Leslie S Mendenhall, MS; Jr. Hammond, Sandra K Monticello, MS; Sr. Hamrick, Robert A Newton, MS; Jr. Hamrick, Stephanie C Picayune, MS; Fr. Hanauer, Donald E Springfield, 1L; Sr. Hancock, Alesia R Jackson, MS; Jr. Hand, Steven W Meridian, MS; Sr. Handy, Linda J Belzoni, MS; Fr. Hannon, Paul E Tallahassee, FL; Sr. Hansen, Kevin S Forest, MS; So. Hanshaw, Elizabeth A Gautier, MS; Sr. Hanvey, Katheryn R Hazlehurst, MS; Fr. Haralson, L. Kathy Bogue Chitto, MS; Jr. Harbison, J. Scott McComb, MS; Jr. Hardin, Carroll A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Hardin, Debra A Raleigh, MS; So. Hardin, Elizabeth R Memphis, TN; Sr. Hardison, Brian L Gulfport, MS; Sr. Hargett, Lisa K Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Harkins, Alice B Jackson, MS; Sr. Harkins, Anita M Jackson, MS; Sr. Harkins, Elizabeth J Jackson, MS; Sr. Harkins, Mary R Jackson, MS; Sr. Harkins, Thomas P Sumrall, MS; Jr. Harless, Russ B Sumrall, MS; Sr. Harper, Eric C Jackson, MS; Sr. Harper, Jenny L Prentiss, MS; So. Harper, Pamela F Jackson, MS; Jr. Harper, Teri Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Harrell, Angela G Gainesville, GA; Fr. Harrell, Chuck Moss Point, MS; Sr. 300 Mugshots Harville Aft£A Harrelson, Gary L Alexander City, AL; Sr. Harrelson, Greg L Bay Minette, AL, Fr Harrington, Stephen T Jackson, MS, Jr. Harris, David Meridian, MS; Sr. Harris, Jeffrey D Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Harris. Leslie A Moss Point, MS; Fr. Harris, Marian D Electric Mills, MS; Sr. Harris, Mary A Pensacola, FL; Jr Harris, Michael L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Harris, Roger K Summit, MS; Jr. Harris, Sondra T Forest, MS; Fr. Harris, Wendy L Gulfport, MS; Sr. Harris, William K Gulfport, MS; So. Harrison, Tammy R Meridian, MS; Jr. Hart, Teri K Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Harter. Phyllis A Long Beach, MS; Jr. Hartfield. Roy J Purvis, MS; Sr. Hartmann, Mara M Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Hartsell. J. Rick Biloxi, MS; Jr. Hartwell, Henry L Gulfport, MS; Jr. Harvey, Mamie C Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Harvey, Susan M Moss Point, MS; Jr. Harvill. Samuel L Waveland, MS; So. Harville, Ervin J Selma, AL; So. Mugshots 301 Harvison Harvison, Jason E Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Harwell, Tracy L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Hashimi Said N Conehatta, MS; Jr. Hatcher, Kenneth R Lucedale, MS; Jr. Hathorn, Angela Y Meridian, MS; Sr. Hathorn, Marc E Jackson, MS; Fr. Hatten, Vicki L Brandon, MS; Sr. Havard, James M New Augusta, MS; So. Hay, L. Dean Utica, MS; Jr. Hayashi, Hidemitsu Kyoto, Japan; Sr. Hayes, Mallie M Vaughan, MS; Fr. Hays, Helen A Homewood, AL; Fr. Head, Ranard C Belzoni, MS; Gr. Heard, Thomas S Pelahatchie, MS; Jr. Heigeson, Merry E Biloxi, MS; Jr. Helton, Lisa M Laurel, MS; Fr. Heltz, Kevin P Reserve, LA; So. Hempstead, Janet L Lucedale, MS; Sr. Hendrix, Bennie J Leakesville, MS; Sr. Hendry, Twila M Louin, MS; Sr. Henley. Dana V Brandon, MS; Fr. Hennis, Martin R Chatom, AL; Sr. Henry, Agnes C Laurel, MS; Jr. Henry, Babbette Redwood, MS; Fr. 302 Mugshots Hosey Henry, Pamela L Natchez, MS; Sr. Hernandez, Francia L El Tigre, Venezuela; Jr. Herring, Bobby H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Herring, Chrissy I Biloxi, MS; Fr. Herrington, Bubba Petal, MS; Sr. Herrington, Chip Columbia, MS; Sr. Herrington, Patricia I Hattiesburg, MS; So. Herrington, Robert P Woodville, MS; Sr. Hetherington, Rachael A Long Beach, MS; Sr. Hewes, Billy Gulfport, MS; Sr. Hemes, Charles A Gulfport, MS; Jr. Hickman, Mary-Therese Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr. Hickman, Sonja L Chicago, IL; So. Hicks, Belinda G Laurel, MS; So. Hickson, M. Keith Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Hill, Carol L Quitman, MS; Fr Hill, Hugh A Gulfport, MS; So. Hilliard, Keith A Semmes, AL; Fr. Hillman. Michael H Gautier, MS; Fr. Hines, P. Woodson Pascagoula, MS; So. Hinesley, Stacey D Jackson, MS; Jr. Hinton, Leshia J Runnelstown, MS; Sr Hodges, Allison B Columbus, MS; Fr. Hoerner, Sheri K Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Hoffman, Guy A Pensacola, FL, Fr Hoffman, Tammy G Meridian, MS; Sr. Hoggatt. Allison E Natchez, MS; Fr. Hoggatt, Larry R Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Hogsett, Veronica J Jackson, MS; Fr. Hogue, Keith J Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Hoitt, Jay Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Hoitt, Jeffrey B Ocean Springs. MS; So. Holden. Louis W Slidell, MS; Fr. Holder, Tammy J Jackson, MS; Sr. Holifield, Melissa A Laurel, MS; Jr. Holifield. Rhonda K Laurel, MS; Sr Holland. Paul R Gulfport. MS; Jr. Holland, Sherry R Waynesboro, MS; Jr. Hollingsworth. Jack Prentiss, MS; Fr. Hollingsworth, Tommy L Lake, MS; Jr. Holloway. Heather A Biloxi, MS; Sr. Holloway, Jerome Prentiss, MS; Fr. Holloway, Tammy L Vicksburg, MS; Gr. Holmes, W. Louis Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Holmes, William E Brandon, MS; So. Holmes, Yolanda D Edwards. MS; Fr. Holt, Michele S Long Beach, MS; Sr. Holtz, Terry J Ocean Springs. MS; Sr. Hood, John G Yazzo City, MS; Jr. Hoover, Virgina N Pickens, MS; Jr. Hopkins. Cecil R Noxapater, MS; Jr. Hopkins, Patrick E Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Horn. Bridget G Natchez. MS; Fr. Horn, Gidget K Natchez, MS; Fr. Horst, Wilson Mobile. AL; Fr. Horton, Barbie A Columbia. MS; Jr. Horton. Peggy F Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Hosch. Carole A Gulfport, MS; Jr. Hosey, Belinda Laurel, MS; Jr. Hosey, Lita A Bay Springs. MS; Sr. Mugshots 303 Hosey, Shirlene Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Hoskins, Alicia L Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. House, Florence M Batesville, MS; Jr. House, Patricia A Oakland, MS; Jr. Housley, Joseph E Nurnberg, Germany; Sr. Housley, Sharon D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Houston, Mark Pensacola, FL; So. Howard, Cynthia L Gulfport, MS; Sr. Howard, Jesse J Jackson, MS; Jr. Howard, Kenneth R Poplarville, MS; Sr. Howard, Louada Belzoni, MS; Sr. Howell, Gary Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Howell, Krandall P McComb, MS; So. Howell, Lowell A Laurel, MS; Fr. Howell, Marcus H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Howell, Rachel M Woodville, MS; Gr. Hubbard, Benny L Vicksburg, MS; So. Hubbard, C. Fairly Magee, MS; So. Huber, Gabrielle E Metairie, LA; Fr. Hubler, Monica E Biloxi, MS; So. Huch, Martha R Jackson, MS; Sr. Huddleston, Johnny E Bay Springs, MS; Sr. Hudson, Cheri K Jackson, MS; Fr. Hudson, Lisa K Clarksdale, MS; Sr. Hudson, Melissa A Long Beach. MS; So. Hudson, Melodie J Jackson, MS; Fr. Hudson, Nita D Sumrall, MS; Sr. Hudson, Phyllis S Hernando, MS; Jr. Hudson, Richard D Magee, MS; Jr. Hueck, Erick M Laurel, MS; Jr. Huey, Chip H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Huffman, Catherine Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Hughes, Antonio R Forest, MS; Gr. Hughes, Cassandra L Jackson, MS; Jr. Hughes, Gail Jackson, MS; Sr. Hughes, Holly D McComb, MS; Jr. Hughes, Nancy D Seminary, MS; Sr. Hughes, Nona C Centreville, MS; Sr. Hughes, Robert G Houma, LA; Sr. Hulitsky, Cindy Slidell, LA; So. Humphrey, Edwin S Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Hundsceid, Mark J Woodstock, NY; Sr. Hunt, Lewis W Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Hunter, Reggie K Gulfport, MS; Sr. Hurst, Walter J Magnolia, MS; Sr. Hurt, Lisa G Lumberton, MS; Sr. Hurtado, Jaime E Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Jr. Husnik, Deborah K Long Beach, MS; Fr. Hussein, AH A Cairo, Egypt; Jr. Hust, David W Marion Junction, AL; Sr. Hutcherson, Doug Quitman, MS; Sr. Hutchins, Russell S Jackson, MS; Fr. Hutchinson, Barry L Hamburg, MS; Jr. Hutchison, Blaire Carriere, MS; Fr. Hutson, Charles W McComb, MS; So. Hutson, S. Beth McComb, MS; So. Hutto, Jay Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Iberer, Wendy A Port Richey, FL; Jr. Ice, Stephen R New Orleans, LA; Fr. Ilewski, Julia G Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. 304 Mugshots Ui. Jacobs Ingram, James M New Orleans, LA; So. Ingram. Pamela J Seminary, MS; Fr. Iranipour. Touraj Vero Beach, FL; Sr. Ibry, Karen R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Irby. Lisa R Gulfport, MS, So Ishee, David M Gulfport, MS; Sr. Ivey, David Picayune, MS; Fr. Ivey, Johnny W Clinton, MS; Jr. Ivy, Robert T Louisville, MS; Jr. Jackson. Algeno T Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Jackson, Angela D Liberty, MS; Jr. Jackson, Beverly J McComb, MS; Sr. Jackson. Billy R Jackson, MS; So. Jackson. Jill B McComb, MS; Sr. Jackson. Joni Madison, MS; So. Jackson, Joseph A Marrero, LA; Sr Jackson, Ken M McComb, MS; Sr. Jackson. Lisa M Gulfport, MS; Fr. Jackson, Georgia M Moss Point, MS; So. Jackson. Patricia D Covington, LA; Fr. Jackson, Sonja L Moss Point, MS; Jr. Jackson, Tina L Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Jacobs, E. Mike West Columbia, SC; Sr. Jacobs. Joni L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Mugshots 305 James James, Mark G Hazlehurst, MS; So. James, Pam G Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Jamileh, Khalid M Damascus, Syria; Jr. Janus, Jennifer M Biloxi, MS; Jr. Janus, Michael W Biloxi, MS; Fr. Jarrell, Joey R Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Jarre!!. Kenneth W Kokomo, MS; Sr. Jeanfreau, Michelle M Picayune, MS; Jr. Jefferson, Gwendolyn E Jackson, MS; Jr. Jelks, Jean M Centreville, MS; So. Jelks, Kenneth A Centreville, MS; Jr. Jenkins, J. Kerry Clinton, MS; Sr. Jenkins, Lisa L Meridian, MS; So. Jenkins, Thomas F Petal, MS; Sr. Jennings, Susan L Mantee, MS: So. Jett, Brian J Clinton, MS; Jr. Jiles. Eddie B Ozark, AL: Gr. Jimenez, Maria A Guayaquil, Ecuador; Jr. Jimmerson, Kenneth L Moss Point, MS; Sr. Johnson, Angela R Jackson, MS; Fr. Johnson, Cindy L. Charlotte, NC; Jr. Johnson, Clarence Clarksdale, MS; So. Johnson, Diane E.P Hattiesburg, MS: Sr. Johnson, Dwight A Meridian, MS; Sr. Johnson, Ellen M Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Johnson, F.R. Dub Pearl, MS; Sr. Johnson, Jennifer A Lisman, AL: Fr. Johnson, Jill R Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Johnson, Julie E Pascagoula, MS; So. Johnson, Laurie E Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Johnson, Michelle L Waveland, MS: Fr. Johnson, Monica L Gulfport, MS; So. Johnson, Pamela R Gulfport, MS; Sr. Johnson, Paul B Seminary, MS; So. Johnson, Reginald C Collins, MS, Jr. Johnson, Sarah J Angie, LA; Sr. Johnson, Shannon C Poplarville, MS; Sr. Johnson, Shunda S Blue Mountain, MS; Sr. Johnson, Teresa E Long Beach, MS; Fr. Johnson, Terrance K Gulfport, MS; Sr. Johnson, Tom B Lake Cormorant, MS; Gr. Johnson, Valerie R Canton, MS; Sr. Johnson, Vernon V Meridian, MS; So. Johnson, Wendy L Gautier, MS; Fr. Johnston, Cynthia C Atlanta, GA; Sr. Jones, Abby L Roxie, MS; Fr. Jones, Angela R. Germantown, TN; So. Jones, Angie F Forest, MS; Sr. Jones, Annie L Hattieburg, MS; Jr. Jones, Carol L Jackson, MS; Sr. Jones, Cecil B Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Jones, Cyndi K Pearl, MS; So. Jones, Dana C Hurley, MS; Jr. Jones, Daniel K Gulfport, MS; Sr. Jones, Darla J Pascagoula, MS; So. Jones, Donald W Biloxi, MS; So. Jones, Freddie L Lula, MS; Jr. Jones, Gloria J Paulding, MS; Jr. Jones, Jacqueline D Quitman, MS; So. Jones, Jamie M Jackson, MS; Jr. 306 Mugshots Kendrick Jones. Kelley R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Jones. Kelvin E. Columbus. MS; Fr. Jones. Kevin W Madison, MS; So. Jones, Larry O Philadelphia, MS; Sr. Jones, Lea Ann Port Gibson, MS; Fr. Jones, Lisa R Union, MS; Jr. Jones, Marci L Lucedale, MS; Fr. Jones. Michael G Biloxi, MS; Fr Jones, Neill D Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Jones, Phyllis Maben, MS; So. Jones. Rhonda L. Magee, MS; Fr. Jones, Robert K Long Beach. MS; Sr. Jones. Rosemarie Natchez, MS; So. Jones. Shannan L. Jackson, MS; So. Jones. T. Eddie Moselle, MS; Sr. Jones, Thomas C Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Jones. Tim D Clinton, MS; Sr. Jones, Tracy Y Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Jones, Vann E Hazlehurst. MS; Sr. Jordan, Charles S. Hattiesburg, MS; So. Jordan, James A Long Beach, MS; So. Jordan, Jay D Seminary, MS; Fr. Jordan, Joseph H Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Jordan, Kimberley M. Brandon, MS; Fr. Jordan, Mary A Laurel, MS; Fr. Jordan. Michael Jackson, MS; Jr. Jordan. Tom W Columbus, MS; Fr. Jorden, Teresa D Clinton, MS; Jr. Joseph. Lisa W Natchez, MS; Fr. Joyce, Joel W Clinton, MS; Fr Joyner, Jessie W. Jackson, MS; Sr. Joyner, Julie A Jackson, MS; Jr. Junior. Cynthia E Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Junkin. Keith S Picayune, MS; Sr. Kahl, Amanda L Slidell, LA; So. Kahl, William C Gautier, MS; Sr. Kahlstorf, Mary M Shreveport. LA; Sr. Kaiser. Kerry P Natchez, MS; Fr. Karpinsky, Laura D Long Beach, MS; Jr. Kaskie. Kristin E Forest, MS; So. Kaufman, Marcia L Meridian, MS; Fr. Kavanagh. Eddie M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Kay, Antrice D Corinth, MS; Sr. Kay, Karen L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Kay, R. Sammy Corinth, MS; Fr. Kay, Robin G Collins, MS; Jr Kbob. Shish Academik Dismissal. CA; Fr. Keck. John A Jackson. MS; Fr. Keeney, Scott L Ocean Springs. MS; Sr. Keeter. Kent E Clinton, MS; So. Keith. W. Drew New Orleans, LA; Fr. Kellar, Clifford C Picayune, MS; Sr. Kellen, Eric O Omaha, NE; Sr. Kelley. K. Kay Pascagoula. MS; Sr. Kellum, Gloria J Greenville. MS; So. Kelly. Christopher A Pascagoula. MS; Jr. Kelly. Felicia F Meridian, MS; Fr. Kelly, Jessie B Monticello, MS; Jr. Kelly, Thecia E Pelahatchie, MS; Jr. Kendrick. David A.G. Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Mugshots 307 Kendrick Kendrick, J. Marcus Edwards, MS; Jr Kennedy, Tara H Franklinton, LA, So Kennedy, Willie R Lucedale, MS; Jr Kennon, Ronald D Natchez, MS; Sr Kent, Ray L Clinton, MS; So Kent, Stephanie M Shalimar, FL; Fr Kent, Tracy J Mandeville, LA; Jr Kergosien, Patrick J Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr Kermode, Jackie L Pascagoula, MS; Jr Kern, Peggy A Gulfport, MS; Jr Kerrick, Jay A Pensacola, FL; So Kettinger, Cheri L Monroe, MI; Fr Key, Jackie B Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Keyes, Stacy J Lucedale, MS; Jr. Keys, Jackie K Magee, MS; Sr. Keys, Kayle R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Kidd, Mark A Quitman, MS; Fr. Kilgore, Joel E West Point, MS; Sr. Kimbrough, Jennifer R Jackson, MS; Jr. King, Debbie Edwards, MS; Jr. King, James R Conehatta, MS; So. King, Jerry Sumrall, MS; Sr. King, Jimmy L Magee, MS; So. King, Karla G Jackson, MS; Fr. ng, Kathy L Jackson, MS; Sr ng, Kristie A Brandon, MS; Fr ng, Michael R Bay Springs, MS; Jr ng, Rebecca H Louin, MS; Sr ng, Sammy A. Biloxi, MS; Sr ng, Vicki V Hattiesburg, MS; Jr I 308 Mugshots Larabie Kingston, Lisa A. Bay St. Louis. MS; Fr. Kinloch, Iain D Pensacola, FL; So. Kinnebrew, Will A Jackson, MS; Sr. Kinsey, Joe L Moss Point, MS; Sr. Kinsey, Kathy S. Biloxi, MS; Sr. Kirkley, Angela C Carson, MS; Sr. Kirkpatrick, Kathy Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Kissinger, Peggy A Slidell, LA; Sr. Kittrell. Donald W Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Kliesch, Thomas K Jackson, MS; Jr. Kloske, Sandra D Vancleave, MS; Fr. Klusendorf, Kathy T Long Beach, MS; Fr. Knight, Alan W Bogalusa, LA; So. Knight, Amy L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Knight, James F. Pass Christian, MS; Fr. Knight, Mary L Jackson, MS; Jr. Knight, Sheila F. Hattiesburg, MS; So. Koehn, Jeffrey M Gulfport. MS; Fr. Koehn, Timothy J Gulfport, MS; Jr. Keoppel. Beth C. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Kohr, Peyton C Pensacola, FL; Fr. Koontz, Diane M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Kramer, Evelyn A Petal, MS; Sr. Krieger, Klint D. Pciayune, MS; So. Krostag, Peter D Pensacola. FL; Gr Kucia, Gerald L Jackson, MS; So Kwan, Kwai C Petaling, Jaya, Malaysia; So Kwan, Yu S. Hong Kong, Japan; Jr Labat. Eric M Bay St. Louis, MS; Sr Lack, Edie L Magee, MS; Jr Lacy, Steven K Albuquerque, NM; Sr. Ladner. Desmond C New Orleans, LA; Jr. Ladner, Janet M. Long Beach, MS; Jr. Ladner, Lee A. Lumberton, MS; Sr. Ladnier, Joseph E Bayou La Batre, AL; Sr. Ladnier. Robert M Bayou La Batre. AL; Sr. Laird, James E Natchez, MS; Sr Lambert. Sidney L Monticello, MS; Jr Lambert, Timothy G. Daphne, AL; Sr Lambert. Tina M Sontag, MS; Sr Lambright, Lucy E Brookhaven, MS; Jr Lampe, Bruce E. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Isles; Sr Lancaster, Paul F. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Lancaster. Sherry J Jackson, MS; Sr. Lancaster, Tom E Cleveland, OH; Sr. Land, Mary C Columbus, MS; Fr. Landry, Deborah E Pass Christian, MS; Fr. Landry, Paul C.W Baton Rouge. LA; So. Lane. Jackie A Chalmette. LA; Jr Lane. Virginia A Columbus, MS; Jr Lang, Adolfo P La Paz, Bolivia; Sr Lang, Charles J McComb, MS; Jr Lang. Loretta Shubuta. MS; So Lang. Mark E Brookhaven. MS; Jr Lang, Sherri A Springfield. VA; So. Langley, J. Ken Jackson. MS; Sr. Langston. Bradley T Oakvale, MS; Jr. Lanoue. Vince D. Shreveport, LA; Jr Laphand. Andrea M Quitman, MS; So. Larabie. Kristine D. Biloxi, MS; Fr. Mugshots 309 Larry, Alisa A Starkville, MS; Sr. Larson, Diane M. Vicksburg, MS; So. Larson. Lana C Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Laseter, Charles D Ellisville, MS; Jr. Lathrop. Ann E Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Laub. Kimberly A Slidell, LA; Fr. Laubscher, Dwight A Jackson, MS; Fr. Lawrence, Gwyn M Biloxi, MS; Jr. Lawrence, Mary B Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Lawrence, Willie C Pensacola, FL; Sr. Lay, Katherine M Florence, MS; Fr. Layton, Gwen P. Mize, MS; Sr. Leaseburg, Michael J New Richmond, WI; Fr. Ledlow, Craig M Laurel, MS; Sr. Lee, Bernard Louisville, MS; Sr. Lee, Beverly D Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Lee, Carole B Tylertown, MS; Jr. Lee, Cheryl A Pearl River, LA; So. Lee, David E Gulfport, MS; Fr. Lee, James L Purvis, MS; Sr. Lee, Janna Enterprise, MS; Jr. Lee, Karen A Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. Lee, Kimberly D. Collins, MS; Sr. Lee, Randall E Little Rock, MS; Gr. Lee, Robyn A Slidell, LA; Fr. Lee, Sandra D Indianola, MS; So. Lefevre, John P Houma, LA; Jr. Legg, Donna J Hartselle, AL; Sr. Legg, Terri D Mobile, AL; So. Leggett, Anthony M Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Leggett, N. Ruth Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Lehtola, Darryl E Brandon. MS; Jr. LeMagnachien, Ralph Bourdeaux, KS; Sr. LeNoir, Thomas J Meridian, MS; So. Lenz, Buu T. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Leonard, John W Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Leonard, Lonnie K Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Leopard, Shawn L Gulfport, MS; So. Leslie. S. Andy Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Leslie, Scott A Pascagoula, MS, Fr. Levy, Gregg R Milwaukee, WI; Jr. Levy, Richard E Pass Christian, MS; So. Lewis, Angela K Brandon, MS; So. Lewis. Cheryl L Lucedale, MS; Jr Lewis. Frank H Wesson, MS; Jr. Lewis, Frankie E Jackson, MS; Fr. Lewis, George L. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Lewis, John R Flora, MS; Sr. Lewis, Lewana J Meridian, MS; Sr. Lewis, Lynda D Greenwood, MS; Jr. Lewis. Marvin D Lexington, MS; So. Lewis, P.K. Butch Gautier, MS; Sr. Lewis, Patricia A Mount Olive, MS; Sr. Lewis, Phillip K Gautier, MS; Sr. Lewis, Rochella W Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Lewis, Silas R Monticello, MS; So. Lewis, Terry F Meridian, MS; Jr. Leyda, Deborah S Heidelberg, West Germany; Jr. Lian, Man H. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gr. Lian. Mun Y Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Jr. 310 Mugshots ft ft Long Lightsey, Deborah R Laurel, MS; Jr. Lilly, James K Clarksdale, MS; Jr. Lim, Jit H Kuala Lurnpur, Malaysia; Sr. Lindigrin, Donna B Clinton, MS; Sr Lindsay, Jennifer L Slidell, LA; Jr. Litten, Connie H Petal, MS. Sr. Little, David A Petal, MS; Fr. Little, Deborah J Gulfport, MS; Jr. Little, George D. 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Lott, Thomas A Seminary, MS; Sr Loughman, Missy A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Love, Cassandra A Meridian, MS; Jr. Love, Kelly R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Love, Raymond L Summit, MS; So. Love, Sondra A Biloxi, MS; So. Lovelace. Ina S Lucedale, MS; Jr. Loveless. Laura S. Hattiesburg, MS; So. Loverboy, A Summit, MS; So. Lovett, Jacqueline Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Lowe, Mae L Columbia, MS; Jr. Lowe, Sammy L Sumrall, MS; Jr. Lowe, Terry R Purvis, MS; Jr. Lowery, Nina J Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Lozano, Marie A. Brownsville, TX; Sr. Lucas, Alan D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Lucas, Cindy E Natchez, MS; Fr. Lucas, Valerie D Mound Bayou, MS; Jr. Lucroy, Bobby H Meridian, MS; Jr. Ludington, Karyn J Jackson, MS; So. 312 Mugshots McGee ^ P ^i (^ Lumpkin. F. Suzanne Picayune, MS; So Lundy, Shawn M Philadelphia, MS; Fr Lung, Judy C Kaoshung, Taiwan; Jr Lupo, Lucy R Clinton, MS; Fr Luther. Lisa A Pontotoc, MS; Jr Lyeders. Lisa L Slidell, LA; Fr Lyles, Deborah F Natchez, MS; Sr Lynn. Jeffrey T Mobile, AL; Sr Lynn, Linde F Huntsville, AL; Gr Lyons. Mary T Philadelphia, MS; Sr. Lytle. Alan D Covington, LA; Fr. Lytle. Gina V Biloxi. MS; Sr. Maberry, Rhonda Y Jackson, MS; Fr. McAllister. Margaret E Oakvale. MS; Jr. McAlpin. Gayden K Laurel, MS; Fr. McArthur, Steven L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. McCaa, Sherye E Lucedale, MS; So. McCain, John N Semmes, AL; Fr. McCallum, L. Dennis Magee, MS; Sr McCann. Amanda J Hazlehurst. MS; Jr. McCardle, Connie R Brooklyn, MS; Gr. McCarron. Patrick M Ft Walton Beach, FL; Jr. McCarthy, Damon B Hattiesburg, MS; Fr McCarty. Gerald D McLain, MS; So. McCarty, Graham B Jackson, MS; So McCarth, Jeanette R. Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. McCarty, Melinda E Hattiesburg, MS; So McCarty. Tony J Waynesboro, MS; Sr. McCay, Thomas S Jackson, MS; Sr. McCleery, Nicole Pascagoula, MS; So. McClendon. Milton Forest, MS; Jr McClinton. Sidney L Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. McCloud, Christopher L Lucedale. MS; So. McCloud, Donna J Lucedale, MS; Sr McCollum, Anthony M Richland, MS; Sr. McCool, Cynthia A Laurel, MS; Sr MacCormack, Robin Melrose, MA; Jr. McCormick, Joan M Gautier, MS; So. MCormick, Teresa Heidelberg, MS; Jr. McCoy, Elizabeth F Natchez, MS; So. McCrary, R. Erin Hattiesburg, MS; So. McCrary, Robert H. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. NcCrimmon, Carl S Poplarville, MS; Jr McCrory. E. Scott Selma, AL. Jr McDaniel, Mike D Magnolia, MS; Jr McDaniel. Nathan D Kentwood. LA; So McDermott. Carolyn A. Jackson. MS; Fr McDonald. Brad A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr McDonald. Dolores K Magee. MS; Sr McDonald, Douglas G Vicksburg, MS; Jr McDonald, John C Laurel. MS; Sr McDonald, Lisa D Ocean Springs. MS; Jr McDonald, Marion W. Meridian, MS; Sr McDonald. Mark T. Covington, LA; Fr McDonald, Marsha L Vancleave, MS; Jr McDowell, R. Wayne Jackson, MS; Sr McEwen. Dorothy R Long Beach. MS; Gr McFarlin, Angela M Hattiesburg. MS; So McGee, Jason F. Goodman, MS; So McGee. Jeanne L Belzoni, MS; Jr Mugshots 313 McGee McGee, Kcmbcrlly M Stonewall, MS; Fr. McGce, Lori P Hattiesburg, MS; So. McGee, Mark C Columbus, MS; Jr. McGee, Marvin D McComb, MS; Jr. McGee, Sean P River Ridge, LA; Fr. McGehee, Lisa R Perkinston, MS; Fr. McGehee, Melanie B Madison, MS; Fr. McGilrery, Barbara J. Beaumont, MS; Jr. McGlothlin, Susan R San Diego, CA; Jr. McGowan, Jerryl M Foxworth, MS; Sr. McGowan, Sherry S Columbia, MS; So. McGraw, Kathleen A Gulfport, MS; Jr. McGuffee, Karen R Brandon, MS; So. McGuire, E. Wayne Biloxi, MS; Fr. McHenry, Kimher L Gautier, MS; Jr. Mclnnis, Chelle Y Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Mclnnis, Elmer V Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Mclnnis, John M Perkinston, MS; Jr. Mclnvale, Leslie L Mobile, AL; So. McKay, Sweyn E. New Augusta, MS; So. McKay, Thomas S Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. MacKay, Valerie L DeFuniak Springs, FL; Sr. McKee, Chester E Bailey, MS; Sr. McKenzie, Kathryn M Magnolia, MS; Fr. McKenzie, Sonya L Gulfport, MS; So. MacKey, Lynda J Waynesboro, MS; Sr. McKlemurry, Robert V Hernando, MS; Fr. McLemore, Lori L Taylorsville, MS; Jr. McLemore, Ronald D Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. McLendon, Bryan L Columbia, MS; Sr. McLendon, Sharon D. Jackson, MS; Sr. McLendon, Torcia A Waynesboro, MS; Jr. McLeod, Barbara L McLain, MS; Sr. McLeod, Gavin K Hattiesburg, MS; So. McMahan, Maria A Hattiesburg, MS; So. McMahon, Tracy L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. McManus, Scott J Gulfport, MS; So. McManus, Taara C Meadville, MS; Fr. McMillan, Charmaine Forest, MS; Jr. McMullan, Michael R Decatur, MS; So. McNab, Jackie L Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. McNair, Elaine L Waynesboro, MS; Sr. McNair, H. Earl Mount Olive, MS; Sr. McNairy, Kimberly D Holly Spring, MS; Jr. McNeal, Lisa A Franklinton, LA; Fr. McPhail, Kent D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. McPherson, Linda N Caledonia, MS; Jr. McPhie, Kim A Biloxi, MS; Sr. McQuagge, Moira L. Wiggins, MS; So. McQuaig, Melanie L Meridian, MS; Sr. McQuaig, Natalie M Meridian, MS; Sr. McQueen, Kevin S Gulfport, MS; Sr. McVeay, Jerald D Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Madison, James H Areola, MS; Sr. Madison, Jeri M. Jackson, MS; Sr. Madison. Travis L Starkville, MS; Gr, Magee, Cindy A Brookhaven, MS; So. Magee, Leslie G Mendenhall, MS; Jr. Magee, Michael A. Belden, MS; Fr. Magee, Robert D Santag, MS; Jr. 314 Mugshots Mensi , K. fm W~ w £S ^ Magsby, Carolyn D. Lula, MS; Fr. Mahaffey. Rebecca A. Florence, MS; Sr. Majarrez, Marilene Biloxi, MS; Sr. Major, Michael K Niceville, FL; Jr. Maleche, Valerie C Biloxi, MS; Sr. Mallett. Molly G Gautier, MS; Fr. Mallette. Teresa L Meridian, MS; Jr. Malley, David P Gulfport, MS; So. Malley, Karen A Columbia, MS; So. Malsbury, Annie R Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Malsbury, Billie G Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Manasco, Tonya A Natchez, MS; Fr. Maness, Ronda M Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Mangum, Van D Mendenhall, MS; Fr. Mann, Elizabeth A Largo, FL; So. Mann, Thomas O Biloxi, MS; Sr. Mann, Timothy A. Largo, FL; So. Manning, Kelli A Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Manton. William K Jackson, MS; So. Maples. Tim R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Marlow, Debbie A Gulfport, MS; So. Marlow, Donna M Jackson, MS; Sr. Marrero, Leigh A Huntsville, AL; Jr. Martin. Cinda L Guldport, MS; Sr. Martin. David G Jackson, MS; Jr. Martin. Lori B Columbia, MS; Sr. Martin. Melinda A Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Martin. Michael J Picayune, MS; Jr. Martin. R. Clay Pearl, MS; So. Martin. Wayne C Tylertown, MS; Sr. Martinez, Ramon E Caracas, Venezuela, Jr. Marts. Ronald K Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Mason. Melvymer McComb, MS; Gr. Mason, Toye A Quitman, MS; Sr. Massengale. E. Matt Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Massey. William D Pensacola, FL; Jr. Matheny, Ticia D Gulfport, MS; Jr. Mathis, Lisa K Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Mathis, Stacey D Meridian, MS; So. Mathner. Robert P Ocala. FL; Jr. Mattei, Michael D Port Sulphur. LA; Fr. Matthews. Brenda G Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Matthews, Michael S Biloxi. MS, Jr Mauldin. David L. Gulfport, MS; Jr. Maxey, Geary M. Vicksburg, MS; Sr. May. David W Petal, MS; Jr. May, Earnest E Jackson, MS; So. May, Kelly A Gulfport. MS; So. May, Lisa R Newton, MS; Fr. May, Nanette C Vancleave, MS; So. Mayfield, Becky J Jackson, MS; Fr. Mayfield, Jeff Vicksburg. MS; Fr. Meador, Mary F Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Meadors, Michael A Sandford. FL; Sr. Meadows, Steven P Jackson, MS; Jr. Mechatto, Phillip C Gulfport, MS; So Melear, S. Scott Purvis. MS; Sr. Melton. Michael E Petal, MS; Jr. Melzen, Pamela N New Hebron, MS; Sr. Mensi. Michael J. Gulfport. MS; Jr. Mugshots 315 iercer Mercer, Zena B Laurel, MS; Jr. Meredith, William C Jackson. MS; Sr. Meskimen, Melissa G Gautier, MS; Fr. Methvin, Melissa A Terry, MS; Jr. Metz, Eva M Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Metz, Traci A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Middlebrooks, Kirsten Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Middleton, Dianne C. Biloxi, MS; Fr. Middleton, Donald R Mobile, AL; So. Middleton, Susan G Wilmer, AL; Fr. Middleton, Tracy M Laurel, MS; Jr. Miggins, Claudia M Jackson, MS; Sr. Migliore, John A Jackson, MS; Fr. Miles. Richard E. Meridian, MS; Jr. Miles, Steven A Destin, FL; Jr. Milhollin, Belinda K Biloxi, MS; Sr. Millender, Jacqueline R. Moss Point, MS; So. Miller, Brenda R Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Miller, Cindy M Gulfport, MS; Fr. Miller, Cynthia L Stovall, MS; Jr. Miller, David L Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Miller, Gloria J Freeport, FL; Fr. Miller. Harold V Seminary, MS; Jr. Miller, James L Gulfport, MS; Sr. Miller, John G Jackson, MS; So. Miller, Julie D Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Miller, Keith R Moss, MS; Sr. Miller. Michael W Pearl, MS; So. Miller. Nancy K Seminary, MS; Sr. Miller, Peggy R Petal, MS; So. Miller, Raymond E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Miller, Rene S Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Miller, Samuel J Stovall, MS; Jr. Miller, Scott H Forest, MS; Sr. Miller, Sheila R Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Miller, Sheila R (sola, MS; So. Miller, Warren D Gulfport, MS; Jr. Milling. David W Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Mills, Jana K Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Mills, Shawn F Biloxi, MS; Fr. Milstead, Laura K Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Mims, Paul D Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Minton, Virginia A Clinton, MS; So. Minyard, Melissa A Jackson, MS; Jr. Miranda, Melinda F Niceville, FL; Sr. Mishra, Ajay K Jackson, MS; Sr. Mishra, Sanjay K Jackson, MS; Fr. Miskel, Milton C Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Mitchell, Connie L Picayune, MS; Jr. Mitchell, Dorothy R Clarksdale, MS; Fr. Mitchell, Jacqueline D Meridian, MS; Sr. Mitchell, Karen M Gulfport, MS; Gr Mitchell, Mary-Margaret Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Jr. Mitchell, Tamara M Columbia, MS; So. Mitchell, Toni E Greenville, MS; So. Mitchell, Willis S Gulfport, MS; Sr. Moak, Charles W McComb, MS; Jr. Moak, Stacy C Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Moak. Wyndi Brandon, MS; Fr. Moffett, Ulenda D Bay Springs, MS; So. 316 Mugshots Moran Molotsi, Hugh N Lusaka, Zambia; Fr. Monk, K. Michelle Magee, MS; Fr. Monnier, Craig D Slidell, LA; Fr. Monohon. JoAnn M Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Montague, Carol R. Petal, MS; Jr. Montgomery, Amye K Wesson, MS; Jr. Montgomery, Dianne L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Montgomery, Janeane Jackson. MS; Sr. Montgomery, Linda C Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Montgomery. Lois C Long Beach, MS; Sr. Montgomery, Pamela A Hattiesburg, MS; So. Montilla. Ronald C Ocean Springs. MS; Sr. Moody. Linda D Starkville, MS; Jr. Moody, Teresa L Meridian, MS; Jr. Moody, Willie J. Columbus, MS; Jr. Mooney, Becky J Hattiesburg. MS; So. Moore. James D. McComb, MS; Jr. Moore, Julia G Gautier. MS; Sr. Moore, Keith A McCall Creek, MS; So. Moore, Laurie A. Gulfport, MS; Jr. Moore. Lisa A McComb. MS; Fr. Moore. Mary G Meridian. MS; Jr. Moore. Michael W Bay St. Louis. MS; Sr. Moore. Robin L Gulfport. MS; Sr. Moore, Stephanie M Mobile. AL; Fr Moore. Timothy H Forest. MS; Jr. Moore. Wanda L Wesson, MS; Jr. Moore, Yalonda Hazlehurst, MS; So. Moran. Carol P Pass Christian, MS; Gr. Moran, James K Gautier. MS; Sr Mugshots 317 Moran, Patti J Picayune, MS; Fr. Mordica, Kerri T Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Moreno, Melissa J Long Beach, MS; Fr. Morgan, Connie Y Inverness, MS; Sr. Morgan, David E Toomsuba, MS; Jr. Morgan, Lisa G Hattiesburg, MS; So. Morgan, Michael L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Morgan, Rhonda M Heidelburg, MS; Jr. Morgan, Roger D Lawrence, MS; Sr. Morgan. Wyneile Vossburg, MS; Jr. Morrell, Monique A Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Morren, Jonathan L Parkesburg, PA; So. Morris, H. Ashley Pensacola, FL; Sr. Morris, Janet M Columbia, MS; Fr. Morris, Melanie H Lafayette, LA; Sr. Morris, Robert E. Pachuta, MS; Sr. Morrison, Norman W. Jackson, MS; Jr. Morrison, Paul E Jackson, MS; Sr. Morrison, Taffy S Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Morror, Scott A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Morrow, Sarah N Purvis, MS; So. Mosher, Monica R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Mosley. Cynthia M Lucedale, MS; Jr. Mosley, Karen A. Jackson, MS; So. 318 Mugshots Newman Mosley. Miller E Jackson, MS; Jr Moss, Jeffrey L Laurel, MS; Jr Moss, Robert H Natchez, MS; Fr Moulds, Yolanda M Moss Point. MS; So Mount, Julie A Long Beach, MS; Fr Mueller, Darryl A Long Beach, MS; So Mullen. Anthony B Brookhauen, MS; Sr Mullen, Harry B Pascagoula, MS; Fr Mullen. Wendy W Brookhaven, MS; Jr Muller, Cynthia A Jackson, MS; Jr Mullins, Lisa R Columbia, MS; Jr Mullins, Tanya L. Wesson, MS; Jr Mullis, George D. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Mullis, Laurie A. Hattiesburg, MS; So Mulloy, William C Indianola, MS; Jr Munn, Jennifer L Mendenhall, MS; Jr Munn. William M. Bailey, MS; Sr Murphy, Patrick E Columbus, MS; Sr Murphy, Tommy C Pascagoula, MS; Jr Muse, Loren N Jackson, MS; So Mustain, Jamie A Los Angeles, CA; So Myatt, John W Purvis, MS; So Myers, Andrea B Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Myers, Dora L Prentiss, MS; Fr Myers, Michael J Moss Point, MS; Sr Myers, Patrice G Moss Point, MS; Jr Myers, Ricky A Pascagoula, MS; So Myles, Sharon L. Jackson, MS; So Myrick, Katherine A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Nagle, Jennifer H Ft. Walton Beach. FL; Jr Nail Daphne E Brandon, MS; Fr Napier, Grey S Belden, MS; So Nash, Christopher R Brandon, MS; Jr Nations. Dudley S Brookhauen, MS; Jr Nation, Tanza J Brookhauen, MS; Fr Neal, Johnnie R. LaPlace, LA; Sr Neal. Leslie R Pearl, MS; Sr Neal, Michael J. Crystal Springs, MS; Jr Neal, Nancy A Madison, MS; Jr Necaise, Joy A Necaise Crossing, MS; Sr Necaise, Lisa L Pass Christian, MS; Jr Neely, J. Scott Madison. MS; So Neely, James H. Gautier, MS; Sr Neely, Julie A Florence, MS; Fr Neese, Charles W Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Jr Neill. Sheila C Utica, MS. Jr Nelson, Brenda E. Bassfield, MS; Sr Nelson, Dana M Gulfport, MS; Jr Nelson, Darwin V Agricola, MS; Sr Nelson, Deborah J Foley, AL; Jr Nelson. Herman E Vicksburg, MS; Sr Nelson, Roy F Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Jr Nettles, Jerry W Fayette. MS; Sr Nettles, Layoyne Jackson, MS; Jr Nettles, Ronald E Fayette. MS; Gr Netto. Harold G. Bay St. Louis. MS; Jr Newman. B.G. Chip Natchez. MS; Jr Newcomb. Ben C. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Newman. Debbie L Laurel. MS; Sr Newman. Pamela D Ocean Springs. MS; Sr Mugshots 319 Newman Newman, William R Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Newsom, Joseph S Newhebron, MS; Jr. Newsom, Mary L Columbia, MS; Jr. Newton, G. Al Jackson, MS; Sr. Newton, Michael L Prentiss, MS; Fr. Nichols, Karen E. Purvis, MS; Fr. Nichols. Michelle L Moss Point, MS; Gr. Nichols. Teresa C. Meridian, MS; Fr. Niemeyer. Charles S McComb, MS; Sr. Niles, Emily V Meridian, MS; Jr. Niolet, Lynn M DeLisle, MS; Jr. Nishida, Toshihiko Shimabara, Japan; Sr. Njoku, Reginald A Holly Springs. MS; So. Noblin, Mark T Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Noe, English T Danville, KY; So. Noel, Kathy E Laurel, MS; Jr. Nordin, Leland E Jackson, MS; Sr. Nordio, Janice R. Pearl, MS; Jr. Norman, Lisa A Meridian, MS; So. Norris, William R Lake City, FL, Gr. North, Janice C Brandon, MS; Gr. Nosser, David J Vicksburg, MS; Gr. Nosser, Leigh A Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Novak, Steve A. Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Nowell. Penny N Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Oakes, James F Monticello, MS; Jr. Oatis. Derrick D. Meridian, MS; So. O' Bannon, Mona F Vicksburg, MS; So. Ochoa, Bobby J Biloxi, MS; So. O'Connor, Catherine A Meridian, MS; So. L 320 Mugshots I Pearson Odom, Angela M. Jackson, MS, Fr. Ocsterling, David G Oxford, MS; Jr. O'Keefe, Laurie K Biloxi. MS; Fr. Oleson, Lisa A Brooklyn, MS; Sr. Olive, Curtis D Carriere, MS; Fr. Olliff. G. Bob Pensacola, FL; Sr O'Neal, Michele G. Long Beach, MS; So. O'Neal. Sonya I Chatom, AL; Sr. O'Neill. Christopher L Gulfport, MS; So. O'Quinn, Darrell W Purvis, MS; Jr. O'Quinn, Donna L Purvis, MS; Jr. O'Quinn, Kenneth E Jackson, MS; Sr Orfila. Mark A Pear! River, MS; Fr. Ortiz, Mark P Gulfport, MS; Jr. Osborne, John E. Magnolia, MS; Sr. Osorio, Rene D Panama City, Panama; Jr. Oswalt, James R Jackson, MS; Jr. Overland, Jennifer L Ellisville, MS; Sr. Overstreet, Joe V. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Owen, Russlyn Y. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Owens, David E Hernando, MS; Sr. Owens. Kimmberly A. Oak Ridge, TN; So. Owens, Michael R Brandon, MS; Jr. Pace, Laurie E Biloxi, MS; Sr. Pace, Teresa M Clinton, MS; Fr. Pack, Beth Hattiesburg. MS; Fr. Palmer, Garnet Grosse Pointe Farms. MI; Fr. Papas, Mike S Biloxi, MS; Sr. Pardee, Charles C St. Petersburg, FL; Sr. Parish. Gregory E Laurel, MS; Jr. Parish, Sonya D Laurel, MS; Fr. Parkel, Susan M Brandon, MS; Jr. Parker. C. Dexter Bay Springs, MS; Sr. Parker, Deanna L Zephyrhills. FL; Fr. Parker, Deidre C Biloxi, MS; Fr. Parker, George W Niceville, FL; Jr Parker, John P Pensacola, FL; Fr. Parker, Kimberly D Lawrence. MS; Jr. Parker, Mary A Pass Christian. MS; Jr. Parker, Perry E Sumrall, MS; Jr. Parker, Rhonda G. Meridian, MS; Sr. Parker, Thomas C Lumberton. MS; Fr. Parkes, Belinda J Gulfport. MS; Sr. Parkman, K. Wynette Columbia. MS; Sr. Parks. Terri L Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Sr Parks. Tony T Slidell, LA, Fr. Parodi. Carlos A. Barcelona, Venezuela; Jr. Parodi. Oscar A Lima, Peru; Fr. Parvin, H. Janine Gulfport. MS; So. Passmore. Mark E Columbia, MS; Fr. Patrick, Patricia J Forest, MS; Sr. Patten. Scott E Laurel. MS; Jr. Patterson, Jill S Clinton. MS; Fr. Patterson, JoAnn K Meridian, MS: Sr. Patterson, John M Gulfport, MS; Sr. Patton, Cindy L Jackson. MS; Sr. Pawlak. Kent D Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Peacock. Sherry V Pearl, MS; Sr. Pearce. Stewart W Ovett. MS. Fr Pearson, Charles P Louisville, MS; Sr Mugshots 321 Peavey Peavey, Tony E Columbia, MS; Sr. Peddicord, Susan R Hattiesburg, MS; So. Peden, Christopher R Meridian, MS; Sr. Peebles, William R Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Pennehaker, E. Lee Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Penny, Donald A Ocean Springs, MS; So. Penton, Bruce D McNeill, MS; Sr. Peranich, Stephen C Pass Christian, MS; Jr. Perdue, Glenn E. Cantonment, FL; Sr. Perdue. Linda A. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Perek, Anthony P Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Perez, Eugenio H Maracaibo. Venezuela; So. Perkins, Janice E Pensacola, FL; So. Perkins, Leigh A Jackson, MS; Fr. Perniciaro, Andrew J Bay St. Louis, MS; Sr. Perritt, Bennie L Quitman, MS; So. Pertuit, Donna J McComb, MS; Jr. Perusse, Angela M Gulfport, MS; So. Petro, Penny A Gulfport, MS; So. Pevsner, Robert M Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Phelps, Charles E McComb, MS; So. Phelps, Sandra J Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Philio, Chuck K. Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Phillips, Alesia A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Phillips. Anita M. Biloxi, MS; So. Phillips, Hank H Crestview, FL; Jr. Phillips, Jim M Richton, MS; Sr. Phillips, John A Hattiesburg, MS; So. Phillips. Kimberly A Newton, MS; So. Phillips, Marilyn J Oklahoma City, OK; Sr. Phillips, Nelda S Pearl, MS; So. Phillips, Stephen A Jackson, MS; So. Philpot, April D Madison, MS; Jr. Picolo, Donald K Gulfport, MS; So. Pierce, Randall E Hollandale, MS; So. Pierce, Sherri K Brandon, MS; Fr. Pierce, Steve A Jackson, AL; Fr. Pigott, Kelli L Indianola, MS; Jr. Pike, Ellis A Long Beach, MS; So. Pinero, Edward R Carriere, MS; So. Pinkston, Beverlyn J Sumrall, MS; Sr. Pisarich, Raechele A Biloxi, MS; Fr. Pitalo, Kristi J Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Pitalo, Mary M Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Pitre, Brian R Starkville, MS; So. Pittman. Donna K Jackson, MS; Fr. Pittman, Erin A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Pittman, Jennifer J Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Pittman, Patrick W Columbia, MS; Jr. Pittman, Vincton B Sandy Hook, MS; Jr. Pitts, Derek G Eufaula, AL; Jr. Pletz, Tiffany A Houston, TX; Sr. Poellnitz, Michael A. Mobile, AL; Jr. Pogue, Linda C Jackson, MS; Jr. Polk, June L Prentiss, MS; Fr. Polk, Melinda C Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Polk, Ray H Jackson, MS; Sr. Ponder, Alynda D Jackson, MS; Jr. Ponder, Randy Jackson, MS; Sr. Ponder. Toni E Mendenhall, MS; Sr. 322 Mugshots Raiteri 43 Poole. Charlotte R Collinsville, MS; Jr. Poole, Gloria A Gloster, MS; Sr. Pope. Bonnie J Angie, LA; Jr Pope, Kimberly A Laurel. MS; So Pope, Roy G Pace, FL; So Porter. E. Louise Jackson, MS; Jr. Porter. Kristi K. Hattiesburg, MS; So Portocarrero, Enrique F Quitman, MS; Sr Posey, Bob G Philadelphia, MS; Sr Posey. Stella L Forest, MS; Sr Posusta. Christine M Jackson, MS; Jr Potter, Tekla C Gulfport, MS; Jr Potts, Dannetta Vicksburg, MS; Sr Powell, Alice F Hattiesburg, MS; Gr Powell, Clarence V Harrisville, MS; Gr Powell, Jimmi R. Collinsville, MS; So Powell, Ray A Foxworth, MS; Jr Powers, Billy J Biloxi, MS; So Poyner, Ella M Petal, MS; Jr Prassel, Tana L Jackson. MS; So Prescott, Rebecca D. Lucedale, MS; Jr Presley, Veronica L Enterprise, MS; Fr Pressler, Mark A McComb, MS; Sr Prevost, Pierre M Metairie, LA; Jr Price, Allen J. Cantonement, FL; Fr. Price, Geoff L Vicksburg, MS; Fr Price, Helen H Summit, MS; Jr Price, Walker W Terry, MS; Sr Prichard, Chelye E Picayune, MS; So Prichard. Jeff W Picayune, MS; Jr Pridgen, Lori L Samson, AL; Jr Pridgen, Marion, S Jackson, MS; Jr Priest, Gina K Columbia, MS; Fr. Prieto, Ivan A Guayaquil, Ecuador; Sr. Prieto, Marcia G. Guayaquil, Ecuador; So Primm, Karen A. Clinton, MS; Sr Prince, Henry S Natchez, MS; Fr Pryor, Susan R Laurel, MS; Jr. Pryor, Suzanne Laurel, MS; Sr. Pudas, Rachel J. Magee. MS; Sr Puente-Guzman, Maria A Biloxi, MS; Jr Pulley, Landon E Laurel. MS; Sr Pulver, Bruce R. Melbourne, FL; Fr Purer, Ronda K Lynn Haven. FL; Sr Purser. C. Jeanene Picyayune, MS; Fr Purvis, Karen F Ellisville, MS; Sr Purvis, Kimberly A Brandon, MS; Fr Purvis, Lee J Picayune, MS; Jr Quarles, Susan L. Northport. AL; Jr Quave, Edwin J. Biloxi, MS; Sr Quayle. Jennifer E. McComb, MS; Fr Quigley, Mark L Gulfport, MS; Fr Quinnelly. William H Purvis, MS; Sr Quint. Tod C Mobile. AL; Fr Raborn. Rick. H. Jackson, MS; Fr. Ragsdale. Russell H Vicksburg. MS; Sr. Rahim, Latifah Melaka, Malaysia; Jr. Rainey. Alice R Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Rainey, Thomas W Ellisville. MS; Jr. Raiteri, Patti A Biloxi. MS; Jr. Mugshots 323 Ramsay Ramsay, Charles S Mt. Olive, MS; So. Ramsey, Michael W Long Beach, MS; Sr. Ramshur, Tommy D Lucedale, MS; Sr. Randall, Pamela L Gulfport, MS; So. Randle, Phyllis Lexington, MS; Sr. Rankin, Ann E Jackson, MS; Jr. Rankin, Teresa D Magee, MS; Fr. Ransburg, Carolyn D Canton, MS; Sr. Rath, Sonya T Gautier, MS; Sr. Rather. Shelia L. Edwards, MS; Sr. Rau, Matthew C Gretna, LA; Fr. Rawlinson, Pamela F Columbus, MS; Fr. Rawls, Libby A Laurel, MS; Sr. Rawls, Lisa M Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Rawls, Melissa L Summit, MS; So. Rawls, Tara L Columbia, MS; Fr. Rawls. Tonya D Magnolia, MS; Jr. Rawson, Sandra L Pearl, MS; Jr. Ray, James M Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Rayborn. David G Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Rayburn, Mark R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Rayburn, Sam M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Rector. Wesley D Purvis, MS; So. Redd, W. Andre Brandon, MS; Sr. Redman, Dwayne E Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Reed. Flavia Y Jackson, MS; Fr. Reed, Joey M Corinth, MS; Jr. Reed, Mary A Silver City, MS; Sr. Reed. Robyn E Slidell, LA; So. Reed, Steven B Florence, MS; Fr. Reedy, Angela L. Madison, MS; Fr. Reese. Bruce E Mobile, AL; Jr. Reeve, James C Mt. Olive, MS; Jr. Reeves, David G. Monticello, MS; Gr. Reeves, Mitchell G Lucedale, MS; Sr. Reeves, Raymond E New Orleans, LA; Jr. Reeves. Rebecca D Pearl, MS; Fr. Reeves, Steve L Monticello, MS; Jr. Rehg, Amy E Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Reid. Constance M Marietta, GA; So. Reid, Joanna L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Reid, Ramona D Gulfport, MS; Jr. Reid, Robin S Wiggins, MS, Jr. Reiling, Barbara A Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Reiling, Lynda J Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Reiling, Steven J Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Reinerth, Kevin C Metairie, LA; Jr. Remich, Janet M Pensacola, FL; Jr. Remley, Christopher C Biloxi, MS; Fr. Rennick, D. Eddy Greenville, MS; Jr. Rester. Paul A Bogalusa, LA; So. Rettig, Gayle S Gulfport, MS; Jr. Reuben. Denise Pelahatchie, MS; So. Reves, Lisa K Jackson, MS; Sr. Rey. Thomas P Hattiesburg. MS; Jr Reynolds, Barry G Miami. OK; Jr. Reynolds, Gaye N Lucedale, MS; Jr. Reynolds. James M Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Reynolds, Kristi G Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Reynolds, Robin L Pearl, MS; So. 324 Mugshots Ridlehoover Reynolds. William D Laurel. MS; Jr. Rhodes. Neil C Jackson, MS; Jr. Rhodes, Phyllis R Pelahatchie, MS; Sr. Rhodes, Yolanda F Jackson, MS; So. Rhymes. Lisa K. Hazlehurst. MS; Sr. Rich. Jan L Mobile, AL; So. Richard, Rhonda D Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Richards. Allison K Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Jr. Richards. Fred R Bessemer, AL; Sr. Richards. James M Vicksburg. MS; So. Richards. Jan M Long Beach, MS; Fr Richards. Michael A College Park, GA; Fr Richards. Stephen A. Gulfport. MS; Jr. Richardson. C. Denise Fulton, MS; Sr. Richardson. Charles S Jackson, MS; So. Richardson, Kathy A Union, MS; Sr. Richardson. Milton C Gautier. MS; Sr. Richart, Dan J Jackson, MS; So. Richmond, David H Jackson. MS; Fr. Richmond, Lauren A McComb, MS; Jr. Richmond, Tracy L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Ricks. Susan E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Ridgway. Jamie W Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Ridlehoover. Leslie C Clinton. MS; Fr Mugshots 325 Ridley Ridley, Janice D Summit, MS; Sr Ridley. Ronald W Summit, MS; Fr Riles, Sylvia D Sumrall, MS; Fr Riley, Debra R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Riley, K. Alyle Natchez, MS; So Riley, Melissa L Eufaula, AL; Fr Riley, Mike J Hattiesburg, MS; So Riley, Stephanie L Auguadilla, PR; Fr Rincon, Rafael J Maracaibo, Venezuela; Sr Risinger. F. Wilson Carriere, MS; So Ritchey, Donna L Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Rivas, Miguel A Guatemala, Guatemala; Sr Rivers, Starla S Brandon, MS; Fr Roarty, Timothy J Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Robbins, Scott M Mobile, AL; Fr Robbins, Suzan A Picayune, MS; So Roberson, John B Hattiesburg, MS; Sr Roberts, Amelita S Hattiesburg, MS; So Roberts, Deborah J Oakvale, MS; So Roberts, Garyeth W Florence, MS; Fr Roberts, Jerry B Pearl, MS; So Roberts, Kevin R Jackson, MS; Sr Roberts, Sally M Semmes, AL; Sr Robinett, Kimberly K Purvis, MS; Jr 326 Mugshots Samples Robinson. Charles K Taylorsville, MS; Sr. Robinson, Dana E Bogue Chitto, MS; Jr. Robinson, John H Meridian, MS; Jr. Robinson, Keith W Bay Springs, MS; Jr. Robinson, Mary D Jackson, MS; So. Robinson. Miriam A Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Robinson, Rhonda V. Gulfport, MS; Gr. Robinson, Susan L Brookhaven, MS; So. Robinson, Vivian L McLain, MS; So. Robison, Lisa A Greenville, MS; So. Rodgers, Sherrie L. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Roe. Raymond J Carriere, MS, Jr. Roebuck, Lisa R. Vancleave, MS; So. Roesch, Mary K Vicksburg, MS; Fr. Rogers, Donna J. Collins, MS; Jr. Rogers, Glendia E State Line, MS; Sr. Rogers. June A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Rogers. Michael J Covington, LA; Fr. Rogers, Nancy C Tupelo, MS; Sr. Rogers, Novel L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Rohrlack. Robert J Rohrlack Corners, FL; Gr. Rojas. Jose A Maracaibo, Venezuela; Gr. Romero. Kurt J Biloxi, MS; Jr. Rosa, Michael S McNeill, MS; Sr. Rose, Mary L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Rose. Warren R Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Ross. Christie G. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Ross, Rebecca R Jackson. MS; Jr. Ross, Robert E Columbus, MS; Sr. Ross, Thomas Tehula, MS; Jr. Rotenberry, Kenneth W Coldwater, MS; Sr. Rounsaville, Terri L Brookhaven, MS; So. Rowland, Allison D Peachtree City, GA; So. Rucker, Jeffrey A. Jackson, MS; Jr. Ruffin. Peggy Bay Springs, MS; Sr. Ruffin, Rogina M. Meridian, MS; So. Rush, Mary A Leakesville, MS; So. Rushing, Elayne S Meridian, MS; Jr. Rushing, Paul I Tylertown, MS; Fr. Rushing, Sandre L Brookhaven, MS; So. Rushing. Veronica Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Russell, Gerod A Gulfport, MS; Sr. Russell. James R Laurel, MS; Jr. Russell, John M. Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Russell, Terri L Greenville, MS; Fr. Russell, William G Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. Russum, Judy L Port Gibson, MS; Fr. Rutherford. Donna R Biloxi, MS; Sr Rutherford. Susan K Mobile, AL; Fr. Rutland. Kimberly L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Rutland. Stacy L. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Ryan, John Waveland, MS; Jr. Ryder, Nancy A Cleveland, MS; So. Rymer, Angela H Sumrall. MS; Jr. Sadler. William A. Clinton, MS; Jr. Safigan. Sandra M Clinton, MS; Gr. St. Germain. Sloan J. Natchez. MS; Fr Sarnies. Gerald H Ocean Springs, MS; Jr Sarnies. Roxanne L Ocean Springs. MS; Jr. Samples, Andrew R Picayune, MS; Fr. Mugshots 327 Sanchez Sanchez, Ana E Caracas, Venezuela; Sr. Sanchez, Carlos A Caracas, Venezuela; Sr. Sandel, H. Adrian Natchez, MS; Fr. Sanders, Andre L Jackson, MS; Fr. Sanders, Brenda D Hattiesburg, MS; So. Sanders, Douglas G Meridian, MS; Jr. Sanders, Gary D McComb, MS; Jr. Sanders, Jeffrey D McComb, MS; So. Sanders, Jim Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Sanders, Michael J Union, MS; Jr. Sanders, Richard L Pascagoula, MS; Gr. Sanders, Sue E Meridian, MS; Jr. Sanderson, Ann K Laurel, MS; So. Sandidge, James R Gulfport, MS; Sr. Sandiford, Stephanie V Pensacola, FL; So. Sandstrum, John O Jackson, MS; Jr. Sanford, Karen T Bassfield, MS; Sr. Sanford, Nathan S Petal, MS; Fr. Sargent, Keith A Corinth, MS; Jr. Sartin, Paula A Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Satcher, Donna D Shubuta, MS; Sr. Satcher, Keith W Heidelberg, MS; Sr. Saucier, Stephen B Pass Christian, MS; Fr. Saulters, Paige A Madison, MS; Jr. Saulters, Shona R Collins, MS; Jr. Saved, Joseph M Union, MS; Jr. Savoy, Catherine D Gulfport, MS; Jr. Saxton, James O Madison, MS; Sr. Sayre, Debora K Richmond, IN; Fr. Scandone, Michal A Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Jr. Scarbrough, Donna G Morgan City, LA; Fr. Serial), Vincent S Hurley, MS; Jr. Scheetz, Margaret R Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Schexnayder, Christi D Long Beach, MS; Fr. Schexnayder, David A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Schexnayder, Todd G Lucy, LA; Gr. Schlesinger, Jody S Brookhaven, MS; So. Schlosser, Scott M Biloxi, MS; Sr. Schmidt, Donna M Morganton, NC; Sr. Schraeder, Lonny R Lawton, OK; Sr. Schroeder, Peggy M Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Sr. Schwarzauer, Mary K Silver Creek, MS; Sr. Schwitters, Mitchell E Antioch, LA; Jr. Sckiets, Thomas J Hattiesburg, MS; So. Scoggins, Lori J Laurel, MS; Sr. Scott, Jacquelyn J Purvis, MS; Sr. Scott, Jeff M Biloxi, MS; Fr. Scott, Johnny O. Magnolia, MS; Sr. Scott, Lester B Clarksdale, MS; Jr. Scott, Shelby L Meridian, MS; Sr. Scrimpshire, Tracy L Laurel, MS; Jr. Seal, Colleen J Picayune, MS; Jr. Seal, Lisa A Griffin, GA; Sr. Seal, Lowell A Long Beach, MS; Jr. Seal, Michael D Frog Hollow, MS; Jr. Seals, Kelly E Mandeville, LA; Fr. Seals, Mary D Mendenhall, MS; So. Seaton, Kenneth R Wiggins, MS; Jr. Seaton, Sheryl A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Sedita, Monica R Harahan, LA; Jr. 328 Mushots Sliman £>$& Selman, Robert Crystal Springs. MS; Sr. Semanek. Daniel D Canton, MS; Fr. Senior, Xiomer G. Punto Fijo, Venezuela; So. Sermons, Beverly M Jackson. MS; Jr Seroka. Christopher M. Slidell. LA; Fr. Serpas, Gwen L Hattiesburg, MS; So. Sewell, Perry Pontotoc, MS; Jr Shackelford. Lisa M. Meridian, MS; Jr. Shaffer, Walter S Marietta, GA: Sr Shakesynder, Mary L Hattiesburg. MS; So Shanan, Ellen M St. Louis. MO; Fr Shaner, William H Ft. Walton Beach, FL; So Sharp, Ronald I Meridian, MS; Jr Sharp, Sissy C Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Sharpe, Teresa J Mobile, AL. Sr Shaver, Diana D. Gulfport, MS; Fr Shaw, Carol C Forest, MS; So Shaw, Erin L Brandon, MS; So Shaw, Jamie S Clarksdale, MS; Jr Shaw, Julie A Wiggins, MS; Fr Shearer, C. Dale Jackson, MS; Sr Shelton, Stephenne A. Brookhaven, MS; Fr Sheppard. Jimmy A Biloxi, MS; Fr Sheppard, Regina L Louisville, MS; Sr Sheppard, Richard O. Biloxi, MS; Jr Sherman, Sandra D Jackson, MS; Fr Shields, Ladonna A Pascagoula, MS; So Shindler, Katherine M Brandon, MS; Fr Shirley, Martha C Quitman, MS; Sr Shoemaker, Kelly W. Naperville, IL; Gr Shore, Paul D Pascagoula, MS; Sr Short, Stuart A Meridian. MS; Jr Shoulders, Jerry W Mobile. AL; Sr Shows, Rebecca D Vicksburg, MS; Sr Shumate, Amy E. Foley. AL; Jr Simmons. Charissa L. New Orleans. LA; Sr Simmons, Mitchell B Magnolia, MS; Sr. Simmons. Roger A Helena, AL; Sr Simon, Alexa C Braxton. MS; Jr. Simon, Vickie L. Columbus, MS; So. Simonson, Lars S Bay St. Louis, MS; Fr Simpson, Cynthia L Biloxi, MS; So Simpson, Sebren B Poplarville. MS; Fr Simrall, Newell Redwood, MS; Jr Sims. Cecilia T Waynesboro, MS; Sr Sims, Dianna M. Carriere. MS; So Sims, Teresa M Hattiesburg. MS; So Singletary, Cindy A Pensacola, FL; So Singleton, Cheryl A Tylertown. MS; Sr Singleton, Lynn M Tylertown. MS; So Sinopoli, Marian A Gulfport. MS; So Sisson, Catherine G Columbus. MS; Jr Sisson, Kathy L. Meridian, MS; Sr Skinner, Janet M. Biloxi. MS; So Skinner, Timothy D. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Skrmetta, Georgia G. Meridian, MS; So Slaven. Leigh A. Picayune. MS; Sr Slaver, Margaret L Cohoes. NY; Fr Slay, Debra R Hattiesburg. MS; Sr Sliman. Angela M. Ocean Springs. MS; Jr Mugshots 329 Sloan Sloan. Henry F Biloxi, MS; So. Smith, Al R Natchez, MS; Fr. Smith, Angela L Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Smith, Anthony E Screven, GA; Fr. Smith, Brenda D Pensacola, FL; Jr. Smith, Bruce J Glen Mills, PA; Fr. Smith, Carol R Jackson, MS; So. Smith, Catherine J Purvis, MS; Jr. Smith, Cedric J Picayune, MS; Jr. Smith, Deborah A. Collins, MS; Jr. Smith, Denise K Coldwater, MS; Sr. Smith, Denvil L Ellisville. MS; Jr. Smith. Donna J Mt. Olive, MS; Sr. Smith, Edward Y Brandon, MS; Jr. Smith, Gregory R Jackson, MS; Fr. Smith, Gwendolyn Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Smith, Hanna K Wiggins, MS; Jr. Smith, James A. Biloxi, MS; Jr. Smith. Jeffrey C Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Smith, Joanne R Biloxi, MS; Sr. Smith. Kathleen J Biloxi. MS; So. Smith, Kathy D Picayune, MS; Sr. Smith, Kelly J Northport, AL; Jr. Smith, Kimberly A Long Beach, MS; Jr. Smith, Laura A Pascagoula, MS; So. Smith, Lisa M Long Beach, MS; So. Smith. M. Allen Jackson, MS; Jr. Smith, Matthew E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Smith, Megan J Biloxi, MS; Fr. Smith, Melissa A Meridian, MS; So. Smith, Pamela M Gulfport. MS; Sr. Smith, Paul D Hattiesburg. MS; Sr. Smith. Peggy L Woodviile, MS; Jr. Smith, Rachel A. Laurel, MS; Sr. Smith, Ruth E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Smith, Sabina K Slidell, LA; Fr. Smith, Sandra L Meridian, MS; Sr. Smith, Sheila M. Magee, MS; Jr. Smith, Sophia J. Forest, MS; Jr. Smith, Stan K Gulfport, MS; Jr. Smith. Subrina Crystal Springs, MS; So. Smith, Tammy M Brookhaven, MS; Gr. Smith, Terry S Picayune, MS; Jr. Smith, Warren H Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Smith, Wendy M Bryan, MS; Fr. Smith. William G Jackson, MS; Fr. Smithie, Julie C Ocean Springs, MS; So. Snavely, Drue E Meridian, MS; Sr. Sneed, Katherine V. .., Gulfport, MS; Jr. Snell, Bob J Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Snyder. Sheila Y Jackson, MS; Jr. Sonnier, John S Hattiesburg, MS; So. Sorey, Laura Pearl, MS; Sr. Sory, Deanne L Germantown, TN; Sr. Soto, Maria E Maracaibo, Venezuela; So. Soto, Victor H Maracaibo, Venezuela; Jr. Southerland, Cynthia L Gulf Breeze, FL; Fr. Southerland, Pamela K Hattiesburg, MS; Fr, Spann. Eddie L Clinton, MS; Sr. Sparks, Carla A. Magee, MS; Jr. M 330 Mugshots Steelman A§£ M;tej Spears. Frances C Florence. MS; Sr Spears. Milton L Jackson, MS; Sr. Spears. Randall S Meridian, MS; So. Speed, Lana L Collins, MS; Fr. Spence. Carol R. Hattiesburg, MS; So. Spence. Majorie S. Picayune, MS; So. Spencer, Jay B Starkville, MS; So. Spencer, M. Melissa Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Spillman, Tommy J Gloster, MS; Sr Spinney. Mark E Madison, MS; Jr. Spooner. Tracy S. Gautier, MD; So. Springs, Hollie J. Ft. Walton Beach, FL; Sr. Sproles, John C Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Stallworth. Stella Biloxi, MS; Sr. Stampelos, Katherine New Orleans, LA; Jr Stanback, John E. Columbus, MS; Fr. Standberry. Shirley A Magnolia, MS; So. Stanford, DNise M Batesville, MS; Jr Stanford. William L Clinton, MS; Jr Stanley. Lisa I Petal, MS; Fr Stanovich, Barbara S Biloxi, MS; Fr. Starks. Samuel P Ocean Springs, MS; So. Starr. Michelle F Oxford, MS; Sr. Starrett, Rachelle E Magnolia. MS; Fr. Staten, Janet G New Albany, MS; Sr. Steadman. Charles T. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Stedman, James K Pensacola, FL; So. Steed, Cindy R Pearl, MS, Fr. Steele, Karen R. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Steelman. LawrenceE. Biloxi, MS; Jr. Mugshots 331 Steen Steen, Arlin W Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Steen, Cathy F Brandon, MS; So. Stegall, John R Lucedale, MS; Jr. Steil, Karen M Brandon, MS; Fr. Steinbruck, Beth A San Francisco, CA; Jr. Stem, I, Soren Springsteen Copenhagen, NJ; Sr. Stephens, Lynn D Long Beach, MS; Jr. Stephens. Michael D Pearl, MS; Sr. Stephens, Robin T Long Beach, MS; Sr. Stepko, David G Hattiesburg, MS; So. Stevens, Delia I. Summit, MS; Jr. Stevens, Joe D Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Stevens, Tracey R Huntsville, AL; Fr. Stevenson, Jacqueline L Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Stewart. Anita F. Mize, MS; Jr. Stewart, Cindy Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Stewart, David G Poplarville, MS; Jr. Stewart, Dicey Wesson, MS; Sr. Stewart, Ellen M Perkinston, MS; Sr. Stewart, George R Gulfport, MS; Sr. Stewart, Gwendolyn D Seminary, MS; Sr. Stewart, Pamela J Jackson, MS; Jr. Stewart, Patricia E Laurel, MS; Jr. Stewart, Paula Meridian, MS; Jr. Stiffler-Ward, Sara Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Stockman, Carol M Jackson, MS; Sr. Stockstill, Connie M Picayune, MS; Fr. Stockstill, Cynthia O Picayune, MS; So. Stoelzel. Denise E Biloxi, MS; Sr. Stogner, Tana L. Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Stokes, Terry C Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Stone, Ilya Biloxi, MS; So. Stone, Robert T Titusville, FL; Jr. Storey, David M Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Story, William P. Jugfork, MS; Sr. Stotland, Stephanie A Hattiesburg, MS; So. Stott, Carol L Meridian, MS; Sr. Stough, Cindy B Lucedale, MS; Fr. Stowers, Anne B Natchez, MS; Sr. Straub, Maria A. Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Straub, Michelle E Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Strawbridge, W. Gregg Caledonia, MS; Jr. Strehle, Harold P Bay St. Louis, MS; Jr. Stribling, Andrea L Clinton, MS; So. Strickland, Kenton A. Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Strickland, Sharon P St. Louis, MO; Sr. Strickler, Beverly J Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Stringer, Susie A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Stringfield. Alison J Biloxi, MS; So. Strong, Mary B Birmingham, AL; Jr. Strong, Patricia L Birmingham, AL; Fr. Stroud, John K Laurel, MS; Jr. Stroud, Kenneth W Meadville, MS; Sr. Stuart, Bo L Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Stuart, Newton W Walnut Grove, MS; Sr. Stuart, Robin L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Sturgeon, A. Holmes Woodville, MS; Sr. Sturgeon. Catherine Y Woodville, MS; Sr. Sturgeon, Chuck E Austin, TX; Sr. Sturtz, Robert I. Picayune, MS; Sr. 332 Mugshots Teh » Stutzman, Mark R Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Styron, J. Lynn Magee, MS; Jr. Sullivan, Deborah L Magee, MS; So. Sullivan. Geoffrey H Pudpie, ID; Sr. Sullivan J. Brooks Magee, MS; Jr. Sullivan. John Hattiesburg, MS; Gr. Sullivan. Rebecca J Mt. Olive. MS; Sr. Summersell, Leah T Mobile, AL. Jr Sumrall, Fran L Meridian, MS; Jr. Sumrall, Gregory W Biloxi, MS; So. Sumrall, Natalie J Hattiesburg, MS; So. Suse, Cherie D Brandon, MS; Jr. Swanson, Gregory A Picayune, MS; Jr. Swanzy, David M River Ridge, LA; So. Sweeney, Laurie L Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Swett, Lynn L Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Sykes, David S New Orleans, LA; Sr. Sykes, Jennifer N Petal, MS; Fr. Sykes, Michele H Long Beach, MS; Sr. Tallarico. Darlene Gloster. MS; Sr. Tallent. George E Lakeland. FL; Jr. Tally, Joe K Raleigh. MS; Jr. Tardy, Marcia E Belzoni, MS; Jr. Tarnabine, Carolyn Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Tate. Jimmy L Osyka. MS; So. Taylor, Barbara M Hattiesburg, MS; Gr Taylor, D. Delane Fairhope, AL; Jr. Taylor. David A Pascagoula, MS, Fr. Taylor. Dennis Crystal Springs, MS; Sr. Taylor, Edward R Brandon. MS; Jr. Taylor. Elizabeth A Gulfport, MS; Sr. Taylor, Jeanne M Birmingham. AL Fr. Taylor. Kim E Tallahassee, FL; So. Taylor. Melissa Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Taylor, Natalie Pensacola, FL; So. Teh. Boon J Ipoh. Malaysia; Sr. Mugshots 333 Terrell Terrell, Clemon D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Terry, Randy C Meridian, MS; Sr. Tewes, Samantha E Brandon, MS; Fr. Thames, Rachel L Wesson, MS; Sr. Thayer, Dana H. New Orleans, LA; So. Theobald, Carol G Vicksburg, MS; Sr. Thomas, Chari M. Jackson, MS; So. Thomas, Darlene M Pine, LA; Jr. Thomas, Helen S Soso, MS; Jr. Thomas, Luticia M Greenville, MS; So. Thomas, Ronald T Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Thomas, Sherry L Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Thomas. Terry G Baton Rouge, LA; So. Thomas, Ximaena A Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Thompson, AnaLiesa Biloxi, MS; Sr. Thompson, Barbara N Jackson, MS; Jr. Thompson, Beverette B Gulfport, MS; Jr. Thompson, Carta J San Antonio, TX; Jr. Thompson, Delia A Biloxi, MS; Jr Thompson, Hazel A Bassfield, MS; So Thompson, Kenneth L Picayune, MS, Jr Thompson, Michael D Summit, MS; Jr Thompson, Michael R Biloxi, MS; Fr Thompson, Michael S. Vicksburg, MS; Fr Thompson, Randell L Ocean Springs, MS; Sr Thompson, Tony Summit, MS; Fr Thompson, Vanneta Bassfield, MS; Sr Thornton, Calvin Meridian, MS; So Thornton, Courtney A Avondale, LA; Jr Thornton, Robin M Columbia, MS; Jr 334 Mugshots Vance Thornton, Traccy L Pearl, MS; So. Thurman, Karen M Belzoni, MS; Sr. Thurmon. Maria R Ocean Springs, MS; So. Thyous, Jerry M. Biloxi, MS; So. Tidwell, Radcliffe W Hattiesburg, MS, Fr. Till, Terri L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr Tillery, Gina J Meridian. MS; So. Tillman. Robyn A Pascagoula, MS; Fr. Tingle, Steven M. Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Tinnon, Tracey L Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Tisdale, Robert W Ellisville, MS; Gr Todd, Elizabeth A Lumberton, MS; Jr. Tompkins, Gary W Jackson, MS; Jr. Tompkins, Zaunda F Silver Creek, MS; So. Toups, Tricia E. Ocean Springs, MS; Fr. Towler, Thomas T Biloxi, MS; Sr. Towles, Tommy D Vancleave, MS; Jr. Townsend, Scot A Jackson, MS; So. Trahan. Joan M Biloxi, MS; Gr. Tran, Jack C Ocean Springs, MS; So. Travis, Jacqueline F Petal, MS; Fr. Travis. Madeleine J Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Trevino, Rebecca A Niceville, FL; So. Triche, Kristen L Bay St. Louis, MS; Fr. Trigg. Michelle T Hattiesburg, MS; Fr Trigg. Terry L Seminary, MS; Sr. Troth, Andrea M. Raleigh, MS; Jr. Trotter, Barbara L Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Trotter, Dale J Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Trussell. Cleveland C. Meridian, MS; Sr. Tucker, Phyllis A. Laurel, MS; Jr. Tucker, Steven R Detroit, Ml; Jr. Tucker, Terry J Crystal Springs, MS; Jr. Tullos. Julie J Madison, MS; Sr. Turk. Rosemary Jackson, MS; So. Turnage, Bengie W Foxworth, MS; Fr. Turnage. Kendall G Tylertown, MS; Sr. Turner. Dale A Slide!!, LA; Jr. Turner, E. Swain Citronelle, AL; Jr. Turner, Greg L San Antonio. TX; Jr. Turner, Jan A Ellisville, MS; Jr. Turner, Janice R Meridian. MS; Jr. Turner, Kathy L Edwards, MS; So. Turner, Paige R Oak Grove, MS; Fr. Turnipseed, Gena C Pensacola, FL; So. Turnipseed, Gregory T. Port Gibson. MS; Sr. Tyler, Tammie R Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Tyson. William C Bude, MS; Sr. Ulrich, Steven E. Pass Christian, MS; Jr. Umbrello, Shawn P Liberty, MS; Fr Underwood, Lee A luka. MS; Sr. Upchurch, Janet C Pearl, MS; Jr. Upton. Paul M Collins, MS; Jr Valentine, Wendy D Greenwood, MS; Fr. Van, Debra G McComb, MS; Sr. Van Aller. Robert Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Vance, Amy M Meridian, MS; Sr. Vance, Angela L. Lake, MS; Sr. Vance. Julie A Collinsville, MS; Jr. Vance, William R Hattiesburg, MS; Gr. Mugshots 335 iderford Vanderford, Steven B Raleigh, MS; Fr. Vanish, Jesse J Mt. Olive, MS; Sr. VanLieu, Lyndi M Cleveland, MS; Jr. Vann, Vicki L Sheffield, AL; Sr. Vanwart, Louise S Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Vardaman, John B Jackson, MS; Sr. Varnado, DeWanna R Gulfport, MS; Fr. Varnado, Robin L Franklinton, LA; So. Varner, J. Keith Pelahatchie, MS; Sr. Vaughan, Billy A Laurel, MS; Jr. Vaughan, Keith D Gambrills, MD; Jr. Vaughn, G. Angie Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Vega, Janet L Long Beach, MS; Jr. Vereen, Steven P Biloxi, MS; Jr. Vernon, Charlies D Jackson, MS; Jr. Vernon, Donald L Perkinston, MS; Fr. Vernon, Kris, J Jackson, MS; Jr. Verucchi, Pam S Natchez, MS; Sr. Vervaeke, Tommy Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Vest, Patrice M. New Orleans, LA; Fr. Vickers, Harriet S Decatur, MS; Jr. Vignes, Rachel S Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Villeda, Richardo A El Salvador, San Salvador; Sr. Villeret, Tammy L Petal, MS; Sr. Vinson, Remonia J Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Voineag, Craig E Picayune, MS; Jr. Voivedich, Dana A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Voivedich, Elliott Biloxi, MS; Fr. Voltz, Missi K Biloxi, MS; Jr. Vowel!, Kim A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Vucovich, Cathan M Pensacola, FL; So. Waddell, Carla J Florence, MS; Sr. Wade, Carol L Starkville, MS; Jr. Wager. Clayton D Petal, MS, Fr. Wagner, Wendy L Meridian, MS; So. Waite, Vicky E Jackson, MS; Jr. Waldon, Robert M Corinth, MS; Sr. Waldrop, H. Diane Canton, MS; Sr. Walk, Patricia A Meridian, MS; Jr. Walker, Cheryl D Gulfport, MS; So. Walker, Danny P Hattiesburg, MS; So. Walker, Darrell L Columbia, MS; Fr. Walker, David M Clinton, MS; So. Walker, Debra K Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Walker, Janet L. Picayune, MS; Jr. Walker. John E Magee, MS; Fr. Walker, Kirnberly A Boulder, CO; So. Walker, Marilyn J Brandon, MS; Jr. Walker, Nita J Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Walker, Patricia A Heidelberg, MS; Sr. Walker, Rachael M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Walker, Robert H Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Walker, Sheila A Charleston, MS; Fr. Walker, Virginia N Newhebron, MS; Jr. Walker, Walter L Gulfport, MS; Fr. Walker, Wesley A Albany, LA; Jr. Wallace, Eddie M Laurel, MS; Fr. Wallace. Jeff D Bay St. Louis, MS; Fr. Wallace, Landal G Tylertown, MS; Jr. Waller, Jennifer K Natchez, MS; Sr. 336 Mugshots Weber Walley, Pete D Richton, MS; Sr. Walsh. Karen A Pearl River. LA; Sr. Walters, Craig L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Walters, James A Laurel, MS; Sr. Walters, Karon M Laurel, MS; Sr. Walters, Leslye S Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Waltman. Jerri A Quitman, MS; Jr Warczinsky. Marnie K Ocean Springs, MS; So. Ward, A. Lisa Brookhaven, MS; Jr. Ward, Joseph M Columbia, MS; Sr. Ward. Lisa A Bailey, MS; So. Ward, Mary S Wesson, MS; Sr. Ward, Richard A Fresno, CA; Sr Ward, Samuel C Columbia, MS; So. Ward, Twyla L Monticello, MS; Jr. Ward, Velma L Meridian, MS; Jr. Ware, Terry T. .; Jackson, MS; Jr. Waring, Jan M Tylertown, MS; Jr. Warner, Danica T Baton Rouge, LA; Jr. Warner. Kyseta D Prentiss, MS; Fr. Warner, Steven E Brandon, MS; Sr. Warnsley, Ruby N Forest, MS; Sr. Warren, Carolyn R Waynesboro, MS; Jr. Warren, Cynthia D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Warren, Floyd B. Brookhaven, MS; Fr. Warren. Jeffry H Mt. Olive, MS; Sr. Warren. Joanne Starkville, MS; Fr. Warren, Lee Vicksburg. MS; Sr. Warren, Melissa A Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Warren, Tammy T Mendenhall, MS; Jr. Warren, Thomas G Jackson, MS; So. Warrick, James W Pascagoula, MS; So. Washington. Arbulas A Waynesboro, MS; Jr. Washington. Ethel Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Washington. Martin L Picayune, MS; Jr. Waters, Regina Heidelberg, MS; Sr. Watkins. Cindy R Forest, MS; Sr. Watkins. Karen D Pearl, MS; Jr. Watkins, Raymond M Pearl. MS; Gr. Watkins, Venisa M Moss Point, MS; Sr. Watkins, W. Robert Pelahatchie, MS; So. Watson, David L. Jackson, MS; Gr. Watson, Greg L Vicksburg, MS; So. Watson, Jacqueline K. Moss Point, MS; Jr. Watson, Jeanette Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Watson, Karen M Baton Rouge. LA; Fr. Watson. LouAnn Meridian, MS; Jr. Watson, Mary E. Meridian, MS; Jr. Watson, Sandra L Jackson, MS; Jr. Watts. Mark H Pascagoula. MS; Jr. Weatherford, Carol E. Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Weathers. John I Oxford, MS; Fr. Weaver. Kimberly J Ft. Walton Beach. FL; Sr. Weaver, Tanya K. Clinton, MS; So. Webb, Christopher R Norfolk, VA; Jr. Webb, Joan B Webb. MS; So. Webb, Stephanie K Bay Springs, MS; Fr. Webb, Tammy L. Decatur, MS; Sr. Weber. Jeff N Jackson. MS; Sr. Weber. Tawnya A Wiggins, MS; Jr. Mugshots 337 Weekley Weekley, David W Milton, FL; Jr. Weeks, Gina L Brookhaven, MS; Sr. Weeks, Tambra L Petal, MS; So. Weger, Hans S Greenville, MS; Jr. Weinberger, Ron Bryantown, MD; Sr. Weiss, Bryan J Jackson, MS; Jr. Weitzel, Teresa A Niceville, FL; Sr. Welborn, Donna C Woodbridge, VA; Jr. Welch, A. Jack Natchitoches, LA; Gr. Welch, Carolyn R Long Beach, MS; So. Welch, Reynold Decatur, MS; Jr. Welch, Suzie Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Welch. William R Magee, MS; Jr. Weldy, Amy A Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Wells, Anna M New Orleans, LA; Fr. Wells, Derrick A Vicksburg, MS; So. Wells, Holly R Picayune, MS; Fr. Wells, Lisa A Long Beach, MS; Jr. Wells, Michelle D Brookhaven, MS; Jr, Wells, Sharla G Luling, LA; Fr. Wentz, Brandon, C Brandon, MS; Fr. Wesson, Barry J. Mobile, AL; So. Westbrook. Rolan B Pearl, MS; Jr. Wheat, Robert C Bogalusa, LA; Fr. Wheeler, Chris Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Wheeler. Vicki D Helena, AR; Fr Whetstone, David A Pensacola, FL; Sr. White, Carmen A Picayune, MS; Jr. White, Cynthia M Prentiss, MS; Sr. White, Darryl E Brookhaven, MS; Jr. White, Elizabeth A Columbiana, AL; So. White, Jeff R Gulfport, MS; Jr. White, Keith L Gulfport, MS; So. White, Laura A Camden, MS; Sr. White, Paul G Columbia. MS; Fr. White, Rena L Gulfport, MS; Sr. 338 Mugshots Williamson White, Robin C Gulfport, MS; Jr. Whitfield, Ginny Picayune, MS; Sr. Whitfield. Mamie L Livingston, AL; Jr. Whitlock, Brenda M Pcnsacola, FL; So. Whitten, Ivory R Newton, MS; Jr. Whittington, Cheryl R Slidell, LA; Sr Whitworth, Danna E Laurel, MS; So. Wichert, Andrew C Hattiesburg, MS; So. Wiegand. H. Fran Terry, MS; Jr. Wielgosz, Stan F Pontotoc, MS; So. Wiggins. Daniel Columbia, MS; Jr. Wigley, Jay F Jackson, MS; Fr. Wilbert, Patricia A Hazlehurst, MS; Sr. Wiley, Robert Picayune, MS; Jr. Wilhite, Sara J Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Wilkerson, Frederick L Bay St. Louis, MS; So. Wilkerson, Pies Jackson, MS; Jr. Wilkinson, Donnie E Liberty, MS; Jr. Wilkinson, Ida J Liberty, MS; Jr. Wilkinson, Leslie L Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Wilkinson, Wanda D Meadville, MS; Jr Williams, Celeste M Petal. MS; Fr Williams. Charlotte A. Hattiesburg, MS; Gr Williams, Cynthia Belzoni, MS; Jr Williams, Demetria K Hattiesburg, MS; So. Williams, Fern M Hattiesburg, MS; So. Williams, Ingrid B Moss Point, MS; So. Williams, Janelvelyn Midnight, MS; So. Williams, Jeffrey M Pascagoula. MS; Sr. Williams, Kelly C Vicksburg, MS; So. Williams, Kymberly K Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Williams, Laurie A Clinton, MS; Jr. Williams, Mary J Collins, MS; Sr. Williams, Michael T Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Williams, Mona L Tutwiler, MS; So. Williams, Noel D Gulfport, MS; Jr. Williams, Patricia A Hazlehurst, MS; Jr. Williams, Patricia L McComb, MS; So. Williams, Patricia M Mobile, AL; Fr. Williams, Phyllis A Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Williams, Ramona L Gulfport, MS; Jr. Williams, Renee C Huge, MN; So. Williams, Robert L Geneva, AL; So. Williams, Rosalind Dodie Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Williams, Ruby L Ocean Springs, MS; Sr. Williams, Sandra Gloster, MS; Sr. Williams, Sandy D Brandon, MS; Sr. Williams, Sheila A Biloxi, MS; Sr Williams, Stephanie J. Mobile, AL, Fr Williams, Tammy M Richland, MS; Jr Williams, Teresa R Pensacola, FL; Jr Williams, Terry B Beulah, MS; Sr Williams, Twila R Meridian, MS; So Williams, Wendy E Clinton, MS; So Williamson, Charles R Jackson, MS; Fr Williamson, Cynthia L. Biloxi, MS; Fr Williamson, Donald D Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Williamson, Dorothy M Waynesboro, MS; Sr. Williamson, Ginger Mendenhall, MS; Sr. Williamson, Ken E Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Mugshots 339 Williamson Williamson, Wendy E Satellite Beach, FL; Fr. Willis, Kent R Columbus, MS; Jr. Willis, Kimberly A Biloxi, MS; Jr. Willis, LeeAnn Noxapater, MS; So. Willson, Brenda L Covington, LA; Jr. Wilson, Freddy M Panama City, FL; So. Wilson. Glynis M Perkinston, MS; Jr. Wilson, Ken C Jayess, MS; So. Wilson, Paula M Brandon, MS; Fr. Wilson, Shirley A Purvis, MS; Sr. Wiman, Dana M Brandon, MS; Sr. Wimberley, Floyd O Mobile, AL; So. Wimberly, Guy S Hattiesburg, MS; So. Windham. Billy R Collins, MS; Sr. Windham, Dawn A Jackson, MS; Fr. Windham, Elizabeth M Laurel, MS; Fr Winfrey, Tammy K Forrest City, AR; Sr. Winpigler, Robert E Vicksburg, MS; So. Winstead, Christopher B Hattiesburg, MS; So. Winstead. Kerry W Union, MS; Jr. Winston. Debbie R Tchula, MS; Jr. Wise, Bridget L Picayune, MS; So. Wise, Tammy J Gautier, MS; So. Wisinger, Andra D McComb, MS; Fr. Wissel, Annie M St. Louis, MO; So. Wixon, Joy L Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Wolfe, Carlin E Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Wolfe, Peggy D Collins, MS; So. Wolverton, Steven L Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Womack, Jay R. Magee, MS; Jr. Wong, Nestor A El Tigre, Venezuela, Sr. Wong, Yoke L Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Sr. Wood, Ann M Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Wood, Bettye L Pelahatchie, MS; Jr. Wood, James E Hattiesburg, MS; Fr. Wood, Kendall S Pascagoula, MS; Sr. Wood, Kevin D Jackson, MS; Jr. Wood, Marie C Pascagoula, MS; Jr. Woodard, Clementine R Canton, MS; So Woodard, Jimmy H Forest, MS; So. Woodard, Melody R Carriere, MS; So. Woodman, Robert H Hattiesburg, MS; Sr. Woodruff, Rinny G Clinton, MS; Jr. Woods, Barbara J Greenville, MS; Fr. Woods. David Hattiesburg, MS; So. Woods, Ecklie Vicksburg, MS; Jr. Woods, Karen L Long Beach, MS; Jr. Woods, Samuel R Jackson, MS; Sr. Woods, T. Boe Tupelo, MS; Sr. Woodyard, Donna Long Beach, MS; So. Woolsey, Michael L Jackson, MS; Jr. Wooten. Russell D Pearl, MS; Sr. Word, Dennis J Okolowa, MS; Fr. Woulard, Verline State Line, MS; Sr. Wren. Kellye R Clarksdale, MS; Fr. Wright, Candace D Vicksburg, MS; So. Wright, Frank J Laurel, MS; Sr. Wright. Kenneth G Meridian, MS; Jr. Wright. Lisa G Clinton, MS; Jr. Wright. Reginald Vancleave, MS; Fr. 340 Mugshots Zywicki Wyatt. Jennifer M Biloxi, MS; Fr. Yarbrough, Lee Ocean Springs, MS; Jr. Yates, J. Keith Hattiesburg, MS; Jr. Yates. Tammy C Magee, MS; Jr. Yeatman, William G Petal, MS; Jr. Yelverton, Joey Laurel, MS; Sr. Yoshinori, Ashizawa Shizuoka, Japan; Jr Younes, Kathleen S Carriere, MS; Jr Young, F. Michele Tupelo, MS; Jr Young, Larry D.J Pascagoula, MS; Sr Young, Terry J Ocean Springs, MS; Sr Young, Undraye L Jackson, MS; So Young, Vance C. Pearlington, MS; Fr Yusof, Rosmayati Kedah, Malaysia; Sr Zarske, Andrea R Gulfport, MS; Sr Zasoski, Ray J Ocean Springs, MS; Sr Zerkus, Sebrina D Gautier, MS; So Zettler, Loria M. Pascagoula, MS; Fr Zoll. Michelle M Poplarville, MS; Fr. Zywicki. Dana L Gulf Shores. AL; So. Mugshots 341 -pfa IA&OSL. Z<YL^ ^kA- assit ^^^ 21-year-old Vanessa Williams, the first ^W black Miss America, created a royal scandal when it became known that she had posed for sexually explicit photographs with another woman prior to winning the title. Pageant officials asked her to surrender her crown when the pictures surfaced in a July issue of Penthouse. Black first runner-up Suzette Charles, Miss New Jersey, was the lady-in-waiting for the title who took up her crown with only IV2 weeks left to reign. No, it wasn't as Jk> bad a year as all Lliail In fact, campus, local, and national happenings from June of 1984 to May of 1985 were as much a cause for celebration as for mourning. The pages that follow do not in any way aspire to be a serious or comprehen- sive wrap-up of these past twelve months, but, rather, a grab-bag attempt to mention a few noteworthy names, faces, events, and trends of the year. 342 Southerner Summary Fall registration at A Reed Green Coliseum was ^^^ complicated by Registrar Danny Mont- gomery's decision to abandon the registration assignment system for all Monday appoint- ments. While the advance entrance worked to the benefit of students with early registra- tion assignments, the entrance was mobbed with a hopeful crowd by early afternoon, forcing many students to wait in line behind those with later assigned times. n X Ghostbusters was the movie to MRk. bank on for summer, with block- buster ticket sales, a chartbusting number one single, and multitude of spin-offs, includ- ing anti-Mondale (i.e. "Fritzbuster") T-shirts. >- ~1 ► It was a lucrative year for the long-time duo of Dar- ryl Hall and John Oates. Their Big Bam Boom album, released early in the fall semester, is still producing hit singles as of this writing in late spring. Concert dates of Hall and Oates' much-publicized tour of the same name continue to set gross records. Klfimsmmf ► John Zaccaro's unauthorized campus speech to campaign for his mother, 1984 Democratic vice presidential candidate Geraldine Fer- raro, prompted support for a reduced waiting period for the approval of out- side speakers. If the proposal passes the College Board, the ten-day prior- notice rule will be scaled down to a two- day notification. Southerner Summary 343 ■pfa, 1406^- W^ fiu^A— .^^^ Proving the old adage that a Rolling ^w Stone gathers no moss, Mick Jagger forged ahead in 1984 with a solo album and a new baby daughter, Elizabeth Scarlett, revel- ing in parenthood with his model girlfriend Jerry Hall. was I lion Luce You'd think that Bruce Spring- ► steen could move nowhere but up the ladder of musical success after a phenomenal year of hits from his Born In the USA album, but where's a man to go when he's already the Boss? 1985 proved to be one of Springsteen's best years yet, follow- ing up his album success with a sell-out tour and an early summer wedding to model/ac- tress/fan Julianne Phillips. 344 Southerner Summary Acknowledging the need for ac- cess to an adequate library in the ^ pursuit of academic excellence, ^^^- the students passed a referendum raising tu ition by $7.50 per semester. The impendinc fee hike will bring in approximately $100,000 a year for library improvements. com the ly-ac oat Phil Ger.s Jacl duo storr EAGLE EGO In recognition of the university's ► commitment to correcting the prob- lems behind recent NCAA viola- tions, the Committee on Infractions chose to give USM a one-year probation with a thirty percent reduction in the number of visits to campus by prospective athletes. The penalty was lowered from an original two-year proba- tion with a ban on live football telecasts. Dr. Lucas' pledge that USM will comply with NCAA regulations makes all but the most official means of recruitment off-limits. The pop music charts of 1984- 1985 were monopolized by tra- J^fck. dition-breaking newcomers and comeback artists. Among the best names of the year were Cyndi Lauper, whose debut album She's So Unusual was a hit track for track; Julian Lennon, John's son, who proved to be a talent in his own right with his critical- ly-acclaimed Valotte; Tina Turner, turning out the Private Dancer hits without Ike; Phil Collins, who stepped from behind his Genesis drum kit into the solo spotlight of No Jacket Required; and Wham!, the British duo who took the international charts by storm with the Make It Big LP. > — _ Southerner Summary 345 17^HB^i^t^ r^S S?^ ' '^ -^ To mmilljSL Mississippi Hall made the switch from a women's to a men's resi- ^M dence hall due to a drop in the num- ^ ber of female housing applications for fall. The hall was closed down for the spring se- mester, when the number of students of both sexes living on campus tends to drop. Feeling that his look had become a ,^_ cliche, Culture Club's Boy George ^r swapped these trademark lengthy locks for a close-cropped do that left the sing- er looking more like the 1980s nerd than pop music's most flamboyant chameleon. Huey Lewis and the News proved in ^^ 1984 that a hard-working rock band ^^^ can succeed without an image. With six charting hits off their Sports LP, the band established itself as the all-American ideal of a modern day rock and roll band. Photo Courtesy of Chrysalis Records 346 Southerner Summary Caught up in the spirit of the ► final game of the football sea- son, a group of graduating senior members of the Pride burst into a spontaneous rendition of "Dixie," which was deleted from the band's post-game show in 1983 at the prompt- ing of President Lucas and black stu- dent leaders. The students involved in the singing maintain that their un- planned performance was not a protest but a final nod to a game tradition. Music greats from around the ► world joined together in song to aid starving Ethiopians on Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas" single and its American follow-up, USA For Africa's "We Are the World." Be- tween the two recordings, more than a hundred musical talents participated in the fight against hunger. The Kappa Iota chapter of Kappa a Alpha Psi fraternity had its charter 4 suspended after being found guilty of hazing charges by an Interfraternity Coun- cil advisory group. The suspended organiza- tion may apply for another charter no earlier than March of 1986. The suspension, which was USM's first in more than 15 years, was followed by the suspension of the Nu Eta chapter of Omega Psi Phi less than a month later. V Southerner Summary 347 -pfa y&fiSL. lm~ £u>/h~ With the drinking age in Missis- ► sippi slated to go up to 21 in ac- cordance with Reagan's highway funding plan, many local nightspots have raised their minimum age in prep- aration for the switch. Such well- stocked refrigerators will likely become a more common sight as 18 to 20 year- olds adjust to the change. With a string of recent top ten ml hits to their credit, Chicago ^ achieved a degree of visibility in 1984-1985 like never before in their lengthy career. ► Approximately 8,000 copies of the Thursday, April 25 edition of the Student Printz disappeared in a 11:30 p.m. to 1 a.m. distribution on campus, forcing the edition to go back on the press with a re-designed front page to report the theft and fulfill ad- vertising obligations. The theft is as- sumed to be linked to some angered news source attempting to stop a story from getting out. The news of the theft was picked up by the wires and re- ceived national attention. Thanks in no small part to Mary ^ Gross' widely-watched imperson- ^ ation of her on Saturday Night Live, grandmotherly sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer found a huge collegiate audience in 1984-1985 for her campus lectures and her cable show Good Sex! With Dr. Ruth a cq 348 Southerner Summary Haunted chicken film to air on 'Bloopers' Student PfltltZ Thursday Omega charter suspended n second hazing case USM wrestles with declining enrollment student Printz Thursday We're laid See hu\ Mandator; meal plan vote dropped Omega charter suspended in second hazing case ll Vietnam forgot most racism Thieves pull Print/ from campus stands USM wrestles with declining enrollment Haunted chicken film to air on 'Bloopers' ^^_ He sang of purple rain, but ^^ with the tremendous financial success of his first movie, it might as well have been raining green. Prince's somewhat autobiographical Purple Rain was as popular with critics as with fans. His follow-up album Around the World in A Day and single "Raspber- ry Beret" promise to be of the chart- topping caliber of the movie's sound track. ► Her PR release hypes that "it's hard to imagine what the year of 1984 would have been like without her," but it's obvious that 1985 wil be Madonna's big year. With the success of her Like A Virgin al- bum, hit songs on the Vision- quest soundtrack, a starring role in Desperately Seeking Su- san, and her first tour ever, it seems that this material girl has it al »h °to c o, '"'ft s p of ><r Te co. ''</ Southerner Summary 349 Photo Credits Steve Alderman . . . 4, 16, 18, 36, 37, 59, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 100, 101, 157, 239, 312 Cindy Blackmer . . . 123, 342 Dick Brown . . . 84, 92, 93 Cindy Crane . . . 109, 230, 318 Beth Hemeter . . . 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 Holly Hughes . . . 4, 5, 32, 33, 65, 215, 221, 222, 223, 229, 238, 346, 351 Billy Jackson . . . 8, 9, 24, 25, 85, 89, 135, 193, 218, 219, 220, 231, 234, 235, 285, 334, 348 Jay Jordan . . . 1, 9, 223, 231, 233, 331, 333 Warren McKinney . . . 22, 23 «« • Bob Myers, Head Photographer . . . 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 67, 68, 69, 74, 107, 108, 109, 156, 157, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 279, 289, 296, 302, 308, 317, 320, 326, 341, 351, 352 John Osborne . . . 214, 215, 219 Joe Overstreet . . . 6, 7, 10, 11, 66, 67, 75, 105, 156, 157, 292, 305, 345, 347 Bobby Peacock . . . 50, 343, 345 Anita Phillips . . . 3, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 233, 237, 286, 295, 344 Martin Washington . . . 2, 325 Mickey Welsh . . . 67 Kim Willis . . . 12, 13, 14, 280, 311, 338 Paula Wilson . . . 32, 33 All other photos by USM Photo Service Specifics he 1985 Southerner was printed and bound by Paragon Press, a division of Herff Jones Yearbooks, in Montgomery, Ala- bama. Paper stock for the 352 page volume is 80 pound Bordeaux Special with Eurogloss Enamel used for pages 1 through 16. Four flats of four-color process are used along with one flat of Ultra Green HJ UC3 spot color and one flat of Ochre HJ 123 spot color. All other background, tints were achieved by mixing process colors. 36 point headlines and 18 point subheads throughout the book are printed in Korinna Extra Bold with 10 and 8 points Souvenir Light used for copy and captions. Souvenir Demi is used for emphasis. The cover is of black Vibra Tex base em- bossed with a custom-cut die. Cover concept is by Kim Willis; de- sign arid execution by Smoky Wigginton. Em- bossed areas are covered with Fl Silver foil. Endsheets are Vibracolor printed solid in Silver HJ 500 and Black. white Index Academics ». 214 Administration , 268 Air Force ROTC... : , : 187 Alabama . f 26 Alpha Delta Pi ! '. .] 110 Alpha Kappa Alpha . ., .....112 Alpha Phi Alpha :.." :..113 Alpha Psi Omega 207 Alpha Sigma Alpha 114 Alpha Tau Omega < 116 American Institute of Building Design 205 American Marketing Association..... 197 American Society of Interior Designers 205 Army ROTC ''.'.., , 180 Associated Student Body '. 170 Association for Computing Machinery : 203 Association of Baptist Students 190 Baseball ....;: ; '. 92 Basketball, Men's. ."....'. ". 80 Basketball, Women's 86 Beauties ■.•••■••«• ,,'...246 Best Citizen :.... 259 Beta Alpha Psi '. '.. .......200 Business Administration, College of ....-, ,.216 Cheerleaders, Football ,,, J...A60 Cheerleaders, Men's Basketball 162 Cheerleaders, Women's Basketball •.:., 163 Chi Omega ' " 118 Chi Tau Epsilon :..'. 208 COGIC, . 190 Competition 66 Contents 17 Delta Delta Delta. .v. .120 Delta Gamma '.„., 122 Delta Sigma Pi ..'.. » ':,.'... ...;... 199 Delta Sigma Theta V...'.. .,....: , 124 Delta Tau Delta.. .' a.. 126 Delta Zeta ,.' ...128 Dixie Darlings .-, 158 Eaglettes , ;....,... 165 Education and Psychology, College of 218 Election, The '.......; </..., 48 Equus 28 L'Esprit de Corps . r ■...._.... 183 Events ...; .' lS^ Fashion Plus :..'._.-...! 177 Fine Arts, College of , , : ..220 Foojball .,..68' Forum, University -, ! ,.....-. 20 ■ Gamma Beta Phi .....? 192 USM Gold Tenders... , 164 USM Golden Girls ?•* 164 Golf ............. 102 Greek God and Goddess ,. ,.....". 256 Hall of Fame 258 Halloween , ..... 32 • Hattiesburg Hall Haulers®.. '„..."... I.. 210 Hickman Hall r X,~.J. '.'., ■ : .:. ..,.:.. 2.10 J Hillcrest '. 211 Home Economics, School of 224 Homecoming Court .•:' 242 Homecoming Displays 42 Honors College ,..-. 234 Honors Student Association 193 HPER, School of ..:...,. .'.„'..!.. 222 lAD-IFSEA „ .1:76 Interfraternity Council i : 174 Intramurals 106 Jones Hall ••■ 211 . Kappa Alpha 130 Kappa Alpha Psi > .125 Kappa Delta 132 \- •'■■,>.-, i 350 Photo Credits/Specifics/Index I * Jhr Kappa Kappa Psi 206 Kappa Mu Epsilon 201 Kappa Sigma 134 Lambda Sigma 193 Liberal Arts, College of 226 Library Service, School of 228 LSD Choir '. 191 Lucas, Dr. Aubrey K 240 Man of La Mancha 34 Mugshots 280 Nursing, School of 230 Omega Psi Phi 136 Omicron Delta Kappa 196 Panhellenic Council •. 175 Past Beauties 177 People 238 Phi Beta Lambda 198 Phi Beta Sigma : 137 Phi Chi Theta 198 Phi Delta Rho 195 Phi Kappa Tau 138 Phi Mu 140 Phi Theta Kappa 194 Pi Beta Phi .•..".< 142 Pi Kappa Alpha .'. 144 Play It Again, Sam 30 Pride 156 PRSSA '.... 179 Psi Chi '., '. 208 Pulley Hall '. 212 Residence Hall Association 209 Rho Gamma 178 RLDS "Faith to Grow" % 191 SAMS ,....' 197 Science and Technology, College of 232 Scott Hall ....: 212 Sigma Alpha Epsilon 146 Sigma Chi 148 Sigma Nu ..■ .•...« 150 Sigma Phi Epsilon 152 Sigma Psi Alpha 200 Sigma Sigma Sigma 154 SNASM : 202 USM Soccer Club 176 Social Work, School of 236 Society of Polymer Science 206 Softball 94 Something's Afoot 38 Songfest 44 Southern At Seventy-Five 52 Southern Exposure 40 Southern, Miss 46 Southern Misses : 165 Southern Style 169 Sports Clubs 105 Spring Dance Concert 22 Student Constructors 204 USM Student Homebuilders 204 Student Printz 179 Swimming 100 Tennis, Men's 96 Tennis, Women's 98 T-Mac - 36 Track., 103 Union Board 169 University Activities Council 166 Upsilon Pi Epsilon 202 USM, Mr. and Miss 244 Volleyball 104 Who's Who 260 Wilber (Panhellenic) Hall 213 Zeta Phi Beta..: 155 Editor's Thoughts - ^ Jtfc. '"-^ mt m i ^5 ^^HBt IT i i ' 5^ H #* /r .' jj j^p ii li I have yet to decide if it's dedication or plain stupidity that brings a per- son to take on a job like this twice. When I'm re-typ- ing a page for the third time at four o'clock in the morning, running on NoDoz and two hours' sleep, I wonder how they ever manage to find someone to do this each year. Former editors have called edit- ing the South- erner an honor and a challenge, but it's more a job than anything, and no small job at that. It is difficult enough to put out a book at all, much less a good one. This overworked and often unappreciated staff went through pure agony to produce this annual, but I, personally, can say in all truthfulness that there's nothing I'd rather be doing. The job was made easier with the support and cooperation of a number of people and organizations. Much credit must go to Warren K. Dunn, Billy Benson, Debbie Kennedy, Minnie Austin, Vicki Wilson, and Joy Samrow for having faith in my most unrealistic expectations and assisting me in meeting them. I suspect that the 1985 Southerner has not been an easy book for them to work with. Opening section models Thad Carr, Dar- lene Clark, Vince Cowan, Billy Hender- son, Tammy Holder, Catherine McKen- zie, and Mary Stephenson deserve a special thanks, as do the many models whose pictures we were unable to use. Although they were not directly connect- ed with the staff, we do thank M.C. Drake, Kelsey Green, Rhonda Holifield, Peggy Kissinger, Warren McKinney, Bobby Pea- cock, David Stem, and the Residence Ha Association for allowing us to publish their photos, copy, and art. Many thanks to Sam Clinton, Randy Pat- terson, and Jim Rob- ertson for their assis- tance in acquiring photographs for our feature on the na- tional presidential election. Photo Service, the Student Printz, Honors College, Rho Gamma, Public Rela- tions, and the Uni- versity Publications Board must also be recognized for their cooperation. Most importantly, this book owes much to Toni and Cathy Willis, Rachel Sullivan, Steve and Frank Easterling, Rinny Woodruff, Lisa Wright, Chuck Pardee, Barbara Reiling, Deedee Blanton, Carlin Wolfe. Holly Hughes, Bob Myers, John Stegall, and Mark "Smoky" Wigginton, because a few lines of type in a yearbook column is a very small recognition for their encouragement in the production of the 1985 Southerner. Taking everything into consideration, I be- lieve that this book is a success. God knows it should be for all the trouble that went into its making. Our deadlines have been particular- ly grueling of late, prompting my roommate to ask if I would still edit the annual if I had it all to do over again. You bet 1 would! ^torn WiMucu Kim Willis Editor Most sincere thanks to Billy Benson and Warren Dunn I Index/Editor's Thoughts 351 A parting observation Not everyone saw eye to eye on the merit of the past two semesters, but it was an excellent year all the same. 352 The End, at last ' T&: . . ,%<A5Miiai« ^'-^■-^-■^'^ ^J^L^-Sl^a^^^i^^Uim SOUTHERNER r — "*" ■ ' 1 Editor Kim Willis Advisor Warren K. Dunn Executive Assistant to the Editor John Stegall Head Photographer Bob Myers Staff Student Assistant Rinny Woodruff Staff Artist Smoky Wigginton Design Consultant Chuck Pardee Layout and Design Julie Johnson, Margit Littlefield, Rhonda Morgan, Garnet Palmer, Steve Phillips, Deedy Shaver, Darryl White, Charles Williamson, Lee Ann Willis, Carlin Wolfe Copy Deedee Blanton, Brad Cundiff, Marcie Davis, Dee Dougherty. Karen Godail, Mary Harris, Wyndi Moak, David Woods Photography Steve Alderman, Cindy Blackmer, Dick Brown, Cindy Crane, Beth Hemeter, Holly Hughes, Billy Jack- son, Jay Jordan, John Osborne, Joe Overstreet, Anita Phillips, Martin Washington, Paula Wilson Typing Sharon Cottrell, Angela Farragut, Kathy Hanvey, Pam Randall, Lisa Wright Southern Station, Box 5067 Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406 Rinny Woodruff Staff Student Assistant Bob Myers Head Photographer the staff	i don't know
What was the pseudonym of the Far Eastern despot Saloth Sar?	Lord of Terror Lord of Terror Email For a time, Tuck Outhuok had only fond memories of the man who taught him history during the 1950s in his native Cambodia. The teacher he knew as Saloth Sar “was a charming person,” recalls Outhuok, now 59, “very gentle, very nice.” Later that same amiable man, using the nom de guerre Pol Pot, would unleash the chaos that wiped out 1.7 million of his people, including Outhuok’s entire family. Such was the enigma of Pol Pot, who died at 72 on April 15, apparently of heart failure, in a remote jungle hut. Often warm and engaging in person, he was also guilty of monstrous deeds. To create his notion of a communist Utopia, Pol Pot was responsible for emptying Cambodia’s cities between 1975 and ’78, splitting families and butchering one-third of his countrymen (see following story). “He may have been the worst killer of the 20th century,” says former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. “He killed more of his people than Stalin or Hitler.” Born Saloth Sar, the eighth of nine children of a middle-class farmer, “he was a quiet, smart boy who never got into fights,” recalls his brother Saloth Nhep, 70. As a government scholarship student in Paris in 1949, Pol Pot immersed himself in communism. He returned in 1953 and, seven years later, helped found Cambodia’s Communist Party, becoming its leader in 1963. By 1970, the Vietnam War had spilled into Cambodia, posing a threat that helped swell the ranks of Pol Pot’s jungle-based Khmer Rouge guerrillas. Five years later, 70,000 of them marched into the capital, Phnom Penh, and began the bloody reign that ended only in 1979, after an invasion by Vietnam. Having spent the past two decades in hiding, Pol Pot ended his days under house arrest by his own soldiers for ordering the death of a comrade. The years had not changed him, according to Far Eastern Economic Review’s Nate Thayer, who interviewed the fallen despot in 1997. “He did not feel remorse,” says Thayer. “The guy went to his grave without saying, ‘I’m sorry.’ ” Show Full Article	Pol Pot
What official NFL injury report term means that a player has a 50% chance of playing?	The Khmer Rouge Trials: An Essay on Accountability and Justice The Khmer Rouge Trials: On Justice and Accountability by Socheat Som In 1997, as the Khmer Rouge movement was on the verge of a total collapse, Cambodia requested United Nations assistance in setting up a tribunal to prosecute prominent Khmer Rouge figures responsible for the deaths and suffering of millions of Cambodians during the late 1970s. That request marked the beginning of a long and protracted negotiation process between the UN and the Cambodian government on how the tribunal should be established. Now - nine long years later - there are credible signs that the trials are likely to commence in the foreseeable future. Setting aside the legal, political and financial issues that have delayed the start of the tribunal, like other survivors of the Khmer Rouge rule, I welcome the plan to try the Khmer Rouge leaders with cautious optimism. Since the demise of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979, not a single person has ever been prosecuted by any competent judicial body for the mass, systematic killings and gross human rights violations occurring in Cambodia between April 1975 and January 1979. Now for the first time there is a real prospect that the key perpetrators of the Cambodian tragedy would be required to answer for their actions before a competent court of law. This prospect in and of itself is sufficient to rekindle the sense of hope that at long last accountability would prevail. My only regret is that it has taken over twenty long years to arrive at this juncture. So much precious time has elapsed without any meaningful actions to address the issue. During that period, certain prominent Khmer Rouge figures have died without ever having to answer for their actions. Unlike their victims whose lives were cut short senselessly and only after having suffered unimaginable pain at the hands of their Khmer Rouge killers, these Khmer Rouge leaders died rather peacefully. One of the deceased worthy of further discussion was none other than this communist movement's paramount leader: Pol Pot. The first time I heard the name "Pol Pot" was in 1979 as I emerged from the nightmarish servitude of Pol Pot's Killing Fields orphaned, traumatized and emaciated. While struggling to survive under their reign, we ordinary Cambodians knew only "Angkar" as the omnipotent ruler of Cambodia. The identities of the individuals wielding power behind "Angkar" were well hidden from their subjects. We were left to wonder who or what Angkar was. Like a dark, deep secret that was revealed for the first time, the moment I learned the identity of the person hidden behind the mask called Angkar was quite a dramatic moment indeed. For the first time, I had the name of the person presiding over the system of terrors and oppression that destroyed our way of life, killed millions of innocent people, and forever changed the course of our lives. Back then I did not know what Pol Pot looked like as his pictures were not yet available. I tried to conjure up the face to go along with the name Pol Pot. In my mind, the face I kept envisioning over and over again was that of "evil." As the world has since discovered, Pol Pot was in fact a revolutionary pseudonym of a man whose real name was "Saloth Sar." (I will refer to Pol Pot hereinafter by his real name Saloth Sar.) In the early period of his revolutionary life, Sar identified himself as the "Original Khmer" who espoused equality for every Khmer. How ironic that the self-proclaimed "Original Khmer" carried out his revolution to create an egalitarian society using ideals and methods previously conceived and put into practice with disastrous results in other parts of the world well outside the boundaries of his native Khmer land. This "Original Khmer" turned out to be nothing more than a fervent believer of foreign ideology. How ironic that the path toward achieving equality for all at the end turned out to be that of achieving despotic power for the select few on the one hand and deaths and suffering for the masses on the other hand. Of course, Sar could not have orchestrated the killings and destruction of historic proportions without the help from individuals loyal to him as well as from many foot soldiers who served obediently and blindly as the instruments of terrors. As pictures and biographies of Sar and his top lieutenants - the so-called Khmer Rouge leaders - became accessible, I spent time studying their pictures and biographies. I studied about Sar and his comrades, including Ieng Sary, Nuon Chea, Khieu Samphan and others, seeking to understand what it was that motivated these individuals to hurt and destroy so many innocent lives. I observed the pictures of the chief architects of the Killing Fields. I examined their faces - their eyes, their smiles - closely, looking for clues, for any hints of inhumanity and monstrosity in them to validate my view of them as the evil. To my regret and disappointment, such examinations revealed not a single trace of meanness, savagery or inhumanity. On the contrary, they looked as ordinary and human as any person. Nothing in their appearances gave away any hints at the magnitude of their evil deeds. In the 1997 interview with The Far Eastern Economic Reviews, Sar responded to the question about the death tolls during his despotic rule with an emphatic declaration: "I came to carry out the struggle, not to kill people. Even nowâ¦look at me, am I a savage person? My conscience is clear... I want you to know that everything I did, I did for my country." (1) While it would be unrealistic to expect this evil-doer to see the evil of his own work, it was nonetheless appalling to see the display of arrogance even at the twilight of his life. Instead of showing any remorse for the carnage he created, this man had the arrogance to refer to Cambodia as if the country belonged to him alone and no one else. Sar apparently had high regards for his "country." The killings and suffering of millions of Cambodians under his rule, on the other hand, spoke volume about Sar's feelings toward the people living in the country Sar referred to as his country. True to his evil nature, Sar remained defiantly unrepentant until his death in April 1998. Six years after his death, in November 2004, I came across an audio recording of Saloth Sar. Listening to the way Sar expressed himself with his rasp voice, not only was I impressed by Sar's refined oratory skills, I was also struck particularly by the gentility of his voice and the polite manner with which he expressed himself. All of these characteristics did not seem to fit neatly with the perception that I have formed over all these years of the evil person responsible for one of history's worst crimes against humanity. It seemed unfathomable to imagine this seemingly gentle and articulate man was culpable of committing such evil deeds. The simple truth is that evil can never be detected through an observation of one's physical features nor discerned through listening to one's voice. Evil is an abstract that resides deep within the human heart and mind, making its early detection very difficult. It is through the actions of a person and the impacts of such deeds on humanity that the true nature of that person manifests itself. In Cambodia, evil existed in the form of charming, polite, seemingly ordinary men. Evil manifested itself in the forms of human destructions and carnage at a scale well beyond the scope of any ordinary human comprehension. The manifestation of evil required us to act and make the evil-doers - the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders - accountable for the evil deeds they did to their victims. Failures to act against evil encourage the recurrence of evil. In other words, I support the Khmer Rouge trials because I believe the trials will serve as a powerful deterrent. My respects for the victims and for the meaning of justice compel me to make it clear that my support for the trials is not because I believe the trials will bring "justice" for the victims. After all, if any groups of people that understand and appreciate the meaning of justice, we the victims of the Khmer Rouge are undoubtedly one of those groups. During the Khmer Rouge's rule, we endured cruelly excessive and undeserved suffering. Many of us watched in fear as the Khmer Rouge executioners took our family members away never to return. Images of our family members dying slowly and excruciatingly from starvation and disease are embedded in our mind. For many years now, we have had to live with the emotional trauma of having experienced immense suffering and having witnessed the deaths of our loved ones as well as of so many of our compatriots. I doubt that any one of us will recover completely from such deep emotional wounds. Adding more insult to injury, today we watch with intense bitterness and deep anger at gross injustice as some surviving Khmer Rouge leaders are living freely and well with their families in certain parts of Cambodia. They still have their spouses, children and grandchildren to cherish while they turned Cambodia into a nation of orphans, widows and widowers. Given the magnitude and ubiquity of the victims' suffering and personal losses, I am of the opinion that it would be disrespectful to the victims, some of whose remains are still scattered across Cambodia's lush landscapes, to think that "justice" can be found simply by putting a few aging individuals on trial. I, for one, believe that the millions of deaths and the profound, unimaginable human suffering perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge are too far beyond our poor power to find an equitable form of justice. I believe that we add to and uphold the meaning of justice and thus provide dignity to the victims by acknowledging the inherent inequity between the nature and scope of the crimes and the realistic form of justice that can be obtained. The enormity of the Khmer Rouge's crimes renders the Khmer Rouge trials insufficient to provide justice for the victims. To think otherwise would be to risk trivializing the meaning of justice and inflicting even more indignities on the victims. An acknowledgement of our limited ability to find justice does not obviate the necessity and importance of putting those responsible for turning Cambodia into the Killing Fields on trial. Such an acknowledgement does not mean that the perpetrators should be allowed to continue to live freely among and, in many cases, much better than their victims. The trials are absolutely necessary, as they will send a powerful message to all evil-doers in Cambodia and across the world that the international community would not tolerate their evil deeds against innocent people. Ordinary Cambodians have been relegated to the role of victims, and have suffered so much for so long with no end in sight. The tribunal provides the Cambodian government and the international community with the opportunity to demonstrate that they empathize with the victims. This is the time for all of us who love and respect peace, liberty and the rule of law to rally on the side of the great army of unknown and unrecorded victims through active participation in the judicial process to address the question of accountability concerning perhaps the darkest period of Cambodia's contemporary history. This window of opportunity diminishes with each precious moment that elapses without the fruition of the trials. -- May 12, 2006	i don't know
August 10th, 1846, saw the chartering of which major and most popular US museum?	Smithsonian Institution created - Aug 10, 1846 - HISTORY.com Smithsonian Institution created Publisher A+E Networks After a decade of debate about how best to spend a bequest left to America from an obscure English scientist, President James K. Polk signs the Smithsonian Institution Act into law. In 1829, James Smithson died in Italy, leaving behind a will with a peculiar footnote. In the event that his only nephew died without any heirs, Smithson decreed that the whole of his estate would go to “the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Smithson’s curious bequest to a country that he had never visited aroused significant attention on both sides of the Atlantic. Smithson had been a fellow of the venerable Royal Society of London from the age of 22, publishing numerous scientific papers on mineral composition, geology, and chemistry. In 1802, he overturned popular scientific opinion by proving that zinc carbonates were true carbonate minerals, and one type of zinc carbonate was later named smithsonite in his honor. Six years after his death, his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, indeed died without children, and on July 1, 1836, the U.S. Congress authorized acceptance of Smithson’s gift. President Andrew Jackson sent diplomat Richard Rush to England to negotiate for transfer of the funds, and two years later Rush set sail for home with 11 boxes containing a total of 104,960 gold sovereigns, 8 shillings, and 7 pence, as well as Smithson’s mineral collection, library, scientific notes, and personal effects. After the gold was melted down, it amounted to a fortune worth well over $500,000. After considering a series of recommendations, including the creation of a national university, a public library, or an astronomical observatory, Congress agreed that the bequest would support the creation of a museum, a library, and a program of research, publication, and collection in the sciences, arts, and history. On August 10, 1846, the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution was signed into law by President James K. Polk. Today, the Smithsonian is composed of 19 museums and galleries including the recently announced National Museum of African American History and Culture,nine research facilities throughout the United States and the world, and the national zoo. Besides the original Smithsonian Institution Building, popularly known as the “Castle,” visitors to Washington, D.C., tour the National Museum of Natural History, which houses the natural science collections, the National Zoological Park, and the National Portrait Gallery. The National Museum of American History houses the original Star-Spangled Banner and other artifacts of U.S. history. The National Air and Space Museum has the distinction of being the most visited museum in the world, exhibiting such marvels of aviation and space history as the Wright brothers’ plane and Freedom 7, the space capsule that took the first American into space. John Smithson, the Smithsonian Institution’s great benefactor, is interred in a tomb in the Smithsonian Building. Related Videos	Smithsonian Institution
May 10, 1869 Promontory Summit, Utah, saw the driving of what historic object, still celebrated on the back of the Utah state quarter?	Smithsonian Institution created - Aug 10, 1846 - HISTORY.com Smithsonian Institution created Publisher A+E Networks After a decade of debate about how best to spend a bequest left to America from an obscure English scientist, President James K. Polk signs the Smithsonian Institution Act into law. In 1829, James Smithson died in Italy, leaving behind a will with a peculiar footnote. In the event that his only nephew died without any heirs, Smithson decreed that the whole of his estate would go to “the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Smithson’s curious bequest to a country that he had never visited aroused significant attention on both sides of the Atlantic. Smithson had been a fellow of the venerable Royal Society of London from the age of 22, publishing numerous scientific papers on mineral composition, geology, and chemistry. In 1802, he overturned popular scientific opinion by proving that zinc carbonates were true carbonate minerals, and one type of zinc carbonate was later named smithsonite in his honor. Six years after his death, his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, indeed died without children, and on July 1, 1836, the U.S. Congress authorized acceptance of Smithson’s gift. President Andrew Jackson sent diplomat Richard Rush to England to negotiate for transfer of the funds, and two years later Rush set sail for home with 11 boxes containing a total of 104,960 gold sovereigns, 8 shillings, and 7 pence, as well as Smithson’s mineral collection, library, scientific notes, and personal effects. After the gold was melted down, it amounted to a fortune worth well over $500,000. After considering a series of recommendations, including the creation of a national university, a public library, or an astronomical observatory, Congress agreed that the bequest would support the creation of a museum, a library, and a program of research, publication, and collection in the sciences, arts, and history. On August 10, 1846, the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution was signed into law by President James K. Polk. Today, the Smithsonian is composed of 19 museums and galleries including the recently announced National Museum of African American History and Culture,nine research facilities throughout the United States and the world, and the national zoo. Besides the original Smithsonian Institution Building, popularly known as the “Castle,” visitors to Washington, D.C., tour the National Museum of Natural History, which houses the natural science collections, the National Zoological Park, and the National Portrait Gallery. The National Museum of American History houses the original Star-Spangled Banner and other artifacts of U.S. history. The National Air and Space Museum has the distinction of being the most visited museum in the world, exhibiting such marvels of aviation and space history as the Wright brothers’ plane and Freedom 7, the space capsule that took the first American into space. John Smithson, the Smithsonian Institution’s great benefactor, is interred in a tomb in the Smithsonian Building. Related Videos	i don't know
Colonel Tom Parker, the Colonel being an honorary title only, made his mark managing what entertainer?	The Dark Side Of Colonel Parker - An EIN Spotlight 'The Dark Side Of Colonel Parker' - An EIN Spotlight by Piers Beagley Although comedian Nipsy Russell stated that "Every entertainer should go to bed at night and pray he finds a Colonel Tom Parker under his bed when he wakes up in the morning" - is that really the truth? It is a fact that after Elvis' death an official investigation found that "both Colonel Parker and RCA acted in collusion against Presley's best interests. Colonel Parker was guilty of self-dealing and overreaching and had violated his duty to both Elvis and to the estate." In this in-depth Spotlight EIN takes a look at the darker side of Colonel Tom Parker - and includes plenty of insights from Elvis’ colleagues and friends. EIN Reader's Feedback added below - Updated August 2011 June 26th 2009 is a special date that commemorates four unique events of the Elvis World. 1. The 100th birthday of Colonel Parker. 2. The 32nd Anniversary of Elvis' final concert in Indianapolis. 3. The 30th Anniversary of the death of Elvis' father, Vernon Presley. 4. The 30th Anniversary of the revelation to Elvis’ estate that Colonel Parker was still fleecing his client. "Every entertainer should go to bed at night and pray he finds a Colonel Tom Parker under his bed when he wakes up in the morning" stated comedian Nipsy Russell when he opened for an Elvis Presley Show. But is that really the truth? In a recent issue of the Essential Elvis magazine The Colonel's widow, Loanna Parker is understandably very positive about her previous husband. She said, "The Colonel never once wavered from his commitment to do the best job he could for Elvis. So much has been written in a negative light about how the Colonel did this or did that to negatively impact Elvis in some way, and I can tell you that during the entire time I saw them together from 1969 until Elvis died in 1977 I never once saw a situation where the Colonel didn't do what was in the best interest of Elvis. There was never one time that Elvis was `forced or coerced' to do anything he didn't want to do. Every project that came along the Colonel made sure that Elvis approved of and signed off on it. You have to understand, the Colonel knew the business side and Elvis knew the creative side and they allowed each other to do their own thing. No one ever told Elvis what to do. Their relationship was very complex." In a recent DeAgostini Elvis magazine there was another article about The Colonel which mainly praised the glory of his early management suggesting that it only went downhill in the final few years. While there is no doubt that Elvis and The Colonel's story is extremely complex, in this article EIN takes a look at the darker side of Colonel Tom Parker and includs plenty of comments from Elvis’ colleagues. THE COLONEL The world knew him as Colonel Tom Parker, one of the most successful managers the entertainment business has ever seen. He claimed that he was a US citizen born in Huntington, West Virginia who had been orphaned young and had a colourful carnival youth. In reality however he was Andreas Cornelis van Kuijk from Breda in Holland, not a real Colonel and also an illegal immigrant. While Parker did enrol in the US army he was also listed as a deserter and spent sometime in solitary confinement as a punishment. This in turn ended for him with a few months in a Mental Institution suffering from psychosis. After his army discharge Parker began work in various carny jobs, before finally hitting the big-time with a 25% contract deal for managing up-and-coming Country star Eddy Arnold. It was in 1948 that Parker pulled off one of his most inspired "snow-jobs" when he persuaded Jimmie Davis, former country-singer turned Governor of Louisiana, to grant him the honorary title of "Colonel". With this the fake Americanisation of Dries van Kuijk was complete. PIONEERING EARLY MANAGEMENT Admirers of The Colonel's style point to the legendary US TV shows in 1956 and '57 as shining examples of the perfect manager at work. It was indeed truly ground-breaking media work. Thanks to Parker's connections those tired old fifties TV formats of Perry Como, dancing dogs and corny games were changed forever by the earth-shattering performances by Elvis. Similarly The Colonel’s business transactions that took the rock’n’roll star Elvis into mainstream cinema were also pioneering efforts of their time. However when examining Elvis' astounding fifties popularity you have to consider the fact that it was ELVIS and his dynamic performances that achieved that tremendous impact on teenagers and middle-America. It was Elvis’ extraordinary talent and Greek God handsomeness which created a core group of fans whose devotion was unrivalled in pop history. The Colonel's management didn't cause that. It was caused by the public’s general need for a post-war social and musical change combined with the dynamic impact of Elvis' creativity, Elvis' talent and Elvis’ looks. It is safe to say that it was only because of these early fifties successes that Elvis grew to trust Colonel Parker and often gave him the benefit of the doubt. There was no way for Elvis to know that after this fifties phase he had actually outgrown his manager. (Right: Would you trust this man?) RCA's Joan Deary: In the very beginning the Colonel was like a lightning rod, and I think that got Elvis most all the things that he got. The Colonel brought him to the attention of the whole country, the whole world as a matter of fact. I don't think Elvis could have moved that quickly by himself. The Colonel got him a movie contract; but later on, I think that Elvis could have done a great deal more creatively under different management or direction. The continuous uninspired movies of the sixties and the continuous punishing tours of the seventies are testament to Parker's disinterest in the creative side of his artist. It is often noted that Elvis' mother Gladys never liked Parker and that it was only his association with country-singer Hank Snow that helped swing the managerial deal which she had to agree to. Arlene Cogan (Elvis friend): Elvis mentioned on more than one occasion when some of us were sitting around, that his mother didn't really trust Colonel Parker and didn't like him. Elvis would dread it when Colonel Parker would come to Memphis—absolutely dread it. Colonel Parker would just take over the house. He would bring in some of his men, and they would man the telephones. I mean, all the calls were screened by his people. Elvis detested this. Vernon would tell us that when Colonel Parker would come to the house and get Elvis locked up for a meeting, that he couldn't even talk to his own son until Parker left. While it is often stated that Elvis kept over-working due to his need for cash, there is little doubt that a management strategy of one inspired album release (along with associated chart singles), one tour and perhaps one original movie per year would have been plenty to keep the money rolling in. In fact millions of dollars were literally offered to Parker for Elvis to tour overseas. This would have not only created the challenges that Elvis needed to keep healthy and interested but would also have provided an easy source of cash. So while Elvis himself has to be held accountable for the way his life sadly spiralled out of control to its final tragic end, there can be no doubt at all that Parker's bad management played a large part in his demise. As a fan one has to consider that had Elvis changed management in the later part of his career there is the slim possibility that he could still be alive today. THE HANK SNOW FACTOR Hank Snow was an already established major country artist in 1954 with a string of hits to his credit and high standing at RCA Records and in the business. In fact when Elvis made his famous 'Grand Ole Opry' appearance early in October 1954, it was Hank Snow who introduced him to the Ryman audience. They became good friends and Snow decided then and there that his agency should get involved in booking some 'live' shows for the promising newcomer. Colonel Parker was also Hank Snow's manager and together they joined forces to create Hank Snow Entertainments/Jamboree Attractions. And when the day came for Elvis and his parents to sign his new contract The Colonel got Hank Snow to sweet-talk Elvis' parents into believing he would make a fine new manager for their boy. As stated Gladys never really took a liking to the Colonel’s taking ways. By early 1956 however Hank Snow's attorney became suspicious of their supposed joint business deal and Snow confronted The Colonel. When Snow questioned their partnership Parker smartly pulled out the contract that Vernon and Gladys had signed and waved it in his face shouting, "Elvis Presley is managed by Colonel Tom Parker and nobody else!" (Right: Elvis with Hank Snow) According to Snow, this was an alternate contract to the one they had taken to Memphis the previous August. Parker it seems had taken two different legal papers with him on that trip and succeeded in acquiring the all the signatures on the one bearing no mention of Hank Snow or Jamboree Attractions. Hank Snow never made his share of money from his input into the discovery of Elvis. Over forty years after the event Snow still says, "I have worked with several managers over the years and have had respect for them all except one. Tom Parker (he refuses to recognise the title Colonel) was the most egotistical, obnoxious human being I've ever had dealings with." Several other early Colonel Parker associates are similarly dismissive.. Scotty Moore: The split between us and Elvis was Parker's doing. I tried not to be around him any more than I had to. I had heard stuff about him from other people when he first appeared on the scene and I was leery of him. Frankly, he was just a con man. I could see what he did with Bob Neat He whittled away at getting rid of him. He wanted to get rid of the band. He wanted to get rid of anyone who was pre-Parker. Gordon Stoker: He was a cold-hearted, hard-nosed business man, but that's what it took - or at least that's what he thought it took to get him through this world of bookers and such like who all wanted a piece of the action. He was an honest man and he never made a deal that he didn't stick to, even if he lost money or whatever. But he was a cold-hearted man and he never showed any love or respect for the talent that was around him. That was one thing that Elvis was missing so much. If just at one time he'd have put his arm around him or told him he was doing a good job and he was proud of him, but The Colonel just wasn't that way. D.J. Fontana: I learned to stay out of his way. He was probably one of the shrewdest fellows I've ever seen in my life. I don't really know what their true relationship was but it worked and evidently Elvis was happy with what he was doing or otherwise he would've left and gone with someone else. I guess they had some kind of mutual agreement. I think sometimes some of the deals might have been more to The Colonel's advantage, but Elvis was happy so what can you say? Red West: The Colonel treated all of Elvis' friends hot and cold, hot and cold. He was friendly, but he always kept his distance. I never did care for the Colonel. I'd like to know who says he's the greatest manager. It couldn't have been anybody that was around Elvis. Right: Elvis and The Colonel in 1961. He really should have shot him! Where The Colonel really deserves blame is in two very basic areas. One is that many of his later Elvis deals (50 percent split, his own Box Car enterprises, Tour extras etc) put his own monetary earnings above his client's. This is the one unforgivable sin for any manager. Secondly he appeared to have little faith in or understanding of Elvis' true talent. This was proved over and over again in his career. It shows in the way he handled Elvis' sixties film career. It showed in the '68 TV show where he really wanted it to be a "Perry Como style Christmas show". There is a thought that The Colonel signed the 1969 Las Vegas contract on the coffee table because Parker thought the amazing performance that Elvis produced on the International stage that very first night was a fluke. In 1973 when RCA bought out Elvis' royalties on his back catalogue, The Colonel ended up making more money from the deal than Elvis. The Colonel is known to have pocketed $6 Million from the deal, $1.5 million MORE than Elvis his client! This should never happen in a manager/client relationship. While the pop-music and entertainment field drastically changed and matured in the mid-sixties, Colonel Parker appears to have been left behind as he still worked his old "Snowman's Deals" with people like film producer Hal Wallis and seemingly proud of his old-fashioned scams. (Right;Hal Wallis, Elvis, The Colonel) In regards to the record industry it is obvious to all that Parker missed the transformation where albums became the all-important creative identifier. Instead of moving to the modern release schedule of one blockbuster album per year and a couple of key chart singles, Parker kept on pumping out the same saturation schedule of the 50s. Even after the crucial Memphis sessions of 1969 and having re-established Elvis' creative importance with the '68 TV Special' Parker kept diluting these achievements with cheap budget compilations that still included dreadful old movie songs. Who in their right mind would release an album like 'Let's Be Friends' so soon after the classic Memphis albums? The album included the new songs 'I'll Be There' and 'If I'm A Fool (For Loving You)' placed alongside turgid rubbish such as the Girls! Girls! Girls! song 'Mama' and also 'Have A Happy'? No other artist of Elvis’ stature was left scrapping the bottom of the barrel just to fulfil their record contracts and diluting their artistic credibility in the process. After the massive triumph of Aloha, Col Parker had negotiated a new the seven-year contract with RCA that required Elvis to supply them with two new albums and four singles per year. The new contract was dated March 1, 1973. With no new material left in the RCA vaults RCA exec George Parkhill was forced to write to Elvis in June 1973 to remind him of his studio obligations. In typical money-grabbing style RCA had stupidly decided to follow up the massive success of ‘Aloha’ with yet another badly thought-out album ‘Elvis (Fool)’ compiled of old leftovers and previously rejected recordings. This was hardly the way to maintain the momentum of Elvis’ new chart success, nor the way to look after their #1 client. (Right: The June 1973 RCA letter reminding Elvis of his recording obligations - which forced him back into the studios against his own wishes) Marty Lacker, "The songs that Col Parker and Freddy Bienstock sent Elvis to record were the usual horrible songs they had a piece of the publishing on. So by 1973, mainly because of the crappy songs he was getting from those two, Elvis looked at recording as a drudgery." It is interesting to note that even Ernst Jorgenson makes a recent anti-Colonel statement on this subject in the sleeve notes of the 'Standing Room Only' FTD release.... "After the live Madison Square Garden album what could be released was an album of recordings from February and March, STANDING ROOM ONLY. This would have been musically credible by providing a current statement of Elvis and his music, as opposed to the retro aspect of the concert albums and it would have featured a true hit single in "Burning Love" to drive sales to the top of the charts. What did happen, however, seems by any standards to be a triumph of both artist mismanagement and commercial insanity. In October, RCA released the second volume of their budget series ELVIS SINGS HITS FROM HIS MOVIES. The new release was titled 'BURNING LOVE AND HITS FROM HIS MOVIES VOL. 2' in an effort to capitalize on the hit. Except for the b-side "It's A Matter Of Time", the remaining repertoire was old soundtrack recordings. Apart from the insult to the real Elvis fans that already had these recordings, it was also a case of serious misrepresentation of the artist. RCA boastfully announced the release of the album as establishing several "firsts". The most staggering of these "firsts" were that a record company, and an artist, would want to release a current chart single on a budget album and combine it with a stack of old and irrelevant recordings. What's even more alarming, is that the exact same concept was used for the next single: "Separate Ways"/"Always On My Mind". This time, however, the enthralling "Hits From The Movies" tag was dropped. It is testament to Elvis' talent that he was able to survive and thrive in spite of this creative negligence that would have finished the career of any lesser artist." Obvious managerial mistakes where The Colonel placed profit above creativity, A) Elvis’ long term Sixties movie contracts to the exclusion of all other activities. B) The choice of Quantity over Quality. C) The insistence that Elvis only record songs where they had a piece of the publishing. D) Refusing to allow Elvis to work with or even meet with his songwriters (Otis Blackwell never met Elvis, and Lieber & Stoller were excluded after Jailhouse Rock for trying to submit ideas without going through the Colonel.) E) Not allowing Elvis to tour overseas in the Seventies. The job of a manager should be to translate their client's aspirations into reality with the hope of exciting their audiences, along with the possibly of making a profit. If Elvis wanted to try a world tour then Parker should have made it happen. His stated excuses of security issues, venue size or such-like are not acceptable. The Colonel also prioritised his own monetary earnings seemingly without any care as to whether this led to alienating creative people in Elvis' life. Here is another story showing how he once again managed to trick some of the key creative people in Elvis’ life out of their well-deserved earnings. The story comes from "Comeback TV Special" producer Steve Binder. Steve Binder: Howe Bones and I tried very hard to protect our interests and control the profits of our creative work. Bones was producing records for "The Fifth Dimension" and "The Association" which earned him royalties so we thought, since we were producing the sound track to "Elvis," we didn't see why the same rules shouldn't apply. I phoned our agent, Fred Apollo, at the William Morris Agency and explained our position to him. He said he would relay the message to Colonel Parker. No sooner had I hung up the phone when Fred Apollo phoned me right back and said I had opened up a hornet's nest and the Colonel wanted both of us fired immediately. I maintained that our demand was 100% justifiable. The Colonel was furious and phoned me personally to tell me in no uncertain terms that, "Nobody produces Elvis Presley records but Elvis himself" and hung up. It was a well-known fact, but not publicized in the business, that if you wanted Elvis to record one of your songs, you had to give over your publishing rights to his company. Bones and I stuck to our guns and didn't back off. Not long after, Fred phoned to say it was all taken care of and we could start back to work. (Right: June 26th 1968. The Colonel's birthday party during the recording of the TV Special) The solution they all came up with was that nothing in our contract would mention anything about a sound track or records. The Colonel phoned me back and personally gave me his word of honour that there would definitely be no RCA song or soundtrack album released from the television special so we had nothing to worry about. Fred phoned me to back up the Colonel's conversation. I was very naive and took the Colonel and the William Morris Agency at their word. Here's the kicker, before the special had even started production, the Colonel made a deal with NBC to turn over the audiotapes from the special to RCA without charge. A deal that would have amounted to millions of dollars in music rights. Elvis got a free album out of the budget of the television special. And after the special was delivered to NBC, the Colonel mailed to my home a $1,500 cheque along with an agreement for me to sign waiving all my legal rights to the soundtrack and congratulating me on the release of the album. Instead of signing the agreement, I sent the unsigned check back to the Colonel with a short note telling him where he could put it. To this day, Bones or I have never received one penny from the soundtrack earnings. Had Steve Binder ever talked with 'Hound Dog' composers Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller he would have known what to expect from the deceitful Colonel. Here is their earlier story of negotiations and dealings with Col Parker, where Parker deliberately kept potentially artistic options of positive merit away from Elvis just to keep his own strangle-hold on his client. It is certain that Colonel never made Elvis aware of these production offers to help guide his career. Jerry Leiber: One evening in New York I was invited to a very elegant New York cocktail party at the home of Charles Feldman, the well-known agent and producer. He said, "I'm so pleased to meet you. I think the world of the work that you and your partner have done. I have just optioned a novel by Nelson Algren, A Walk On The Wild Side, and here's what I want to do. Elia Kazan has agreed to direct it and I've got Bud Schulberg to write the screenplay and James Wong Howe to do the cinematography. I want you and your partner to write the songs and Elvis Presley to play the lead." I was ecstatic. I called Mike and he was thrilled. We thought the news was going to blow the minds of Elvis and the Colonel and Jean and Julian Aberbach. We went up to the Aberbachs office at Hill & Range, and I told them the whole story, including every exciting detail. When I was finished, Jean said, "We'll have to speak to Colonel Parker. Can you boys wait outside?" As we sat outside Jean's office we imagined how excited Parker would be. After ten minutes or so we were summoned back into Jean's office and he reported to us that The Colonel said, "If you ever dare try and interfere in the career of Elvis Presley again you will never work in New York, Hollywood, London or anywhere else in the world." Mike Stoller: That was it. After that we stopped writing for Elvis. Jerry Liber: Sometime later I got walking pneumonia. I collapsed in the (Greenwich) Village and went to the hospital. I was on the critical list. I was there for ten or 12 days. I finally got better and was discharged. I got home and saw 20 or more pieces of mail, a lot of them manila envelopes, as well as some telegrams. The telegrams all said, "Elvis is getting ready to record. Please come to California immediately. He doesn't want to set foot in a studio without you. I called and asked to speak to (Colonel) Tom. He got on the phone and said (Leiber imitates Parker) "How you doin' boy?" I said, "I'm OK. I had a real close call there. I had walking pneumonia and I just got out of the hospital." He said he wanted me to pack right away and catch a plane. I told him I wasn't in any shape to catch a plane because I'd just gotten out of the hospital. He said, "If they let you out, that means you're all right." I told him I needed a day or two to get myself together, but he said the schedule was very tight and he needed me to come out right away. Then he said, "Did you see the contract yet?" I said, contract?" He said, "I'm sure it's there by now. It's a contract covering the forthcoming movie and soundtrack album. You better take a look, sign it and send it back. So I hung up, took the contract out of one of the manila envelopes, and saw nothing but a blank page. Nothing was written on it except two lines at the bottom where Mike and I were supposed to sign our names. I thought they had made a ridiculous blunder. I called Parker's secretary and said, "There's been a mistake", she said, "Let me get Tom." Colonel Parker got on the phone and I told him, "There's a piece of paper here with two places for signatures, but the contract is missing." He said, "There's no mistake - just sign it." Then he said, "Don't worry. We'll fill it in later." I got off the phone with Parker and immediately called Mike. I told him, "Breaking up with the Presley outfit is like throwing away a license to print money. After all this work, I really hate to do it, but I am really offended" (When I was on the phone with Parker, I almost told him that I wasn't one of his 'okie dokies'). I told Mike I didn't want to work with this jerk anymore. I asked Mike, "How do you feel about this?" Now Mike is a very measured and modest with very good manners. He paused for a moment, and then he said, Jer ....tell him to fuck himself!" So I called Colonel Parker back and said, "Tom, I thought about what you told me." He said, "Good! What time are you gonna get here?" I said, "Tom, I spoke to Mike about the contract, and he told me to tell you to go fuck yourself." I hung up, and I never spoke to him again. ( Go here to the full Jerry Leiber interview by Ken Sharp ) Others close to Elvis also add their comments about Tom Parker. Ronnie Tutt: The Colonel was a hard guy to figure out. You could walk past him in a hallway and he might not say a word to you. You'd be looking at him trying to get eye-contact with him and he'd just completely ignore you. I could count on my hands the times he spoke to me the whole time I was working with Elvis. Lamar Fike: The Colonel was a complicated figure. In the beginning return to the live performing in Las Vegas was unbelievable but as the Colonel always did, he ran it into the ground and it became boring to Elvis. The Colonel just never got it that Elvis needed a creative challenge. In those final years it was a case of "if only..." (Right; The Colonel and Elvis - no eye contact!) Jerry Scheff: I was walking in the hall backstage to my dressing room and Colonel Parker was coming in the opposite direction. It was just he and I in the hallway, and as I got closer to him I said "Hi Colonel" and he never acknowledged me or looked in my direction. He just walked straight past me down the hall like I didn't exist. I thought 'What's this all about?'. So later on I was talking to Red West and I told him what had happened. He said. "They had a meeting last night and The Colonel found out how much money you guys are making. He told Elvis, 'You could get a bunch of chimpanzees on the stage and people would still love you'." Marty Lacker: I never liked or trusted him. My loyalty was to Elvis and Parker didn't like that especially when I was Foreman. The Colonel was good in the early years but he wouldn't change with the times. He treated Elvis like a carnival show. Elvis and some of us thought that The Colonel needed him to keep working just to feed his gambling habit. The Colonel knew about Elvis playing with drugs in the 60's and more so in the 70's - and he should have done something about it when he could. Lamar Fike: Elvis' performance schedule of 4 weeks with 2 shows per night no doubt sapped his motivation and desire to perform. No major charting superstar goes to Vegas and plays four weeks anymore, they usually only do a week. Four weeks is a marathon and the repetition of cramming 60 shows into that period can be really monotonous and mind and body sapping. The biggest disappointment for Elvis in his life was not touring outside the US. Billy Smith: In the early days I admired colonel. He had a very strong look and piercing blue eyes. You knew he was in control. When I got older I saw that things were changing between Elvis and Colonel. He started picking on the guys, including me, for information about Elvis. Colonel always liked me and my family but my loyalty was always with Elvis. Of course I had known Colonel since I was a kid. I know that Elvis loved Colonel, but he also had resentment toward him for holding him back on certain things that he really wanted to do. One thing was to tour Europe. He talked about it many, many times, and we all looked forward to the day that happened. Unfortunately, it never came to pass. Larry Geller: Elvis gradually lost respect for the Colonel because he felt he was being used. He didn't feel the Colonel really cared for him as a human being. Elvis respected the Colonel for how he launched his career, but he felt it was mishandled later on. ELVIS FIRES THE COLONEL The long-standing tension between Elvis and The Colonel came to a head at the end of Elvis' summer Vegas season in 1973. This was the point where Elvis should have broken free from the old carny huckster. Elvis even named Concert Wests' manager Tom Hullett to his friends as a possible replacement that he was considering. (Right:Elvis on tour and looking tired) Ed Bonja worked for The Colonel, taking many of Elvis’ stunning concert photos and he was present when Elvis tried to fire The Colonel after the drama of 'Closing Night' September 1973 . Ed Bonja: You know when they had that major break up in Vegas, in September 73, Elvis had told him, "Stay out of my personal life, I’m my own man". If Elvis at that point had said to The Colonel, ‘I want to take six months or a year off’, it would have been done! To emphasise that, when The Colonel once tried to talk to Elvis about the drugs and things, Elvis just went crazy. That was when The Colonel typed up the terms of the dissolvent of the contract which included Elvis paying out The Colonel a huge amount (several million dollars). Then we all went back to our offices at MGM in L.A. and we just waited. A couple of weeks went by and I came into the office one morning and The Colonel was sitting in his office when the private line rang. This was the phone line that only Elvis or Vernon called on. I picked up the phone and Elvis said, "Hello Eddie, is The Colonel there?" It was a very strange conversation with the Colonel just saying four or five times, "Yeah, Yeah" and then, "I’ll arrange it." After that he hung up. I immediately asked The Colonel, what did he say? And he replied, "Elvis just said, ‘He wants things to be the way they were and he wants to go out on tour again’." And that was the end of the fighting, and the break up. There had to be such psychological dependency between the two of them. They were inseparable. Marty Lacker: I think Elvis, to a point, cared about the Colonel because of the early days but in the later years, things slowly started changing. There were times later on when Elvis wanted to get rid of the Colonel. Seriously. But the Colonel knew Elvis pretty good and he had a plan. Because Elvis' personal business was left up to Vernon, the Colonel conned them. When Elvis was going to break up with him, the Colonel handed Vernon a bill for over two million dollars that he said Elvis owed him for expenses and shit (which was total bullshit). That scared the piss out of Vernon and he talked Elvis into changing his mind. Elvis biographer Peter Guralnick likened Elvis and The Colonel to an unhappy married couple. "Elvis and Colonel Parker were really like a married couple, who started out with great love, loyalty, respect which lasted for a considerable period of time, and went through a number of stages until, towards the end of Elvis's life, they should have walked away. None of the rules of the relationship were operative any longer, yet neither had the courage to walk away, for a variety of reasons." (Right:Check the body language!) THE LATER YEARS Sadly it was in the later Vegas years that Elvis' health, both mentally and physically, began a downward spiral and this is where the most serious accusations and personal vilifications against The Colonel are levelled. After all it IS the role of a professional manager to see that his artist is in a healthy, happy and fit state to undertake performances, recordings and broadcasts. Dr Nick: It was exciting at first to travel with the entourage, but the excitement wore off in late '74 or early '75 when Elvis started losing control. It was hard to convince his management that it was better for Elvis if he toured for ten or twelve days and got rest between tours. Colonel Parker didn't take me seriously at all. (Right; June 26th 1977 - Elvis at his final concert) Dr Nick: Although he loved performing, Elvis could do just so much of it; then it produced stresses in him. A lot of his problems were the result of going through a tour of twenty to thirty days straight. In Vegas, Elvis was performing two shows a night, seven days a week, for a month at a time. Elvis had respect for Colonel Parker and for what he'd done for him in the past; but they had some problems getting together and talking about things. Towards the end Elvis would avoid conversations with him. The following story from Larry Geller is very upsetting and certainly not unbelievable. Larry Geller: On one of Elvis' last 1977 tours we were in Louisville, Kentucky, and Elvis was physically ill and was going through so much emotionally. This one night in particular he was nauseous & feverish and he felt terrible. The next day when I got back to Elvis' suite I walk in and surprisingly Colonel Parker is there. The first time I ever saw him come to Elvis' room. I say, "Hi Colonel." He says, "Where is he?" I explain that he's with Dr Nick and I say, "Let me tell Elvis you're here." The Col brushes past me saying, "No. I'm going right in" and he opens the door. It pains me to even tell you this but what I saw was Dr Nick kneeling at Elvis' bed. Elvis is comatose and groaning and Dr Nick is dunking Elvis' head into a bucket of iced-water to revive him. It was a pathetic sight. The door closes and my first thought was, 'This is probably good since finally Col Parker is going to find out what the hell is going on. The Old Man is going to see Elvis in this terrible shape, semi-conscious, and stop this awful tour'. A minute later the door opens, Col Parker walks up to me, and I stand up. We stand toe to toe and he looks me in the eyes. He says, "Now you listen to me. The only thing that is important is that that man is on stage tonight! Do you hear me? Nothing else matters." Then he walks out. My heart sank. I knew the truth and I wanted to scream. Oh my god, that shallow Motherf**r. I then heard Elvis shout, "Lawrence are you there? Why the hell did you let that bastard in here?" I explained that he had walked right past me and then Elvis ranted for an hour about Col Parker. He just used every word in the book and said, "That's big, fat, * …. I'm going to get rid of his fat ass. Daddy wants to get rid of him; he's hated him for years. I can't stand him. He's lost touch with show business years ago. He's just using me and I want Tom Hullett to be my manager. After the tour in September that is it!" He talked about who he was going to fire and how he was going to change things for the good. It never happened. More positive is Sonny West who defends The Colonel against the harsher stories. Sonny West: The Colonel is the most maligned person in the Elvis Presley World. He cared about Elvis, he used a brusque manner at times when a situation seem to warrant it. He wasn’t right all the time, no one is, but he was most of the time. He deserves a much better hand than he has been dealt. In my book, I correct a lot of misconceptions about Colonel, most of which were made by people that simply did not know the truth of the matter, even some members of the inner circle of Elvis’, or others that seem to have an axe to grind. (Right:In happier times) However when you basically compare The Colonel to other major managers (for instance Motown's Berry Gordy who also ripped off his artists) he seems especially lacking. Gordy for instance actually did groom his artists for stardom, cultivated song-writing and production contacts, wrote and played music and was just a good a promoter. Parker in the end seemed to be there only for the money. It is notable that after Elvis' father’s death on June 26th 1979 Lisa Marie's representatives filed allegations in court against The Colonel. Vernon had kept the extent of Parker’s commission after Elvis’ death very secret. So it was only after Vernon’s death that it was finally revealed to the co-executors of Elvis’ estate that The Colonel was still taking over 50% of the income generated by Elvis’ legacy even though he had no artist to manage! The charges against Colonel Parker were that he enriched himself by mismanaging Presley's career and cutting the singer out of millions of dollars by negotiating unfavourable agreements as well as taking advantage of Elvis when he was in poor health. (Right: Parker & a very frail Vernon in 1978) Attorney Blanchard Tual was appointed by Judge Joseph Evans to fully investigate the case and he spent four months looking into Parker’s financial dealings. Tual speculated that Col Parker had sold Elvis cheaply to the Hilton to help pay off his gambling debts which were often said to be in the millions. It was also noted that by the 1970s Elvis’ RCA royalty rate was far below any other performer at his sales level. Even Elvis' royalties were underpaid because Elvis' contract had no audit provision. This is industry standard. In fact the lack of an audit provision was probably Parker's most negligent act. It's a sad fact that Tual finally concluded that both Colonel Parker (and RCA) acted in collusion against Presley's best interests. Colonel Parker was guilty of self-dealing and overreaching and had violated his duty to both Elvis and to the estate. "These actions against the most popular American folk hero of this century are outrageous and call out for a full accounting from those responsible." In 1983 Parker eventually agreed to sell his master copies of some of Elvis' major recordings to RCA for $2 million and to pass on most of his Elvis assets to EPE and to drop any claims he had to Presley's estate. Back in 1968 when The Colonel was asked if he took fifty percent of everything Elvis earnt, Parker replied, "No! That’s not true at all. Elvis takes fifty percent of everything I earn." Even in 1993 the wily Colonel was still maintaining his bluff noting, "I don't think I exploited Elvis as much as he's being exploited today." Critic Dave Marsh delivered one of the most damning assessments of Colonel Parker when he said, "Parker was the most overrated person in the history of show-business. The Colonel went to his grave believing he had pulled off some carny trick, when what he had actually done was sell genius short for 23 years." Of course there is no denying that The Colonel achieved some amazing milestones that showcased Elvis' unbelievable talents especially in Elvis' early career. So Parker was perhaps not the complete devil as some believe. However looking back at Parker's management one gets the feeling that his reputation in the media still ends up being too over-inflated for what he was. Maybe comedian Nipsey Russell wasn't aware of what was really going on or never talked to Elvis’ colleagues. Does every performer really need a Tom Parker under their bed? Possibly not! Spotlight written & researched by Piers Beagley -Copyright EIN, June 26th 2009	Elvis Presley
August 15th, 1969 saw the opening of 3 day music festival on Max Yasgurs farm that became known as Woodstock. In what state did the festival take place?	Elvis Presley - Biography - IMDb Elvis Presley Biography Showing all 302 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (10) \| Trivia (225) \| Personal Quotes (36) \| Salary (24) Overview (5) The King of Rock 'n' Roll Height 5' 11¾" (1.82 m) Mini Bio (1) Elvis Aaron Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in East Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Presley (née Gladys Love Smith) and Vernon Presley (Vernon Elvis Presley). He had a twin brother who was stillborn. In September 1948, Elvis and his parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee where he attended Humes High School. In 1953, he attended the senior prom with the current girl he was courting, Regis Wilson. After graduating from high school in Memphis, Elvis took odd jobs working as a movie theater usher and a truck driver for Crown Electric Company. He began singing locally as "The Hillbilly Cat", then signed with a local recording company, and then with RCA in 1955. Elvis did much to establish early rock and roll music. He began his career as a performer of rockabilly, an up-tempo fusion of country music and rhythm and blues, with a strong backbeat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing 'black' and 'white' sounds, made him popular - and controversial - as did his uninhibited stage and television performances. He recorded songs in the rock and roll genre, with tracks like "Jailhouse Rock" and "Hound Dog" later embodying the style. Presley had a versatile voice and had unusually wide success encompassing other genres, including gospel, blues, ballads and pop music. Teenage girls became hysterical over his blatantly sexual gyrations, particularly the one that got him nicknamed "Elvis the Pelvis" (television cameras were not permitted to film below his waist). In 1956, following his six television appearances on The Dorsey Brothers' "Stage Show", Elvis was cast in his first acting role, in a supporting part in Love Me Tender (1956), the first of 33 movies he starred in. In 1958, Elvis was drafted into the military, and relocated to Bad Nauheim, Germany. There he met and fell in love with 14-year old army damsel Priscilla Ann Wagner ( Priscilla Presley ), whom he would eventually marry after an eight-year courtship, and with whom he had his only child, Lisa Marie Presley . Elvis' military service and the "British Invasion" of the 1960s reduced his concerts, though not his movie/recording income. Through the 1960s, Elvis settled in Hollywood, where he starred in the majority of his thirty-three movies, mainly musicals, acting alongside some of the most well known actors in Hollywood. Critics panned most of his films, but they did very well at the box office, earning upwards of $150 million total. His last fiction film, Change of Habit (1969), deals with several social issues; romance within the clergy, an autistic child, almost unheard of in 1969, rape, and mob violence. It has recently received critical acclaim. Elvis made a comeback in the 1970s with live concert appearances starting in early 1970 in Las Vegas with over 57 sold-out shows. He toured throughout the United States, appearing on-stage in over 500 live appearances, many of them sold out shows. His marriage ended in divorce, and the stress of constantly traveling as well as his increasing weight gain and dependence upon stimulants and depressants took their toll. Elvis Presley died at age 42 on August 16, 1977 at his mansion in Graceland, near Memphis, shocking his fans worldwide. At the time of his death, he had sold more than 600 million singles and albums. Since his death, Graceland has become a shrine for millions of followers worldwide. Elvis impersonators and purported sightings have become stock subjects for humorists. To date, Elvis Presley is the only performer to have been inducted into three separate music 'Halls of Fame'. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales, and remains one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan and Chris Holland Spouse (1) Trade Mark (10) The famous left-sided grin His movements, with his pelvis, that gave him the nickname, "Elvis, the pelvis", which he strongly disliked Longer and slightly deeper sideburns White sequined jumpsuits with rhinestones Onstage karate moves Peanut butter and banana sandwiches (with bacon) Two trademark phrases were "Thank ya!" and "Thank ya' very much!" Deep husky voice with southern accent Black hair often greased back Known to friends and fans for his extremely kind-hearted and generous personality Trivia (225) The home address of Vernon Presley and Gladys Presley , as they became parents, on Tuesday, January 8, 1935, was 306 Old Saltillo Road, East Tupelo, Mississippi (there was no ZIP code, as they weren't created until the (1960s). His twin brother, Jesse Garon Presley, died at birth. Elvis was successfully delivered, approximately 35 minutes later. Earned a black belt in karate in 1960. Won three Grammy Awards, all for his gospel music. His hair color was blonde until his early teens. As he got older his hair became darker. By the time he had his hair cut for the army at age 22 its natural color was dark chestnut (according to Charlie Hodge , who served with him in the army). Was originally considered for the Kris Kristofferson role in A Star Is Born (1976), but Elvis turned it down because his manager, Tom Parker , refused him permission to act in a movie where he wouldn't have top billing. Also, he didn't like the fact that the producer, Jon Peters , was completely unknown. Owned a pet chimpanzee called "Scatter". Has more multi-platinum album sales than any other performer, with 12 albums selling over two million copies. Father of Lisa Marie Presley (birthdate, Thursday, February 1st, 1968). Interred at Graceland Estate, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. His autopsy detected ten different drugs in his bloodstream. Is a direct descendant of Abraham Lincoln 's great-great grandfather, Isaiah Harrison. Had 18 Billboard #1 songs, the first being "Heartbreak Hotel" in March of 1956. His 18th and final #1, "Suspicious Minds", was released in September 1969. When The Beatles came to America in 1965 there was only one person they wanted to meet: Elvis. On Friday, August 27, 1965, they got their wish and, according to John Lennon , spent an entirely enjoyable evening at the Presley home in Bel Air, California, talking, singing and laughing with each other. He bought Graceland mansion on Tuesday, March 19, 1957, from Mrs. Ruth Brown Moore for $102,500. The mansion, built of tan Tennessee limestone, consists of 23 rooms and 13.7 surrounding acres. The Music Gates were installed in April of 1957. The name "Graceland" came with the mansion, from the days when it was originally used as a church. His television debut was on the regionally telecast Louisiana Hayride (1955), Saturday, March 5th, 1955 in Shreveport, Louisiana. In September 1955, "Country Song Roundup" magazine was the first to feature an article on Elvis, calling him a "folk music fireball". In April of 1955 Elvis auditioned for a spot on Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts (1948) and was turned down. Elvis' body was placed in a family crypt in Memphis on Thursday, August 18, 1977. Eleven days later, however, an attempt was made to steal his body but the plan failed and three men were charged with trespassing and released on bond. Because of this incident, Vernon Presley , received approval from the Memphis Adjustment Board to allow re-interment of the bodies of Elvis and his mother, Gladys Presley to the Meditation Garden behind Graceland, which took place, on Sunday, October 2, 1977. The book he was reading at the time of his death was "The Scientific Search for the Face of Jesus" by Frank O. Adams, (Psychical Aid Foundation, USA, 1972). From the time they met up until his death, Elvis always sent a roomful of flowers to Ann-Margret whenever she opened up a show in Las Vegas. Was one of the performers featured on a set of stamps of rock and blues legends issued by the U.S. Postal Service in June 1993. His mother, Gladys Presley , gave him his first guitar in 1947, when he was 12 years old, as a birthday present. He was a 1953 graduate of Humes High School, in Memphis, Tennessee. Was one of the first people in the U.S. to own a "Betamax" system VCR Honorary Member of Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. After seeing him in concert, Liberace suggested adding flashy costumes to his act. Elvis took the advice, and became famous for his gold lame jackets and jeweled white jumpsuits. He later reserved a seat for Liberace at a majority of his concerts, as his way of saying thanks. One of only a handful of artists inducted into both The Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame and The Country Music Hall of Fame. Others include Johnny Cash and Hank Williams . Died with about $5 million in his bank account. Elvis did not like confrontation. He wanted to fire his manager, Tom Parker , many times. He would tell his friends "Tell Parker, he's fired." His friends would go tell him, then Parker would say "Tell Elvis to tell me personally". Elvis never did. "Heartbreak Hotel", which spent 17 weeks at #1 on Billboard's country chart (and 10 weeks on Billboard's Hot 100) was the #1 country song of 1956. Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1998. His 1977 country hit, "Way Down," was the #1 song on Billboard magazine's country singles chart the week of Elvis' death. Nine other songs would go to #1 on Billboard's country charts between 1956 and 1981: "I Forgot to Remember to Forget," "Heartbreak Hotel," "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You," and the two-sided #1 hit "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" (all 1956); "All Shook Up," "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" and "Jailhouse Rock" (all 1957); "Moody Blue" (1977); and "Guitar Man" (1981, a remixed version released more than three years after his death). Most of his 1950s #1 country hits were also #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well. In Sam Lovullo 's book "Life in the Kornfield", which recalled his years as producer of 1969's country music TV series Hee Haw (1969), he remarked that Elvis was a big fan of the show and had always wanted to perform on it. However, according to Lovullo, Elvis remarked they'd have to tape his spots in the middle of the night, knowing that if manager Tom Parker had found out, he'd never clear his appearance. Several months after Elvis' death, his father, Vernon Presley , appeared on "Hee Haw" and spoke about how the world would always love him and remember his music. Hysteria over "Elvis sightings" after his death were lampooned in the Mojo Nixon song "Elvis Is Everywhere" and "Elvis Is Dead" by Living Colour . His personal entourage were known as the "Memphis Mafia", and were given matching rings by Elvis. The diamond and gold rings sported a thunderbolt and the letters "TCB" (reportedly standing for "Take Care of Business"). Elvis was buried wearing one of the rings. Pictured on a 29¢ US commemorative postage stamp issued on Friday, January 8th, 1993, 58 years after his birthdate. This was the inaugural issue in the Legends of American Music series. In 2002 a re-mixed version of one his more obscure recordings, "A Little Less Conversation", became a dance club hit, and topped the charts in the United Kingdom. The lightest Elvis ever weighed, as an adult, was 170 pounds in 1960, following his discharge from the U.S. Army. The heaviest was at the time of his death, which was 260 pounds. He gained 90 pounds in his final 17 years of life. Was always known to be generous to a fault with family, friends and even total strangers. Anyone who admired any posession of his, from one of his many Cadillacs to any bit of bric-a-brac in his home, often found themselves the new owners of that posession. Inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (sponsored by the Gospel Music Association) in 2001. Made the first ever musical video of all time: Jailhouse Rock (1957). When Ed Sullivan finally allowed him to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), he was filmed from the waist upwards only once, on his third and final appearance on Sunday, January 6th, 1957. His 1960 single "It's Now Or Never" is one of the best selling singles of all time--if not the all-time best selling single--with sales estimated to have been between 25 and 30 million copies. He is responsible for the best selling single of the 1950s ("Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel", 1956) and that of the 1960s ("It's Now Or Never", 1960). His 29¢ commemorative postage stamp issued in 1993, sold more copies than any other postage stamp in U.S. Postal Service history. A remix of his song "A Little Less Conversation" was featured on the soundtrack to the film Ocean's Eleven (2001) and became a Billboard #1 hit single, over 20 years after his death. The Beatles were admirers of his work and, although John Lennon said they enjoyed his company very much, Elvis himself, ironically, thought that they were a bad influence on America's youth. Elvis was descended from a woman named Morning White Dove (she was his maternal great-great-great-grandmother two times over). Morning White Dove is believed by some to have been a Cherokee Native American, although it is not clear if documentary evidence exists that she was a Native American. Elvis' character in G.I. Blues (1960) has a Cherokee background. He was allegedly offered roles in The Rainmaker (1956), The Defiant Ones (1958), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), West Side Story (1961), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962), The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967), Midnight Cowboy (1969), True Grit (1969), Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), A Star Is Born (1976) and Grease (1978). He said that his favorite of all his films was King Creole (1958). He also said his film that he disliked the most was Clambake (1967). During his third and final appearance on Ed Sullivan 's The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) weekly program, on Sunday, January 6, 1957, he angered Sullivan by singing the gospel song "Peace In The Valley" on his show, after Sullivan asked him not to. He was a distant cousin of former US President Jimmy Carter (1977-81). When Elvis died on Tuesday, August 16, 1977, Carter said the next day, "Elvis Presley's death deprived our country of a part of itself. He was unique and irreplaceable". He was temporarily a Shelby County (Tennessee) deputy sheriff. Hal B. Wallis , producer of eight of his films, wanted to make a western with Elvis and John Wayne , but it never came about. In 1973 he met with Led Zeppelin members Robert Plant and John Paul Jones in Los Angeles. An idol to the members of Led Zeppelin, Elvis wanted to meet "who was outselling him" at concerts (Zeppelin was in the midst of a record-breaking tour that year). A meeting was arranged with Plant and Jones. Plant was so awestruck at meeting his idol in person that he could barely speak to him. Jones, nearly as awestruck as Plant, made small talk with the "King," and mentioned what a beautiful watch Elvis wore. Elvis, always the generous one, instantly traded his $5,000 gold and diamond watch for Jones' $10 Mickey Mouse watch. This broke the ice with all of them, and they became fast friends. Throughout the early 1970s members of Led Zeppelin even attended a few of Elvis' concerts, and were granted the privilege of sitting in the front row by the King himself. He named his four personal favorite films as: Rebel Without a Cause (1955), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), Dirty Harry (1971) and Bullitt (1968). He was drafted into the US Army in 1958, stationed in West Germany and discharged in 1960, achieving the rank of sergeant. His being in the army was a public relations headache, according to army documents released by the Pentagon on Thursday, June 9, 2005. "Elvis Presley will not be released in a manner different from any other inductee serving overseas," the Army's adjutant general wrote to citizens who complained following reports that the rock icon would get an early "good behavior" discharge. When he entered the army at Memphis, Tennessee, on March 24, 1958, there was a public outcry from his fans, and protests flowed to Washington, including a hand-written plea released by the National Archives and Records Administration. "Dear Mamie," one correspondent wrote to then First Lady Mamie Eisenhower . "Will you please, please be so sweet and kind as to ask Ike [President Dwight D. Eisenhower ] to please bring Elvis Presley back to us from the Army? We need him in our entertainment world to make us all laugh." A 1959 Army memo set out the Presley problem: "When Private First Class Presley was first inducted, there was considerable adverse public reaction . . . alleging that he would receive preferential treatment in the Army. This impression has been largely replaced by a public impression of a good soldier serving his military obligation . . . Many teenagers who look up to and emulate Private First Class Presley will . . . follow his example in the performance of their military service". On Monday, December 21, 1970, he paid a visit to President Richard Nixon at the White House in Washington, D.C. The meeting was initiated by Presley, who wrote Nixon a six-page letter requesting a visit with the President and suggesting that he be made a "Federal Agent-at-Large" in the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. More people watched Elvis: Aloha from Hawaii (1973) (live via satellite TV broadcast)--the first of its kind--than watched astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin as they landed and then walked on the moon on July 20, 1969. Interestingly, the US audience didn't view this concert event live. It was seen by much of the world on January 14, 1973. The US audience had to wait almost three months, as it was telecast for the first time in the US on April 14, 1973. Several songs recorded by Elvis in a studio while he was in Hawaii were added. The concert was preceded, on NBC, by an Ann-Margret special. He only performed two concerts outside of the United States of America. Both of them were in Canada. Therefore, all of his concerts were in North America. Recorded 33 takes of "Hound Dog". His favorite sports were racquetball and football. He temporarily passed out from exhaustion, after recording "If I Can Dream". After production of his 1968 NBC television special he told producer Steve Binder he would never make another movie or song he didn't believe in. Once sent $1,000,000 to Buford Pusser , the crimefighting Tennessee sheriff who was the subject of the 1973 film Walking Tall (1973). Once gave a robe to Muhammad Ali . On the back of the robe was stitched "The Peoples Champion", which was Presley's nickname for Ali. His favorite actors were Marlon Brando and James Dean . In a 1956 interview he said that he considered Dean an acting genius. His two favorite books were "The Holy Bible" and "The Impersonal Life". His favorite class in high school was wood shop. His mansion, Graceland, is the second most-visited place in United States of America. The first is the White House. Elia Kazan had expressed interest several times in casting Elvis in his films, Elvis' manager Tom Parker refused to allow it. Last film he saw in a theater was The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). He tried to get a print of Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) to show his daughter, Lisa Marie Presley , his last full day of life, on Monday, August 15th, 1977. He is referenced in the work of other music artists. He is mentioned in the songs "That Don't Impress Me Much" by Shania Twain , "Without Me" by Eminem (as well as spoofed in the music video) and "Three Minute Boy" by Marillion . He was on the school boxing team while attending Humes High School in Memphis, TN. Loved football and often had three TVs set up at Graceland to watch all of the games in progress at the same time. He used to play touch football at Whitehaven High School during the '60s and early '70s with kids around the neighborhood. Helped to support an All-Negro Day at the Memphis Zoo in 1956. In 1975 he purchased a poor black East Memphis woman an electric wheelchair and picked her up and personally sat her in it. The woman's teenage daughter told Elvis she liked his car. He gave it to her and even gave her boyfriend a job. He was a fervent admirer of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King and had hoped to meet him in 1966, but the meeting never occurred. Many observers believed that was because his manager, Tom Parker , didn't want to alienate Elvis' fans in the South, many of whom saw King as an "outside agitator" because of his civil-rights work among Southern blacks. Was a huge fan of the television shows The Jeffersons (1975), Good Times (1974), Happy Days (1974) and Flip (1970). Once an opera singer attended one of his 1950s concerts and met him backstage. The singer told Elvis that he sang like a hillbilly and needed singing lessons. Elvis replied, "Thanks for the advice, but how many of the thousands of people out there tonight came to hear you sing?". One set of genealogical research states that his surname was Anglicized from the German "Pressler" during the Civil War, and that his ancestor was Johann Valentin Pressler, who emigrated to North America in 1710. Pressler first settled in New York but later moved to the South. Jaime Pressly is also descended from him. Elvis also had English, Scottish, distant French, Dutch, Danish and--possible but unverified--Native American ancestry (through his descent from Morning White Dove, who was Elvis' great-great-great-grandmother twice over). Shown on a 5.50 kr postage stamp issued by Sweden in 2004. He was the #1 touring act in America for 1977; the year he died. This, despite the fact that he was well below par and only toured until July, is quite an achievement. Held the world indoor attendance record for a concert. At the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit on December 31, 1975, 62,500 fans attended. The show also set a record for the biggest box-office take for a single show: $850,000. Held a single day's attendance record for his March 1974 shows at the Houston Astrodome--89,000 fans for two shows. According to a show on the A&E Biography channel, he once attended a concert for singer Connie Francis and had to leave for emotional reasons once he heard her sing the old Italian song "Mama", as his mother, Gladys Presley had recently died. Lived with Linda Thompson for 4-1/2 years, from 1972-6. She was a former "Miss Tennessee," actress and songwriter. Other than Priscilla Presley , Thompson was the most significant romantic relationship Elvis ever had. When he was an infant a tornado struck his hometown of Tupelo, Mississippi. He and his family survived uninjured, but 233 people in the city were killed and hundreds were injured. Suffered from chronic insomnia. His tombstone gives his name as "Elvis Aaron Presley", whereas he was in fact named "Elvis Aron Presley". Although this fueled conspiracy theories that he had faked his death, it is generally believed he changed his middle name so it would be the same as Biblical person, Aaron, (brother of Moses). Had glaucoma in the 1970s. At the time of his death in 1977, he was the second best-selling recording artist of all time, second only to longtime successful crooner, Bing Crosby . He was a born-again Christian who loved to sing gospel music. None of his 33 films, 31 features and two musical documentaries were ever nominated for an Academy Award. Of his 31 feature films only one, Wild in the Country (1961), lost money. He had two full face-lifts and rhinoplasty during the mid-1970s. On one of these visits to hospital he was accompanied by Linda Thompson . He worked with legendary guitar player Hank Garland from 1957-61. Nephew of Vester Presley . Most of the films he starred in were not critically acclaimed, although he received good reviews for Flaming Star (1960) and King Creole (1958). In the month following his final concert, at Indianapolis, Indiana, on Sunday, June 26, 1977, he was reported to have gained an extra 50 pounds. Is portrayed by Val Kilmer in True Romance (1993). Like Presley, Kilmer is also said to have possible Cherokee heritage. Of his many numerous impersonators, his personal favorite was Andy Kaufman . Prior to being signed by RCA in November 1955, Elvis was known as "The Hillbilly Cat" in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee. Is portrayed by Michael St. Gerard in Great Balls of Fire! (1989) His song "Heartbreak Hotel" is based on a note left by a man who committed suicide in a Florida hotel suite. When Elvis first performed the song on Stage Show (1954) in 1956, he sang the words "They're so lonely they pray to die". This was changed in later performances from "pray to die" to "they could die" so as not to offend the religious establishment with a reference for a prayer for death. Elvis topped the Forbes Magazine list of deceased highest earners for the fourth consecutive year, with earnings of $45 million in 2004. In 1977 alone his personal physician, Dr. George Nichopoulos (usually referred to as "Dr. Nick"), had prescribed at least 10,000 hits of amphetamines, barbiturates, narcotics, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, laxatives and hormones for Presley. His medical license was later revoked for prescribing such huge amounts of drugs. Barbra Streisand originally wanted Elvis to play the role of John Norman Howard in A Star Is Born (1976), but the studio couldn't meet Tom Parker 's demands ($1 million plus equal billing with Streisand). Elvis dreamed of playing Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), but when he asked to audition for the part he was turned down. One of his biggest hit songs, "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", was written in 1926 by Lou Handman and Roy Turk and first recorded by Lou's sister Edith Handman with Lou at the piano. Vaughn Deleath and The Colonial Club Orchestra released a version of the song in 1927 that became a hit. 'The Carter Family' recorded a bluegrass version with additional verses in 1936. The first charted version was by Blue Barron in 1950 (#16 US Pop), which introduced the spoken portion, modeled after Jacques' "All The World's A Stage" speech in William Shakespeare 's "As You Like It". Al Jolson recorded that version several weeks later. Additionaly, it was singer Jaye P. Morgan 's 1959 (#65 US Pop) version of the song, as well as Blue Barron's earlier 1950 version, that Elvis heard while in Germany that influenced him to record the song shortly after his discharge from the army. Elvis' 1960 version of "Are You Lonesome Tonight" is closest to the 1950 Blue Barron recording. He was an avid collector of guns and badges. In 1981, Kirsty MacColl had a number 14 single in the UK with the song "There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis". He also inspired the song "Elvis Ate America" on the album "Original Soundtracks 1" by Passengers , which was a U2 and Brian Eno side project in 1995. Once claimed Robert Mitchum was the inspiration for his famous hairstyle. Presley met Mitchum to discuss the possibility of starring together in Thunder Road (1958), but unfortunately Tom Parker 's demands for Presley's salary could not be met. He was portrayed by Peter Dobson in Forrest Gump (1994). Along with Jerry Lee Lewis , Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins , Elvis was a member of the celebrated "Million Dollar Quartet", so named because they were money-makers for Sam Phillips ' Sun Records label. Newspaper reports indicated that Sammy Davis Jr. , Farrah Fawcett , Burt Reynolds and John Wayne were supposed to attend Presley's funeral, but they did not turn up. Ann-Margret , James Brown and George Hamilton were the only celebrities in attendance. He was seriously considered for the role of the Texas Ranger in True Grit (1969) starring John Wayne . Unfortunately, Tom Parker 's demand that Presley receive top billing could not be met, so the part went to Glen Campbell instead. He was offered a role in the animation film, Gay Purr-ee (1962), but disliked the roles of off-screen voice acting. His autopsy detected 14 different drugs in his bloodstream, ten in significant quantity. His home Graceland in Memphis is the second most popular private tourist attraction in the United States after the White House, and is estimated to bring in $150 million to the city itself each year. Named the highest earning deceased celebrity for the sixth consecutive year in 2006 by Forbes.com. He was considered for Ricky Nelson 's role in Rio Bravo (1959) starring John Wayne and Dean Martin . However, by the time filming began in May 1958 Presley was stationed with the US army in Germany. He is credited as a co-writer of "(I'll) You'll Be Gone" (1965). This was the B side of the hit from his film Girl Happy (1965), "Do The Clam". It is found in his five-CD box set of '60s recordings. Elvis composed the lyrics and brought the song to a recording session. In 1973 he was the biggest taxpayer in the US. It was estimated that he earned earned $4.5 billion in his lifetime. With a lot of entertainers making a living mimicking Elvis, Jimmy Buffett wrote a song called "Elvis Imitators" making mention of a few of Elvis' films, song titles, and mannerisms. Has sold 1.8 billion records worldwide, more than any other artist or music group. He was discovered by Sun Records owner Sam Phillips . On Thursday, November 11th, 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. His parents Vernon Presley and Gladys Presley were unemployed during the Great Depression of the 1930s and lived on welfare and then on Social Security after it was created during the administration of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1970 he wrote to J. Edgar Hoover requesting to join the FBI at the height of its campaign against political protests in the United States. Met President Lyndon Johnson at the White House in 1965. Has been portrayed by Val Kilmer , Harvey Keitel , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Kurt Russell , Don Johnson , Bruce Campbell , David Keith , Rob Youngblood , Peter Dobson and Scott Bakula . The very last song he sang in public was "Can't Help Falling In Love", at The Market Square Arena in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Sunday, June 26, 1977. He did an early '60s concert in Hawaii, and donated the proceeds to help build the USS Arizona memorial. Turned down the leading role in The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967), which went to his friend Roy Orbison . In 2007 the National Rifle Association (NRA) released an Elvis Presley Tribute Revolver, officially authorized by his estate. After his concert in Hawaii in 1961, Presley concentrated on making movies and did not perform before a live audience again for seven years until his 1968 TV special and subsequent return to Las Vegas in 1969. He was ranked #2 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists and #8 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. He was voted best singer of all time by Q Magazine. He was voted the 3rd Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artist of all time by Rolling Stone magazine. As a young man, Elvis idolized a gospel group called The Statesmen. According to Elvis' backup singer and lifelong friend Joe Moscheo , Elvis' leg-twitching dance moves were inspired by The Statesmen's bass singer, "Big Chief" Wetherington, who was famous for his leg twitching. Between 1957-69 he performed only two concerts and made just two television appearances. In 1962 he ceased almost completely to record non-soundtrack songs until his 1969 album "From Elvis in Memphis". In July of 2005, Presley was named one of the top 100 "Greatest Americans," following a vote organized by Discovery Channel. In the vote, Presley ranked ahead of all entertainers and in 8th place behind Presidents Ronald Reagan , Abraham Lincoln , George Washington , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , plus Martin Luther King and Benjamin Franklin . His records have spent a total of 79 weeks at the #1 position on the US charts. His records have spent 2,574 weeks in both the UK singles and album charts, were and still are way ahead of his closest competitors Cliff Richard (1,982), Queen (1,755), The Beatles (1,749) and Madonna (1,660). He was planning his first ever European tour in 1978. In Alexandria, Louisiana, early in 1977 a local journalist complained that the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand." In Baton Rouge, Presley didn't go on stage at all. He was unable to get out of his hotel bed and the rest of the tour was canceled. Investor CKX paid $100 million for an 85% interest in Presley's income in February 2005. Robbie Williams dedicated his song "Advertising Space" to him. He is credited as a co-writer of "(I'll) You'll Be Gone" (1965). This was the B side of the hit from his film Girl Happy (1965), "Do The Clam". It is found in his five-CD box set of '60s recordings. Elvis composed the lyrics and brought the song to a recording session. He is also listed in the writer's credits to "Heartbreak Hotel". His favorite actors were James Dean , John Wayne , Clint Eastwood , Steve McQueen and Marlon Brando . Brando personally strongly disliked Presley. He was mentioned in Walter Kirn 's novel, "Thumbsucker". Was a fan of actors Peter Sellers and Tony Curtis . On seeing Elvis in rehearsal for Stage Show (1954) Jackie Gleason --the show's producer--described Elvis as " Marlon Brando with a guitar". Was the first entertainer to introduce karate in an American motion picture ( Flaming Star (1960)). While he never joined any political party, his political views were somewhat mixed. During the early 1960s he was an outspoken admirer of liberal President John F. Kennedy . He later confessed to "weeping openly" at the news of Kennedy's death. Later in life, however, he made a more conservative move on the political spectrum. He began singing the praises of President Richard Nixon , and his right-wing streak culminated in a visit to the White House in December 1970. During the visit, Presley was photographed giving the President a handgun, which was (for security reasons) presented but not given. Presley spoke of his admiration for Nixon, revealed his disgust at the hippie counterculture, spoke disparagingly of The Beatles (he said that having earned their money in America, they had then left for England to promote "anti-American" feelings), fervently expressed his patriotism, offered to infiltrate and go undercover in left-wing hippie groups, asked to be appointed a federal narcotics agent, and even hugged the president twice. Nixon, for his part, was not sure if Presley was serious or not, but granted his request and made him an honorary federal agent. Nixon said he was equally parts bewildered and amused by the encounter, thanked Presley for his support, and the picture of the duo has become one of the most famous photos taken in the White House. On Presley's death in 1977, the former president asked Americans to lower their flags all over the country as a mark of respect. Elvis was a good friend of Johnny Cash , going back to their Sun Records' days recordings, after being discovered by Sam Phillips . Voted the third greatest singer of the rock era in a Rolling Stone magazine poll in 2008. Elvis' original combo (Elvis, Scotty Moore and Bill Black ) were nicknamed and known as "The Blue Moon Boys featuring that Hillbilly Cat" after their popular rendition of Bill Monroe 's "Blue Moon Of Kentucky". Moore acted as Elvis' first manager. Black in the late '40s was a member of Gene Krupa 's band and later had a successful recording career with Bill Black's Combo . The last song he sang was "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain", at home, and playing the piano, to family and friends, Monday evening, August 15th, 1977. According to Elvis and his manager Tom Parker , Elvis' return to TV in 1968 was in part due to NBC (Universal Pictures) agreeing to finance the remaining movies he was scheduled to make. In 1953 while working as an usher in a local Memphis movie theater he sang, by request, "That's Amore" on stage. He unsuccessfully auditioned for CBS' Talent Scouts (1948) nine months before his successful debut on Stage Show (1954). The trip to New York City for the audition was not a complete loss for Elvis. That same day he went uptown to see Bo Diddley , who was appearing at The Apollo. In 1955 he appeared in a rock documentary, The Pied Piper of Cleveland: A Day in the Life of a Famous Disc Jockey (1955), about Cleveland DJ Bill Randle , filmed in various locations in the Cleveland, Ohio, area (mainly Brooklyn High School). The film headlined many top acts of the day including Bill Haley and the Comets , Pat Boone , The Four Lads and others. This film has yet to be released. It is still reportedly the property of Polygram International and in the Universal vault. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6777 Hollywood Boulevard for Recording in Hollywood, California. His funeral procession on August 18, 1977, consisted of 49 cars led by 11 white Cadillacs--Cadillac was his favorite car. His live performance of "My Way" done early in his 1977 tour and featured on his October 1977 TV special was a million-selling single following his death. Many Elvis fans and historians agree that his 1969 recording sessions at American International Studios in Memphis were among his greatest work--it contained songs in a variety of musical genres, from pop to country/western to R&B to standards, in addition to new material. Four grandchildren: Riley Keough (b. May 29, 1989), Benjamin Keough (b. October 21, 1992) and twin girls Harper Vivienne Ann & Finley Aaron Love Lockwood (b. October 7, 2008). During his 21-year association with RCA Records (1956-77), the only year he failed to have a single in the Billboard Top Pop 20 was 1967. He is not related to Reg Presley (b: Reginald Maurice Ball), the lead singer of the popular British rock band The Troggs , which had 2 million sellers of their own, "Wild Thing" (1966) and "Love Is All Around" (1968). Owned a collection of Andy Kaufman tapes. During the 1970s he had 28 singles reach the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Posthumously, he had a #1 single on the Hot 100 in 2002 with the remix of "A Little Less Conversation". Both his father Vernon Presley and grandmother Minnie Mae outlived him. Vernon died in 1979 at age 63 and Minnie Mae died in 1980 at age 90. Former wife Priscilla Presley opened up their home Graceland to the public on June 7, 1982. Elvis' Aunt Delta remained living on the estate until her death in 1993. Bought former US President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's yacht "Potomac" for $55,000 in January 1964. According to Tommy Steele , Presley did visit London once in 1958. However, this has not been substantiated. He asked his father Vernon Presley to pick TV evangelist Rex Humbard to officiate at his funeral. His death on August 16, 1977, was 29 years after baseball athlete and first home-run king, Babe Ruth 's death, August 16, 1948 and 21 years after actor, Bela Lugosi , August 16, 1956. Reports of the last words spoken by Elvis vary. He ended his last press conference with the words: "I hope I haven't bored you." Other reports say his last words were: "Okay, I won't" (The last words spoken to Ginger Alden , his girlfriend at the time of his death, who told him on the way to the bathroom not to "fall asleep in there."). Elvis owned one of the world's first mobile phones. He had to have one after seeing Sean Connery use a car phone in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963). Elvis's phone was contained in a suitcase-size carrying case with his name in black letters on a gold label on the front. He would use it to talk from his limousine. Was a huge fan of professional wrestling. His last film, Change of Habit (1969), had him as a doctor in an urban clinic, reflecting his attempt to be "relevant" to the social activism of the youth of the '60s. Additionally, this film dealt with what was then considered to be medical treatment of an "autistic" child, a topic almost unheard of in 1969. After not having a Top 20 hit single since 1966, Elvis' Nov. 68 "comeback" TV Special spawned the now standard "If I Can Dream", (#13 US Pop). This was followed in 1969 by "Memories" (#35 US Pop), which was also performed on the Special, "In The Ghetto" (#3 US Pop), "Suspicious Minds" (#1 US Pop), and "Don't Cry Daddy" (#6 US Pop). On his first appearance on Stage Show (1954) on Jan. 28, 1956, he sang a medley of "Shake Rattle and Roll" / "Flip Flop and Fly" and later performed "I Got A Woman". That breakthrough performance of "I Got A Woman", to a startled 1956 audience, had not been seen for years, but as of 2010 it is available on YouTube. He and Andy Griffith debuted together, but at different times, on Steve Allen 's weekly program The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956), on July 1, 1956. It was Steve Allen 's second show and Elvis' appearance skyrocketed it in popularity. While Elvis appeared on NBC's The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956), on Sunday, July 1, 1956. his manager Colonel Tom Parker was contacted by Ed Sullivan about Elvis appearing on Sullivan's weekly CBS variety show, The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), on CBS. Elvis was signed for a then staggering $50,000 for three appearances. This was quite an accomplishment--or lack of foresight--as Sullivan and Allen were broadcast in the same Sunday-evening time slot and had an ongoing "ratings war" against each other. Even more amazing was that Elvis' prestigious record label, RCA Victor, was a subsidiary of the corporation that owned NBC. The NBC logo at that time was the famous RCA Color (TV) Peacock. Elvis already had sold at least five million records for RCA. Allen would later state that his reason for "giving away" Elvis was that he ran strictly a comedy show. Ironically. the following summer Allen hosted Jerry Lee Lewis twice. After this, Sullivan was not as interested in biding for Lewis as he was for Elvis. Lewis did not appear on Sullivan's show until 1969. An earlier take of Elvis' 1956 hit "I Want You, I Need You,I Love You" is titled "I Need You, I Want You, I Love You". This earlier version of the song appeared on some copies of his debut album titled "Elvis" and was later issued in a 1977 compilation package.. The media coverage of his death overshadowed that of the 86-year-old comedian and film star Groucho Marx , which occurred three days later. In the mid-'70s he was approached to help finance a karate movie called "New Gladiators" in which he would narrate and make a cameo appearance at the climax. The film was never completed in his lifetime. Stage: "All Shook Up", a show based on his work, debuted on Broadway in 2004. During the days following Elvis' death, Philadelphia Phillies' pitcher Tug McGraw (father of Tim McGraw ), with guitar in hand, played a medley of Elvis' songs on the team bus. In the 1981 documentary This Is Elvis (1981), in previously unseen footage, Elvis sang "Always On My Mind", a #16 hit from 1972 written for him by Mark James. Just months later, in 1981, Willie Nelson covered the song and it became a Grammy winner and one of Nelson's all-time signature hits. As the song was not written specifically for the film, it could not qualify for an Academy Award nomination. The Academy Award-winning song for 1981 was "The Theme from "Arthur". Reportedly, in 1969 he received a death threat, just prior to his opening in Las Vegas. Though he had FBI agents providing security for him, for added protection he carried a Derringer pistol on stage, in his shoe. During rehearsal for his June 5, 1956, appearance on Texaco Star Theatre (1948), Berle reportedly said to Elvis. "Let's see what you can do without the guitar". What resulted was a captivating extended televised performance by Elvis of the not yet recorded "Hound Dog"; enjoyable to his fans, though shocking to others including the news media, it was a song that he had been performing, up to that point, with guitar in hand. By the time of his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), later in 1956, Elvis sang without his guitar, with The Jordanaires as his back-up vocal group and his back-up combo. For the most part this format would be followed for all of Elvis' stage performances for the remainder of his career. In 1969, when he returned to Las Vegas, a full orchestra was added. It was after his appearance on Texaco Star Theatre: Episode #8.13 (1956) that Presley inadvertently earned the nickname "Elvis the Pelvis". While performing his classic "Hound Dog", Presley switched tempo in the middle of the song and began gyrating his hips suggestively. The performance caused such a furor that Berle received a reported 30,000 letters decrying his decision to allow such "lewd behavior" on national television. During the show Presley was backed by Scotty Moore (guitar), Bill Black (bass) and D.J. Fontana (drums). Prior to marrying Priscilla Presley , Elvis proposed marriage to legendary cult actress Tura Satana , who turned him down. It is believed that Priscilla copied her hairstyle after that. One set of genealogical research states that Elvis' surname leads back to Irish ancestors, who hailed from the village of Hacketstown in County Carlow. William Presley was forced to leave Ireland for America after a local dispute over land. He later moved to Carolina, where he had a son called Dunnan, and then moved on to Tennessee. Dunnan's granddaughter Rosella was born in 1863 and, though she never married, she had several children including one called Jessie. He named his son Vernon Elvis, and Vernon Presley later named his son Elvis Aaron Presley, the man who went on to become The King. Curiously, cut from the 2009 issue of his critically acclaimed film King Creole (1958) was his performance of "Hard Headed Woman" a #1 hit for Elvis at the time of the film's release. A rare occurrence, possibly, the only time in film history that an essential musical number has been cut from a film, over a half-century after the film's release. Added in its place in 2009 is the then previously unseen stripper's sequence with the song "Banana". In 1958 the "Banana" scene, complete with female stripper, with its obvious phallic reference, would have been "too much" for the censors and mainstream America. Of Terry Stafford 's 1964 cover of Elvis' recording of "Suspicion", a back-up group was added to sing the word "suspicion". This addition proved successful for Stafford, though many listeners still think they are listening to Elvis. Stafford's version of the song received considerable airplay and rose to #3 on the US pop charts. Many rock singers mimicked Elvis' singing style, early in their careers, before adopting their own style for which they are most remembered. The most successful, in that area, was Conway Twitty with his (1958-61) hit recordings of "It's Only Make Believe", "The Story Of My Love" and "Lonely Blue Boy", originally recorded by Elvis as "Danny" for King Creole (1958) but later cut from the film. Twitty later crossed over to the country field. Charlie Rich 's initial hit, "Lonely Weekend" (1960), followed the same pattern, long before he was known as country music's "Silver Fox". One of Johnny Rivers ' first recordings, "You're The One" (1958), and a 1956 recording of "That'll Be The Day" by Buddy Holly --not the 1957 million selling version that is most played--sounded like Elvis behind the mike. There were also "one-hit wonders" like Ral Donner , the narrative voice of Elvis in This Is Elvis (1981), who had a million seller with "You Don't Know What You Got Until You Lose It" (1961). Of course, there's Terry Stafford 's successful 1964 cover of Elvis' recording of "Suspicion". During the rehearsal for his 1968 TV Special Elvis (1968), he reportedly gave an impromptu performance of "MacArthur Park,, a big hit of the day for Richard Harris . Unfortunately, that performance was not recorded. "I'll Be Home For Christmas", was the original closing number for Elvis' special, Elvis (1968). On previous occasions he headlined Christmas specials that were aired on radio stations throughout the Southern US. Producer Steve Binder and Elvis decided that a song that reflected the turbulence of the 1960s, and at the same time gave a plea for hope and understanding, would be more appropriate than a Christmas ballad to end the show. Earl Brown , the show's Musical Director, was asked by Binder to go home and write such a song. He did just that and composed, on short notice, "If I Can Dream", with its reference to Martin Luther King 's 1963 "I Have A Dream" speech, given in Washington, DC. Brown's newly composed song contained the lyrics, "If I can dream of a better land, where all my brothers walk hand in hand". With minimal rehearsing and no demo to work with, Elvis' spontaneous live performance of the new closing song was released as his next million-selling single, peaking at #13 on the US pop charts. The success of "If I Can Dream" led the way for Elvis to record other songs with social issues, such as "In the Ghetto", "Clean Up Your Own Backyard" and "Don't Cry Daddy". His 1st big performance was at the Oventon Park Shell in Memphis in 1954. He was discharged from the army on March 24, 1960. Eight days later, on April 1, he began filming G.I. Blues (1960). His 1972 live album recorded at Madison Square Garden featured many celebrities in the audience, including George Harrison , Art Garfunkel , David Bowie , all the members of Ten Years After and Led Zeppelin , Paul Simon and Bob Dylan . It was reported that John Lennon was secretly in the audience, but Lennon insisted in a 1975 interview that he had never seen Elvis live. Bruce Springsteen was in the audience, having signed with Columbia Records about a month prior. The album was also the inspiration for a young Eddie Murphy , who would play it loud and lip-sync to it in front of the mirror. Murphy has gone on to say that it was Elvis who inspired him to become an entertainer. Although Bob Dylan enormously admired him, Elvis was disparaging of Dylan, especially in terms of his singing voice. Once he was said to privately quip, "My mouth's so dry, feels like Bob Dylan slept in it". Later, however, he recorded a cover of Dylan's song, "Tomorrow is a Long Time". Elvis reportedly disliked much of the 1960s popular music, including The Beatles , because he associated it with the "drug culture", although he did freely cover songs by many such bands. In early March of 1960, Elvis was on his way back to America from military duty in Germany. The plane Elvis was boarding on made a brief stop in the town of Prestwick, Scotland, where he was greeted and embraced by hundreds of British fans. This would be his first and only visit in the United Kingdom. Was one of the many dozen of celebrities like John Agar , John Russell and Sabu who visited renowned animal trainer and Hollywood animal behaviorist Ralph Helfer 's Africa U.S.A. Exotic Animal Ranch in Soledad Canyon, California on weekends to play with the animals and pitch in with the chores. Elvis' favorite animal was a chimp named Coffee, who once belonged to Mae West . Pictured on a USA 'forever' commemorative postage stamp in the Music Icons series, issued 12 August 2015. Price on day of issue was 49¢. Childhood friend of Wink Martindale . Had a twin brother, Jesse Caron, who died in infancy. His all-time favorite horror movie was Black Christmas (1974). He made it a tradition to watch the film every Christmas and to this day his family honors his memory by watching the film every Christmas. Received his first ever screen kiss from co-star Jana Lund in Loving You (1957). Former brother-in-law of Michelle Beaulieu Hovey . He was widely known to be a very private man. "The All American Boy" is a 1958 'talking blues' song written by Bobby Bare, but credited by Fraternity Records to Bill Parsons, with songwriting credit to Bill Parsons and Orville Lunsford. The song reached #2 on the Billboard charts and was inspired by the success and then conscription of Elvis Presley. Double first cousin of Patsy Presley Geranen . Though Elvis is famed for the "I don't sound like nobody". He did have idols, and one of these, was dubbed 'the greatest entertainer of them all' it seems a fitting tribute to think that the King was in awe of Al Jolson. Former father-in-law of Michael Jackson and Nicolas Cage . Personal Quotes (36) [asked who he sounded like] I don't sound like nobody. [asked what kind of music he sings] I sing all kinds. I don't like being called Elvis The Pelvis. That's gotta be one of the most childish expressions I've ever heard coming from an adult. Some people tap their feet, some people snap their fingers, and some people sway back and forth. I just sorta do 'em all together, I guess. [his acceptance speech from the 1970 Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation Awards] When I was a child, ladies and gentlemen, I was a dreamer. I read comic books, and I was the hero of the comic book. I saw movies, and I was the hero in the movie. So every dream I ever dreamed has come true a hundred times . . . I learned very early in life that "Without a song, the day would never end; without a song, a man ain't got a friend; without a song, the road would never bend - without a song". So I keep singing a song. Goodnight. Thank you. There's been a big change in the music field in the last 10 or 12 years. I think everything has improved--the sounds have improved, the musicians have improved, the engineers have definitely improved. I like a lot of the new groups, y'know, The Beatles and The Byrds and the . . . whoever, but I really like a lot of the new music, but a lot of it is basically, our music is basically, rock 'n roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it. I just fell into it, really. My daddy and I were laughing about it the other day. He looked at me and said, "What happened, El? The last thing I remember is I was working in a can factory and you were driving a truck". We all feel the same way about it. Still, it just caught us up. [on performing] It's like a surge of electricity going through you. It's almost like making love, but it's even stronger than that . . . sometimes I think my heart is going to explode. My daddy had seen a lot of people who played guitars and stuff and didn't work, so he said, "You should make up your mind either about being an electrician or playing a guitar, and I never saw a guitar player that was worth a damn". The image is one thing and the human being is another, it's very hard to live up to an image. A live concert to me is exciting because of all the electricity that is generated in the crowd and on stage. It's my favorite part of the business - live concerts. I've never gotten over what they call stage fright. I go through it every show. I'm pretty concerned, I'm pretty much thinking about the show. I never get completely comfortable with it, and I don't let the people around me get comfortable with it, in that I remind them that it's a new crowd out there, it's a new audience, and they haven't seen us before. So it's got to be like the first time we go on. [at a 1972 press conference in Madison Square Garden] Man, I was tame compared to what they do now, are you kidding? All that I ever did was just jiggle. I want to entertain people. That's my whole life. To my last breath. The police filmed a show one time in Florida because of the PGA, YMCA, or somebody. They thought that I was . . . something. They said, "Man, he's got to be crazy". So they, the police, came out and filmed the show. I couldn't move. I had to stand still. The only thing I could move was my little finger like that. "You ain't nothing but a hound dog crying all the time", y'know, for the whole show. Take care of the fans and they will sure as hell take care of you. I don't know anything about music. In my line you don't have to. I wiggle my shoulders, I shake my legs, I walk up and down the stage, I hop around on one foot. But I never bump and grind. Why, that's vulgar. I'd never do anything vulgar before an audience. My mother would never allow it. Roy Orbison is the greatest singer in the world. [in 1956] The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I'm doin' now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints and nobody paid it no mind 'til I goosed it up. I got it from them. Down in Tupelo, Mississippi, I used to hear old Arthur Crudup bang his box the way I do now and I said if I ever got to a place I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw. I get tired of playing a guy who gets into a fight, then starts singing to the guy he's just beat up. I am not the King. Jesus Christ is the King. I'm just an entertainer. Since I was two years old, all I knew was gospel music. That music became such a part of my life it was as natural as dancing. A way to escape from my problems, an my way of release. [on Blue Hawaii (1961)] In the movie we did a song called the "Hawaiian Wedding Song". And it was so real that it took me ten years before I realized I wasn't married to the chick. Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain't goin' away. I sure lost my musical direction in Hollywood. My songs were the same conveyor belt mass production, just like most of my movies were. Just because you look good, don't mean you feel good. I knew by heart all the dialogue of James Dean 's films; I could watch Rebel Without a Cause (1955) a hundred times over. Only thing worse than watching a bad movie is being in one. Rhythm is something you either have or don't have, but when you have it, you have it all over. Ambition is a dream with a V8 engine. I can never forget the longing to be someone. I guess if you are poor you always think bigger and want more than those who have everything. [asked by a reporter in 1972 about his opinion of war protesters] Honey, I'd just as soon keep my own personal views about that to myself. I'm just an entertainer, and I'd rather not say. The image is one thing and the human being is another. I try very hard to live up to an image, I'll put it that way. It's your baby, you rock it. [from a letter delivered to President Nixon's office on December 21, 1970] Sir, I can and will be of any I service that I can to help the country out. I have no concern or motive other than helping the country out, so I wish not to be given a title or an appointed position. I can and will do more good if I were made a Federal Agent at Large, and I will help best by doing it my way through my communications with people of all ages. First and foremost I am an entertainer, but all I need is the Federal Credentials..I have done an in depth study of Drug Abuse and Brainwashing Techniques and I am right in the middle of the whole thing.. Salary (24)	i don't know
On August 10, 1821, this state, known as the Show Me State, was admitted to the Union as #24?	Missouri is the 24th State Admitted to the Union \| World History Project Missouri is the 24th State Admitted to the Union On August 10, 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the twenty-fourth state. Named after the Native American people who originally inhabited the land, Missouri was acquired by the U.S. as part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. At that time, the territory's occupants were mainly French settlers. After the War of 1812, American settlers poured into the region. In 1818, the Speaker of the House of Representatives presented the first petition of the Territory of Missouri requesting statehood. The question of Missouri's admission as a slave or free state led statesman Henry Clay to devise the Missouri Compromise of 1820, admitting Missouri as a slave state while admitting Maine as a free state, and prohibiting slavery in Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36º 30', Missouri's southern border. This resolution proved temporary. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a series of laws that amended the Fugitive Slave Act, abolished the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and admitted California to the Union as a free state. The Compromise of 1850 also established territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico, but left the issue of slavery in the new territories to be decided by the local residents. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act served to abrogate the Missouri Compromise. And in 1857, as a part of the Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the compromise unconstitutional by ruling that Congress had no power to bar slavery from a territory, as it had in 1820. Four years later, the slavery debate erupted in civil war. Source: Library of Congress Added by: Aimee Lucido Originally part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1821 as part of the Missouri Compromise. It earned the nickname "Gateway to the West" because it served as a departure point for settlers heading to the west. It was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi was integral to the state's economy. To try to control flooding, by 1860 the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees on the Mississippi. The state was site of the epicenter of the 1812 New Madrid earthquake, possibly the most powerful earthquake in the United States since the founding of the country. Casualties were light due to the sparse population. Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth, the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary. In 1835 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchasing the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition made what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km2) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles (which included West Virginia at the time) even larger. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido “ I can remember as well as if it happened yesterday, one of the men spread his arms out and said, "stand back men I'll kill the rascal" and raised his gun to shoot when we heard a shout and looked up the road to see what it was and saw Judge Myers coming as fast as his horse could run, shouting as loud as he could. The man dropped his gun to his side, when Judge Myers rode up be was shaking his head and his eyes were blazing fire. He turned around in his saddle and pointed back toward town and said you men get out from here and do it…quick…All the Jayhawkers turned around and sulked off like a whipped dog.” — J. F. Smith	Missouri
Ratified on January 29, 1919, the 18th amendment to the US Constitution regulates the sale of what?	Missouri - TimeLines of Liberty - PoetPatriot.com TimeLines of Liberty War Statistics TimeLine of Missouri States ï¿½ AL ï¿½ AK ï¿½ AZ ï¿½ AR ï¿½ CA ï¿½ CO ï¿½ CT ï¿½ DE ï¿½ FL ï¿½ GA ï¿½ HI ï¿½ ID ï¿½ IL ï¿½ IN ï¿½ IA ï¿½ KS ï¿½ KY MO Political History August 10, 1821 - Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as The Missouri Compromise designated Missouri as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state. Area - 69,709 sq. miles Capital - Jefferson City ï¿½ Copyright 2005 Roger W Hancock Hancock Motto - Salus populi suprema lex esto (Latin - Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.) Nickname - Show Me State - A portion of the Territory of Louisiana becomes the Territory of Missouri in 1812. - The issue of slavery in the 1820 Missouri statehood controversy becomes a national issue - The "Missouri Compromise" of 1920 will allow Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, keeping the balance of slave and free states equal. - Alexander McNair is elected in 1820 as Missouri's first governor. - In 1821 President James Monroe signs the bill admitting Missouri as the 24th state. - The St. Charles was designated temporary state capitol in 1821. - In 1836 abolitionists send petitions to the US Congress. Senator Thomas Hart Benton verbally attacks them for doing so. - Governor Lilburn Boggs issued the "Extermination Order" in 1838 demanding that members of the Mormon church leave the state of Missouri. - Missouri bans free blacks from settling in the state in 1844. - On March 4, 1849 US Senator David Rice Atchison, from Missouri, was President for a day. - The 1861 "Rebel Legislature" of Missouri adopts an Act of Secession. - January 11- Slavery abolished in Missouri by an ordinance on January 11, 1865, making Missouri the first slave state to free its slaves before the adoption of the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution - Missouri's second Constitution is adopted on April 10, 1865. The new constitution excludes former Confederate sympathizers from the vote and certain occupations, severely limiting their civil rights. - Phoebe W. Couzins, in 1887, becomes the first Woman US Marshal in our nation's history. - Primary election law is adopted in 1907 in Missouri. - US senators from Missouri were elected by the General Assembly prior to 1913 when voters were given the right to directly elect Senators. - Governor Frederick D. Gardner signs a 1919 law granting the presidential vote to women - 1919 Missouri becomes the 11th state to ratify the 19th Amendment granting the vote to women. - The fist Woman to vote in all of Missouri's history is Marie Byrum in 1920. - Mellcene T. Smith and Sarah Lucille Turner, in 1922, become the first women elected to the Missouri state legislature. - U. Senator Harry S. Truman of Independence is elected Vice President in 1944. - US Vice President Harry S Truman becomes the 33rd President upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1945. ï¿½ Copyright 2005 Roger W Hancock - President Harry S Truman's second term beginning in 1948 is his first to be elected as the President of the United States of America. - Leonor K. Sullivan in 1952 becomes Missouri's first woman U. S. Representative. - Mary Gant in 1972 becomes Missouri's first woman state senator - Gwen B. Giles became Missouri's first African-American woman state senator in 1977. - May 30 - Margaret B. Kelly becomes the first woman on May 30, 1984 to hold an appointed statewide office in Missouri when she was appointed to the office of State Auditor - Ann K. Covington in 1987 becomes the first woman appointed to the Missouri Supreme Court. - Richard Gephardt, US Congressman from Missouri, running for the Democratic nomination in 1988 in Missouri's first presidential primary. - John Ashcroft in 2001 is ratifies as US Attorney General. One Vote Counts in Missouri. Sources - http://www.shgresources.com - http://www.elmersflag.com/products.cfm - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos - http://www.livgenmi.com/statemotto.htm All rights reserved ï¿½ Copyright 2005, 2006, 2009 Roger W Hancock - PoetPatriot.com TimeLine of Missouri States ï¿½ AL ï¿½ AK ï¿½ AZ ï¿½ AR ï¿½ CA ï¿½ CO ï¿½ CT ï¿½ DE ï¿½ FL ï¿½ GA ï¿½ HI ï¿½ ID ï¿½ IL ï¿½ IN ï¿½ IA ï¿½ KS ï¿½ KY	i don't know
In 1876, Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert, he of San Juan Island fortifications during the Pig War fame, published what classic tome, still published today?	Morehouse College & Brigadier General - First thoughts about Morehouse College & Brigadier General Morehouse College Brigadier General West Point Arlington National Cemetery Long Island Sound United States South Carolina New England American Civil War San Juan Island Pig War Green Bay New York Mississippi River 02 May 2012 11:56 May 2nd: Today is the 175th birthday of Henry Martyn Robert, whom you have undoubtedly never heard of, despite the fact that he: Graduated forth in his class from West Point in 1857, became Engineer of the Army's Division of the Pacific where he improved rivers in Washington and Oregon, developed the harbor of Green Bay and other ports in Wisconsin and Michigan, improved the harbors in Philadelphia, Oswago, New York and Long Island Sound , Constructed dams and locks on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, then as a Southwest Division Engineer figured how to deepen the Mississippi River at the Southwest Pass, Made a Brigadier General on April 30th, 1901 and retired from the army 2 days later, and in his retirement he actually created the Galveston Seawall in Texas after the Hurricane of 1900, was the first President of Morehouse College, where there is now a Dormitory named after him, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Most amazing thing, these aren't even what he is most noted for. After a po ... 02 May 2012 08:24 Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 â May 11, 1923) served in the U.S. Army from 1857-1901 and was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States . Robert was born in Robertville, South Carolina , and raised in Ohio, where his father moved the family because of his strong opposition to slavery. Robert's father, Reverend Joseph Thomas Robert, later became the first president of Morehouse College where there is a dormitory on the campus named after him. Robert was nominated to West Point from Ohio, and graduated fourth in his class in 1857. He became a military engineer. Under command of Silas Casey during the Pig War he built the fortifications on San Juan Island . In the American Civil War , he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and worked on the defenses of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and several New England ports. Robert served as Engineer of t ...	Robert's Rules of Order
What name is given to the person authorized to vote on behalf of someone else?	Morehouse College & Brigadier General - First thoughts about Morehouse College & Brigadier General Morehouse College Brigadier General West Point Arlington National Cemetery Long Island Sound United States South Carolina New England American Civil War San Juan Island Pig War Green Bay New York Mississippi River 02 May 2012 11:56 May 2nd: Today is the 175th birthday of Henry Martyn Robert, whom you have undoubtedly never heard of, despite the fact that he: Graduated forth in his class from West Point in 1857, became Engineer of the Army's Division of the Pacific where he improved rivers in Washington and Oregon, developed the harbor of Green Bay and other ports in Wisconsin and Michigan, improved the harbors in Philadelphia, Oswago, New York and Long Island Sound , Constructed dams and locks on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, then as a Southwest Division Engineer figured how to deepen the Mississippi River at the Southwest Pass, Made a Brigadier General on April 30th, 1901 and retired from the army 2 days later, and in his retirement he actually created the Galveston Seawall in Texas after the Hurricane of 1900, was the first President of Morehouse College, where there is now a Dormitory named after him, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Most amazing thing, these aren't even what he is most noted for. After a po ... 02 May 2012 08:24 Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 â May 11, 1923) served in the U.S. Army from 1857-1901 and was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States . Robert was born in Robertville, South Carolina , and raised in Ohio, where his father moved the family because of his strong opposition to slavery. Robert's father, Reverend Joseph Thomas Robert, later became the first president of Morehouse College where there is a dormitory on the campus named after him. Robert was nominated to West Point from Ohio, and graduated fourth in his class in 1857. He became a military engineer. Under command of Silas Casey during the Pig War he built the fortifications on San Juan Island . In the American Civil War , he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and worked on the defenses of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and several New England ports. Robert served as Engineer of t ...	i don't know
According to the Aesop fable, what food could the fox not reach, which he then declared to be unpalatable?	Aesop's Fables, by Aesop The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aesop's Fables, by Aesop This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Aesop's Fables Author: Aesop Translator: George Fyler Townsend Release Date: June 25, 2008 [EBook #21] Last Updated: October 28, 2016 Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 * START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AESOP'S FABLES * Produced by David Widger AESOP’S FABLES Translated by George Fyler Townsend AESOP’S FABLES The Wolf And The Lamb WOLF, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea to justify to the Lamb the Wolf’s right to eat him. He thus addressed him: “Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me.” “Indeed,” bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, “I was not then born.” Then said the Wolf, “You feed in my pasture.” “No, good sir,” replied the Lamb, “I have not yet tasted grass.” Again said the Wolf, “You drink of my well.” “No,” exclaimed the Lamb, “I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother’s milk is both food and drink to me.” Upon which the Wolf seized him and ate him up, saying, “Well! I won’t remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations.” The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny. The Bat And The Weasels A BAT who fell upon the ground and was caught by a Weasel pleaded to be spared his life. The Weasel refused, saying that he was by nature the enemy of all birds. The Bat assured him that he was not a bird, but a mouse, and thus was set free. Shortly afterwards the Bat again fell to the ground and was caught by another Weasel, whom he likewise entreated not to eat him. The Weasel said that he had a special hostility to mice. The Bat assured him that he was not a mouse, but a bat, and thus a second time escaped. It is wise to turn circumstances to good account. The Ass And The Grasshopper AN ASS having heard some Grasshoppers chirping, was highly enchanted; and, desiring to possess the same charms of melody, demanded what sort of food they lived on to give them such beautiful voices. They replied, “The dew.” The Ass resolved that he would live only upon dew, and in a short time died of hunger. The Lion And The Mouse A LION was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up angrily, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: “If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness.” The Lion laughed and let him go. It happened shortly after this that the Lion was caught by some hunters, who bound him by strong ropes to the ground. The Mouse, recognizing his roar, came and gnawed the rope with his teeth, and set him free, exclaiming: “You ridiculed the idea of my ever being able to help you, not expecting to receive from me any repayment of your favor; now you know that it is possible for even a Mouse to confer benefits on a Lion.” The Charcoal-Burner And The Fuller A CHARCOAL-BURNER carried on his trade in his own house. One day he met a friend, a Fuller, and entreated him to come and live with him, saying that they should be far better neighbors and that their housekeeping expenses would be lessened. The Fuller replied, “The arrangement is impossible as far as I am concerned, for whatever I should whiten, you would immediately blacken again with your charcoal.” Like will draw like. The Father And His Sons A FATHER had a family of sons who were perpetually quarreling among themselves. When he failed to heal their disputes by his exhortations, he determined to give them a practical illustration of the evils of disunion; and for this purpose he one day told them to bring him a bundle of sticks. When they had done so, he placed the faggot into the hands of each of them in succession, and ordered them to break it in pieces. They tried with all their strength, and were not able to do it. He next opened the faggot, took the sticks separately, one by one, and again put them into his sons’ hands, upon which they broke them easily. He then addressed them in these words: “My sons, if you are of one mind, and unite to assist each other, you will be as this faggot, uninjured by all the attempts of your enemies; but if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken as easily as these sticks.” The Boy Hunting Locusts A BOY was hunting for locusts. He had caught a goodly number, when he saw a Scorpion, and mistaking him for a locust, reached out his hand to take him. The Scorpion, showing his sting, said: “If you had but touched me, my friend, you would have lost me, and all your locusts too!” The Cock and the Jewel A COCK, scratching for food for himself and his hens, found a precious stone and exclaimed: “If your owner had found thee, and not I, he would have taken thee up, and have set thee in thy first estate; but I have found thee for no purpose. I would rather have one barleycorn than all the jewels in the world.” The Kingdom of the Lion THE BEASTS of the field and forest had a Lion as their king. He was neither wrathful, cruel, nor tyrannical, but just and gentle as a king could be. During his reign he made a royal proclamation for a general assembly of all the birds and beasts, and drew up conditions for a universal league, in which the Wolf and the Lamb, the Panther and the Kid, the Tiger and the Stag, the Dog and the Hare, should live together in perfect peace and amity. The Hare said, “Oh, how I have longed to see this day, in which the weak shall take their place with impunity by the side of the strong.” And after the Hare said this, he ran for his life. The Wolf and the Crane A WOLF who had a bone stuck in his throat hired a Crane, for a large sum, to put her head into his mouth and draw out the bone. When the Crane had extracted the bone and demanded the promised payment, the Wolf, grinning and grinding his teeth, exclaimed: “Why, you have surely already had a sufficient recompense, in having been permitted to draw out your head in safety from the mouth and jaws of a wolf.” In serving the wicked, expect no reward, and be thankful if you escape injury for your pains. The Fisherman Piping A FISHERMAN skilled in music took his flute and his nets to the seashore. Standing on a projecting rock, he played several tunes in the hope that the fish, attracted by his melody, would of their own accord dance into his net, which he had placed below. At last, having long waited in vain, he laid aside his flute, and casting his net into the sea, made an excellent haul of fish. When he saw them leaping about in the net upon the rock he said: “O you most perverse creatures, when I piped you would not dance, but now that I have ceased you do so merrily.” Hercules and the Wagoner A CARTER was driving a wagon along a country lane, when the wheels sank down deep into a rut. The rustic driver, stupefied and aghast, stood looking at the wagon, and did nothing but utter loud cries to Hercules to come and help him. Hercules, it is said, appeared and thus addressed him: “Put your shoulders to the wheels, my man. Goad on your bullocks, and never more pray to me for help, until you have done your best to help yourself, or depend upon it you will henceforth pray in vain.” Self-help is the best help. The Ants and the Grasshopper THE ANTS were spending a fine winter’s day drying grain collected in the summertime. A Grasshopper, perishing with famine, passed by and earnestly begged for a little food. The Ants inquired of him, “Why did you not treasure up food during the summer?” He replied, “I had not leisure enough. I passed the days in singing.” They then said in derision: “If you were foolish enough to sing all the summer, you must dance supperless to bed in the winter.” The Traveler and His Dog A TRAVELER about to set out on a journey saw his Dog stand at the door stretching himself. He asked him sharply: “Why do you stand there gaping? Everything is ready but you, so come with me instantly.” The Dog, wagging his tail, replied: “O, master! I am quite ready; it is you for whom I am waiting.” The loiterer often blames delay on his more active friend. The Dog and the Shadow A DOG, crossing a bridge over a stream with a piece of flesh in his mouth, saw his own shadow in the water and took it for that of another Dog, with a piece of meat double his own in size. He immediately let go of his own, and fiercely attacked the other Dog to get his larger piece from him. He thus lost both: that which he grasped at in the water, because it was a shadow; and his own, because the stream swept it away. The Mole and His Mother A MOLE, a creature blind from birth, once said to his Mother: “I am sure than I can see, Mother!” In the desire to prove to him his mistake, his Mother placed before him a few grains of frankincense, and asked, “What is it?” The young Mole said, “It is a pebble.” His Mother exclaimed: “My son, I am afraid that you are not only blind, but that you have lost your sense of smell.” The Herdsman and the Lost Bull A HERDSMAN tending his flock in a forest lost a Bull-calf from the fold. After a long and fruitless search, he made a vow that, if he could only discover the thief who had stolen the Calf, he would offer a lamb in sacrifice to Hermes, Pan, and the Guardian Deities of the forest. Not long afterwards, as he ascended a small hillock, he saw at its foot a Lion feeding on the Calf. Terrified at the sight, he lifted his eyes and his hands to heaven, and said: “Just now I vowed to offer a lamb to the Guardian Deities of the forest if I could only find out who had robbed me; but now that I have discovered the thief, I would willingly add a full-grown Bull to the Calf I have lost, if I may only secure my own escape from him in safety.” The Hare and the Tortoise A HARE one day ridiculed the short feet and slow pace of the Tortoise, who replied, laughing: “Though you be swift as the wind, I will beat you in a race.” The Hare, believing her assertion to be simply impossible, assented to the proposal; and they agreed that the Fox should choose the course and fix the goal. On the day appointed for the race the two started together. The Tortoise never for a moment stopped, but went on with a slow but steady pace straight to the end of the course. The Hare, lying down by the wayside, fell fast asleep. At last waking up, and moving as fast as he could, he saw the Tortoise had reached the goal, and was comfortably dozing after her fatigue. Slow but steady wins the race. The Pomegranate, Apple-Tree, and Bramble THE POMEGRANATE and Apple-Tree disputed as to which was the most beautiful. When their strife was at its height, a Bramble from the neighboring hedge lifted up its voice, and said in a boastful tone: “Pray, my dear friends, in my presence at least cease from such vain disputings.” The Farmer and the Stork A FARMER placed nets on his newly-sown plowlands and caught a number of Cranes, which came to pick up his seed. With them he trapped a Stork that had fractured his leg in the net and was earnestly beseeching the Farmer to spare his life. “Pray save me, Master,” he said, “and let me go free this once. My broken limb should excite your pity. Besides, I am no Crane, I am a Stork, a bird of excellent character; and see how I love and slave for my father and mother. Look too, at my feathers—they are not the least like those of a Crane.” The Farmer laughed aloud and said, “It may be all as you say, I only know this: I have taken you with these robbers, the Cranes, and you must die in their company.” Birds of a feather flock together. The Farmer and the Snake ONE WINTER a Farmer found a Snake stiff and frozen with cold. He had compassion on it, and taking it up, placed it in his bosom. The Snake was quickly revived by the warmth, and resuming its natural instincts, bit its benefactor, inflicting on him a mortal wound. “Oh,” cried the Farmer with his last breath, “I am rightly served for pitying a scoundrel.” The greatest kindness will not bind the ungrateful. The Fawn and His Mother A YOUNG FAWN once said to his Mother, “You are larger than a dog, and swifter, and more used to running, and you have your horns as a defense; why, then, O Mother! do the hounds frighten you so?” She smiled, and said: “I know full well, my son, that all you say is true. I have the advantages you mention, but when I hear even the bark of a single dog I feel ready to faint, and fly away as fast as I can.” No arguments will give courage to the coward. The Bear and the Fox A BEAR boasted very much of his philanthropy, saying that of all animals he was the most tender in his regard for man, for he had such respect for him that he would not even touch his dead body. A Fox hearing these words said with a smile to the Bear, “Oh! that you would eat the dead and not the living.” The Swallow and the Crow THE SWALLOW and the Crow had a contention about their plumage. The Crow put an end to the dispute by saying, “Your feathers are all very well in the spring, but mine protect me against the winter.” Fair weather friends are not worth much. The Mountain in Labor A MOUNTAIN was once greatly agitated. Loud groans and noises were heard, and crowds of people came from all parts to see what was the matter. While they were assembled in anxious expectation of some terrible calamity, out came a Mouse. Don’t make much ado about nothing. The Ass, the Fox, and the Lion THE ASS and the Fox, having entered into partnership together for their mutual protection, went out into the forest to hunt. They had not proceeded far when they met a Lion. The Fox, seeing imminent danger, approached the Lion and promised to contrive for him the capture of the Ass if the Lion would pledge his word not to harm the Fox. Then, upon assuring the Ass that he would not be injured, the Fox led him to a deep pit and arranged that he should fall into it. The Lion, seeing that the Ass was secured, immediately clutched the Fox, and attacked the Ass at his leisure. The Tortoise and the Eagle A TORTOISE, lazily basking in the sun, complained to the sea-birds of her hard fate, that no one would teach her to fly. An Eagle, hovering near, heard her lamentation and demanded what reward she would give him if he would take her aloft and float her in the air. “I will give you,” she said, “all the riches of the Red Sea.” “I will teach you to fly then,” said the Eagle; and taking her up in his talons he carried her almost to the clouds suddenly he let her go, and she fell on a lofty mountain, dashing her shell to pieces. The Tortoise exclaimed in the moment of death: “I have deserved my present fate; for what had I to do with wings and clouds, who can with difficulty move about on the earth?” If men had all they wished, they would be often ruined. The Flies and the Honey-Pot A NUMBER of Flies were attracted to a jar of honey which had been overturned in a housekeeper’s room, and placing their feet in it, ate greedily. Their feet, however, became so smeared with the honey that they could not use their wings, nor release themselves, and were suffocated. Just as they were expiring, they exclaimed, “O foolish creatures that we are, for the sake of a little pleasure we have destroyed ourselves.” Pleasure bought with pains, hurts. The Man and the Lion A MAN and a Lion traveled together through the forest. They soon began to boast of their respective superiority to each other in strength and prowess. As they were disputing, they passed a statue carved in stone, which represented “a Lion strangled by a Man.” The traveler pointed to it and said: “See there! How strong we are, and how we prevail over even the king of beasts.” The Lion replied: “This statue was made by one of you men. If we Lions knew how to erect statues, you would see the Man placed under the paw of the Lion.” One story is good, till another is told. The Farmer and the Cranes SOME CRANES made their feeding grounds on some plowlands newly sown with wheat. For a long time the Farmer, brandishing an empty sling, chased them away by the terror he inspired; but when the birds found that the sling was only swung in the air, they ceased to take any notice of it and would not move. The Farmer, on seeing this, charged his sling with stones, and killed a great number. The remaining birds at once forsook his fields, crying to each other, “It is time for us to be off to Liliput: for this man is no longer content to scare us, but begins to show us in earnest what he can do.” If words suffice not, blows must follow. The Dog in the Manger A DOG lay in a manger, and by his growling and snapping prevented the oxen from eating the hay which had been placed for them. “What a selfish Dog!” said one of them to his companions; “he cannot eat the hay himself, and yet refuses to allow those to eat who can.” The Fox and the Goat A FOX one day fell into a deep well and could find no means of escape. A Goat, overcome with thirst, came to the same well, and seeing the Fox, inquired if the water was good. Concealing his sad plight under a merry guise, the Fox indulged in a lavish praise of the water, saying it was excellent beyond measure, and encouraging him to descend. The Goat, mindful only of his thirst, thoughtlessly jumped down, but just as he drank, the Fox informed him of the difficulty they were both in and suggested a scheme for their common escape. “If,” said he, “you will place your forefeet upon the wall and bend your head, I will run up your back and escape, and will help you out afterwards.” The Goat readily assented and the Fox leaped upon his back. Steadying himself with the Goat’s horns, he safely reached the mouth of the well and made off as fast as he could. When the Goat upbraided him for breaking his promise, he turned around and cried out, “You foolish old fellow! If you had as many brains in your head as you have hairs in your beard, you would never have gone down before you had inspected the way up, nor have exposed yourself to dangers from which you had no means of escape.” Look before you leap. The Bear and the Two Travelers TWO MEN were traveling together, when a Bear suddenly met them on their path. One of them climbed up quickly into a tree and concealed himself in the branches. The other, seeing that he must be attacked, fell flat on the ground, and when the Bear came up and felt him with his snout, and smelt him all over, he held his breath, and feigned the appearance of death as much as he could. The Bear soon left him, for it is said he will not touch a dead body. When he was quite gone, the other Traveler descended from the tree, and jocularly inquired of his friend what it was the Bear had whispered in his ear. “He gave me this advice,” his companion replied. “Never travel with a friend who deserts you at the approach of danger.” Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends. The Oxen and the Axle-Trees A HEAVY WAGON was being dragged along a country lane by a team of Oxen. The Axle-trees groaned and creaked terribly; whereupon the Oxen, turning round, thus addressed the wheels: “Hullo there! why do you make so much noise? We bear all the labor, and we, not you, ought to cry out.” Those who suffer most cry out the least. The Thirsty Pigeon A PIGEON, oppressed by excessive thirst, saw a goblet of water painted on a signboard. Not supposing it to be only a picture, she flew towards it with a loud whir and unwittingly dashed against the signboard, jarring herself terribly. Having broken her wings by the blow, she fell to the ground, and was caught by one of the bystanders. Zeal should not outrun discretion. The Raven and the Swan A RAVEN saw a Swan and desired to secure for himself the same beautiful plumage. Supposing that the Swan’s splendid white color arose from his washing in the water in which he swam, the Raven left the altars in the neighborhood where he picked up his living, and took up residence in the lakes and pools. But cleansing his feathers as often as he would, he could not change their color, while through want of food he perished. Change of habit cannot alter Nature. The Goat and the Goatherd A GOATHERD had sought to bring back a stray goat to his flock. He whistled and sounded his horn in vain; the straggler paid no attention to the summons. At last the Goatherd threw a stone, and breaking its horn, begged the Goat not to tell his master. The Goat replied, “Why, you silly fellow, the horn will speak though I be silent.” Do not attempt to hide things which cannot be hid. The Miser A MISER sold all that he had and bought a lump of gold, which he buried in a hole in the ground by the side of an old wall and went to look at daily. One of his workmen observed his frequent visits to the spot and decided to watch his movements. He soon discovered the secret of the hidden treasure, and digging down, came to the lump of gold, and stole it. The Miser, on his next visit, found the hole empty and began to tear his hair and to make loud lamentations. A neighbor, seeing him overcome with grief and learning the cause, said, “Pray do not grieve so; but go and take a stone, and place it in the hole, and fancy that the gold is still lying there. It will do you quite the same service; for when the gold was there, you had it not, as you did not make the slightest use of it.” The Sick Lion A LION, unable from old age and infirmities to provide himself with food by force, resolved to do so by artifice. He returned to his den, and lying down there, pretended to be sick, taking care that his sickness should be publicly known. The beasts expressed their sorrow, and came one by one to his den, where the Lion devoured them. After many of the beasts had thus disappeared, the Fox discovered the trick and presenting himself to the Lion, stood on the outside of the cave, at a respectful distance, and asked him how he was. “I am very middling,” replied the Lion, “but why do you stand without? Pray enter within to talk with me.” “No, thank you,” said the Fox. “I notice that there are many prints of feet entering your cave, but I see no trace of any returning.” He is wise who is warned by the misfortunes of others. The Horse and Groom A GROOM used to spend whole days in currycombing and rubbing down his Horse, but at the same time stole his oats and sold them for his own profit. “Alas!” said the Horse, “if you really wish me to be in good condition, you should groom me less, and feed me more.” The Ass and the Lapdog A MAN had an Ass, and a Maltese Lapdog, a very great beauty. The Ass was left in a stable and had plenty of oats and hay to eat, just as any other Ass would. The Lapdog knew many tricks and was a great favorite with his master, who often fondled him and seldom went out to dine without bringing him home some tidbit to eat. The Ass, on the contrary, had much work to do in grinding the corn-mill and in carrying wood from the forest or burdens from the farm. He often lamented his own hard fate and contrasted it with the luxury and idleness of the Lapdog, till at last one day he broke his cords and halter, and galloped into his master’s house, kicking up his heels without measure, and frisking and fawning as well as he could. He next tried to jump about his master as he had seen the Lapdog do, but he broke the table and smashed all the dishes upon it to atoms. He then attempted to lick his master, and jumped upon his back. The servants, hearing the strange hubbub and perceiving the danger of their master, quickly relieved him, and drove out the Ass to his stable with kicks and clubs and cuffs. The Ass, as he returned to his stall beaten nearly to death, thus lamented: “I have brought it all on myself! Why could I not have been contented to labor with my companions, and not wish to be idle all the day like that useless little Lapdog!” The Lioness A CONTROVERSY prevailed among the beasts of the field as to which of the animals deserved the most credit for producing the greatest number of whelps at a birth. They rushed clamorously into the presence of the Lioness and demanded of her the settlement of the dispute. “And you,” they said, “how many sons have you at a birth?” The Lioness laughed at them, and said: “Why! I have only one; but that one is altogether a thoroughbred Lion.” The value is in the worth, not in the number. The Boasting Traveler A MAN who had traveled in foreign lands boasted very much, on returning to his own country, of the many wonderful and heroic feats he had performed in the different places he had visited. Among other things, he said that when he was at Rhodes he had leaped to such a distance that no man of his day could leap anywhere near him as to that, there were in Rhodes many persons who saw him do it and whom he could call as witnesses. One of the bystanders interrupted him, saying: “Now, my good man, if this be all true there is no need of witnesses. Suppose this to be Rhodes, and leap for us.” The Cat and the Cock A CAT caught a Cock, and pondered how he might find a reasonable excuse for eating him. He accused him of being a nuisance to men by crowing in the nighttime and not permitting them to sleep. The Cock defended himself by saying that he did this for the benefit of men, that they might rise in time for their labors. The Cat replied, “Although you abound in specious apologies, I shall not remain supperless;” and he made a meal of him. The Piglet, the Sheep, and the Goat A YOUNG PIG was shut up in a fold-yard with a Goat and a Sheep. On one occasion when the shepherd laid hold of him, he grunted and squeaked and resisted violently. The Sheep and the Goat complained of his distressing cries, saying, “He often handles us, and we do not cry out.” To this the Pig replied, “Your handling and mine are very different things. He catches you only for your wool, or your milk, but he lays hold on me for my very life.” The Boy and the Filberts A BOY put his hand into a pitcher full of filberts. He grasped as many as he could possibly hold, but when he tried to pull out his hand, he was prevented from doing so by the neck of the pitcher. Unwilling to lose his filberts, and yet unable to withdraw his hand, he burst into tears and bitterly lamented his disappointment. A bystander said to him, “Be satisfied with half the quantity, and you will readily draw out your hand.” Do not attempt too much at once. The Lion in Love A LION demanded the daughter of a woodcutter in marriage. The Father, unwilling to grant, and yet afraid to refuse his request, hit upon this expedient to rid himself of his importunities. He expressed his willingness to accept the Lion as the suitor of his daughter on one condition: that he should allow him to extract his teeth, and cut off his claws, as his daughter was fearfully afraid of both. The Lion cheerfully assented to the proposal. But when the toothless, clawless Lion returned to repeat his request, the Woodman, no longer afraid, set upon him with his club, and drove him away into the forest. The Laborer and the Snake A SNAKE, having made his hole close to the porch of a cottage, inflicted a mortal bite on the Cottager’s infant son. Grieving over his loss, the Father resolved to kill the Snake. The next day, when it came out of its hole for food, he took up his axe, but by swinging too hastily, missed its head and cut off only the end of its tail. After some time the Cottager, afraid that the Snake would bite him also, endeavored to make peace, and placed some bread and salt in the hole. The Snake, slightly hissing, said: “There can henceforth be no peace between us; for whenever I see you I shall remember the loss of my tail, and whenever you see me you will be thinking of the death of your son.” No one truly forgets injuries in the presence of him who caused the injury. The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing ONCE UPON A TIME a Wolf resolved to disguise his appearance in order to secure food more easily. Encased in the skin of a sheep, he pastured with the flock deceiving the shepherd by his costume. In the evening he was shut up by the shepherd in the fold; the gate was closed, and the entrance made thoroughly secure. But the shepherd, returning to the fold during the night to obtain meat for the next day, mistakenly caught up the Wolf instead of a sheep, and killed him instantly. Harm seek, harm find. The Ass and the Mule A MULETEER set forth on a journey, driving before him an Ass and a Mule, both well laden. The Ass, as long as he traveled along the plain, carried his load with ease, but when he began to ascend the steep path of the mountain, felt his load to be more than he could bear. He entreated his companion to relieve him of a small portion, that he might carry home the rest; but the Mule paid no attention to the request. The Ass shortly afterwards fell down dead under his burden. Not knowing what else to do in so wild a region, the Muleteer placed upon the Mule the load carried by the Ass in addition to his own, and at the top of all placed the hide of the Ass, after he had skinned him. The Mule, groaning beneath his heavy burden, said to himself: “I am treated according to my deserts. If I had only been willing to assist the Ass a little in his need, I should not now be bearing, together with his burden, himself as well.” The Frogs Asking for a King THE FROGS, grieved at having no established Ruler, sent ambassadors to Jupiter entreating for a King. Perceiving their simplicity, he cast down a huge log into the lake. The Frogs were terrified at the splash occasioned by its fall and hid themselves in the depths of the pool. But as soon as they realized that the huge log was motionless, they swam again to the top of the water, dismissed their fears, climbed up, and began squatting on it in contempt. After some time they began to think themselves ill-treated in the appointment of so inert a Ruler, and sent a second deputation to Jupiter to pray that he would set over them another sovereign. He then gave them an Eel to govern them. When the Frogs discovered his easy good nature, they sent yet a third time to Jupiter to beg him to choose for them still another King. Jupiter, displeased with all their complaints, sent a Heron, who preyed upon the Frogs day by day till there were none left to croak upon the lake. The Boys and the Frogs SOME BOYS, playing near a pond, saw a number of Frogs in the water and began to pelt them with stones. They killed several of them, when one of the Frogs, lifting his head out of the water, cried out: “Pray stop, my boys: what is sport to you, is death to us.” The Sick Stag A SICK STAG lay down in a quiet corner of its pasture-ground. His companions came in great numbers to inquire after his health, and each one helped himself to a share of the food which had been placed for his use; so that he died, not from his sickness, but from the failure of the means of living. Evil companions bring more hurt than profit. The Salt Merchant and His Ass A PEDDLER drove his Ass to the seashore to buy salt. His road home lay across a stream into which his Ass, making a false step, fell by accident and rose up again with his load considerably lighter, as the water melted the sack. The Peddler retraced his steps and refilled his panniers with a larger quantity of salt than before. When he came again to the stream, the Ass fell down on purpose in the same spot, and, regaining his feet with the weight of his load much diminished, brayed triumphantly as if he had obtained what he desired. The Peddler saw through his trick and drove him for the third time to the coast, where he bought a cargo of sponges instead of salt. The Ass, again playing the fool, fell down on purpose when he reached the stream, but the sponges became swollen with water, greatly increasing his load. And thus his trick recoiled on him, for he now carried on his back a double burden. The Oxen and the Butchers THE OXEN once upon a time sought to destroy the Butchers, who practiced a trade destructive to their race. They assembled on a certain day to carry out their purpose, and sharpened their horns for the contest. But one of them who was exceedingly old (for many a field had he plowed) thus spoke: “These Butchers, it is true, slaughter us, but they do so with skillful hands, and with no unnecessary pain. If we get rid of them, we shall fall into the hands of unskillful operators, and thus suffer a double death: for you may be assured, that though all the Butchers should perish, yet will men never want beef.” Do not be in a hurry to change one evil for another. The Lion, the Mouse, and the Fox A LION, fatigued by the heat of a summer’s day, fell fast asleep in his den. A Mouse ran over his mane and ears and woke him from his slumbers. He rose up and shook himself in great wrath, and searched every corner of his den to find the Mouse. A Fox seeing him said: “A fine Lion you are, to be frightened of a Mouse.” “‘Tis not the Mouse I fear,” said the Lion; “I resent his familiarity and ill-breeding.” Little liberties are great offenses. The Vain Jackdaw JUPITER DETERMINED, it is said, to create a sovereign over the birds, and made proclamation that on a certain day they should all present themselves before him, when he would himself choose the most beautiful among them to be king. The Jackdaw, knowing his own ugliness, searched through the woods and fields, and collected the feathers which had fallen from the wings of his companions, and stuck them in all parts of his body, hoping thereby to make himself the most beautiful of all. When the appointed day arrived, and the birds had assembled before Jupiter, the Jackdaw also made his appearance in his many feathered finery. But when Jupiter proposed to make him king because of the beauty of his plumage, the birds indignantly protested, and each plucked from him his own feathers, leaving the Jackdaw nothing but a Jackdaw. The Goatherd and the Wild Goats A GOATHERD, driving his flock from their pasture at eventide, found some Wild Goats mingled among them, and shut them up together with his own for the night. The next day it snowed very hard, so that he could not take the herd to their usual feeding places, but was obliged to keep them in the fold. He gave his own goats just sufficient food to keep them alive, but fed the strangers more abundantly in the hope of enticing them to stay with him and of making them his own. When the thaw set in, he led them all out to feed, and the Wild Goats scampered away as fast as they could to the mountains. The Goatherd scolded them for their ingratitude in leaving him, when during the storm he had taken more care of them than of his own herd. One of them, turning about, said to him: “That is the very reason why we are so cautious; for if you yesterday treated us better than the Goats you have had so long, it is plain also that if others came after us, you would in the same manner prefer them to ourselves.” Old friends cannot with impunity be sacrificed for new ones. The Mischievous Dog A DOG used to run up quietly to the heels of everyone he met, and to bite them without notice. His master suspended a bell about his neck so that the Dog might give notice of his presence wherever he went. Thinking it a mark of distinction, the Dog grew proud of his bell and went tinkling it all over the marketplace. One day an old hound said to him: “Why do you make such an exhibition of yourself? That bell that you carry is not, believe me, any order of merit, but on the contrary a mark of disgrace, a public notice to all men to avoid you as an ill mannered dog.” Notoriety is often mistaken for fame. The Fox Who Had Lost His Tail A FOX caught in a trap escaped, but in so doing lost his tail. Thereafter, feeling his life a burden from the shame and ridicule to which he was exposed, he schemed to convince all the other Foxes that being tailless was much more attractive, thus making up for his own deprivation. He assembled a good many Foxes and publicly advised them to cut off their tails, saying that they would not only look much better without them, but that they would get rid of the weight of the brush, which was a very great inconvenience. One of them interrupting him said, “If you had not yourself lost your tail, my friend, you would not thus counsel us.” The Boy and the Nettles A BOY was stung by a Nettle. He ran home and told his Mother, saying, “Although it hurts me very much, I only touched it gently.” “That was just why it stung you,” said his Mother. “The next time you touch a Nettle, grasp it boldly, and it will be soft as silk to your hand, and not in the least hurt you.” Whatever you do, do with all your might. The Man and His Two Sweethearts A MIDDLE-AGED MAN, whose hair had begun to turn gray, courted two women at the same time. One of them was young, and the other well advanced in years. The elder woman, ashamed to be courted by a man younger than herself, made a point, whenever her admirer visited her, to pull out some portion of his black hairs. The younger, on the contrary, not wishing to become the wife of an old man, was equally zealous in removing every gray hair she could find. Thus it came to pass that between them both he very soon found that he had not a hair left on his head. Those who seek to please everybody please nobody. The Astronomer AN ASTRONOMER used to go out at night to observe the stars. One evening, as he wandered through the suburbs with his whole attention fixed on the sky, he fell accidentally into a deep well. While he lamented and bewailed his sores and bruises, and cried loudly for help, a neighbor ran to the well, and learning what had happened said: “Hark ye, old fellow, why, in striving to pry into what is in heaven, do you not manage to see what is on earth?” The Wolves and the Sheep “WHY SHOULD there always be this fear and slaughter between us?” said the Wolves to the Sheep. “Those evil-disposed Dogs have much to answer for. They always bark whenever we approach you and attack us before we have done any harm. If you would only dismiss them from your heels, there might soon be treaties of peace and reconciliation between us.” The Sheep, poor silly creatures, were easily beguiled and dismissed the Dogs, whereupon the Wolves destroyed the unguarded flock at their own pleasure. The Old Woman and the Physician AN OLD WOMAN having lost the use of her eyes, called in a Physician to heal them, and made this bargain with him in the presence of witnesses: that if he should cure her blindness, he should receive from her a sum of money; but if her infirmity remained, she should give him nothing. This agreement being made, the Physician, time after time, applied his salve to her eyes, and on every visit took something away, stealing all her property little by little. And when he had got all she had, he healed her and demanded the promised payment. The Old Woman, when she recovered her sight and saw none of her goods in her house, would give him nothing. The Physician insisted on his claim, and, as she still refused, summoned her before the Judge. The Old Woman, standing up in the Court, argued: “This man here speaks the truth in what he says; for I did promise to give him a sum of money if I should recover my sight: but if I continued blind, I was to give him nothing. Now he declares that I am healed. I on the contrary affirm that I am still blind; for when I lost the use of my eyes, I saw in my house various chattels and valuable goods: but now, though he swears I am cured of my blindness, I am not able to see a single thing in it.” The Fighting Cocks and the Eagle TWO GAME COCKS were fiercely fighting for the mastery of the farmyard. One at last put the other to flight. The vanquished Cock skulked away and hid himself in a quiet corner, while the conqueror, flying up to a high wall, flapped his wings and crowed exultingly with all his might. An Eagle sailing through the air pounced upon him and carried him off in his talons. The vanquished Cock immediately came out of his corner, and ruled henceforth with undisputed mastery. Pride goes before destruction. The Charger and the Miller A CHARGER, feeling the infirmities of age, was sent to work in a mill instead of going out to battle. But when he was compelled to grind instead of serving in the wars, he bewailed his change of fortune and called to mind his former state, saying, “Ah! Miller, I had indeed to go campaigning before, but I was barbed from counter to tail, and a man went along to groom me; and now I cannot understand what ailed me to prefer the mill before the battle.” “Forbear,” said the Miller to him, “harping on what was of yore, for it is the common lot of mortals to sustain the ups and downs of fortune.” The Fox and the Monkey A MONKEY once danced in an assembly of the Beasts, and so pleased them all by his performance that they elected him their King. A Fox, envying him the honor, discovered a piece of meat lying in a trap, and leading the Monkey to the place where it was, said that she had found a store, but had not used it, she had kept it for him as treasure trove of his kingdom, and counseled him to lay hold of it. The Monkey approached carelessly and was caught in the trap; and on his accusing the Fox of purposely leading him into the snare, she replied, “O Monkey, and are you, with such a mind as yours, going to be King over the Beasts?” The Horse and His Rider A HORSE SOLDIER took the utmost pains with his charger. As long as the war lasted, he looked upon him as his fellow-helper in all emergencies and fed him carefully with hay and corn. But when the war was over, he only allowed him chaff to eat and made him carry heavy loads of wood, subjecting him to much slavish drudgery and ill-treatment. War was again proclaimed, however, and when the trumpet summoned him to his standard, the Soldier put on his charger its military trappings, and mounted, being clad in his heavy coat of mail. The Horse fell down straightway under the weight, no longer equal to the burden, and said to his master, “You must now go to the war on foot, for you have transformed me from a Horse into an Ass; and how can you expect that I can again turn in a moment from an Ass to a Horse?” The Belly and the Members THE MEMBERS of the Body rebelled against the Belly, and said, “Why should we be perpetually engaged in administering to your wants, while you do nothing but take your rest, and enjoy yourself in luxury and self-indulgence?” The Members carried out their resolve and refused their assistance to the Belly. The whole Body quickly became debilitated, and the hands, feet, mouth, and eyes, when too late, repented of their folly. The Vine and the Goat A VINE was luxuriant in the time of vintage with leaves and grapes. A Goat, passing by, nibbled its young tendrils and its leaves. The Vine addressed him and said: “Why do you thus injure me without a cause, and crop my leaves? Is there no young grass left? But I shall not have to wait long for my just revenge; for if you now should crop my leaves, and cut me down to my root, I shall provide the wine to pour over you when you are led as a victim to the sacrifice.” Jupiter and the Monkey JUPITER ISSUED a proclamation to all the beasts of the forest and promised a royal reward to the one whose offspring should be deemed the handsomest. The Monkey came with the rest and presented, with all a mother’s tenderness, a flat-nosed, hairless, ill-featured young Monkey as a candidate for the promised reward. A general laugh saluted her on the presentation of her son. She resolutely said, “I know not whether Jupiter will allot the prize to my son, but this I do know, that he is at least in the eyes of me his mother, the dearest, handsomest, and most beautiful of all.” The Widow and Her Little Maidens A WIDOW who was fond of cleaning had two little maidens to wait on her. She was in the habit of waking them early in the morning, at cockcrow. The maidens, aggravated by such excessive labor, resolved to kill the cock who roused their mistress so early. When they had done this, they found that they had only prepared for themselves greater troubles, for their mistress, no longer hearing the hour from the cock, woke them up to their work in the middle of the night. The Shepherd’s Boy and the Wolf A SHEPHERD-BOY, who watched a flock of sheep near a village, brought out the villagers three or four times by crying out, “Wolf! Wolf!” and when his neighbors came to help him, laughed at them for their pains. The Wolf, however, did truly come at last. The Shepherd-boy, now really alarmed, shouted in an agony of terror: “Pray, do come and help me; the Wolf is killing the sheep;” but no one paid any heed to his cries, nor rendered any assistance. The Wolf, having no cause of fear, at his leisure lacerated or destroyed the whole flock. There is no believing a liar, even when he speaks the truth. The Cat and the Birds A CAT, hearing that the Birds in a certain aviary were ailing dressed himself up as a physician, and, taking his cane and a bag of instruments becoming his profession, went to call on them. He knocked at the door and inquired of the inmates how they all did, saying that if they were ill, he would be happy to prescribe for them and cure them. They replied, “We are all very well, and shall continue so, if you will only be good enough to go away, and leave us as we are.” The Kid and the Wolf A KID standing on the roof of a house, out of harm’s way, saw a Wolf passing by and immediately began to taunt and revile him. The Wolf, looking up, said, “Sirrah! I hear thee: yet it is not thou who mockest me, but the roof on which thou art standing.” Time and place often give the advantage to the weak over the strong. The Ox and the Frog AN OX drinking at a pool trod on a brood of young frogs and crushed one of them to death. The Mother coming up, and missing one of her sons, inquired of his brothers what had become of him. “He is dead, dear Mother; for just now a very huge beast with four great feet came to the pool and crushed him to death with his cloven heel.” The Frog, puffing herself out, inquired, “if the beast was as big as that in size.” “Cease, Mother, to puff yourself out,” said her son, “and do not be angry; for you would, I assure you, sooner burst than successfully imitate the hugeness of that monster.” The Shepherd and the Wolf A SHEPHERD once found the whelp of a Wolf and brought it up, and after a while taught it to steal lambs from the neighboring flocks. The Wolf, having shown himself an apt pupil, said to the Shepherd, “Since you have taught me to steal, you must keep a sharp lookout, or you will lose some of your own flock.” The Father and His Two Daughters A MAN had two daughters, the one married to a gardener, and the other to a tile-maker. After a time he went to the daughter who had married the gardener, and inquired how she was and how all things went with her. She said, “All things are prospering with me, and I have only one wish, that there may be a heavy fall of rain, in order that the plants may be well watered.” Not long after, he went to the daughter who had married the tilemaker, and likewise inquired of her how she fared; she replied, “I want for nothing, and have only one wish, that the dry weather may continue, and the sun shine hot and bright, so that the bricks might be dried.” He said to her, “If your sister wishes for rain, and you for dry weather, with which of the two am I to join my wishes?” The Farmer and His Sons A FATHER, being on the point of death, wished to be sure that his sons would give the same attention to his farm as he himself had given it. He called them to his bedside and said, “My sons, there is a great treasure hid in one of my vineyards.” The sons, after his death, took their spades and mattocks and carefully dug over every portion of their land. They found no treasure, but the vines repaid their labor by an extraordinary and superabundant crop. The Crab and Its Mother A CRAB said to her son, “Why do you walk so one-sided, my child? It is far more becoming to go straight forward.” The young Crab replied: “Quite true, dear Mother; and if you will show me the straight way, I will promise to walk in it.” The Mother tried in vain, and submitted without remonstrance to the reproof of her child. Example is more powerful than precept. The Heifer and the Ox A HEIFER saw an Ox hard at work harnessed to a plow, and tormented him with reflections on his unhappy fate in being compelled to labor. Shortly afterwards, at the harvest festival, the owner released the Ox from his yoke, but bound the Heifer with cords and led him away to the altar to be slain in honor of the occasion. The Ox saw what was being done, and said with a smile to the Heifer: “For this you were allowed to live in idleness, because you were presently to be sacrificed.” The Swallow, the Serpent, and the Court of Justice A SWALLOW, returning from abroad and especially fond of dwelling with men, built herself a nest in the wall of a Court of Justice and there hatched seven young birds. A Serpent gliding past the nest from its hole in the wall ate up the young unfledged nestlings. The Swallow, finding her nest empty, lamented greatly and exclaimed: “Woe to me a stranger! that in this place where all others’ rights are protected, I alone should suffer wrong.” The Thief and His Mother A BOY stole a lesson-book from one of his schoolfellows and took it home to his Mother. She not only abstained from beating him, but encouraged him. He next time stole a cloak and brought it to her, and she again commended him. The Youth, advanced to adulthood, proceeded to steal things of still greater value. At last he was caught in the very act, and having his hands bound behind him, was led away to the place of public execution. His Mother followed in the crowd and violently beat her breast in sorrow, whereupon the young man said, “I wish to say something to my Mother in her ear.” She came close to him, and he quickly seized her ear with his teeth and bit it off. The Mother upbraided him as an unnatural child, whereon he replied, “Ah! if you had beaten me when I first stole and brought to you that lesson-book, I should not have come to this, nor have been thus led to a disgraceful death.” The Old Man and Death AN OLD MAN was employed in cutting wood in the forest, and, in carrying the faggots to the city for sale one day, became very wearied with his long journey. He sat down by the wayside, and throwing down his load, besought “Death” to come. “Death” immediately appeared in answer to his summons and asked for what reason he had called him. The Old Man hurriedly replied, “That, lifting up the load, you may place it again upon my shoulders.” The Fir-Tree and the Bramble A FIR-TREE said boastingly to the Bramble, “You are useful for nothing at all; while I am everywhere used for roofs and houses.” The Bramble answered: “You poor creature, if you would only call to mind the axes and saws which are about to hew you down, you would have reason to wish that you had grown up a Bramble, not a Fir-Tree.” Better poverty without care, than riches with. The Mouse, the Frog, and the Hawk A MOUSE who always lived on the land, by an unlucky chance formed an intimate acquaintance with a Frog, who lived for the most part in the water. The Frog, one day intent on mischief, bound the foot of the Mouse tightly to his own. Thus joined together, the Frog first of all led his friend the Mouse to the meadow where they were accustomed to find their food. After this, he gradually led him towards the pool in which he lived, until reaching the very brink, he suddenly jumped in, dragging the Mouse with him. The Frog enjoyed the water amazingly, and swam croaking about, as if he had done a good deed. The unhappy Mouse was soon suffocated by the water, and his dead body floated about on the surface, tied to the foot of the Frog. A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft. The Frog, being still fastened to the leg of the Mouse, was also carried off a prisoner, and was eaten by the Hawk. Harm hatch, harm catch. The Man Bitten by a Dog A MAN who had been bitten by a Dog went about in quest of someone who might heal him. A friend, meeting him and learning what he wanted, said, “If you would be cured, take a piece of bread, and dip it in the blood from your wound, and go and give it to the Dog that bit you.” The Man who had been bitten laughed at this advice and said, “Why? If I should do so, it would be as if I should beg every Dog in the town to bite me.” Benefits bestowed upon the evil-disposed increase their means of injuring you. The Two Pots A RIVER carried down in its stream two Pots, one made of earthenware and the other of brass. The Earthen Pot said to the Brass Pot, “Pray keep at a distance and do not come near me, for if you touch me ever so slightly, I shall be broken in pieces, and besides, I by no means wish to come near you.” Equals make the best friends. The Wolf and the Sheep A WOLF, sorely wounded and bitten by dogs, lay sick and maimed in his lair. Being in want of food, he called to a Sheep who was passing, and asked him to fetch some water from a stream flowing close beside him. “For,” he said, “if you will bring me drink, I will find means to provide myself with meat.” “Yes,” said the Sheep, “if I should bring you the draught, you would doubtless make me provide the meat also.” Hypocritical speeches are easily seen through. The Aethiop THE PURCHASER of a black servant was persuaded that the color of his skin arose from dirt contracted through the neglect of his former masters. On bringing him home he resorted to every means of cleaning, and subjected the man to incessant scrubbings. The servant caught a severe cold, but he never changed his color or complexion. What’s bred in the bone will stick to the flesh. The Fisherman and His Nets A FISHERMAN, engaged in his calling, made a very successful cast and captured a great haul of fish. He managed by a skillful handling of his net to retain all the large fish and to draw them to the shore; but he could not prevent the smaller fish from falling back through the meshes of the net into the sea. The Huntsman and the Fisherman A HUNTSMAN, returning with his dogs from the field, fell in by chance with a Fisherman who was bringing home a basket well laden with fish. The Huntsman wished to have the fish, and their owner experienced an equal longing for the contents of the game-bag. They quickly agreed to exchange the produce of their day’s sport. Each was so well pleased with his bargain that they made for some time the same exchange day after day. Finally a neighbor said to them, “If you go on in this way, you will soon destroy by frequent use the pleasure of your exchange, and each will again wish to retain the fruits of his own sport.” Abstain and enjoy. The Old Woman and the Wine-Jar AN OLD WOMAN found an empty jar which had lately been full of prime old wine and which still retained the fragrant smell of its former contents. She greedily placed it several times to her nose, and drawing it backwards and forwards said, “O most delicious! How nice must the Wine itself have been, when it leaves behind in the very vessel which contained it so sweet a perfume!” The memory of a good deed lives. The Fox and the Crow A CROW having stolen a bit of meat, perched in a tree and held it in her beak. A Fox, seeing this, longed to possess the meat himself, and by a wily stratagem succeeded. “How handsome is the Crow,” he exclaimed, “in the beauty of her shape and in the fairness of her complexion! Oh, if her voice were only equal to her beauty, she would deservedly be considered the Queen of Birds!” This he said deceitfully; but the Crow, anxious to refute the reflection cast upon her voice, set up a loud caw and dropped the flesh. The Fox quickly picked it up, and thus addressed the Crow: “My good Crow, your voice is right enough, but your wit is wanting.” The Two Dogs A MAN had two dogs: a Hound, trained to assist him in his sports, and a Housedog, taught to watch the house. When he returned home after a good day’s sport, he always gave the Housedog a large share of his spoil. The Hound, feeling much aggrieved at this, reproached his companion, saying, “It is very hard to have all this labor, while you, who do not assist in the chase, luxuriate on the fruits of my exertions.” The Housedog replied, “Do not blame me, my friend, but find fault with the master, who has not taught me to labor, but to depend for subsistence on the labor of others.” Children are not to be blamed for the faults of their parents. The Stag in the Ox-Stall A STAG, roundly chased by the hounds and blinded by fear to the danger he was running into, took shelter in a farmyard and hid himself in a shed among the oxen. An Ox gave him this kindly warning: “O unhappy creature! why should you thus, of your own accord, incur destruction and trust yourself in the house of your enemy?” The Stag replied: “Only allow me, friend, to stay where I am, and I will undertake to find some favorable opportunity of effecting my escape.” At the approach of the evening the herdsman came to feed his cattle, but did not see the Stag; and even the farm-bailiff with several laborers passed through the shed and failed to notice him. The Stag, congratulating himself on his safety, began to express his sincere thanks to the Oxen who had kindly helped him in the hour of need. One of them again answered him: “We indeed wish you well, but the danger is not over. There is one other yet to pass through the shed, who has as it were a hundred eyes, and until he has come and gone, your life is still in peril.” At that moment the master himself entered, and having had to complain that his oxen had not been properly fed, he went up to their racks and cried out: “Why is there such a scarcity of fodder? There is not half enough straw for them to lie on. Those lazy fellows have not even swept the cobwebs away.” While he thus examined everything in turn, he spied the tips of the antlers of the Stag peeping out of the straw. Then summoning his laborers, he ordered that the Stag should be seized and killed. The Hawk, the Kite, and the Pigeons THE PIGEONS, terrified by the appearance of a Kite, called upon the Hawk to defend them. He at once consented. When they had admitted him into the cote, they found that he made more havoc and slew a larger number of them in one day than the Kite could pounce upon in a whole year. Avoid a remedy that is worse than the disease. The Widow and the Sheep A CERTAIN poor widow had one solitary Sheep. At shearing time, wishing to take his fleece and to avoid expense, she sheared him herself, but used the shears so unskillfully that with the fleece she sheared the flesh. The Sheep, writhing with pain, said, “Why do you hurt me so, Mistress? What weight can my blood add to the wool? If you want my flesh, there is the butcher, who will kill me in an instant; but if you want my fleece and wool, there is the shearer, who will shear and not hurt me.” The least outlay is not always the greatest gain. The Wild Ass and the Lion A WILD ASS and a Lion entered into an alliance so that they might capture the beasts of the forest with greater ease. The Lion agreed to assist the Wild Ass with his strength, while the Wild Ass gave the Lion the benefit of his greater speed. When they had taken as many beasts as their necessities required, the Lion undertook to distribute the prey, and for this purpose divided it into three shares. “I will take the first share,” he said, “because I am King: and the second share, as a partner with you in the chase: and the third share (believe me) will be a source of great evil to you, unless you willingly resign it to me, and set off as fast as you can.” Might makes right. The Eagle and the Arrow AN EAGLE sat on a lofty rock, watching the movements of a Hare whom he sought to make his prey. An archer, who saw the Eagle from a place of concealment, took an accurate aim and wounded him mortally. The Eagle gave one look at the arrow that had entered his heart and saw in that single glance that its feathers had been furnished by himself. “It is a double grief to me,” he exclaimed, “that I should perish by an arrow feathered from my own wings.” The Sick Kite A KITE, sick unto death, said to his mother: “O Mother! do not mourn, but at once invoke the gods that my life may be prolonged.” She replied, “Alas! my son, which of the gods do you think will pity you? Is there one whom you have not outraged by filching from their very altars a part of the sacrifice offered up to them?” We must make friends in prosperity if we would have their help in adversity. The Lion and the Dolphin A LION roaming by the seashore saw a Dolphin lift up its head out of the waves, and suggested that they contract an alliance, saying that of all the animals they ought to be the best friends, since the one was the king of beasts on the earth, and the other was the sovereign ruler of all the inhabitants of the ocean. The Dolphin gladly consented to this request. Not long afterwards the Lion had a combat with a wild bull, and called on the Dolphin to help him. The Dolphin, though quite willing to give him assistance, was unable to do so, as he could not by any means reach the land. The Lion abused him as a traitor. The Dolphin replied, “Nay, my friend, blame not me, but Nature, which, while giving me the sovereignty of the sea, has quite denied me the power of living upon the land.” The Lion and the Boar ON A SUMMER DAY, when the great heat induced a general thirst among the beasts, a Lion and a Boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. They fiercely disputed which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in the agonies of a mortal combat. When they stopped suddenly to catch their breath for a fiercer renewal of the fight, they saw some Vultures waiting in the distance to feast on the one that should fall first. They at once made up their quarrel, saying, “It is better for us to make friends, than to become the food of Crows or Vultures.” The One-Eyed Doe A DOE blind in one eye was accustomed to graze as near to the edge of the cliff as she possibly could, in the hope of securing her greater safety. She turned her sound eye towards the land that she might get the earliest tidings of the approach of hunter or hound, and her injured eye towards the sea, from whence she entertained no anticipation of danger. Some boatmen sailing by saw her, and taking a successful aim, mortally wounded her. Yielding up her last breath, she gasped forth this lament: “O wretched creature that I am! to take such precaution against the land, and after all to find this seashore, to which I had come for safety, so much more perilous.” The Shepherd and the Sea A SHEPHERD, keeping watch over his sheep near the shore, saw the Sea very calm and smooth, and longed to make a voyage with a view to commerce. He sold all his flock, invested it in a cargo of dates, and set sail. But a very great tempest came on, and the ship being in danger of sinking, he threw all his merchandise overboard, and barely escaped with his life in the empty ship. Not long afterwards when someone passed by and observed the unruffled calm of the Sea, he interrupted him and said, “It is again in want of dates, and therefore looks quiet.” The Ass, the Cock, and the Lion AN ASS and a Cock were in a straw-yard together when a Lion, desperate from hunger, approached the spot. He was about to spring upon the Ass, when the Cock (to the sound of whose voice the Lion, it is said, has a singular aversion) crowed loudly, and the Lion fled away as fast as he could. The Ass, observing his trepidation at the mere crowing of a Cock summoned courage to attack him, and galloped after him for that purpose. He had run no long distance, when the Lion, turning about, seized him and tore him to pieces. False confidence often leads into danger. The Mice and the Weasels THE WEASELS and the Mice waged a perpetual war with each other, in which much blood was shed. The Weasels were always the victors. The Mice thought that the cause of their frequent defeats was that they had no leaders set apart from the general army to command them, and that they were exposed to dangers from lack of discipline. They therefore chose as leaders Mice that were most renowned for their family descent, strength, and counsel, as well as those most noted for their courage in the fight, so that they might be better marshaled in battle array and formed into troops, regiments, and battalions. When all this was done, and the army disciplined, and the herald Mouse had duly proclaimed war by challenging the Weasels, the newly chosen generals bound their heads with straws, that they might be more conspicuous to all their troops. Scarcely had the battle begun, when a great rout overwhelmed the Mice, who scampered off as fast as they could to their holes. The generals, not being able to get in on account of the ornaments on their heads, were all captured and eaten by the Weasels. The more honor the more danger. The Mice in Council THE MICE summoned a council to decide how they might best devise means of warning themselves of the approach of their great enemy the Cat. Among the many plans suggested, the one that found most favor was the proposal to tie a bell to the neck of the Cat, so that the Mice, being warned by the sound of the tinkling, might run away and hide themselves in their holes at his approach. But when the Mice further debated who among them should thus “bell the Cat,” there was no one found to do it. The Wolf and the Housedog A WOLF, meeting a big well-fed Mastiff with a wooden collar about his neck asked him who it was that fed him so well and yet compelled him to drag that heavy log about wherever he went. “The master,” he replied. Then said the Wolf: “May no friend of mine ever be in such a plight; for the weight of this chain is enough to spoil the appetite.” The Rivers and the Sea THE RIVERS joined together to complain to the Sea, saying, “Why is it that when we flow into your tides so potable and sweet, you work in us such a change, and make us salty and unfit to drink?” The Sea, perceiving that they intended to throw the blame on him, said, “Pray cease to flow into me, and then you will not be made briny.” The Playful Ass AN ASS climbed up to the roof of a building, and frisking about there, broke in the tiling. The owner went up after him and quickly drove him down, beating him severely with a thick wooden cudgel. The Ass said, “Why, I saw the Monkey do this very thing yesterday, and you all laughed heartily, as if it afforded you very great amusement.” The Three Tradesmen A GREAT CITY was besieged, and its inhabitants were called together to consider the best means of protecting it from the enemy. A Bricklayer earnestly recommended bricks as affording the best material for an effective resistance. A Carpenter, with equal enthusiasm, proposed timber as a preferable method of defense. Upon which a Currier stood up and said, “Sirs, I differ from you altogether: there is no material for resistance equal to a covering of hides; and nothing so good as leather.” Every man for himself. The Master and His Dogs A CERTAIN MAN, detained by a storm in his country house, first of all killed his sheep, and then his goats, for the maintenance of his household. The storm still continuing, he was obliged to slaughter his yoke oxen for food. On seeing this, his Dogs took counsel together, and said, “It is time for us to be off, for if the master spare not his oxen, who work for his gain, how can we expect him to spare us?” He is not to be trusted as a friend who mistreats his own family. The Wolf and the Shepherds A WOLF, passing by, saw some Shepherds in a hut eating a haunch of mutton for their dinner. Approaching them, he said, “What a clamor you would raise if I were to do as you are doing!” The Dolphins, the Whales, and the Sprat THE DOLPHINS and Whales waged a fierce war with each other. When the battle was at its height, a Sprat lifted its head out of the waves and said that he would reconcile their differences if they would accept him as an umpire. One of the Dolphins replied, “We would far rather be destroyed in our battle with each other than admit any interference from you in our affairs.” The Ass Carrying the Image AN ASS once carried through the streets of a city a famous wooden Image, to be placed in one of its Temples. As he passed along, the crowd made lowly prostration before the Image. The Ass, thinking that they bowed their heads in token of respect for himself, bristled up with pride, gave himself airs, and refused to move another step. The driver, seeing him thus stop, laid his whip lustily about his shoulders and said, “O you perverse dull-head! it is not yet come to this, that men pay worship to an Ass.” They are not wise who give to themselves the credit due to others. The Two Travelers and the Axe TWO MEN were journeying together. One of them picked up an axe that lay upon the path, and said, “I have found an axe.” “Nay, my friend,” replied the other, “do not say ‘I,’ but ‘We’ have found an axe.” They had not gone far before they saw the owner of the axe pursuing them, and he who had picked up the axe said, “We are undone.” “Nay,” replied the other, “keep to your first mode of speech, my friend; what you thought right then, think right now. Say ‘I,’ not ‘We’ are undone.” He who shares the danger ought to share the prize. The Old Lion A LION, worn out with years and powerless from disease, lay on the ground at the point of death. A Boar rushed upon him, and avenged with a stroke of his tusks a long-remembered injury. Shortly afterwards the Bull with his horns gored him as if he were an enemy. When the Ass saw that the huge beast could be assailed with impunity, he let drive at his forehead with his heels. The expiring Lion said, “I have reluctantly brooked the insults of the brave, but to be compelled to endure such treatment from thee, a disgrace to Nature, is indeed to die a double death.” The Old Hound A HOUND, who in the days of his youth and strength had never yielded to any beast of the forest, encountered in his old age a boar in the chase. He seized him boldly by the ear, but could not retain his hold because of the decay of his teeth, so that the boar escaped. His master, quickly coming up, was very much disappointed, and fiercely abused the dog. The Hound looked up and said, “It was not my fault master: my spirit was as good as ever, but I could not help my infirmities. I rather deserve to be praised for what I have been, than to be blamed for what I am.” The Bee and Jupiter A BEE from Mount Hymettus, the queen of the hive, ascended to Olympus to present Jupiter some honey fresh from her combs. Jupiter, delighted with the offering of honey, promised to give whatever she should ask. She therefore besought him, saying, “Give me, I pray thee, a sting, that if any mortal shall approach to take my honey, I may kill him.” Jupiter was much displeased, for he loved the race of man, but could not refuse the request because of his promise. He thus answered the Bee: “You shall have your request, but it will be at the peril of your own life. For if you use your sting, it shall remain in the wound you make, and then you will die from the loss of it.” Evil wishes, like chickens, come home to roost. The Milk-Woman and Her Pail A FARMER’S daughter was carrying her Pail of milk from the field to the farmhouse, when she fell a-musing. “The money for which this milk will be sold, will buy at least three hundred eggs. The eggs, allowing for all mishaps, will produce two hundred and fifty chickens. The chickens will become ready for the market when poultry will fetch the highest price, so that by the end of the year I shall have money enough from my share to buy a new gown. In this dress I will go to the Christmas parties, where all the young fellows will propose to me, but I will toss my head and refuse them every one.” At this moment she tossed her head in unison with her thoughts, when down fell the milk pail to the ground, and all her imaginary schemes perished in a moment. The Seaside Travelers SOME TRAVELERS, journeying along the seashore, climbed to the summit of a tall cliff, and looking over the sea, saw in the distance what they thought was a large ship. They waited in the hope of seeing it enter the harbor, but as the object on which they looked was driven nearer to shore by the wind, they found that it could at the most be a small boat, and not a ship. When however it reached the beach, they discovered that it was only a large faggot of sticks, and one of them said to his companions, “We have waited for no purpose, for after all there is nothing to see but a load of wood.” Our mere anticipations of life outrun its realities. The Brazier and His Dog A BRAZIER had a little Dog, which was a great favorite with his master, and his constant companion. While he hammered away at his metals the Dog slept; but when, on the other hand, he went to dinner and began to eat, the Dog woke up and wagged his tail, as if he would ask for a share of his meal. His master one day, pretending to be angry and shaking his stick at him, said, “You wretched little sluggard! what shall I do to you? While I am hammering on the anvil, you sleep on the mat; and when I begin to eat after my toil, you wake up and wag your tail for food. Do you not know that labor is the source of every blessing, and that none but those who work are entitled to eat?” The Ass and His Shadow A TRAVELER hired an Ass to convey him to a distant place. The day being intensely hot, and the sun shining in its strength, the Traveler stopped to rest, and sought shelter from the heat under the Shadow of the Ass. As this afforded only protection for one, and as the Traveler and the owner of the Ass both claimed it, a violent dispute arose between them as to which of them had the right to the Shadow. The owner maintained that he had let the Ass only, and not his Shadow. The Traveler asserted that he had, with the hire of the Ass, hired his Shadow also. The quarrel proceeded from words to blows, and while the men fought, the Ass galloped off. In quarreling about the shadow we often lose the substance. The Ass and His Masters AN ASS, belonging to an herb-seller who gave him too little food and too much work made a petition to Jupiter to be released from his present service and provided with another master. Jupiter, after warning him that he would repent his request, caused him to be sold to a tile-maker. Shortly afterwards, finding that he had heavier loads to carry and harder work in the brick-field, he petitioned for another change of master. Jupiter, telling him that it would be the last time that he could grant his request, ordained that he be sold to a tanner. The Ass found that he had fallen into worse hands, and noting his master’s occupation, said, groaning: “It would have been better for me to have been either starved by the one, or to have been overworked by the other of my former masters, than to have been bought by my present owner, who will even after I am dead tan my hide, and make me useful to him.” The Oak and the Reeds A VERY LARGE OAK was uprooted by the wind and thrown across a stream. It fell among some Reeds, which it thus addressed: “I wonder how you, who are so light and weak, are not entirely crushed by these strong winds.” They replied, “You fight and contend with the wind, and consequently you are destroyed; while we on the contrary bend before the least breath of air, and therefore remain unbroken, and escape.” Stoop to conquer. The Fisherman and the Little Fish A FISHERMAN who lived on the produce of his nets, one day caught a single small Fish as the result of his day’s labor. The Fish, panting convulsively, thus entreated for his life: “O Sir, what good can I be to you, and how little am I worth? I am not yet come to my full size. Pray spare my life, and put me back into the sea. I shall soon become a large fish fit for the tables of the rich, and then you can catch me again, and make a handsome profit of me.” The Fisherman replied, “I should indeed be a very simple fellow if, for the chance of a greater uncertain profit, I were to forego my present certain gain.” The Hunter and the Woodman A HUNTER, not very bold, was searching for the tracks of a Lion. He asked a man felling oaks in the forest if he had seen any marks of his footsteps or knew where his lair was. “I will,” said the man, “at once show you the Lion himself.” The Hunter, turning very pale and chattering with his teeth from fear, replied, “No, thank you. I did not ask that; it is his track only I am in search of, not the Lion himself.” The hero is brave in deeds as well as words. The Wild Boar and the Fox A WILD BOAR stood under a tree and rubbed his tusks against the trunk. A Fox passing by asked him why he thus sharpened his teeth when there was no danger threatening from either huntsman or hound. He replied, “I do it advisedly; for it would never do to have to sharpen my weapons just at the time I ought to be using them.” The Lion in a Farmyard A LION entered a farmyard. The Farmer, wishing to catch him, shut the gate. When the Lion found that he could not escape, he flew upon the sheep and killed them, and then attacked the oxen. The Farmer, beginning to be alarmed for his own safety, opened the gate and released the Lion. On his departure the Farmer grievously lamented the destruction of his sheep and oxen, but his wife, who had been a spectator to all that took place, said, “On my word, you are rightly served, for how could you for a moment think of shutting up a Lion along with you in your farmyard when you know that you shake in your shoes if you only hear his roar at a distance?” Mercury and the Sculptor MERCURY ONCE DETERMINED to learn in what esteem he was held among mortals. For this purpose he assumed the character of a man and visited in this disguise a Sculptor’s studio having looked at various statues, he demanded the price of two figures of Jupiter and Juno. When the sum at which they were valued was named, he pointed to a figure of himself, saying to the Sculptor, “You will certainly want much more for this, as it is the statue of the Messenger of the Gods, and author of all your gain.” The Sculptor replied, “Well, if you will buy these, I’ll fling you that into the bargain.” The Swan and the Goose A CERTAIN rich man bought in the market a Goose and a Swan. He fed the one for his table and kept the other for the sake of its song. When the time came for killing the Goose, the cook went to get him at night, when it was dark, and he was not able to distinguish one bird from the other. By mistake he caught the Swan instead of the Goose. The Swan, threatened with death, burst forth into song and thus made himself known by his voice, and preserved his life by his melody. The Swollen Fox A VERY HUNGRY FOX, seeing some bread and meat left by shepherds in the hollow of an oak, crept into the hole and made a hearty meal. When he finished, he was so full that he was not able to get out, and began to groan and lament his fate. Another Fox passing by heard his cries, and coming up, inquired the cause of his complaining. On learning what had happened, he said to him, “Ah, you will have to remain there, my friend, until you become such as you were when you crept in, and then you will easily get out.” The Fox and the Woodcutter A FOX, running before the hounds, came across a Woodcutter felling an oak and begged him to show him a safe hiding-place. The Woodcutter advised him to take shelter in his own hut, so the Fox crept in and hid himself in a corner. The huntsman soon came up with his hounds and inquired of the Woodcutter if he had seen the Fox. He declared that he had not seen him, and yet pointed, all the time he was speaking, to the hut where the Fox lay hidden. The huntsman took no notice of the signs, but believing his word, hastened forward in the chase. As soon as they were well away, the Fox departed without taking any notice of the Woodcutter: whereon he called to him and reproached him, saying, “You ungrateful fellow, you owe your life to me, and yet you leave me without a word of thanks.” The Fox replied, “Indeed, I should have thanked you fervently if your deeds had been as good as your words, and if your hands had not been traitors to your speech.” The Birdcatcher, the Partridge, and the Cock A BIRDCATCHER was about to sit down to a dinner of herbs when a friend unexpectedly came in. The bird-trap was quite empty, as he had caught nothing, and he had to kill a pied Partridge, which he had tamed for a decoy. The bird entreated earnestly for his life: “What would you do without me when next you spread your nets? Who would chirp you to sleep, or call for you the covey of answering birds?” The Birdcatcher spared his life, and determined to pick out a fine young Cock just attaining to his comb. But the Cock expostulated in piteous tones from his perch: “If you kill me, who will announce to you the appearance of the dawn? Who will wake you to your daily tasks or tell you when it is time to visit the bird-trap in the morning?” He replied, “What you say is true. You are a capital bird at telling the time of day. But my friend and I must have our dinners.” Necessity knows no law. The Monkey and the Fishermen A MONKEY perched upon a lofty tree saw some Fishermen casting their nets into a river, and narrowly watched their proceedings. The Fishermen after a while gave up fishing, and on going home to dinner left their nets upon the bank. The Monkey, who is the most imitative of animals, descended from the treetop and endeavored to do as they had done. Having handled the net, he threw it into the river, but became tangled in the meshes and drowned. With his last breath he said to himself, “I am rightly served; for what business had I who had never handled a net to try and catch fish?” The Flea and the Wrestler A FLEA settled upon the bare foot of a Wrestler and bit him, causing the man to call loudly upon Hercules for help. When the Flea a second time hopped upon his foot, he groaned and said, “O Hercules! if you will not help me against a Flea, how can I hope for your assistance against greater antagonists?” The Two Frogs TWO FROGS dwelt in the same pool. When the pool dried up under the summer’s heat, they left it and set out together for another home. As they went along they chanced to pass a deep well, amply supplied with water, and when they saw it, one of the Frogs said to the other, “Let us descend and make our abode in this well: it will furnish us with shelter and food.” The other replied with greater caution, “But suppose the water should fail us. How can we get out again from so great a depth?” Do nothing without a regard to the consequences. The Cat and the Mice A CERTAIN HOUSE was overrun with Mice. A Cat, discovering this, made her way into it and began to catch and eat them one by one. Fearing for their lives, the Mice kept themselves close in their holes. The Cat was no longer able to get at them and perceived that she must tempt them forth by some device. For this purpose she jumped upon a peg, and suspending herself from it, pretended to be dead. One of the Mice, peeping stealthily out, saw her and said, “Ah, my good madam, even though you should turn into a meal-bag, we will not come near you.” The Lion, the Bear, and the Fox A LION and a Bear seized a Kid at the same moment, and fought fiercely for its possession. When they had fearfully lacerated each other and were faint from the long combat, they lay down exhausted with fatigue. A Fox, who had gone round them at a distance several times, saw them both stretched on the ground with the Kid lying untouched in the middle. He ran in between them, and seizing the Kid scampered off as fast as he could. The Lion and the Bear saw him, but not being able to get up, said, “Woe be to us, that we should have fought and belabored ourselves only to serve the turn of a Fox.” It sometimes happens that one man has all the toil, and another all the profit. The Doe and the Lion A DOE hard pressed by hunters sought refuge in a cave belonging to a Lion. The Lion concealed himself on seeing her approach, but when she was safe within the cave, sprang upon her and tore her to pieces. “Woe is me,” exclaimed the Doe, “who have escaped from man, only to throw myself into the mouth of a wild beast?” In avoiding one evil, care must be taken not to fall into another. The Farmer and the Fox A FARMER, who bore a grudge against a Fox for robbing his poultry yard, caught him at last, and being determined to take an ample revenge, tied some rope well soaked in oil to his tail, and set it on fire. The Fox by a strange fatality rushed to the fields of the Farmer who had captured him. It was the time of the wheat harvest; but the Farmer reaped nothing that year and returned home grieving sorely. The Seagull and the Kite A SEAGULL having bolted down too large a fish, burst its deep gullet-bag and lay down on the shore to die. A Kite saw him and exclaimed: “You richly deserve your fate; for a bird of the air has no business to seek its food from the sea.” Every man should be content to mind his own business. The Philosopher, the Ants, and Mercury A PHILOSOPHER witnessed from the shore the shipwreck of a vessel, of which the crew and passengers were all drowned. He inveighed against the injustice of Providence, which would for the sake of one criminal perchance sailing in the ship allow so many innocent persons to perish. As he was indulging in these reflections, he found himself surrounded by a whole army of Ants, near whose nest he was standing. One of them climbed up and stung him, and he immediately trampled them all to death with his foot. Mercury presented himself, and striking the Philosopher with his wand, said, “And are you indeed to make yourself a judge of the dealings of Providence, who hast thyself in a similar manner treated these poor Ants?” The Mouse and the Bull A BULL was bitten by a Mouse and, angered by the wound, tried to capture him. But the Mouse reached his hole in safety. Though the Bull dug into the walls with his horns, he tired before he could rout out the Mouse, and crouching down, went to sleep outside the hole. The Mouse peeped out, crept furtively up his flank, and again biting him, retreated to his hole. The Bull rising up, and not knowing what to do, was sadly perplexed. At which the Mouse said, “The great do not always prevail. There are times when the small and lowly are the strongest to do mischief.” The Lion and the Hare A LION came across a Hare, who was fast asleep. He was just in the act of seizing her, when a fine young Hart trotted by, and he left the Hare to follow him. The Hare, scared by the noise, awoke and scudded away. The Lion was unable after a long chase to catch the Hart, and returned to feed upon the Hare. On finding that the Hare also had run off, he said, “I am rightly served, for having let go of the food that I had in my hand for the chance of obtaining more.” The Peasant and the Eagle A PEASANT found an Eagle captured in a trap, and much admiring the bird, set him free. The Eagle did not prove ungrateful to his deliverer, for seeing the Peasant sitting under a wall which was not safe, he flew toward him and with his talons snatched a bundle from his head. When the Peasant rose in pursuit, the Eagle let the bundle fall again. Taking it up, the man returned to the same place, to find that the wall under which he had been sitting had fallen to pieces; and he marveled at the service rendered him by the Eagle. The Image of Mercury and the Carpenter A VERY POOR MAN, a Carpenter by trade, had a wooden image of Mercury, before which he made offerings day by day, and begged the idol to make him rich, but in spite of his entreaties he became poorer and poorer. At last, being very angry, he took his image down from its pedestal and dashed it against the wall. When its head was knocked off, out came a stream of gold, which the Carpenter quickly picked up and said, “Well, I think thou art altogether contradictory and unreasonable; for when I paid you honor, I reaped no benefits: but now that I maltreat you I am loaded with an abundance of riches.” The Bull and the Goat A BULL, escaping from a Lion, hid in a cave which some shepherds had recently occupied. As soon as he entered, a He-Goat left in the cave sharply attacked him with his horns. The Bull quietly addressed him: “Butt away as much as you will. I have no fear of you, but of the Lion. Let that monster go away and I will soon let you know what is the respective strength of a Goat and a Bull.” It shows an evil disposition to take advantage of a friend in distress. The Dancing Monkeys A PRINCE had some Monkeys trained to dance. Being naturally great mimics of men’s actions, they showed themselves most apt pupils, and when arrayed in their rich clothes and masks, they danced as well as any of the courtiers. The spectacle was often repeated with great applause, till on one occasion a courtier, bent on mischief, took from his pocket a handful of nuts and threw them upon the stage. The Monkeys at the sight of the nuts forgot their dancing and became (as indeed they were) Monkeys instead of actors. Pulling off their masks and tearing their robes, they fought with one another for the nuts. The dancing spectacle thus came to an end amidst the laughter and ridicule of the audience. The Fox and the Leopard THE FOX and the Leopard disputed which was the more beautiful of the two. The Leopard exhibited one by one the various spots which decorated his skin. But the Fox, interrupting him, said, “And how much more beautiful than you am I, who am decorated, not in body, but in mind.” The Monkeys and Their Mother THE MONKEY, it is said, has two young ones at each birth. The Mother fondles one and nurtures it with the greatest affection and care, but hates and neglects the other. It happened once that the young one which was caressed and loved was smothered by the too great affection of the Mother, while the despised one was nurtured and reared in spite of the neglect to which it was exposed. The best intentions will not always ensure success. The Oaks and Jupiter THE OAKS presented a complaint to Jupiter, saying, “We bear for no purpose the burden of life, as of all the trees that grow we are the most continually in peril of the axe.” Jupiter made answer: “You have only to thank yourselves for the misfortunes to which you are exposed: for if you did not make such excellent pillars and posts, and prove yourselves so serviceable to the carpenters and the farmers, the axe would not so frequently be laid to your roots.” The Hare and the Hound A HOUND started a Hare from his lair, but after a long run, gave up the chase. A goat-herd seeing him stop, mocked him, saying “The little one is the best runner of the two.” The Hound replied, “You do not see the difference between us: I was only running for a dinner, but he for his life.” The Traveler and Fortune A TRAVELER wearied from a long journey lay down, overcome with fatigue, on the very brink of a deep well. Just as he was about to fall into the water, Dame Fortune, it is said, appeared to him and waking him from his slumber thus addressed him: “Good Sir, pray wake up: for if you fall into the well, the blame will be thrown on me, and I shall get an ill name among mortals; for I find that men are sure to impute their calamities to me, however much by their own folly they have really brought them on themselves.” Everyone is more or less master of his own fate. The Bald Knight A BALD KNIGHT, who wore a wig, went out to hunt. A sudden puff of wind blew off his hat and wig, at which a loud laugh rang forth from his companions. He pulled up his horse, and with great glee joined in the joke by saying, “What a marvel it is that hairs which are not mine should fly from me, when they have forsaken even the man on whose head they grew.” The Shepherd and the Dog A SHEPHERD penning his sheep in the fold for the night was about to shut up a wolf with them, when his Dog perceiving the wolf said, “Master, how can you expect the sheep to be safe if you admit a wolf into the fold?” The Lamp A LAMP, soaked with too much oil and flaring brightly, boasted that it gave more light than the sun. Then a sudden puff of wind arose, and the Lamp was immediately extinguished. Its owner lit it again, and said: “Boast no more, but henceforth be content to give thy light in silence. Know that not even the stars need to be relit.” The Lion, the Fox, and the Ass THE LION, the Fox and the Ass entered into an agreement to assist each other in the chase. Having secured a large booty, the Lion on their return from the forest asked the Ass to allot his due portion to each of the three partners in the treaty. The Ass carefully divided the spoil into three equal shares and modestly requested the two others to make the first choice. The Lion, bursting out into a great rage, devoured the Ass. Then he requested the Fox to do him the favor to make a division. The Fox accumulated all that they had killed into one large heap and left to himself the smallest possible morsel. The Lion said, “Who has taught you, my very excellent fellow, the art of division? You are perfect to a fraction.” He replied, “I learned it from the Ass, by witnessing his fate.” Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others. The Bull, the Lioness, and the Wild-Boar Hunter A BULL finding a lion’s cub asleep gored him to death with his horns. The Lioness came up, and bitterly lamented the death of her whelp. A wild-boar Hunter, seeing her distress, stood at a distance and said to her, “Think how many men there are who have reason to lament the loss of their children, whose deaths have been caused by you.” The Oak and the Woodcutters THE WOODCUTTER cut down a Mountain Oak and split it in pieces, making wedges of its own branches for dividing the trunk. The Oak said with a sigh, “I do not care about the blows of the axe aimed at my roots, but I do grieve at being torn in pieces by these wedges made from my own branches.” Misfortunes springing from ourselves are the hardest to bear. The Hen and the Golden Eggs A COTTAGER and his wife had a Hen that laid a golden egg every day. They supposed that the Hen must contain a great lump of gold in its inside, and in order to get the gold they killed it. Having done so, they found to their surprise that the Hen differed in no respect from their other hens. The foolish pair, thus hoping to become rich all at once, deprived themselves of the gain of which they were assured day by day. The Ass and the Frogs AN ASS, carrying a load of wood, passed through a pond. As he was crossing through the water he lost his footing, stumbled and fell, and not being able to rise on account of his load, groaned heavily. Some Frogs frequenting the pool heard his lamentation, and said, “What would you do if you had to live here always as we do, when you make such a fuss about a mere fall into the water?” Men often bear little grievances with less courage than they do large misfortunes. The Crow and the Raven A CROW was jealous of the Raven, because he was considered a bird of good omen and always attracted the attention of men, who noted by his flight the good or evil course of future events. Seeing some travelers approaching, the Crow flew up into a tree, and perching herself on one of the branches, cawed as loudly as she could. The travelers turned towards the sound and wondered what it foreboded, when one of them said to his companion, “Let us proceed on our journey, my friend, for it is only the caw of a crow, and her cry, you know, is no omen.” Those who assume a character which does not belong to them, only make themselves ridiculous. The Trees and the Axe A MAN came into a forest and asked the Trees to provide him a handle for his axe. The Trees consented to his request and gave him a young ash-tree. No sooner had the man fitted a new handle to his axe from it, than he began to use it and quickly felled with his strokes the noblest giants of the forest. An old oak, lamenting when too late the destruction of his companions, said to a neighboring cedar, “The first step has lost us all. If we had not given up the rights of the ash, we might yet have retained our own privileges and have stood for ages.” The Crab and the Fox A CRAB, forsaking the seashore, chose a neighboring green meadow as its feeding ground. A Fox came across him, and being very hungry ate him up. Just as he was on the point of being eaten, the Crab said, “I well deserve my fate, for what business had I on the land, when by my nature and habits I am only adapted for the sea?” Contentment with our lot is an element of happiness. The Woman and Her Hen A WOMAN possessed a Hen that gave her an egg every day. She often pondered how she might obtain two eggs daily instead of one, and at last, to gain her purpose, determined to give the Hen a double allowance of barley. From that day the Hen became fat and sleek, and never once laid another egg. The Ass and the Old Shepherd A SHEPHERD, watching his Ass feeding in a meadow, was alarmed all of a sudden by the cries of the enemy. He appealed to the Ass to fly with him, lest they should both be captured, but the animal lazily replied, “Why should I, pray? Do you think it likely the conqueror will place on me two sets of panniers?” “No,” rejoined the Shepherd. “Then,” said the Ass, “as long as I carry the panniers, what matters it to me whom I serve?” In a change of government the poor change nothing beyond the name of their master. The Kites and the Swans TEE KITES of olden times, as well as the Swans, had the privilege of song. But having heard the neigh of the horse, they were so enchanted with the sound, that they tried to imitate it; and, in trying to neigh, they forgot how to sing. The desire for imaginary benefits often involves the loss of present blessings. The Wolves and the Sheepdogs THE WOLVES thus addressed the Sheepdogs: “Why should you, who are like us in so many things, not be entirely of one mind with us, and live with us as brothers should? We differ from you in one point only. We live in freedom, but you bow down to and slave for men, who in return for your services flog you with whips and put collars on your necks. They make you also guard their sheep, and while they eat the mutton throw only the bones to you. If you will be persuaded by us, you will give us the sheep, and we will enjoy them in common, till we all are surfeited.” The Dogs listened favorably to these proposals, and, entering the den of the Wolves, they were set upon and torn to pieces. The Hares and the Foxes THE HARES waged war with the Eagles, and called upon the Foxes to help them. They replied, “We would willingly have helped you, if we had not known who you were, and with whom you were fighting.” Count the cost before you commit yourselves. The Bowman and Lion A VERY SKILLFUL BOWMAN went to the mountains in search of game, but all the beasts of the forest fled at his approach. The Lion alone challenged him to combat. The Bowman immediately shot out an arrow and said to the Lion: “I send thee my messenger, that from him thou mayest learn what I myself shall be when I assail thee.” The wounded Lion rushed away in great fear, and when a Fox who had seen it all happen told him to be of good courage and not to back off at the first attack he replied: “You counsel me in vain; for if he sends so fearful a messenger, how shall I abide the attack of the man himself?” Be on guard against men who can strike from a distance. The Camel WHEN MAN first saw the Camel, he was so frightened at his vast size that he ran away. After a time, perceiving the meekness and gentleness of the beast’s temper, he summoned courage enough to approach him. Soon afterwards, observing that he was an animal altogether deficient in spirit, he assumed such boldness as to put a bridle in his mouth, and to let a child drive him. Use serves to overcome dread. The Wasp and the Snake A WASP seated himself upon the head of a Snake and, striking him unceasingly with his stings, wounded him to death. The Snake, being in great torment and not knowing how to rid himself of his enemy, saw a wagon heavily laden with wood, and went and purposely placed his head under the wheels, saying, “At least my enemy and I shall perish together.” The Dog and the Hare A HOUND having started a Hare on the hillside pursued her for some distance, at one time biting her with his teeth as if he would take her life, and at another fawning upon her, as if in play with another dog. The Hare said to him, “I wish you would act sincerely by me, and show yourself in your true colors. If you are a friend, why do you bite me so hard? If an enemy, why do you fawn on me?” No one can be a friend if you know not whether to trust or distrust him. The Bull and the Calf A BULL was striving with all his might to squeeze himself through a narrow passage which led to his stall. A young Calf came up, and offered to go before and show him the way by which he could manage to pass. “Save yourself the trouble,” said the Bull; “I knew that way long before you were born.” The Stag, the Wolf, and the Sheep A STAG asked a Sheep to lend him a measure of wheat, and said that the Wolf would be his surety. The Sheep, fearing some fraud was intended, excused herself, saying, “The Wolf is accustomed to seize what he wants and to run off; and you, too, can quickly outstrip me in your rapid flight. How then shall I be able to find you, when the day of payment comes?” Two blacks do not make one white. The Peacock and the Crane A PEACOCK spreading its gorgeous tail mocked a Crane that passed by, ridiculing the ashen hue of its plumage and saying, “I am robed, like a king, in gold and purple and all the colors of the rainbow; while you have not a bit of color on your wings.” “True,” replied the Crane; “but I soar to the heights of heaven and lift up my voice to the stars, while you walk below, like a cock, among the birds of the dunghill.” Fine feathers don’t make fine birds. The Fox and the Hedgehog A FOX swimming across a rapid river was carried by the force of the current into a very deep ravine, where he lay for a long time very much bruised, sick, and unable to move. A swarm of hungry blood-sucking flies settled upon him. A Hedgehog, passing by, saw his anguish and inquired if he should drive away the flies that were tormenting him. “By no means,” replied the Fox; “pray do not molest them.” “How is this?” said the Hedgehog; “do you not want to be rid of them?” “No,” returned the Fox, “for these flies which you see are full of blood, and sting me but little, and if you rid me of these which are already satiated, others more hungry will come in their place, and will drink up all the blood I have left.” The Eagle, the Cat, and the Wild Sow AN EAGLE made her nest at the top of a lofty oak; a Cat, having found a convenient hole, moved into the middle of the trunk; and a Wild Sow, with her young, took shelter in a hollow at its foot. The Cat cunningly resolved to destroy this chance-made colony. To carry out her design, she climbed to the nest of the Eagle, and said, “Destruction is preparing for you, and for me too, unfortunately. The Wild Sow, whom you see daily digging up the earth, wishes to uproot the oak, so she may on its fall seize our families as food for her young.” Having thus frightened the Eagle out of her senses, she crept down to the cave of the Sow, and said, “Your children are in great danger; for as soon as you go out with your litter to find food, the Eagle is prepared to pounce upon one of your little pigs.” Having instilled these fears into the Sow, she went and pretended to hide herself in the hollow of the tree. When night came she went forth with silent foot and obtained food for herself and her kittens, but feigning to be afraid, she kept a lookout all through the day. Meanwhile, the Eagle, full of fear of the Sow, sat still on the branches, and the Sow, terrified by the Eagle, did not dare to go out from her cave. And thus they both, along with their families, perished from hunger, and afforded ample provision for the Cat and her kittens. The Thief and the Innkeeper A THIEF hired a room in a tavern and stayed a while in the hope of stealing something which should enable him to pay his reckoning. When he had waited some days in vain, he saw the Innkeeper dressed in a new and handsome coat and sitting before his door. The Thief sat down beside him and talked with him. As the conversation began to flag, the Thief yawned terribly and at the same time howled like a wolf. The Innkeeper said, “Why do you howl so fearfully?” “I will tell you,” said the Thief, “but first let me ask you to hold my clothes, or I shall tear them to pieces. I know not, sir, when I got this habit of yawning, nor whether these attacks of howling were inflicted on me as a judgment for my crimes, or for any other cause; but this I do know, that when I yawn for the third time, I actually turn into a wolf and attack men.” With this speech he commenced a second fit of yawning and again howled like a wolf, as he had at first. The Innkeeper, hearing his tale and believing what he said, became greatly alarmed and, rising from his seat, attempted to run away. The Thief laid hold of his coat and entreated him to stop, saying, “Pray wait, sir, and hold my clothes, or I shall tear them to pieces in my fury, when I turn into a wolf.” At the same moment he yawned the third time and set up a terrible howl. The Innkeeper, frightened lest he should be attacked, left his new coat in the Thief’s hand and ran as fast as he could into the inn for safety. The Thief made off with the coat and did not return again to the inn. Every tale is not to be believed. The Mule A MULE, frolicsome from lack of work and from too much corn, galloped about in a very extravagant manner, and said to himself: “My father surely was a high-mettled racer, and I am his own child in speed and spirit.” On the next day, being driven a long journey, and feeling very wearied, he exclaimed in a disconsolate tone: “I must have made a mistake; my father, after all, could have been only an ass.” The Hart and the Vine A HART, hard pressed in the chase, hid himself beneath the large leaves of a Vine. The huntsmen, in their haste, overshot the place of his concealment. Supposing all danger to have passed, the Hart began to nibble the tendrils of the Vine. One of the huntsmen, attracted by the rustling of the leaves, looked back, and seeing the Hart, shot an arrow from his bow and struck it. The Hart, at the point of death, groaned: “I am rightly served, for I should not have maltreated the Vine that saved me.” The Serpent and the Eagle A SERPENT and an Eagle were struggling with each other in deadly conflict. The Serpent had the advantage, and was about to strangle the bird. A countryman saw them, and running up, loosed the coil of the Serpent and let the Eagle go free. The Serpent, irritated at the escape of his prey, injected his poison into the drinking horn of the countryman. The rustic, ignorant of his danger, was about to drink, when the Eagle struck his hand with his wing, and, seizing the drinking horn in his talons, carried it aloft. The Crow and the Pitcher A CROW perishing with thirst saw a pitcher, and hoping to find water, flew to it with delight. When he reached it, he discovered to his grief that it contained so little water that he could not possibly get at it. He tried everything he could think of to reach the water, but all his efforts were in vain. At last he collected as many stones as he could carry and dropped them one by one with his beak into the pitcher, until he brought the water within his reach and thus saved his life. Necessity is the mother of invention. The Two Frogs TWO FROGS were neighbors. One inhabited a deep pond, far removed from public view; the other lived in a gully containing little water, and traversed by a country road. The Frog that lived in the pond warned his friend to change his residence and entreated him to come and live with him, saying that he would enjoy greater safety from danger and more abundant food. The other refused, saying that he felt it so very hard to leave a place to which he had become accustomed. A few days afterwards a heavy wagon passed through the gully and crushed him to death under its wheels. A willful man will have his way to his own hurt. The Wolf and the Fox AT ONE TIME a very large and strong Wolf was born among the wolves, who exceeded all his fellow-wolves in strength, size, and swiftness, so that they unanimously decided to call him “Lion.” The Wolf, with a lack of sense proportioned to his enormous size, thought that they gave him this name in earnest, and, leaving his own race, consorted exclusively with the lions. An old sly Fox, seeing this, said, “May I never make myself so ridiculous as you do in your pride and self-conceit; for even though you have the size of a lion among wolves, in a herd of lions you are definitely a wolf.” The Walnut-Tree A WALNUT TREE standing by the roadside bore an abundant crop of fruit. For the sake of the nuts, the passers-by broke its branches with stones and sticks. The Walnut-Tree piteously exclaimed, “O wretched me! that those whom I cheer with my fruit should repay me with these painful requitals!” The Gnat and the Lion A GNAT came and said to a Lion, “I do not in the least fear you, nor are you stronger than I am. For in what does your strength consist? You can scratch with your claws and bite with your teeth an a woman in her quarrels. I repeat that I am altogether more powerful than you; and if you doubt it, let us fight and see who will conquer.” The Gnat, having sounded his horn, fastened himself upon the Lion and stung him on the nostrils and the parts of the face devoid of hair. While trying to crush him, the Lion tore himself with his claws, until he punished himself severely. The Gnat thus prevailed over the Lion, and, buzzing about in a song of triumph, flew away. But shortly afterwards he became entangled in the meshes of a cobweb and was eaten by a spider. He greatly lamented his fate, saying, “Woe is me! that I, who can wage war successfully with the hugest beasts, should perish myself from this spider, the most inconsiderable of insects!” The Monkey and the Dolphin A SAILOR, bound on a long voyage, took with him a Monkey to amuse him while on shipboard. As he sailed off the coast of Greece, a violent tempest arose in which the ship was wrecked and he, his Monkey, and all the crew were obliged to swim for their lives. A Dolphin saw the Monkey contending with the waves, and supposing him to be a man (whom he is always said to befriend), came and placed himself under him, to convey him on his back in safety to the shore. When the Dolphin arrived with his burden in sight of land not far from Athens, he asked the Monkey if he were an Athenian. The latter replied that he was, and that he was descended from one of the most noble families in that city. The Dolphin then inquired if he knew the Piraeus (the famous harbor of Athens). Supposing that a man was meant, the Monkey answered that he knew him very well and that he was an intimate friend. The Dolphin, indignant at these falsehoods, dipped the Monkey under the water and drowned him. The Jackdaw and the Doves A JACKDAW, seeing some Doves in a cote abundantly provided with food, painted himself white and joined them in order to share their plentiful maintenance. The Doves, as long as he was silent, supposed him to be one of themselves and admitted him to their cote. But when one day he forgot himself and began to chatter, they discovered his true character and drove him forth, pecking him with their beaks. Failing to obtain food among the Doves, he returned to the Jackdaws. They too, not recognizing him on account of his color, expelled him from living with them. So desiring two ends, he obtained neither. The Horse and the Stag AT ONE TIME the Horse had the plain entirely to himself. Then a Stag intruded into his domain and shared his pasture. The Horse, desiring to revenge himself on the stranger, asked a man if he were willing to help him in punishing the Stag. The man replied that if the Horse would receive a bit in his mouth and agree to carry him, he would contrive effective weapons against the Stag. The Horse consented and allowed the man to mount him. From that hour he found that instead of obtaining revenge on the Stag, he had enslaved himself to the service of man. The Kid and the Wolf A KID, returning without protection from the pasture, was pursued by a Wolf. Seeing he could not escape, he turned round, and said: “I know, friend Wolf, that I must be your prey, but before I die I would ask of you one favor you will play me a tune to which I may dance.” The Wolf complied, and while he was piping and the Kid was dancing, some hounds hearing the sound ran up and began chasing the Wolf. Turning to the Kid, he said, “It is just what I deserve; for I, who am only a butcher, should not have turned piper to please you.” The Prophet A WIZARD, sitting in the marketplace, was telling the fortunes of the passers-by when a person ran up in great haste, and announced to him that the doors of his house had been broken open and that all his goods were being stolen. He sighed heavily and hastened away as fast as he could run. A neighbor saw him running and said, “Oh! you fellow there! you say you can foretell the fortunes of others; how is it you did not foresee your own?” The Fox and the Monkey A FOX and a Monkey were traveling together on the same road. As they journeyed, they passed through a cemetery full of monuments. “All these monuments which you see,” said the Monkey, “are erected in honor of my ancestors, who were in their day freedmen and citizens of great renown.” The Fox replied, “You have chosen a most appropriate subject for your falsehoods, as I am sure none of your ancestors will be able to contradict you.” A false tale often betrays itself. The Thief and the Housedog A THIEF came in the night to break into a house. He brought with him several slices of meat in order to pacify the Housedog, so that he would not alarm his master by barking. As the Thief threw him the pieces of meat, the Dog said, “If you think to stop my mouth, you will be greatly mistaken. This sudden kindness at your hands will only make me more watchful, lest under these unexpected favors to myself, you have some private ends to accomplish for your own benefit, and for my master’s injury.” The Man, the Horse, the Ox, and the Dog A HORSE, Ox, and Dog, driven to great straits by the cold, sought shelter and protection from Man. He received them kindly, lighted a fire, and warmed them. He let the Horse make free with his oats, gave the Ox an abundance of hay, and fed the Dog with meat from his own table. Grateful for these favors, the animals determined to repay him to the best of their ability. For this purpose, they divided the term of his life between them, and each endowed one portion of it with the qualities which chiefly characterized himself. The Horse chose his earliest years and gave them his own attributes: hence every man is in his youth impetuous, headstrong, and obstinate in maintaining his own opinion. The Ox took under his patronage the next term of life, and therefore man in his middle age is fond of work, devoted to labor, and resolute to amass wealth and to husband his resources. The end of life was reserved for the Dog, wherefore the old man is often snappish, irritable, hard to please, and selfish, tolerant only of his own household, but averse to strangers and to all who do not administer to his comfort or to his necessities. The Apes and the Two Travelers TWO MEN, one who always spoke the truth and the other who told nothing but lies, were traveling together and by chance came to the land of Apes. One of the Apes, who had raised himself to be king, commanded them to be seized and brought before him, that he might know what was said of him among men. He ordered at the same time that all the Apes be arranged in a long row on his right hand and on his left, and that a throne be placed for him, as was the custom among men. After these preparations he signified that the two men should be brought before him, and greeted them with this salutation: “What sort of a king do I seem to you to be, O strangers?” The Lying Traveler replied, “You seem to me a most mighty king.” “And what is your estimate of those you see around me?” “These,” he made answer, “are worthy companions of yourself, fit at least to be ambassadors and leaders of armies.” The Ape and all his court, gratified with the lie, commanded that a handsome present be given to the flatterer. On this the truthful Traveler thought to himself, “If so great a reward be given for a lie, with what gift may not I be rewarded, if, according to my custom, I tell the truth?” The Ape quickly turned to him. “And pray how do I and these my friends around me seem to you?” “Thou art,” he said, “a most excellent Ape, and all these thy companions after thy example are excellent Apes too.” The King of the Apes, enraged at hearing these truths, gave him over to the teeth and claws of his companions. The Wolf and the Shepherd A WOLF followed a flock of sheep for a long time and did not attempt to injure one of them. The Shepherd at first stood on his guard against him, as against an enemy, and kept a strict watch over his movements. But when the Wolf, day after day, kept in the company of the sheep and did not make the slightest effort to seize them, the Shepherd began to look upon him as a guardian of his flock rather than as a plotter of evil against it; and when occasion called him one day into the city, he left the sheep entirely in his charge. The Wolf, now that he had the opportunity, fell upon the sheep, and destroyed the greater part of the flock. When the Shepherd returned to find his flock destroyed, he exclaimed: “I have been rightly served; why did I trust my sheep to a Wolf?” The Hares and the Lions THE HARES harangued the assembly, and argued that all should be equal. The Lions made this reply: “Your words, O Hares! are good; but they lack both claws and teeth such as we have.” The Lark and Her Young Ones A LARK had made her nest in the early spring on the young green wheat. The brood had almost grown to their full strength and attained the use of their wings and the full plumage of their feathers, when the owner of the field, looking over his ripe crop, said, “The time has come when I must ask all my neighbors to help me with my harvest.” One of the young Larks heard his speech and related it to his mother, inquiring of her to what place they should move for safety. “There is no occasion to move yet, my son,” she replied; “the man who only sends to his friends to help him with his harvest is not really in earnest.” The owner of the field came again a few days later and saw the wheat shedding the grain from excess of ripeness. He said, “I will come myself tomorrow with my laborers, and with as many reapers as I can hire, and will get in the harvest.” The Lark on hearing these words said to her brood, “It is time now to be off, my little ones, for the man is in earnest this time; he no longer trusts his friends, but will reap the field himself.” Self-help is the best help. The Fox and the Lion WHEN A FOX who had never yet seen a Lion, fell in with him by chance for the first time in the forest, he was so frightened that he nearly died with fear. On meeting him for the second time, he was still much alarmed, but not to the same extent as at first. On seeing him the third time, he so increased in boldness that he went up to him and commenced a familiar conversation with him. Acquaintance softens prejudices. The Weasel and the Mice A WEASEL, inactive from age and infirmities, was not able to catch mice as he once did. He therefore rolled himself in flour and lay down in a dark corner. A Mouse, supposing him to be food, leaped upon him, and was instantly caught and squeezed to death. Another perished in a similar manner, and then a third, and still others after them. A very old Mouse, who had escaped many a trap and snare, observed from a safe distance the trick of his crafty foe and said, “Ah! you that lie there, may you prosper just in the same proportion as you are what you pretend to be!” The Boy Bathing A BOY bathing in a river was in danger of being drowned. He called out to a passing traveler for help, but instead of holding out a helping hand, the man stood by unconcernedly, and scolded the boy for his imprudence. “Oh, sir!” cried the youth, “pray help me now and scold me afterwards.” Counsel without help is useless. The Ass and the Wolf AN ASS feeding in a meadow saw a Wolf approaching to seize him, and immediately pretended to be lame. The Wolf, coming up, inquired the cause of his lameness. The Ass replied that passing through a hedge he had trod with his foot upon a sharp thorn. He requested that the Wolf pull it out, lest when he ate him it should injure his throat. The Wolf consented and lifted up the foot, and was giving his whole mind to the discovery of the thorn, when the Ass, with his heels, kicked his teeth into his mouth and galloped away. The Wolf, being thus fearfully mauled, said, “I am rightly served, for why did I attempt the art of healing, when my father only taught me the trade of a butcher?” The Seller of Images A CERTAIN MAN made a wooden image of Mercury and offered it for sale. When no one appeared willing to buy it, in order to attract purchasers, he cried out that he had the statue to sell of a benefactor who bestowed wealth and helped to heap up riches. One of the bystanders said to him, “My good fellow, why do you sell him, being such a one as you describe, when you may yourself enjoy the good things he has to give?” “Why,” he replied, “I am in need of immediate help, and he is wont to give his good gifts very slowly.” The Fox and the Grapes A FAMISHED FOX saw some clusters of ripe black grapes hanging from a trellised vine. She resorted to all her tricks to get at them, but wearied herself in vain, for she could not reach them. At last she turned away, hiding her disappointment and saying: “The Grapes are sour, and not ripe as I thought.” The Man and His Wife A MAN had a Wife who made herself hated by all the members of his household. Wishing to find out if she had the same effect on the persons in her father’s house, he made some excuse to send her home on a visit to her father. After a short time she returned, and when he inquired how she had got on and how the servants had treated her, she replied, “The herdsmen and shepherds cast on me looks of aversion.” He said, “O Wife, if you were disliked by those who go out early in the morning with their flocks and return late in the evening, what must have been felt towards you by those with whom you passed the whole day!” Straws show how the wind blows. The Peacock and Juno THE PEACOCK made complaint to Juno that, while the nightingale pleased every ear with his song, he himself no sooner opened his mouth than he became a laughingstock to all who heard him. The Goddess, to console him, said, “But you far excel in beauty and in size. The splendor of the emerald shines in your neck and you unfold a tail gorgeous with painted plumage.” “But for what purpose have I,” said the bird, “this dumb beauty so long as I am surpassed in song?” “The lot of each,” replied Juno, “has been assigned by the will of the Fates—to thee, beauty; to the eagle, strength; to the nightingale, song; to the raven, favorable, and to the crow, unfavorable auguries. These are all contented with the endowments allotted to them.” The Hawk and the Nightingale A NIGHTINGALE, sitting aloft upon an oak and singing according to his wont, was seen by a Hawk who, being in need of food, swooped down and seized him. The Nightingale, about to lose his life, earnestly begged the Hawk to let him go, saying that he was not big enough to satisfy the hunger of a Hawk who, if he wanted food, ought to pursue the larger birds. The Hawk, interrupting him, said: “I should indeed have lost my senses if I should let go food ready in my hand, for the sake of pursuing birds which are not yet even within sight.” The Dog, the Cock, and the Fox A DOG and a Cock being great friends, agreed to travel together. At nightfall they took shelter in a thick wood. The Cock flying up, perched himself on the branches of a tree, while the Dog found a bed beneath in the hollow trunk. When the morning dawned, the Cock, as usual, crowed very loudly several times. A Fox heard the sound, and wishing to make a breakfast on him, came and stood under the branches, saying how earnestly he desired to make the acquaintance of the owner of so magnificent a voice. The Cock, suspecting his civilities, said: “Sir, I wish you would do me the favor of going around to the hollow trunk below me, and waking my porter, so that he may open the door and let you in.” When the Fox approached the tree, the Dog sprang out and caught him, and tore him to pieces. The Wolf and the Goat A WOLF saw a Goat feeding at the summit of a steep precipice, where he had no chance of reaching her. He called to her and earnestly begged her to come lower down, lest she fall by some mishap; and he added that the meadows lay where he was standing, and that the herbage was most tender. She replied, “No, my friend, it is not for the pasture that you invite me, but for yourself, who are in want of food.” The Lion and the Bull A LION, greatly desiring to capture a Bull, and yet afraid to attack him on account of his great size, resorted to a trick to ensure his destruction. He approached the Bull and said, “I have slain a fine sheep, my friend; and if you will come home and partake of him with me, I shall be delighted to have your company.” The Lion said this in the hope that, as the Bull was in the act of reclining to eat, he might attack him to advantage, and make his meal on him. The Bull, on approaching the Lion’s den, saw the huge spits and giant caldrons, and no sign whatever of the sheep, and, without saying a word, quietly took his departure. The Lion inquired why he went off so abruptly without a word of salutation to his host, who had not given him any cause for offense. “I have reasons enough,” said the Bull. “I see no indication whatever of your having slaughtered a sheep, while I do see very plainly every preparation for your dining on a bull.” The Goat and the Ass A MAN once kept a Goat and an Ass. The Goat, envying the Ass on account of his greater abundance of food, said, “How shamefully you are treated: at one time grinding in the mill, and at another carrying heavy burdens;” and he further advised him to pretend to be epileptic and fall into a ditch and so obtain rest. The Ass listened to his words, and falling into a ditch, was very much bruised. His master, sending for a leech, asked his advice. He bade him pour upon the wounds the lungs of a Goat. They at once killed the Goat, and so healed the Ass. The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse A COUNTRY MOUSE invited a Town Mouse, an intimate friend, to pay him a visit and partake of his country fare. As they were on the bare plowlands, eating there wheat-stocks and roots pulled up from the hedgerow, the Town Mouse said to his friend, “You live here the life of the ants, while in my house is the horn of plenty. I am surrounded by every luxury, and if you will come with me, as I wish you would, you shall have an ample share of my dainties.” The Country Mouse was easily persuaded, and returned to town with his friend. On his arrival, the Town Mouse placed before him bread, barley, beans, dried figs, honey, raisins, and, last of all, brought a dainty piece of cheese from a basket. The Country Mouse, being much delighted at the sight of such good cheer, expressed his satisfaction in warm terms and lamented his own hard fate. Just as they were beginning to eat, someone opened the door, and they both ran off squeaking, as fast as they could, to a hole so narrow that two could only find room in it by squeezing. They had scarcely begun their repast again when someone else entered to take something out of a cupboard, whereupon the two Mice, more frightened than before, ran away and hid themselves. At last the Country Mouse, almost famished, said to his friend: “Although you have prepared for me so dainty a feast, I must leave you to enjoy it by yourself. It is surrounded by too many dangers to please me. I prefer my bare plowlands and roots from the hedgerow, where I can live in safety, and without fear.” The Wolf, the Fox, and the Ape A WOLF accused a Fox of theft, but the Fox entirely denied the charge. An Ape undertook to adjudge the matter between them. When each had fully stated his case the Ape announced this sentence: “I do not think you, Wolf, ever lost what you claim; and I do believe you, Fox, to have stolen what you so stoutly deny.” The dishonest, if they act honestly, get no credit. The Fly and the Draught-Mule A FLY sat on the axle-tree of a chariot, and addressing the Draught-Mule said, “How slow you are! Why do you not go faster? See if I do not prick your neck with my sting.” The Draught-Mule replied, “I do not heed your threats; I only care for him who sits above you, and who quickens my pace with his whip, or holds me back with the reins. Away, therefore, with your insolence, for I know well when to go fast, and when to go slow.” The Fishermen SOME FISHERMEN were out trawling their nets. Perceiving them to be very heavy, they danced about for joy and supposed that they had taken a large catch. When they had dragged the nets to the shore they found but few fish: the nets were full of sand and stones, and the men were beyond measure cast down so much at the disappointment which had befallen them, but because they had formed such very different expectations. One of their company, an old man, said, “Let us cease lamenting, my mates, for, as it seems to me, sorrow is always the twin sister of joy; and it was only to be looked for that we, who just now were over-rejoiced, should next have something to make us sad.” The Lion and the Three Bulls THREE BULLS for a long time pastured together. A Lion lay in ambush in the hope of making them his prey, but was afraid to attack them while they kept together. Having at last by guileful speeches succeeded in separating them, he attacked them without fear as they fed alone, and feasted on them one by one at his own leisure. Union is strength. The Fowler and the Viper A FOWLER, taking his bird-lime and his twigs, went out to catch birds. Seeing a thrush sitting upon a tree, he wished to take it, and fitting his twigs to a proper length, watched intently, having his whole thoughts directed towards the sky. While thus looking upwards, he unknowingly trod upon a Viper asleep just before his feet. The Viper, turning about, stung him, and falling into a swoon, the man said to himself, “Woe is me! that while I purposed to hunt another, I am myself fallen unawares into the snares of death.” The Horse and the Ass A HORSE, proud of his fine trappings, met an Ass on the highway. The Ass, being heavily laden, moved slowly out of the way. “Hardly,” said the Horse, “can I resist kicking you with my heels.” The Ass held his peace, and made only a silent appeal to the justice of the gods. Not long afterwards the Horse, having become broken-winded, was sent by his owner to the farm. The Ass, seeing him drawing a dungcart, thus derided him: “Where, O boaster, are now all thy gay trappings, thou who are thyself reduced to the condition you so lately treated with contempt?” The Fox and the Mask A FOX entered the house of an actor and, rummaging through all his properties, came upon a Mask, an admirable imitation of a human head. He placed his paws on it and said, “What a beautiful head! Yet it is of no value, as it entirely lacks brains.” The Geese and the Cranes THE GEESE and the Cranes were feeding in the same meadow, when a birdcatcher came to ensnare them in his nets. The Cranes, being light of wing, fled away at his approach; while the Geese, being slower of flight and heavier in their bodies, were captured. The Blind Man and the Whelp A BLIND MAN was accustomed to distinguishing different animals by touching them with his hands. The whelp of a Wolf was brought him, with a request that he would feel it, and say what it was. He felt it, and being in doubt, said: “I do not quite know whether it is the cub of a Fox, or the whelp of a Wolf, but this I know full well. It would not be safe to admit him to the sheepfold.” Evil tendencies are shown in early life. The Dogs and the Fox SOME DOGS, finding the skin of a lion, began to tear it in pieces with their teeth. A Fox, seeing them, said, “If this lion were alive, you would soon find out that his claws were stronger than your teeth.” It is easy to kick a man that is down. The Cobbler Turned Doctor A COBBLER unable to make a living by his trade and made desperate by poverty, began to practice medicine in a town in which he was not known. He sold a drug, pretending that it was an antidote to all poisons, and obtained a great name for himself by long-winded puffs and advertisements. When the Cobbler happened to fall sick himself of a serious illness, the Governor of the town determined to test his skill. For this purpose he called for a cup, and while filling it with water, pretended to mix poison with the Cobbler’s antidote, commanding him to drink it on the promise of a reward. The Cobbler, under the fear of death, confessed that he had no knowledge of medicine, and was only made famous by the stupid clamors of the crowd. The Governor then called a public assembly and addressed the citizens: “Of what folly have you been guilty? You have not hesitated to entrust your heads to a man, whom no one could employ to make even the shoes for their feet.” The Wolf and the Horse A WOLF coming out of a field of oats met a Horse and thus addressed him: “I would advise you to go into that field. It is full of fine oats, which I have left untouched for you, as you are a friend whom I would love to hear enjoying good eating.” The Horse replied, “If oats had been the food of wolves, you would never have indulged your ears at the cost of your belly.” Men of evil reputation, when they perform a good deed, fail to get credit for it. The Brother and the Sister A FATHER had one son and one daughter, the former remarkable for his good looks, the latter for her extraordinary ugliness. While they were playing one day as children, they happened by chance to look together into a mirror that was placed on their mother’s chair. The boy congratulated himself on his good looks; the girl grew angry, and could not bear the self-praises of her Brother, interpreting all he said (and how could she do otherwise?) into reflection on herself. She ran off to her father, to be avenged on her Brother, and spitefully accused him of having, as a boy, made use of that which belonged only to girls. The father embraced them both, and bestowing his kisses and affection impartially on each, said, “I wish you both would look into the mirror every day: you, my son, that you may not spoil your beauty by evil conduct; and you, my daughter, that you may make up for your lack of beauty by your virtues.” The Wasps, the Partridges, and the Farmer THE WASPS and the Partridges, overcome with thirst, came to a Farmer and besought him to give them some water to drink. They promised amply to repay him the favor which they asked. The Partridges declared that they would dig around his vines and make them produce finer grapes. The Wasps said that they would keep guard and drive off thieves with their stings. But the Farmer interrupted them, saying: “I have already two oxen, who, without making any promises, do all these things. It is surely better for me to give the water to them than to you.” The Crow and Mercury A CROW caught in a snare prayed to Apollo to release him, making a vow to offer some frankincense at his shrine. But when rescued from his danger, he forgot his promise. Shortly afterwards, again caught in a snare, he passed by Apollo and made the same promise to offer frankincense to Mercury. Mercury soon appeared and said to him, “O thou most base fellow? how can I believe thee, who hast disowned and wronged thy former patron?” The North Wind and the Sun THE NORTH WIND and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a wayfaring man of his clothes. The North Wind first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the Traveler wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon the Sun to see what he could do. The Sun suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The Traveler no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another, and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path. Persuasion is better than Force. The Two Men Who Were Enemies TWO MEN, deadly enemies to each other, were sailing in the same vessel. Determined to keep as far apart as possible, the one seated himself in the stem, and the other in the prow of the ship. A violent storm arose, and with the vessel in great danger of sinking, the one in the stern inquired of the pilot which of the two ends of the ship would go down first. On his replying that he supposed it would be the prow, the Man said, “Death would not be grievous to me, if I could only see my Enemy die before me.” The Gamecocks and the Partridge A MAN had two Gamecocks in his poultry-yard. One day by chance he found a tame Partridge for sale. He purchased it and brought it home to be reared with his Gamecocks. When the Partridge was put into the poultry-yard, they struck at it and followed it about, so that the Partridge became grievously troubled and supposed that he was thus evilly treated because he was a stranger. Not long afterwards he saw the Cocks fighting together and not separating before one had well beaten the other. He then said to himself, “I shall no longer distress myself at being struck at by these Gamecocks, when I see that they cannot even refrain from quarreling with each other.” The Quack Frog A FROG once upon a time came forth from his home in the marsh and proclaimed to all the beasts that he was a learned physician, skilled in the use of drugs and able to heal all diseases. A Fox asked him, “How can you pretend to prescribe for others, when you are unable to heal your own lame gait and wrinkled skin?” The Lion, the Wolf, and the Fox A LION, growing old, lay sick in his cave. All the beasts came to visit their king, except the Fox. The Wolf therefore, thinking that he had a capital opportunity, accused the Fox to the Lion of not paying any respect to him who had the rule over them all and of not coming to visit him. At that very moment the Fox came in and heard these last words of the Wolf. The Lion roaring out in a rage against him, the Fox sought an opportunity to defend himself and said, “And who of all those who have come to you have benefited you so much as I, who have traveled from place to place in every direction, and have sought and learnt from the physicians the means of healing you?” The Lion commanded him immediately to tell him the cure, when he replied, “You must flay a wolf alive and wrap his skin yet warm around you.” The Wolf was at once taken and flayed; whereon the Fox, turning to him, said with a smile, “You should have moved your master not to ill, but to good, will.” The Dog’s House IN THE WINTERTIME, a Dog curled up in as small a space as possible on account of the cold, determined to make himself a house. However when the summer returned again, he lay asleep stretched at his full length and appeared to himself to be of a great size. Now he considered that it would be neither an easy nor a necessary work to make himself such a house as would accommodate him. The Wolf and the Lion ROAMING BY the mountainside at sundown, a Wolf saw his own shadow become greatly extended and magnified, and he said to himself, “Why should I, being of such an immense size and extending nearly an acre in length, be afraid of the Lion? Ought I not to be acknowledged as King of all the collected beasts?” While he was indulging in these proud thoughts, a Lion fell upon him and killed him. He exclaimed with a too late repentance, “Wretched me! this overestimation of myself is the cause of my destruction.” The Birds, the Beasts, and the Bat THE BIRDS waged war with the Beasts, and each were by turns the conquerors. A Bat, fearing the uncertain issues of the fight, always fought on the side which he felt was the strongest. When peace was proclaimed, his deceitful conduct was apparent to both combatants. Therefore being condemned by each for his treachery, he was driven forth from the light of day, and henceforth concealed himself in dark hiding-places, flying always alone and at night. The Spendthrift and the Swallow A YOUNG MAN, a great spendthrift, had run through all his patrimony and had but one good cloak left. One day he happened to see a Swallow, which had appeared before its season, skimming along a pool and twittering gaily. He supposed that summer had come, and went and sold his cloak. Not many days later, winter set in again with renewed frost and cold. When he found the unfortunate Swallow lifeless on the ground, he said, “Unhappy bird! what have you done? By thus appearing before the springtime you have not only killed yourself, but you have wrought my destruction also.” The Fox and the Lion A FOX saw a Lion confined in a cage, and standing near him, bitterly reviled him. The Lion said to the Fox, “It is not thou who revilest me; but this mischance which has befallen me.” The Owl and the Birds AN OWL, in her wisdom, counseled the Birds that when the acorn first began to sprout, to pull it all up out of the ground and not allow it to grow. She said acorns would produce mistletoe, from which an irremediable poison, the bird-lime, would be extracted and by which they would be captured. The Owl next advised them to pluck up the seed of the flax, which men had sown, as it was a plant which boded no good to them. And, lastly, the Owl, seeing an archer approach, predicted that this man, being on foot, would contrive darts armed with feathers which would fly faster than the wings of the Birds themselves. The Birds gave no credence to these warning words, but considered the Owl to be beside herself and said that she was mad. But afterwards, finding her words were true, they wondered at her knowledge and deemed her to be the wisest of birds. Hence it is that when she appears they look to her as knowing all things, while she no longer gives them advice, but in solitude laments their past folly. The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner A TRUMPETER, bravely leading on the soldiers, was captured by the enemy. He cried out to his captors, “Pray spare me, and do not take my life without cause or without inquiry. I have not slain a single man of your troop. I have no arms, and carry nothing but this one brass trumpet.” “That is the very reason for which you should be put to death,” they said; “for, while you do not fight yourself, your trumpet stirs all the others to battle.” The Ass in the Lion’s Skin AN ASS, having put on the Lion’s skin, roamed about in the forest and amused himself by frightening all the foolish animals he met in his wanderings. At last coming upon a Fox, he tried to frighten him also, but the Fox no sooner heard the sound of his voice than he exclaimed, “I might possibly have been frightened myself, if I had not heard your bray.” The Sparrow and the Hare A HARE pounced upon by an eagle sobbed very much and uttered cries like a child. A Sparrow upbraided her and said, “Where now is thy remarkable swiftness of foot? Why were your feet so slow?” While the Sparrow was thus speaking, a hawk suddenly seized him and killed him. The Hare was comforted in her death, and expiring said, “Ah! you who so lately, when you supposed yourself safe, exulted over my calamity, have now reason to deplore a similar misfortune.” The Flea and the Ox A FLEA thus questioned an Ox: “What ails you, that being so huge and strong, you submit to the wrongs you receive from men and slave for them day by day, while I, being so small a creature, mercilessly feed on their flesh and drink their blood without stint?” The Ox replied: “I do not wish to be ungrateful, for I am loved and well cared for by men, and they often pat my head and shoulders.” “Woe’s me!” said the flea; “this very patting which you like, whenever it happens to me, brings with it my inevitable destruction.” The Goods and the Ills ALL the Goods were once driven out by the Ills from that common share which they each had in the affairs of mankind; for the Ills by reason of their numbers had prevailed to possess the earth. The Goods wafted themselves to heaven and asked for a righteous vengeance on their persecutors. They entreated Jupiter that they might no longer be associated with the Ills, as they had nothing in common and could not live together, but were engaged in unceasing warfare; and that an indissoluble law might be laid down for their future protection. Jupiter granted their request and decreed that henceforth the Ills should visit the earth in company with each other, but that the Goods should one by one enter the habitations of men. Hence it arises that Ills abound, for they come not one by one, but in troops, and by no means singly: while the Goods proceed from Jupiter, and are given, not alike to all, but singly, and separately; and one by one to those who are able to discern them. The Dove and the Crow A DOVE shut up in a cage was boasting of the large number of young ones which she had hatched. A Crow hearing her, said: “My good friend, cease from this unseasonable boasting. The larger the number of your family, the greater your cause of sorrow, in seeing them shut up in this prison-house.” Mercury and the Workmen A WORKMAN, felling wood by the side of a river, let his axe drop by accident into a deep pool. Being thus deprived of the means of his livelihood, he sat down on the bank and lamented his hard fate. Mercury appeared and demanded the cause of his tears. After he told him his misfortune, Mercury plunged into the stream, and, bringing up a golden axe, inquired if that were the one he had lost. On his saying that it was not his, Mercury disappeared beneath the water a second time, returned with a silver axe in his hand, and again asked the Workman if it were his. When the Workman said it was not, he dived into the pool for the third time and brought up the axe that had been lost. The Workman claimed it and expressed his joy at its recovery. Mercury, pleased with his honesty, gave him the golden and silver axes in addition to his own. The Workman, on his return to his house, related to his companions all that had happened. One of them at once resolved to try and secure the same good fortune for himself. He ran to the river and threw his axe on purpose into the pool at the same place, and sat down on the bank to weep. Mercury appeared to him just as he hoped he would; and having learned the cause of his grief, plunged into the stream and brought up a golden axe, inquiring if he had lost it. The Workman seized it greedily, and declared that truly it was the very same axe that he had lost. Mercury, displeased at his knavery, not only took away the golden axe, but refused to recover for him the axe he had thrown into the pool. The Eagle and the Jackdaw AN EAGLE, flying down from his perch on a lofty rock, seized upon a lamb and carried him aloft in his talons. A Jackdaw, who witnessed the capture of the lamb, was stirred with envy and determined to emulate the strength and flight of the Eagle. He flew around with a great whir of his wings and settled upon a large ram, with the intention of carrying him off, but his claws became entangled in the ram’s fleece and he was not able to release himself, although he fluttered with his feathers as much as he could. The shepherd, seeing what had happened, ran up and caught him. He at once clipped the Jackdaw’s wings, and taking him home at night, gave him to his children. On their saying, “Father, what kind of bird is it?” he replied, “To my certain knowledge he is a Daw; but he would like you to think an Eagle.” The Fox and the Crane A FOX invited a Crane to supper and provided nothing for his entertainment but some soup made of pulse, which was poured out into a broad flat stone dish. The soup fell out of the long bill of the Crane at every mouthful, and his vexation at not being able to eat afforded the Fox much amusement. The Crane, in his turn, asked the Fox to sup with him, and set before her a flagon with a long narrow mouth, so that he could easily insert his neck and enjoy its contents at his leisure. The Fox, unable even to taste it, met with a fitting requital, after the fashion of her own hospitality. Jupiter, Neptune, Minerva, and Momus ACCORDING to an ancient legend, the first man was made by Jupiter, the first bull by Neptune, and the first house by Minerva. On the completion of their labors, a dispute arose as to which had made the most perfect work. They agreed to appoint Momus as judge, and to abide by his decision. Momus, however, being very envious of the handicraft of each, found fault with all. He first blamed the work of Neptune because he had not made the horns of the bull below his eyes, so he might better see where to strike. He then condemned the work of Jupiter, because he had not placed the heart of man on the outside, that everyone might read the thoughts of the evil disposed and take precautions against the intended mischief. And, lastly, he inveighed against Minerva because she had not contrived iron wheels in the foundation of her house, so its inhabitants might more easily remove if a neighbor proved unpleasant. Jupiter, indignant at such inveterate faultfinding, drove him from his office of judge, and expelled him from the mansions of Olympus. The Eagle and the Fox AN EAGLE and a Fox formed an intimate friendship and decided to live near each other. The Eagle built her nest in the branches of a tall tree, while the Fox crept into the underwood and there produced her young. Not long after they had agreed upon this plan, the Eagle, being in want of provision for her young ones, swooped down while the Fox was out, seized upon one of the little cubs, and feasted herself and her brood. The Fox on her return, discovered what had happened, but was less grieved for the death of her young than for her inability to avenge them. A just retribution, however, quickly fell upon the Eagle. While hovering near an altar, on which some villagers were sacrificing a goat, she suddenly seized a piece of the flesh, and carried it, along with a burning cinder, to her nest. A strong breeze soon fanned the spark into a flame, and the eaglets, as yet unfledged and helpless, were roasted in their nest and dropped down dead at the bottom of the tree. There, in the sight of the Eagle, the Fox gobbled them up. The Man and the Satyr A MAN and a Satyr once drank together in token of a bond of alliance being formed between them. One very cold wintry day, as they talked, the Man put his fingers to his mouth and blew on them. When the Satyr asked the reason for this, he told him that he did it to warm his hands because they were so cold. Later on in the day they sat down to eat, and the food prepared was quite scalding. The Man raised one of the dishes a little towards his mouth and blew in it. When the Satyr again inquired the reason, he said that he did it to cool the meat, which was too hot. “I can no longer consider you as a friend,” said the Satyr, “a fellow who with the same breath blows hot and cold.” The Ass and His Purchaser A MAN wished to purchase an Ass, and agreed with its owner that he should try out the animal before he bought him. He took the Ass home and put him in the straw-yard with his other Asses, upon which the new animal left all the others and at once joined the one that was most idle and the greatest eater of them all. Seeing this, the man put a halter on him and led him back to his owner. On being asked how, in so short a time, he could have made a trial of him, he answered, “I do not need a trial; I know that he will be just the same as the one he chose for his companion.” A man is known by the company he keeps. The Two Bags EVERY MAN, according to an ancient legend, is born into the world with two bags suspended from his neck all bag in front full of his neighbors’ faults, and a large bag behind filled with his own faults. Hence it is that men are quick to see the faults of others, and yet are often blind to their own failings. The Stag at the Pool A STAG overpowered by heat came to a spring to drink. Seeing his own shadow reflected in the water, he greatly admired the size and variety of his horns, but felt angry with himself for having such slender and weak feet. While he was thus contemplating himself, a Lion appeared at the pool and crouched to spring upon him. The Stag immediately took to flight, and exerting his utmost speed, as long as the plain was smooth and open kept himself easily at a safe distance from the Lion. But entering a wood he became entangled by his horns, and the Lion quickly came up to him and caught him. When too late, he thus reproached himself: “Woe is me! How I have deceived myself! These feet which would have saved me I despised, and I gloried in these antlers which have proved my destruction.” What is most truly valuable is often underrated. The Jackdaw and the Fox A HALF-FAMISHED JACKDAW seated himself on a fig-tree, which had produced some fruit entirely out of season, and waited in the hope that the figs would ripen. A Fox seeing him sitting so long and learning the reason of his doing so, said to him, “You are indeed, sir, sadly deceiving yourself; you are indulging a hope strong enough to cheat you, but which will never reward you with enjoyment.” The Lark Burying Her Father THE LARK (according to an ancient legend) was created before the earth itself, and when her father died, as there was no earth, she could find no place of burial for him. She let him lie uninterred for five days, and on the sixth day, not knowing what else to do, she buried him in her own head. Hence she obtained her crest, which is popularly said to be her father’s grave-hillock. Youth’s first duty is reverence to parents. The Gnat and the Bull A GNAT settled on the horn of a Bull, and sat there a long time. Just as he was about to fly off, he made a buzzing noise, and inquired of the Bull if he would like him to go. The Bull replied, “I did not know you had come, and I shall not miss you when you go away.” Some men are of more consequence in their own eyes than in the eyes of their neighbors. The Bitch and Her Whelps A BITCH, ready to whelp, earnestly begged a shepherd for a place where she might litter. When her request was granted, she besought permission to rear her puppies in the same spot. The shepherd again consented. But at last the Bitch, protected by the bodyguard of her Whelps, who had now grown up and were able to defend themselves, asserted her exclusive right to the place and would not permit the shepherd to approach. The Dogs and the Hides SOME DOGS famished with hunger saw a number of cowhides steeping in a river. Not being able to reach them, they agreed to drink up the river, but it happened that they burst themselves with drinking long before they reached the hides. Attempt not impossibilities. The Shepherd and the Sheep A SHEPHERD driving his Sheep to a wood, saw an oak of unusual size full of acorns, and spreading his cloak under the branches, he climbed up into the tree and shook them down. The Sheep eating the acorns inadvertently frayed and tore the cloak. When the Shepherd came down and saw what was done, he said, “O you most ungrateful creatures! You provide wool to make garments for all other men, but you destroy the clothes of him who feeds you.” The Grasshopper and the Owl AN OWL, accustomed to feed at night and to sleep during the day, was greatly disturbed by the noise of a Grasshopper and earnestly besought her to stop chirping. The Grasshopper refused to desist, and chirped louder and louder the more the Owl entreated. When she saw that she could get no redress and that her words were despised, the Owl attacked the chatterer by a stratagem. “Since I cannot sleep,” she said, “on account of your song which, believe me, is sweet as the lyre of Apollo, I shall indulge myself in drinking some nectar which Pallas lately gave me. If you do not dislike it, come to me and we will drink it together.” The Grasshopper, who was thirsty, and pleased with the praise of her voice, eagerly flew up. The Owl came forth from her hollow, seized her, and put her to death. The Monkey and the Camel THE BEASTS of the forest gave a splendid entertainment at which the Monkey stood up and danced. Having vastly delighted the assembly, he sat down amidst universal applause. The Camel, envious of the praises bestowed on the Monkey and desiring to divert to himself the favor of the guests, proposed to stand up in his turn and dance for their amusement. He moved about in so utterly ridiculous a manner that the Beasts, in a fit of indignation, set upon him with clubs and drove him out of the assembly. It is absurd to ape our betters. The Peasant and the Apple-Tree A PEASANT had in his garden an Apple-Tree which bore no fruit but only served as a harbor for the sparrows and grasshoppers. He resolved to cut it down, and taking his axe in his hand, made a bold stroke at its roots. The grasshoppers and sparrows entreated him not to cut down the tree that sheltered them, but to spare it, and they would sing to him and lighten his labors. He paid no attention to their request, but gave the tree a second and a third blow with his axe. When he reached the hollow of the tree, he found a hive full of honey. Having tasted the honeycomb, he threw down his axe, and looking on the tree as sacred, took great care of it. Self-interest alone moves some men. The Two Soldiers and the Robber TWO SOLDIERS traveling together were set upon by a Robber. The one fled away; the other stood his ground and defended himself with his stout right hand. The Robber being slain, the timid companion ran up and drew his sword, and then, throwing back his traveling cloak said, “I’ll at him, and I’ll take care he shall learn whom he has attacked.” On this, he who had fought with the Robber made answer, “I only wish that you had helped me just now, even if it had been only with those words, for I should have been the more encouraged, believing them to be true; but now put up your sword in its sheath and hold your equally useless tongue, till you can deceive others who do not know you. I, indeed, who have experienced with what speed you run away, know right well that no dependence can be placed on your valor.” The Trees Under the Protection of the Gods THE GODS, according to an ancient legend, made choice of certain trees to be under their special protection. Jupiter chose the oak, Venus the myrtle, Apollo the laurel, Cybele the pine, and Hercules the poplar. Minerva, wondering why they had preferred trees not yielding fruit, inquired the reason for their choice. Jupiter replied, “It is lest we should seem to covet the honor for the fruit.” But said Minerva, “Let anyone say what he will the olive is more dear to me on account of its fruit.” Then said Jupiter, “My daughter, you are rightly called wise; for unless what we do is useful, the glory of it is vain.” The Mother and the Wolf A FAMISHED WOLF was prowling about in the morning in search of food. As he passed the door of a cottage built in the forest, he heard a Mother say to her child, “Be quiet, or I will throw you out of the window, and the Wolf shall eat you.” The Wolf sat all day waiting at the door. In the evening he heard the same woman fondling her child and saying: “You are quiet now, and if the Wolf should come, we will kill him.” The Wolf, hearing these words, went home, gasping with cold and hunger. When he reached his den, Mistress Wolf inquired of him why he returned wearied and supperless, so contrary to his wont. He replied: “Why, forsooth! use I gave credence to the words of a woman!” The Ass and the Horse AN ASS besought a Horse to spare him a small portion of his feed. “Yes,” said the Horse; “if any remains out of what I am now eating I will give it you for the sake of my own superior dignity, and if you will come when I reach my own stall in the evening, I will give you a little sack full of barley.” The Ass replied, “Thank you. But I can’t think that you, who refuse me a little matter now, will by and by confer on me a greater benefit.” Truth and the Traveler A WAYFARING MAN, traveling in the desert, met a woman standing alone and terribly dejected. He inquired of her, “Who art thou?” “My name is Truth,” she replied. “And for what cause,” he asked, “have you left the city to dwell alone here in the wilderness?” She made answer, “Because in former times, falsehood was with few, but is now with all men.” The Manslayer A MAN committed a murder, and was pursued by the relations of the man whom he murdered. On his reaching the river Nile he saw a Lion on its bank and being fearfully afraid, climbed up a tree. He found a serpent in the upper branches of the tree, and again being greatly alarmed, he threw himself into the river, where a crocodile caught him and ate him. Thus the earth, the air, and the water alike refused shelter to a murderer. The Lion and the Fox A FOX entered into partnership with a Lion on the pretense of becoming his servant. Each undertook his proper duty in accordance with his own nature and powers. The Fox discovered and pointed out the prey; the Lion sprang on it and seized it. The Fox soon became jealous of the Lion carrying off the Lion’s share, and said that he would no longer find out the prey, but would capture it on his own account. The next day he attempted to snatch a lamb from the fold, but he himself fell prey to the huntsmen and hounds. The Lion and the Eagle AN EAGLE stayed his flight and entreated a Lion to make an alliance with him to their mutual advantage. The Lion replied, “I have no objection, but you must excuse me for requiring you to find surety for your good faith, for how can I trust anyone as a friend who is able to fly away from his bargain whenever he pleases?” Try before you trust. The Hen and the Swallow A HEN finding the eggs of a viper and carefully keeping them warm, nourished them into life. A Swallow, observing what she had done, said, “You silly creature! why have you hatched these vipers which, when they shall have grown, will inflict injury on all, beginning with yourself?” The Buffoon and the Countryman A RICH NOBLEMAN once opened the theaters without charge to the people, and gave a public notice that he would handsomely reward any person who invented a new amusement for the occasion. Various public performers contended for the prize. Among them came a Buffoon well known among the populace for his jokes, and said that he had a kind of entertainment which had never been brought out on any stage before. This report being spread about made a great stir, and the theater was crowded in every part. The Buffoon appeared alone upon the platform, without any apparatus or confederates, and the very sense of expectation caused an intense silence. He suddenly bent his head towards his bosom and imitated the squeaking of a little pig so admirably with his voice that the audience declared he had a porker under his cloak, and demanded that it should be shaken out. When that was done and nothing was found, they cheered the actor, and loaded him with the loudest applause. A Countryman in the crowd, observing all that has passed, said, “So help me, Hercules, he shall not beat me at that trick!” and at once proclaimed that he would do the same thing on the next day, though in a much more natural way. On the morrow a still larger crowd assembled in the theater, but now partiality for their favorite actor very generally prevailed, and the audience came rather to ridicule the Countryman than to see the spectacle. Both of the performers appeared on the stage. The Buffoon grunted and squeaked away first, and obtained, as on the preceding day, the applause and cheers of the spectators. Next the Countryman commenced, and pretending that he concealed a little pig beneath his clothes (which in truth he did, but not suspected by the audience ) contrived to take hold of and to pull his ear causing the pig to squeak. The Crowd, however, cried out with one consent that the Buffoon had given a far more exact imitation, and clamored for the Countryman to be kicked out of the theater. On this the rustic produced the little pig from his cloak and showed by the most positive proof the greatness of their mistake. “Look here,” he said, “this shows what sort of judges you are.” The Crow and the Serpent A CROW in great want of food saw a Serpent asleep in a sunny nook, and flying down, greedily seized him. The Serpent, turning about, bit the Crow with a mortal wound. In the agony of death, the bird exclaimed: “O unhappy me! who have found in that which I deemed a happy windfall the source of my destruction.” The Hunter and the Horseman A CERTAIN HUNTER, having snared a hare, placed it upon his shoulders and set out homewards. On his way he met a man on horseback who begged the hare of him, under the pretense of purchasing it. However, when the Horseman got the hare, he rode off as fast as he could. The Hunter ran after him, as if he was sure of overtaking him, but the Horseman increased more and more the distance between them. The Hunter, sorely against his will, called out to him and said, “Get along with you! for I will now make you a present of the hare.” The King’s Son and the Painted Lion A KING, whose only son was fond of martial exercises, had a dream in which he was warned that his son would be killed by a lion. Afraid the dream should prove true, he built for his son a pleasant palace and adorned its walls for his amusement with all kinds of life-sized animals, among which was the picture of a lion. When the young Prince saw this, his grief at being thus confined burst out afresh, and, standing near the lion, he said: “O you most detestable of animals! through a lying dream of my father’s, which he saw in his sleep, I am shut up on your account in this palace as if I had been a girl: what shall I now do to you?” With these words he stretched out his hands toward a thorn-tree, meaning to cut a stick from its branches so that he might beat the lion. But one of the tree’s prickles pierced his finger and caused great pain and inflammation, so that the young Prince fell down in a fainting fit. A violent fever suddenly set in, from which he died not many days later. We had better bear our troubles bravely than try to escape them. The Cat and Venus A CAT fell in love with a handsome young man, and entreated Venus to change her into the form of a woman. Venus consented to her request and transformed her into a beautiful damsel, so that the youth saw her and loved her, and took her home as his bride. While the two were reclining in their chamber, Venus wishing to discover if the Cat in her change of shape had also altered her habits of life, let down a mouse in the middle of the room. The Cat, quite forgetting her present condition, started up from the couch and pursued the mouse, wishing to eat it. Venus was much disappointed and again caused her to return to her former shape. Nature exceeds nurture. The She-Goats and Their Beards THE SHE-GOATS having obtained a beard by request to Jupiter, the He-Goats were sorely displeased and made complaint that the females equaled them in dignity. “Allow them,” said Jupiter, “to enjoy an empty honor and to assume the badge of your nobler sex, so long as they are not your equals in strength or courage.” It matters little if those who are inferior to us in merit should be like us in outside appearances. The Camel and the Arab AN ARAB CAMEL-DRIVER, after completing the loading of his Camel, asked him which he would like best, to go up hill or down. The poor beast replied, not without a touch of reason: “Why do you ask me? Is it that the level way through the desert is closed?” The Miller, His Son, and Their Ass A MILLER and his son were driving their Ass to a neighboring fair to sell him. They had not gone far when they met with a troop of women collected round a well, talking and laughing. “Look there,” cried one of them, “did you ever see such fellows, to be trudging along the road on foot when they might ride?” The old man hearing this, quickly made his son mount the Ass, and continued to walk along merrily by his side. Presently they came up to a group of old men in earnest debate. “There,” said one of them, “it proves what I was a-saying. What respect is shown to old age in these days? Do you see that idle lad riding while his old father has to walk? Get down, you young scapegrace, and let the old man rest his weary limbs.” Upon this the old man made his son dismount, and got up himself. In this manner they had not proceeded far when they met a company of women and children: “Why, you lazy old fellow,” cried several tongues at once, “how can you ride upon the beast, while that poor little lad there can hardly keep pace by the side of you?” The good-natured Miller immediately took up his son behind him. They had now almost reached the town. “Pray, honest friend,” said a citizen, “is that Ass your own?” “Yes,” replied the old man. “O, one would not have thought so,” said the other, “by the way you load him. Why, you two fellows are better able to carry the poor beast than he you.” “Anything to please you,” said the old man; “we can but try.” So, alighting with his son, they tied the legs of the Ass together and with the help of a pole endeavored to carry him on their shoulders over a bridge near the entrance to the town. This entertaining sight brought the people in crowds to laugh at it, till the Ass, not liking the noise nor the strange handling that he was subject to, broke the cords that bound him and, tumbling off the pole, fell into the river. Upon this, the old man, vexed and ashamed, made the best of his way home again, convinced that by endeavoring to please everybody he had pleased nobody, and lost his Ass in the bargain. The Crow and the Sheep A TROUBLESOME CROW seated herself on the back of a Sheep. The Sheep, much against his will, carried her backward and forward for a long time, and at last said, “If you had treated a dog in this way, you would have had your deserts from his sharp teeth.” To this the Crow replied, “I despise the weak and yield to the strong. I know whom I may bully and whom I must flatter; and I thus prolong my life to a good old age.” The Fox and the Bramble A FOX was mounting a hedge when he lost his footing and caught hold of a Bramble to save himself. Having pricked and grievously tom the soles of his feet, he accused the Bramble because, when he had fled to her for assistance, she had used him worse than the hedge itself. The Bramble, interrupting him, said, “But you really must have been out of your senses to fasten yourself on me, who am myself always accustomed to fasten upon others.” The Wolf and the Lion A WOLF, having stolen a lamb from a fold, was carrying him off to his lair. A Lion met him in the path, and seizing the lamb, took it from him. Standing at a safe distance, the Wolf exclaimed, “You have unrighteously taken that which was mine from me!” To which the Lion jeeringly replied, “It was righteously yours, eh? The gift of a friend?” The Dog and the Oyster A DOG, used to eating eggs, saw an Oyster and, opening his mouth to its widest extent, swallowed it down with the utmost relish, supposing it to be an egg. Soon afterwards suffering great pain in his stomach, he said, “I deserve all this torment, for my folly in thinking that everything round must be an egg.” They who act without sufficient thought, will often fall into unsuspected danger. The Ant and the Dove AN ANT went to the bank of a river to quench its thirst, and being carried away by the rush of the stream, was on the point of drowning. A Dove sitting on a tree overhanging the water plucked a leaf and let it fall into the stream close to her. The Ant climbed onto it and floated in safety to the bank. Shortly afterwards a birdcatcher came and stood under the tree, and laid his lime-twigs for the Dove, which sat in the branches. The Ant, perceiving his design, stung him in the foot. In pain the birdcatcher threw down the twigs, and the noise made the Dove take wing. The Partridge and the Fowler A FOWLER caught a Partridge and was about to kill it. The Partridge earnestly begged him to spare his life, saying, “Pray, master, permit me to live and I will entice many Partridges to you in recompense for your mercy to me.” The Fowler replied, “I shall now with less scruple take your life, because you are willing to save it at the cost of betraying your friends and relations.” The Flea and the Man A MAN, very much annoyed with a Flea, caught him at last, and said, “Who are you who dare to feed on my limbs, and to cost me so much trouble in catching you?” The Flea replied, “O my dear sir, pray spare my life, and destroy me not, for I cannot possibly do you much harm.” The Man, laughing, replied, “Now you shall certainly die by mine own hands, for no evil, whether it be small or large, ought to be tolerated.” The Thieves and the Cock SOME THIEVES broke into a house and found nothing but a Cock, whom they stole, and got off as fast as they could. Upon arriving at home they prepared to kill the Cock, who thus pleaded for his life: “Pray spare me; I am very serviceable to men. I wake them up in the night to their work.” “That is the very reason why we must the more kill you,” they replied; “for when you wake your neighbors, you entirely put an end to our business.” The safeguards of virtue are hateful to those with evil intentions. The Dog and the Cook A RICH MAN gave a great feast, to which he invited many friends and acquaintances. His Dog availed himself of the occasion to invite a stranger Dog, a friend of his, saying, “My master gives a feast, and there is always much food remaining; come and sup with me tonight.” The Dog thus invited went at the hour appointed, and seeing the preparations for so grand an entertainment, said in the joy of his heart, “How glad I am that I came! I do not often get such a chance as this. I will take care and eat enough to last me both today and tomorrow.” While he was congratulating himself and wagging his tail to convey his pleasure to his friend, the Cook saw him moving about among his dishes and, seizing him by his fore and hind paws, bundled him without ceremony out of the window. He fell with force upon the ground and limped away, howling dreadfully. His yelling soon attracted other street dogs, who came up to him and inquired how he had enjoyed his supper. He replied, “Why, to tell you the truth, I drank so much wine that I remember nothing. I do not know how I got out of the house.” The Travelers and the Plane-Tree TWO TRAVELERS, worn out by the heat of the summer’s sun, laid themselves down at noon under the widespreading branches of a Plane-Tree. As they rested under its shade, one of the Travelers said to the other, “What a singularly useless tree is the Plane! It bears no fruit, and is not of the least service to man.” The Plane-Tree, interrupting him, said, “You ungrateful fellows! Do you, while receiving benefits from me and resting under my shade, dare to describe me as useless, and unprofitable?” Some men underrate their best blessings. The Hares and the Frogs THE HARES, oppressed by their own exceeding timidity and weary of the perpetual alarm to which they were exposed, with one accord determined to put an end to themselves and their troubles by jumping from a lofty precipice into a deep lake below. As they scampered off in large numbers to carry out their resolve, the Frogs lying on the banks of the lake heard the noise of their feet and rushed helter-skelter to the deep water for safety. On seeing the rapid disappearance of the Frogs, one of the Hares cried out to his companions: “Stay, my friends, do not do as you intended; for you now see that there are creatures who are still more timid than ourselves.” The Lion, Jupiter, and the Elephant THE LION wearied Jupiter with his frequent complaints. “It is true, O Jupiter!” he said, “that I am gigantic in strength, handsome in shape, and powerful in attack. I have jaws well provided with teeth, and feet furnished with claws, and I lord it over all the beasts of the forest, and what a disgrace it is, that being such as I am, I should be frightened by the crowing of a cock.” Jupiter replied, “Why do you blame me without a cause? I have given you all the attributes which I possess myself, and your courage never fails you except in this one instance.” On hearing this the Lion groaned and lamented very much and, reproaching himself with his cowardice, wished that he might die. As these thoughts passed through his mind, he met an Elephant and came close to hold a conversation with him. After a time he observed that the Elephant shook his ears very often, and he inquired what was the matter and why his ears moved with such a tremor every now and then. Just at that moment a Gnat settled on the head of the Elephant, and he replied, “Do you see that little buzzing insect? If it enters my ear, my fate is sealed. I should die presently.” The Lion said, “Well, since so huge a beast is afraid of a tiny gnat, I will no more complain, nor wish myself dead. I find myself, even as I am, better off than the Elephant.” The Lamb and the Wolf A WOLF pursued a Lamb, which fled for refuge to a certain Temple. The Wolf called out to him and said, “The Priest will slay you in sacrifice, if he should catch you.” On which the Lamb replied, “It would be better for me to be sacrificed in the Temple than to be eaten by you.” The Rich Man and the Tanner A RICH MAN lived near a Tanner, and not being able to bear the unpleasant smell of the tan-yard, he pressed his neighbor to go away. The Tanner put off his departure from time to time, saying that he would leave soon. But as he still continued to stay, as time went on, the rich man became accustomed to the smell, and feeling no manner of inconvenience, made no further complaints. The Shipwrecked Man and the Sea A SHIPWRECKED MAN, having been cast upon a certain shore, slept after his buffetings with the deep. After a while he awoke, and looking upon the Sea, loaded it with reproaches. He argued that it enticed men with the calmness of its looks, but when it had induced them to plow its waters, it grew rough and destroyed them. The Sea, assuming the form of a woman, replied to him: “Blame not me, my good sir, but the winds, for I am by my own nature as calm and firm even as this earth; but the winds suddenly falling on me create these waves, and lash me into fury.” The Mules and the Robbers TWO MULES well-laden with packs were trudging along. One carried panniers filled with money, the other sacks weighted with grain. The Mule carrying the treasure walked with head erect, as if conscious of the value of his burden, and tossed up and down the clear-toned bells fastened to his neck. His companion followed with quiet and easy step. All of a sudden Robbers rushed upon them from their hiding-places, and in the scuffle with their owners, wounded with a sword the Mule carrying the treasure, which they greedily seized while taking no notice of the grain. The Mule which had been robbed and wounded bewailed his misfortunes. The other replied, “I am indeed glad that I was thought so little of, for I have lost nothing, nor am I hurt with any wound.” The Viper and the File A LION, entering the workshop of a smith, sought from the tools the means of satisfying his hunger. He more particularly addressed himself to a File, and asked of him the favor of a meal. The File replied, “You must indeed be a simple-minded fellow if you expect to get anything from me, who am accustomed to take from everyone, and never to give anything in return.” The Lion and the Shepherd A LION, roaming through a forest, trod upon a thorn. Soon afterward he came up to a Shepherd and fawned upon him, wagging his tail as if to say, “I am a suppliant, and seek your aid.” The Shepherd boldly examined the beast, discovered the thorn, and placing his paw upon his lap, pulled it out; thus relieved of his pain, the Lion returned into the forest. Some time after, the Shepherd, being imprisoned on a false accusation, was condemned “to be cast to the Lions” as the punishment for his imputed crime. But when the Lion was released from his cage, he recognized the Shepherd as the man who healed him, and instead of attacking him, approached and placed his foot upon his lap. The King, as soon as he heard the tale, ordered the Lion to be set free again in the forest, and the Shepherd to be pardoned and restored to his friends. The Camel and Jupiter THE CAMEL, when he saw the Bull adorned with horns, envied him and wished that he himself could obtain the same honors. He went to Jupiter, and besought him to give him horns. Jupiter, vexed at his request because he was not satisfied with his size and strength of body, and desired yet more, not only refused to give him horns, but even deprived him of a portion of his ears. The Panther and the Shepherds A PANTHER, by some mischance, fell into a pit. The Shepherds discovered him, and some threw sticks at him and pelted him with stones, while others, moved with compassion towards one about to die even though no one should hurt him, threw in some food to prolong his life. At night they returned home, not dreaming of any danger, but supposing that on the morrow they would find him dead. The Panther, however, when he had recruited his feeble strength, freed himself with a sudden bound from the pit, and hastened to his den with rapid steps. After a few days he came forth and slaughtered the cattle, and, killing the Shepherds who had attacked him, raged with angry fury. Then they who had spared his life, fearing for their safety, surrendered to him their flocks and begged only for their lives. To them the Panther made this reply: “I remember alike those who sought my life with stones, and those who gave me food aside, therefore, your fears. I return as an enemy only to those who injured me.” The Ass and the Charger AN ASS congratulated a Horse on being so ungrudgingly and carefully provided for, while he himself had scarcely enough to eat and not even that without hard work. But when war broke out, a heavily armed soldier mounted the Horse, and riding him to the charge, rushed into the very midst of the enemy. The Horse was wounded and fell dead on the battlefield. Then the Ass, seeing all these things, changed his mind, and commiserated the Horse. The Eagle and His Captor AN EAGLE was once captured by a man, who immediately clipped his wings and put him into his poultry-yard with the other birds, at which treatment the Eagle was weighed down with grief. Later, another neighbor purchased him and allowed his feathers to grow again. The Eagle took flight, and pouncing upon a hare, brought it at once as an offering to his benefactor. A Fox, seeing this, exclaimed, “Do not cultivate the favor of this man, but of your former owner, lest he should again hunt for you and deprive you a second time of your wings.” The Bald Man and the Fly A FLY bit the bare head of a Bald Man who, endeavoring to destroy it, gave himself a heavy slap. Escaping, the Fly said mockingly, “You who have wished to revenge, even with death, the Prick of a tiny insect, see what you have done to yourself to add insult to injury?” The Bald Man replied, “I can easily make peace with myself, because I know there was no intention to hurt. But you, an ill-favored and contemptible insect who delights in sucking human blood, I wish that I could have killed you even if I had incurred a heavier penalty.” The Olive-Tree and the Fig-Tree THE OLIVE-TREE ridiculed the Fig-Tree because, while she was green all the year round, the Fig-Tree changed its leaves with the seasons. A shower of snow fell upon them, and, finding the Olive full of foliage, it settled upon its branches and broke them down with its weight, at once despoiling it of its beauty and killing the tree. But finding the Fig-Tree denuded of leaves, the snow fell through to the ground, and did not injure it at all. The Eagle and the Kite AN EAGLE, overwhelmed with sorrow, sat upon the branches of a tree in company with a Kite. “Why,” said the Kite, “do I see you with such a rueful look?” “I seek,” she replied, “a mate suitable for me, and am not able to find one.” “Take me,” returned the Kite, “I am much stronger than you are.” “Why, are you able to secure the means of living by your plunder?” “Well, I have often caught and carried away an ostrich in my talons.” The Eagle, persuaded by these words, accepted him as her mate. Shortly after the nuptials, the Eagle said, “Fly off and bring me back the ostrich you promised me.” The Kite, soaring aloft into the air, brought back the shabbiest possible mouse, stinking from the length of time it had lain about the fields. “Is this,” said the Eagle, “the faithful fulfillment of your promise to me?” The Kite replied, “That I might attain your royal hand, there is nothing that I would not have promised, however much I knew that I must fail in the performance.” The Ass and His Driver AN ASS, being driven along a high road, suddenly started off and bolted to the brink of a deep precipice. While he was in the act of throwing himself over, his owner seized him by the tail, endeavoring to pull him back. When the Ass persisted in his effort, the man let him go and said, “Conquer, but conquer to your cost.” The Thrush and the Fowler A THRUSH was feeding on a myrtle-tree and did not move from it because its berries were so delicious. A Fowler observed her staying so long in one spot, and having well bird-limed his reeds, caught her. The Thrush, being at the point of death, exclaimed, “O foolish creature that I am! For the sake of a little pleasant food I have deprived myself of my life.” The Rose and the Amaranth AN AMARANTH planted in a garden near a Rose-Tree, thus addressed it: “What a lovely flower is the Rose, a favorite alike with Gods and with men. I envy you your beauty and your perfume.” The Rose replied, “I indeed, dear Amaranth, flourish but for a brief season! If no cruel hand pluck me from my stem, yet I must perish by an early doom. But thou art immortal and dost never fade, but bloomest for ever in renewed youth.” The Frogs’ Complaint Against the Sun ONCE UPON A TIME, when the Sun announced his intention to take a wife, the Frogs lifted up their voices in clamor to the sky. Jupiter, disturbed by the noise of their croaking, inquired the cause of their complaint. One of them said, “The Sun, now while he is single, parches up the marsh, and compels us to die miserably in our arid homes. What will be our future condition if he should beget other suns?” LIFE OF AESOP THE LIFE and History of Aesop is involved, like that of Homer, the most famous of Greek poets, in much obscurity. Sardis, the capital of Lydia; Samos, a Greek island; Mesembria, an ancient colony in Thrace; and Cotiaeum, the chief city of a province of Phrygia, contend for the distinction of being the birthplace of Aesop. Although the honor thus claimed cannot be definitely assigned to any one of these places, yet there are a few incidents now generally accepted by scholars as established facts, relating to the birth, life, and death of Aesop. He is, by an almost universal consent, allowed to have been born about the year 620 B.C., and to have been by birth a slave. He was owned by two masters in succession, both inhabitants of Samos, Xanthus and Jadmon, the latter of whom gave him his liberty as a reward for his learning and wit. One of the privileges of a freedman in the ancient republics of Greece, was the permission to take an active interest in public affairs; and Aesop, like the philosophers Phaedo, Menippus, and Epictetus, in later times, raised himself from the indignity of a servile condition to a position of high renown. In his desire alike to instruct and to be instructed, he travelled through many countries, and among others came to Sardis, the capital of the famous king of Lydia, the great patron, in that day, of learning and of learned men. He met at the court of Croesus with Solon, Thales, and other sages, and is related so to have pleased his royal master, by the part he took in the conversations held with these philosophers, that he applied to him an expression which has since passed into a proverb, “The Phrygian has spoken better than all.” On the invitation of Croesus he fixed his residence at Sardis, and was employed by that monarch in various difficult and delicate affairs of State. In his discharge of these commissions he visited the different petty republics of Greece. At one time he is found in Corinth, and at another in Athens, endeavouring, by the narration of some of his wise fables, to reconcile the inhabitants of those cities to the administration of their respective rulers Periander and Pisistratus. One of these ambassadorial missions, undertaken at the command of Croesus, was the occasion of his death. Having been sent to Delphi with a large sum of gold for distribution among the citizens, he was so provoked at their covetousness that he refused to divide the money, and sent it back to his master. The Delphians, enraged at this treatment, accused him of impiety, and, in spite of his sacred character as ambassador, executed him as a public criminal. This cruel death of Aesop was not unavenged. The citizens of Delphi were visited with a series of calamities, until they made a public reparation of their crime; and, “The blood of Aesop” became a well-known adage, bearing witness to the truth that deeds of wrong would not pass unpunished. Neither did the great fabulist lack posthumous honors; for a statue was erected to his memory at Athens, the work of Lysippus, one of the most famous of Greek sculptors. Phaedrus thus immortalizes the event: Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici, Servumque collocarunt aeterna in basi: Patere honoris scirent ut cuncti viam; Nec generi tribui sed virtuti gloriam. These few facts are all that can be relied on with any degree of certainty, in reference to the birth, life, and death of Aesop. They were first brought to light, after a patient search and diligent perusal of ancient authors, by a Frenchman, M. Claude Gaspard Bachet de Mezeriac, who declined the honor of being tutor to Louis XIII of France, from his desire to devote himself exclusively to literature. He published his Life of Aesop, Anno Domini 1632. The later investigations of a host of English and German scholars have added very little to the facts given by M. Mezeriac. The substantial truth of his statements has been confirmed by later criticism and inquiry. It remains to state, that prior to this publication of M. Mezeriac, the life of Aesop was from the pen of Maximus Planudes, a monk of Constantinople, who was sent on an embassy to Venice by the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus the elder, and who wrote in the early part of the fourteenth century. His life was prefixed to all the early editions of these fables, and was republished as late as 1727 by Archdeacon Croxall as the introduction to his edition of Aesop. This life by Planudes contains, however, so small an amount of truth, and is so full of absurd pictures of the grotesque deformity of Aesop, of wondrous apocryphal stories, of lying legends, and gross anachronisms, that it is now universally condemned as false, puerile, and unauthentic. It is given up in the present day, by general consent, as unworthy of the slightest credit. G.F.T. PREFACE THE TALE, the Parable, and the Fable are all common and popular modes of conveying instruction. Each is distinguished by its own special characteristics. The Tale consists simply in the narration of a story either founded on facts, or created solely by the imagination, and not necessarily associated with the teaching of any moral lesson. The Parable is the designed use of language purposely intended to convey a hidden and secret meaning other than that contained in the words themselves; and which may or may not bear a special reference to the hearer, or reader. The Fable partly agrees with, and partly differs from both of these. It will contain, like the Tale, a short but real narrative; it will seek, like the Parable, to convey a hidden meaning, and that not so much by the use of language, as by the skilful introduction of fictitious characters; and yet unlike to either Tale or Parable, it will ever keep in view, as its high prerogative, and inseparable attribute, the great purpose of instruction, and will necessarily seek to inculcate some moral maxim, social duty, or political truth. The true Fable, if it rise to its high requirements, ever aims at one great end and purpose representation of human motive, and the improvement of human conduct, and yet it so conceals its design under the disguise of fictitious characters, by clothing with speech the animals of the field, the birds of the air, the trees of the wood, or the beasts of the forest, that the reader shall receive advice without perceiving the presence of the adviser. Thus the superiority of the counsellor, which often renders counsel unpalatable, is kept out of view, and the lesson comes with the greater acceptance when the reader is led, unconsciously to himself, to have his sympathies enlisted in behalf of what is pure, honorable, and praiseworthy, and to have his indignation excited against what is low, ignoble, and unworthy. The true fabulist, therefore, discharges a most important function. He is neither a narrator, nor an allegorist. He is a great teacher, a corrector of morals, a censor of vice, and a commender of virtue. In this consists the superiority of the Fable over the Tale or the Parable. The fabulist is to create a laugh, but yet, under a merry guise, to convey instruction. Phaedrus, the great imitator of Aesop, plainly indicates this double purpose to be the true office of the writer of fables. Duplex libelli dos est: quod risum movet, Et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet. The continual observance of this twofold aim creates the charm, and accounts for the universal favor, of the fables of Aesop. “The fable,” says Professor K. O. Mueller, “originated in Greece in an intentional travestie of human affairs. The ‘ainos,’ as its name denotes, is an admonition, or rather a reproof veiled, either from fear of an excess of frankness, or from a love of fun and jest, beneath the fiction of an occurrence happening among beasts; and wherever we have any ancient and authentic account of the Aesopian fables, we find it to be the same." 1 The construction of a fable involves a minute attention to (1) the narration itself; (2) the deduction of the moral; and (3) a careful maintenance of the individual characteristics of the fictitious personages introduced into it. The narration should relate to one simple action, consistent with itself, and neither be overladen with a multiplicity of details, nor distracted by a variety of circumstances. The moral or lesson should be so plain, and so intimately interwoven with, and so necessarily dependent on, the narration, that every reader should be compelled to give to it the same undeniable interpretation. The introduction of the animals or fictitious characters should be marked with an unexceptionable care and attention to their natural attributes, and to the qualities attributed to them by universal popular consent. The Fox should be always cunning, the Hare timid, the Lion bold, the Wolf cruel, the Bull strong, the Horse proud, and the Ass patient. Many of these fables are characterized by the strictest observance of these rules. They are occupied with one short narrative, from which the moral naturally flows, and with which it is intimately associated. “‘Tis the simple manner,” says Dodsley, 2 “in which the morals of Aesop are interwoven with his fables that distinguishes him, and gives him the preference over all other mythologists. His ‘Mountain delivered of a Mouse,’ produces the moral of his fable in ridicule of pompous pretenders; and his Crow, when she drops her cheese, lets fall, as it were by accident, the strongest admonition against the power of flattery. There is no need of a separate sentence to explain it; no possibility of impressing it deeper, by that load we too often see of accumulated reflections." 3 An equal amount of praise is due for the consistency with which the characters of the animals, fictitiously introduced, are marked. While they are made to depict the motives and passions of men, they retain, in an eminent degree, their own special features of craft or counsel, of cowardice or courage, of generosity or rapacity. These terms of praise, it must be confessed, cannot be bestowed on all the fables in this collection. Many of them lack that unity of design, that close connection of the moral with the narrative, that wise choice in the introduction of the animals, which constitute the charm and excellency of true Aesopian fable. This inferiority of some to others is sufficiently accounted for in the history of the origin and descent of these fables. The great bulk of them are not the immediate work of Aesop. Many are obtained from ancient authors prior to the time in which he lived. Thus, the fable of the “Hawk and the Nightingale” is related by Hesiod; 6 Many of them again are of later origin, and are to be traced to the monks of the middle ages: and yet this collection, though thus made up of fables both earlier and later than the era of Aesop, rightfully bears his name, because he composed so large a number (all framed in the same mould, and conformed to the same fashion, and stamped with the same lineaments, image, and superscription) as to secure to himself the right to be considered the father of Greek fables, and the founder of this class of writing, which has ever since borne his name, and has secured for him, through all succeeding ages, the position of the first of moralists. 8 as having employed his time while in prison, awaiting the return of the sacred ship from Delphos which was to be the signal of his death, in turning some of these fables into verse, but he thus versified only such as he remembered. Demetrius Phalereus, a philosopher at Athens about 300 B.C., is said to have made the first collection of these fables. Phaedrus, a slave by birth or by subsequent misfortunes, and admitted by Augustus to the honors of a freedman, imitated many of these fables in Latin iambics about the commencement of the Christian era. Aphthonius, a rhetorician of Antioch, A.D. 315, wrote a treatise on, and converted into Latin prose, some of these fables. This translation is the more worthy of notice, as it illustrates a custom of common use, both in these and in later times. The rhetoricians and philosophers were accustomed to give the Fables of Aesop as an exercise to their scholars, not only inviting them to discuss the moral of the tale, but also to practice and to perfect themselves thereby in style and rules of grammar, by making for themselves new and various versions of the fables. Ausonius, 9 the friend of the Emperor Valentinian, and the latest poet of eminence in the Western Empire, has handed down some of these fables in verse, which Julianus Titianus, a contemporary writer of no great name, translated into prose. Avienus, also a contemporary of Ausonius, put some of these fables into Latin elegiacs, which are given by Nevelet (in a book we shall refer to hereafter), and are occasionally incorporated with the editions of Phaedrus. Seven centuries elapsed before the next notice is found of the Fables of Aesop. During this long period these fables seem to have suffered an eclipse, to have disappeared and to have been forgotten; and it is at the commencement of the fourteenth century, when the Byzantine emperors were the great patrons of learning, and amidst the splendors of an Asiatic court, that we next find honors paid to the name and memory of Aesop. Maximus Planudes, a learned monk of Constantinople, made a collection of about a hundred and fifty of these fables. Little is known of his history. Planudes, however, was no mere recluse, shut up in his monastery. He took an active part in public affairs. In 1327 A.D. he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Venice by the Emperor Andronicus the Elder. This brought him into immediate contact with the Western Patriarch, whose interests he henceforth advocated with so much zeal as to bring on him suspicion and persecution from the rulers of the Eastern Church. Planudes has been exposed to a two-fold accusation. He is charged on the one hand with having had before him a copy of Babrias (to whom we shall have occasion to refer at greater length in the end of this Preface), and to have had the bad taste “to transpose,” or to turn his poetical version into prose: and he is asserted, on the other hand, never to have seen the Fables of Aesop at all, but to have himself invented and made the fables which he palmed off under the name of the famous Greek fabulist. The truth lies between these two extremes. Planudes may have invented some few fables, or have inserted some that were current in his day; but there is an abundance of unanswerable internal evidence to prove that he had an acquaintance with the veritable fables of Aesop, although the versions he had access to were probably corrupt, as contained in the various translations and disquisitional exercises of the rhetoricians and philosophers. His collection is interesting and important, not only as the parent source or foundation of the earlier printed versions of Aesop, but as the direct channel of attracting to these fables the attention of the learned. The eventual re-introduction, however, of these Fables of Aesop to their high place in the general literature of Christendom, is to be looked for in the West rather than in the East. The calamities gradually thickening round the Eastern Empire, and the fall of Constantinople, 1453 A.D. combined with other events to promote the rapid restoration of learning in Italy; and with that recovery of learning the revival of an interest in the Fables of Aesop is closely identified. These fables, indeed, were among the first writings of an earlier antiquity that attracted attention. They took their place beside the Holy Scriptures and the ancient classic authors, in the minds of the great students of that day. Lorenzo Valla, one of the most famous promoters of Italian learning, not only translated into Latin the Iliad of Homer and the Histories of Herodotus and Thucydides, but also the Fables of Aesop. These fables, again, were among the books brought into an extended circulation by the agency of the printing press. Bonus Accursius, as early as 1475-1480, printed the collection of these fables, made by Planudes, which, within five years afterwards, Caxton translated into English, and printed at his press in West-minster Abbey, 1485. 13 a book consisting of a hundred jests and stories, by the celebrated Poggio Bracciolini, published A.D. 1471, from which the two fables of the “Miller, his Son, and the Ass,” and the “Fox and the Woodcutter,” are undoubtedly selected. The knowledge of these fables rapidly spread from Italy into Germany, and their popularity was increased by the favor and sanction given to them by the great fathers of the Reformation, who frequently used them as vehicles for satire and protest against the tricks and abuses of the Romish ecclesiastics. The zealous and renowned Camerarius, who took an active part in the preparation of the Confession of Augsburgh, found time, amidst his numerous avocations, to prepare a version for the students in the university of Tubingen, in which he was a professor. Martin Luther translated twenty of these fables, and was urged by Melancthon to complete the whole; while Gottfried Arnold, the celebrated Lutheran theologian, and librarian to Frederick I, king of Prussia, mentions that the great Reformer valued the Fables of Aesop next after the Holy Scriptures. In 1546 A.D. the second printed edition of the collection of the Fables made by Planudes, was issued from the printing-press of Robert Stephens, in which were inserted some additional fables from a MS. in the Bibliotheque du Roy at Paris. The greatest advance, however, towards a re-introduction of the Fables of Aesop to a place in the literature of the world, was made in the early part of the seventeenth century. In the year 1610, a learned Swiss, Isaac Nicholas Nevelet, sent forth the third printed edition of these fables, in a work entitled “Mythologia Aesopica.” This was a noble effort to do honor to the great fabulist, and was the most perfect collection of Aesopian fables ever yet published. It consisted, in addition to the collection of fables given by Planudes and reprinted in the various earlier editions, of one hundred and thirty-six new fables (never before published) from MSS. in the Library of the Vatican, of forty fables attributed to Aphthonius, and of forty-three from Babrias. It also contained the Latin versions of the same fables by Phaedrus, Avienus, and other authors. This volume of Nevelet forms a complete “Corpus Fabularum Aesopicarum;” and to his labors Aesop owes his restoration to universal favor as one of the wise moralists and great teachers of mankind. During the interval of three centuries which has elapsed since the publication of this volume of Nevelet’s, no book, with the exception of the Holy Scriptures, has had a wider circulation than Aesop’s Fables. They have been translated into the greater number of the languages both of Europe and of the East, and have been read, and will be read, for generations, alike by Jew, Heathen, Mohammedan, and Christian. They are, at the present time, not only engrafted into the literature of the civilized world, but are familiar as household words in the common intercourse and daily conversation of the inhabitants of all countries. This collection of Nevelet’s is the great culminating point in the history of the revival of the fame and reputation of Aesopian Fables. It is remarkable, also, as containing in its preface the germ of an idea, which has been since proved to have been correct by a strange chain of circumstances. Nevelet intimates an opinion, that a writer named Babrias would be found to be the veritable author of the existing form of Aesopian Fables. This intimation has since given rise to a series of inquiries, the knowledge of which is necessary, in the present day, to a full understanding of the true position of Aesop in connection with the writings that bear his name. The history of Babrias is so strange and interesting, that it might not unfitly be enumerated among the curiosities of literature. He is generally supposed to have been a Greek of Asia Minor, of one of the Ionic Colonies, but the exact period in which he lived and wrote is yet unsettled. He is placed, by one critic, 14 as far back as the institution of the Achaian League, B.C. 250; by another as late as the Emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235; while others make him a contemporary with Phaedrus in the time of Augustus. At whatever time he wrote his version of Aesop, by some strange accident it seems to have entirely disappeared, and to have been lost sight of. His name is mentioned by Avienus; by Suidas, a celebrated critic, at the close of the eleventh century, who gives in his lexicon several isolated verses of his version of the fables; and by John Tzetzes, a grammarian and poet of Constantinople, who lived during the latter half of the twelfth century. Nevelet, in the preface to the volume which we have described, points out that the Fables of Planudes could not be the work of Aesop, as they contain a reference in two places to “Holy monks,” and give a verse from the Epistle of St. James as an “Epimith” to one of the fables, and suggests Babrias as their author. Francis Vavassor, 15 a learned French jesuit, entered at greater length on this subject, and produced further proofs from internal evidence, from the use of the word Piraeus in describing the harbour of Athens, a name which was not given till two hundred years after Aesop, and from the introduction of other modern words, that many of these fables must have been at least committed to writing posterior to the time of Aesop, and more boldly suggests Babrias as their author or collector. 16 These various references to Babrias induced Dr. Plichard Bentley, at the close of the seventeenth century, to examine more minutely the existing versions of Aesop’s Fables, and he maintained that many of them could, with a slight change of words, be resolved into the Scazonic 17 iambics, in which Babrias is known to have written: and, with a greater freedom than the evidence then justified, he put forth, in behalf of Babrias, a claim to the exclusive authorship of these fables. Such a seemingly extravagant theory, thus roundly asserted, excited much opposition. Dr. Bentley 19 afterwards Earl of Orrery. Their letters and disputations on this subject, enlivened on both sides with much wit and learning, will ever bear a conspicuous place in the literary history of the seventeenth century. The arguments of Dr. Bentley were yet further defended a few years later by Mr. Thomas Tyrwhitt, a well-read scholar, who gave up high civil distinctions that he might devote himself the more unreservedly to literary pursuits. Mr. Tyrwhitt published, A.D. 1776, a Dissertation on Babrias, and a collection of his fables in choliambic meter found in a MS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Francesco de Furia, a learned Italian, contributed further testimony to the correctness of the supposition that Babrias had made a veritable collection of fables by printing from a MS. contained in the Vatican library several fables never before published. In the year 1844, however, new and unexpected light was thrown upon this subject. A veritable copy of Babrias was found in a manner as singular as were the MSS. of Quinctilian’s Institutes, and of Cicero’s Orations by Poggio in the monastery of St. Gall A.D. 1416. M. Menoides, at the suggestion of M. Villemain, Minister of Public Instruction to King Louis Philippe, had been entrusted with a commission to search for ancient MSS., and in carrying out his instructions he found a MS. at the convent of St. Laura, on Mount Athos, which proved to be a copy of the long suspected and wished-for choliambic version of Babrias. This MS. was found to be divided into two books, the one containing a hundred and twenty-five, and the other ninety-five fables. This discovery attracted very general attention, not only as confirming, in a singular manner, the conjectures so boldly made by a long chain of critics, but as bringing to light valuable literary treasures tending to establish the reputation, and to confirm the antiquity and authenticity of the great mass of Aesopian Fable. The Fables thus recovered were soon published. They found a most worthy editor in the late distinguished Sir George Cornewall Lewis, and a translator equally qualified for his task, in the Reverend James Davies, M.A., sometime a scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford, and himself a relation of their English editor. Thus, after an eclipse of many centuries, Babrias shines out as the earliest, and most reliable collector of veritable Aesopian Fables. The following are the sources from which the present translation has been prepared: Babrii Fabulae Aesopeae. George Cornewall Lewis. Oxford, 1846. Babrii Fabulae Aesopeae. E codice manuscripto partem secundam edidit. George Cornewall Lewis. London: Parker, 1857. Mythologica Aesopica. Opera et studia Isaaci Nicholai Neveleti. Frankfort, 1610. Fabulae Aesopiacae, quales ante Planudem ferebantur cura et studio Francisci de Furia. Lipsiae, 1810. ———. Ex recognitione Caroli Halmii. Lipsiae, Phaedri Fabulae Esopiae. Delphin Classics. 1822. GEORGE FYLER TOWNSEND 101 ( return ) [ M. Bayle thus characterises this Life of Aesop by Planudes, “Tous les habiles gens conviennent que c’est un roman, et que les absurdites grossieres qui l’on y trouve le rendent indigne de toute.” Dictionnaire Historique. Art. Esope.] 1 ( return ) [ A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, by K. O. Mueller. Vol. i, p. 191. London, Parker, 1858.] 2 ( return ) [ Select Fables of Aesop, and other Fabulists. In three books, translated by Robert Dodsley, accompanied with a selection of notes, and an Essay on Fable. Birmingham, 1864. P. 60.] 3 ( return ) [ Some of these fables had, no doubt, in the first instance, a primary and private interpretation. On the first occasion of their being composed they were intended to refer to some passing event, or to some individual acts of wrong-doing. Thus, the fables of the “Eagle and the Fox” and of the “Fox and Monkey” are supposed to have been written by Archilochus, to avenge the injuries done him by Lycambes. So also the fables of the “Swollen Fox” and of the “Frogs asking a King” were spoken by Aesop for the immediate purpose of reconciling the inhabitants of Samos and Athens to their respective rulers, Periander and Pisistratus; while the fable of the “Horse and Stag” was composed to caution the inhabitants of Himera against granting a bodyguard to Phalaris. In a similar manner, the fable from Phaedrus, the “Marriage of the Sun,” is supposed to have reference to the contemplated union of Livia, the daughter of Drusus, with Sejanus the favourite, and minister of Trajan. These fables, however, though thus originating in special events, and designed at first to meet special circumstances, are so admirably constructed as to be fraught with lessons of general utility, and of universal application.] 5 ( return ) [ Aeschylus. Fragment of the Myrmidons. Aeschylus speaks of this fable as existing before his day. See Scholiast on the Aves of Aristophanes, line 808.] 6 ( return ) [ Fragment. 38, ed. Gaisford. See also Mueller’s History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, vol. i. pp. 190-193.] 7 ( return ) [ M. Bayle has well put this in his account of Aesop. “Il n’y a point d’apparence que les fables qui portent aujourd’hui son nom soient les memes qu’il avait faites; elles viennent bien de lui pour la plupart, quant a la matiere et la pensee; mais les paroles sont d’un autre.” And again, “C’est donc a Hesiode, que j’aimerais mieux attribuer la gloire de l’invention; mais sans doute il laissa la chose tres imparfaite. Esope la perfectionne si heureusement, qu’on l’a regarde comme le vrai pere de cette sorte de production.” M. Bayle. Dictionnaire Historique.] 9 ( return ) [ Apologos en! misit tibi Ab usque Rheni limite Ausonius nomen Italum Praeceptor Augusti tui Aesopiam trimetriam; Quam vertit exili stylo Pedestre concinnans opus Fandi Titianus artifex. Ausonii Epistola, xvi. 75-80.] 10 ( return ) [ Both these publications are in the British Museum, and are placed in the library in cases under glass, for the inspection of the curious.] 11 ( return ) [ Fables may possibly have been not entirely unknown to the mediaeval scholars. There are two celebrated works which might by some be classed amongst works of this description. The one is the “Speculum Sapientiae,” attributed to St. Cyril, Archbishop of Jerusalem, but of a considerably later origin, and existing only in Latin. It is divided into four books, and consists of long conversations conducted by fictitious characters under the figures the beasts of the field and forest, and aimed at the rebuke of particular classes of men, the boastful, the proud, the luxurious, the wrathful, &c. None of the stories are precisely those of Aesop, and none have the concinnity, terseness, and unmistakable deduction of the lesson intended to be taught by the fable, so conspicuous in the great Greek fabulist. The exact title of the book is this: “Speculum Sapientiae, B. Cyrilli Episcopi: alias quadripartitus apologeticus vocatus, in cujus quidem proverbiis omnis et totius sapientiae speculum claret et feliciter incipit.” The other is a larger work in two volumes, published in the fourteenth century by Caesar Heisterbach, a Cistercian monk, under the title of “Dialogus Miraculorum,” reprinted in 1851. This work consists of conversations in which many stories are interwoven on all kinds of subjects. It has no correspondence with the pure Aesopian fable.] 15 ( return ) [ Vavassor’s treatise, entitled “De Ludicra Dictione” was written A.D. 1658, at the request of the celebrated M. Balzac (though published after his death), for the purpose of showing that the burlesque style of writing adopted by Scarron and D’Assouci, and at that time so popular in France, had no sanction from the ancient classic writers. Francisci Vavassoris opera omnia. Amsterdam. 1709.] 16 ( return ) [ The claims of Babrias also found a warm advocate in the learned Frenchman, M. Bayle, who, in his admirable dictionary, (Dictionnaire Historique et Critique de Pierre Bayle. Paris, 1820,) gives additional arguments in confirmation of the opinions of his learned predecessors, Nevelet and Vavassor.] 17 ( return ) [ Scazonic, or halting, iambics; a choliambic (a lame, halting iambic) differs from the iambic Senarius in always having a spondee or trichee for its last foot; the fifth foot, to avoid shortness of meter, being generally an iambic. See Fables of Babrias, translated by Rev. James Davies. Lockwood, 1860. Preface, p. 27.] The Woman and Her Hen End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Aesop’s Fables, by Aesop * END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AESOP’S FABLES * *** This file should be named 21-h.htm or 21-h.zip * This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/2/21/ Produced by David Widger Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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What Latin phrase, which translates as "in good faith", is taken to mean sincere, honest intention or belief, or authentic and true?	Aesop's Fables A Collection of Wisdom : Folktales Aesop’s Fables Aesop�s Fables have been told for over two and a half millenniums. They have been handed down verbally for much of that time, and are originally attributed to a Greek man named Aesop who lived in the 500s BC. Aesop was a slave who frequently told witty, sharp and lesson-producing stories. The people enjoyed them so much that Aesop was eventually granted his freedom. As his tales have been passed down through time, changes have been made, and new stories have been added that were never actually told by Aesop. Nevertheless, all those stories have been grouped together and become collectively known as Aesop�s Fables, and are interwoven with the folklore of Greece and much of the rest of the world. Wolf Complains A wolf was carrying a dead lamb to his lair--but was met by a lion, who too the lamb from him. Standing at a safe distance, the wolf exclaimed, “You have unrighteously taken what was mine!” To which the lion jeeringly replied, “Righteously yours? Really? And I suppose you got it as a birthday gift, or you bought it at the grocery store."” Two Bags According to an ancient legend, every person is born into the world with two bags suspended from his neck: a bag in front full of his neighbors’ faults, and a large bag behind filled with his own faults. That's why people are ususally quick to see the faults of others, and blind to their own failings. Eagle Proposes Alliance with Lion An eagle stayed his flight and entreated a lion to make an alliance with him to their mutual advantage. The lion replied, “I have no objection, but you must excuse me for requiring you to find surety for your good faith, for how can I trust anyone as a friend who is able to fly away from his bargain whenever he pleases?” Bat Identifies Itself A bat fell to the ground and was caught by a weasel. The bat pleaded to be spared his life, but the weasel refused, saying that he was by nature the enemy of all birds. The bat then remarked, “I’m a mouse, not a bird.” Upon hearing this, the weasel let him go. Shortly afterwards, the bat was caught by another weasel. Once again he entreated the weasel not to eat him, but the weasel said that he had a special hostility to mice. The bat said, “No, I’m not a mouse, I’m a bird.” And thus the bat escaped again. Man Debates with Lion A man and a lion traveled together through the forest. They soon began to boast of their respective superiority to each other in strength and prowess. As they were disputing, they passed a statue showing “A Lion Strangled by a Man.” The traveler pointed to it and said, “See there! How strong we are, and how we prevail over even the king of beasts.” The lion replied, “This statue was made by one of you men. If we lions knew how to build statues, you would see the man placed under the paw of the lion.” The Observant Fox An old, injured lion found himself unabel to hunt using force, and resolved to do so with trickery. He returned to his den and pretended to be sick, taking care that his sickness should be publicly known. The beasts expressed their sorrow and came one by one to his den, where the lion devoured them. After many of the beasts had thus disappeared, the fox discovered the trick; and presenting himself to the lion, stood on the outside of the cave, at a respectful distance, and asked him how he was. “I’m very middling,” replied the lion, “but why do you stand without? Pray enter within to talk with me.” “No, thank you,” said the fox. “I notice that there are many prints of feet entering your cave, but I see no trace of any returning.” Man Boasts A man returned to his hmometown after traveling to many foreign lands, and boasted about the many wonderful and heroic feats he had performed during his trip. Among other things, he said that when he was at Rhodes he had leaped to such a distance that no man of his day could leap anywhere near him as to that. And he added that there were many people in Rhodes who saw him do it and whom he could call as witnesses. One of the bystanders interrupted him, saying, “Now, my good man, if this be all true there is no need of witnesses. Suppose this to be Rhodes, and leap for us.” Why I’m Upset A young pig was shut up in a fold-yard with a goat and a sheep. On one occasion when the shepherd laid hold of him, the pig grunted and squeaked and resisted violently. The sheep and the goat complained of his distressing cries, saying, “He often handles us, and we do not cry out.” To this the pig replied, “Your handling and mine are very different things. He catches you only for your wool, or your milk, but he lays hold on me for my very life.” Running for Different Motives A hound started a hare from his lair, but after a long run, gave up the chase. A goatherd, seeing him stop, mocked him, saying, “The little one is the best runner of the two.” The hound replied, “You do not see the difference between us: I was only running for a dinner, but he for his life.” Lion Wants to Marry the Woodcutter’s Daughter A lion demanded the daughter of a woodcutter in marriage. The father, unwilling to grant, and yet afraid to refuse his request, said, “ I’m willing to accept you as the suitor of my daughter on one condition: that you should let me extract your teeth and cut off your claws, as my daughter is fearfully afraid of both.” The lion cheerfully assented to the proposal. But when the toothless, clawless lion returned to repeat his request, the woodcutter, no longer afraid, set upon him with his club and drove him away into the forest. The Stag’s Visitors A sick stag lay down in a quiet corner of its pasture-ground. His companions came in great numbers to inquire after his health, and while there, each one helped himself to a share of the food which had been placed for his use. Eventually, the stag died, not from his sickness, but from starvation. Dog Displays His Bell A dog used to run up quietly to the heels of everyone he met, and bite them without notice. His master suspended a bell about his neck so that the dog might give notice of his presence wherever he went. Thinking it a mark of distinction, the dog grew proud of his bell and went tinkling it all over the marketplace. One day an old hound said to him, “Why do you make such an exhibition of yourself? That bell that you carry is not, believe me, any order of merit, but on the contrary a mark of disgrace, a public notice to all men to avoid you as an ill mannered dog.” Pleasing Two Women A middle-aged man whose hair had begun to turn gray courted two women at the same time. One of them was young, and the other well advanced in years. The elder woman, ashamed to be courted by a man younger than herself, made a point, whenever her admirer visited her, to pull out some portion of his black hairs. The younger, on the contrary, not wishing to become the wife of an old man, was equally zealous in removing every gray hair she could find. Thus it came to pass that between them both, he very soon found that he had not a hair left on his head. Maidens Try to Improve Their Work Conditions A widow who was fond of cleaning had two little maidens to wait on her. She was in the habit of waking them early in the morning, when the rooster began crowing. The maidens, aggravated by such excessive labor, decided to kill the rooster that roused their mistress so early. When they had done this, they found that they had only prepared for themselves greater troubles, for their mistress, no longer hearing the hour from the rooster, woke them up to their work in the middle of the night. The Boy Who Cried “Wolf!” A shepherd-boy who watched a flock of sheep near a village, brought out the villagers three or four times by crying out, “Wolf! Wolf!” and then when his neighbors came to help him, he laughed at them for their pains. One day, however, the wolf did truly come. The shepherd-boy, now really alarmed, shouted in an agony of terror, “Pray, do come and help me; the wolf is killing the sheep.” But no one paid any heed to his cries, nor rendered any assistance. The wolf, having no cause of fear, at his leisure lacerated or destroyed the whole flock. Young Goat Taunts Wolf A young goat, standing on the roof of a house and out of harm’s way, saw a wolf passing by and immediately began to taunt and revile him. The wolf, looking up, said, “You! I hear you, yet it is not you who mocks me, but the roof on which you are standing!” Shepherd Enlists Wolf A shepherd raised a wolf and taught it to steal lambs from the neighboring flocks. The wolf, having shown himself an apt pupil, said to the shepherd, “Since you have taught me to steal, you must keep a sharp lookout, or you will lose some of your own flock.” The Daughters’ Wishes A man had two daughters, the one married to a gardener, and the other to a tilemaker. After a time, he went to the daughter who had married the gardener, and inquired how she was and how all things went with her. She said, “All things are prospering with me, and I have only one wish: that there may be a heavy fall of rain, in order that the plants may be well watered.” Not long after, he went to the daughter who had married the tilemaker, and likewise inquired of her how she fared. She replied, “I want for nothing, and have only one wish: that the dry weather may continue, and the sun shine hot and bright, so that the bricks might be dried.” He said to her, “If your sister wishes for rain, and you for dry weather, with which of the two am I to join my wishes?” Useful? A fir-tree said boastingly to the bramble, “You are useful for nothing at all; while I am everywhere used for roofs and houses.” The bramble answered, “You poor creature, if you would only call to mind the axes and saws which are about to hew you down, you would have reason to wish that you had grown up a bramble, not a fir-tree.” Some Cure! A man who had been bitten by a dog went about in quest of someone who might heal him. A friend, meeting him and learning what he wanted, said, “If you would be cured, take a piece of bread, and dip it in the blood from your wound, and go and give it to the dog that bit you.” The man who had been bitten laughed at this advice and said, “Why? If I should do so, it would be as if I should beg every dog in the town to bite me.” Pigeons Enlist the Hawk The pigeons, terrified by the appearance of a bird, called upon the hawk to defend them. He at once consented. When they had admitted the hawk into their shelter, they found that he made more havoc and slew a larger number of them in one day than the other bird could pounce upon in a whole year. The Wolf’s Request A wolf, sorely wounded and bitten by dogs, lay sick and maimed in his lair. Being in want of food, he called to a sheep who was passing, and asked him to fetch some water from a stream flowing close beside him. “For,” he said, “if you will bring me drink, I will find means to provide myself with meat.” “Yes,” said the sheep, “if I should bring you the drink, you would doubtless make me provide the meat also.” The Shepherd’s Voyage A shepherd, keeping watch over his sheep near the shore, saw the sea very calm and smooth, and longed to make a voyage with a view to commerce. He sold all his flock, invested it in a cargo of dates, and set sail. But a very great storm came on, and since the ship was in danger of sinking, the shepherd threw all his merchandise overboard and barely escaped with his life in the empty ship. Not long afterwards, when someone passed by and observed the unruffled calm of the sea, the shepherd interrupted him and said, “It is again in want of dates, and therefore looks quiet.” The Donkey’s False Confidence A donkey and a rooster were in a straw-yard together when a lion, desperate from hunger, approached the spot. He was about to spring upon the donkey, when the rooster crowed loudly, and the lion (who is rumored to have a strong aversion to the rooster’s voice) fled away as fast as he could. The donkey, observing the lion’s trepidation at the mere crowing of a rooster, summoned courage to attack him, and galloped after him for that purpose. He had run no long distance, when the lion, turning about, seized him and tore him to pieces. Rivers Complain to the Sea The rivers joined together to complain to the sea, saying, “Why is it that when we flow into your tides so potable and sweet, you work in us such a change, and make us salty and unfit to drink?” The sea, perceiving that they intended to throw the blame on him, said, “Pray cease to flow into me, and then you will not be made briny.” Donkey Gets a Beating A donkey climbed up to the roof of a building, and frisking about there, broke in the tiling. The owner went up after him and quickly drove him down, beating him severely with a thick wooden cudgel. The donkey said, “Why, I saw the monkey do this very thing yesterday, and you all laughed heartily, as if it afforded you very great amusement.” According to Whom You Ask A great city was besieged, and its inhabitants were called together to consider the best means of protecting it from the enemy. A bricklayer earnestly recommended bricks as affording the best material for an effective resistance. A carpenter, with equal enthusiasm, proposed timber as a preferable method of defense. Then a currier stood up and said, “Sirs, I differ from you altogether: there is no material for resistance equal to a covering of hides; and nothing so good as leather.” “I Have Found an Axe” Two men were journeying together. One of them picked up an axe that lay upon the path, and said, “I have found an axe.” “Nay, my friend,” replied the other, “do not say &#8216I,’ but &#8216We’ have found an axe.” They had not gone far before they saw the owner of the axe pursuing them, and he who had picked up the axe said, “We are undone.” “Nay,” replied the other, “keep to your first mode of speech, my friend. What you thought right then, think right now. Say &#8216I,’ not &#8216We’ are undone.” From Milk to Marriage A farmer’s daughter was carrying her pail of milk from the field to the farmhouse, when she fell a-musing. “The money for which this milk will be sold, will buy at least three hundred eggs. The eggs, allowing for all mishaps, will produce two hundred and fifty chickens. The chickens will become ready for the market when poultry will fetch the highest price, so that by the end of the year I shall have money enough from my share to buy a new gown. In this dress I will go to the annual festival parties, where all the young fellows will propose to me, but I will toss my head and refuse them every one.” At this moment she tossed her head in unison with her thoughts, when down fell the milk pail to the ground, and all her imaginary schemes perished in a moment. Anticipating the Ship Some travelers, journeying along the seashore, climbed to the summit of a tall cliff, and looking over the sea, saw in the distance what they thought was a large ship. They waited in the hope of seeing it enter the harbor, but as the object on which they looked was driven nearer to shore by the wind, they found that it could at the most be a small boat, and not a ship. When however it reached the beach, they discovered that it was only a large bundle of sticks, and one of them said to his companions, “We have waited for no purpose, for after all there is nothing to see but a load of wood.” The Oak Asks the Reeds A very large oak was uprooted by the wind and thrown across a stream. It fell among some reeds, and said to them, “I wonder how you, who are so light and weak, are not entirely crushed by these strong winds.” They replied, “You fight and contend with the wind, and consequently you are destroyed; while we on the contrary bend before the least breath of air, and therefore remain unbroken, and escape.” The Fish’s Request A fisherman who lived on the produce of his nets, one day caught a single small fish as the result of his day’s labor. The fish, panting convulsively, thus entreated for his life, “O Sir, what good can I be to you, and how little am I worth? I am not yet come to my full size. Pray spare my life, and put me back into the sea. I shall soon become a large fish fit for the tables of the rich, and then you can catch me again, and make a handsome profit of me.” The fisherman replied, “I should indeed be a very foolish fellow if, for the chance of a greater uncertain profit, I were to forego my present certain gain.” Nightingale Tries to Negotiate With Hawk A nightingale, sitting aloft upon an oak and singing according to his wont, was seen by a hawk who, being in need of food, swooped down and seized him. The nightingale, about to lose his life, earnestly begged the hawk to let him go, saying that he was not big enough to satisfy the hunger of a hawk who, if he wanted food, ought to pursue the larger birds. The hawk, interrupting him, said, “I should indeed have lost my senses if I should let go food ready in my hand, for the sake of pursuing birds which are not yet even within sight.” Hunter “Pursues” a Lion A hunter, not very bold, was searching for the tracks of a lion. He asked a man felling oaks in the forest if he had seen any marks of his footsteps or knew where his lair was. “I will,” said the man, “at once show you the lion himself!” The hunter, turning very pale and chattering with his teeth from fear, replied, “No, thank you. I did not ask that; it is his track only I am in search of, not the lion himself.” Boar Sharpens His Teeth A wild boar stood under a tree and rubbed his tusks against the trunk. A fox passing by asked him why he thus sharpened his teeth when there was no danger threatening from either huntsman or hound. He replied, “I do it advisedly; for it would never do to have to sharpen my weapons just at the time I ought to be using them.” Jump In? Two frogs dwelt in the same pool. When the pool dried up under the summer’s heat, they left it and set out together for another home. As they went along they chanced to pass a deep well, amply supplied with water, and when they saw it, one of the frogs said to the other, “Let us descend and make our abode in this well. It will furnish us with shelter and food.” The other replied with greater caution, “But suppose the water should fail us. How can we get out again from so great a depth?” Mouse Messes with Bull A bull was bitten by a mouse and, angered by the wound, tried to capture him. But the mouse reached his hole in safety. Though the bull dug into the walls with his horns, he tired before he could rout out the mouse, and crouching down, went to sleep outside the hole. The mouse peeped out, crept furtively up his flank, and again biting him, retreated to his hole. The bull, rising up and not knowing what to do, was sadly perplexed, at which the mouse said, “The great do not always prevail. There are times when the small and lowly are the strongest to do mischief.” Mercury’s Treasure A poor carpenter was in the habit of making offerings to a wooden image of Mercury, amd begging the idol to make him rich. But, in spite of his entreaties, he became poorer and poorer. At last, being very angry, he took his image down from its pedestal and dashed it against the wall. When its head was knocked off, out came a stream of gold, which the carpenter quickly picked up and said, “Well, I think you are altogether contradictory and unreasonable; for when I paid you honor, I reaped no benefits: but now that I maltreat you I am loaded with an abundance of riches.” A Tale of Two Monkeys It is said that the monkey has two young ones at each birth. The mother fondles one and nurtures it with the greatest affection and care, but hates and neglects the other. It happened once that the young one that was caressed and loved was smothered by the too great affection of the mother, while the despised one was nurtured and reared in spite of the neglect to which it was exposed. Lady Luck Speaks A traveler, wearied from a long journey lay down, overcome with fatigue, on the very brink of a deep well. Just as he was about to fall into the water, Lady Luck appeared to him and waking him from his slumber said, “Good Sir, pray wake up—for if you fall into the well, the blame will be thrown on me, and I shall get an ill name among mortals; for I find that people are sure to impute their calamities to me, however much by their own folly they have really brought them on themselves.” The Lion’s Share The lion, the fox and the donkey entered into an agreement to assist each other in the chase. Having secured a large booty, the lion on their return from the forest asked the ass to allot his due portion to each of the three partners in the treaty. The donkey carefully divided the spoil into three equal shares and modestly requested the two others to make the first choice. The lion, bursting out into a great rage, devoured the donkey. Then he requested the fox to do him the favor to make a division. The fox accumulated all that they had killed into one large heap and left to himself the smallest possible morsel. The lion said, “Who has taught you, my very excellent fellow, the art of division? You are perfect to a fraction.” He replied, “I learned it from the donkey, by witnessing his fate.” Man’s First Encounter of the Camel When man first saw the camel, he was so frightened at his vast size that he ran away. After a time, perceiving the meekness and gentleness of the beast’s temper, he summoned courage enough to approach him. Soon afterwards, observing that he was an animal altogether deficient in spirit, he assumed such boldness as to put a bridle in his mouth, and to let a child drive him. Pond Frog and Road Frog Two frogs were neighbors. One inhabited a deep pond, far removed from public view; the other lived in a gully containing little water, and traversed by a country road. The frog that lived in the pond warned his friend to change his residence and entreated him to come and live with him, saying that he would enjoy greater safety from danger and more abundant food. The other refused, saying that he felt it so very hard to leave a place to which he had become accustomed. A few days afterwards, a heavy wagon passed through the gully and crushed him to death under its wheels. Lion Among Wolves At one time, a very large and strong wolf was born among the wolves, who exceeded all his fellow-wolves in strength, size, and swiftness, so that they unanimously decided to call him “Lion.” The wolf, with a lack of sense proportioned to his enormous size, thought that they gave him this name in earnest, and, leaving his own race, consorted exclusively with the lions. An old sly fox, seeing this, said, “May I never make myself so ridiculous as you do in your pride and self-conceit; for even though you have the size of a lion among wolves, in a herd of lions you are definitely a wolf.” Styles Make Fights A gnat came and said to a lion, “I do not in the least fear you, nor are you stronger than I am. For in what does your strength consist? You can scratch with your claws and bite with your teeth. I repeat that I am altogether more powerful than you; and if you doubt it, let us fight and see who will conquer.” The gnat, having sounded his horn, fastened himself upon the lion and stung him on the nostrils and the parts of the face devoid of hair. While trying to crush him, the lion tore himself with his claws, until he punished himself severely. The gnat thus prevailed over the lion, and, buzzing about in a song of triumph, flew away. But shortly afterwards he became entangled in the meshes of a cobweb and was eaten by a spider. He greatly lamented his fate, saying, “Woe is me!—that I, who can wage war successfully with the hugest beasts, should perish myself from this spider, the most inconsiderable of insects!” Fortuneteller A wizard, sitting in the marketplace, was telling the fortunes of the passers-by, when a person ran up in great haste, and announced to him that the doors of his house had been broken open and that all his goods were being stolen. He sighed heavily and hastened away as fast as he could run. A neighbor saw him running and said, “Oh! You fellow there! You say you can foretell the fortunes of others; how is it you did not foresee your own?” Shepherd’s Distrust Turns to Trust A wolf followed a flock of sheep for a long time and did not attempt to injure one of them. The shepherd at first stood on his guard against him, as against an enemy, and kept a strict watch over his movements. But when the wolf, day after day, kept in the company of the sheep and did not make the slightest effort to seize them, the shepherd began to look upon him as a guardian of his flock rather than as a plotter of evil against it; and when occasion called him one day into the city, he left the sheep entirely in his charge. The wolf, now that he had the opportunity, fell upon the sheep, and destroyed the greater part of the flock. When the shepherd returned to find his flock destroyed, he exclaimed, “I have been rightly served; why did I trust my sheep to a wolf?” Equality? The hares harangued the assembly, and argued that all should be equal. The lions replied, “Your words, O hares, are good; but they lack both claws and teeth such as we have.” The Dog and Rooster Team A dog and a rooster, being great friends, agreed to travel together. At nightfall they took shelter in a thick wood. The rooster flying up, perched himself on the branches of a tree, while the dog found a bed beneath in the hollow trunk. When the morning dawned, the rooster, as usual, crowed very loudly several times. A fox heard the sound, and wishing to make a breakfast on him, came and stood under the branches, saying how earnestly he desired to make the acquaintance of the owner of so magnificent a voice. The rooster, suspecting his civilities, said, “Sir, I wish you would do me the favor of going around to the hollow trunk below me, and waking my porter, so that he may open the door and let you in.” When the fox approached the tree, the dog sprang out and caught him, and tore him to pieces. Dinner Invitation A lion, greatly desiring to capture a bull, and yet afraid to attack him on account of his great size, resorted to a trick to ensure his destruction. He approached the bull and said, “I have slain a fine sheep, my friend; and if you will come home and partake of him with me, I shall be delighted to have your company.” The lion said this in the hope that, as the bull was in the act of reclining to eat, the lion might attack him to advantage, and make his meal on him. The bull, on approaching the lion’s den, saw the huge spits and giant caldrons, and no sign whatever of the sheep. And, without saying a word, he quietly took his departure. The lion inquired why he went off so abruptly without a word of salutation to his host, who had not given him any cause for offense. “I have reasons enough,” said the bull. “I see no indication whatever of your having slaughtered a sheep, while I do see very plainly every preparation for your dining on a bull.” Lion Waits for Opportunity Three bulls for a long time pastured together. A lion lay in ambush in the hope of making them his prey, but was afraid to attack them while they kept together. Having at last by guileful speeches succeeded in separating them, he attacked them without fear as they fed alone, and feasted on them one by one at his own leisure. Sun vs. Wind The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a wayfaring man of his clothes. The North Wind first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the traveler wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon the Sun to see what he could do. The Sun suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The traveler no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another, and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path. Partridge A man had two fighting roosters in his poultry-yard. One day by chance he found a tame partridge for sale. He purchased it and brought it home to be reared with his fighting roosters. When the partridge was put into the poultry-yard, they struck at it and followed it about, so that the partridge became grievously troubled and supposed that he was thus evilly treated because he was a stranger. Not long afterwards he saw the roosters fighting together and not separating before one had well beaten the other. He then said to himself, “I shall no longer distress myself at being struck at by these roosters, when I see that they cannot even refrain from quarreling with each other.” Donkey in the Lion’s Skin A donkey, having put on the lion’s skin, roamed about in the forest and amused himself by frightening all the foolish animals he met in his wanderings. At last coming upon a fox, he tried to frighten him also, but the fox no sooner heard the sound of his voice than he exclaimed, “I might possibly have been frightened myself, if I had not heard your bray.” Satyr is Confused A man and a satyr (half man, half goat) once drank together in token of a bond of alliance being formed between them. One very cold wintry day, as they talked, the man put his fingers to his mouth and blew on them. When the satyr asked the reason for this, the man told him that he did it to warm his hands because they were so cold. Later on in the day they sat down to eat, and the food prepared was quite scalding. The man raised one of the dishes a little towards his mouth and blew in it. When the satyr again inquired the reason, he said that he did it to cool the meat, which was too hot. “I can no longer consider you as a friend,” said the satyr, “a fellow who with the same breath blows hot and cold.” Gnat Sits on Bull A gnat settled on the horn of a bull, and sat there a long time. Just as he was about to fly off, he made a buzzing noise, and inquired of the bull if he would like him to go. The bull replied, “I did not know you had come, and I shall not miss you when you go away.” Imitation A rich nobleman once opened the theaters without charge to the people, and gave a public notice that he would handsomely reward any person who invented a new amusement for the occasion. Various public performers contended for the prize. Among them came a jester well known among the populace for his jokes, and said that he had a kind of entertainment that had never been brought out on any stage before. This report being spread about made a great stir, and the theater was crowded in every part. The jester appeared alone upon the platform, without any apparatus or confederates, and the very sense of expectation caused an intense silence. He suddenly bent his head towards his bosom and imitated the squeaking of a little pig so admirably with his voice that the audience declared he had a porker under his cloak, and demanded that it should be shaken out. When that was done and nothing was found, they cheered the actor, and loaded him with the loudest applause. A countryman in the crowd, observing all that has passed, said, “So help me, Hercules, he shall not beat me at that trick!” and at once proclaimed that he would do the same thing on the next day, though in a much more natural way. On the next day an even larger crowd assembled in the theater, but now partiality for their favorite actor very generally prevailed, and the audience came rather to ridicule the countryman than to see the spectacle. Both of the performers appeared on the stage. The jester grunted and squeaked away first, and obtained, as on the preceding day, the applause and cheers of the spectators. Next the countryman commenced, and pretending that he concealed a little pig beneath his clothes—which in truth he did, but not suspected by the audience—he contrived to take hold of and to pull his ear causing the pig to squeak. The crowd, however, cried out with one consent that the jester had given a far more exact imitation, and clamored for the countryman to be kicked out of the theater. On this, the rustic produced the little pig from his cloak and showed by the most positive proof the greatness of their mistake. “Look here,” he said, “this shows what sort of judges you are.” A wise man, observing all that happened, remarked, “People often applaud an imitation and hiss the real thing.” Dog Swallows an Oyster A dog, used to eating eggs, saw an oyster and, supposing it to be an egg, opened his mouth to its widest extent and swallowed it down with the utmost relish. Soon afterwards suffering great pain in his stomach, he said, “I deserve all this torment, for my folly in thinking that everything round must be an egg.” Tree Interjects Two travelers, worn out by the heat of the summer’s sun, laid themselves down at noon under the wide spreading branches of a plane-tree. As they rested under its shade, one of the travelers said to the other, “What a singularly useless tree is the plane! It bears no fruit, and is not of the least service to man.” The plane-tree, interrupting him, said, “You ungrateful fellows! Do you, while receiving benefits from me and resting under my shade, dare to describe me as useless and unprofitable?” You Lucky Horse? A donkey congratulated a horse on being so ungrudgingly and carefully provided for, while he himself had scarcely enough to eat and not even that without hard work. But when war broke out, a heavily armed soldier mounted the horse, and riding him to the charge, rushed into the very midst of the enemy. The horse was wounded and fell dead on the battlefield. Then the donkey, seeing all these things, changed his mind, and commiserated the horse. Man Prays to Hercules One rainy day, a traveler’s wagon came to an abrupt stalt, prompting the man to get off and examine what had happened. Upon noticing that his wheels were stuck in the mud, the man immediately dropped to his knees and cried out in despair for Hercules to help him. Hercules then called out, “At least meet me halfway and put the cart on your shoulders!” Donkey Asks Horse for Help A horse and a donkey belonged to the same owner. They were traveling one day, when the donkey, struggling with a heavy load he was carrying, said to the horse, “Friend, can you help me out and take some of this load?’ “No!” the horse abruptly shouted back. The unfortunate donkey continued to struggle, and not long later he dropped dead. The owner of the animals then placed the entire load as well as the donkey’s body on the horse’s back, and the horse soon realized that by not helping the donkey, he now had to carry the heaviest load of all. The Traveler’s Complaint A man who was about to go traveling saw his dog standing near the door yawning. The man complained to the dog, “Why are you just standing there like that yawning, when we are running late for our trip! Stop messing around, and come here this instant so we can leave.” The dog replied, “Actually, I was just standing here waiting for you!” The Boy in the River One day, a boy swimming in a river got caught in a current and was in danger. He spotted a man nearby and shouted out for help. The man said, “You should have never went in that water, and this is not the proper behavior for children, and just wait till I tell your parents, and�” The boy interrupted him and said, “Sir, please help me now, and you can scold me afterwards for as long as you want!” The Mouse’s Adventure A young mouse was about to take his first trip outside of the mouse hole. Before he left, his mother warned him to watch out for danger. The excited mouse eagerly went out, but just minutes later he came frantically running back with a terrified look on his face. “What happened?” his concerned mother asked. “Well,” replied the young mouse, “first I saw this friendly animal with beautiful soft fur, a long tail, and gleaming green eyes. It made an inviting &#8216purring’ sound, and I was about to go introduce myself to the gentle creature. “But then I saw a ferocious monster with red hair and vicious claws, and it made a terrifying noise like &#8216Cock-a-doodle-do!’ I was so scared that I immediately ran away and came back here.” “My son,” replied the mother, “that so-called &#8216friendly’ animal you saw is a cat, and it eats mice like you and me. And that &#8216ferocious monster’ you saw is a rooster, and it does not eat mice. Remember this lesson, my son: Appearances can be deceiving.” The Fox and the Grapes After spotting some delicious looking grapes up on a vine caught by a tre brahcn, a hungy fox eagerly began jumping in attempt to get them down. After many unsuccessful tries, she turned around and walked away, saying to herself, “Well, they probably weren’t ripe anyway.” The Shepherd’s Warning A shepherd heard his enemies approaching. He ran over to his donkey and exclaimed, “Quick, donkey, we must go now or else we are sure to be captured!” The donkey replied, “Do you think that if your enemies conquer me, they will put double the load that you put on my back everyday?” “No,” the shepherd answered. “Well then,” the donkey continued, “as long as I will be carrying the same load, what difference does it make to me whose loads I am carrying?” The Mother Crab’s Complaint A mother crab told her son, “Just look at how you walk that way, crooked and one sided. You should walk straight and forward.” The son replied, “OK—show me how and I will do it.” So the mother began trying to do it, but soon discovered that her walking was as crooked as the son’s due to the structure of a crab’s body. The Boy’s Dilemma A boy put his hand into a container of almonds. He grasped as many almonds as he could hold, but when he tried to pull his hand out, it did not fit out of the container’s neck. The boy was unwilling to let any of the almonds go, and soon began crying at his dilemma. Finally, he let half of them out and was able to get his hand out, and realized how such a petty and trivial matter had caused him a problem. Dispute in the Desert A traveler wanted to cross a section of the desert, and agreed to pay a donkey owner to use his donkey while the owner would walk alongside and act as a guide. Several miles into their voyage, it had become scorching hot, and the traveler stopped to rest. Since they were deep into the desert and there was no other alternative, the traveler laid down in the donkey’s shadow for shade. But the guide protested, and said, “Hey, that’s my donkey, and that’s my shade. I should be the one resting there.” “Wait a minute!” the traveler replied. “I paid you so I can use this donkey. I have every right to rest under its shade.” “No,” the guide retorted. “You paid to ride my donkey, but I still retain the rights to its shade!” “The rights to its shade?” the traveler incredulously responded. “Oh come on now, that is the comment of a fool.” The guide angrily replied, “You think you can insult me? How dare you say that to me!” They continued to argue, and soon began fighting. As they shouted and fought, the donkey grew terrified and galloped away and out of site. The Swan’s Singing A man purchased a swan and a goose from the market, planning to eat the former, and keep the other for its singing. However, that night, went to get the goose to kill for his meal, but since it was dark, he could not tell them apart and grabbed the swan by accident. As the man prepared to cut off the bird’s head, the swan began singing so that the man could distinguish its identity, and thus the swan’s life was saved. The Donkey Tricks the Wolf A donkey noticed a wolf was about to pounce on him. The donkey began limping, and calmly announced, “Wolf, I wouldn’t do that if I were you. I have just stepped on a sharp thorn, and if you eat me, the thorn will cut up your throat. Let me lift up my hoof first, and then you can pull out the thorn before you eat me.” The wolf was very surprised at the donkey’s behavior. He thought, “This donkey is really stupid. He should be running for his life right now, but instead, he is letting me eat him. And he is even making sure that I don’t get cut by the thorn in his foot. What an idiot!” The donkey lifted his hoof in the air, and the wolf stood behind him and searched for the thorn. Then all of a sudden, the donkey gave a powerful kick to the wolf’s head, sending him sprawling several feet in the air and falling on his back. iv)As the donkey ran away, the hurt wolf thought to himself, “That donkey is definitely not as stupid as I thought!” The Cat’s Meal After catching a rooster, a hungry cat began thinking of a morally justifiable excuse to kill and eat him. After a few seconds, he remarked, “Your crows annoy people and keep them awake at night—and that is why you deserve to be eaten.” “Actually,” the rooster replied, “my noises help people get up in time so they won’t be late for their duties.” To which the other replied, “Fine—but I am hungry, so I am going to eat you anyway!” The Difference Between Salt and Cloth A merchant tied some baskets full of salt to his donkey and head for the bazaar. There was lots of salt, and the donkey struggled to carry the heavy load. As they crossed a shallow river, the donkey accidentally slipped and fell, and about half of the salt was washed away in the water. The merchant was upset over the loss, but the donkey was glad that the heavy load had been lightened. When they reached the bazaar, the merchant traded his salt for cloth, and loaded it in baskets and tied it to the donkey. As they headed home and reached the same river, the donkey remembered what happened with the salt. He pretended to slip and fall into the water so that his load could once again be lightened. But the donkey’s plan backfired—the cloth did not wash away. Instead, the bags of cloth soaked up water and became twice as heavy, and the donkey had to carry the heavier load the rest of the way home. Donkey Hears Grasshoppers Chirp A donkey, enamored with the sound of grasshoppers chirping, approached a group of them and posed a question. “I really love your singing,” he said, “and I must know what you eat that gives you such lovely voices.” The grasshoppers replied, “We eat dew.” After hearing this, the donkey decided that he would eat only dew like the grasshoppers. He did, and three weeks later, the donkey died of starvation. The Lion and Dolphin Alliance A lion walked by a beach and approached a dolphin near the the shore. “We should form an alliance,” remarked the Lion. And the Dolphin, The dolphin replied, “OK.” A few days later, the lion was in battle with a bull, and called for the dolphin to assist him. The dolphin heard this and wanted to help, but he had no way to reach the land. The next day, the lion angrily came to the dolphin and exclaimed, “You traitor—you did not help me against the bull I was fighting yesterday.” The dolphin retorted, “Don’t blame me—blame Nature instead, which gave me power in the sea, but not in the land.” The Goose and the Golden Eggs One day, a poor man spotted a new goose among the various birds he kept in his yard. When he and his wife came to feed it the next day, it made a very strange noise, and seconds later, it laid a solid gold egg right before their very eyes! The man, hoping that the goose might Each day after that, it produced another golden egg; and soon, the man and his wife became quite wealthy. bought lavish items and hired servants. In time, their lifestyle had become so expensive that they could not be supported by the goose’s output. “One egg a day isn’t nearly enough,” the man lamented to his wife. “We can barely afford our high dollar lifestyle anymore.” “I agree,” she responded. “We should cut the goose open now so we can get all the eggs at once.” “Great idea, honey!” the man replied as he reached for a knife. He cut the goose open, but there were no gold eggs inside the now-dead goose. The Fishermen’s Early Celebration A group of fisherman felt something heavy caught on their net, and began celebrating what they assumed to be a large catch. However, a after their celebrations, after pulling up the net, celebrating, they were dismayed to find that it was full of sand and stones, and contained only three small fish. The Mice and the Cat The mice met together one day to discuss how they could deal with the always-dangerous cat that lurked around the house. After many mice presented plans that the others rejected, one mouse suggested, “Let’s hang a bell around the cat’s neck—that way, we will always know where it is, and be sure to avoid it.” “A brilliant idea!” remarked one mouse. “We’re saved!” added another. “ The mice praised his suggestion with enthusiasm, and were all elated to know that their cat problem was solved. One of them, however, remkared, “’Tis a fine suggestion * You are all overlooking one thing—who is going to put the bell on the cat!”	i don't know
Tuesday marked the 48th birthday of what noted former Mariner, who has been an All-Star, a Gold Glove award winner, and a member of the Mariners Hall of Fame, and is nicknamed Bone?	Andruw Jones News Archive \| Baseball-Reference.com Get RSS Feed for News Items News -- December 2016 12-23 Last Word on Sports: Ender Inciarte Signs Extension with Atlanta : Ender Inciarte Signs Extension with Atlanta: The Atlanta Braves front office has signed the fan-favorite centerfielder to a five-year ... 12-22 Walk-Off Walk: Early 2018 Hall of Fame Thoughts : If you missed it yesterday, I posted my 2017 Hall of Fame ballot at Outfield Fly Rule. The guys at OFR are doing a wonderful job ... 12-13 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Does Bud Selig’s HOF election portend a change in HOF voting? : Senseless to keep steroid guys out when the enablers are in Hall of Fame. I now will hold my nose and vote for players I believe ... 12-8 Outfield Fly Rule: Get to Know a Prospect: Ronald Acuña : The Player Ronald AcuÃ±a, OF Age: 19 Bats: R Rank: 10 2016 Level: A Rome The Results .311/.387/.432 139 wRC+ 4 HR, 14 SB 10.5 ... News -- November 2016 11-29 Tomahawk Take: Andruw Jones: A Hall of Fame Center Fielder : The fact that I even feel the need to write this piece annoys me, because the point I'm trying to get across is so obvious ... 11-15 Call to the Pen: San Francisco Giants All Time 25 Man Roster : One of the oldest teams in MLB history, the San Francisco Giants can trace their lineage back to 1883. Given the number of stars ... 11-13 Walk-Off Walk: 2016 Player Reviews: Mallex Smith, Dansby Swanson, Julio Teheran : Today's player reviews is a biggy (or should I say today's trio of players are bigly important?). Three exciting players at three ... 11-11 Outfield Fly Rule: Get To Know A Prospect: Ozzie Albies : Previous Get To Know A Prospect Entries: #8 – Max Fried #7 – Touki Toussaint #6 – Kevin Maitan #5 – Sean ... 11-10 Everything Bluebirds: Kevin Pillar and that elusive Gold Glove : No gold glove for this guy?! It's been a few years now where Blue Jay fans have got to enjoy Kevin Pillar ... 11-5 Walk-Off Walk: TOT - Braves Opt To Drop Fick : By jasonippolito (originally posted to Flickr as Fick) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia CommonsTransaction of Today...November 5, 2003 ... News -- October 2016 10-20 Off the Bench Baseball: The Top 10 OPS Leaders From Double-A in 2016 : Donât scout the stat line. Itâs a common mantra repeated by real life scouts given the modern era of amateur baseball scouting ... 10-14 Walk-Off Walk: Kevin Millwood's 1999 NLDS Rivals Kershaw's 2016 Effort : What Clayton Kershaw did last night was pretty amazing. Two days after throwing 110 pitches during Game Four of the NLDS against ... 10-7 MLBTradeRumors: Ned Colletti Reportedly A Candidate In Diamondbacks’ GM Search : Former Dodgers general manager Ned Colletti is on the Diamondbacks’ list of potential GM candidates, reports J.P. Hoornstra ... 10-3 wayniacnation.com: Goodbye TED: Memories from Turner Field : It was a bit surreal this past Saturday night. I walked out of Turner Field, my eight month old daughter in my arms, and said ... News -- September 2016 9-21 Baseball Generations: Mike Trout - the Greatest Young Player of All Time : With several weeks still to go in his age-24 season, Mike Trout has passed Ty Cobb for most career Wins Above Replacement through ... 9-20 Tomahawk Take: SPECIAL: Atlanta Braves Leaving Fulton County; Your Stories, Our Team : Wes, a tried and true Atlanta Braves fan, gives us our next story. His recount of Game 3 of the 1996 World Series between the ... 9-19 MLBTradeRumors: Atlanta Braves: Top 5 Bright Spots of 2016 : Rebuilding season or not, falling short of the playoffsÂ and finishing with a losing recordÂ probably means that more things went ... 9-18 Tomahawk Take: SPECIAL: Atlanta Braves Leaving Fulton County; Your Stories, Your Memories, Our Team : I've been recounting many of the moments from the Atlanta Braves time in Fulton County. Many of these moments have been some ... 9-12 Call to the Pen: Atlanta Braves All-Time Greats Roster : With over 140 years of history, the Atlanta Braves have a great legacy of players. Who would you put on their all-time roster? ... 9-12 Mets Daddy: Goodbye Turner Field : In many ways, Turner Field was an absolute eye sore from the general design of the place to the players who wore the Braves uniforms ... 9-9 MetsMinors.net: Luis Guillorme Playing for Spain in European Championship : Mets prospect Luis Guillorme will play for Team Spain in the European Championship that starts today in the Netherlands. The other ... 9-6 Baseball Magazine: The Greatest Baseball Nation That Never Was : Foreign players in the big leagues have always fascinated me. This is nothing strange, I am Dutch and have always lived in The ... 9-3 Baseball Generations: Mike Trout - the Greatest Young Player of All Time : With several weeks still to go in his age-24 season, Mike Trout has passed Ty Cobb for most career Wins Above Replacement through ... News -- August 2016 8-2 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Might Be Involved, So Here is a Lesson in Waiver Trading : Trading Season is Over! No, Not Really. Here's everything you need to know about trading players in August via Waivers. While ... News -- July 2016 7-28 Friars on Base: Padres Tie NL Home Run Record : The Padres tied the National League consecutive game with a home run record Wednesday thanks to three home runs in a game they ... 7-13 Chop County: Braves 2016 Mid-Season Top-35 Prospects : The Atlanta Braves minor league system is more loaded with prospects right now that at any other time since the early 1990s. While ... 7-6 Last Word on Sports: What Braves Fans Should Understand About Kevin Maitan : The Atlanta Braves signed a huge piece for the future in Kevin Maitan. However, Braves fans should temper their expectations for ... 7-3 RSNStats.com: Sunday Odds ‘n Ends : After a week off for some live baseball atÂ Fenway, it’s time to get backÂ to businessÂ with another edition of baseball ... 7-2 MLBTradeRumors: NL Notes: D-backs, Braves, Bucs, Dodgers : Diamondbacks right-handed prospect Yoan Lopez left Double-A Mobile on Wednesday for the second time in as many seasons, this time ... News -- June 2016 6-19 Call to the Pen: Pittsburgh Pirates Best Move is to Trade Andrew MuCutchen : Yesterday, we discussed why the Pittsburgh Pirates should hang on to Andrew McCutchen. Now, here is the other side of the argument ... 6-16 BronxPinstripes.com: Did Derek Jeter have his Bachelor Party? : Former Yankee Andruw Jones‘ latest Instagram posts have placedÂ him at Casa de Campo, a 5-star resort in the Dominican Republic. ... 6-16 Burning River Baseball: A Partial Solution to a Partially Known Problem: Yan Gomes : Yan Gomes has been the Indians single most disappointing player this year and, considering his injury, possibly the last two seasons. ... 6-9 Walk-Off Walk: Best 5 Braves Drafts Since 2000 - #1 : Best/Worst Drafts since 2000Worst: #5, 2009 \| #4, 2004 \| #3, 2013 \| #2, 2011 \| #1, 2001Best: #5, 2010 \| #4, 2015 \| #3, 2007 ... 6-9 Walk-Off Walk: Worst 5 Braves Drafts Since 2000 - #1 : Best/Worst Drafts since 2000Worst: #5, 2009 \| #4, 2004 \| #3, 2013 \| #2, 2011Best: #5, 2010 \| #4, 2015 \| #3, 2007 \| #2, 2002The ... News -- May 2016 5-30 Fueled By Sports: Torii Hunter vs Andruw Jones Comparison : Torii Hunter vs Andruw Jones Comparison Head-to-head comparison of former MLB outfielders Torri Hunter and Andruw Jones that includes ... 5-13 Call to the Pen: MLB: Top Five Players Currently Playing Overseas : The Japanese and Korean professional baseball systems have always been an option for big league veterans who can't seem to ... 5-12 Tomahawk Take: Three More International Possibilities for the Atlanta Braves this Summer : Most of the Caribbean International Teens are spoken for, but 3 Cuban players may still be up for grabs... if the price is right In ... 5-7 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Fans Love to Hate Liberty Media : Atlanta Braves Fans Love to Hate Liberty Media â but theyâre reasons are mostly myth Yesterday APâs Paul Newberry posted ... 5-6 Prospect Insider: Age is just a number for the Mariners : As a relatively new baseball writer, Iâm constantly trying to expand my knowledge by watching games, reading other writerâs ... 5-6 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Top 100 Scouting Report: 16. Ronald Acuna : Atlanta Braves Outfielder Ronald Acuna Who Is He? Acuna was signed as a 16 year-old in 2014 out of Venezuela. As a December ... 5-6 Obstructed View: The Cubs historic start to the 2016 season : A lot has been written about how good the 2016 Cubs are. The articles began immediately after the Mets quickly dispatched ... 5-6 Baseball Magazine: The Greatest Baseball Nation That Never Was : Foreign players in the big leagues have always fascinated me. This is nothing strange, I am Dutch and have always lived in The ... 5-5 27 Outs Baseball: A Star in the Making: Dansby Swanson : Photo Credit: Craig Gordon/27 Outs Baseball For Dansby Swanson, another normal day at the ballpark for the Atlanta Braves’ ... News -- April 2016 4-26 Tomahawk Take: How To Be an Atlanta Braves Fan In 2016 : We Atlanta Braves fans are a spoiled bunch. We canât help it. Many older Braves fans are used to losing, but Iâm 33 and folks ... 4-25 PhoulBallz.com: PhoulBallz Interview: Lakewood second baseman Josh Tobias : Tobias, image- Jay FloydSecond baseman Josh Tobias has been an offensive catalyst for the Class A Lakewood BlueClaws thus far ... 4-25 Phillies Nation: PN Interview: Lakewood second baseman Josh Tobias : Second baseman Josh Tobias has been an offensive catalyst for the Class A Lakewood BlueClaws thus far in the young season.Â The ... 4-14 TalkNats.com: Bryce Harper 100th HR: History Made! : It’s official, Bryce HarperÂ has joined the 100 Home Run Club becoming the 8th youngest to reach 100 HRs in MLB history ... 4-8 Baseball Essential: The Value of Braves Outfielder Ender Inciarte : When the Atlanta Braves traded right-handed pitcher Shelby Miller to Arizona this offseason, the front office was praised endlessly ... News -- March 2016 3-14 Grading on the Curve: Ozzie Albies: Ready to Make Impact for Atlanta Braves? : Ozzie Albies continues to perform well in Spring Training for the Atlanta Braves, but will he make an impact at the MLB level ... 3-13 Baseball Magazine: The Greatest Baseball Nation That Never Was : Foreign players in the big leagues have always fascinated me. This is nothing strange, I am Dutch and have always lived in The ... 3-7 Tomahawk Take: For The Atlanta Braves, the Training may extend far beyond Spring : Braves Headlines of Spring: Stop Me if You've Heard This Before Usually, the opening of Spring Training heralds a kind of ... 3-3 Walk-Off Walk: Thursday Throwback - Ryan Langerhans : I've mentioned before that I love to play Out of the Park on the PC. It's a baseball simulator that gives you loads of customization ... 3-3 Call to the Pen: 5 Bold Predictions for Atlanta Braves in 2016 Spring Training : This will undoubtedly be a difficult year for the Atlanta Braves, but Spring Training should be very exciting for Braves fans ... 3-2 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Top 100 Prospects: #9 Mallex Smith : Atlanta Braves Outfielder Mallex Smith Who Is He? Mallex Smith was a 5th round draft pick by the San Diego Padres in 2012 ... News -- February 2016 2-29 Baseball Essential: Andruw Jones Named Braves’ Special Assistant : Since moving to Atlanta before the 1966 season, the Atlanta Braves have relied heavily on their past players and always found ... 2-29 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Bring Back Andruw Jones : Old home week continues at Atlanta Braves spring training as former gold glove center fielder Andruw Jonesreturns ... 2-29 MLBTradeRumors: NL East Notes: Andruw, Tejada, Wheeler, Arroyo : The Braves announced today that they’ve hired Andruw Jones as a special assistant to the baseball operations staff. The ... 2-14 Southside Showdown: The Greatest White Sox Players of all time (Part 2 of 3) : In the second installment of a three part Sunday Series we explore the greatest outfielders in Chicago White Sox history. Greats ... 2-11 wayniacnation.com: The Atlanta Braves and #25 : The year is 1996. Itâs Game 1 of the World Series. A 19-year-old outfielder steps up to the plate in his first at bat and hits ... 2-7 MLBTradeRumors: Week In Review: 1/30/16 – 2/6/16 : Hereâs a look back at the pastÂ week at MLBTR. Key Moves TheÂ DiamondbacksÂ acquired infielder Jean Segura and pitcher Tyler ... 2-6 Walk-Off Walk: TOT - Curtis Pride's Year in Atlanta : Transaction of Today...February 6, 1998 - The Atlanta Braves signed Curtis Pride as a free agent.The story of Pride deserves ... 2-5 Kings of Kauffman: KC Royals: Did Royals GM Dayton Moore Tank To Win? : KC Royals general manager Dayton Moore is enjoying his day in the sun this winter. But did he "tank" (intentionally lose) ... 2-4 Cubbies Crib: Chicago Cubs: Where Does Albert Almora Fit? : Possibly the Chicago Cubs center fielder of the future, where will Albert Almora fit into this year's plans? Theo Epstein ... 2-3 Baseball Essential: Andruw Jones is Ready to Formally Retire : Iconic Canadian musician Neil Young famously coined the phrase, âItâs better to burn out than fade away,â but Andruw Jones ... 2-1 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Should Bring Back Andruw Jones Immediately : When I was just a young boy in 1995, my mother and grandma took my brother and myself to a Single-A baseball game in Kannapolis, ... News -- January 2016 1-30 Yanks Go Yard: Former New York Yankee Andruw Jones to Retire : According to Cory McCartney of Fox Sports South, 38-year old outfielder and former New York Yankee Andruw Jones is set to announce ... 1-30 MLBTradeRumors: Andruw Jones Likely To Retire : Veteran outfielder Andruw Jones says he will soon announce his retirement, Cory McCartney of FOX Sports South tweets. In November, ... 1-27 Tomahawk Take: Very Po**** Atlanta Braves Names To Appear At Saturday's FanFest : The Atlanta Braves will headinto the 2016 season witha seesawof emotions - the last season playing at Turner Field, the excitement ... 1-13 Atlanta Sports Today: Braves Bobblehead Dates Announced – 2016 : Braves bobblehead give away dates have been announced for 2016.Â Braves bobbleheads that commemorate key Turner Field events ... 1-11 It's Pronounced Lajaway: How Will Indians Greats Fare on Future Future Hall of Fame Ballots? : With the 2016 Baseball Hall of Fame class announced last week, the streak increased to five years without a former Cleveland Indian ... 1-10 Walk-Off Walk: Random Former Prospect Sunday - Bobby Smith : During the season, Sundays are set aside to take a look at a prospect at random, but with the minor league season over, I wasn't ... 1-7 Walk-Off Walk: Thursday Throwback - Terrell Wade : (This column used to be called Random Ex-Brave.)You have to love the Braves' scouting team in the late 80's and early 90's. They ... 1-2 OutsidePitchMLB: Case for the Hall of Fame: Jim Edmonds : Jim Edmonds was a great centerfielder. The eight time Gold-Glover was drafted and played seven years for his hometown team the ... 1-2 Walk-Off Walk: This Week at AtlantaBraves.About.com : Here's a list of articles I wrote this week at my other blog, AtlantaBraves.About.Com. All article links open to a new tab/window.Braves ... News -- December 2015 12-31 Mets Merized: 2015 Magic Moments: Conforto Explodes With Two Huge Blasts : This was one heck of an exciting year for our New York Mets, my friends. Right from the word go it was an unpredictable and thrilling ... 12-28 Mets Merized: Expect Big Things From Michael Conforto In 2016 : When the Mets drafted Michael Conforto in the first round of the 2014 draft, it was clear right from the start that he was different ... 12-18 Walk-Off Walk: TOT: Braves Give Bam Bam a Try : Transaction of Today...December 18, 1996...The Braves sign Hensley Meulens to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring ... 12-14 Walk-Off Walk: TOT: Braves Trade for a Water Cooler Beater : I haven't been doing a good job of keeping up-to-date with my work here at the blog, but I am hoping a few changes will help (and ... 12-12 Braves Journal: Ender Inciarte : When people talk about players statheads love, Ender Inciarte is the kind of guy they mean. Not a lot of power but a decent enough ... News -- November 2015 11-25 Mets Merized: Featured Article: What Can Mets Expect From Michael Conforto In 2016? : When the Mets drafted Michael Conforto in the first round of the 2014 draft, it was clear right from the start that he was different ... 11-23 Mets Merized: What Can Mets Expect From Michael Conforto In 2016? : When the Mets drafted Michael Conforto in the first round of the 2014 draft, it was clear right from the start that he was different ... 11-20 Braves Journal: Atlanta Braves Trivia Time! (by sansho1) : Correct answers acknowledged in the comments. You have 24 hours. Go! 1) Who was the youngest Atlanta Braves All-Star? Who was ... 11-19 MLBTradeRumors: Market Notes: Soria, Utley, Desmond, Jones : Free agent relieverÂ Joakim SoriaÂ has long been rumored to be drawing interest from several of his former employers, and at least ... 11-13 Radical Baseball: Top 25 center fielders OPS+. Jim Edmonds is number 12. : Jim Edmonds is now being mentioned for the Hall of Fame. I wrote about Ken Griffey, Jr. recently. In OPS+ they are ... 11-13 BoSox Injection: Boston Red Sox revisit: Ellsbury versus Bradley : A deal may look fantastic at first glow and then it will slowly deteriorate. You see that surface with trades and free agent signings. ... 11-1 Mets Chronicle: Preview: 2015 Postseason - World Series - Game 5 - Royals at Mets - Volquez vs Harvey - 8:07 PM : Preview: 2015 Postseason - World Series - Game 5 - Royals at Mets - Volquez vs Harvey - 8:07 PM While carrying a heavy heart ... 11-1 Mets Merized: Michael Conforto Blasts Two Home Runs In Historic Performance : Michael Conforto blasted two home runs last night during the Mets 5-3 loss to the Royals at Citi Field. While he was previously ... News -- October 2015 10-31 OutsidePitchMLB: Raul A. Mondesi becomes first player to make MLB debut in the World Series : Raul Mondesi spent 13 seasons in the majors, playing for seven different teams along the way. He appeared in 1,525 regular season ... 10-28 Tyler's Think Tank: Hunter Hangs 'Em Up : Hunter is retiring after a nice final season with the Twins (MLive)After a stellar and tremendously consistent 19-year ... 10-20 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: October 20, 1996 : Atlanta Braves 19-year old outfielder Andruw Jones, with just 31 career regular season games under his belt, hits two homers ... 10-8 Walk-Off Walk: Thursday Throwback - Blaine Boyer : (This column used to be called Random Ex-Brave.)The Baby Braves.2005's crew of kids who were either fresh-faced rookies or just ... 10-3 Kings of Kauffman: KC Royals Linked to Top International Free Agent Eddy Martinez : When it comes to finding prospects from Latin America, the KC Royals have had an excellent track record of success. Players like ... News -- September 2015 9-3 ATL All Day: Andruw Jones: Time to Retire His Number 25? : With the Atlanta Braves recently retiring Chipper Jones' and John Smoltz's numbers, is it time for Andruw Jones to join ... News -- August 2015 8-31 Braves Journal: Braves 4, Yankees 0 : After eight dominant Greg Maddux innings and some timely hitting, the Braves are up 2-0 over the Yankees in this World Series ... 8-29 New York Mets Report: Upon Further Review: Lagares Blew Play : It is totally irrelevant, 100 percent, replays showed Blake Swihartâs drive off the wall that resulted in an inside-the-park ... 8-29 Wahoo's on First: I Am Sick of the 1995 Cleveland Indians : I am sick to death of the 1995 Cleveland Indians. That year was a wonderful moment in the history of my beloved franchise, the ... 8-25 It's About the Money (Stupid): Flashback: 8/25/11 : Remember when the Yankees’ offense could hit three grand slams in a day? I do! The fun part about this crazy game was that ... 8-23 Walk-Off Walk: Happy birthday, Julio! : Today is Julio Franco's 57th birthday. Yes, he's just 57. Isn't that an odd idea that someone can only be just 57?Jed Jacobsohn ... 8-3 Tomahawk Take: Braves Waiver Trading 101: All You Need to Know : Trading Season is Over! No, Not Really. While July 31st marked the end of the unrestricted trading deadline for Major League ... News -- July 2015 7-28 Hot Corner Harbor: Predicting the Future of the 500 Home Run Club : After looking at the future of the 3000 hit club last month, I began wanting to try my method out with other milestones. The natural ... 7-16 Tomahawk Take: A50: Atlanta Braves Throwback Thursday Special -- Centerfield : The Centerfielders - "Put me in coach, I'm ready to play -- today, look at me, I can be, Centerfield"! John Fogerty ... 7-15 OutsidePitchMLB: First half grades for the Atlanta Braves : After beating the Milwaukee Brewers in the first two games of a road series early last week, the Atlanta Braves reached the .500 ... 7-13 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves, a Team of Trial and Error! : Atlanta Braves...what can ya say? Well, they try. They really do. I don't think that's been questioned often, and it's ... 7-10 MLBTradeRumors: Latest On Eddy Julio Martinez : Top Cuban outfield prospectÂ Eddy Julio MartinezÂ remains unsigned a week after the beginning of the July 2 international signing ... 7-2 Dodgers Digest: Yadier Alvarez, Starling Heredia highlight Dodgers’ July 2 signings : It’s finally here, and it’s happening. The Dodgers agreed to contracts with right-handed pitcherÂ Yadier Alvarez, ... News -- June 2015 6-26 From Duke 2 Joc: The Cubans Are Coming (Andrew Friedman's $100 Million Plan & Breaking Baseball's Gender Barrier) : Lindsay Garwood/Lindsay Garwood I'm a ... 6-24 Future Sox: White Sox 2015 July 2nd Preview : When it was revealed that head international scout Dave Wilder was involved in a bonus skimming scandal, the White Sox instantly ... 6-24 Gammons Daily: The Underrated Kevin Kiermaier : Regardless of how important it is, defense is never the most attractive quality when discussing the best players in baseball. ... 6-18 Yanks Go Yard: New York Yankees News: Yankees Fail To Land International Prospect : Yasmany Tomas. Rusney Castillo, Yoan Moncada. We all know the names and while the New York Yankees made a splurge in the international ... 6-13 World Series Dreaming: The Best Game I Ever Saw Live : Five years ago today, I was at a game that I will always remember. The date was June 13, 2010 and on that day many things happened ... 6-11 OutsidePitchMLB: Cameron Maybin may be the answer for the Atlanta Braves : Everyone who had Cameron Maybin as the key to the deal that sent Craig Kimbrel from the Atlanta Braves to the San Diego Padres ... 6-8 Outfield Fly Rule: World Series #107: 1999 : Home post with list explained Note: Leverage Index is an average of the leverage of situations, with 1 being average, below 1 ... 6-7 Walk-Off Walk: Random Prospect Sunday: Ozhaino Albies : This series typically focuses on the guys you may not hear about too often, but this week, the spotlight is on someone who is ... 6-2 Baseball Musings: Young Guns : Joc Pederson hit a home run in his third consecutive game Tuesday afternoon, giving him 15 on the season. It’s been a good ... News -- May 2015 5-28 View From the Bleachers: Game 46 Notes – No Offense Whatsoever : A series loss to the Nationals leads to a day off before a big interleague showdown with the Kansas City Royals this weekend. ... 5-22 Padres360: The Center of the Storm – Auston Bousfield : Baseball has been the center of Auston Bousfieldâs life since he was little boy.Â Growing up he played in âThe Winter Garden ... 5-21 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: George Lombard : It was supposed to be a perfect match. George Lombard grew up in Atlanta and went to Lovett School - the same school future Braves ... 5-20 MLBTradeRumors: International Notes: Martinez, Fox, KBO : A few notes on the international prospect front… The Giants were among the clubs to scout 20-year-old Cuban center fielder ... 5-20 Call to the Pen: Rafael Furcal second former All-Star to retire in-season : After a career that saw him be everything from a top prospect in the Atlanta Braves' organization to Rookie of the Year to ... 5-20 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 5-18 OutsidePitchMLB: Atlanta Braves in strong position as MLB Draft approaches : With the MLB Draft approaching in just a few weeks the Atlanta Braves find themselves in a very fortunate position this year. ... 5-9 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 5-7 MLBTradeRumors: Heyman's Latest: Hamels, Astros, Hinch, Greinke : CBS Sports’ Jon Heyman touched on many topics in his latest “Inside Baseball” column, and since we’ve ... 5-7 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... News -- April 2015 4-25 Tyler's Think Tank: Baseball's Elite Eight : PED use aside, Bonds (left) and A-Rod are two of the greatest living ballplayers (NYPost)So MLB.com is letting fans determine ... 4-20 162 Games: Frank Catalanotto: A Baseball Underdog : Of the nearly 17,000 major league baseball players throughout the course of history, around 80% have tipped the scales at a higher ... 4-11 BoSox Injection: Red Sox meanderings and tidbits : A few Red Sox meanderings from the present to the past while recovering from a coffee fueled 6-5 win. The Yankee home opener had ... 4-11 Walk-Off Walk: Ranking The Top 9 Outfielders in Franchise History : Over at About.com, I have added a new post that ranks the nine best outfielders in franchise history. Originally, I was going ... 4-7 Grading on the Curve: Braves' Reloaded System Offers Plenty of Players to Watch : The Atlanta Braves had one of the more interesting offseasons in recent memory, acquiring all kinds of young talent in return ... 4-4 Blue Jays Plus: Bill James Ruined My Childhood : Baseball was the only sport I really cared about as a kid and I was obsessed with it more than I should probably admit. I would ... News -- March 2015 3-27 On-Base Talk: Toronto Blue Jays’ Prospect Chaz Frank is an Excellent Role Player : Every baseball team has role players; guys who can come in and fill numerous roles adequately. Outfielder Chaz Frank definitely ... 3-23 Tomahawk Take: Can the 2015 Braves replicate the 1991 Braves? : 1991 Braves vs. 2015 Braves After a busy offseason that saw such offensive stalwarts as Jason Heyward, Justin Upton, and Evan ... 3-18 Dodgers Digest: Joc Pederson Is Going To Win The Center Field Job, Obviously : BIG NEWS, YOU GUYS (AND GALS): Dodgers manager Don Mattingly wouldn’t say rookie Joc Pederson has won the center-field job ... 3-15 On-Base Talk: Why Andruw Jones Isn’t Hall of Fame Worthy : I donât think Andruw Jones should be elected to the Hall of Fame. He will be eligible for inclusion on the BBWAAâs 2017 Hall ... 3-15 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: Derrek Lee : He spent just 39 games with the Braves, but Derrek Lee became a massively important player for the Braves in a short time frame. ... 3-12 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves: The Story of Melvin B.J. Upton, "He is Who we Thought he Was" : This is the story of a promising young athlete that falls into the category of “potential high upside”.The problem ... 3-9 Tomahawk Take: The Center Field Shuffle : With Mel Upton Jr. on the DL and unlikely to play until May, the Braves are shuffling the baseball cards to choose who starts ... 3-4 On-Base Talk: My Interview with Giants Prospect Mac Williamson : Transcript of My Interview with Mac Williamson on Blog Talk Radio for Baseball Essential Â Will: Hey Mac Williamson, how are ... 3-1 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: Brian Jordan : I'll make a pretty simple assessment. Deion Sanders was the better football player, but Brian Jordan was the better baseball ... News -- February 2015 2-28 Tyler's Think Tank: Pierre Pulls Plug on Career : Pierre was a player unlike any other (CBS Miami)After 14 major league seasons, Juan Pierre finally ran out of gas. The speedy ... 2-26 BBST: The 2015 comeback “kids” : As previously noted there is an influx of players who have been out of the game or even officially retired that are suddenly ... 2-25 Tomahawk Take: Waiting on Jose Peraza : There's a competition brewing for the Braves' second base job this Spring - no doubt. As Andrew pointed out last week, ... 2-15 Wahoo's on First: Cleveland Indians Considering Former White Sox OF Dayan Viciedo : The "we need a right-handed bat" chatter continues in Cleveland, in some cases to the dismay of fans who think the Indians ... 2-13 BBST: The 2015 comeback “kids” : As previously noted there is an influx of players who have been out of the game or even officially retired that are suddenly ... 2-13 Call to the Pen: Giants' Casey McGehee Along for the Ride : If you had to name a journeyman professional baseball player that comes to mind, Tom Selleck's character Jack Elliot from ... 2-11 BBST: The 2015 comeback “kids” : As previously noted there is an influx of players who have been out of the game or even officially retired that are suddenly ... 2-9 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves: What's Your Favorite Moment? : As I was unwinding on a late Saturday night, I thought I would continue my latest television binge, which happened to be the current ... 2-8 Wahoo's on First: Are The Indians Relying Too Heavily On Players Coming Off Of Injury? : Several key players enter 2015 coming off of injury riddled campaigns. With very little action this off-season, are the Indians ... 2-8 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: Kenny Lofton : After the 1996 World Series ended in complete disappointment, the Atlanta Braves were at a crossroads that would decide the next ... 2-6 Gammons Daily: Is Andruw Jones a Hall of Famer? : After a two-year stint in Japan, Andruw Jones is looking to provide some right-handed thump as a part-time outfielder/first baseman ... 2-5 Puckett's Pond: Minnesota Twins Web Gems: Mauer, Harvey and Papelbon : A terrific Thursday I wish to you all! Collin Kottke is the man here behind the keyboard and I will be giving you all the ... 2-5 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop - Happy Birthday, Hammer : Henry Aaron Turns 81 Today Just in case you may have forgotten just how good he was, let us review a few stats: Starting in 1955 ... 2-4 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves News: The Morning Chop The Return of #25 Andruw Jones? : Herald-Tribune Atlanta Braves look to Venice for spring training? Tomahawk Take Editor's Note: Disney has been the home for ... 2-4 Bleeding Yankee Blue: BYB HOT STOVE VOLUME: LUCKY XIII : Here we are in week 13 of BYB's Hot Stove column and the truth is, there are a number of free agents who remain unsigned. There's ... 2-4 Wahoo's on First: Clevelinks: Indians Pursuit Of Nolan Reimold, Minor League Deals, & More : Indians Unsuccessful In Pursuit Of Nolan Reimold Jon Heyman of CBSSports continued (on Twitter) to discussthe desire for the Cleveland ... 2-3 GuyHut.com: Cleveland Indians Interested In Andruw Jones, Ryan Ludwick? : The Cleveland Indians don’t have a ton of available funds at their disposal, but that doesn’t mean they’re not ... 2-3 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees News: Andruw Jones Hoping to Return to MLB : Former New York Yankees outfielder, Andruw Jones, a five time all star who won ten straight Gold Gloves as one of the premier ... 2-3 BBST: The 2015 comeback “kids” : As previously noted there is an influx of players who have been out of the game or even officially retired that are suddenly ... 2-2 Call to the Pen: Andruw Jones Should Have Been an All-time Great : When Andruw Jones made his major league debut with the Atlanta Braves in 1996 he was only 19-years old. Other teenagers were pulling ... 2-2 GuyHut.com: Former Braves Star Andruw Jones Returning To MLB? : Could former Atlanta Braves star Andruw Jones be returning to Major League Baseball? Now 38-years-old, Jones has played the last ... 2-2 BBST: Andruw Jones to make comeback attempt : There has already been a rash of pitchers, Mark Mulder, Johan Santana, Dontrelle WillisÂ andÂ Joe Blanton to name a few, attempting ... 2-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: ANDRUW JONES HAS STILL GOT IT! : In case you didn't know, Andruw Jones didn't retire from baseball or anything. Jones was playing ball in Japan where he ... 2-2 Baseballhotcorner.com: The Year Of The Comeback Continues: Andruw Jones? : There has already been a rash of pitchers, Mark Mulder, Johan Santana, Dontrelle WillisÂ andÂ Joe Blanton to name a few, attempting ... 2-1 SoDo Mojo: Andruw Jones Coming Back To MLB, Mariners Should Look : According to Nick Cafardo of the Boston Globe, veteran outfielder and 10-time Gold Glove winner Andruw Jones is looking to return ... 2-1 MLBTradeRumors: Andruw Jones Drawing Interest : After two seasons in Japan, Andruw Jones could be headed back toÂ major league baseball. Â Agent Scott Boras tells Nick Cafardo ... 2-1 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Ligas Menores â€¢ Andruw Jones quiere volver a las Grandes Ligas : Nick Cafardo del Boston Globe anuncia en su artÃculo que Andruw Jones quiere volver a las Grandes Ligas.La Ãºltima vez que Jones ... News -- January 2015 1-27 Walk-Off Walk: Alex Rodriguez's Alternate Reality (About.com) : Alex Rodriguez is a lot of things. Self-centered, check. A liar, check. A steroid user, check. Maybe the best player of his generation, ... 1-24 isportsweb.com: Los Angeles Dodgers: Breaking down the competition : During the Winter Meetings, the Los Angeles Dodgers were perhaps the busiest team, completely overhauling their roster in an effort ... 1-20 Dairyland Express: What if Ryan Braun never moved from third base? : In a move already seven years old, nearly forgotten by fans, the Milwaukee Brewers decided to move Ryan Braun from third base ... 1-19 Friars on Base: 2015 Is Make or Break for Matt Kemp : As the season draws closer, the initial excitement of all the Padres acquisitions is starting to turn to a little bit of anxiety. ... 1-4 Climbing Tal's Hill: Tal's Hill: Remove This Unique Feature of Minute Maid Park? : Astros fans are thoroughly familiar with Tal's Hill. Some like it, and some don't appreciate this unique feature of ... News -- December 2014 12-27 Dodgers Digest: 2014 Dodgers In Review: OF Joc Pederson : PA AVG OBP SLG wRC+ HR WAR MiLB (ABQ) 553 .303 .435 .582 164 33 n/a MLB (LA) 38 .143 .351 .143 68 0 0.1 What happened in 2014:Â Showed ... 12-21 Marlin Maniac: The Marlins Were Smart To Trade Casey McGehee : After having to play baseball in Japan in 2013 for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, Casey Mcgehee had a fantastic 2014 with the ... 12-20 Around the Foghorn: San Francisco Giants' Casey McGehee: hard-nosed, hustling addition : The acquisition of Casey McGehee by the San Francisco Giants has produced quite a mixed reaction from Giants fans, many of those ... 12-19 Walk-Off Walk: Favorite Braves List - Center Field : (Previous information on this series can be found here. Of importance, this is not a best list, but a favorites list since I started ... 12-16 Around the Foghorn: Outlook not brilliant for San Francisco Giants? Try Casey McGehee : If you view baseball’s off-season through the eyes of the San Francisco Giants as the flea market that it is, then you know ... 12-15 Walk-Off Walk: Reviewing BA's Top 10: 2001 : Welcome to another look back at Baseball America's Top Ten prospects for the Braves system. The system begins to show some weaknesses ... 12-10 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HOW I FEEL ABOUT THE DODGERS TRADE FOR ROLLINS : I'm a Dodgers fan... Now that that's established...The Dodgers have a habit of signing players past their prime to overly-generous ... News -- November 2014 11-25 Bronx Baseball Daily: How did the Yankees respond to the last Red Sox mega-moves? : This isn’t the first time in Yankees/Red Sox history whereÂ the Red Sox would make a flashy offseason move only to wait ... 11-24 Walk-Off Walk: Reviewing BA's Top Ten: 1998 : This week, I am going to start the week with a new retrospective article series. Starting with 1998 and finishing with the 2012 ... 11-21 Outfield Fly Rule: A Review of The Jason Heyward Trade : As you have probably heard, on Monday the Atlanta Braves traded RF Jason Heyward and RP Jordan Walden to the St. Louis Cardinals ... 11-19 Walk-Off Walk: Why I Love and Hate the Heyward Trade: A Second Look : At first glance, most trades would appear to have something you love and hate, but the more I considered that idea, the more I ... 11-15 Walk-Off Walk: Frenchy Goes Philly : How absolutely perfect is it that Jeff Francoeur is now a Phillie? After all, the Phillies are an organization that is not expected ... 11-12 Canadian Baseball Network: Things to know about Jeff Francis : * It all started for LHP Jeff Francis with the North Delta Blue Jays, then he moved on the the University of British Columbia ... 11-9 Outfield Fly Rule: ICYMI: The Braves recent activity…. : With the wind down of the 2014 MLB season, and the increase in NCAAF games that matter, I have been a little slack in staying ... 11-7 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop - Fri., Nov 7 (Awards/Hires/Events) : Braves' J. Upton Wins Silver Slugger Award DAVID O'BRIEN / AJC.COM Justin Upton had a few extended slumps in 2014, but ... 11-5 Call to the Pen: Alfonso Soriano announces his retirement : Each offseason there are a handful of players that call it quits on a long, eventful career and it appears we can add the next ... 11-2 Dodgers Digest: 2014 Dodgers in Review: Catcher/Criminal Miguel Olivo : PA AVG OBP SLG wRC+ HR WAR AAA Â 81 .368 .407 .605 n/a 4 n/a MLB 13 .217 .240 .304 49 0 -0.1 What happened in 2014:Â Oh, lord. ... News -- October 2014 10-20 Yanks Go Yard: Chris Young As 4th Outfielder : For the second consecutive off-season, the Yankees will be looking to fill several big holes on the roster. On the pitching side, ... 10-15 Lasorda's Lair: Trading in the Cowboy for the Number Cruncher : Staff members here at Lasorda's Lair thought the first move the Dodgers should make this offseason was to cut Ned Colletti. ... 10-15 James Smyth Broadcast: The Kansas City Royals and How Often Teams Finish the Sweep : The Kansas City Royals are one win away from the World Series. Take a moment to let that sink in, then let's take a look at how ... 10-15 Lasorda's Lair: The Ned Colletti Tenure Was Filled With Ups And Downs : The Ned Colletti regime has been filled with ups and downs. Highs and lows, you could say peaks and valleys have peppered Colletti’s ... 10-14 isportsweb.com: Los Angeles Dodgers make the first splash of the offseason : Even though four baseball teams are still fighting for a World Series, the offseason has begun for the Los Angeles Dodgers. I ... 10-14 Dodgers Digest: The End Of The Ned Colletti Era : Can you breathe yet? Can any of us? I’ve had a pretty good idea that Ned Colletti would be leaving the GM job for a few ... 10-9 isportsweb.com: Boston Red Sox 2014 awards via isportsweb : 2014 was a season to forget for the Boston Red Sox, finishing last in the AL East, just a year removed from winning the franchise’s ... News -- September 2014 9-29 Outfield Fly Rule: Frank Wren: A Retrospective – Part I : With Frank Wren’s tenure now at an end, I felt it time for a comprehensive move-by-move look at his time as General Manager ... 9-27 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop for SAT 9/27 : First Priority for Interim GM Hart If things are not settled satisfactorily (and quickly), you might end up calling this 'Wren's ... 9-25 Tomahawk Take: Braves Rookies Impress In GCL : Baseball America released its top 20 prospects on the Gulf Coast League today and it was nice to see two Braves rookies in the ... 9-21 Faith & Fear in Flushing: Other People’s Collapses : The Braves are out of the playoffs — and their cause of death was the Mets. The Pirates beat the Brewers, and the Mets finished ... 9-21 Jason's Baseball Blog: Season Preview: AL Central : With Spring Training well under way and the first games already in the books, I figured it was a good time to take a look at my ... 9-18 Mets360.com: Did Juan Lagares earn managementâ€™s trust in 2014? : There are conflicting reports as to the severity of the injury to Juan Lagares. Thereâs not a ton to be gained by having him ... 9-14 MLBTradeRumors: Baseball Blogs Weigh In: Blue Jays, Tomas, Davis : On this date inÂ 2005 Braves center fielder Andruw Jones hit his 50th home run in the eighth inning of a 12-4 loss to the Phillies ... 9-11 D.C. Baseball Yesterday and Today: This Day in Washington Nationals History – Harper’s first four-hit game : September 11 2005 – Andruw Jones and Chipper Jones hit consecutive homers off Chad Cordero with two outs in the ninth inning ... 9-6 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop for SAT 9/6 : [Danville] Braves try to mount late rally, fall to Cards 4-2 in championship MATTHEW JOHNSON / DANVILLE BRAVES Grosser gives up ... 9-3 Gammons Daily: Newberg: Are the Rangers poised to resurface in 2015? : This contribution was provided by Jamey Newberg ofÂ The Newberg Report. The Newberg Report provides daily coverage of the Texas ... News -- August 2014 8-26 Mets Merized: MMO Fan Shot: Is Juan Lagares The Best Defensive Outfielder Since Willie Mays? : An MMO Fan Shot byÂ Juan Manuel Fernandez Is Juan Lagares the best defensive outfielder since Willie Mays? My uncle Chago would ... 8-25 Yanks Go Yard: Bomber Bites With Jumping Joe--The Value of Ichiro : When this season began, it looked like Ichiro Suzuki was going to be a fourth or fifth outfielder with the Yankees. Trade rumors ... 8-23 Mets360.com: Juan Lagares could be the best defensive CF since Willie Mays : Thatâs a pretty blasphemous headline to some people. Itâs hard enough to compare the offensive and pitching stats from one ... 8-1 Tomahawk Take: Waiver Trading: Everything You Need to Know : It’s Over! No, Not Really. While July 31st marked the end of the unrestricted trading deadline for Major League baseball, ... News -- July 2014 7-15 Dodgers Digest: Mailbag No. 8: Recall Seager, DFA Ethier, Trade Gordon, Acquire Cain, Vin Still The Best : Mailbag! Send us more questions using the form to the right, or to thedodgersdigest at gmail dot com. Wayne:Â I’m mystified ... 7-11 Dodgers Digest: Dodgersâ€™ center field situation needs fixing, and fast : Teams want to be strong up-the-middle. But what does that mean? Of course you want guys who can hit a little bit, but more importantly, ... 7-1 Tomahawk Take: 2014 International Free Agent Signing Period : July second marks the beginning of the 2014-15 international free agent signing period. From tomorrow through next June 15th amateur ... News -- June 2014 6-21 Walk-Off Walk: 1995 Reflections: Richmond Braves : For the past month and change, I have been looking at the minor league affiliates for the 1995 Atlanta Braves. For me, it has ... 6-11 All Out Sports Network: Major League Baseball This November : Posted byÂ Â Raymond BureauÂ Â inÂ Â MLBÂ Â Â Â sometimeÂ Â Â Â 46 ViewsÂ Â ... 6-11 Walk-Off Walk: Favorite Braves List - Shortstop : It's time to add an important position to our list. Without a shortstop, our group of starters might get very upset. To appease ... 6-7 Walk-Off Walk: 1995 Reflections: Durham Bulls : Welcome to the fourth week of a look back at the "Other" 1995 seasons for teams affiliated to the Braves. In many cases, I search ... 6-5 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: Gerald Williams : Time to dust off another series. Weekly columns keep me writing and adding a sprinkling of extra columns gives me plenty of content. ... 6-3 Lineup Forms: Matt den Dekker and the 20 Best Home Run Robbing Catches (Videos) : In last night’s Phillies-Mets game New York center fielder Matt den Dekker went well above the wall at Citizens Bank Park ... News -- May 2014 5-23 Walk-Off Walk: One Weird Night Involving a Big Cat and Backup Catcher-Pitcher : The Braves open a series with the Rockies tonight and it made me recall one of my favorite Braves/Rockies matchups from the summer ... 5-8 Gammons Daily: The Miguel Cabrera Report : Miguel Cabrera is “only” hitting .292 with four homers and 25 RBI in 29 games. Miggy is quickly returning to form ... 5-7 Tyler's Think Tank: Tulowitzki Terrorizing NL Pitching : Tulo has Colorado off to a rip-roaring start (KFFL)I think people are finally catching on to just how good Troy Tulowitzki can ... News -- April 2014 4-25 Tomahawk Take: Jason Heyward on Home Run Derby Ballot : About an hour ago, MLB.com launched it's voting campaigns for both the home run derby and this years All-Star game, both ... 4-23 We Talk Fantasy Sports: Albert Pujols Joins 500 Home Run Club : Since 2001, Albert Pujols rookie season, no one in baseball has hit more home runs. Alex Rodriguez (465), Adam Dunn (444), ... 4-16 Yanks Go Yard: Ichiro Making Most of Role with Yankees : Ichiro Suzuki spent most of the spring as trade bait. After the acquisition of Jacoby Ellsbury and Carlos Beltran in the off-season, ... 4-13 Braves Journal: Braves 10 Natspos 2 : If the Natspos are the front runners to win the NL East, either the talking heads are dumb or the NL East is super weak. I wanted ... 4-5 Radical Baseball: Alex Rodriguez is an active player! At least according to baseball-reference.com : I was sort of watching a Yankee game the other night and happen to have the sound on. Former player Ken Singleton was ... 4-3 Yanks Go Yard: Positional Rankings: The Outfield and DH : Part 2 of the Fangraphs' positional rankings focuses on the the outfield and designated hitter. The first edition featured ... News -- March 2014 3-31 Marlin Maniac: To: Eduardo Perez; Re: Casey McGehee : If you watched the Marlins-Rockies game on Monday night, you likely found yourself excited at the amount of runs the Marlins' ... 3-20 Dugout Perspective: Here’s to health, Grady Sizemore’s in particular. : As a recent inductee into the much-fÃªted Torn ACL Club, (thereâs only one membership requirement, but I wouldnât recommend ... 3-8 Tomahawk Take: Testing Your Atlanta Braves Knowledge : No one likes to be stumped on a knowledge question, especially when it comes to your favorite sports team. Â While this may ... 3-1 Pinstripe Pundits: Why we should be worried about Brett Gardner’s defense : Last week, the Yankees locked up their third outfielder of the winter when they signed Brett Gardner to a four year, $52 million ... News -- February 2014 2-28 Pinstripe Pundits: Could Brian Roberts have something left in the tank? : Following the departure of Robinson Cano, the Yankees signed Brian Roberts to an incentive-laden deal to be their primary second ... 2-26 MLBTradeRumors: Quick Hits: NPB Salaries, Robinson, Figgins, Dozier : Patrick Newman of NPB Tracker provides an interesting breakdown of the payrolls of Japanese clubs. The Yomiuri Giants lead the ... 2-22 Lasorda's Lair: Too Many Offseason Fried Plantains for Yasiel Puig? Apparently ... 2-17 OutsidePitchMLB: Braves Enter Spring with Clarity of Future : Coming into the calender 2014 year, the Braves’ future seemed murky at best. They were facing three separate arbitration ... 2-13 Baseball Professor: Player Profile #52: Justin Upton \| OF \| ATL : In 2012, Yahoo! ranked Justin UptonÂ as the 50th overall player at the end of the season. Last year he ranked 64th. Much to my ... 2-12 Tomahawk Take: The John Hart Effect In November of 2013 The Braves hired ... 2-11 The Ballclub: 30 Days In October? : A most interesting question was posed today by Greg over at Faith and Fear in Flushing, asking Mets fans which, of the seasons ... 2-10 The Baseball Haven: Vladimir Guerrero: Overlooked Greatness : Vladimir Guerrero arrived in Major League Baseball for good on May 3, 1997, after having a cup of coffee in September of 1996, ... 2-5 Batting Leadoff: Examining the HOF Case for Andruw Jones : The other day, I was talking to a scout about a few random baseball topics when he sprung a surprising question on me: Is Andruw ... News -- January 2014 1-31 It's About the Money (Stupid): Trade Target: Lonnie Chisenhall : Rob Tringali/Getty ImagesBrian Cashman has made it clear that getting younger is a priority, but it doesn’t necessarily ... 1-27 Pinstripe Pundits: Brian Cashman’s Free Agency Performance: Outfielders : During this year’s free agency period, Brian Cashman has wasted no time signing top-tier outfielders Jacoby Ellsbury and ... 1-23 Replacement Level Red Sox Blog: Red Sox Light $750,000 on Fire, Probably : As first reported by WEEI’s Rob Bradford yesterday, the Red Sox have signed free agent outfielder and professional siren ... 1-23 Mets360.com: Mets360 2014 projections: Juan Lagares : Next up in our projection series is Juan Lagares. This time last year, Lagares hardly registered in the minds of most Mets fans. ... 1-22 MLBTradeRumors: AL Notes: Sano, Figgins, Washington, Rangers : All MLBTR readers are familiar with the MLB hot stove, but the biggest factor on the 2013-14 offseasion hails from abroad. As ... 1-21 Braves Journal: B.J. Upton (by ububba) : First, the ugly truths via the ugly numbers: In November 2012, B.J. Upton signed with the Braves as a free-agent for $75,250,000, ... 1-20 MLBTradeRumors: Arbitration Links: Hearings, Braves, Duda : Bluebird Banter looks atÂ both the Blue Jays' most recent arbitration hearings and, more importantly for the general MLBTR readership, ... 1-18 SocraticGadfly: The MLB Hall of Fame and player "backlog" : I've said before that any "backlog" of players not getting in is more of a problem for "big Hall" fans and voters than "small ... 1-13 mlbreports.com: There is A Major Problem At MLB.com With Their Active Players List: Part 1 : Hunter Stokes (Chief Writer):Â Follow The MLB Reports On Twitter When starting to compile a list at http://www.mlb.comÂ of current ... 1-12 MLBTradeRumors: Week In Review: 1/5/14 - 1/11/14 : Here's a look back at this week at MLBTR: Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine and Frank Thomas were elected to the Hall of Fame. Alex ... 1-9 Indians Baseball Insider: MLB News and Notes: Three elected to Hall of Fame : In this MLB News and Notes segment, I will be giving occasional reports on the latest news and rumors throughout the MLB. I also ... 1-8 OutsidePitchMLB: Andruw Jones will stay with Rakuten Golden Eagles : Former Major League All-Star Andruw Jones will be staying in Japan as he re-signed with the Rakuten Golden Eagles of the Nippon ... 1-8 MLBTradeRumors: Andruw Jones Re-Signs With Rakuten Golden Eagles : Former Major League All-Star Andruw Jones has re-signed a one-year deal with Nippon Professional Baseball's Rakuten Golden Eagles, ... 1-4 Baseballhotcorner.com: Rookie Of The Year Awards That Almost Didn’t Happen : As the baseball award season came and went for 2013, I started looking at statistics of previous winners of the Rookie of the ... 1-2 WasWatching: Greatest Batting Season By A 23-Year Old : Rk Player WAR/pos Year Age Tm G PA R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB BA OBP SLG 1 Willie Mays 10.6 1954 23 NYG 151 641 119 195 33 13 41 110 ... News -- December 2013 12-30 Cans of Cool: The Keltner List: Tom Glavine : Tom Glavine was the one of the three headed monster that just made me angry. Greg Maddux was a scientist on the mound while ... 12-28 It's About the Money (Stupid): Paul Blair – Yankee infielder and post season hero : In 1978, when Derek Jeter was four years old, another shortstop for the Yankees wore the number two on his uniform. That shortstop ... 12-22 MLBTradeRumors: Quick Hits: Tomko, Rockies, Turner, Twins : Brett Tomko, who impressed with his pitching in a recent stint in the Dominican Republic, is working out in California and plans ... 12-20 Mets360.com: Mets 2014 Top 10 prospects : A bunch of rookies debuted for the Mets in 2013. While some like Juan Lagares and Zack Wheeler used up their rookie eligibility, ... 12-10 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Breaking: We Have Clues To Where Matt Kemp Is Going : Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports tweeted earlier tonight that the Dodgers are still in touch with the Tigers, Red Sox, and Mariners ... News -- November 2013 11-25 Tomahawk Take: Lineup Turnover: Part of the Game : Lineup turnover.Â It is unfortunately a part of the game today.Â We’re in an age of specialization; an age of arbitration; ... 11-19 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: 2013 Dodgers in Review #20: CF Matt Kemp : .270/.328/.395Â 290pa 6hr .316 wOBA -0.4 fWAR D- 2013 in brief: Wow, was that ever ugly. 2014 status: If he’s healthy, he’s ... 11-16 Pinstripe Pundits: Should the Yankees sign Grady Sizemore? : Believe it or not, Grady Sizemore is still around and plans to sign with a team this offseason. It feels like ages ago when he ... 11-9 Tomahawk Take: Morning Chop: Atlanta Braves’ News 11/9 : Morning Chop: Summary of Atlanta Braves’ News Braves Notes: Uggla, Hudson, McCann, Trades MLB Trade Rumors Here’s ... 11-4 The Baseball Continuum: Random Links/Stories of Interest (Nov. 4, 2013) : Here are some random links and stories that may interest you: Among the 12 finalists for the “Expansion Era” ballot ... News -- October 2013 10-30 In the Shadows of Wrigley: Chicago Cubs One Hit Wonders-Jim Edmonds : Back in the great years of the 90s when I was playing travel baseball I moved from shortstop to Center Field, I made a diving ... 10-21 Redlegs Review: Why the Reds would be better served to let Shin-Soo Choo walk in free agency : You could make a legitimate case that Shin-Soo Choo was the most valuable player on the Cincinnati Reds roster in 2013. ... 10-20 Call to the Pen: Baseball History Today: October 20th : The Boston Red Sox wrapped up the American League title last night in defeating the Detroit Tigers 5-2. Their fortunes changed ... News -- September 2013 9-27 Billy-Ball.com: The Royals/White Sox Report : The White Sox may be finished but Adam Dunn is not done. The Royals picked up their 84th win last night topping the White Sox, ... 9-20 Tomahawk Take: Morning Chop: Atlanta Braves News 9/20 : Morning Chop: Tomahawk Take’s Summary of Braves’ News Braves fan’s death at Turner Field ruled suicide Toronto ... 9-19 Braves Journal: What Miserable Braves Playoff Loss are YOU? A Taxonomy of Miserable Braves Playoff Losses, 1996-2012. #5: The Dead Man Walking : I was a 14-year-old high school freshman in the fall of 1996 when I decided I was a Braves fan. It was the World Series and I ... 9-12 Billy-Ball.com: Why the Twins Should Be Happy Report : The Minnesota Twins don’t have a lot to be happy about in the present but their future looks brighter as 19-year-old Byron ... 9-11 D.C. Baseball Yesterday and Today: This Day in Washington Nationals History – Harper’s first four-hit game : September 11 2005 – Andruw Jones and Chipper Jones hit consecutive homers off Chad Cordero with two outs in the ninth inning ... 9-10 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Juan Uribe, Superstar : Juan Uribe owned the night in the 8-1 Dodger win over Arizona, slamming three homers among four hits, making a few dazzling defensive ... 9-6 Mets Merized: Is a Kazmir-Mets Reunion Possible In 2014? : Cleveland Indians starting pitcher Scott Kazmir will make his first career start against the Mets tonight, nine years, one month, ... 9-3 Billy-Ball.com: The Paul Konerko Report : The White Sox had another game in which they committed more errors than they scored runs as the Yankees scored eight 4th inning ... News -- August 2013 8-30 On-Base Talk: Yasiel Puig’s Lazy Play Will Soon Be Forgotten : Many adjectives have been used to describe the Los Angeles Dodgers’ rookie phenom Yasiel Puig that has taken the baseball ... 8-22 Mets Merized: Is Juan Lagares An Everyday Center Fielder? : YES!!! Mets righthander Dillon Gee credits his improved performance to his defense because he doesn’t have to be afraid ... 8-7 Tomahawk Take: The Rundown: Braves Top Prospects / mid-season 2013 (#20-16) : Over the next several days, TomahawkTake.com will be looking at the next generation of Atlanta Braves – the best prospects, ... 8-5 Walk-Off Walk: Random Ex-Brave: Tim Spehr : I dropped the "of the day" bit because this isn't a regular column. As I discussed in the first one, using random.org, I ... 8-1 Through The Fence Baseball: New York Mets exercise trade-deadline patience : Let’s say I was to describe a team to you, dear reader, based solely on a breakdown of its parts. Let’s say ... 8-1 Tomahawk Take: Waiver Trading: Everything You Need to Know : It’s Over!Â No, Not Really. While July 31st marked the end of the unrestricted trading deadline for Major League baseball, ... News -- July 2013 7-29 Billy-Ball.com: The Adam Dunn is not Done Report : In the White Sox’ 4-2 loss to the Royals yesterday, Adam Dunn hit his 25th homer of the season. For Dunn, this is the 11th ... 7-23 Tomahawk Take: Heyward Dives For The Win! : Heyward’s Amazing Catch! Elsa/Getty Images In a rain soaked bottom of the 9th inning at Citi Field in New York, Jason Heyward ... 7-22 Braves Journal: Braves 2 Mets 1 Jason Heyward is healthy. : Mac use to say that nothing cures losing quite like the Mets. Shame on us for ever doubting Mac’s philosophy of streak breaking. ... 7-18 MLBTradeRumors: Beltran Aims To Play Three Or Four More Years : Though he'll play most of next season at age 37, right fielder Carlos Beltran ranked seventh on my recent 2014 free agent power ... 7-15 Baseballhotcorner.com: Atlanta Braves: Mid-Season Report Card : Team: Atlanta Braves Record: 54-41 (1st Place) Biggest Surprise of First Half: It’s hard for a team with such high expectations ... 7-10 Billy-Ball.com: The Dunn not Done Report : White Sox first baseman Adam Dunn had three hits last night in the Chicago thrashing of the Tigers, including his 24th homer of ... 7-6 Walk-Off Walk: Is Justin Upton Injured? : A pair of articles on fangraphs have brought me to the conclusion. Either Justin Upton has severe mechanical issues or ... 7-5 Billy-Ball.com: Walkoff of the Day : Even with two teams, especially with two teams, in their city, baseball fans in Chicago have had very little to cheer about this ... 7-4 Walk-Off Walk: Favorite Braves List - Second Base : (Previous information on this series can be found here.)Favorite Braves List (so far)Ace Starter - Greg MadduxCatcher - Brian ... 7-3 Billy-Ball.com: The Dunn not Done Report : The White Sox’ ended a five-game losing streak asÂ Adam Dunn hit a 430 foot homer to help John Danks defeated the Orioles, ... 7-3 Rum Bunter: Pirates Bench Overdue For Upgrade : When you watch a Pittsburgh Pirates game this year, the team never seems out of a game.Â Dramatic comebacks are the norm for ... News -- June 2013 6-28 Braves Journal: Pictures of Larry (by Hotspur), June 28 Game Thread : Since there was no game last night (letâs hope the boys got some much needed rest and home cooking), and tonightâs game against ... 6-28 The Intelligent Fan: State of Play: Taking Stock of the 2013 New York Yankees : With yesterdayâs lifeless loss to Greg Maddux Derek Holland and the Rangers, the Yankeesâ record fell to 42-36, and the team ... 6-26 Billy-Ball.com: Walkoff of the night : Ichiro Suzuki now has two career walkoff homers and the one he hit last night evens the score with Mariano Rivera. The first walkoff ... 6-24 Billy-Ball.com: Dunn’s Not Done Yet : In the White Sox 7-6 loss to the Royals, Adam Dunn hit his 20th homer of the season and tied Billy Williams for 46th place on ... 6-19 Through The Fence Baseball: Miguel Cabrera has grown into MLBâ€™s best : The kid had a knack. He had a fluid, speedy swing that seemed to find the ball every time. He was an aggressive hitter ... 6-16 Sports Talk Florida: Rays Promote Top Prospect Wil Myers The Wil Myers era will begin Tuesday afternoon in Boston. ... 6-16 Beyond the Scorecard: Best and Worst Fielders in Baseball History : In the wealth of data that is available on FanGraphs, one that can give the best snapshot of a player's career is labeled Value. ... 6-16 Baseball News Source: Baseball’s Strong Connection Between Father and Son : Baseball is a tradition. It’s a religion. Baseball is history. It’s family.Â All of these terms get tossed around ... 6-14 Billy-Ball.com: Big Papi moves up to 48th on the all-time HR list : David Ortiz hit his 14th homer of the season last night in the Red Sox 5-4 loss to the Orioles. Ortiz now has 415 homers in his ... 6-5 Atlanta Bullpen: Chipper Jones Not the Richest Ex-Brave : According to the website, Celebrity Net Worth, former Braves great and future Hall of Famer, Chipper Jones, is worth $110 million.Â ... News -- May 2013 5-31 BaltimoreSportsReport.com: Manny Machado On Verge Of Breaking A Record Held By Mickey Mantle : Per the Elias Sports Bureau, Manny Machado, after recording two hits last night against the Nationals, now has 44 hits in May, ... 5-22 Crashburn Alley: The Wednesday Ten: Doubles Will Find Me : So, the Ten is a day late. And Paul Boye, your usual curator, is out of pocket, so I will be pulling together your Tuesday Wednesday ... 5-20 Beyond the Scorecard: 5/19/13 Box Score Ephemera : All the news that's fit to print about the games of Sunday, May 19th, 2013. Be sure to check out my compendium of baseball's errors, ... 5-12 Baseball Analytics: The Dodgers (and others) struggles with runners in scoring position : In today's Boston Globe, Nick Cafardo writes extensively about the Dodgers troubles hitting with runners in scoring position. Cafardo ... 5-9 Atlanta Bullpen: Chipper Jones Not the Richest Ex-Brave : According to the website, Celebrity Net Worth, former Braves great and future Hall of Famer, Chipper Jones, is worth $110 million.Â ... 5-6 Bronx Baseball Daily: Looking at how the Yankees have done position by position : Entering the season a lot of people predicted doom and gloom, but here we are a little more than a month into the season and ... 5-2 mlbreports.com: MLB Reports Mid – Week Around The Horn Rant : Like us on FacebookÂ here Thursday May.02/2013 By Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Analyst/Website Owner): I am officially throwing ... 5-1 MetsToday.com: Mets Game 25: Loss to Marlins : Marlins 2 Mets 1 Jeremy Hefner just couldn’t do the job. What a disappointment. Mets Game Notes Apparently, Hefner thought ... News -- April 2013 4-30 Baseball Ruminations: Single Tool Players Part 2/5: Arm Strength & The Value of Outfield Assists : Part one of this exercise focused on raw, pure, unbridled POWER. Part two will focus on raw, pure, unbridled ARM STRENGTH. In ... 4-29 It's About the Money (Stupid): What a difference a year makes : As I was sitting in the upper deck of Yankee Stadium yesterday, I was struck by how different the lineup was from last year at ... 4-24 Bronx Baseball Daily: Brian Cashman is smart not to take credit for Yankees strong start, and other notes : The Yankees had some big holes in the lineup going into the season and most weren’t afraid to point them out. There was ... 4-23 Baseball de World: Today in Baseball History â€“ April 23 : April 23, 1903 The New York Highlanders defeat the Washington Senators 7-2 earning the first win in franchise history. The franchise ... 4-22 Blog Red Machine: The Active MLB Reds Killers All-Star Team : It is strange how some players can thrive on even the best pitchers or teams in baseball. For example, in his career Luis Gonzalez ... 4-17 mlbreports.com: Yankees Week Two – Getting Right in Cleveland, A Bunch Of Rain And A Triple Play : Like us on Facebook here Wednesday, April 17, 2013 By Nicholas Rossoletti (Yankees Correspondent/Trade Correspondent): In baseball, ... 4-16 Crashburn Alley: Death or Glory: Delmon Young : “Delmon’s going to be as good as Delmon wants to be. He can do whatever he puts his mind to do.” -Anonymous ... 4-11 Bronx Baseball Daily: Bizarro Yankees Surviving Early Slate With Hitting, Not Pitching : Heading into 2013, the Yankees most glaring weakness figured to be their offense. They led the major leagues in home runs in ... 4-9 Bronx Baseball Daily: Former Yankees Transitioning into New Roles, Teams : With the Yankees currently in Cleveland for a four-game series, players and fans alike were able to get an up-close look at Nick ... 4-8 Lasorda's Lair: Dodgers GM Ned Colletti ‘Checks In’ With the Lair : With the Dodgers being afforded their second day off in the first week of the season, GM Ned Colletti was kind enough to chat ... 4-2 The Writer's Journey: Who is the greatest center fielder of all-time? : If you didnât say Willie Mays, you have a problem. Far and away the greatest, the Say Hey Kid scores 376.79, an astounding 88.25 ... 4-1 Through The Fence Baseball: Are the aged and broken New York Yankees doomed in 2013? : The New York Yankees have enjoyed 20-consecutive winning seasons and missed the postseason just once since 1995. No matter how ... News -- March 2013 3-28 Baseball News Source: Yankees Release Juan Rivera, Offense Appears Set for Opening Day : Perhaps the most heavily evolving offensive roster may finally have found its completion on Thursday. Juan Rivera, vying initially ... 3-28 mlbreports.com: LA Dodgers Payroll In 2013: And Contracts Going Forward : Thursday Mar.28/2013 Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Analyst And Website Owner): I must say I am completely shocked at the Dodgers ... 3-27 The Sports Critic: Yankees Need to Overcome Beginning with Major Injuries : We all know of the key injuries that will keep CFÂ Curtis Granderson and 1B Mark Teixeira out for all of April and at least part ... 3-24 The Captain's Blog: Allâ€™s Not Well for Yankees as Team Looks to Angel in the Outfield : (The following was originally published at SBNationâsÂ Pinstriped Bible) The Yankees are paying the price for a thrifty off ... 3-20 XN Sports: 2013 World Baseball Classic Stats Leaders : With the third ever World Baseball Classic in the books, we now know that the Dominican Republic is the new powerhouse of the ... 3-20 Bleeding Yankee Blue: A BYB WORLD BASEBALL CLASSIC RECAP : 0 0 1 426 2429 Full Sail 20 5 2850 14.0 Normal 0 ... 3-19 Puckett's Pond: Fanta-see You at Target Field : Iâm not sure if this disqualifies me as a purist, but in addition to my love for Americaâs pastime and the Minnesota Twins, ... 3-19 MetsToday.com: Who Embodies the Mets? : In a story published on WSJ.com, Tim Marchman suggests that Kirk Nieuwen* “personifies” the Mets. Do you agree? ... 3-19 Baseball de World: WBC: Dominican Downs the Dutch; Will Face Puerto Rico in Championship : Dominican Republic Advances to WBC Final ByÂ Gabriel FidlerÂ (@gabrielfidler) The World Baseball Classic championship game will ... 3-18 Baseball de World: World Baseball Classic Finals Preview: Netherlands : Going through our previews of the teams in the 2013 World Baseball Classic we come to the pair of teams that play in the semifinals ... 3-18 Baseball de World: WBC: Dominican Republic vs Netherlands Pitching Match Up : The Dominican Republic is looking for a little revenge on Monday night in the World Baseball Classic. In 2009, the Netherlands ... 3-17 mlbreports.com: World Baseball Classic Week Two Recap : Like us on FacebookÂ here Â Saturday, March 17th, 2013 By Sam EvansÂ (Baseball Writer):Â A lot has happened in the World Baseball ... 3-11 Baseball News Source: World Baseball Classic 2013: The Netherlands Upsets Cuba To Reach Semis : The Netherlands came back from a two run eighth-inning deficit and upset Cuba 7-6 Â to advance to the semi finals of the Â World ... 3-11 Tyler's Think Tank: Are the Yankees Doomed? : Jeter is one of many Yankees trying to overcome age and injury The New York Yankees are have enjoyed 20 consecutive winning ... 3-11 Baseball Musings: Dutch in the Ninth : With one out, Andruw Jones reaches on an error by the Cuban third baseman. The Netherlands has the winning run on base with the ... 3-9 The Sports Critic: Major Injuries Put Yankees’ Season in Jeopardy before It Starts : A Major League team cannot win a division title in April, but it surely can lose one that early. The New York Yankees could suffer ... 3-8 Camden Depot: 2013 World Baseball Classic: Netherlands : This is the sixth in a series to introduce everyone to teams parti** in 2013's World Baseball Classic. As this series ... 3-6 The Sports Critic: Yankeesâ€™ 2013 Season Preview : NOTE: This originally posted before the Curtis Granderson injury. It happens every year, and this year is no exception. The cries ... 3-6 The Baseball Continuum: WBC Round 2 Preview: Pool 1 (Tokyo) : Well, Pool 1 of Round 2 of the World Baseball Classic is all set. Go below the jump for a preview of the pool, and also consider ... 3-5 XN Sports: New York Yankees 2013 Preview : It has been an uncharacteristically quiet offseason for the Bombers as the front office plans to cut the team’s payroll ... 3-4 It's About the Money (Stupid): What about Travis Hafner? : Over the past few seasons the Yankees have had incredible success with single season, aging platoon DHs. First it was Marcus Thames. ... 3-1 MLBTradeRumors: Offseason In Review: New York Yankees : The Yankees seem determined to avoid the luxury tax in 2014, yet the club entered the 2012-13 offseason with a variety of major ... News -- February 2013 2-27 Yanks Go Yard: Give Me a Break: Who Could the New York Yankees Get to Replace Granderson? : Well, we are all of two days into the Yankeesâ Spring Training schedule and we already have our first significant injury of ... 2-27 Obstructed View: 2013 Cubs Projections: Starlin Castro : Before we get to Starlin Castro's 2013 Cubs Projections, I wanted to talk a little bit about something else in regard to Castro. ... 2-26 The Baseball Continuum: World Baseball Classic Preview: Pool B (Taichung) : Pool B is a tough one. All four teams involved in it- Taipei, Korea, the Netherlands and Australia- all have the ability to win ... 2-26 The Baseball Continuum: Early WBC News for Feb. 26, 2013 : For last night’s news, go here. For today’s news…. go below the jump. In Asia, warm-up games have resumed: Samurai ... 2-25 Billy-Ball.com: The Yankees are Run Down : The Yankees are going to miss Curtis Granderson for the next 10 weeks with a broken right forearm. The Grandyman was hit in the ... 2-25 Jays Journal: Granderson Injury Changes AL East : A lot of baseball fans and media believe the reason the Toronto Blue Jays went âall inâ this offseason is because the AL East ... 2-24 StoopSports.com: Breaking News: Granderson Breaks Forearm : Anthony Pucik- Yankees’ outfielder Curtis Granderson will be out for 10 weeks after breaking his forearm in his first Spring ... 2-18 Braves Journal: J.R. Graham: I’m Trying Not to Sound Like Eeyore : J.R. Graham is certainly the Braves’ hottest prospect, and some analysts are even beginning to suggest that he might be ... 2-17 mlbreports.com: 2013 WBC Group B Preview : Like us on FacebookÂ here Â Sunday, February 17th, 2013 By Sam EvansÂ (Baseball Writer):Â Group B in the 2013 World Baseball ... 2-16 Call to the Pen: Why Jurickson Profar Should Play in the World Baseball Classic : The general consensus is that the Texas Rangers’ Jurickson Profar is the #1 prospect in the game today, and he has been ... 2-16 WasWatching: Outfielders With 4+ Seasons Of 15+ Fielding Runs : Here is the list - Rk Yrs From To Age 1 Andruw Jones 7 1998 2007 21-30 Ind. Seasons 2 Paul Blair 7 1967 1974 23-30 Ind. Seasons ... 2-1 Yankees Fans Unite: Could the Yankees upgrades already be on the team? : As the offseason winds down, aside from the Alex Rodriguez drama and the small signings of Matt Diaz, Kevin Youkilis and Juan ... 2-1 PaulLebowitz.com: If Youâ€™re Thinking of Comparing Hafner to Ibanez, Donâ€™t : Those thinking of equating the Yankees signing of Travis Hafner to last yearâs signing of Raul Ibanez are in for a rude awakening. ... News -- January 2013 1-29 Tomahawk Take: The New Face of the Atlanta Braves : This offseason has been one of the most exciting that I have witnessed being a Braves fan for as long as I can remember.Â Â In ... 1-28 Through The Fence Baseball: World Baseball Classic: Latino teams looking strong : I don’t know about everyone else, but I’m more than ready to watch some baseball. Super Bowl XLVII, featuring the ... 1-23 Braves Journal: Where Do We Go From Here? 2012.6 Free Agency and Trades (by W.C.G.) : In The Signal and the Noise, Nate Silver looked at several different fields of prediction to illustrate both the power and the ... 1-19 The Baseball Continuum: WBC Roster Analysis: The Netherlands : What, did you expect me to do the Dominican Republic first after I did Team USA? Well, sorry to disappoint, as I’m focusing ... 1-18 Call to the Pen: The Bizarre Career of Andruw Jones : There really haven’t been many players in the history of baseball who can boast a career as head-scratchingly odd as that ... 1-12 The High Phive: Baseball’s Hypocrisy Hall of Fame : As we go into the traditional baseball Hall of Fame weekend this summer, there will be no inductions of players into Cooperstown. ... 1-10 Baseball News Source: Seattle Mariners Should Trade Justin Smoak or Mike Carp : The Mariners would be wise to deal Justin Smoak or Mike Carp The Seattle Mariners are a young team. Up and comers like: Kyle Seager, ... 1-9 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Mike Morse strongly opposes beign a DH : The Yankees are looking for a right handed hitting outfielder and a DH and Mike Morse, who could fill both of those roles at ... 1-7 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Scott Hairston choosing between the Yankees and Mets : The Yankees have been interested in free agent outfielder Scott Hairston throughout the entire offseason, but so far he hasn’t ... 1-3 Baseball With Matt: An Interview with My First Current Player 1/3/13 : Hey baseball fans!I have yet another interview for you today! This one is pretty special, because it was the first interview I ... 1-3 Crashburn Alley: 2013 and 1996 : Dan Szymborski (@DSzymborski) published his batch of 2013 ZiPS projects for the Phillies over at FanGraphs yesterday. There aren’t ... 1-3 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : MLB \| Andruw Jones' wife files for divorce, claims he tried to kill her: The wife of former New York Yankees OF Andruw Jones filed for divorce about a week after she accused him of grabbing her neck...[+] and saying he wanted to kill her, according to a court document. Nicole Jones said their 10-year marriage is Âirretrievably broken,Â according to the divorce complaint filed in a suburban Atlanta court Monday, Dec. 31. 1-2 Through The Fence Baseball: The Hot Corner: Happy New Year, Kim Kardashian, Harry Styles : Contributors: Eliza Bayne, Jon Sender, Zach Pennington, Atman Thakrar, Glen Hentz The hottest topics for the week of December ... News -- December 2012 12-31 Yankees Fans Unite: 2012: A Year In Review : 2012 has been an exciting (yet puzzling) year for the Yankees. They made signings, were plagued with injuries but overall were ... 12-29 Blog Red Machine: Best of 2012: #3 Performances : At the middle of our collection of top performances for 2012 and for the #3′s and for this, and you could say that two of ... 12-28 Lasorda's Lair: Takashi Saito Will Return to Japan to Join Eagles : Takashi Saito æè¤ é, has reportedly signed with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles on a one-year deal for next season. The ... 12-28 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees still interested in Scott Hairston despite signing Matt Diaz : The Yankees signed Matt Diaz earlier this week which fills their need for a right handed hitting outfielder, but despite that ... 12-28 NPB Tracker: Rakuten To Sign Saito : After signing Andruw Jones and Casey McGehee, the word was the that Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles were looking to add a third Major ... 12-28 MLBTradeRumors: Takashi Saito To Sign With Rakuten Golden Eagles : Veteran right-hander Takashi Saito has agreed to a one-year deal worth $350K (plus incentives) with the Rakuten Golden Eagles ... 12-28 Blog Red Machine: 2012 Reds Recall: May : As we continue our stroll through the Reds 2012 season, we arrive at the month of May. April ended with the Redlegs owning a record ... 12-27 Baseball News Source: Intriguing Options Remain to Complete Yankees’ 2013 Roster : Diaz can play the corner outfield position and hits right-handed, but… The New York Yankees signed outfielder and occasional ... 12-27 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Japanese League \| Andruw Jones deal not in jeopardyThe Rakuten Eagles intend to move forward with OF Andruw Jones despite his arrest for domestic battery....[+] The Rakuten Eagles intend to move forward with OF Andruw Jones despite his arrest for domestic battery. 12-26 Yankees Fans Unite: A Week In Review: Swisher, Ibanez, Diaz, Jones : Good evening everyone. Since I was on vacation for the past week, instead of doing an offseason note article, this article is ... 12-26 Baseball Musings: More on Andruw : Andruw Jones stands accused of battering his wife: Nicole Jones told officers that she tried to escape upstairs, but her husband ... 12-26 Bleeding Yankee Blue: DEREK LOWE, ANDRUW JONES & OSCAR MADISON : Derek Lowe: The reality of Derek Lowe is he wants to be a starter. The problem is, in my mind at least, is he is better off ... 12-26 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : MLB \| More on Andruw Jones arrest: Updating a previous report, Japanese League OF Andruw Jones allegedly assaulted his wife after a Christmas party, which Jones...[+] allegedly became intoxicated at. According to the police report, Nicole Jones said Andruw became belligerent as they worked assembling a desk and grabbed her by the left arm. She pulled away and attempted to go upstairs, according to the report, but Jones grabbed her by the ankle, pulled her down and put his hands around her neck and said, 'I want to kill you, I want to (expletive) kill you.' 12-26 MLB Injury News: Andruw Jones Arrested on Battery Charge : Former All-Star center fielder Andruw Jones was arrested early on Christmas morning on a battery charge, reports The Associated ... 12-25 Lasorda's Lair: Andruw Jones Arrested on Domestic Battery Charge : I hope that you are all having a wonderful Christmas with your friends and family. Unfortunately Andruw Jones did not have a jolly ... 12-25 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : MLB \| Andruw Jones arrested on Christmas: Former Atlanta Braves OF Andruw Jones was arrested early Tuesday, Dec. 25, on a battery charge, according to jail records. Jones...[+] signed a one-year, $3.5 million contract with the Tohuku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Japan's Pacific League earlier this month. 12-25 Baseball Musings: What do you Expect from a Batter : Andruw Jones was arrested for battery: Jones, now 35, was signed earlier in December to play for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles ... 12-25 My Pinstripes: Andruw Jones' Christmas Arrest- Tis the season? : Andruw Jones, who spent the last two seasons with the Yankees and is headed to Japan to play for the Rakuten Golden ... 12-25 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHO'S THE RIGHT FIELDER THE YANKEES WANT? : If you read Mark Feinsand's Tweet, it's clear the Yankees want to do something, but what? Feinsand's tweet reveals that Yankee ... 12-23 Baseball News Source: 2013 Yankees Roster: Missing Ingredients or Missing Luck? : Yankees: There are lots of variablesÂ accompanying an October run We’ve already reviewed the difference between the 2012 ... 12-23 Yanks Go Yard: Grading the Yankees: Andruw Jones : When the Yankees signed Andruw Jones in 2011, they were hoping for a right-handed power bat to mash left-handed pitching. Given ... 12-22 Rays Colored Glasses: For Lower-Tier MLB Players, Deciding Where to Play Becomes A Game of Numbers : Why do baseball players spend their entire lives dreaming of a future in the major leagues? They want the prestige that comes ... 12-22 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHO? JIM THOME OR RAUL IBANEZ? : Now I know what you're thinking and look, I hear you... Raul Ibanez is our 2012 playoff hero. You're wondering why in the ... 12-21 Call to the Pen: Casey McGehee Headed to Japan : It was just three seasons ago that Casey McGehee produced 23 home runs and 104 RBI for the Milwaukee Brewers. In an off-season ... 12-21 Bleeding Yankee Blue: IT WAS FUN CASEY MCGEHEE... : Well, what do you know... Andruw Jones was the first dude the Yankees had last season, that suddenly decided to go play ... 12-21 MLBTradeRumors: Rakuten Eagles To Sign Casey McGehee : Free agent infielder Casey McGehee has agreed to play in Japan for the Rakuten Eagles, according to multiple Japanese reports ... 12-21 NPB Tracker: Reports: Rakuten Agrees with McGehee : Multiple reports out of the Japanese media machine say that the Rakuten Golden Eagles have agreed to a contract with third baseman ... 12-20 It's About the Money (Stupid): The end of #toomanyhomers? : The 2013 Yankees are going to look very different from the 2012 version of the franchise. There will be different faces in ... 12-17 Lasorda's Lair: Former Dodger Dana Eveland Signs With Hanwha Eagles : Andruw Jones isn’t the only former Dodger leaving to play overseas. Former Dodger starting pitcher Dana Eveland will also ... 12-17 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees and Angels have discussed a trade for Vernon Wells : The Angels have extra depth in the outfield since their signing of Josh Hamilton and the Yankees are in need of a right handed ... 12-17 YankeeAnalysts.com: On Matters of the Outfield : This past weekend, two slightly odd things about the Yankees and their outfield situation were reported. After they inked Ichiro ... 12-17 The Flagrant Fan: Andruw Jones was Dale Murphy with a rad glove : The offensive similarities between Andruw Jones and Dale Murphy are striking. And since each career encompassed successive generations ... 12-17 Lasorda's Lair: Andruw Jones Signs With Japanese Team : Remember when I mentioned in my post yesterday about how the Dodgers will still be paying Andruw Jones in 2013? Well, the former ... 12-16 Call to the Pen: Andruw Jones Off to Japan : What a bizarre path Andruw Jones‘s career has taken. The latest — and perhaps final — twist came with today’s ... 12-12 The Captain's Blog: Power Outage: 2013 Yankees Could Be Starved for Homers : Last season, some Yankee fans complained that the teamâs lineup of sluggers hit too many home runs. This winter, the organization ... 12-12 YankeeAnalysts.com: The Young Guys Most Likely To Contribute In 2013 : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) There’s still the possibility of a blockbuster trade, something ... 12-12 Fire Brand of the American League: Wednesdayâ€™s Links â€“ Rivalry (Somewhat) Rekindled There's newfound drama with Tom Brady's brother-in-law. ... 12-12 Through The Fence Baseball: Where will Michael Bourn play? : B.J. Upton to the Braves. Denard Span to the Nationals. Ben Revere to the Phillies. Chris Young to the Athletics. Angel Pagan ... 12-11 Call to the Pen: Andruw Jones May Play In Japan : Does Andruw Jones have a yen to see the world? More importantly, will a couple of million yen in his bank account make up for ... 12-11 MLBTradeRumors: Rakuten Eagles To Sign Andruw Jones : Andruw Jones has agreed to play in Japan for the Rakuten Eagles, according to an Associated Press report (via ESPN.com). Nikkan ... 12-10 Yanks Go Yard: Would a Contact-First Outfield Really Be That Bad For The Yankees? : Much is being made lately about how the Yankees would fill Nick Swisher‘s shoes in terms of power numbers. It’s true, ... 12-9 MetsToday.com: Phillies Get Young and Older, Greinke Returns to LA : A few moves were made after the Winter Meetings’ conclusion, including one that made the Phillies both Young-er and older, ... 12-8 My Pinstripes: Sayonara Jones san : Where did I leave my bat speed? Andruw Jones tore up left-handed pitching in 2011, then only tore up dirt in the batter's ... 12-8 Yanks Go Yard: Yanks Go Yard Radio Show: Post Winter Meetings Edition : The Winter Meetings came and went this week in Nashville, Tennessee. To most baseball minds, the Winter Meetings failed to sizzle ... 12-8 It's About the Money (Stupid): Sayonara Andruw? : Via NPB Tracker, it appears that Andruw Jones may be taking his talents to a whole new country in 2013. Nikkan Sports is ... 12-8 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees offseason Rumors: Recapping the Winter Meetings : The Winter Meetings are really fun to cover during the offseason because so much is going on and anything can happen. For Yankees ... 12-8 Call to the Pen: Report: Andruw Jones to Play in Japan : There have been quite a few Japanese stars that have headed to the United States to play in the major leagues, but usually the ... 12-7 Bronx Baseball Daily: Andruw Jones signs with Japanese team : The Yankees are going to have to look for a new bat off the bench against lefties as outfielder Andruw Jones has agreed to a ... 12-7 NPB Tracker: Nikkan Sports: Rakuten Agrees with Andruw Jones : Nikkan Sports is reporting that the Rakuten Golden Eagles have agreed to a deal with aÂ bari bari Major Leaguer, veteranÂ Andruw ... 12-7 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Japanese League \| Andruw Jones coming over: Free-agent OF Andruw Jones (Yankees) has signed a one-year deal worth around $3.5 million to play in the Japanese League next...[+] season for the Rakuten Golden Eagles. 12-7 Bleeding Yankee Blue: ANDRUW JONES TO PLAY IN JAPAN & IN OTHER NEWS... : ...I like Japanese cuisine. Yes, it's true, the report right now is Andruw Jones has signed a deal to play baseball ... 12-7 Yanks Go Yard: Grading The Yankees: Raul Ibanez : By the end of spring training, the Raul Ibanez signing was panned by every pundit and Yankee fan alike. The guy hit well below ... 12-5 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones not expected to returnThe New York Yankees are not expected to re-sign OF Andruw Jones....[+] The New York Yankees are not expected to re-sign OF Andruw Jones. 12-5 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees still in the mix for Scott Hairston : Talk about Scott Hairston has died down, but according to Ken Rosenthal of Fox Sports, the Yankees are still in the mix to sign ... 12-3 MLBTradeRumors: Giants Notes: Hairston, Scutaro, Brian Wilson : The World Champion Giants dropped $40MM on a four-year deal to bring back center fielder Angel Pagan today. Â I expect Pagan ... 12-3 Southside Showdown: White Sox Winter Meetings of Yesteryear : All of White Sox-dom is ready for the airy, sustenance-free off-season to suddenly get shattered to pieces with endless activity ... 12-3 Baseball News Source: Yankees 2013 – Five Lesser Known Names Who Can Help : The Yankees have a knack for making something out of nothing to fulfill role player obligations. Brian Cashman doesn’t like ... News -- November 2012 11-29 Lasorda's Lair: ALL I WANT FOR CHRISTMAS: : Is Juan Uribe GONE! Make no mistake, none of us like Juan Uribe, not even a little bit. And in a world where money is no object, ... 11-27 YankeeAnalysts.com: To Sign Ichiro or To Not Sign Ichiro? : with apologies to Bill Shakespeare for the title. There were conflicting reports this morning about the status of Ichiro Suzuki ... 11-24 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees News: Pineda progressing and Ichiro hopes for Bronx return : The New York Yankees pulled off a big-time trade last offseason finally moving catching prospect Jesus Montero to the Seattle ... 11-21 YankeeAnalysts.com: Scouting The Free Agent Market For An Andruw Jones Replacement : Yesterday, we covered the possible left handed DH options for the Yankees in 2013, and today we’ll look at the right handed ... 11-19 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees talking with Scott Hairston : The Yankees are interested in outfielder Scott Hairston, who could be a good replacement for Andruw Jones as a powerful bat ... 11-19 YankeeAnalysts.com: Yankees Eyeing Scott Hairston : It seems that we’ll be hearing a lot about one year deals over the next couple of months with the way the Yankees planned ... 11-16 MLBTradeRumors: Offseason Outlook: New York Yankees : The Yankees must address a number of needs on offense and on the pitching staff -- all while looking to avoid the MLB luxury tax ... 11-15 YankeeAnalysts.com: The outfield, left and right : Perhaps the title of this piece is misleading. I want to talk about something left and something right relating to the Yankee ... 11-13 MLBTradeRumors: Sherman's Latest: Soriano, Yankees, Moore, Rays, Bay : Of the nine players who received qualifying offers this offseason, Rafael Soriano is viewed within the game as having taken the ... 11-13 The Captain's Blog: Napoli, Youkilis Have Right Stuff for Yankees : What is the Yankeesâ greatest area of need this off season? Finding a replacement for Nick Swisher in right field? How about ... 11-13 YankeeAnalysts.com: Why The Yankees Have Interest In Mike Napoli : Yesterday, we learned from Bob Nightengale that theÂ Yankees are considering free agent C/1B Mike Napoli. With Russell Martin ... 11-12 MLBRandomFandom: Panic in Yankeeland: What Happens Now : By Nick CesareAs we all know, 29 out of 30 teams end their seasons unhappy and ringless. Some teams can look back on a season ... 11-12 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: The Dodgers Are Going to Blow Past the Luxury Tax, & That’s Not a Bad Thing : Ever since the Guggenheim group purchased the Dodgers for a record-shattering price earlier this year and started giving Ned Colletti ... 11-9 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees putting all of their eggs in one basket : It is starting to become an accepted fact that the Yankees are going to get under the $189 million budget in 2014. I understand ... 11-8 Yankees Fans Unite: Rafael Soriano & Nick Swisher will decline qualifying offers : The New York Yankees announced that relief pitcher Rafael Soriano and Yankees outfielder Nick Swisher are planning on declining ... 11-6 YankeeAnalysts.com: How about Angel Pagan? : In one of our daily email correspondences, Steve brought up the idea of signing Torii Hunter, and he, Moshe, and Mike E. were ... 11-2 My Pinstripes: YCN: A-Rod Not the Only Question Mark for 2013: A Fan's Look : The Yankees have plenty of work to do for the 2013 season. While much talk has been about Alex Rodriguez and his future ... News -- October 2012 10-31 Bronx Baseball Daily: Casey McGehee elects for free agency : It seemed likely that the Yankees would non-tender Casey McGehee at some point this offseason, but now they won’t have ... 10-31 Bleeding Yankee Blue: BYB TRADE RUMORS & FREE AGENTS: PART 1 : Itâs that time of year again ladies & gentlemen! As soon as Miguel Cabrera froze on an 89 mph fastball right down the middle ... 10-30 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE WORLD OF FREE AGENCY : Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE ... 10-29 Bronx Baseball Daily: The offseason officially starts today : With the Giants win over the Tigers last night, the 2012/13 postseason has officially begun. Yankees fans are going to expect ... 10-29 Yankees Fans Unite: Twelve Yankees file for free agency : Now that the offseason has officially begun, the Players Association released the 137 players (12 Yankees) that are filing for ... 10-27 Yankees Fans Unite: 2012 Yankees Keep Em’ Or Dump Em’ Results (So Far) : Last Saturday, I posted a Keep Em’ or Dump Em’ article where you voted who you wanted to keep or who you wanted to ... 10-27 Yanks Go Yard: The value of Eduardo Nunez : Eduardo Nunez was a conundrum all season long. He showed some promise with the bat, and jump-started this homer-happy team’s ... 10-26 Call to the Pen: 2012 Season Review Series: New York Yankees : The New York Yankees held a 10 game lead in the division in mid-July, but had to hold on to win the AL East on the season’s ... 10-25 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHAT TO DO WITH A BUNCH OF YANKEE BUMS : Calm down... they're not all bums... relax, I'm joking. So itâs been a week since the slow torture of the ALCS concluded. ... 10-24 YankeeAnalysts.com: Do The Yankees Have Room For Big Papi? : Most of us hate David Ortiz, but only because he’s worn a Red Sox uniform over the last 10 years. In that time, he’s ... 10-24 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE YANKEES & THE FREE AGENT RACE : Every year when the offseason starts, I like to take a look at the potential free agents and who the Yankees should go after, ... 10-22 Bronx Baseball Daily: Jones blames lack of production on injured finger : For a guy who was signed to hit left handed pitching, Andruw Jones didn’t do much of that for the Yankees this year. ... 10-22 It's About the Money (Stupid): Jones blames finger injury for second half woes : Andruw Jones had a rough year, and was especially bad in the second half of the season, hitting just .142/.256/.255 after the ... 10-22 MLBTradeRumors: AL East Notes: Lovullo, Rodriguez, Lowe : John Farrell has officially joined the Red Sox after many months of intense speculation. Here are some links, starting in Boston ... 10-21 Yankees Fans Unite: Morning Bits: Jeter, Sabathia, Soriano, Bronx Businesses, Martin : Good morning everyone. Welcome to another day of the Yankees offseason but if you want to watch some baseball, the Giants and ... 10-20 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE 2012 YANKEES WERE MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN YOU THINK : Twenty. No, Iâm not talking about the number of at-bats it took before Robinson Cano got a hit in the ALCS. ... 10-19 Braves Journal: Keltner List: Kenny Lofton : Mac made it an offseason tradition to write a “Keltner List” for one ex-Brave who either was on the cusp of the Hall ... 10-18 The Baseball Haven: How Can You Rebuild the Yankees? : Keith Olbermann reported on his MLBlog on October 17 that the New York Yankees and Miami Marlins are already discussing a deal ... 10-17 Motor City Bengals: Is It Time For The New York Yankees To Rebuild? : With the New York Yankees facing early elimination by the Detroit Tigers once again, Yankees fans are looking toward a long winter ... 10-16 Diamond Ring: The Best DH in Baseball : If you haven't heard, Billy Butler is awesome. Really awesome. My blogger Cohort, Brain, and I have discussed his awesomeness ... 10-11 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Orioles \| Manny Machado makes AL postseason history: Baltimore Orioles SS Manny Machado swatted a solo home run in the fifth inning in Game 3 of the American League Division Series...[+] against the New York Yankees Wednesday, Oct. 10. He is the second-youngest player in Major League Baseball history to hit a postseason homer, and the youngest ever in American League history. Although not on the Yankees playoff roster, OF Andruw Jones, who homered at age 19, was in the dugout for the home team. Jones did it at the old Yankees Stadium in 1996 while a member of the Atlanta Braves. 10-10 Tomahawk Take: Farewell Chipper : I recently saw a meme of Chipper Jones walking to the locker room with his back turned to the camera. It was captioned, âMy ... 10-10 Broad Street Believers: Baltimore Orioles – Game One Report Card : It was everything as expected for a guy who hasn’t felt the cold air of postseason baseball since he was ten. Â Everything ... 10-9 High Heat Stats: The Incredibly Serious 2012 HHS Awards : Or not. Given the ridiculous amount of debate and discussion the 2012 AL MVP race has given us, I felt it was only appropriate ... 10-9 Yanks Go Yard: Two Players the Yankees Must Keep in 2013 : While some of this may be wishful thinking, there are two New York Yankees who have to stay next year;Â Ichiro Suzuki and Raul ... 10-9 The Captain's Blog: Beltway Freshmen Bring Teen Spirit to Postseason : Who says the Beltway operates under an Old Boys Network? Not only do the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles boast two ... 10-8 The Flagrant Fan: Game Picks - Monday: October 8, 2012 : Yesterday was a glorious day of baseball as four playoff games happened and allowed us to watch baseball from noon to ... 10-7 MLB Injury News: Yankees Injury News: Brett Gardner, Jayson Nix : While the New York Yankees arenât going to announce their roster for the American League Division Series against the Baltimore ... 10-7 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees ALDS roster: Jones and Eppley are out and Nix may be in : The Yankees are still waiting until the last minute to finalize their roster, but slowly we are getting pieces of the puzzle ... 10-7 It's About the Money (Stupid): Jones not on ALDS roster : The Yankees don't have to turn their official ALDS roster in until 10:00 this morning, and odds are they won't make any official ... 10-7 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones not on ALDS roster: New York Yankees manager Joe Girardi informed OF Andruw Jones Saturday, Oct. 6, that he will not be included on the roster for...[+] the American League Division Series against the Baltimore Orioles. 10-7 MLBTradeRumors: AL East Notes: Jones, Red Sox, LaRoche, Blue Jays : Yesterday, the Yankees informed Andruw Jones that he will not be on the ALDS roster against the Orioles.Â Jones says that he ... 10-6 Yankees Fans Unite: Yankees Off-Day Notes: Who does NOT make the roster, Pettitte for Game 2 : Good evening everyone! It’s day 3 of the 3-day day off for the Yankees as they prepare to play the Baltimore Orioles. Today ... 10-6 Bleeding Yankee Blue: GOODBYE CHIPPER JONES, AND GOOD LUCK! : I have always admired Chipper Jones. As a Yankee fan, we played them a few times in the Post Season and to tell you ... 10-6 Yanks Go Yard: Yanks Go Yard Selects the Yankees’ Regular Season Awards : Now that the regular season is over, it’s time to dish out some awards for some of the better and well…not so great ... 10-2 It's About the Money (Stupid): Jones not in lineup against Lester : The Yankees released the lineup that they'll send out to face Boston's nominal ace Jon Lester, and "lefty specialist" Andruw ... 10-2 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Eduardo Nunez could be postseason DH: New York Yankees INF Eduardo Nunez is serving as the designated hitter over OF Andruw Jones against a left-handed pitcher Tuesday,...[+] Oct. 2, meaning Nunez could be the team's DH during the playoffs against lefties, too. News -- September 2012 9-30 Yanks Go Yard: Tension Building: Yankees fall into first-place tie after loss to Blue Jays : The New York Yankees would never admit it, but the tension is building around them as the season winds down and the chances for ... 9-30 It's About the Money (Stupid): Every scrape needs a scapegoat : The scenario the New York Yankees find themselves in is not exactly where they wanted to be. They would have preferred to ... 9-30 It's About the Money (Stupid): Teixeira set to return Monday : At least we're getting some good news before the games start today. Jack Curry tweets that Joe Girardi anti* that Mark Teixeira ... 9-29 Bleeding Yankee Blue: IT'S GETTING LATE EARLY : It has almost become a clichÃ© at this point. The Yankees HAVE to win every game. Nobody thinks it is acceptable to have ... 9-29 Baseball News Source: Projecting the 2014 New York Yankees’ Outfield : Yankees 2014Â outfield Â presents intriguing possibilities and options The New York Yankees are on a mission to cut payroll by ... 9-29 Bleeding Yankee Blue: IT'S LETTING LATE EARLY : It has almost become a clichÃ© at this point. The Yankees HAVE to win every game. Nobody thinks it is acceptable to have ... 9-29 Tomahawk Take: Balanced Scoring : This year’s Braves offense has been well-balanced throughout the season, not relying on a single player to dominate, much ... 9-29 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 158 Lineup: Yankees @ Blue Jays : Lineup vs. Blue Jays: Derek Jeter DH Ichiro Suzuki LF Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher 1B Curtis Granderson CF ... 9-27 Tomahawk Take: Braves With 20-20 Seasons : With his stolen base last night, Jason Heyward became the first 20-20 Brave since 2000 and the tenth in franchise history. Â Here ... 9-26 Bleeding Yankee Blue: CLOSE, BUT NO CIGAR : The Yankees came in to the game with a 1-1/2 game lead in the East, and with an opportunity to extend it by another game as ... 9-26 Puckett's Pond: Twins beat Yankees; Mauer inches toward batting title : The Minnesota Twins beat the New York Yankees on Tuesday to bring the season-series to a 3-3 tie. Â The Yankees scored first ... 9-25 Bronx Baseball Daily: Out since April, Brett Gardner is finally back : The Yankees are not only activating David Aardsma tonight, but they have also activated Brett Gardner and designated Justin ... 9-25 YankeeAnalysts.com: Late Reinforcements : As a Yankee fan, September is the month where you watch your team rest players after clinching a playoff spot, or exhaust starters ... 9-24 It's About the Money (Stupid): Gardner to take live batting practice : Brett Gardner was supposed to be out for the season after having surgery on his elbow in July. Over the past week or so, however, ... 9-21 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Ichiro Suzuki playing well: New York Yankees OF Ichiro Suzuki is hitting .321 in 54 games since coming over from the Seattle Mariners, and he has effectively...[+] become an everyday player with OF Andruw Jones cooling off down the stretch. 9-20 Bronx Baseball Daily: Imagining a playoff roster without Ibanez and Jones : There is slightly more than two weeks left in the season and while the AL East isn’t guaranteed for the Yankees the ... 9-20 Yanks Go Yard: Phelps, Suzuki lead Yankees to double header sweep : David PhelpsÂ has been as productive asÂ the team could have hoped forÂ this seasonÂ as he’s been shuffled from long-man, ... 9-19 Bronx Baseball Daily: Health will determine Yankeesâ€™ playoff success : Okay, this is obvious. Any team is better when completely healthy. With the Yankees, however, the task of getting completely ... 9-19 Yankees Fans Unite: A-Rod and Nunez Key Turnaround : Once Mark Teixeira and Alex Rodriguez went on the DL the Yankees were rolling out lineups that would not have looked in split- ... 9-16 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game 146: All Alone In First Again : The Yankees are alone if first place again, much thanks to the Athletics. Winning today, might help separate themselves with ... 9-14 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 9/14 : If the Boston Red Sox plan on playing spoiler for the remaining 18 games of the season, they need to do a better job of it. ... 9-14 Yanks Go Yard: Hughes dominates Red Sox as Yankees maintain tie for first place : During a ten-game road trip against American League East opponents the New York Yankees went 5-5. Without Phil Hughes they may ... 9-14 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 9/14 : If the Boston Red Sox plan on playing spoiler for the remaining 18 games of the season, they need to do a better job of it. ... 9-14 YankeeAnalysts.com: My Melky Mesa Theory : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) There wasn’t much reaction to the Yankees calling up Melky ... 9-13 Bleeding Yankee Blue: PUT YOUR BIG BOY PANTS ON, HERE COME THE YANKS : I love that expression of wearing "big boy pants."I love this scene below in The Other Guys. It's funny and a smart line because ... 9-13 YankeeAnalysts.com: Hughes Comes Up Big, Yankees Beat Red Sox 2-0 : Prior to tonight’s game, Phil Hughes had been terrible at Fenway Park. It’s the ballpark he’s had the most ... 9-13 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 143 Lineup: Yankees @ Red Sox : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher RF Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Russell Martin C Andruw Jones LF Curtis ... 9-13 SOX & Dawgs: Thursday Red Sox Travesty - 9/13 : After falling last night, the Boston Red Sox look to finish up their six-game home stand with a series win tonight in the finale ... 9-13 BoSox Injection: Yankees Bomb Their Way to 5-4 Win Over Red Sox : Yankee manager, Joe Girardi said it best when he reminded the media that his club is known as the Bronx Bombers and not the Bronx ... 9-13 YankeeAnalysts.com: Has Andruw Jones Lost Bat Speed? : I cringe when opposing managers bring in their lefty relievers in big spots. For one, a lot of the Yankee left handed batters ... 9-12 YankeeAnalysts.com: Yanks Beat Boston 5-4, Stay Even With Baltimore : You know what would be delightful? An easy game. But no, the Yankees don’t ever allow their fans to sit through easy games ... 9-12 BoSox Injection: Sox Walk Off With Game One in Nutty 4-3 Win Over Yanks : As the old saying goes, even a blind squirrel finds a nut every now and then. There is, perhaps, a much lesser known saying but ... 9-11 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 141 Lineup: Yankees @ Red Sox : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Alex Rodriguez DH Robinson Cano 2B Russell Martin C Steve Pearce 1B Curtis ... 9-11 High Heat Stats: Let youth be served: 2012 makes a mark : Earlier this month, Rangers’ second baseman Jurickson Profar (an early finalist for the All-Name team) made his major league ... 9-10 MetsToday.com: Mets Game 141: Loss to Nationals : Nationals 5 Mets 1 The Mets’ offensive futility in Flushing is now reaching historical proportions. Mets Game Notes Collin ... 9-10 Yanks Go Yard: Grand Fashion: Yankees blast Orioles, leave town with AL East lead : The New York Yankees regained sole possession of first place in the American League East after busting out the whipping sticks ... 9-10 Yanks Go Yard: Brett Gardner’s Absence Has Hurt the Yankees : Brett Gardner is one of the best players on the New York Yankees. In fact, I would argue that he is the second best position player ... 9-8 YankeeAnalysts.com: Umpire Jerry Meals Blows The Game In The 9th, Yankees Lose 5-4 : I hate blaming umpires for a Yankee loss, but tonight’s firstbase umpire cost the Yankees one of the most important games ... 9-8 High Heat Stats: Who will be the next 400 HR hitter? : This season, Paul Konerko, David Ortiz and Adam Dunn have joined the 400 HR club that now boasts 50 members. But, it’s not ... 9-7 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 138 Lineup: Yankees @ Orioles : Lineup vs. Orioles: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez DH Russell Martin C Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 9-7 YankeeAnalysts.com: Some Friendly Suggestions For The Final 3 Weeks : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) These past 3 weeks have not been enjoyable as a Yankee fan or a writer.Â ... 9-6 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Ned Colletti Will Outlive Us All : I’d like to say that this comes as any sort of surprise whatsoever, but, nope. Bill Shaikin: The Dodgers have ... 9-6 Bronx Baseball Daily: Girardi: Small ball is not the Yankees approach : If Joe Girardi was manager of the St. Louis Cardinals things might be different, but he isn’t. He manages the Yankees ... 9-6 Baseball Musings: Game of the Day : The Yankees open a four game series at Baltimore with the American League East title on the line. David Phelps gets the call against ... 9-6 MLBTradeRumors: Free Agent Stock Watch: Jeff Keppinger : Jeff Keppinger can play multiple positions and heâs a difference maker on offense -- at least against left-handed pitching. ... 9-5 My Pinstripes: Elliot Johnson Finally Pays Off Debt, Yankees Back in 1st : Let's go into the way back machine, back to Spring Training, March 8, 2008. Yankees playing the Tampa Bay Rays in Tampa. ... 9-5 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 136 Lineup: Yankees @ Rays : Lineup vs. Rays: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano DH Alex Rodriguez 3B Russell Martin C Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 9-5 For Baseball Junkies: All-Time Teams v.2012 - Atlanta Braves : As mentioned, we will be re-evaluating our All-Time teams this month looking for errors, omissions and worthy additions. In ... 9-5 Yankees Fans Unite: Should Girardi Be a Scapegoat? : The Yankees officially lost their lead in the AL East after last nightâs 5-2 loss to Tampa . The Yankees have held sole possession ... 9-5 MLBTradeRumors: Free Agent Stock Watch: Jeff Keppinger : Jeff Keppinger can play multiple positions and heâs a difference maker on offense -- at least against left-handed pitching. ... 9-4 Kings of Kauffman: Wil Myers Had a Good Day : It started this morning when Baseball America announced that Omaha Storm Chasers outfielder Wil Myers had been named their Minor ... 9-4 Bronx Baseball Daily: Whatâ€™s wrong with the Yankees? : The Yankees came out of the All-Star break the same way they went into it, winning lots of games, but unfortunately after ... 9-4 It's About the Money (Stupid): Little Girardi can do with current mess : Everything about the New York Yankees pretty much sucks these days. Profound, I know, but we're way past the point of sugarcoating ... 9-4 The Captain's Blog: Amid Collapse, Yankees Still Have Time to Rebuild : The Yankees are in the midst of a collapse. Many fans have been sensitive about using that word, but itâs an appropriate description ... 9-4 Baseball News Source: Why the Yankees Are Still the Favorites to Win the East : Curtis GrandersonÂ is due back from an injury soon In a 162 game season, it’s normal to panic prematurely. Sometimes it ... 9-4 Call to the Pen: Yankees Lead Down to One Game : The New York Yankees looked like a shoo-in to the playoffs earlier this year. At one point, the Bronx Bombers held a full 10 game ... 9-3 Bleeding Yankee Blue: BAKING AND BASEBALL DON'T MIX : (Photo Courtesy: Bleeding Yankee Blue) I canât take it anymoreâ¦.I just canât. Lately watching this Yankees' team makes ... 9-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEES OUT MANAGED IN BAD LOSS TO ORIOLES : It seems like most fans of the New York Yankees do not like Joe Girardi as manager of their favorite team. I, for one, ... 9-2 Baseball Musings: Chip Shot : Chipper Jones gets a game winning RBI as his three-run homer supplies the Braves with a win over they Phillies 8-7. It was the ... 9-2 MLBTradeRumors: Quick Hits: Profar, Strasburg, Miller, Inge, Phillips : Baseball has always been a game for the young and old alike and today captured that sentiment perfectly. First, the young. The ... 9-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: ALL EYES ON PETTITTE : Andy Pettitte is close to returning. Unless there is some major setback, we will see Andy Pettitte soon, read Erik Boland ... 9-1 My Pinstripes: O's Give Yankees Christmas in August : It wasn't Phelps' birthday, but he'll take it. The Yankees were headed to another boring loss Saturday ... 9-1 My Pinstripes: Blunder Ball in the Bronx; Help on the way? : It's been noted a number of times that the Yankees had a 10 game lead in the AL East after they shut out the ... 9-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: Seventh Inning Heaven, Yankees Win 4-3 : This felt like another one of those games. You know, the kind where the Yankees could not get anything going and the opposition’s ... News -- August 2012 8-31 Yanks Go Yard: Sabermetric Outlook: CC Sabathia : We get to talk about pitching today! Specifically, New York Yankees’ starting pitcher, CC Sabathia. Finally. To be honest, ... 8-31 Yankees Fans Unite: Random Thoughts and Musings : Since there are so many things going on with the Yankees, most of them bad obviously, I decided to give my thoughts on everything, ... 8-31 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE YANKEE INJURY BUG THAT WON'T GO AWAY : I canât remember a Yankee team in recent memory that has been bitten this badly by the injury bug. 2008? 2006? Nah, ... 8-31 YankeeAnalysts.com: Here Come The Most Important Games Of The Year : Today is the last day of August. We’re down to one more month of baseball, 32 games in total. The Yankees have controlled ... 8-30 Yanks Go Yard: Time for Concern: Sloppy Yankees lose 8-5 to Blue Jays : Baseball is a game of trends and right now the New York Yankees are trending in the wrong direction at the absolute worst time. ... 8-29 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game 130: Win The Series : Series against AL East teams down the stretch have become way more important than they should be. Even with Andruw Jones batting ... 8-29 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones slumping: New York Yankees OF Andruw Jones has just four hits in his last 35 at-bats, and manager Joe Girardi hopes he'll get going in the...[+] cleanup spot in the order Wednesday, Aug. 29. Jones is hitting .206 with 13 home runs and 30 RBIs in 75 games. 8-29 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 130 Lineup: Blue Jays vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Blue Jays: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher 1B Robinson Cano 2B Andruw Jones RF Curtis Granderson CF Steve Pearce DH Jayson ... 8-28 High Heat Stats: Adam Dunn, meet David Letterman : Adam Dunn’s most unusual season is an endless source of quirky statistical curiosities. Dunn launched two more bombs Friday ... 8-28 Yanks Go Yard: Is Mark Teixeira’s injury the final straw for resilient Yankees? : Without looking at the New York Yankees record and position in the standings; if you were told that the Bombers lost Michael Pineda ... 8-28 Nolan Writin': Derek Holland And The One Bad Inning : Derek Holland has actually been surprisingly good lately. After a rough patch since returning from the disabled list, Holland ... 8-27 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees re-acquire Steve Pearce, DFA Brandon Laird : Via Bryan Hoch, the Yankees have re-acquire 1B/OF Steve Pearce from the Houston Astros for cash considerations, bringing the ... 8-27 Yankees Fans Unite: Travel Day : The Red Sox get a reprieve, the Yankees have issues, and MLB’s horrible decision to expand the playoffs backfires are the ... 8-27 mlbreports.com: Top Ten Stat of the Week: Special Trade Edition! LA Dodgers 2013 Payroll : Monday August.27/2012 Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Writer): – I must say I am completely shocked at the Dodgers spending as ... 8-26 Yanks Go Yard: Sabermetric Outlook: Curtis Granderson : Oh boy, this is a fun one. There are a lot of things going on with Curtis Granderson this year, in almost all aspects of his game. ... 8-26 YankeeAnalysts.com: Would A-Rod make sense for the Dodgers? : In the wake of the mega-deal that sent Adrian Gonzalez, Josh Beckett, Carl Crawford and Nick Punto from the Red Sox to the Dodgers, ... 8-25 MLBTradeRumors: The Dodgers' Future Payroll Obligations : Considering the contracts changing hands, the Dodgers and Red Sox completed the largest player transaction in baseball history ... 8-23 Bronx Baseball Daily: DeWayne Wise or Ichiro? The Yankees Chose Correctly : Over the past two weeks weâve seen Dewayne Wise do some incredible things with the Chicago White Sox. Heâs hit as many ... 8-22 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 124 Lineup: Yankees @ White Sox : Lineup vs. White Sox Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Mark Teixeira 1B Andruw Jones DH Curtis Granderson CF Russell ... 8-22 Yanks Go Yard: It’s Game On! Can the Yankees Survive Tampa Bay’s Pursuit for the Division Title? : It’s been an interesting month of August so far for the New York Yankees. They went into the month with a firm lead in the ... 8-19 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 8/19 : How often do you go to a wedding in Charlotte, NC and there has to be a television so that people are able the Boston Red Sox ... 8-19 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 8/19 : How often do you go to a wedding in Charlotte, NC and there has to be a television so that people are able the Boston Red Sox ... 8-18 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Mediocrity - 8/18 : After falling last night 6-4, the Boston Red Sox look to make a statement in the middle game of a three-game set with the New ... 8-18 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 120 Lineup: Red Sox vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher 1B Robinson Cano 2B Andruw Jones RF Casey McGehee 3B Curtis Granderson CF Russell ... 8-18 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Mediocrity - 8/18 : After falling last night 6-4, the Boston Red Sox look to make a statement in the middle game of a three-game set with the New ... 8-18 My Pinstripes: The Captain Adds to His Record Book : With one swing in Friday night's game against the Boston Red Sox, Derek Jeter added a couple of more achievements to ... 8-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 119 Lineup: Red Sox vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher 1B Robinson Cano 2B Andruw Jones RF Casey McGehee 3B Curtis Granderson CF Russell ... 8-17 Yanks Go Yard: Yanks drop series finale to Rangers despite rally : Despite a five-run rally being wasted in the series finale with the Texas Rangers yesterday afternoon, the New York Yankees wake ... 8-17 Nolan Writin': The Curious Case of the Dutch Oven : Today at Yankee Stadium was a microcosm of Derek Holland’s season and, perhaps to aÂ larger degree, a perfect representation ... 8-17 YankeeAnalysts.com: The Replacements : All five AL East teams have lost significant pieces, many for a majority of the season. On paper, the Red Sox were supposed to ... 8-16 My Pinstripes: Pfen Pfail : Just about everyone has had it happen to them at least once. Dress shirt on, pen in the pocket. The next thing you know ... 8-16 Yanks Go Yard: Hiroki’s Gem: Picture Post : Although we didn’t get a no-hitter, it was about as close as you can get.Â Hiroki Kuroda silenced the Rangers’ bats ... 8-16 Nolan Writin': Game 116: Beltre flashes leather, Rangers win in The Bronx : Through five innings, Rangers’ starter Derek Holland resembled the Derek Holland that shut down the Tigers on Saturday, ... 8-14 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 116 Lineup: Rangers vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Rangers: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher RF Mark Teixeira 1B Robinson Cano 2B Andruw Jones LF Curtis Granderson CF Casey ... 8-13 Yanks Go Yard: Blue Jays bury Hughes; Yankees unable to dig all the way out in 10-7 loss : The New York Yankees saw their four-game win streak snapped yesterday afternoon as Phil Hughes suffered through his second poor ... 8-12 Yanks Go Yard: Sabermetric Outlook: Nick Swisher : Nick Swisher has had a remarkably normal and uneventful season. He’s showing an expected slight decline in skills from age, ... 8-12 Baseball News Source: Yankees – Which Players Could Make the Playoff Roster : Since it’s been established some September additions are clearly there just for the month, it’s worth exploring players ... 8-12 Friars on Base: What Would You Do? : Recently the Mighty 1090, or XX or Sports Talk Mighty XX 1090 or whatever they call themselves, issued a question for callers: ... 8-11 Bleeding Yankee Blue: NOVA & MCGEHEE BEAT JAYS. YANKS WITH 4 GAME WINNING STREAK : The story of this game was Ivan Nova. He looked sharper then ever finally ending his losing streak. He worked 7 and 1/3 innings ... 8-10 YankeeAnalysts.com: 50 Shades Of Jay(s), Yankees Win 10-4 : You knew this was going to be an interesting night when David Cone dropped a “Moves Like Jagger” reference in the ... 8-10 Bronx Baseball Daily: Exceeding Expectations? Ichiroâ€™s Time in Pinstripes : Ichiro Suzuki hasnât disappointed the Yankees. So far, so good. Did the team and fans expect him to hit 15 home runs? No. ... 8-9 Yanks Go Yard: Embrace these Yankees for showing fight amid rough patch : The injuries, the inability to hit with runners in scoring position, inconsistency in each facet of the game and perceived managerial ... 8-7 The Tomahawk Chop: Andruw Jones: A Boy in the Hall? : Unless he pulls a Sandusky, Andruw Jones belongs in the Hall of Fame once his career is over. Based on his offensive numbers ... 8-6 Tomahawk Take: The Roller Coaster Career of Jason Heyward : Jason Heyward has been an enigma, to say the least, so far in his short career. Â After dominating the minors, he posted one of ... 8-6 Bleeding Yankee Blue: I KNOW WHEN BRETT GARDNER'S COMING BACK! : Brett Gardner's coming back next month. You wanna know how I know? He said as much. I was lucky enough to overhear ... 8-4 Yankees Fans Unite: Yankees Report Card: July : It’s that time of the month again where we decide which Yankees were at the top of their class and which Yankees just didn’t ... 8-3 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees report card for July : Man, what a weird month July was in Yankeeland.Â In the beginning of the month, we all reveled in the Bombers pounding the ... 8-2 Yanks Go Yard: MLB Trade Deadline: Did the Yankees measure up with the rest of the AL East? : On Tuesday at 4:00 pm, the New York Yankees made a minor yet important trade getting Casey McGehee from theÂ PittsburghÂ Pirates ... 8-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HOW THE TRADE DEADLINE WENT DOWN FOR THE YANKS : The trade deadline came and went quickly. The Yankees are always tied to a lot of names, but this year it felt different to ... 8-1 The Captain's Blog: Casey At the Bat (but Off the Bench); Addition of McGehee Helps Alleviate Split-Based Vulnerability : The Yankees ended July losing nine of their last 12 to finish .500 or lower in the month for the first time since 1992. Despite ... 8-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game 104: McGehee’s Debut : Casey McGehee hasÂ made it to the Bronx wearing number 45. In the team’s current rut, the Yankees need something to change ... 8-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: Yankees Finally Win, Beat The Orioles 12-3 : It had been so long since the Yankees had won a game, I had forgotten what it was like to write a positive recap. Oh, I’m ... 8-1 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEE CHECKLIST: TRADE DEADLINE AFTERMATH : It's not the first time the Yankees believed in their team enough that players on the trading block didn't wow them enough ... News -- July 2012 7-31 Yanks Go Yard: Suzuki? Swisher? The Yankees’ 2013 right field dilemma : TheÂ acquisitionÂ of Ichiro Suzuki was not only surprising, but a decentÂ acquisitionÂ at that. Playing 11 1/2 years for one team, ... 7-31 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees News: Cashman suggests quiet deadline day despite numerous questions : The MLB non-waiver trade deadline arrives today at 4:00 pm. There are several teams searching for the last piece of their puzzle ... 7-31 YankeeAnalysts.com: If Tex has to hit the DL… : Good morning, everyone. Nothing like some good old Panic Button hitting to wake you up, huh? Anyway, Mark Teixeira left last night’s ... 7-30 SOX & Dawgs: Sunday Red Sox Delight - 7/29 : After winning last night 8-6, the Boston Red Sox look to get back to .500 and take the weekend series tonight in the finale ... 7-30 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 7/30 : Pedro! Pedro! Pedro! Certainly if the Boston Red Sox were playing at home last night instead of Yankee Stadium that would have ... 7-30 The Baseball Page: Doubront, Ciriaco and Aceves lead Red Sox to 10-inning win over Yankees : By Jeff Louderback The Red Sox squandered a 2-0 lead, scored what would ... 7-30 Yankees Fans Unite: Series Preview: Yankees vs. Orioles \| 7/30/12-8/1/12 : Pitching Matchups Monday, 7/30/12, 7:05pm ET Pitching for the Yankees: Freddy Garcia, RHP Last Start: 7.1 IP, 3 ER, 5 H, 8 K, ... 7-30 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKS LOSE SERIES TO BOSTON; CIRIACO IS A PEST : It was a tough loss to the archrival Boston Red Sox, in spite of the fact that Hiroki Kuroda pitched brilliantly. He pitched ... 7-30 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 7/30 : Pedro! Pedro! Pedro! Certainly if the Boston Red Sox were playing at home last night instead of Yankee Stadium that would have ... 7-30 It's About the Money (Stupid): Monday morning links : Some recommended Yankees related reading to start your work week: Ken Davidoff says that the Yankees still have an age problem, ... 7-30 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: There’s a Bat Coming Soon : After so many years of writing this blog, I’ve been lucky enough to know some people who know some people – and if ... 7-29 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Torture - 7/28 : After being Granderslammed last night 10-3, the Boston Red Sox really need to get back on track in the middle game of a three-game ... 7-29 SOX & Dawgs: Sunday Red Sox Delight - 7/29 : After winning last night 8-6, the Boston Red Sox look to get back to .500 and take the weekend series tonight in the finale ... 7-29 BoSox Injection: Red Sox Cut It Too Close In 8-6 Win : As the title suggests, the Red Sox cut this game way too close. They scored quite a few runs early on, then just watched as the ... 7-28 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Torture - 7/28 : The Red Sox-Yankees game is in a rain delay. As of right now, there is no start time. Once announced, I'll post that here. After ... 7-28 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Delight - 7/27 : After losing two-of-three in Texas and a day off yesterday, the Boston Red Sox continue their six-game road trip with their ... 7-27 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE YANKEES BATTER THE FADING SOX : The Boston Red Sox finally arrived in the city of New York to play the Yankees in the 2012 season. In ... 7-27 Yankees Fans Unite: Do the Yankees Have Too Many Platoon Players? : Brian Cashman has done an incredible this season of finding great players to produce that he got at a minimal cost. Guys like ... 7-27 Fire Brand of the American League: The Advanced Scout â€“ New York Yankees After stocking up on beer and scotch, The Advanced Scout analyzes the New York Yankees ... 7-27 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Delight - 7/27 : After losing two-of-three in Texas and a day off yesterday, the Boston Red Sox continue their six-game road trip with their ... 7-27 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game Thread: Ichiro’s debut! : Ichiro makes his Yankee Stadium debut tonight against the Red Sox. Phil Hughes is on the bump for the Yanks and Aaron Cook (along ... 7-27 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THERE'S A PLAN FOR SWISHER AND ICHIRO : Nick Swisher is out with a mild strain in his left hip flexor and the plan is for him to return by today at least in his ... 7-26 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game Thread: Get the hell off the West Coast : The Yankees wrap up their final West Coast swing today by taking on the Mariners behind Ivan Nova. Lineups: NEW YORK: 1. Ichiro ... 7-26 YankeeAnalysts.com: Let’s Give A Call To The Bench : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) They haven’t gotten a whole lot of ink this season while the ... 7-25 MetsToday.com: The Difference Between Mets and Yankees Fans : What is the fundamental difference between rooting for the Yankees and supporting the Mets? Following is one real-life example ... 7-24 Yanks Go Yard: New York Yankees Trade Analysis: Ichiro Suzuki : The New York Yankees stayed under the radar of the rumor mill and surprised everyone yesterday as they pulled off a trade for ... 7-24 The Captain's Blog: Even in Decline, Ichiro Helps Yankees Fill a Void : With yesterdayâs acquisition of Ichiro Suzuki, Brian Cashman further cemented his well deserved re for using slight of hand ... 7-24 High Heat Stats: End of an era – Ichiro leaves Seattle : Everyone has heard the news now of Seattle trading Ichiro to the Yankees. On one level, just a seller/buyer trade and one that ... 7-24 Bleeding Yankee Blue: ICHIRO AND THE YANKEES BEAT THE MARINERS 4-1 : The story of the night, of course, was the Yankee debut of Ichiro Suzuki. The fact that his debut is taking place at the home ... 7-24 Through The Fence Baseball: Why Ichiro Suzuki to the New York Yankees is a great move : Ichiro Suzuki has been a Seattle Mariner his whole career. He has won multiple Gold Gloves. He won both an MVP and Rookie ... 7-24 Roto Think Tank: Real Trades/Fantasy Impact: July 23, 2012 : A busy day in real baseball for trades. Below is a brief look at their fantasy impact.The Tigers get:Anibal SanchezSanchez hasn't ... 7-24 Bronx Baseball Daily: How Ichiro fits in with the Yankees : Yankees fans everywhere were buzzing yesterday after hearing the news that their team landed Ichiro Suzuki, probably Japan’s ... 7-24 It's About the Money (Stupid): Ichiro a great pickup : Yes, there will be more jokes about the Yankees' age as the newly acquired Ichiro Suzuki is 39 years old. He is the same age as ... 7-23 Fantasy Baseball Crackerjacks: What Ichiroâ€™s Trade to the Yankees Means to Fantasy Baseball : Update, Monday, July 23 at 9:58 EST:Â Ichiro will make his Yankees’ debut on Monday, against the Mariners in Seattle. Tonight’s ... 7-23 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 96 Lineup: Yankees @ Mariners : Lineup vs. Mariners: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Mark Teixeira 1B Raul Ibanez DH Andruw ... 7-23 Baseball Press: Trading Places: Yankees Acquire Ichiro : Ichiro moves from the Great Northwest to the Big Apple. (US Presswire)With the MLB trade deadline a week away, transactions ... 7-23 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Ichiro Suzuki to play left field: New York Yankees manager Joe Girardi plans to use OF Ichiro Suzuki in left field despite the fact that he's starting in right...[+] Monday, July 23, in his debut with the team. OFs Raul Ibanez and Andruw Jones will now platoon at designated hitter. Suzuki is hitting eighth in the lineup Monday. 7-23 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees trade target: Shane Victorino : I must be a curse or something.Â In 2006, I was at Yankee Stadium for the games in which Gary Sheffield, Robinson Cano, and ... 7-23 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees acquire Ichiro : Ya know, I just knew that something important would happen if I went out to dinner during deadline season. According to Jack Curry, ... 7-22 T Van Poppel RC Ret Plan: Recap: Yankees @ A’s Game 94 : The A’s have struggled mightily against the Yankees so it is exciting to see them do really well and tonight’s 2-1 ... 7-22 Bleeding Yankee Blue: ICHIRO TO THE YANKS IS MY PIPE DREAM : I wouldnât have expected Jay Buhner to speak out of turn about the Seattle Mariners recently, but his passion for the ... 7-22 Bleeding Yankee Blue: CAN IBANEZ & JONES KEEP IT GOING? : "When they call your name, be ready." -- Andruw Jones to Pete Caldera Our title is actually a great question ... 7-22 Yanks Go Yard: Rookies, Not Amateurs: Yankees suffer third straight loss to an Athletics rookie starter : If New York Yankees fans were not familiar with the excellent pitching the Oakland A’s have been receiving from a trio of ... 7-22 My Pinstripes: Girardi: You Kids Get Off My Lawn : Oakland A's starters Jarrod Parker and A.J. Griffin I can picture Joe Girardi in a Scooby Doo scene, a mask pulled ... 7-21 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees Injury News: Gardner done, Swisher hip-flexed, Joba moves up a rung and Pettitte a distant thought : The New York Yankees will seemingly be without Brett Gardner for the remainder of the 2012 season as he will undergo arthroscopic ... 7-21 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees’ streak ends in loss to Oakland : The Yankees came out to Oakland fresh off of sweeping the Blue Jays and scoring three or more runs in 41 consecutive games. The ... 7-20 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 93 Lineup: Yankees @ Athletics : Lineup vs. Athletics: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano DH Nick Swisher RF ... 7-20 Fantasy Baseball Crackerjacks: Ask Nash: Replacing Injured Sluggers : My âAsk Nashâ box was filled with “What do I do about __insert injured slugger name__?!” questions. Sadly, there ... 7-19 It's About the Money (Stupid): Gardner to have surgery next week : Brett Gardner will have arthroscopic surgery to remove inflamed tissue from his injured right elbow, the Yankees announced tonight. ... 7-19 My Pinstripes: Gardner Runs Out of Time : Unfortunately, you could see it coming- Brett Gardner is lost for the season. The Yankees announced that Gardner will ... 7-19 YankeeAnalysts.com: Gardner To Undergo Arthroscopic Surgery : According to the Yankees’ PR, Brett Gardner will undergo surgery on his right elbow next week. The left fielder only played ... 7-19 Yankees Fans Unite: Kuroda gives Yankees the sweep in 6-0 rain shorted victory : When the Yankees started their game 45 minutes late, all eyes were on Hiroki Kuroda to see if the rain delay was going to slow ... 7-19 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEE CHRONICLES: JOBA, NUNEZ, GARDY & CHRIS DICKERSON : Joba Chamberlain: Joba could be back in August. That is literally a few weeks away. The latest on Joba is ... 7-19 YankeeAnalysts.com: Keep Doing The Thing, Boys : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) With all the negative storylines that have dominated the Yankee talk ... 7-18 It's About the Money (Stupid): Kuroda sharp, Yankees strike early and finish sweep : The afternoon began and ended with rain, and in between the Yankees punished Ricky Romero and Hiroki Kuroda threw an abbreviated ... 7-18 Yankees Fans Unite: CC aces test in 6-1 victory over Blue Jays : During today’s pregame, Joe Girardi was clear that he had a strict pitch count for CC Sabathia in his first game back from ... 7-18 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 91 Lineup: Blue Jays vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Blue Jays: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher RF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Andruw Jones LF Jayson ... 7-18 Bleeding Yankee Blue: CC DOMINATES & THE YANKS KEEP WINNING : CC Sabathia's performance tonight can only be described as dominating. In his first game back ... 7-18 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones enjoying renaissance: New York Yankees OF Andruw Jones belted a three-run home run Tuesday, July 17, against the Toronto Blue Jays, his 12th of the...[+] season. 7-17 It's About the Money (Stupid): Sabathia sharp in return as Yanks beat Jays : C.C. Sabathia had three weeks in between his two most recent starts, so worries that he might have been rusty in his return ... 7-17 My Pinstripes: The Big Man Gets His Groove On : The Yankees increased their AL East lead while CC Sabathia was on the disabled list, but you can bet they were ecstatic to ... 7-17 YankeeAnalysts.com: The Big Man Returns And He Doesn’t Miss A Beat : Tonight the big story for the Yankees – no pun intended – was the return of CC Sabathia to the rotation. In his first ... 7-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Why Victorino is a good fit : About a couple of weeks ago, as the Philadelphia Phillies continued to fall hopelessly out of the playoff race, I thought about ... 7-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 90 Lineup: Blue Jays vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Blue Jays Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez DH Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 7-17 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees should stand pat in the outfield even if Gardner is done for season : Upon word yesterday that Brett Gardner suffered another setback, his third such instance since he was shelved on April 17 with ... 7-17 It's About the Money (Stupid): Potential trade target: Shane Victorino : Even before the latest round of bad news about Brett Gardner yesterday, the new rumor from the mill was that the Yankees were ... 7-17 Yanks Go Yard: Slammin’: Ibanez’s bases clearing homer lifts Yankees over Blue Jays : The New York Yankees are linked to players each year around the trade deadline and yesterday talk of going after an outfielder ... 7-16 Bronx Baseball Daily: Brett Gardner suffers yet another setback : Yankees outfielder Brett Gardner looks to have suffered yet another setback in his rehab as he experienced soreness in his ... 7-16 Bronx Baseball Daily: Trade Rumor: Yankees considering Shane Victorino : If the Yankees do indeed make a trade for an outfielder this season one strong possibility is the Phillies center fielder ... 7-16 It's About the Money (Stupid): Trade focus shifts to outfield : Though Brian Cashman still insists that he's not looking to an additional outfielders to make up for the absence of Brett Gardner, ... 7-16 MLBTradeRumors: Yankees Monitoring Outfield Market : The Yankees always seem to be pursuing pitching, but their front office officials arenât overly concerned about the rotation, ... 7-16 Yanks Go Yard: Can’t Win ‘Em All: Bombers fall to Halos despite four more homers : Usually when a team hits four home runs, they put themselves in a very good position to be victorious. The Yankees, the major ... 7-16 Yanks Go Yard: Winners and Losers – Yankees vs. Angels 7/13 – 7/15 : Check out the âWinners and Losersâ from the Yankees weekend series with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The Yankees took ... 7-16 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees â€œin the loopâ€ on Cole Hamels trade talks : When addressing the Yankees trade deadline needs over the weekend, GM Brian Cashman noted that the Yankees were waiting for ... 7-15 My Pinstripes: Yankees Snatch Defeat From the Jaws of Victory : Cano's nap cost the Yankees dearly - courtesy of daylife.com No, that's not really how the saying goes, but it's apropos ... 7-15 Bleeding Yankee Blue: NAIL-BITER 'TIL THE END BUT YANKS COME UP SHORT : The Yankees didn't win it today. They literally went until the very end grinding it out and climbing back into ... 7-15 MLBTradeRumors: Cashman On Cano, Granderson, Trades, Outfield : Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman spoke with reporters prior to today's game against the Angels and Marc Carig of The Star-Ledger ... 7-14 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHICH YANKEE WALK-UP SONGS WOULD YOU CHOOSE? : So, you know I am addicted to my iPod. Over the years as a kid, I loved the mixed tape. You kids who read ... 7-13 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEES SIGN TO A MINOR LEAGUE DEAL : News out of Yankeeland says that the Yanks signed outfielder Kosuke ** to a minor league deal. According to the Yankees, ... 7-13 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 86 Lineup: Angels vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Angels Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Alex Rodriguez 3B Mark Teixeira 1B Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 7-13 Crashburn Alley: Crash Bag, Vol. 10: I Will Sign Cody Ross : One of my favorite lines ever written about baseball came from Yahoo!’s Jeff Passan, who several years ago wrote a quick-hit ... 7-13 Bleeding Yankee Blue: REFLECTING ON THE YANKEES FIRST HALF : I have been a Yankee fan a long time. Time and time again I remember something happening with our starting pitching right ... 7-12 Yanks Go Yard: Which Yankees are fulfilling their contract values based on WAR? : It is no secret that the New York Yankees are able to spend more than just about every other team in Major League Baseball. In ... 7-12 Yankees Fans Unite: Should Cashman bring Melky back? : MelkyÂ Cabrera has been having a tremendous season in San Francisco which was just puncuatedÂ with an MVP performance in the All-Star ... 7-12 YankeeAnalysts.com: Things I’m Looking Forward To In The Second Half : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) We’re just one day away from meaningful baseball games starting ... 7-11 Diamond Ring: The Best Arm in Baseball...By Far : A fun thing about baseball is debating which players are better. Some consider the case closed after the invention of WAR (Wins ... 7-9 BoSox Injection: Gentlemen, Please Start Your Engines. Yanks Hand Lester and Sox Third Series Loss, 7-3. : Can I get a clean inning? Can a brother get a solid? Can any Red Sox pitcher on the face of the earth not absolutely infuriate ... 7-9 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 7/8 : Whether we want to believe it or not, recent callups Pedro Ciriaco and Mauro Gomez may have saved the season for the Boston ... 7-9 SOX & Dawgs: Sunday Red Sox Delight - 7/8 : After splitting their doubleheader yesterday, the Boston Red Sox look for a split of their four-game set tonight with the New ... 7-8 YankeeAnalysts.com: Sunday Night Baseball: Yanks/Sox 7/8 : Yanks: 1. Derek Jeter (R) SS 2. Curtis Granderson (L) CF 3. Mark Teixeira (S) 1B 4. Alex Rodriguez (R) 3B 5. Robinson Cano (L) ... 7-8 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 85 Lineup: Yankees @ Red Sox : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano DH Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 7-8 SOX & Dawgs: Sunday Red Sox Delight - 7/8 : After splitting their doubleheader yesterday, the Boston Red Sox look for a split of their four-game set tonight with the New ... 7-8 Bleeding Yankee Blue: CHRIS DICKERSON IS THE SOLUTION TO AN ABSENT BRETT GARDNER : (In Photo: Chris Dickerson) Over the past week or so Iâve come to question some of the tactics of the Yankees when ... 7-8 Yanks Go Yard: Jekyll & Hyde: Yankees split twin-bill with Red Sox : The New York Yankees made the game look easy in the first part of a day-night double-header yesterday against the Boston Red Sox ... 7-8 BoSox Injection: Yanks Rub Salt in Sox Wound With 6-1 Win : For the second straight day, the New York Yankees got off to an embarrassingly fast start courtesy of some butt ugly Red Sox pitching. ... 7-8 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Delight - 7/7 : After watching the top half of the 1st inning last night, you were probably sitting there going well this is going to be one ... 7-8 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Torture - 7/7 : After falling 6-1 in the opening game of the day-night doubleheader, the Boston Red Sox look to put an end to their five-game ... 7-8 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox News & Notes - 7/8 : Whether we want to believe it or not, recent callups Pedro Ciriaco and Mauro Gomez may have saved the season for the Boston ... 7-7 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WADE HAPPENS : I like Cory Wade. It's almost unfair that I'm about to cream him in this post. The reality is Wade has given his ... 7-7 Bleeding Yankee Blue: FREDDY GARCIA HYPNOTIZES RED SOX; YANKEES WIN 6-1 : (Freddy Garcia pitches during the first inning) Freddy Garcia gave the New York Yankees exactly what they needed this ... 7-7 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Torture - 7/7 : After falling 6-1 in the opening game of the day-night doubleheader, the Boston Red Sox look to put an end to their five-game ... 7-7 Baseball Musings: Mr. Back to Back : The Yankees defeat the Red Sox in game one of their split admission double header, 6-1. Andruw Jones took part in two back-to-back ... 7-7 SOX & Dawgs: Saturday Red Sox Delight - 7/7 : After watching the top half of the 1st inning last night, you were probably sitting there going well this is going to be one ... 7-7 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game 83: Doubleheader Part 1 : In the American League, doubleheaders are usually when managers earn their money. Games surrounding a series with a doubleheader ... 7-6 Fire Brand of the American League: The Advanced Scout â€“ New York Yankees The Advanced Scout takes his head out of the oven and analyzes the New York Yankees ... 7-6 Yankees Fans Unite: Series Preview: Yankees at Red Sox \| 7/6/12-7/8/12 : Pitching Matchups Friday, 7/6/12, 7:10pm ET Pitching for the Yankees: HirokiÂ Kuroda, RHP Last Appearance: 7.0 IP, 0 ER, 3 H, ... 7-6 Yanks Go Yard: Why Did the Yankees Claim Darnell McDonald Off Waivers? : Wednesday, the New York Yankees claimed Darnell McDonald off waivers. McDonald has spent most of his career as a part-time outfielder ... 7-4 BoSox Injection: Red Sox Lose Darnell McDonald to the Yankees : Recently designated Red Sox outfielder Darnell McDonald has been claimed by the rival New York Yankees. Â McDonald posted a note ... 7-4 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees claim Darnell McDonald : Via Aaron Gleeman, the Yankees have claimed outfielder Darnell McDonald from the Red Sox. Boston had a logjam of outfielders and ... 7-4 MLBTradeRumors: Yankees Claim McDonald, Designate Schwinden : The Yankees acquired Darnell McDonald from the Red Sox, the outfielder announced on his personal Twitter account.Â The Yankees ... 7-4 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 81 Lineup: Yankees @ Rays : Lineup vs. Rays: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez DH Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 7-3 Yanks Go Yard: Four players the Yankees could do without after 2012 : For every team, there are guys worth keeping and guys that have worn out their welcome. For the New York Yankees, the biggest ... 7-3 WasWatching: Is A-Rod Costing The Yankees Runs? : Know anything about RE24? Here’s some on it via Fangraphs: RE24 (runs above average by the 24 base/out states): RE24 is ... News -- June 2012 6-30 High Heat Stats: Strikeout Milestones and Related Musings : Following up on a post by birtelcom concerning the continually increasing trend to more strikeouts in the game, I noticed that ... 6-30 Bronx Baseball Daily: Rumor: Yankees not interested in Jim Thome : Raul Ibanez and Andruw Jones have not been hitting the way the Yankees have expected them to this season, but don’t ... 6-30 Yanks Go Yard: Doubled Up: Yankees crushed by White Sox 14-7 : It was a forgettable night for the New York Yankees on many fronts. Their rookie pitcher, Adam Warren, made his major league debut ... 6-29 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 76 Lineup: White Sox vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. White Sox: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher RF ... 6-29 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE YANKEES COULDN'T STOP THE LEAK IN WARREN DEBUT : Tonight reminded me of the old story about The Little Dutch Boy. The boy who was on his way to school, saw a leak in ... 6-29 My Pinstripes: Yankees Throw Away Winning Streak in 9th : photo courtesy of NY Post The Yankees had everything going their way last night against the Chicago White Sox. They ... 6-27 Yankees Fans Unite: Yankees Report Card: June : Here’s a new monthly article I like to call the Yankees Report Card. Every month based on the Yankees performances (pitchers ... 6-27 Bronx Baseball Daily: Cashman: Iâ€™d rather not do anything, if possible : The MLB trade deadline is just about a month away and despite the fact that the Yankees have the best record in baseball there ... 6-26 Bronx Baseball Daily: Girardi likes platoon if Gardner doesnâ€™t come back : Brett Gardner‘s injury initially wasn’t expected to be severe at all. A DL stint and two setbacks later and the ... 6-24 High Heat Stats: Weekend game notes : [I'll keep updating during the Dickey-Sabathia game.] Sunday Rays 7, @Phillies 3: In the nightcap, Tampa scored 3 in the 2nd offÂ Cliff ... 6-23 Yankees Fans Unite: How the players are performing in 2012…so far : When the Yankees were playing horrible baseball in the month of May, you would have thought Brett Gardner‘s prediction of ... 6-23 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEES FAIL TO PAYBACK FRANCISCO, FALL TO METS : âI canât wait to face those chickens, I want to strike out the side against them. Iâve done it before.â â Frank ... 6-23 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees comeback falls short after Mets score five in first : The New York Yankees found themselves in a position few would have expected with Andy Pettitte on the mound. They were down by ... 6-23 Yanks Go Yard: The Yankees are in perfect harmony this season : From what the past month has shown us, everything is clicking with the New York Yankees despite losing the series to the Atlanta ... 6-23 Rising Apple: Game Recap: Ike Davis Homer the Difference in 6-4 win : The Mets and Yankees met for the second installment of the Subway Series, the last time these teams will meet two separate times ... 6-22 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 69 Lineup: Yankees @ Mets : Lineup vs. Mets: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 6-22 Yankees Fans Unite: Series Preview: Yankees at Mets \| 6/22/12-6/24/12 : Pitching Matchups Friday, 6/22/12, 7:10pm ET Pitching for the Yankees: Andy Pettitte, LHP Last Start: 7.0 IP, 2 ER, 5 H, 6 K, ... 6-22 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees say farewell to Chipper Jones : This week was likely Chipper Jones‘ final trip to Yankee Stadium in his Hall of Fame career as he is set to retire at ... 6-21 YankeeAnalysts.com: Looking at possible bench replacements : Matt’s article today highlighted the struggles that Andruw Jones is having with left-handed pitching, and got me thinking ... 6-21 YankeeAnalysts.com: Andruw’s struggles against lefties : A funny thing has happened regarding Andruw Jones this season. Jones, typically a lefty masher, has had a complete and total reverse ... 6-20 Bleeding Yankee Blue: BRAVES KNOCK AROUND HUGHES; BEAT YANKS 10-5 THIS AFTERNOON : (Phil Hughes tries to cool down today at the Stadium this afternoon - game time temp was 94-degrees) Last night the Braves ... 6-20 Braves Journal: Braves 4, Yankees 3 : Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees – Box Score – June 19, 2012 – ESPN. Hey, the Braves beat the Yankees. At ... 6-18 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEES WIN 10 IN A ROW, BEAT THE BRAVES : The best part about the Yankees winning streak is that I can sit here every night and post pictures of the past Yankee greats ... 6-18 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees by the numbers: 36 Facts, Enigmas, Trends, and Whatnot : 4.50Â Ivan Novaâs home ERA in his 146 innings in Yankee Stadium. 3.50 Ivan Novaâs road ERA, on the other hand, in 139 ... 6-18 WasWatching: Batters 2+ Games With 5+ K’s : Since 1918, here’s the list - Rk Player #Matching Â 1 Sammy Sosa 4 Ind. Games 2 Ray Lankford 3 Ind. Games 3 Jim Thome 2 ... 6-17 Bleeding Yankee Blue: 9 IN A ROW: YANKS SWEEP NATS ON FATHERâ€™S DAY : Another day, another win; thatâs how life has been in Yankeeland for a while now, and I love it. Behind just enough offense, ... 6-16 High Heat Stats: Adam Dunn and all-or-nothing hitters : Adam Dunn is enjoying a spectacular bounce-back season from his nightmarish 2011 campaign. Presently, he is on pace for 58 HR, ... 6-16 The Captain's Blog: Teenybopper: Harper Is Latest (and Greatest?) Teenager to Face the Yankees : (The following was originally published at SBNationâsÂ Pinstripe Alley) Bryce Harper didnât need the Yankeesâ stamp of ... 6-15 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE GHOST OF JUSTIN MAXWELL : Close your eyes and imagine that Justin Maxwell was on the New York Yankees right now. Now picture Brett Gardner injured...just ... 6-15 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees options without Brett Gardner : Another day, another setback in Brett Gardnerâs rehab from the elbow strain and bone bruise suffered way back on April 17th ... 6-14 Bronx Baseball Daily: Gardner out another 1-2 months : Brett Gardner got a second opinion on his injured elbow today and the doctor agreed with the previous diagnosis – elbow ... 6-14 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HERE COMES RUSSELL BRANYAN : I had to fill ya'll in on this because I was very excited when the Yankees signed Russell Branyan to a minor league contract. ... 6-14 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHAT IF GARDNER DOESN'T PLAY THIS YEAR? : It doesnât happen too often that a player goes to Dr. James Andrews and then goes for a second opinion. Usually you go to ... 6-13 mlbreports.com: The Yankees Should sign Vlad Guerrero : Wednesday June.13, 2012 Douglas “Chuck” Booth (Baseball Writer and @chuckbooth3024 on twitter)- The events that happened ... 6-13 Braves Journal: Yankees 6, Braves 4 : New York Yankees vs. Atlanta Braves – Box Score – June 12, 2012 – ESPN. Well, Mike Minor outpitched CC Sabathia, ... 6-13 YankeeAnalysts.com: Trade Musings: Outfield Targets : âI havenât been looking,â Cashman said. âThat doesnât mean that (itâs out of the question). Now youâve passed the ... 6-12 YankeeAnalysts.com: 6/12 Game Thread: Yanks vs. Braves: Andruw goes home : The Yanks and Braves square off in Atlanta for the second of three tonight. CC Sabathia and Mike Minor will be the starters ... 6-10 MetsToday.com: Mets Game 61: Loss to Yankees : Yankees 5 Bisons 4 For a while there, it looked like the Bisons might hang in there long enough to beat the mighty Yankees. In ... 6-10 Bleeding Yankee Blue: IS THE TIMING RIGHT FOR ALFONSO SORIANO? : Sure, the Yankees are saying that they're not looking to outfield help, but there is no question the Yankees are concerned ... 6-9 MLBTradeRumors: Yankees Not Looking For Outfield Help : Left fielder Brett Gardner has played just nine games this season due to a right elbow strain, and today he suffered a setback ... 6-9 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE GARDNER DILEMMA : Just a quick update on someone we miss dearly in our lineup as well as our left field...that would be Brett Gardner. ... 6-9 Bleeding Yankee Blue: YANKEELAND REJOICES. YANKS BEAT METS EASILY : It wasn't much of a contest. Johan Santana who just pitched a no hitter in his last start didn't have the same luck ... 6-8 Bronx Baseball Daily: The Yankee beat: meeting Joe Girardi edition : The Yankees got 7, 1 hit innings out of Hiroki Kuroda tonight and back-to-back-to-back home runs from Robinson Cano, Nick ... 6-8 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees jump Santana – crush Mets, 9-1 : Johan Santana of the New York Mets extended his hitless streak through the first inning in his game against crosstown rival, ... 6-8 YankeeAnalysts.com: June 8 Game Thread: Meet the Mets : As a Yankee fan, I have a difficult time feeling much vitriol toward the Mets, or even thinking of them as a rival, as we see ... 6-5 YankeeAnalysts.com: Whatever Happened To The Ibanez/Jones Platoon? : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) The Raul Ibanez/Andruw Jones DH platoon was supposed to be the Yankees’ ... 6-4 Roto Think Tank: A.L. FAAB Log: June 4, 2012 : Hideki Matsui $13. Other bids: $10, $4.Matsui has the brand name and generated some excitement by coming out of the gate ... 6-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HOW THE YANKEES GOT THINGS ROLLING IN THE MOTOR CITY : Following a nail-biting 6-5 win over the Angels in Anaheim, the Yankees headed back east to Detroit to finish off ... 6-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game Thread: Yanks vs. Tigers 6/1 : Yanks. Tigers. This time, it’s in Detroit. For a preview of the series, check out our pal Larry Koestler’s Series ... News -- May 2012 5-31 FanSided: Yankees in fortunate position after two months of underachieving : To say the New York Yankees are underachieving this season would be a major understatement. After a 13-9 record in April, the ... 5-28 The Captain's Blog: Cubsâ€™ DeJesus a Perfect Fit for Yankees; Would Help Fill Outfield Void : Overlooked in the Yankeesâ weekend sweep of the Athletics was the not so subtle implication by Joe Girardi that left fielder ... 5-28 Bleeding Yankee Blue: KURODA CRUISES, YANKEES WIN STREAK NOW AT 5 : What can I say; the Yankees are on a roll right now and everyoneâs in a good mood because of it. Behind a strong Hiroki ... 5-28 T Van Poppel RC Ret Plan: Recap: Yankees @ A’s Game 48 : The A’s were facing Hiroki Kuroda, who entered today’s gameÂ having a career worst year since moving over the American ... 5-28 MLBTradeRumors: 2013 Contract Issues: New York Yankees : The Yankees are next in MLBTRâs 2013 Contract Issues series: Eligible For Free Agency (10) Mariano Rivera - Though he's ... 5-27 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees ride Kuroda, sweep A’s, 2-0 : If a Kuroda blanks a team and nobody can hit, did he really pitch well? No matter, the scorecard says that Hiroki Kuroda pitched ... 5-23 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 44 Lineup: Royals vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Royals: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Nick Swisher RF Andruw ... 5-23 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY BRETT GARDNER'S SORELY MISSED : People dismiss Brett Gardner all the time, the little guy that only slaps at the ball and just offers speed. I ... 5-18 YankeeAnalysts.com: Pettitte Brilliant Against the Reds Through 8.0 IP : Following last Sundayâs big return of Andy Pettitte, the 40 year old left hander came into tonightâs game against the Reds ... 5-18 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees struggles continue with RISP : I donât know about you, but itâs very hard to watch the Yankees right now. In April, I didnât get too frustrated because, ... 5-15 Tyler's Think Tank: Carlos Beltran's Forgotten Excellence : Beltran's been raking Matt Kemp dominated the headlines during April, when his dozen dingers helped jumpstart ... 5-15 It's About the Money (Stupid): Is Granderson that bad a center fielder? : The more I learn about this new world of player metrics and evaluation, the more confused I get. If someone once said that ... 5-14 It's About the Money (Stupid): Tex blasts Yankees past injuries, Orioles : I have a gift. Last year I wrote a post noting that Andruw Jones was struggling at the plate, and he promptly went out and ... 5-14 High Heat Stats: Don’t get too excited about Middlebrooks, Red Sox fans : Will Middlebrooks has started off really well in the first 10 games of his MLB career. Just to play devil’s advocate, though, ... 5-12 Bronx Baseball Daily: Contracts Can Kill: Mark Teixeira : To celebrate the inauguration of a brand new, $1.3 billion dollar stadium back in 2009, Brian Cashman went out and purchased ... 5-12 Jeff's Mariners Fan Blog: Yankees Welcome the Mariners to the Big Leagues : Tonight was one of those games where the stark difference between a rebuilding team and a team built to win now looks like. Yes ... 5-12 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees DHâ€™s have big night as Montero returns : The Yankees former top prospect, Jesus Montero,Â had a good night in his return to Yankee Stadium, hitting a solo shot in ... 5-11 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE YANKEE HITTING IS SPREADING : The Yankees won tonight knocking in 6 runs on 14 hits against the Seattle Mariners. That's the Yankees team that I know ... 5-11 Bronx Baseball Daily: The Yankee beat: Personal catcher, Girardi, and Pettitte : The Yankees beat their opponent’s ace two nights in a row as Hiroki Kuroda outdueled King Felix Hernandez and Raul Ibanez ... 5-11 Baseball Musings: Good Night for Old Men : The Yankees beat the Mariners 6-2 on homers by Raul Ibanez and Andruw Jones. Ibanez hit his off Felix Hernandez, who allowed four ... 5-7 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY WE'LL SEE BRETT GARDNER SOON...THANK GOD : Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE ... 5-6 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game Thread: Sunday April 6th, Yankees at Royals : The Yankees aren’t playing good baseball right now. The attention has focused mostly on the starting pitching, which has ... 5-4 It's About the Money (Stupid): Game 26 – Enough taking it on the Chen : The New York Yankees look to snap their three-game losing streak tonight when they face the Kansas City Royals in Kauffman Stadium. ... 5-4 Bronx Baseball Daily: Swisher and Gardner getting closer to return : With the injuries to Nick Swisher and Brett Gardner, the Yankees outfield hasn’t been pretty whether it is watching ... 5-4 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankees come up a foot short, lose third straight : The Yankees made a valiant effort to fight their way back into the win column tonight, but a strong throw off of a bare-handed ... 5-4 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Nationals \| Bryce Harper makes history by batting third: Washington Nationals OF Bryce Harper was the youngest player to bat third in a major league lineup since OF Andruw Jones did it...[+] for the Atlanta Braves in 1996, according to STATS LLC. 5-4 YankeeAnalysts.com: Hitting Woes Continue In Third Straight Loss : Lets start a terrible day in the Yankees world with a positive outing from David Phelps‘ first major league start. The righty’s ... 5-3 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY NOTHING IN BASEBALL SURPRISES ME ANYMORE : There were quite a few stories swirling around Major League baseball in the past 24 hours, some Yankees related, some not, but ... 5-2 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 24 Lineup: Orioles vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Orioles: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Alex Rodriguez DH Robinson Cano 2B Mark Teixeira 1B Raul Ibanez RF Eric ... 5-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE EDUARDO NUNEZ EXPERIMENT WILL WORK : When Eduardo Nunez took the outfield on Monday and Tuesday night, I smiled. Donât get me wrong, I cringed too, but ... 5-2 YankeeAnalysts.com: Hughes and Finishing : One of the biggest problems we’ve noticed with Phil Hughes over the last…forever, really…is his inability ... 5-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: Yanks and their odd lineup fall to O’s : When the Yankees released their lineup this afternoon, I think the collective response was, “Huh?” It featured Russell ... 5-1 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 23 Lineup: Orioles vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Yankees: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Alex Rodriguez 3B Robinson Cano 2B Mark Teixeira 1B Andruw Jones RF Russell ... 5-1 It's About the Money (Stupid): Gardner unlikely to return Thursday : Via Mark Feinsand, Brett Gardner is now said to be unlikely to return from the DL when he's eligible to on Thursday. "Weâre ... 5-1 Yankees Fans Unite: Kuroda pitches gem as Yanks beat Orioles 2-1 in series opener : NEW YORK — The Yankees knew they had a tough task when they faced Jason Hammel before today’s game, but with Kuroda’s ... 5-1 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHf/x Scouting Report: Brian Matusz : Tonight, the Orioles send left handed pitcher Brian Matusz up against the Yankees’ Phil Hughes. There are plenty of similarities ... News -- April 2012 4-30 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHf/x Scouting Report: Jason Hammel : Tonight, the Orioles will send right handed pitcher Jason Hammel to the mound in the Bronx. Originally drafted by the Rays in ... 4-29 Bronx Baseball Daily: Riding the Pine: The New York Yankees bench 2012 : Thereâs one glaring omission in the Yankees bench this year: we are missing having that one, big bat looming in the late ... 4-28 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHf/x Scouting Report: Max Scherzer : The Tigers will send right handed pitcher Max Scherzer to the mound for the rubber game of this matchup. The 27 year old was ... 4-27 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE YANKEES COULD SNAG INGE FOR NOTHING : Sure, this is coming out of left field, but what the hell, Iâm always the type that likes to think too hard in ways ... 4-26 Bronx Baseball Daily: Gardner will begin hitting drills on Friday : Brett Gardner has been out with a sore elbow since injuring it making a diving catch agaisnt the Twins back on April 17. The ... 4-26 Bronx Baseball Daily: What to do with the Yankees DH situation : I wanted to focus on our Designated Hitter situation, both currently and what it might be after Brett Gardner comes back, ... 4-25 Yankees Fans Unite: Nunez To The Outfield? : Eduardo Nunez‘ bat has seemed to have taken another step forward this year. Â Nunez is hitting .385 on the year with an ... 4-25 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Scott Feldman : In the rubber game of this series, right handed pitcher Scott Feldman will take the mound on Wednesday night. After being selected ... 4-25 MLBTradeRumors: Offseason In Review: New York Yankees : The Yankees restructured their rotation with trades, free agent signings and an extension this past offseason. Major League ... 4-24 YankeeAnalysts.com: Nunez’s Outfield Role : There was a touching moment early in last Thursday’s game involving Eduardo Nunez, Joe Girardi, and an errant first inning ... 4-23 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 16 Lineup: Yankees @ Rangers : Lineup vs. Rangers: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez 3B Mark Teixeira 1B Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 4-23 Yankees Fans Unite: Series Preview: Yankees at Rangers \| 4/23/12-4/25/12 : Pitching Matchups Monday, 4/23/12, 7:05pm ET Pitching for the Yankees: C.C. Sabathia, LHP Last Start: 7.1 IP, 3 ER, 4 H, 7 K, ... 4-23 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees expect Gardner back when 15 days are up : The Yankees were actually pretty fortunate with Brett Gardner‘s injury. The way he came down on that catch, he could ... 4-23 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Derek Holland : After “sweeping” the Boston Red Sox, the Yankees are on their way to face the Texas Rangers and Derek Holland. As ... 4-22 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Raul Ibanez, Andruw Jones to continue splitting LF duties: New York Yankees OFs Raul Ibanez and Andruw Jones have split the duties in left field with OF Brett Gardner (elbow) on the 15-day...[+] disabled list, and they'll continue to do so until at least May 3 when Gardner can come off the DL. Ibanez starts against right-handed pitchers, with Jones facing lefties. 4-22 Baseball Press: Clinical Notes: Lee, Hudson, Berkman & More : The Phillies hope Cliff Lee will only miss two starts. (US Presswire)After his most recent outing against the San Francisco ... 4-21 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Delight - 4/21 : After falling yesterday 6-2 on the 100th Anniversary of Fenway Park, the Boston Red Sox look to get back on the winning side ... 4-21 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 15 Lineup: Yankees @ Red Sox : Lineup vs. Red Sox: Derek Jeter DH Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez 3B Mark Teixeira 1B Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 4-21 SOX & Dawgs: Afternoon Red Sox Delight - 4/21 : After falling yesterday 6-2 on the 100th Anniversary of Fenway Park, the Boston Red Sox look to get back on the winning side ... 4-21 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY YOU MISS BRETT GARDNER NOW, DON'T YOU? : You see? Brett Gardner gets an elbow strain and gets put on the 15 day DL and suddenly Yankeeland has no truly reliable ... 4-20 Bronx Baseball Daily: How Brett Gardnerâ€™s injury changes the Yankees roster : It was a little bit of a surprise to see that the Yankees called up reliever Cody Eppley when Brett Gardner went on the DL ... 4-20 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Eduardo Nunez to see time in OF: New York Yankees manager Joe Girardi hinted that SS Eduardo Nunez will see some time in left field with OF Brett Gardner (elbow)...[+] on the disabled list. 'It's possible,' Girardi said. 'We'll just have to see how guys are feeling. Without Gardy being here, the one guy that we probably have to pay the closest attention to is (Curtis) Granderson, because we don't necessarily have a true center fielder, besides Curtis. We're going to have to check with him as much as we can.' Nunez and OF Andruw Jones could be used to spell OF Curtis Granderson in center field. 4-20 Fire Brand of the American League: Five Questions with the Enemy: An Interview with Matt Imbrogno of Yankee Analysts : Today, I’m releasing the second installment of my “Five Questions with the Enemy” series.Â From time to time, ... 4-20 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Clay Buchholz : This afternoon the Yankees will make the trip to Fenway to celebrate 100 years of the historical stadium. The Red Sox will send ... 4-20 MLBTradeRumors: AL East Notes: Nunez, Valentine, Hutchison : Believe it or not, Rays left-hander Matt Moore has never started a game at Tropicana Field. The 22-year-old left-hander will ... 4-19 Yankees Fans Unite: How does Gardner going to the DL affect the Yankees? : On Tuesday night, everything was going right for Brett Gardner. He already had a double to drive in a run and a walk so far and ... 4-19 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE YANKS WERE "THIS CLOSE" TO A COMEBACK : I know, I know, itâs April, but losing to the Minnesota Twins anytime of the year sucks. The Yankees have flat out owned the ... 4-19 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yankees put Gardner on DL with strained elbow : The Yankees announced after their 6-5 loss to the Twins Wednesday night that they have put outfielder Brett Gardner on the ... 4-19 It's About the Money (Stupid): Brett Gardner placed on the DL : Mark Feinsand of the New York Daily News has reported that Brett Gardner has been placed on the DL due to a bone bruise and strained ... 4-19 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones expected to man LF: New York Yankees OF Andruw Jones is expected to see time in left field while OF Brett Gardner (elbow, arm) in on the 15-day disabled...[+] list. SS Eduardo Nunez is also likely seeing time at the position, and DH Raul Ibanez can also play the position. 4-19 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Anthony Swarzak : The Yankees will face Twins right handed pitcher Anthony Swarzak tonight in the final game of the four game series. The 26 year ... 4-18 YankeeAnalysts.com: Hiroki gets Hi-rocked, Yanks fall to Twins (plus Gardner to the DL) : After a dominant outing against the Angels, in which he came a few outs shy of pitching a complete game shutout, Hiroki Kuroda ... 4-17 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY SABATHIA'S GOT HIS RHYTHM : CC Sabathia is finally back! Sure, many expected the ace of the Yankees to just come into the seasoning winning every game. ... 4-17 YankeeAnalysts.com: Yanks take game two as bats bounce back : Monday night, the Yankees pumped out three runs in the first inning and they looked poised to add to that total. Instead, they ... 4-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 11 Lineup: Twins vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Twins: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher DH Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez 3B Mark Teixeira 1B Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 4-17 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Francisco Liriano : Tonight at 7:05 pm EST, Francisco Liriano will take the mound in the second game of the Yankees v. Twins series. If you asked ... 4-16 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY NOT MAKE NUNEZ AN OUTFIELDER? : Itâs clear to me that Eduardo Nunez, given enough at bats during the regular season, could be a .300 hitter. I believe that. ... 4-15 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: Jerome Williams : Tonight at 8:05 pm EST, Jerome Williams of the Angels will face the Yankees in his first start of 2012. Despite playing for seven ... 4-14 The Baseball Page: Los Angeles Dodgers are no Angels Los Angeles Dodgers are no Angels ... 4-14 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 8 Lineup: Angels vs. Yankees : Lineup vs. Angels: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez DH Mark Teixeira 1B Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 4-14 YankeeAnalysts.com: PITCHF/x Scouting Report: CJ Wilson : This afternoon, the Yankees will face off against the Rangerâs newest starting pitcher, C.J. Wilson. The left hander has a career ... 4-13 Bronx Baseball Daily: Defensive shortcomings hurt Yankees rotating DH plan : I strongly disliked the Jesus Montero-Michael Pineda for many reasons.Â Pinedaâs weak second half in 2011 scared me.Â ... 4-12 MLBTradeRumors: Make Or Break Year: Delmon Young : As last summer wore on, it became clear that Delmon Young didnât figure in to the Twinsâ long-term plans. He wasnât hitting ... 4-11 Bronx Baseball Daily: Girardi doesnâ€™t plan to sit Gardner vs all lefties : Yankees manager Joe Girardi has often benched left fielder Brett Gardner in favor of Andruw Jones against left handed batters ... 4-11 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game 5 Recap: Yankees 5, Orioles 4 : It looked for some time on Tuesday like the Yankees would have to wait another day for a chance to pick up their first series ... 4-10 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 5 Lineup: Yankees @ Orioles : Lineup vs. Orioles: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez 3B Mark Teixeira 1B Curtis Granderson CF Andruw ... 4-10 Bronx Baseball Daily: Fan photo: Jeter and Jonesâ€™ afternoon in Baltimore : Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter and outfielder Andruw Jones were spotted at Chazz: A Bronx Original, which is actually in Baltimore, ... 4-10 My Pinstripes: The Yankees CAN Win A Game : Ivan Nova proved last night that you can throw Spring Training numbers out the window. Nova, after pitching to an 8.06 ERA in ... 4-10 YankeeAnalysts.com: Just Say “No” To Raul Ibanez In The Outfield : (The following is being syndicated from An A-Blog for A-Rod) As important as it is for the Yankees to keep their key veteran players ... 4-10 KFFL.com Hot off the Wire : Yankees \| Andruw Jones belts first HR: New York Yankees OF Andruw Jones went 1-for-2 with a solo home run, walk and two runs scored Monday, April 9, against the Baltimore...[+] Orioles. 4-9 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE YANKEES SHOOK THE MONKEY OFF THEIR BACK : The New York Yankees won tonight beating the O's! It happened, it really happened. It's amazing how the mood changes for a Yankee ... 4-9 YankeeAnalysts.com: Nightly Links: Recap, Stoneburner, PANIC! : Tonight, the Yankees won 6-2 to the Orioles for their first win of the year. Ivan the Stopper This spring, no one was worse than ... 4-9 Yankees Fans Unite: Game 4 Lineup: Yankees @ Orioles : Okay Yankees…maybeÂ fourth times a charm?? Lineup vs. Orioles: Derek Jeter SS Nick Swisher RF Robinson CanoÂ 2B Alex Rodriguez ... 4-9 Roto Think Tank: A.L. FAAB Log: April 9, 2012 : Welcome back to the FAAB logs. For new readers, this is a review of the FAAB results in a 12-team, A.L.-only home league with ... 4-7 FanSided: Some Thoughts on Resting Jeter and A-Rod [caption id="attachment_5437" align="aligncenter" width="390" caption="Credit: Kim Klement-US PRESSWIRE"] ... 4-7 YankeeAnalysts.com: Game Two: The Empire Strikes Back : Yesterday may have been a tough loss for the Yankees, but at least we watched some good baseball. Today, Hiroki Kuroda takes the ... 4-6 It's About the Money (Stupid): The Nunez plan : When the Yankees take the field at Tropicana Field this afternoon, they'll do so with the lineup you probably would have anti*** ... 4-4 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 4/3/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Mets Brett Gardner, LF Nick Swisher, DH Eric Chavez, 1B Andruw Jones, RF Eduardo Nunez, SS Francisco Cervelli, C Dewayne ... 4-4 YankeeAnalysts.com: Revisiting the Lineup : Back in October, I wrote an article on the possibilities for the 2012 lineup. I enjoy writing posts like that, but that one ... 4-3 Bronx Baseball Daily: Dickerson and Maxwell: which is best for the Yankees? : The fifth outfielder job for the Yankees, in the grand scheme of all things, means very little. Hell, in the grand scheme ... 4-1 Bronx Baseball Daily: In hindsight Pineda trade was not necessary : Count meÂ amongÂ the people who thought that Brian Cashman had pulled a heist at the time of the Jesus Montero and Hector ... News -- March 2012 3-31 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/30/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Phillies: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Robinson Cano 2B Alex Rodriguez 3B Eric Chavez 1B Russell Martin C Andruw ... 3-30 High Heat Stats: Youngest Batter vs Pitcher Matchups : The lastÂ player to appear inÂ a major league game before his 19th birthday was Alex Rodriguez. A-Rod debuted for the Mariners ... 3-30 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/29/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Orioles: Derek JeterÂ SS Curtis GrandersonÂ DH Alex RodriguezÂ 3B Mark TeixeiraÂ 1B Raul IbanezÂ LF Andruw JonesÂ RF ... 3-30 YankeeAnalysts.com: What does Jack Cust bring to the table? : In case you missed the news, the Yankees signed left-handed hitting OF/DH Jack Cust to a minor league deal yesterday. Â Cust is ... 3-30 Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Stan Kasten Should Not Fire Ned Colletti : …at least not now, anyway. I’ve been seeing a surprising amount of unhappiness from Dodger fans over a series of notes ... 3-23 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox Spring Training Delight - 3/22 : After falling yesterday to the Pittsburgh Pirates 6-5, the Boston Red Sox return home to Fenway South to host their AL East rivals, ... 3-23 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/23/12 Lineups : Lineup vs. Twins: Derek Jeter SS Curtis Granderson CF Mark Teixeira 1B Alex Rodriguez 3B Russell Martin C Andruw Jones DH Eduardo ... 3-22 Yankees Fans Unite: Warren shuts down Red Sox but Sox climb back to tie Yankees game at 4 : David Phelps was scheduled to make the start for the Yankees tonight, but Mother Nature had other plans. Phelp’s wife was ... 3-22 SOX & Dawgs: Red Sox Spring Training Delight - 3/22 : After falling yesterday to the Pittsburgh Pirates 6-5, the Boston Red Sox return home to Fenway South to host their AL East rivals, ... 3-22 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/22/12 Lineup : Brett Gardner LF Curtis Granderson CF Andruw Jones RF Eric Chavez 3B Raul Ibanez DH Brandon Laird 1B Jose Gil C Ramiro Pena 2B ... 3-21 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/20/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Pirates Curtis Granderson, CF Nick Swisher, RF Robinson Cano, 2B Alex Rodriguez, 3B Mark Teixeira, 1B Andruw Jones, ... 3-21 Yankees Fans Unite: Offense comes to life as Yankees beat the Pirates 10-3 : For the first three innings the story revolved around Michael Pineda. He was scheduled to have a 75-80 pitch count which should ... 3-21 MLB Dirt: My 2012 Predictions: AL East : As a site we released our 2012 MLB Predictions just last week with division rankings, World Series outcome, and our top two players ... 3-21 YankeeAnalysts.com: The Biggest Move This Season Could Occur With A Swisher Injury : Less than a week ago, Nick Swisher found himself out of a game for tightness in his left groin. Yesterday, again he was pulled, ... 3-20 Yankees Fans Unite: Offense comes to life as Yankees beat the Pirates 10-3 : For the first three innings the story revolved around Michael Pineda. He was scheduled to have a 75-80 pitch count which should ... 3-20 YankeeAnalysts.com: Replacing Raul? : I readily acknowledge that Spring Training statistics are not especially meaningful, but Raul Ibanez‘s performance so far ... 3-20 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/20/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Pirates Curtis Granderson, CF Nick Swisher, RF Robinson Cano, 2B Alex Rodriguez, 3B Mark Teixeira, 1B Andruw Jones, ... 3-20 YankeeAnalysts.com: What Makes Him Valuable Part Two (Two Years Later) : If you hop into the proverbial Wayback Machine with me, you’ll see I wrote this post a little over two years ago about the ... 3-19 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/17/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Astros Brett Gardner, LF Curtis Granderson, CF Robinson Cano, 2B Alex Rodriguez, 3B Raul Ibanez, DH Andruw Jones, RF ... 3-19 Yankees Fans Unite: Cano homers as Yankees beat Astros 6-3 : Before the game, the Yankees had some great news. Eduardo Nunez returned after missing 2 weeks with a bruised hand, Nick Swisher‘s ... 3-18 Fragile Freddy's: Freddy 30 to 1: Number 4 - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim : For this yearâs forecast I will look at each team on a daily basis. I think you will find the format pretty self-explanatory.Note ... 3-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Spring Training: 3/17/12 Lineup : Lineup vs. Astros Brett Gardner, LF Curtis Granderson, CF Robinson Cano, 2B Alex Rodriguez, 3B Raul Ibanez, DH Andruw Jones, RF ... 3-17 Yankees Fans Unite: Cano homers as Yankees beat Astros 6-3 : Before the game, the Yankees had some great news. Eduardo Nunez returned after missing 2 weeks with a bruised hand, Nick Swisher‘s ... 3-17 FanSided: How The Braves Stock The Minors Part III - Reviewing Past Drafts ... 3-16 YankeeAnalysts.com: (Minor) Injuries Everywhere : In a development that gave Joe Girardi visions of the 2011 season, Derek Jeter was scratched from today’s lineup with an ...	Jay Buhner
What subatomic particle has no mass, no electric charge, and a spin of 1?	Ken Griffey News Archive \| Baseball-Reference.com Get RSS Feed for News Items News -- January 2017 1-18 Mets Merized: Raines, Bagwell, Pudge Are Your 2017 Hall of Famers : 2016 saw one of the all-time Met greats in Mike Piazza get into the baseball Hall of Fame in his fourth year on the ballot, receiving ... 1-16 ESNY: Alex Rodriguez is right where he needs to be with the New York Yankees : Although Alex Rodriguez is done playing baseball (for now), he’s in the best position to leave a positive legacy with the ... News -- December 2016 12-27 The Pesky Pole: Willie Would Have Had It : "Willie would have had it." I heard it the first time I went to a baseball game and have heard it or thought about it at every ... 12-24 Bleeding Yankee Blue: MY CHRISTMAS LIST : As a Dad and Husband, Christmas brings a mix of emotions for me. It is a very stressful time in some ways with having to assure ... 12-21 Call to the Pen: Predicting the 2021 MLB Playoffs : Reporting from the 2020 Baseball Winter Meetings, predictions for the upcoming 2021 baseball season have a lot of familiar teams ... News -- November 2016 11-29 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves of the Past Grace 2017 Hall of Fame Ballot : The 2017 BBWAA Hall of Fame Ballot carries six former Atlanta Braves. So, too, does the IBWAA ballot. Three first-timers and three ... 11-28 Bleeding Yankee Blue: PLEASE DON'T BLOW THIS YEAR'S HOF VOTE : If youâre a member of the Baseball Writers Association of America and happen to be reading this, check your mailbox. Your 2016 ... 11-23 ESNY: New York Yankees: Is Jorge Posada really worthy of the Hall of Fame? : The New York Yankees former backstop is on the ballot for Cooperstown for 2017, but does Jorge Posada really deserve that monumental ... News -- October 2016 10-27 HotStoveMLB.com: DAVID ORTIZ, KRIS BRYANT WIN THE 2016 HANK AARON AWARDS MLB Awards Recognize Most Outstanding Offensive Performer in Each League : David Ortiz of the Boston Red Sox and Kris Bryant of the National League Champion Chicago Cubs have been selected as the American ... 10-22 Mets Daddy: Why Aren’t There MLB Halloween Costumes? : The other day I was in Toys R Us getting a birthday present for one of my son’s friends. On our way to find a toy, we walked ... 10-20 Prospect Insider: : Acquiring center fielder Leonys Martin was the best of the many moves made by Seattle Mariners general manager Jerry Dipoto ... 10-6 ESNY: New York Yankees: Didi Gregorius Nominated For Hank Aaron Award : Major League Baseball announced its nominees for the 2016 Hank Aaron Award and Didi Gregorius will represent the New York Yankees. ... News -- September 2016 9-21 Baseball Generations: Mike Trout - the Greatest Young Player of All Time : With several weeks still to go in his age-24 season, Mike Trout has passed Ty Cobb for most career Wins Above Replacement through ... 9-21 Baseball Generations: The Great Old Reds : For the sake of completeness, I thought I'd generate a list of the most valuable old Reds (age 30 and over): Rk Player WAR/pos ... 9-13 The Greatest 21 Days: Rick Sweet, That Mentality - 1361 : Speaking to The Tucson Citizen in 1995, Rick Sweet explained what led him to be a minor league manager.The former major leaguer ... 9-12 Baseball Generations: Old Reds : For the sake of completeness, I thought I'd generate a list of the greatest old Reds (age 30 and over): Rk Player WAR/pos ... 9-7 27 Outs Baseball: Cavan Biggio: Following His Father’s Footsteps : Photo Credit: Stephanie Lovell/27 Outs Baseball Vancouver, British Columbia, is hockey crazy and where ticket prices for a Canucks ... 9-6 Baseball Magazine: What Joe Garagiola Meant To Me… : I was very saddened to hear of the passing of former big league catcher, and long time broadcaster Joe Garagiola. He lived a long, ... 9-6 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Today in Tribe History: September 6, 1992 : The Indians send their fans home in grand fashion as a 12th inning grand slam by Carlos Martinez gives Cleveland a 12-9 walk-off ... 9-3 Baseball Generations: Mike Trout - the Greatest Young Player of All Time : With several weeks still to go in his age-24 season, Mike Trout has passed Ty Cobb for most career Wins Above Replacement through ... 9-3 Prospect Insider: : Yesterday was an emotional day in my house. My wonderful wife â a lifelong Seattle Mariners fan â was so ecstatic over ... 9-3 Prospect Insider: : Last week, history was made for both the Seattle Mariners and their weary fans. First, the best player to ever don a Mariners ... 9-3 Prospect Insider: : Thereâs an ongoing phenomena in the Pacific Northwest that hasnât occurred in quite some time. Â The Seattle Mariners ... News -- August 2016 8-31 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History August 31 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History August 31 MLB On this day in 1935, Vern Kennedy of the White Sox ... 8-30 OutsidePitchMLB: The Atlanta Braves, the Minnesota Twins, and the race for the number one pick : Since 1965, the Major League Baseball amateur draft has provided a way for poor-performing teams to obtain top-shelf talent without ... 8-26 BronxPinstripes.com: August 26, 1996: Yankees lose to Seattle 2-1 : It was supposed to be an entertaining pitching matchup – Jimmy Key against the former Yankee Sterling Hitch** Instead, ... 8-25 Sports Heaven: How many more home runs will Pujols hit? : Wednesday night, Albert Pujols made history.Ninth place isnât far away. Pujols needs three more home runs to pass Frank Robinson ... 8-24 ESNY: New York Yankees: Why Is Bernie Williams Often Left Out? : The media coined theÂ phrase “Core Four” when reporting on Derek Jeter, Mariano Rivera, Jorge Posada, and Andy Pettitte. ... 8-23 Prospect Insider: : Thereâs an ongoing phenomena in the Pacific Northwest that hasnât occurred in quite some time. Â The Seattle Mariners ... 8-23 Puckett's Pond: Minnesota Twins Suffer Royally Once Again as Week Slips Away : Kansas City Delivers the Funk Once Again to the Minnesota Twins The Minnesota Twins began the week at 9-9 for August, coming ... 8-21 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History August 21 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History August 21 MLB On this day in 1926, White Sox righty Ted Lyons ... 8-19 Twinstrivia.com: According to ELIAS : Royals allow one run, on Dozier’s homer For the fourth straight game, the Royals allowed only one run, and it came on a ... 8-19 Empire Writes Back: New York Yankees: Is Aaron Judge the Next Great Slugger : New York Yankees rookie Aaron Judge has taken the Bronx by storm. Does he have what it takes to continue his hot hitting and become ... 8-18 BronxPinstripes.com: August 18, 1996: Yankees lose heartbreaker to Seattle in extras : After giving Seattle an 8-0 lead by the fourth inning, the Yankees fought all the way back only to lose a heartbreaker in extras ... 8-18 Call to the Pen: Seattle Mariners: Nintendo Sells to Local Owners : After a generation, Nintendo of America have sold their controlling interest in the Seattle Mariners to local interests. This ... 8-17 BronxPinstripes.com: August 17, 1996: Yankees lose to Mariners 10-3 : The Yankees held a team meeting prior to tonight’s game in order to stay on track and focus on the task at hand. “Just ... 8-16 BronxPinstripes.com: August 16, 1996: Mariners edge Yankees in series opener : With the game tied at four in the top of the eighth inning and Jeff Nelson on the mound for the Yankees, the Mariners’ Doug ... 8-16 Call to the Pen: Former Boston Red Sox Pitcher Bill Lee Featured in “Spaceman” Movie : The movie âSpacemanâ comes out Friday and follows former Boston Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee after the end of his MLB career. On ... 8-15 ESNY: New York Yankees: CC Sabathia’s Hall Of Fame Case : Despite a tail-off in recent years, New York Yankees left-hander CC Sabathia makes an interesting case for the Hall of Fame. The ... 8-15 Call to the Pen: MLB History: Five Hall of Famers Who Took Unexpected Detours : Hall of Famers are enshrined with one team's insignia on their caps, but playing for just a single franchise in a career ... 8-13 6ix Sports: The effort of Travis translates to success : Devon Travis is one of the hottest Blue Jays right now. So much so that this is a resurrection of an article that I proposed several ... 8-13 Friars on Base: Alex Rodriguez Ends Yankees Career...Is He Done? : The Yankees and possibly entire career of Alex Rodriguez came to an end Friday night, the culmination of a strange week where ... 8-9 OutsidePitchMLB: Seattle Mariners move into second place in American League West : The Seattle Mariners are streaking right now, and itâs coming at a good time. Before Fridayâs game, the Mariners were in third ... 8-9 Baseball Essential: Let’s Put Mike Trout on a Contender : Mike Trout has never won a playoff game and only has one MVP to his name. Yet it would be foolish to call Trout anything but the ... 8-9 Gammons Daily: Peter Gammons: A farewell to Alex Rodriguez : He seemed so young, so well scrubbed that he looked like he could have been a high school sophomore that rose out of the AAU summer ... 8-7 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Game Recap: Offense Bails Out Walker After Rough Return : The Seattle Mariners (56-53) defeated the Los Angeles Angels (49-61) on an electric night at Safeco Field. Drew Storen (2-3) collected ... 8-6 www.BSNDenver.com: Ichiro Suzuki is (almost) the true hit king : DENVER — You don’t have to credit him for his hits in Japan to recognize that Ichiro Suzuki is the true all-time ... 8-6 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Game Recap: M's Honor Griffey by Beating Angels in Seattle : Ken Griffey Jr. Weekend started off on the right foot for the Seattle Mariners, as the home side won 6-4 against the Los Angeles ... 8-5 Emerald City Swagger: Mariners Split Four-game Series with Boston : In David Ortiz' final series in Seattle, the Mariners and Red Sox split the four-game affairafter four very competitive ballgames. ... 8-5 Baseball Essential: Edwin Diaz, Mariners’ Young Gun : This weekend, the Seattle Mariners will be honoringÂ Ken Griffey Jr. by retiring the number 24 at SafeCo Field. While the M’s ... 8-4 Baseball Musings: The Harper Slump : There is quite a bit of speculation today on why Bryce Harper is in a slump. Jeff Sullivan notices that Bryce Harper’s slugging ... 8-4 Sons of Sam Horn: Anatomy of the Fernando Abad Debut : Aside from acquiring a left-handed reliever, the Boston Red Sox were quiet at the trade deadline. Shortly after they did make ... 8-4 Sons of Sam Horn: Anatomy of the Fernando Abad Debut : Aside from acquiring a left-handed reliever, the Boston Red Sox were quiet at the trade deadline. Shortly after they did make ... 8-1 Tyler's Think Tank: Why Didn't Griffey Get More MVPs? : Griffey won a lot of his awards in his career. But only one MVP? (CBS Sports)I don't envy the person who had to write Ken Griffey, ... News -- July 2016 7-30 Call to the Pen: MLB History: Ten Most Lopsided Trades of All Time : Whenever a team makes a trade, the hope is that the new players will end up helping to propel their team over the top. But sometimes, ... 7-30 Call to the Pen: Miami Marlins' Ichiro Suzuki A Better Man Than Pete Rose : Miami Marlins outfielderIchiro Suzuki is on the cusp of getting his 3,000th hit in the Major Leagues and recently spoke about ... 7-29 OutsidePitchMLB: Jay Bruce is rising in the Cincinnati Reds records book : Jay Bruce is saving his best for last for the Cincinnati Reds. That is, if the Reds do in fact decide to trade the 29-year-old ... 7-28 OutsidePitchMLB: Jay Bruce is rising in the Cincinnati Reds records book : Jay Bruce is saving his best for last for the Cincinnati Reds. That is, if the Reds do in fact decide to trade the 29-year-old ... 7-28 The Writer's Journey: Hall of Fame “most recent” streaks : I love this time of the year, when the latest immortals are enshrined into Baseball’s Hall of Fame. Of the 18,493 players ... 7-28 Last Word on Sports: Preview of the 2017 MLB HOF Ballot : Preview of the 2017 MLB HOF Ballot: Here is a look at the newcomers to the 2017 HOF ballot. Who has a shot at getting in? Pudge ... 7-26 SFBay: 2016 MLB Hall of Fame class tied to Bay Area The 2016 baseball Hall of Fame class has distinct Bay Area ties. ... 7-26 Halo Hangout: Vladimir Guerrero has Chance to Join the Greats : Vladimir Guerrero, the best bad ball hitter of his generation. Vlad is getting one of the greatest opportunities in December. ... 7-26 Call to the Pen: New York Yankees Underrated Star, Tommy Henrich : The New York Yankees have claimed more World Series titles than any baseball team around over the years, and in his eleven year ... 7-25 Chin Music: Mike Piazza, Ken Griffey Jr. Prove Their Differences & Similarities During Hall of Fame Weekend : The National Baseball Hall of Fameâs swing got a whole lot more powerful and a whole lot sweeter over this past weekend. Mike ... 7-25 Faith & Fear in Flushing: All Eyes on Mike : One of the umpires working the Mets-Marlins game in Miami on Sunday should have taken a moment from making an eventually overturned ... 7-24 ESNY: Emotional Mike Piazza Thanks New York Mets Fans At HOF Ceremony (Video) : New York Mets legend Mike Piazza is now officially enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame. His speech included thanking fans. ... 7-24 Mets Merized: Mike Piazza Tips His Cap To Mets Fans : A tearful Mike Piazza choked up when he thanked Mets fans for “taking him into their family” on Sunday during his ... 7-24 Rising Apple: Mets great Mike Piazza inducted into Hall of Fame : Piazza saved some of his most heartfelt thoughts for Mets fans Mike Piazza took his place in Cooperstown on Sunday as he was ... 7-24 Baseball Musings: Overwhelmed : I listened to most of the speeches by Mike Piazza and Ken Griffey, Jr. as I drove home from visiting my father this afternoon. ... 7-24 Call to the Pen: MLB: Top 25 Players Not in Baseball Hall of Fame : The Baseball Hall of Fame is a place where the greatest players in baseball history are immortalized, their place in history certain. ... 7-24 Friars on Base: Remembering Mike Piazza as a Padre : Mike Piazza along with the "Kid" Ken Griffey Jr. are set to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown tomorrow. ... 7-24 Rising Apple: Mets: Rising Apple's favorite Mike Piazza moments : Mets great Mike Piazza is finally taking his place in Cooperstown The talk of this weekend - Mike Piazza will be inducted into ... 7-24 Dodgers Digest: Mike Piazza going into Hall of Fame, but not as a Dodger : Mike Piazza and Ken Griffey Jr., are being inducted to the Hall of Fame today. It’s unfortunate Piazza won’t go in ... 7-24 Baseball Musings: Hall of Fame Day : Ken Griffey, Jr. and Mike Piazza enter the Hall of Fame at Cooperstown, NY Sunday afternoon. The induction ceremony starts at ... 7-24 BoSox Injection: Red Sox Need That Mookie Betts Smile Back Soon : Boston Red Sox outfielder Mookie Betts may be no Ken Griffey Jr., but that smile they both possess needs to be in the lineup ... 7-24 Mets Merized: Congratulations To Mike Piazza On Hall of Fame Induction Day! : Congratulations to Mike Piazza who will be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame along with fellow inductee Ken Griffey ... 7-22 Emerald City Swagger: Why the Griffey Legacy Will Live on : Ken Griffey Jr.'s legacy is an important reminder for all of us who want to see the game played with honor and a little fun. Baseball ... 7-22 S-R Blog: Remembering Mike Piazza’s 8 Amazing Days with the Florida Marlins : With the announcement of Mike Piazza's induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame, everyone's attention turned to one question: What ... 7-21 Halo Hangout: Los Angeles Angels Albert Pujols closing in on history. : Los Angeles Angels slugger Albert Pujols has blasted 19 home runs this season, keeping him onpace to reach 600 before his storied ... 7-21 Gammons Daily: Peter Gammons: Griffey and Piazza defined different temperatures of cool : COOPERSTOWN, N.Y.âOn Friday, when Ken Griffey and Mike Piazza dine with the members of sportsâ most select and earned society, ... 7-21 BronxPinstripes.com: On this day in Yankees history – Buhner for Phelps : On this day back in 1988, the Yankees sent 23 year old outfielder Jay Buhner, minor league prospect Rich Balabon and a player ... 7-21 S-R Blog: Remembering Mike Piazza’s 8 Amazing Days with the Florida Marlins : With the announcement of Mike Piazza's induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame, everyone's attention turned to one question: What ... 7-20 Baseball Essential: Mike Piazza is the American Dream : With the Baseball Hall of Fame induction this weekend, it is easy for baseball fans to associateÂ withÂ Ken Griffey Jr. andÂ Mike ... 7-20 Daily Fantasy Bootcamp: Bases Loaded: Cash Game options : It seems like forever since I looked at anything regarding baseball. The All-Star break probably had something to do with that, ... 7-20 Last Word on Sports: Ken Griffey Jr.’s Hall of Fame Career : Profiling Ken Griffey Jr.'s Hall of Fame career, and how he paved his way to an unprecedented entry into the National Baseball ... 7-18 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Mike Mussina vs. Ken Griffey Jr. : In a few days, Ken Griffey Jr. will be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Many flowery adjectives have been used to describe ... 7-15 OutsidePitchMLB: Ken Griffey, Jr. recalls Cincinnati Reds story ahead of HOF : Ken Griffey didn’t receive too many questions related to the Cincinnati RedsÂ during his Hall of Fame induction conference ... 7-15 Emerald City Swagger: Bring Back the Old All-Star Game : The All-Star Game has changed in my lifetime. While watching this year's game, I couldn't fight a feeling of nostalgia ... 7-14 Halo Hangout: Los Angeles Angels Centerfield- aka Mike Trout and a few others : Mike Trout is a part of an elite group known as center fielders.The position hasbeen home to some of the most dominating players ... 7-14 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Mike Piazza vs. Mike Mussina : Next Saturday Mike Piazza will be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Congrats to Piazza on the much deservedÂ capstone ... 7-13 Factory of Sadness: Cleveland Indians Trade Rumors: Tribe 'Sleepers' In Deal For Aroldis Chapman Or Andrew Miller : In Cleveland Indians trade rumors, one well-known MLB reported wrote the Tribe is a "sleeper" to land high-end, New York Yankee ... 7-13 Baseball Essential: Is There a Curse for Home Run Derby Winners? : The 2016 Home Run Derby has now come and gone. Every year on the night before the All-Star Game, players step up and swat the ... 7-13 Baseball News Source: Mike Trout Leads Off All Star Game with Another Hit : Los Angeles Angels superstar Mike Trout was about to play in his fifth All-Star Game in his five full Major League Baseball seasons ... 7-13 Halo Hangout: Mike Trout Continues All-Star Game History : Mike Trout represented the LA Angels in his fifth straight All-Star game last night at Petco Park. Trout was the only Angel to ... 7-12 LegendsOnDeck.com: MLB Trade Deadline: AL West Buyers or Sellers? The post MLB Trade Deadline: AL West appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 7-11 MLBTradeRumors: Nick Masset Retires : Veteran reliever Nick Masset, who has been pitching with the Nationals’ Triple-A affiliate this season, has retired from ... 7-11 Mets Daddy: It Began With the Home Run Derby : In 1985, Major League Baseball made the Home Run Derby a part of the All Star Game Festivities. Darryl Strawberry would ... 7-9 Last Word on Sports: The Wright Moments: Captain America Strikes : Captain America Strikes: David Wright's walk off single in the 2009 WBC remains a standout moment in his career, earning him the ... 7-8 Call to the Pen: 2016 MLB Home Run Derby Preview and Predictions : While the MLB All-Star Game is essentially the only thing that matters next week in terms of determining who has home advantage ... 7-7 www.80sbaseball.com: The 1980 All-Star Game : There have been 86 All-Star games in major league history. Exactly one of them took place at Dodger Stadium. Watching the game ... 7-7 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: Cano, Cruz Homer their Way into Elite Group : With one swing of the bat, Robinson Cano gave 40swings of the bat between himself and Nelson Cruz meaning that has only been matched ... 7-6 Friars on Base: A History of the All-Star Game in San Diego : Next week, the Padres host the MLB All-Star Game and its festivities will hit the city of San Diego for the third time ever. Letâs ... 7-6 Baseball Essential: They Call It the All-Star Game For a Reason : Outside of Opening Day, October baseball, and pennant races, the All-Star Game is one of the highlights of the season in my opinion. ... 7-6 Halo Hangout: LA Angels Mike Trout four-time All-Star : LA Angels outfielder Mike Trout is once again headed to the mid-summer classic in San Diego to start for the American League for ... 7-5 CaliSports News: Mike Trout Named To 5th All-Star Game : According to Alden Gonzalez of MLB.com Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim outfielder Mike Trout will start in his fourth consecutive ... 7-3 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Today in Tribe History: July 3, 2002 : Tribe slugger Jim Thome homers for the seventh consecutive game as the Indians fall again to the New York Yankees, 11-8. Thome, ... 7-1 Everything Bluebirds: The Best center fielder I ever saw : Mike Cameron with Seattle, 2000 (Photo courtesy of Jamie Squire)Say what you will about Ken Griffey Jr., Jim Edmonds, Torii ... News -- June 2016 6-27 OutsidePitchMLB: Pete Rose tribute shows native son value for Cincinnati Reds : Pete Rose personifies the meaning of hometown hero for theÂ Cincinnati Reds. Â Perhaps more so than any other sports figure in ... 6-21 Blog Red Machine: Best Cincinnati Reds Ever: Ken Griffey Jr. v. Billy Hatcher : SecondRound Matchup\|No. 2Ken Griffey Jr.v. No. 7Billy Hatcher The next second round matchup in our "Best Red Ever" tournament ... 6-20 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History June 20 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History June 20 MLB On this day in 1912, the Boston Braves and New York ... 6-19 Call to the Pen: Pittsburgh Pirates Best Move is to Trade Andrew MuCutchen : Yesterday, we discussed why the Pittsburgh Pirates should hang on to Andrew McCutchen. Now, here is the other side of the argument ... 6-18 Jays Journal: Breaking down Edwin Encarnacion's history of hot streaks : Edwin Encarnacion's hot streaks are more than just a player swinging the bat well. They are historic. It's become a ... 6-16 Shutdown Inning: Beltre’s injury repeated and if history follows…watch out : Wait right there, partner. Donât tell me you actually thought Adrian Perez Beltre was destined for a trip to the disabled list ... 6-16 Jays Journal: Blue Jays draft takeaways: The intrigue of bloodlines : The Toronto Blue Jays selected a pair of familiar last names atop the 2016 MLB Draft Drafting from MLB bloodlines is not a new ... 6-15 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History June 15 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History June 15 MLB On this day in 1938, Johnny Vander Meer pitched his ... 6-13 Shutdown Inning: Beckyard Baseball: The Tale of Preston Beck and Pablo Sanchez : It was Sunday, June 5th, a partly cloudy 88 degree day in Frisco, Texas. At Dr. Pepper Ballpark, home of the Texas Rangers affiliated ... 6-13 TheFantasyFix.com: 2016 Fantasy Baseball Waiver Wire: 3 to Catch, 3 to Cut, 3 to Keep (Week 11) : In the newest edition of fantasy baseball 3×3, weâre celebrating the breakouts of James Paxton and Leonys Martin, and finally ... 6-12 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: Returns Re-energize Sinking M's : The Seattle Mariners have a chance to end this week on high note when they convene at Safeco Field this afternoon to play the ... 6-9 Tenets of Wilson: eBay Wins #229 : Today I have the rest of the 1988 Topps that I started in my last eBay post, with plenty more Cardinals.1988 Topps#534 John Wathan#536 ... 6-9 Mets Daddy: This Draft Pick Will Be Better Than Steve Chilcott : In 1966, the Mets made what was perhaps their worst decision in franchise history. With the first overall pick in the draft, ... 6-3 Everything Bluebirds: For those of you who never saw Rocco Baldelli play : It's not often that a player comes around who can do everything well...a few names come to mind, Ken ... 6-2 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: M's Chasing Records Like It's The Late 90's : The Mariner bats are on fire. So much so that it hearkens back to the late-90âs when Ken Griffey Jr., Edgar Martinez,and Alex ... 6-2 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History June 2 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History June 2 MLB On this day in 1935, Babe Ruth announced that he was ... 6-1 Blog Red Machine: Best Cincinnati Reds Ever: George Foster v. Ken Griffey Sr. : SecondRound Matchup\|No. 3George Fosterv. No. 6Ken Griffey The next second round matchup in our "Best Red Ever" tournament features ... News -- May 2016 5-30 Prospect Insider: Early trade talk : Last week, Jim Bowden of ESPN and the MLB Radio Network published a list of the 30 best players who could be on the move ... 5-30 Yankee.Blue: Mets Fans & Media Who Crapped On Matt Harvey Can Put Head in Toilet Bowl and Flush : Every Mets fan and media nitwit who crapped onÂ Matt Harvey this year and last year can PUT THEIR HEAD IN THE TOILET BOWL AND ... 5-27 Monkey with a Halo: Mike Trout at 40 : After watching anything for a prolonged period of time, it is inevitable that that thing, no matter how incredible, will become ... 5-27 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: Robinson Cano is Scorching his Way To Career Highs : Robinson Cano is tearing up the league in a way that no one would have expected, but his historic year could rewrite the Mariners ... 5-26 Mets Merized: Can Mets’ Offense Live By Home Runs Alone : After a weekend sweep of the Brewers and a series win against the rival Nationals, it looks safe to say that things are getting ... 5-21 Blog Red Machine: Cincinnati Reds burned by homers vs. Mariners, lose 6th straight : There wasn't much to get excited about for the Cincinnati Reds on Ken Griffey Jr. bobblehead day. As the Reds celebrated ... 5-20 Baseball Essential: Mariners Seeing Red this Weekend : The Seattle Mariners are visiting the Cincinnati Reds this weekend sitting in first place in the American League West. Yes, it ... 5-18 Listicled.com: The Greatest Franchise In MLB History : Who is the greatest franchise in MLB history? We broke down some key success metrics and ranked all 30 active MLB franchises. ... 5-16 The Writer's Journey: Home Game: Big-League Stories from My Life in Baseball’s First Family by Bret Book and Kevin Cook (2016) : Home Game: Big-League Stories from My Life in Baseballâs First Family by Bret Book and Kevin Cook Crown Archetype, 2016 272 ... 5-15 Eutaw Street Report: Rougned Odor Decks Jose Bautista : Orioles fans – and Darren O’Day – need some cheering up this evening. O’Day was hosed of a third strike ... 5-14 BronxPinstripes.com: On this day in Yankees history – Mick hits 500 & Doc’s no-no : Leave it to the Yankees to have two historic moments occur on the same day. On May 14, 1967, Mickey Mantle blasts his 500th home ... 5-13 The Big Mike Blog: Willie Mays Would Have Had It : “Willie would have had it.” I heard it the first time I went to a baseball game and have heard it or thought about ... 5-13 Blog Red Machine: Best Cincinnati Reds Ever: Ken Griffey Jr. v. Jonny Gomes : First Round Matchup\|No. 2Ken Griffey Jr.v. No. 15Jonny Gomes Griffey Jr.: Ken Griffey Jr. was maybe the best player in baseball ... 5-10 East Village Times: Viva Los Toros: Tijuana Toros Weekly Recap : Tijuana Toros weekly recap We start our Toros series recap on the first three games of a seven game road trip that includes visits ... 5-6 The Big Mike Blog: Willie Mays Would Have Had It! : "Willie would have had it." I ... 5-6 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Notas para el cafecito: Juegos del 05-05-2016 : Altuve conecta jonrÃ³n en honor a un fanÃ¡tico con cancerAltuve habla con Dillon, paciente de cancer, un par de horas antes del ... 5-6 Baseball Magazine: What Joe Garagiola Meant To Me… : I was very saddened to hear of the passing of former big league catcher, and long time broadcaster Joe Garagiola. He lived a long, ... 5-5 thatbaseballer: The Curse of Donnie Baseball : Could it be true?Â Could the most potent and powerful curse in all of major league history belong to a man beloved by New York ... 5-3 Blog Red Machine: Best Cincinnati Reds Ever: George Foster v. Wally Post : First Round Matchup\|No. 3George Fosterv. No. 14Wally Post Foster: George Foster didn't join the Cincinnati Reds until ... 5-2 APCBlogs.com: My Imaginary 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : The 2016 Hall of Fame inductees will be announced tomorrow. Once again, it’s an overloaded ballot. Once again, there are ... News -- April 2016 4-28 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: Top 5 First Round Picks in M's History : The 2016 NFL Draft is set to open at 5 pm PT from Chicago this evening. All the budding superstars will be dressed in their most ... 4-26 Mets Merized: The Z Files: Two Takeaways From Mets 5-3 Victory Over Reds : The New York Mets powered their way to another victory beating the Cincinnati Reds 5-3.Â Logan Verrett snaked the win advancing ... 4-26 Baseball Essential: Kyle Seager’s 100th Home Run : The 2016 season hasn’t been the greatest start forÂ Kyle Seager. He was hitting just .134 (9-67) entering Monday night against ... 4-23 Blog Red Machine: Best Cincinnati Reds Ever: Tony Perez v. Jim Maloney : First Round Matchup\|No. 4Tony Perezv. No. 13Jim Maloney Perez: Tony Perez was signed by the Cincinnati Reds as an amateur ... 4-20 Shutdown Inning: Ranger Killers – Public Enemies : Throughout the Rangers’ history, there have been guys that make you go “Ugh!” every single time they come to ... 4-16 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: King Felix Ties Randy Johnson on M's All-Time K List : Felix Hernandez added to his already illustrious resume on Saturday afternoon against the the New York Yankees. King Felix tallied ... 4-15 Emerald City Swagger: Why We Still Hate Alex Rodriguez : The Seattle Mariners are spending the day in New York City today in preparation for their weekend series against former-Mariner ... 4-14 Prospect Insider: Same old Mariners? : A little over a week ago, the Seattle Mariners started their 2016 regular season in dramatic fashion by taking two out of ... 4-11 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Analysis: Don't you dare give up yet on the M's : One week ago, the Seattle Mariners opened their 2016 baseball season. All winter long, we watched and analyzed all the transactions, ... 4-11 Bronx Baseball Daily: Player of the Week: Starlin Castro : This is a new weekly blog post on Bronx Baseball Daily where we’ll choose one player off the 25-man roster and we’ll ... 4-11 www.80sbaseball.com: The Birth of the Game Winning RBI : It seemed like a good idea at the time. At the beginning of 1980, Major League Baseball implemented Rule 1004-a, which established ... 4-10 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Notas para el cafecito: Juegos del 09-04-2016 : Castro conectÃ³ el hit mil de su carreraStarlin Castro sonÃ³ ayer par de hits en la victoria de los Yanquis en Detroit. Estos ... 4-9 Bronx Baseball Daily: Starlin Castro notches 1,000th career hit : When the Yankees traded for second baseman Starlin Castro, they knew they were getting a legitimate replacement for their recently ... 4-5 Call to the Pen: MLB News: "Make Baseball Fun Again"- A Movement by Bryce Harper : Bryce Harper made his message clear onOpening Day, building off comments he made during the spring about the current state of ... 4-4 Mets Merized: Five Mets Storylines To Watch This Season : Pop the champagne bottles and prepare the libations as the Mets gear up for their 2016 season! Okay maybe this is a slightÂ overreaction, ... 4-3 Baseball Essential: I’m a Pitcher Dork and I’m Proud : A couple of weeks ago, Jeff Sullivan wrote an article about the different types of baseball dorks there are. He identified the ... News -- March 2016 3-25 The Batter's Eye: No Love for the Glove: Edmonds No Longer Eligible for the Hall : Lost in Ken Griffey, Jr.âs record breaking vote and the continued debate on steroids, Jim Edmonds fell off the Hall of Fame ... 3-24 Baseballhotcorner.com: Top 300 Moments that Shaped Major League Baseball: 100-91 : 91. Ted Williams finalÂ at bat For as big of a hero as he is, Williamsâ relationship with the Boston fans during his career ... 3-24 Baseball Magazine: What Joe Garagiola Meant To Me… : I was very saddened to hear of the passing of former big league catcher, and long time broadcaster Joe Garagiola. He lived a long, ... 3-23 Baseball Essential: The Decision-Making Process of the Chicago White Sox : After three weeks of spring training, the Chicago White Sox are getting closer to setting not only their 40 man roster, but also ... 3-20 wayniacnation.com: Fatherhood: The Chicago White Sox/Adam LaRoche disaster : This has been an interesting week for the Chicago White Sox. No it has nothing to do with the fact that they have won two games ... 3-20 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE 3 SIDES OF THE LaROCHE SAGA : There are three sides to every story: your side, their side and the truth. If you are like me, you have been listening to ... 3-19 Kings of Kauffman: KC Royals: Eric Hosmer Ranked No. 71 By Baseball Tonight : KC Royals first baseman Eric Hosmer was ranked no. 71 among the top 100 players by Baseball Tonight on Thursday. Hosmer is a ... 3-18 Mets Merized: White Sox Dropped The Ball On LaRoche Situation : Being a father while being a big leaguer must be extremely difficult. You are effectively on the road nine months out of the year ... 3-18 Baseballhotcorner.com: Top 300 Moments that Shaped Major League Baseball: 160-151 : 160. Edgar Martinez wins 1995 ALDS âA lot of people remember that double when they talk about my career, I’d say, yeah, ... 3-14 mlbreports.com: Sully Baseball Daily Podcast Archives Jan 1, 2015 – Jan 31, 2015 (Episodes 800 – 830) : Paul Francis Sullivan (please call him Sully) does a podcast 365 days a year – unless it is a leap year – then he ... 3-13 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Roundtable: Which M's would make the best politicians? : DISCLAIMER: This article is meant to be humorous, and should not be taken seriously. So, hold off on your angry comments about ... 3-10 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Countdown to Indians’ Opening Day – 25: Catching Up With Jim Thome : As Did The Tribe Win Last Night helps fans count down the days until the Indians retake the field in an official Major League ... 3-9 OutsidePitchMLB: Is Texas Rangers’ Adrian Beltre already a Hall of Famer? : The Baseball Hall of Fame has not been kind toÂ men playing the hot corner. Just 16 third basemen have been elected, the lowest ... 3-5 Swingin' A's: Oakland Athletics: The Greatest Left Fielder in Bay Area History : Who is the greatest left fielder in Bay Area history? Recently, one of my best SF State students, Joaquin (a die-hard A's ... 3-5 Baseballhotcorner.com: Top 300 Moments that Shaped Major League Baseball: 281-290 : 290. The Harry Chiti trade More than any other sport, baseball is full or curiosities and quirks; thatâs one thing that makes ... 3-4 Baseballhotcorner.com: Dear Mr Fantasy…A Poolies Dirty Little Draft Day Secrets : Send us (Kole)Â Calhoun, something to make us all happy. Greetings and salutations Hot Corner fans. It’s that time of year ... 3-3 The Writer's Journey: The Card Chop Swap : I recently sent some Dale Murphy and Atlanta Braves cards to Steve of The Card Chop, and he responded with a package of Reds cards. ... 3-1 OutsidePitchMLB: Barry Larkin leads influence of 1990 Cincinnati Reds on 2016 team : News that Hall of Fame shortstop Barry Larkin was working on the swing of Jay Bruce had to be welcomed relief for a fan base watching ... News -- February 2016 2-29 Baseballhotcorner.com: Top 300 Moments That Shaped Major League Baseball Preview: AL West : Starting on March 1, Baseball Hot Corner will rank the Top 300 moments that shaped baseball history. Â All moments from 1900 forward ... 2-28 MLBTradeRumors: Pirates Notes: Revenue, Cole, McCutchen : Earlier this evening, we heard from union chief Tony Clark on a variety of topics. Clark is also closely monitoring revenue sharing, ... 2-26 Baseball Magazine: Travis Phelps: The Latest Pick to Make the Bigs : This year, the Baseball Hall of Fame class will see its first #1 overall selection to be inducted with Ken Griffey Jr. getting ... 2-25 Walk-Off Walk: Thursday Throwback - Like Dexter Fowler, Rafael Furcal Looked Like a Done Deal : Typically, the Thursday Throwback is related to a random player and his time with the Braves. However, in light of Dexter Fowler's ... 2-24 Walk-Off Walk: TOT: Braves Settle for Anderson : Jonathan Daniel/Getty ImagesTransaction of Today...February 24, 2009 - The Atlanta Braves signed Garret Anderson as a free agent.Was ... 2-24 Puckett's Pond: Minnesota Twins: Torii Hunter's a Hall of Famer : For the Minnesota Twins' Torii Hunter, it shouldn't be a question of if, but when he will be enshrined in Cooperstown With ... 2-23 LegendsOnDeck.com: Can Carlos Correa Elevate His Superstar Status in 2016 and Beyond? : When Carlos Correa was in New York last month accepting his Rookie of the Year award, he ran into some unexpected weather. The ... 2-22 Southside Showdown: White Sox Sign Veteran Shortstop Jimmy Rollins : The Chicago White Sox agreed to terms with veteran shortstop Jimmy Rollins on Monday morning. The deal is labeled as a minor league ... 2-22 HC3 Cold Hard Sports: Houston Astros: Carlos Correa Primed for Greatness in 2016 and Beyond : Thomas B. Shea-USA TODAY Sports When Carlos ... 2-22 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Countdown to Indians’ Opening Day – 42 : As Did The Tribe Win Last Night helps fans count down the days until the Indians retake the field in an official Major League ... 2-21 The Game Day Report: MLB’s All-Time HR Leader Bonds: “God knows I’m a Hall of Famer” : Barry Bonds is one of Major League Baseball’s most controversial players ever. Bonds blasted home 762 home runs in his MLB ... 2-20 Baseball Essential: Micah Johnson Slices Finger While Cutting Avocado : There’s a headline I never thought I would write. Los Angeles Dodgers infielder Micah Johnson, acquired from the Chicago ... 2-19 Puckett's Pond: Minnesota Twins: Torii Hunter's a Hall of Famer : For the Minnesota Twins' Torii Hunter, it shouldn't be a question of if, but when he will be enshrined in Cooperstown ... 2-19 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners Season Preview: Felix Hernandez : Something you’ll learn about me through my writing is that I quite frequently incorporate some sentimentality. Now I’d ... 2-18 The Metssiah: Weekly Roundup: Clippard Scurries Off; Cry Baby Owners Hate Sharing : Clippard Scurries Off To Arizona:Â Well after more than 6 months of darting along the subway tracks, battling pigeons for food ... 2-16 Baseball Magazine: Travis Phelps: The Latest Pick to Make the Bigs : This year, the Baseball Hall of Fame class will see its first #1 overall selection to be inducted with Ken Griffey Jr. getting ... 2-14 Southside Showdown: The Greatest White Sox Players of all time (Part 2 of 3) : In the second installment of a three part Sunday Series we explore the greatest outfielders in Chicago White Sox history. Greats ... 2-14 Fueled By Sports: MLB 500 Home Run Club : 500 Home Run Club Click on Date to Watch Player’s 500th Home Run The post MLB 500 Home Run Club appeared first on Fueled ... 2-11 wayniacnation.com: The Atlanta Braves and #25 : The year is 1996. Itâs Game 1 of the World Series. A 19-year-old outfielder steps up to the plate in his first at bat and hits ... 2-9 That Balls Outta Here: Phillies Manager Pete Mackanin Will Help Youth Soar : Could the Philadelphia Phillies actually reach or exceed the .500 mark in the 2016 season? The last time we met, I gave you the ... 2-8 OutsidePitchMLB: Lou Piniella input needed for Cincinnati Reds : The Cincinnati Reds hired Lou Piniella for a senior adviser to baseball operations role. Piniella returns to the team he managed ... 2-4 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Scout Wayne Norton Inducted to Canadian Baseball HOF : Ken Griffey Jr. may be the most prominent member of the Seattle Mariners' family to be inducted into a Hall of Fame this ... 2-4 Baseball Essential: Q & A with Padres Minor-League Pitcher Eric Yardley : The game of baseball is not an easy one to play by any stretch of the imagination. There are a lot of positive breaks that are ... 2-4 wayniacnation.com: The New York Mets and the Legend of Tom Terrific : This year’s Hall of Fame vote saw history in the making. Ken Griffey, Jr. behind a whopping 99.3% of the vote entered the ... 2-3 Baseball Essential: ‘Baseball as It Was’ Episode #42: Joe Posnanski : The nationally-recognized writer is back for a second straight year on the show to discuss all things Hall of Fame â including ... 2-2 Climbing Tal's Hill: Houston Astros: Talking Stros with Fresno POY Jordan Jankowski : Houston Astros Prospect Jordan Jankowski's wife's name is Jordan too. The Houston Astros drafted a catcher in 2008 by ... 2-2 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Countdown to Indians’ Opening Day – 62 : As Did The Tribe Win Last Night helps fans count down the days until the Indians retake the field in an official Major League ... 2-2 Mets Merized: The Sixth Tool : Although it may sound like a M. Night Shyamalan movie, the sixth tool does exist in baseball, and is arguably the most important ... 2-2 Baseball Essential: Backward K Episode 05: Coping With Depression Through Baseball : The fifth episode of our podcast is by far the most important one we have recorded thus far. In the shadow of Wednesdayâs âBell ... 2-1 OutsidePitchMLB: 17 Days Out – Top 5 Players to Wear #17 : 1 of 6 \| NEXT Â»With 17 more days to go until pitchers and catchers report to Spring Training and all speculation shifts towards ... News -- January 2016 1-31 East Village Times: EVT Exclusive: Q & A with Padres minor league pitcher Eric Yardley : The game of baseball is not an easy sport to play by any means. There are a lot of positive breaks that are needed in order for ... 1-29 APCBlogs.com: My Imaginary 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : The 2016 Hall of Fame inductees will be announced tomorrow. Once again, it’s an overloaded ballot. Once again, there are ... 1-27 Mets Merized: Mets Officially Announce Yoenis Cespedes Deal, Conference Call Details : I wanted to update this post with a few things we learned from the Mets conference call to announce and discuss the Yoenis Cespedes ... 1-27 Understanding Fantasy BB: Hall Of Fame - Class of 2016 : While this topic doesn't necessarily have anything to do with fantasy, as an avid baseball fan I feel obligated to at least touch ... 1-26 Shutdown Inning: Immortality On The Brink : Any remnants of my illusions of youth faded into bronzed history January 6, when two stars I followed my entire youth â whose ... 1-25 Mets Chronicle: Mets News: Mets Plan to Retire Mike Piazza's Number 31 : Mets News: Mets Plan to Retire Mike Piazza's Number 31 The New York Mets plan to retire Mike Piazza's No. 31 during ... 1-25 Dodgers Digest: Podcast: ‘Dugout Blues’ episode 143 – Sierra, Blanton, Anthopoulos : On thisÂ episode of “Dugout Blues” this year, Jared Massey (Dodger Blue) and I are back after a mini-hiatus because ... 1-19 Blog Red Machine: Cincinnati Reds to induct Pete Rose into team hall of fame : Although his request to be reinstated to baseball was denied by MLB commissioner Rob Manfred in December, former Cincinnati Reds ... 1-19 Baseball Magazine: The History of Players Changing Teams : It is a curious way, we Americans tend to balance history and future, looking ahead but at the same time glorifying our past. ... 1-17 Gammons Daily: Sunday MLB Nine to Notes: From the Bill Chuck Files of 1/17/16 : Nine to Know: From the Bill Chuck Files of January 17, 2016 Ken Griffey, Jr. hit 55 homers against the Twins, the most of any ... 1-16 Baseball With Matt: The Original Griffey 1/15/16 : Hey baseball fans!Ken Griffey, Jr. is going to the Hall of Fame! But wait, who's Ken Griffey, Sr.? He may be overshadowed by ... 1-14 Swingin' A's: Oakland Athletics Mark McGwire Deserved Hall of Fame Honors : Baseball has already forgotten how former Oakland Athletics' slugger Mark McGwire saved the sport. In 1998, Mark McGwire ... 1-13 Baseball Magazine: Looking Back at The Big Red Machine : When I was a kid, my dad would always talk about his favorite baseball players growing up. Though he grew up in Washington and ... 1-13 Walk-Off Walk: TOT: Braves Add Lowe and Kawakami. Braves Fans shudder. : Transactions of Today...January 13, 2009 - The Atlanta Braves signed Derek Lowe and Kenshin Kawakami as free agents.Oh, this ... 1-13 Mets360.com: Kent, Piazza, Wright, and the value of niceness : If you are any kind of baseball fan at all you know that the newest inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown New ... 1-12 MLBTradeRumors: Free Agent Notes: Upton, Cespedes, Kennedy, ChiSox, Cardinals : Few could’ve predicted that Justin Upton’s market would play out so slowly, writes ESPN’s Jerry Crasnick in ... 1-12 Prospect Insider: Mariners dealt Griffey at right time : Last week, history was made for both the Seattle Mariners and their weary fans. First, the best player to ever don a Mariners ... 1-12 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE VILLAINS WHO SAVED BASEBALL : The Hall of Fame vote continues to make me lose it. This yearâs class UNBELIEVABLY deserves their trip to Cooperstown.The ... 1-11 Tomahawk Take: Is the Hall of Fame Already Tainted? : MLB Hall of Fame: The Overall Issue Last week, the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum welcomed Ken Griffey, Jr. and Mike ... 1-11 Hot Corner Harbor: Predicting the Future of the Hall of Fame, 2017-2019 : Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE ... 1-10 Pirates Breakdown: Comparing Andrew McCutchen to Ken Griffey, Jr. : Ken Griffey Jr.Â was hardly the first player to give a sarcastic or half-hearted interview, and he wasnât even the man that ... 1-10 MLBTradeRumors: MLBTR Originals : A look back at the original reporting and analysis found on MLBTR the last seven days: Over the next few weeks, Matt Swartz ... 1-10 Blue Jays Plus: Who is the Greatest Blue Jay of All-Time? : We have just finished that magical time of year where the baseball writers get together (in spirit) and try to decide on the truly ... 1-9 Mets Merized: MMO Fan Shot: Where Does Piazza Rank Among The Greatest Catchers Of All Time : An MMO Fan Shot by Andy Love The arc of the baseball universe is long, but it bends towards justice.Â And so, Mike Piazza,Â a ... 1-9 Walk-Off Walk: This Week at AtlantaBraves.About.com : Here's a list of articles I wrote this week at my other blog, AtlantaBraves.About.Com. All article links open to a new tab/window.5 ... 1-9 The Sports Quotient: Ode To Mark McGwire : Mark McGwire is not a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, and barring the occurrence of something very unusual, he will ... 1-9 BronxPinstripes.com: Derek Jeter Will Not Be the First Unanimous HoFer : We have been so close, but yet we are still so far away. That is clear from the voting of the 2016 MLB Hall of Fame class. This ... 1-9 LegendsOnDeck.com: Junior’s #24 To Be Retired In Seattle In August : The Seattle Mariners will retire Ken Griffey‘s #24 at a ceremony at Safeco Field on August 6, 2016. According to MLB.com, ... 1-8 LegendsOnDeck.com: Alan Trammell Got Robbed, Deserves To Be In Hall Of Fame : Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza both sported Hall of Fame jerseys as they conducted the annual press conference welcoming players ... 1-8 LegendsOnDeck.com: Video: Griffey And Piazza Choose Their Hats For Hall : Both Ken Griffey Jr and Mike Piazza met with the media on Thursday and shared which caps they will wear when they are inducted ... 1-8 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Baseball Talk on Cleveland Radio is Dying : Find your nearest radio or streaming listening device and point it in the direction of your local sports talk radio station if ... 1-8 Mets Merized: Mike Piazza To Have Number Retired At Citi Field : A quick update to yesterday’s big news… According to Adam Rubin of ESPN New York, the Mets plan to retire Mike Piazza’s ... 1-8 Chowder and Champions: Baseball Hall of Fame: Taking a Look at the 2017 Ballot : Who will be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017? On Wednesday Mike Piazza and Ken Griffey Jr. were elected ... 1-8 TheFantasyFix.com: Welcome Hall of Fame Class of 2016 : It seems I write a column about this every year. For those new to the site allow me to establish a baseline for moving forward. ... 1-8 For Baseball Junkies: Class of 2016: The Results Are In : This past December, For Baseball Junkies celebrated its fifth birthday. The blog has always been a passion for Hersh, Mc ... 1-7 Prospect Insider: Piazza’s Cooperstown moment : Yesterday was an emotional day in my house. My wonderful wife â a lifelong Seattle Mariners fan â was so ecstatic over ... 1-7 Mets Merized: Sandy Alderson Addresses Payroll Questions and Yoenis Cespedes : Mets general manager Sandy Alderson was on hand at the New York Athletic Club for Thursday’s Hall of Fame press conference ... 1-7 Mets Merized: Mike Piazza: “I’m Going In As A New York Met’” : As all of you on MMO already know, we first reported that Hall of Famer Mike Piazza will be representing the New York Mets when ... 1-7 NJ Baseball: Mike Piazza, Hall of Famer : I wrote the other day about my lasting Ken Griffey Jr. memory, involving his iconic Upper Deck No. 1 rookie card. My Mike ... 1-7 The Captain's Blog: Hall of Fame Voters Do More with Less, but Still Not Enough : The 2016 Hall of Fame election was a case of less being more as the smaller BBWAA electorate helped boost support for just about ... 1-7 LA Sports Hub: Mike Piazza Elected To Hall Of Fame : Former Dodgers catcher Mike Piazza was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame receiving 83% -- significantly enough to garner election. ... 1-7 OutsidePitchMLB: Ken Griffey HOF vote ahead of Tom Seaver ironic for Cincinnati Reds : Ken Griffey, Jr. deserved to receive a record-setting percentage of Baseball Hall of Fame votes, besting the percentage vote of ... 1-7 Walk-Off Walk: Why Fred McGriff is a "No" for the Hall : While we were gushing over Ken Griffey Jr. voting totals (read my profile of him as The Almost Brave) or how Mike Piazza's back ... 1-7 LegendsOnDeck.com: Griffey Jr. And Piazza’s Greatest Hits Which is your favorite moment? The post Griffey Jr. And Piazza’s Greatest Hits appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 1-7 Baseballot: What We Learned From This Year's Hall of Fame Results : I lost the coin flip.On Wednesday night, two playersâKen Griffey and Mike Piazzaâwere lucky enough to join the pantheon ... 1-7 The Writer's Journey: First rounder, and a sixty-second rounder : The 2016 Hall of Fame inductees were announced last night, and neither name was a surprise. The legendary centerfielder Ken Griffey ... 1-7 wayniacnation.com: The Ken Griffey, Jr. MLB HOF vote: Dunton is 100% irate : On January 1st, 2014, we found out that Greg Maddux made the Hall of Fame. He did it by earning 97.2% of the vote. This was a ... 1-7 Boys of Summer: A Call for the Hall to Remain (Mostly) Small : There's no shortage of Hall of Fame election coverage, given that today is set for the announcement of the induction class of ... 1-7 Braves Journal: Congratulations to Mike Piazza and Ken Griffey Jr. : The Hall of Fame Class of 2016 has been announced, and there are two new members: Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza. Jeff Bagwell, ... 1-7 Jays Journal: Blue Jays Morning Brew: A.A., Shapiro, Loup and more : In today's Blue Jays Morning Brew, we round up the latest and greatest stories on Alex Anthopoulos, Mark Shapiro, Aaron Loup ... 1-7 Birds Watcher: Baltimore Orioles: Ken Griffey Jr. and the hall : A former Baltimore Orioles' opponent will head to the Hall of Fame in July. Over the years the Baltimore Orioles have had ... 1-7 The Baltimore Wire: Alex Gordon Returns to Royals; Orioles Wait Continues : What are the implications for the Baltimore Orioles of the Alex Gordon deal? Alex Gordon agreed to what has been reported as a ... 1-7 SFBay: Hall of fame voting hits a new low : It’s no secret that the Hall of Fame is plagued with issues. Anyone who keeps up with baseball knows this. The latest centers ... 1-6 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Ken Griffey Jr Elected to Hall of Fame : Embed from Getty Images ; The BBWAA have electedKen Griffey Jr into the Baseball Hall of Fame with 437 out of 440 votes for a ... 1-6 Baseballhotcorner.com: Hall Of Fame Flashback: Ken Griffey Jr. Walks It Off With Inside The Park Homer : On this date Ken Griffey Jr. received the most Hall of Fame votes in MLB history so it seemed only to look back at some of ... 1-6 Mets Merized: Mike Piazza Humbled and Honored By Hall Of Fame Selection : So you just got home from a long day at the office and you missed all the excitement as Mike Piazza finally got elected to the ... 1-6 BBST: “The Kid” goes into the HOF in record-breaking style : Ken Griffey Jr. aka Â The Kid and Mike Piazza are elected into the Hall of Fame The 2016 National Baseball Hall of Fame class, ... 1-6 Baseballhotcorner.com: Hall Of Fame Flashback: Ken Griffey Jr. Almost Hits Ball Out Of Canada : On this date Ken Griffey Jr. received the most Hall of Fame votes in MLB history so it seemed to look back at some of his ... 1-6 New York Mets Report: Writers Do Right By Piazza : Finally. The Baseball Writers Association of America did right today by putting slugging catcher Mike Piazza into the Hall of ... 1-6 RSNStats.com: Griffey, Piazza head to Hall : Every year, senior members of theÂ Baseball Writers’ Association of America (those with 10+ years of seniority) get to vote ... 1-6 Golden Gate Sports: Ken Griffey Jr. and Mize Piazza Elected to MLB Hall of Fame : The 2016 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame class sees two new players entering the Hallowed Halls: Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza. ... 1-6 LegendsOnDeck.com: Griffey And Piazza Get Call To Join Hall Legends The votes are in. The post Griffey And Piazza Get Call To Join Hall Legends appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 1-6 isportsweb.com: New York Mets: Piazza gets the call to the Hall : It has happened. In his fourth year on the ballot, former Met Mike Piazza has been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The 2016 ... 1-6 Outfield Fly Rule: MLB Hall of Fame 2016: My Selections : My 2016 MLB Hall of Fame Selections On Wednesday (January 6th), MLB will announce the 2016 inductees into the MLB Hall ... 1-6 Blog Red Machine: Cincinnati Reds: Remembering Ken Griffey Jr.'s Time in the Queen City : On Feb. 8, 2000, the Cincinnati Reds traded a quartetof young players— outfielder Mike Cameron, pitcher Brett Tomko, infielder ... 1-6 OutsidePitchMLB: Mike Piazza elected into Hall of Fame : Mike Piazza was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2016, as voted on by the Baseball Writers’ ... 1-6 It's About the Money (Stupid): Quick Hit: Ken Griffey Jr. And Mike Piazza Elected To The Baseball Hall Of Fame Class Of 2016 : It’s official. Â To almost no one’s surprise, Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza were elected to the Hall of Fame today. ... 1-6 Crashburn Alley: Thoughts on the Hall of Fame Announcement : I worry sometimes that the baseball community gets too wrapped up in tedious, heated, and unproductive Hall of Fame debates to ... 1-6 Baseball Blogger's Alliance: Ken Griffey JR. + Mike Piazza Named To The Hall: Our Final Poll Had Bagwell Joining Those Two : Originally posted on MLB Reports:? Ken Griffey was well on his way to the all-time career HR record before injuries slowed him ... 1-6 World Series Dreaming: The 2016 Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees : Guess it’s just two guys after all the hubbub this winter with the Hall of Fame voting: Ken Griffey Junior y Mike Piazza, ... 1-6 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE HALL OF FAME INDUCTEES WERE NAMED : The names have been announced. The names shouldn't surprise anyone really, even though I'm kind of shocked.Mike PiazzaKen ... 1-6 Baseball Musings: The Two Careers of Ken Griffey, Jr. : I’ve been thinking all day of writing something about how through age 30, Ken Griffey, Jr. was a superstar, but after that ... 1-6 Baseball Musings: The Vote : 440 Ballots, 330 votes needed. Mike Piazza and Ken Griffey, Jr. make it. I’m waiting for the vote total. Griffey was not ... 1-6 Blog Red Machine: Cincinnati Reds: Remembering Ken Griffey Jr.'s Time in the Queen City : On Feb. 8, 2000, the Cincinnati Reds traded a quartetof young players— outfielder Mike Cameron, pitcher Brett Tomko, infielder ... 1-6 Baseballot: 2016 Hall of Fame: My Final Call : It's the moment of truth for Hall of Fame watchers. Tonight at 6pm Eastern, the results of this year's election will be announced. ... 1-6 OutsidePitchMLB: How does the Hall of Fame class of 2016 match up with the inaugural class of 1936? : 1 of 6 \| NEXT Â»Several retired major league stars will be waiting by their phones today, hoping to get The Call from the Hall ... 1-6 For Baseball Junkies: FBJ Official Ballot... : Today, at 6 PM, the Official Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 will be announced. This exercise always has a way of getting ... 1-6 Jays Journal: Toronto Blue Jays: Put Roger Clemens in the Hall of Fame : There is no denying Roger Clemens' place as one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history. It is past time that the former ... 1-6 Emerald City Swagger: Seattle Mariners: Ken Griffey Jr. Top 10 Highlights : As Ken Griffey Jr. prepares to be revealed as one of this year's Hall of Fame inductees, we look at 10 of the best moments ... 1-6 Gardy Goes Yardy: Several former Yankees making progress in HOF push, but likely to fall short again : Todayâs Hall of Fame results promise to be somewhat disappointing for Yankeesâ fans, as several former Bombers are likely ... 1-6 Burning River Baseball: Jim Thome: Class of 2018? : Hall of Fame selections will be released today, not coincidentally, our most recent series analyzing potential Indians’ ... 1-6 BronxPinstripes.com: 2016 BronxPinstripes Hall of Fame Class : Every year, a new crop of baseball talent gets elected to join baseball immortality. The responsibility of choosing which former ... 1-6 mlbreports.com: MLB Baseball Hall Of Fame (Class Of 2016) Voting Poll Results So Far (Last Chance To Vote) : Below the results listed so far, Pick 10 players who you believe should be in the Baseball Hall Of Fame this year.Â We will post ... 1-6 LegendsOnDeck.com: Legends Of YesterYear: Junior On Verge Of Hall Call Legend to be honored. The post Legends Of YesterYear: Junior On Verge Of Hall Call appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 1-6 Emerald City Swagger: Seattle Mariners: Will Ken Griffey Jr. Be First Unanimous HOF Pick? : With Ken Griffey Jr. set to enter the Hall of fame for the Seattle Mariners, will he become the first ever unanimous selection ... 1-6 Baseball Musings: Hall of Fame Day : The BBWAA announces the results of their Hall of Fame vote at 6 PM EST this evening on MLB Network. It looks like Mike Piazza ... 1-6 Hot Corner Harbor: 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot and 25 Best Players Not in the Hall : After a one-year hiatus, Graham Womack has returned to his 50 Best Players Not in the Hall of Fame project, and I have once again ... 1-6 mlbreports.com: Baseball Hall Of Fame Eve 2016 : The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) announced the Hall of Fame class of 2016 tomorrow afternoon. I will be teaching ... 1-5 Yanks Go Yard: A Look Back at Ken Griffey Jr's Career v. the New York Yankees : On Wednesday Ken Griffey Jr. might just become the first player in baseball history to be unanimously voted into the Baseball ... 1-5 NJ Baseball: From the Upper Deck to the Hall of Fame : On the eve of Ken Griffey Jr.’s election to the Hall of Fame — that’s right, I’m not even hedging — ... 1-5 Yanks Go Yard: What Are Mike Mussina's Hall of Fame Chances? : Mike Mussina was a very good starting pitcher for a very long time. While he never reached the traditional Hall of Fame numbers ... 1-5 OutsidePitchMLB: The Kid stays in the picture: an examination of Ken Griffey, Jr.’s Hall of Fame career : This article is a supplement to Outside Pitch’s Case for the Hall of Fame series, wherein Hall of Fame candidates–serious ... 1-5 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Ballot check in 1/5: It’s the Final Countdown : In 24 hours we will know the 2016 Baseball Hall of Fame class. This is our final look ahead for Mike Mussina and what the voting ... 1-5 Yanks Go Yard: A Look Back at Ken Griffey Jr's Career v. the New York Yankees : On Wednesday Ken Griffey Jr. might just become the first player in baseball history to be unanimously voted into the Baseball ... 1-5 Bleeding Yankee Blue: MY HALL OF FAME BALLOT AT HIGH NOON : A family member sent me this news clipping from June 14, 1939This Wednesday, January 6th, the National Baseball Hall of Fame will ... 1-5 Emerald City Swagger: Ken Griffey Jr.: Will He Become First Unanimous Hall of Fame Selection? : With Ken Griffey Jr. set to enter the Hall of fame for the Seattle Mariners, will he become the first ever unanimous selection ... 1-5 LegendsOnDeck.com: 2016 Hall of Fame Candidates At A Glance Who will enter the 2016 class? The post 2016 Hall of Fame Candidates At A Glance appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 1-5 mlbreports.com: MLB Baseball Hall Of Fame (Class Of 2016) Voting Poll Results So Far (Last Chance To Vote) : Below the results listed so far, Pick 10 players who you believe should be in the Baseball Hall Of Fame this year.Â We will post ... 1-4 Halos Heaven: MondoLinks: Jan-You-Where-Are-We?? : Have we waited long enough for any other shoes to start dropping? There are less than two months until players ... 1-4 Mets360.com: Mets360 2016 Hall of Fame ballot : For the third straight year there are many, many more qualified players for the Hall of Fame than there are spots on a Hall of ... 1-4 Rising Apple: Mets: On Mike Piazza, the Hall of Fame, and defaming absent proof : Piazza still getting lumped in with known or suspected illegal PED users absent proof It's usually bad form to criticize ... 1-4 Padres360: Hail To The Chief! Gene Locklear Part #1 : “So, you’re a friend of Dave Freisleben?” asked Gene Locklear as we walked up to his house.Â Wayne responded ... 1-4 Red Sox Life: Hall of Fame Voting; One Writers Ballot : Photo by Jim Davis, The Boston GlobeRyan MacLeod (RyanMacLeod15)Contributing WriterIt's the middle of the baseball offseason, ... 1-4 Baseball Musings: MLB.Com Votes : Here are the Hall of Fame votes of the 15 writers who work for MLB.com. Everyone likes Ken Griffey, Jr. Seven voters put Barry ... 1-4 OutsidePitchMLB: Case for the Hall of Fame: Randy Winn : Itâs probably best to get this out of the way: Randy Winn is not making it to the National BaseballÂ Hall of Fame. Winn is on ... 1-4 Dodgers Digest: Podcast: ‘Dugout Blues’ episode 142 – Kazmir, Maeda, Hall of Fame : Happy New Year! On thisÂ episode of “Dugout Blues” this year, Jared Massey (Dodger Blue) and ring in the new year ... 1-4 isportsweb.com: Detroit Tigers: Trammell’s last chance at The Hall : Alan Trammell manned the shortstop position for the Detroit Tigers for 20 seasons (1977-1996) and later returned to the dugout ... 1-4 Tomahawk Take: Hall of Fame Expectations... No Atlanta Braves in 2016 : The Hall of Fame... Trends, Plus Identifying Needs for an Overhaul On Wednesday afternoon, we will learn the names of the former ... 1-4 OutsidePitchMLB: Hall of Fame for Ken Griffey, Jr. is heartache for Cincinnati Reds : The likely selection of Ken Griffey, Jr. into the Baseball Hall of Fame will revive heartache for the Cincinnati Reds. One look ... 1-4 Cubbies Crib: Chicago Cubs: Kyle Hendricks; 2016 Ticket packages : Afteran impressive rookie campaign, Chicago Cubs starterKyle Hendricks had a bit of a sophomore slump last season as he failed ... 1-4 Baseballhotcorner.com: Waiting Game Must Be Gnawing At Heart Of Expos’ Great Raines : It must an anxiety-filled time for Tim Raines. We would imagine he has some butterflies in his stomach. Maybe his heart is beating ... 1-3 Friars on Base: Padres Remain Part of Title-Less Eight : With a new year always come new optimism, goals, and gym memberships. For the 2016 San Diego Padres the optimism comes less from ... 1-3 Gammons Daily: Peter Gammons: The Hall of Fame conversation: Jay Jaffe, Bill James, Bonds, Griffey, and Mussina : BILL JAMES HOF MONITOR (on 2016 ballot) Barry Bonds 340 Roger Clemens 332 Ken Griffey Jr. 235 Mike Piazza 207 Sammy Sosa 202 Curt ... 1-3 Walk-Off Walk: Murray Chass Is A Bitter Man : There are times when I read an article where I curse the fact that FireJoeMorgan.com is no longer maintained. As I read each word ... 1-3 Phillies Nation: Revisiting Old Phillies Hall of Fame Odds : On Wednesday, we discover just who will be in the National Baseball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2016. Currently, according ... 1-3 mlbreports.com: 2016 MLB Baseball Hall Of Fame Voting Poll : Pick 10 players who you believe should be in the Baseball Hall Of Fame this year.Â We will post the results after the class of ... 1-3 Fueled By Sports: Ken Griffey Jr. vs Mark McGwire Comparison : Ken Griffey Jr. vs Mark McGwireÂ Comparison Head-to-head comparison of former MLB first baseman Mark McGwireÂ and future Hall ... 1-3 Fueled By Sports: Ken Griffey Jr. vs Barry Bonds Comparison : Ken Griffey Jr. vsÂ Barry BondsÂ Comparison Head-to-head comparison of former MLB outfielder Barry BondsÂ and future Hall of Famer ... 1-2 Baseballot: How to Interpret the Polls of the 2016 Baseball Hall of Fame Election : 2016 will be a year of electionsâculminating with the selection of our next president, and beginning with something even more ... 1-2 OutsidePitchMLB: Case for the Hall of Fame: Jim Edmonds : Jim Edmonds was a great centerfielder. The eight time Gold-Glover was drafted and played seven years for his hometown team the ... 1-2 Walk-Off Walk: This Week at AtlantaBraves.About.com : Here's a list of articles I wrote this week at my other blog, AtlantaBraves.About.Com. All article links open to a new tab/window.Braves ... 1-2 New York Mets Report: My 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : I had intended to publicize my Official Hall of Fame ballot before Christmas, but some health issues prevented me from proceeding ... 1-2 Around the Foghorn: San Francisco Giants:He Was A Good Giant-Willie Mays : Baseball was, is, and always will be a kid's game. We are so lucky that society hasn't become jaded enough to stop watching ... 1-1 Mets Merized: Griffey. Piazza, Bagwell Headline My Official Hall of Fame Ballot : I had intended to publicize my Official Hall of Fame ballot before Christmas, but some health issues prevented me from proceeding ... News -- December 2015 12-31 Neurotic Sports Fan: My 2016 IBWAA Hall of Fame Ballot : Here’s a riddle: what are you to do when you want to vote for the Baseball Hall of Fame but are way too young to be in the ... 12-30 Emerald City Swagger: Seattle Sports Year in Review: Top 10 Highlights of 2015 : We take a look back at the last 12 months and select the top 10 Seattle sporting moments provided by the Seahawks, Mariners, Sounders, ... 12-30 wayniacnation.com: Why I did it: My IBWAA Hall of Fame Ballot : I have been a member of the Internet Baseball Writers Association of America for two years. It is a way for internet writers to ... 12-30 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Ballot Check-in 12/30: Mussmentum : I’ve wanted to use the phrase Mussmentum for seven years. This week finally made it possible. The past nine days have been ... 12-29 Sports Unbiased: BBWAA Baseball Hall of Fame Ballot Change Proposal For Modern Era MLB It is that glorious time of the year again, not the holiday season but rather the annual right of the […] ... 12-28 Baseball Musings: Rosenthal Turns : Ken Rosenthal joins the group of writers voting for Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens on the Hall of Fame ballot: I consistently have ... 12-28 Yanks Go Yard: 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : In recent years, the Hall of Fame ballot has begun to look crowded. This is for no short of reasons, as many voters refuse to ... 12-24 Tyler's Think Tank: My 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : Bonds and Clemens are the most deserving candidates on this year's ballot (CBS Sports)Hall of Fame ballots were due Monday, and ... 12-22 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Baseball’s Hall of Fame Class of 2016: A Look Ahead : Induction weekend in Cooperstown has concluded. The class of 2016 is now on the clock. Baseball Reference already has the potential ... 12-22 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Weekly Ballot Check-in (12/7) : Okay folks, it’s time to debut a new feature on this site: the Weekly Ballot Check-in. For those of you who don’t ... 12-22 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Ballot check-in 12/14: Purging Away : Another week, another 14 publicly available Hall of Fame Ballots. Mussina appeared on four of those ballots, a number that decreases ... 12-22 Mike Mussina HOF Page: Ballot check-in 12/21: The Voters Awaken : The vote totals in this post are current as of 1:30 p.m. on December 21st. The number of public votes for the Hall of Fame nearly ... 12-21 Jays Journal: MLB Hall of Fame Ballot: Have Your Say : Jays Journal brings you the ballot for the 2016 MLB Hall of Fame elections. After some discussion, we ask for your input. Who ... 12-18 Baseballot: In Search of the Mathematically Best Hall of Fame Ballot : I'm not a voter for the Baseball Hall of Fame; not even close. But if you are, I'm writing this for you. I'm not here to tell ... 12-16 It's About the Money (Stupid): The 2016 IIATMS Hall of Fame Ballot : With less than a week to go before actual Hall of Fame ballots are due, we decided to put our heads together to create a fake ... 12-15 Tyler's Think Tank: Cubs Team to Beat : The revamped Cubs could win 100 games next year (CBS Chicago)The Chicago Cubs didn't have to make any major splashes this offseason. ... 12-13 The Sports Quotient: Free Joey Votto: One Of MLB's Best Hitters Is Stuck On One Of Its Worst Teams : I have a confession to make: I've never watched Joey Votto play baseball. Not in person, not on TV, never.Let me explain. My ... 12-8 It's Pronounced Lajaway: An alleged vote for the Hall : Itâs about time for baseball to begin its annual passion play, a test of intellectual honesty and moral values. Front and center ... 12-7 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Alter Cooperstown • Boleta Oficial AlterCoop 2016 - #AlterCoop2016 : Amigos y compaÃ±eros foristas,Este hilo es para anunciar el inicio de las ya tradicionales votaciones para nuestro AlterCoop.Si ... 12-4 Jays Journal: Blue Jays: Catching up with Jon Berti : Toronto Blue Jays minor league utility player Jonathon Berti (aka Jonny_hustle), joined Jays Journal to discuss his off-season ... 12-2 Gardy Goes Yardy: 2016 IBWAA Hall of Fame Voting Begins : This month the IBWAA will be conducting their own Hall of Fame vote to induct deserving players into virtual Cooperstown. The ... 12-1 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop: Norris, Roster, More : Significant, reachable incentives are available for Bus Norris in 2016 AP SPORTS REPORT VIA YAHOO SPORTS [ Ed. note: rather than ... News -- November 2015 11-29 The Sports Quotient: Consensus Of Greatness: Will Griffey Become The HOF's First Unanimous Inductee? : The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) has compiled an elite list of players viable for induction into this year's Hall of Fame. Like every year, several ... 11-25 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Morning Chop: Wags, London, Ozuna : Billy Wagner's HoF Chances Not Going Well So Far As suspected, it's not looking good for Billy Wagner and the Hall of ... 11-25 Bleeding Yankee Blue: NEW YORK WILL ALWAYS BE HOME TO CANO : At the end of the 2013 season, Yankees fans waited patiently while the New York Yankees worked out a contract with Robinson ... 11-24 The Starting Nine: Pennsylvania’s Best Baseball Players : For a lot of people where we come from is a point of pride. When we meet someone who hales from the same place as us there is ... 11-23 Baseball With Matt: The Lucky Date and Town for MLB Players 11/23/15 : Hey baseball fans!Here's a random question: what does Stan Musial have in common with Ken Griffey, Jr.? A lot of things, actually.First ... 11-22 BronxPinstripes.com: Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Justin McElrath: Just me, Myself & I : So what better way to continue the Behind Bronx Pinstripes than by going behind the scenes with, myself! Queue Austin Powers: ... 11-21 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Happy Birthday Ken Griffey Jr! : It's hard to believe, but Ken Griffey Jr. turned 46 on Saturday. It turns out 'The Kid' is no longer a kid. I thinkreceiving ... 11-19 BronxPinstripes.com: Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Justin McElrath: Just me, Myself & I : So what better way to continue the Behind Bronx Pinstripes than by going behind the scenes with, myself! Queue Austin Powers: ... 11-14 Climbing Tal's Hill: Jeff Bagwell: Will changes in Hall of Fame voting help Baggy get in? : The Baseball Hall of Fame ballot was sent out to voters earlier this week. It includes newcomers Ken Griffey, Jr., Trevor Hoffman, ... 11-13 The Writer's Journey: Huge baseball memorabilia auction happening online tomorrow : The Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory Auction Event, is on November 14 at 11am EST online with Invaluable.com and in person ... 11-13 Radical Baseball: Top 25 center fielders OPS+. Jim Edmonds is number 12. : Jim Edmonds is now being mentioned for the Hall of Fame. I wrote about Ken Griffey, Jr. recently. In OPS+ they are ... 11-12 Tyler's Think Tank: 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot Newcomers : Griffey's going into the Hall of Fame next summer (Yahoo Sports)This year's Hall of Fame ballot was released on Monday, adding ... 11-11 OutsidePitchMLB: 2016—Mike Piazza’s Hall of Fame Year : 2016 marks the fourth year former catcher Mike Piazza will appear on the Baseball Writerâs Association of America Hall of Fame ... 11-11 OutsidePitchMLB: Trevor Hoffman’s Hall of Fame candidacy : The National Baseball Hall of Fame has announced the players on the 2016 Ballot, with one of the headliners being former San Diego ... 11-10 SoDo Mojo: Remembering the Voice of the Mariners, Dave Niehaus : The Seattle Mariners lost their voiceon November 10, 2010. Tuesday marks the fifth anniversary of legendary broadcaster Dave Niehaus' ... 11-10 Section 215: Phillies News: Billy Wagner on Hall of Fame Ballot : Though most fans would rather remember him as a part of the 2007 New York Mets team that collapsed in September to give the Philadelphia ... 11-10 Radical Baseball: Ken Griffey, Jr.: rich man, poor man. : George Kenneth Griffey Jr. Obviously, he has the same name as his father who preceded him in the major leagues. He ... 11-9 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Ken Griffey Jr. and Edgar Martinez up for the HOF : A pair of Seattle Mariners' legends are officially eligible for induction the Baseball Hall of Fame. Ken Griffey Jr. and ... 11-9 Baseball Musings: New Famers : The latest Hall of Fame ballot came out today. Of the new additions, Ken Griffey, Jr. should go in easily, as he was a great player ... 11-9 Mets Merized: Ken Griffey Jr. and Trevor Hoffman Join Mike Piazza on 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : Ken Griffey Jr., Trevor Hoffman and former Met closer Billy Wagner headline the new class of candidates on the 2016 Hall of Fame ... 11-4 Baseball Magazine: When Will Expansion Teams Begin Acting Like Big League Teams? : If you’re a fan of baseball history, expansion teams either put you in one of two schools of thought. The first, is that ... 11-2 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Season in Review: Robinson Cano : The Seattle Mariners played some ugly baseball during the first few months of the 2015 season, and Robinson Cano was a big reason ... 11-2 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History November 2 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History November 2 MLB On this day in 1972, Steve Carlton won the NL Cy ... 11-1 Friars on Base: Padres News: Trevor Hoffman Ready for Hall of Fame Vote : Trevor Hoffman can't believe that he has already been out of baseball for five seasons. As we have all watched the the game ... News -- October 2015 10-28 Tyler's Think Tank: Hunter Hangs 'Em Up : Hunter is retiring after a nice final season with the Twins (MLive)After a stellar and tremendously consistent 19-year ... 10-27 Radical Baseball: Daniel Murphy, Bobby Richardson, hot, clutch, choke. : Who among us doesn't think he/she can spot choke a mile away? It's easier in the individual sports. Former champions ... 10-22 Radical Baseball: Daniel Murphy is 75 % to consecutive game homer record of Long, Mattingly, Griffey, Jr. : Yesterday Daniel Murphy amazingly homered in his sixth consecutive tournament game, setting a record. He has done ... 10-22 The Natty Dugout: The Mets Win the NL. No, Seriously : How amazing has Daniel Murphyâs ability to summon his inner Ken Griffey, Jr. been? He somehow usurped the story of the Cubs ... 10-21 BoSox Injection: Remembering Carlton Fisk's Dramatic Home Run 40 Years Later : It's easy and less painful to forget about the Red Sox history before 2004, since most of the memories are bitter and a reminder ... 10-19 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Grandes Ligas • SCLN Juego 2: Mets atacan a Arrieta temprano : Murphy no para de dar jonrones en la postemporada. Lleva 5 juegos seguidos dando cuadrangulares. Los Mets anotaron tres carreras ... 10-18 Mets Merized: Murphy’s Incredible Postseason Contiunes With 4th Homerun : In the first inning against Jon Lester, Daniel Murphy blasted his fourth home run of the playoffs and ignited the Mets’ ... 10-15 Foros de Planeta Beisbol: Grandes Ligas • Juegos del 14-10-2015: Texas con 3 errores en el séptimo y más notas : Un par de errores de Elvis Andrus y otro de Mitch Moreland en la parte baja del sÃ©ptimo permitiÃ³ que los Azulejos anotaran ... 10-11 Phillies Nation: 2015 Player Reviews: Grady Sizemore : The summers of 2005 through 2008 were my last as what I would describe as a “carefree adult”. Sure, I had jobs. Sure, ... 10-7 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: October 8, 1995 : Seattle Mariners designated hitter Edgar Martinez, in the bottom of the 11th inning with Ken Griffey, Jr on first, hit ... 10-4 BronxPinstripes.com: Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Keith McPherson, Cave Dweller : Would you look at that! Two Behind Bronx Pinstripes in back-to-back days? Must be some … The post Behind Bronx Pinstripes- ... 10-1 wayniacnation.com: Adrian Beltre and the Hall of Very Good in today’s random thoughts : There has been a lot of talk as of late of Adrian Beltre and his chances of making the Hall of Fame. As his very good 18-year ... News -- September 2015 9-26 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: The Greatest Summer Ever: Catching Up With Jim Thome : Throughout the 2015 season, Did the Tribe Win Last Night will take a look back at the 1995 Cleveland Indians for the 20th anniversary ... 9-25 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History September 25 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History September 25 MLB On this day in 1955, Al Kaline of the Detroit ... 9-14 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History September 14 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History September 14 MLB On this day in 1903, Giants pitcher Red Ames ... 9-8 The Starting Nine: Seattle Mariners All Time Starting Lineup : The Seattle MarinersÂ came into the league in 1977. Since their inception they have been known as the Seattle Mariners.Â The ... 9-7 The Writer's Journey: 2015 Reds, 1990 Score style: Jay Bruce (Highlights #12) : On Monday, Jay Bruce added his name to a short list: players who have smacked 200 home runs and collected 1000 hits while wearing ... 9-7 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History September 7 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History September 7 MLB On this day in 1923, Howard Ehmke of the Red Sox ... 9-6 Redbird Rants: Baseball Books You Should Read : It's been a while but here are some baseball books that I recommend. Intangiball: The Subtle Things That Win Baseball Games ... 9-6 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Today in Tribe History: September 6, 1992 : 1992 â The Indians send their fans home in grand fashion as a 12th inning grand slam by Carlos Martinez gives Cleveland a 12-9 ... 9-4 27 Outs Baseball: Brantley Bell: A Lifetime at the Ballpark : (Photo Credit: Zachary P. Lucy/27 Outs Baseball) On 35 different occasions during the 2015 First-Year Player Draft, the sons of ... 9-4 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Dace Kime, Twitter Sensation with a Mindset for Success : At the opening of the 2015 baseball season Dace Kime was ranked as the #20 prospect in the Cleveland Indians system. The 23 year ... 9-3 BronxPinstripes.com: Notable September call-ups for the Yankees over the years : Over the years, the Yankees have had some very notable September call-ups. The post Notable September call-ups for the Yankees ... 9-2 Baseball Magazine: How Does Mike Trout’s Start Stack Up All-Time? : When he first burst onto the scene, Mike Trout was the poster child for the sabermetric movement as the internet exploded into ... News -- August 2015 8-31 East Village Times: Padres Minors: Luis Urias- A Name to Remember : The San Diego Padres farm system has really taken a bad rap over the past few years. The onslaught of trades this past off-season ... 8-31 More Than A Fan: Waiting For the Next Championship, Part 1 : In the 1997 movie Eight Days a Week1I would like to pretend there was some high brow reason that I watched this flick, but I’m ... 8-31 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History August 31 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History August 31 MLB On this day in 1935, Vern Kennedy of the White Sox ... 8-28 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Jack Zduriencik Out as M's GM : The Seattle Mariners firedlongtime General Manager Jack Zduriencik on Friday morning. The M's broke the news on twitter, ... 8-28 Emerald City Swagger: Jack Zduriencik Canned, Finally : It's a grey-skied Friday morning here in the Pacific Northwest. TheSeattle Seahawks are stillplaying preseason games, the ... 8-24 Motor City Bengals: Motor City Bengals Plays Out of the Park Baseball 16 Part 1 : Baseball video games have been a staple of many a childhood from Ken Griffey Jr.’s Major League Baseball, to Backyard Baseball, ... 8-21 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History August 21 : View image \| gettyimages.com On this Day in Sports History August 21 MLB On this day in 1926, White Sox righty Ted Lyons ... 8-17 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: August 17, 2002 : Texas Rangers shortstopÂ Alex Rodriguez hits the 40th of his eventual league leading 57 homers becoming the first infielder ... 8-13 SoDo Mojo: Jamie Moyer Essay: A True Class Act : Jamie Moyer was one of the most beloved players to ever put on a Seattle Mariners' uniform, and on this past Saturday he ... 8-11 Emerald City Swagger: Exploring Nelson Cruz's MVP Case : Throughout their "storied" history, the Seattle Marinersfranchise has only twice seen one of their players voted as the ... 8-10 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Game Notes: Cruz Looks to Extend Hitting Streak to 20 : The Seattle Mariners (52-60) will play host to the Baltimore Orioles (56-54) on Monday night at Safeco Field. First pitch is scheduled ... 8-10 OutsidePitchMLB: Uncovering the Hidden Treasures of Topps Baseball Cards : This may be the only time I admit this publicly, but my husband is a lot smarter than me. Topps printed so many baseball cards ... 8-10 OutsidePitchMLB: Baltimore Orioles and Seattle Mariners Preview : The trading a win for a loss has to end at some point for the Baltimore Orioles if they are going to compete for a playoff bid. ... 8-6 Wahoo's on First: #TBT: Former Cleveland Indians' slugger Manny Ramirez belongs in Hall of Fame : It's time for Baseball Hall of Fame to open its doors to steroids users -- and it begins with Indians' great Manny Ramirez ... 8-5 Prospect Insider: The Mariners and the draft : Not long ago, I realized that Ken Griffey Jr. will likely be the first number-one overall draft pick to be inducted into ... 8-4 The Sports Quotient: All Of The August Bobblehead Giveaways : With the trade deadline come and gone, some players have moved around. In fact, many of the bobblehead subjects for the month ... 8-1 Radical Baseball: Mike Schmidt should have been 1 of 8 candidates as greatest living players. : Mike Schmidt, of course, how could we have overlooked him? The "fans" selected as their final four Mays, Aaron, Bench, Koufax. FOUR ... 8-1 BronxPinstripes.com: Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Brian Capozzi, Instagram Specialist : What better way to spendÂ your Saturday than with reading another edition of Behind Bronx Pinstripes? … The post Behind ... News -- July 2015 7-29 Jim Zorn's Lemma: A Few Mostly Original Thoughts on Edgar Martinez and the Hall of Fame : Seahawks Update: Russell Wilson still unsigned; Bobby Wagner still unsigned. Â Full stop. Now that that’s out of way… ... 7-29 Jays Journal: Blue Jays Morning Brew: Tulowitzki edition : Troy Tulowitzki is the starting shortstop of the Toronto Blue Jays. Yesterday was a good day, and yes, it happened. The fallout ... 7-28 Burning River Baseball: Center Field Career Arcs: When & Why to Go Young : There are two ways of thinking about players with similar abilities, but differing ages. For the veteran, with his decreasing ... 7-28 Hot Corner Harbor: Predicting the Future of the 500 Home Run Club : After looking at the future of the 3000 hit club last month, I began wanting to try my method out with other milestones. The natural ... 7-26 Monkey with a Halo: Searching for the Angels’ First Hall of Famer : With Randy Johnson and Craig Biggio being inducted into the Hall of Fame this weekend, the Diamondbacks and Astros can cross themselves ... 7-26 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 7-25 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 7-23 Rox Pile: No More Bad Players: The Colorado Rockies Should Sign Good Players : This is just one man’s opinion, but I think the Colorado Rockies should get good players and not bad players. The thing ... 7-22 BBST: Kyle Schwarber is … well, um …. Awesome! : It probably couldn’t have gotten better for the Chicago Cubs’ rookie catcher Kyle Schwarber Â (one tiny detail). ... 7-22 BronxPinstripes.com: Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Rich Kaufman, Editor In Chief : Here we are again for another Behind Bronx Pinstripes as we continue to dig deeper … The post Behind Bronx Pinstripes- Rich ... 7-21 BronxPinstripes.com: On this day in Yankees history – Buhner for Phelps : On this day back in 1988, the Yankees sent 23 year old outfielder Jay Buhner, … The post On this day in Yankees history ... 7-21 Grading on the Curve: The New York Mets Conforto dilemma: let's go already! : I don’t understand the New York Mets at all. Cuddyer? Not right now. Conforto? Nope. Travis Taijeron? Maybe... http://t.co/JmESf3wnjJ ... 7-20 Nolan Writin': Frisco RoughRiders Interview: Alex Burg : Five seasons, three organizations, 11 teams in 12 levels, six positions played and a whole lot of bus napping. But Frisco RoughRiders ... 7-16 Tomahawk Take: Esurance MLB All Star Fanfare Experience With Atlanta Braves Sweepstakes Winner, Day 3 Part 2 : This is a Tomahawk Take EXCLUSIVE. It's been a busy week for Atlanta Braves winner/representative of the Esurance MLB All-Star ... 7-15 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Franchise Four Unveiled : M'sfans had a unique opportunity this spring to vote for the Mariners Franchise Four. Major League Baseball co-ordinated ... 7-15 Climbing Tal's Hill: Houston Astros: Dallas Keuchel set the tone for the A.L. All-Stars : After Cincinnati Reds third baseman, Todd Frazier won the 2015 Home Run Derby in front of his home crowd, it would be Dallas Keuchel ... 7-14 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: The Greatest Summer Ever: Paul Assenmacher : Throughout the 2015 season, Did the Tribe Win Last Night will take a look back at the 1995 Cleveland Indians for the 20th anniversary ... 7-13 OutsidePitchMLB: Which players would be in an all-time Home Run Derby? : One of the biggest criticisms of the Home Run Derby lately is that some of the best players refuse to parti in it. The Home ... 7-13 BoSox Injection: MLB Home Run Derby: Who Is Busting Your 2015 Brackets? : Not Yoenis Cespedes. The back-to-back MLB Home Run Derby champion isn't even in the field of competitors this year. The big ... 7-12 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Angels ... 7-10 OutsidePitchMLB: How is J.D. Martinez not in the Home Run Derby? : As a matter of full disclosure, I think all the hype and hoopla surrounding the All-Star Game is silly. When I was a kid, things ... 7-10 Call to the Pen: 2015 MLB Home Run Derby: Donaldson could be first Jays winner : This year marks the 30thinstalment of the Midsummer Classic's Home Run Derby. Though technically, the 29th, as the 1988 competition ... 7-9 Eutaw Street Report: Thursday Thoughts: A Tough Week to Find Bright Spots : This is a weekly column that dives into eight random thoughts about the Orioles/MLB. Why eight? Itâs a nod toÂ Cal RipkenÂ Jr. ... 7-8 SocraticGadfly: Let's enliven the #AllStarGame with A-Rod! : Given Craig Calcaterra at Hardball Talk using a Jon Paul Morosi column saying no Alex Rodriguez in Cincinnati is no big deal as ... 7-3 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Today in Tribe History: July 3, 2002 : 2002 â Tribe slugger Jim Thome homers for the seventh consecutive game as the Indians fall again to the New York Yankees, 11-8. ... News -- June 2015 6-30 BronxPinstripes.com: Yankees game 78 preview (6/30/15) : Ivan Nova (1-0, 0.00 ERA) and Andrew Heaney (0-0, 1.50 ERA) both make their second … The post Yankees game 78 preview (6/30/15) ... 6-30 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-29 Baseball Musings: Successful Hacker : Nolan Arenado holds an impressive 15-game hit streak. He knocked out 22 hits, 15 of those for extra bases, including nine home ... 6-29 OutsidePitchMLB: New rules will not make Home Run Derby more po : Once again, baseball is taking another shot at making the Home Run Derby more po and more watchable for baseball fans. While ... 6-25 District on Deck: Washington Nationals News: Lucas Giolito and Trea Turner Selected To Futures Game : Earlier today, the rosters were selected for this year’s edition of the SiriusXM Futures Game. Every season, the Futures ... 6-25 We Talk Fantasy Sports: Throwback Thursday - All-Time Greats - Outfield : View image \| gettyimages.comThe outfield is filled with some of baseballs best players with guys like Bryce Harper, Giancarlo ... 6-23 Call to the Pen: What Seattle Mariners hiring of Edgar Martinez says about state of franchise : Edgar knows hitting. The legendary designated hitter is a viable bat fit for Cooperstown, but the DH stigma still hangs over his ... 6-23 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-20 Factory of Sadness: 1995 Cleveland Indians Bring Excitement Back to Progessive Field : The current Tribe roster did what they usually do when a large crowd turns out: have their bats go quiet and lose. Thankfully, ... 6-19 wayniacnation.com: The Peyton Manning Story starring LeBron James : Another NBA season has come to an end. It’s pretty much the same story every year. LeBron James takes a poorly put together ... 6-19 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-16 Baseball Vintage: Classic Fenway Clout : Classic Fenway CloutArtist:Bill PurdomSize:15 1/2 x 36"Limited Edition:600It's the morning of October 22, 1975, Game 6 of the ... 6-16 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-16 CaliSports News: 6th Inning Dooms Dodgers, Lose 4-1 : (Photo via Twitter User @BBTIN) The Los Angeles Dodgers allowed 4 runs in the 6th inning and the Texas Rangers beat the Dodgers ... 6-13 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-12 A Moment in the Sun: Billy Wagner and the Hall of Fame : Shortly after the Hall of Fame class of 2015 was announced, I wrote a post (which can be found here) about my reactions to the ... 6-8 SoDo Mojo: Daz Cameron Drafted by the Houston Astros : The Houston Astros selected Daz Cameron with the37th overall pickof the 2015 MLB Draft on Monday night. Daz is the son of former ... 6-8 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: June 8, 2005 : New York Yankee third baseman Alex Rodriguez becomes the youngest player to hit 400 career home runs at 29 years and 316 ... 6-7 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 6-4 Shoestring Catches: S-O-M Game of the Day: 75 Pirates at 75 Reds : Strat-o-Matic is a baseball simulation that began as a cards and dice game in the early 1960s before entering the computer age. ... 6-3 Bleeding Yankee Blue: DUMB & LONELY IN SEATTLE : Money doesn't buy happiness. You don't believe me? Ask millionaire Robinson Cano, the guy with talent and money and nothing much ... 6-2 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: June 2, 2010 : Ken Griffey, 22-years after making his major league debut as a 19-year old rookie, announces that he has decided to retire. ... News -- May 2015 5-30 OutsidePitchMLB: Kevin Costner failed me : #WriteFire is a series of musings by Outside Pitch MLB contributor, Abby Clopton. You may not always (or ever) agree, but thus ... 5-30 Tyler's Think Tank: Mr. May : On this, the penultimate day of May, with the likes of Bryce Harper, Jason Kipnis, and Josh Donaldson putting the finishing ... 5-30 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 5-29 Baseball Vintage: M's Do It : M's Do It!Artist:Bill PurdomSize:20 x 31"Limited Edition:600Mariner fans dreamed of a playoff series for 19 years. On October ... 5-28 Mets360.com: David Wright’s Ailments: Unfortunately, We’ve Seen It Before : Some nasty news came down on Saturday, revealing the full extent of David Wrightâs latest back trouble. Stenosis of the spine, ... 5-25 Not in the Hall of Fame: 1C. Ken Griffey Jr. : The undisputed heavyweight of new eligible ballplayers in 2016 has to be Ken Griffey Jr. Arguably one of the best overall players ... 5-22 District on Deck: Washington Nationals Analysis: Comparing Bryce Harper To Alex Rodriguez : It wasan interesting two days at Nats Park on Tuesday and Wednesday when the Washington Nationals took on the New York Yankees. ... 5-20 LegendsOnDeck.com: Game Of The Week: Harper’s Historic Start : View image \| gettyimages.com Few players have ever entered the league with as much hype surrounding them as Nationals outfielder ... 5-15 statliners.com: Mike Trout on pace to be one of the best ever : In case you haven’t heard, Mike Trout is good at baseball. The Los Angeles Angels’ outfielder has dominated since ... 5-14 BronxPinstripes.com: On this day in Yankees history – 1967 & 1996 : Leave it to the Yankees to have two historic moments occur on the same day. … The post On this day in Yankees history – ... 5-8 Radical Baseball: Top ten in home runs sorted by at bats. : Gee, Mays and Aaron had an advantage with all those at bats. Rk Player AB HR From To Age G ... 5-8 Gammons Daily: Around the majors report: Stats report : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. 1) Yesterday, ... 5-5 BronxPinstripes.com: Yankees game 27: Ellsbury stays hot, Pineda picks up the W : Jacoby Ellsbury kept his bat hot and Michael Pineda gave the Yankees a strong start,Â as … The post Yankees game 27: Ellsbury ... 5-5 The Pesky Pole: #660 for Fenway : It has been a few days now since Alex Rodriguez hit #660 in Fenway Park. I should have known that Fenway would be the place ... 5-2 Baseball Musings: Going Out on a High Note : Bob Nightengale covers Alex Rodriguez‘s 660th home run. It might actually cause you to like A-Rod again: New York Yankees ... 5-1 The Baseball Page: Family DNA Gift or Curse? : "It's in their DNA!" - that's what people say when we follow in Dad's ... News -- April 2015 4-29 Shoestring Catches: Franchise Four: Seattle Mariners : According to a release by MLB on April 8, fans can visit MLB.com/FranchiseFour to select the four most impactful players for each ... 4-24 On-Base Talk: Let’s Just Enjoy Alex Rodriguez : This is what steroids have done to us. This is what a decade of mammoth home runs have made us think. No longer can we sit back ... 4-21 On-Base Talk: Home Runs, Steroids & Politics: Barry Bonds Is the Greatest Ever : Itâs easy to put a gigantic asterisk next to the career of Barry Bonds. Itâs easy to discredit all of his accomplishments ... 4-21 District on Deck: A Look Back: The Washington Nationals' 2012 Season : The date is October 1, 2012. The 96-63 Washington Nationals are losing to the 80-79 Philadelphia Phillies 2-0 in the bottom of ... 4-18 Gammons Daily: Stats report: Historic feats for Alex Rodriguez & Mike Trout : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. All stats ... 4-17 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners vs. Texas Rangers - Series Preview : The Seattle Mariners (3-6) return home Friday night after getting swept in Los Angeles by the Dodgers. The Mariners will look ... 4-17 Windy City Hardball: Merry Krismas: Kris Bryant a Reminder of the Joys of Being a Fan : Throughout my life as a fan of the Chicago Cubs, Iâve seen all manner of prospects make their big league debuts. Whether itâs ... 4-16 LegendsOnDeck.com: Nelson Cruz Homers in Fifth Straight How Long Can He Keep It Up? The post Nelson Cruz Homers in Fifth Straight appeared first on Legends On Deck. ... 4-16 Gammons Daily: Stats report: Another historic feat for Mike Trout : Lee Sinins is the creator of the Complete Baseball Encyclopedia, the most powerful baseball encyclopedia on the market. All stats ... 4-16 Rum Bunter: Pittsburgh Pirates' Swing Mechanics - Part III : This year's Pittsburgh Pirates bench is one of the deepest if not the deepest in recent memory. That is something that all ... 4-16 Baseball Musings: Cruzin’ For a Record : Nelson Cruz homered Wednesday night as the Mariners fell to the Dodgers 5-2. For Cruz, it was his sixth home run of the season. ... 4-15 East Village Times: Padres Special: Craig Kimbrel Latest in History of Great Closers for San Diego Padres : I am not sure if any other team has a history of closers like the San Diego Padres. The Padres have two relievers in Rollie Fingers ... 4-15 On-Base Talk: Albert Pujols Is the Best Hitter of Our Generation : Over the past 20 years, there have been some remarkable hitters to come up to bat, but one triumphs over them all. The Machine, ... 4-15 Lasorda's Lair: Dodgers go For Sweep on Jackie Robinson Day : Two consecutive Dodger walk-off wins made me realize how much I really did miss baseball this offseason. Two nights and two walk-off ... 4-13 Call to the Pen: Washington Nationals OF Bryce Harper must improve clutch hitting : The 22-year-old is an exceptional talent, but in order for Bryce Harper to move from having high expectations placed upon him ... 4-8 SoDo Mojo: Mariners News: Happy 29th Birthday Felix Hernandez! : It is hard to believe that Felix Hernandez is 29-years-old. He has been a regular for the Seattle Mariners since 2005, and in ... 4-4 Call to the Pen: Opening Day Preview: Cardinals vs. Cubs : Want to know how old baseball is?The St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs have played each other exactly 2,222 times in regular ... 4-3 The Starting Nine: On This Day In Baseball History: April 3, 1989 : Seattle Mariners 19-year old rookie Ken Griffey, Jr doubles off of Oakland’s Dave Stewart in his first major league at bat. ... News -- March 2015 3-31 Yanks Go Yard: New York Yankees News: Tino Martinez On Minor League Staff : On Monday, the New York Yankees brought back another member of the dynasty Bronx Bombers to join their coaching staff and help ... 3-29 Radical Baseball: Alex Rodriguez 2015 home run projections. : Alex Rodriguez has not been given much chance of hitting a significant number of home runs in 2015. Rodriguez will be trying ... 3-28 Mustangs To Reds: Pete Rose's new nickname: 'The Reminder' : Regardless of sport, the most memorable figures in history are remembered by their nicknames. Without the need to specify, athletes ... 3-25 Reviewing the Brew: Milwaukee Brewers' Prospect Kyle Wren Interview : In perhaps the most underrated moves of the winter, the Milwaukee Brewers were able to upgrade their organizational depth by trading ... 3-23 OutsidePitchMLB: Top 5 Major League Baseball late night television appearances : With the announcement of Texas Senator Ted Cruz’s campaign for the office of President of the United States, the race for ... 3-22 Johnny L's Baseball Clubhouse: Week of 2-16-15 : Legend: Riverfront Stadium was famously known for being the home of the Big Red Machine. From 1970-1976, the Reds had a team consisting ... 3-21 District on Deck: Washington Nationals Opinions: Bryce Harper Should Replace Denard Span In Center : With Denard Span’s injury, which will require that he miss significant time including some regular season games, the Nationals ... 3-19 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners #TBT: Favorite M's Commercials : The Seattle Mariners released their 2015 commercials on Wednesday morning. In honor the unveiling and throwback Thursday, I thought ... 3-19 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners Unveil 2015 Commercials : The unveiling of the new Seattle Mariners’ commercials is typically one of the most highly anti** days of the calendar ... 3-18 KC Kingdom: KC Royals: Matt Fields Is A Power Hitter In The Wings : Matt Fields played a key role in helping the KC Royals AAA-affiliate Omaha Storm Chasers attain the 2014 Pacific League Championship. ... 3-15 On-Base Talk: Why Andruw Jones Isn’t Hall of Fame Worthy : I donât think Andruw Jones should be elected to the Hall of Fame. He will be eligible for inclusion on the BBWAAâs 2017 Hall ... 3-14 SoDo Mojo: Robinson Cano Returns to Mariners’ Lineup Saturday : https://twitter.com/RyanDivish/status/576416809303162880 Ryan Divish of the Seattle Times is reporting that Robinson Cano will ... 3-13 Gammons Daily: The key to winning baseball games : Baseball is really very simple, at least according to Earl Weaver: The key to winning baseball games is pitching, fundamentals, ... 3-11 Canadian Baseball Network: Fields eyes stolen base record : * Roemon Fields almost didn’t attend the showcase tournament where Blue Jays scout Matt Bishoff spotted him. After a record ... 3-11 Yanks Go Yard: Yankees News: Alex Rodriguez impressed by top two hitting prospects : Right fielder Aaron Judge and first baseman Greg Bird have surpassed catcher Gary Sanchez as the New York Yankees top two major ... 3-8 Redbird Rants: Jason Heyward wants to win a World Series : St. Louis Cardinals right fielder Jason Heyward is entering the upcoming baseball season in the final year of a two-year contract ... 3-1 Canadian Baseball Network: Young Eyes grills M’s Paxton, Furbush : Â * Our Young Eyes Zach Swanson were grilling Seattle Mariners LHP James Paxton (Ladner, BC), above. As well, he interviewed RP ... News -- February 2015 2-25 KC Kingdom: KC Royals: Bo Jackson Ten Best Plays As A Royal (Video) : Bo Jackson last spring training for the Kansas City Royals took place 25 years ago. In honor of this anniversary, I'm posting ... 2-23 Macho-Row.com: At this point, are we really expecting anything from Domonic Brown? : One of the biggest sports cliches I happen to loathe is “It is what it is.” That said, I think at this stage I am ... 2-22 Climbing Tal's Hill: Astros Prospects: Tony Kemp Interview : Learning about Astros prospects has been really fun for me. The best thing about interviewing Conrad Gregor is that the Vanderbilt ... 2-21 Friars on Base: This Day in Padres History: Rollie Fingers Retires : Today marks 29 years since Rollie Fingersand his magnificent 'stache retired from the game of baseball. It was a rocky ending ... 2-20 Simulation Sports: 1994 Replay: Randy Johnson Dominates Indians : It didn't take long for Randy Johnson to get into mid-season form as he dominated the Indians on Opening Day. Ken Griffey Jr. ... 2-16 A Moment in the Sun: Jim Edmonds and the Hall of Fame : After inducting four players last year into the Hall of Fame, the ballot for the class of 2016 has thinned out, something that ... 2-11 statliners.com: Jim Edmonds: A Slugger Who Should Not Be Forgotten : When you think back to the sluggers of the 1990s and 2000s, there are many names that come to mind. During that time frame werethe ... 2-11 Jays Journal: 2015 All-Star Game: Look Out For The Toronto Blue Jays! : In 1993, the World Champion Blue Jays (sigh!) had four starting players in the all-star game. Roberto Alomar was at 2B and ... 2-7 probaseballupdates.com: This is Why The Hitters Era Is Over : View image \| gettyimages.com There is no doubt about it: a new era in baseball is officially here. Â Gone areÂ the ... 2-6 PaulLebowitz.com: McClendon Responds To The Cano Hustle Debate : The ongoing back and forth about Robinson Canoâs hustle or lack thereof is gaining momentum and a life of its own. While Yankees ... 2-6 Gammons Daily: Is Andruw Jones a Hall of Famer? : After a two-year stint in Japan, Andruw Jones is looking to provide some right-handed thump as a part-time outfielder/first baseman ... 2-5 Johnny L's Baseball Clubhouse: How Good is the Mariners Rotation? : It has been 14 years since the Mariners last made the playoffs. The main reason is their lack of offense. Seattle has seen a few ... 2-5 Friars on Base: Padres Editorial: San Diego Padres Biggest Rivals : Who is Thy Enemy? If there is one thing baseball fans love, it is good old fashioned rivalries. With all due respect to the Steelers-Ravens ... 2-4 Radical Baseball: A-Rod, just donate the bonus money to charity. Call out Levine and the Steinbrenner Kids. : Alex Rodriguez should call their bluff. Offer to donate the bonus money to a charity agreed to by both parties. Make ... News -- January 2015 1-31 Friars on Base: Padres Editorial: Friars On Base Ranks Their Favorite Baseball Movies Part I : Editor's Note: Since Spring Training for the 2015 season is right around the corner, many of us here at Friars On Base, have ... 1-29 SoDo Mojo: Why haven't the Mariners won a World Series yet? : The Mariners last year just missed the post season by just a mere one game, if the Oakland Athletics would have lost in the final ... 1-29 Johnny L's Baseball Clubhouse: What a Duo!!!! : Fun Fact of the Day: Yes its true! Ken Griffey Jr. and Sr. may had been the only father and son to play in the MLB at the same ... 1-27 Not in the Hall of Fame: 1C. Ken Griffey Jr. : The undisputed heavyweight of new eligible ballplayers in 2016 has to be Ken Griffey Jr. Arguably one of the best overall players ... 1-26 Venom Strikes: An Early Look at the 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : The 2015 Hall of Fame class hasn't even been inducted, but in the late days of January when there isn't much to write ... 1-25 SoDo Mojo: False Hope: Franklin Gutierrez and the '09 Mariners : Franklin Gutierrez. He hasn't been much of a contributor to the Mariners, in any significant way, since 2010, which was the ... 1-24 Call to the Pen: What remains for Ichiro Suzuki to play for? : It has been four full seasons since Ichiro Suzukilast hit .300. Set to turn 42 before the close of the 2015 MLB season, the Japanese ... 1-24 Nolan Writin': My thoughts on Mitch Moreland signing a one year deal : On FridayMitch Moreland and the Texas Rangers came to an agreement to avoid arbitration. This comes after the Rangers have added ... 1-21 Redbird Rants: Jim Edmonds: The Hall of Fame Case : Former St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds will be eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame for the first time on the ... 1-21 Bleeding Yankee Blue: WHY THE 'A' MATTERS : Does a logo on a hat matter when someone goes into the Baseball Hall of Fame?Yup. No doubt about it.In the case of Randy Johnson, ... 1-20 Nolan Writin': Matt Harrison starts throwing program : Texas Rangers left-hand pitcher Matt Harrison finally starting to throw a ball again last week. He's finally on the road ... 1-20 Friars on Base: Padres' Top 10 All-Star Moments: 5-1 : Part one of the previous All-Star moments revealed the best moments from ten to six. The list gets even better as we now enter ... 1-20 On-Base Talk: Balancing Baseballâ€™s Past, Present and Future : Far too often, in contemporary culture, we donât allow ourselves to enjoy the here and now, what is directly under our noses. ... 1-19 SoDo Mojo: Mariners No Stranger To The Deferred Contract : Max Scherzer just agreed to a 7-year contract with the Washington Nationals. Though it will take 14 years for him to receive the ... 1-19 probaseballupdates.com: The Hitters Era is Dead, Long Live the Pitcher! : View image \| gettyimages.com There is no doubt about it: a new era in baseball is officially here. Â Gone areÂ the juiced ... 1-16 LegendsOnDeck.com: Padres To Host ASG In 2016 First All Star game in San Diego Since 1992. ... 1-15 The Writer's Journey: Christmas cards : A few days ago, I posted a picture of one of my most prized baseball cards, the 1989 Upper Deck Ken Griffey rookie card. But that’s ... 1-13 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners To Induct Jamie Moyer Into Hall of Fame : Mark your calendars for Saturday August 8th. Jamie Moyer will become the 9th member of the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame in a ... 1-13 statliners.com: The (literally) painful truth about Ken Griffey Jr. : As a Mariners fan, I am obviously a big fan of Ken Griffey Jr. As if team allegiance really matters when speaking about someone ... 1-11 Riverfront Ball: Who Will Be The Cincinnati Reds' Next Hall of Famer? : The glut of strong candidates on recent and upcoming Hall of Fame ballots has garnered a lot of attention among baseball pundits ... 1-11 Friars on Base: A Look The 2016 Hall of Fame Ballot : Now that this year's historic class for the Baseball Hall of Fame has been announced, it's time to look ahead to see ... 1-10 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Talk Back On The Air Sunday : This Sunday, Mariners Talk - powered by SodoMojo.com - is back on the air after taking a week off. This week SodoMojo Co-editor ... 1-9 SoDo Mojo: Cooperstown Should Give Mariners First Inductee Next Year : The 2015 Hall of Fame class has been announced and former Seattle Mariners flamethrower Randy Johnson will enter Cooperstown in ... 1-9 Climbing Tal's Hill: Billy Wagner: 2016 Hall of Fame Candidate : Now that some of the euphoria from Tuesday's Hall of Fame announcement has subsided, it is time to look toward the 2016 candidates. ... 1-9 Climbing Tal's Hill: When Will Jeff Bagwell Enter Cooperstown? : First and foremost, congratulations to Craig Biggio for finally getting voted into the Hall of Fame a few days ago. The Astros ... 1-9 The Writer's Journey: Christmas cards : A few days ago, I posted a picture of one of my most prized baseball cards, the 1989 Upper Deck Ken Griffey rookie card. But that’s ... 1-8 SoDo Mojo: Edgar Martinez: Deserving of the Hall? : Edgar. Gar. Papi (to be honest, not sure if that would ACTUALLY ring a bell for me...I'm more of a "Gar" man myself). ... 1-8 Golden Gate Sports: Rooting for Barry Bonds : There may come a day when Barry Bonds steps onto the hallowed grounds of the Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum in Cooperstown ... 1-8 New York Mets Report: Numbers Could Favor Piazza Next Year : Timing plays an important factor when it comes to being voted into the Hall of Fame. It was that way for Gary Carter and figures ... 1-7 Baseballhotcorner.com: The 2016 Hall Of Fame Ballot And Who Will End Up Where : To begin, I’d like to send my congratulations to Randy Johnson, Pedro Martinez, Craig Biggio, and John SmoltzÂ on their ... 1-7 Friars on Base: Hall Of Fame: Is 2016 "Trevor Time"? : With the Randy Johnson, Pedro Martinez, John Smoltz, and Craig Biggio officially on their way to Cooperstown, talk about the 2016 ... 1-7 The Writer's Journey: I have wanted this card for 26 years Now, the 1989 Ken Griffey Jr. Upper Deck rookie is mine! ... 1-7 Venom Strikes: Hall of Fame Class of 2015 to be Unveiled : Good Morning Diamondbacks fans! Hope your Tuesday is off to a great start! Today is the big day! Today we will finally ... 1-7 Venom Strikes: Randy Johnson Elected to the Hall of Fame : The Big Unit has finally reached baseball immortality! Jeff Idelson, the President of the National Baseball Hall of Fame announced ... 1-7 isportsweb.com: New York Mets: Piazza falls short of Cooperstown again : In his third year on the ballot, Mike Piazza once again fell short of the required votes to earn election to the MLB Hall of Fame. ... 1-7 SoDo Mojo: Ken Griffey, Jr. and the Emotions that Come with Mariners Baseball : I was 4 years old when my grandmother brought me into the living room with her and sat me down in front of the TV to watch the ... 1-7 Reviewing the Brew: Reviewing Baseball 1/7/15 : Happy Hump Day, Brewers fans! Major League Baseball's 2015 Hall of Fame class was announced yesterday, and four players ... 1-7 OutsidePitchMLB: A look back at the playing career of Don Mattingly : Don Mattingly played 14 years in the big leagues, all with the New York Yankees from 1982-1995. 2015 marked the 15th and final ... 1-7 Monstrous Longing: I’m Not As ** Off About The HOF Voting As I Thought I Would Be : Iâm pretty much always at least a little bit off, so the fact that Iâm only a little off is probably as good a result ... 1-7 Pine Tar Press: Hall of Famers Amongst Us : With yesterday's announcement that Randy Johnson, Pedro Martinez, John Smoltz and Craig Biggio will be enshrined among the game's ... 1-7 Redbird Rants: Hall of Fame: Reaction to the Vote and Looking Ahead : As is the case with any election results for the Baseball Hall of Fame vote, there is reaction and thoughts as we look ahead to ... 1-7 The Natty Dugout: Sigh. Mike Piazza Missed Again. : Statistically speaking, when you get all advanced metricky, Mike Piazzaâs best seasons were his youthful ones spent with the ... 1-6 Ball Eight: Next Year’s Hall Of Fame Favorites And Hopefuls Ken Griffey Jr. is in next year - and Mike Piazza should join him. ... 1-6 A Moment in the Sun: The Hall of Fame Fallout and Congrats : Four of the greatest players I have ever watched play baseball in my lifetime received a call this morning that they will be inducted ... 1-6 Beisbol's Org: The Steroid Specter Lives! : by Mike Beisbol It is the year 2051. Cyborgs that look su like the now-late Arnold Schwarzenegger roam the Earth. Cats v. ... 1-6 Tomahawk Take: Hall of Fame Omissions: Dale Murphy and Gary Sheffield : Former Braves have been notable the last few years in Hall of Fame elections with former players Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, and ... 1-6 On-Base Talk: Curt Schilling Moves Up in Voting, But Not Elected to Hall of Fame : Today, the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2015 was just announced. An unprecedented four worthy candidates received ... 1-6 Redbird Rants: Four elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame : Jeff Idelson announced live on the MLB Network that were four players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Congratulations goes ... 1-6 My Pinstripes: Johnson, Martinez, Smoltz, and Biggio Headed To Cooperstown : For the first time ever, three starting pitchers have been elected to the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in the same ... 1-6 Southside Showdown: Tim Raines improves in voting; falls short of Hall of Fame election : Former Chicago White Sox Tim Raines fell short of being enshrined into the National Baseball Hall of Fame for the Class of 2015. ... 1-6 Rising Apple: Mike Piazza denied entry to Hall of Fame : In results that were announced on Tuesday, Mike Piazza failed to gain entry to the Hall of Fame. While Piazza was denied entry, ... 1-6 Ball Eight: Why Mike Piazza Is A Hall Of Famer Mike Piazza is the greatest slugging catcher of all time - and it's not even close. ... 1-5 Nolan Writin': Texas Rangers All-Time Team: The Outfield : The Texas Rangers All-Time Team roster is almost complete. Today I reveal who made the team as an outfielder. But before I do ... 1-5 Baseballhotcorner.com: Why Edgar Martinez Should Be Inducted Into The Hall Of Fame : Some people call him a one-dimensional player. Some say he’s one of the greatest hitters the game’s ever seen, in ... 1-5 Tyler's Think Tank: Did the '94 Strike Murder McGriff's HOF Hopes? : The player's strike may have cost McGriff his chance at the HOF (CBS Sports)Legacy-wise, perhaps no player was hurt more by the ... 1-5 LegendsOnDeck.com: Donnie Baseball Should Be Hall Bound Mattingly deserves a hall nod. ... 1-4 The Greatest 21 Days: Joe Law, Good Enough - 88 : Originally published Nov. 14, 2010Oakland Athletic pitchers Dave Stewart and Joe Law had good enough games for different reasons ... 1-1 Halo Hangout: A Look Ahead at 2015 Angels Baseball : A new year has arrived, and as this turn of the page reminds us of the year we’ve just lived it brings excitement for what ... News -- December 2014 12-31 Call to the Pen: Just how good was Ken Griffey, Part two : Earlier this week, in part one of this story, we took a look at some facets of the career of Ken Griffey - noting that at one ... 12-29 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Talk Podcast 2014 Final Episode : Sunday night, Mariners Talk powered by SodoMojo.com got our "official" 2015 season started with introducing the surprise ... 12-29 Gammons Daily: Nori Aoki: A great pick up for the new MLB : It is over. The days of 40 home run hitters with a .230 average are done. The game has changed and the players along with it. ... 12-29 Call to the Pen: Just how good was Ken Griffey, Part one : There was a time when the name Griffey meant just one person - Ken Griffey. There was no need back then for a "Senior" ... 12-26 Golden Gate Sports: San Francisco Giants Diary: Bob Brenly's Inspirational Game : This is the first entry in my San Francisco Giants diary. It was September 14th, 1986. As we crossed the San Mateo bridge on our ... 12-26 Cubbies Crib: Morning Marquee: Braves add A.J. Pierzynski; Pirates win rights to Kang : Christmas Day was relatively quiet in the baseball world, but even then it doesn't sleep. The Atlanta Braves continued their ... 12-25 Tyler's Think Tank: 14 Best Baseball Players of 2014 : Clayton Kershaw reigned supreme in 2014 (BlackSportsOnline)Here is my list for the 14 best ballplayers of 2014. Their 2013 rankings ... 12-25 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Catching Up With Jim Thome : When Indians legend Jim Thome was first called up to the Major Leagues, he, the Indians, and their fans all had no idea what a ... 12-19 Walk-Off Walk: Favorite Braves List - Center Field : (Previous information on this series can be found here. Of importance, this is not a best list, but a favorites list since I started ... 12-13 On-Base Talk: Opinion: Promising Prospects and the Hype Machine : With the closure of the 2014 MLB Winter Meetings it is likely that old school baseball fans have exhaled a gusty sigh of relief. ... 12-3 Tyler's Think Tank: LA: City of MVPs: As expected, Trout (left) and Kershaw walked away with league MVP honors (ESPN)All hail Clayton Kershaw, king of the mound, the... 12-3 Tyler's Think Tank: St. Louis Steals Heyward, Walden: Heyward helps the Cardinals considerably (USAToday)Needing a short-term, last-minute fix in right field following the tragic and... 12-3 Twins Rubes: Target Field: A Little More Spacious in 2013: When it comes to sports in general, I would consider myself fairly “old-fashioned” for my age. I’m not a fan... News -- November 2014 11-30 SoDo Mojo: Mariners In 2014 Looked Like Hollywood Script : So the 2014 Mariners shocked everyone. Not only did the Mariners finish 3rd in the American League West, but they just missed ... 11-30 The Baltimore Wire: Torii Hunter with the Baltimore Orioles? : Could it be possible that a scenario would develop that could eventuate with Torii Hunter playing in 2015 with the Baltimore Orioles? ... 11-29 Mustangs To Reds: Meeting with the Mustangs: Brian O'Grady : In a 12-11 Mustangs victory over the Orem Owlz last night in Utah, Brian O'Grady made the most of his third consecutive game ... 11-24 Mets360.com: Looking to past Mets trade failures : With the Mets pursuit of a shortstop for the 2015 season still simmering, former Mets General Manager Steve Phillips penned an ... 11-22 Puckett's Pond: Free Agency Rumors: Twins Looking To Platoon Wily Mo Pena? : Looking at the needs for the Minnesota Twins this offseason, there has been two glaring issues needing to be addressed. Both a ... 11-21 Gammons Daily: Happy Birthday Ken Griffey Jr.: Stats and Memories : Today is is Ken Griffey Jr.’s 45th birthday, and what better way to celebrate it than to display the tremendous accomplishment ... 11-17 Tyler's Think Tank: St. Louis Steals Heyward, Walden : Heyward helps the Cardinals considerably (USAToday)Needing a short-term, last-minute fix in right field following the tragic and ... 11-15 The Baseball Continuum: Giancarlo Stanton’s $325 Million Dollars in perspective : Giancarlo Stanton will, likely, get $325 million dollars in exchange for playing for the Miami Marlins for 13 more years (assuming ... 11-13 Cover Those Bases: Mike Trout, Clayton Kershaw win MVP awards : Mike Trout and Clayton Kershaw have won the American and National League Most Valuable Player awards, the Baseball Writers Association ... 11-13 Tyler's Think Tank: LA: City of MVPs : As expected, Trout (left) and Kershaw walked away with league MVP honors (ESPN)All hail Clayton Kershaw, king of the mound, the ... 11-13 MLBTradeRumors: Mike Trout, Clayton Kershaw Win MVP Awards : Angels center fielder Mike Trout and Dodgers lefty Clayton Kershaw have won the American League and National League MVP Awards, ... 11-2 SoDo Mojo: Mariners History: Ken Griffey Jr Drops A Bomb : This day in Mariners history takes us back to November 2nd, 1999. Ken Griffey Jr had just wrapped up another fantastic season ... 11-1 SoDo Mojo: Free Agent Spotlight 2015: Pablo Sandoval : Now that the San Francisco Giants have proven their dynasty status—in remarkable fashion—with their third World Series ... News -- October 2014 10-29 The Cardboard Examiner: 1979 TOPPS BILL MADLOCK : AS CUDDLY AS A WOLVERINE.ï»¿GREG MADDUX ONCE HAD 7 ** IN A 9-INNING GAME.THE FRONT PAGESquat of build at 5-11, 180 pounds, Bill ... 10-27 Puckett's Pond: Minnesota Twins Top Prospect Byron Buxton Hurt... Again : Ken Griffey, Jr., err, Byron Buxton is hurt again. The highly regard prospect reportedly dislocated his middle finger on his left ... 10-23 The Greatest 21 Days: Quinn Mack, Missed Catch - 299 : Originally published June 12, 2010Quinn Mack was used to getting advice from his older brother. Quinn would give advice right ... 10-22 SoDo Mojo: Jack Zduriencik Era Begins In Seattle : This day in Seattle Mariners history takes us to 2008 as the Mariners hired Jack Zduriencik to be the 8th general manager in the ... 10-22 Call to the Pen: Buck Showalter's quest for a championship continues : Buck Showalter is a great manager. One of baseball's best in my opinion. He has picked up teams from the bottom depths of ... 10-22 Jays Journal: Toronto Blue Jays' "5 Year Policy" : The World Series has begun and soon (at least 3 more games from now) the circus show called the "off season" will begin. ... 10-14 Call to the Pen: Baseball Stew: Breakout MLB stars aplenty in 2014 campaign : Here’s my final look at the 2014 MLB regular season—a study in statistics and some interesting numbers from this year ... 10-13 Tyler's Think Tank: Nice to Konerko You : Konerko was a mainstay on the South Side for 16 years (Chicago CBS)Lost in the hype surrounding Derek Jeter's dramatic departure ... 10-12 Tyler's Think Tank: Dunn Done : Dunn's swan song saw him hit .219 and blast 22 home runs (RantSports)Adam Dunn, the Big Donkey, the prototypical three-true outcome ... 10-7 Mets Merized: The 2,700 Hit Club Not in the Hall of Fame : There have been 65 players in MLB history that have racked up at least 2,700 hits. 3,000 hits has been a magic benchmark, but ... 10-5 Blog Red Machine: Five Free Agents the Cincinnati Reds Should Consider : Missing out on the Postseason in 2014 was never apart of the Walt Jocketty plan, the very same plan that has worked nearly to ... 10-3 The Pesky Pole: 1994 Major League Baseball Simulation: Playoffs Set : As the real playoffs begin, 20 years ago baseball was silent. Thankfully through Out of the Park Baseball, the 1994 season lives ... 10-2 Blog Red Machine: Looking Back on Former Cincinnati Red Adam Dunn : Former Cincinnati Red Adam Dunn has reached the end of his baseball rope. After a 14-year career, the man affectionately nicknamed ... 10-1 Gammons Daily: The Royals steal one from the A’s : I think the A’s will have to agree that Royals should be arrested for thievery. They were running wild last night in Kansas ... News -- September 2014 9-28 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Eighteen Crazy Nightsâ€”Looking back at the 1997 Cleveland Indians : During the month of October DTTWLN will take a look back at the 1997 Cleveland Indians seasonâspecifically the 18 thrilling ... 9-28 Bleeding Yankee Blue: O CAPTAIN, MY CAPTAIN! : #ThankYouCaptain via #BYB Sunday we say goodbye to El Capitan. And I, for one, am devastated; but probably for different ... 9-27 Baseball News Source: Derek Jeter’s Impact on a Generation : Being born in New York and growing up in NJ, I never really had a choice to root for any team except the Yankees. My family has ... 9-24 Yanks Go Yard: Derek Jeter Receives Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award : Derek Jeter has received yet another award this season, and this one puts him in very exclusive club. Commissioner Bud Selig presented ... 9-24 Obstructed View: A Journey Through Rookie Breakouts : Jorge Soler has been an absolute Bad Dude during his first go-round in the majors. His 176 OPS+ is 8th among post-Integration ... 9-23 The Pesky Pole: 1994 Major League Baseball Simulation: Ending the Strike : Twenty years ago there was no baseball being played. Five weeks earlier the season was cancelled as the owners and players could ... 9-20 Pine Tar Press: This Date In Royals History–September 20, 1991 : 1991: Mike Boddicker and three relievers combined to shut out the Mariners while Brian McRae drove in two runs in the Royalsâ ... 9-17 SoDo Mojo: .500 Never Sounded So Sweet for the Seattle Mariners : I was a Sophomore in high school in 2009. That fall I was a stout 160 pound JV football player, a non-factor on the field, yet ... 9-17 The Baseball Kid: Adam Eaton looks like a solution to two long-standing White Sox problems : The White Sox have sputtered as a team over the past six weeks, but center fielder Adam Eaton has continued to establish himself ... 9-17 Gammons Daily: Orioles’ AL East Champion Time Capsule : Congratulations to the Orioles and the people of Baltimore for collecting their 9th AL East Championship. Last night, a long overdue ... 9-16 Tomahawk Take: Atlanta Braves Braxton Davidson Meets His Idol : Atlanta Braves 2014 first round selection, Braxton Davidson, shared with uson social media that he got to meet one of his idols ... 9-9 Lineup Forms: Vladimir Guerrero 15-Year Old Son Can Really Hit a Baseball : Vladimir Guerrero already comes from a major league family. Early in his career he actually played with his light-hitting older ... 9-8 Pine Tar Press: This Date In Royals History: September 8, 1997 : 1997: The Royals broke out the long ball to build an early 7-1 lead, and coasted to a 9-2 win over the Mariners at Kauffman Stadium.Seattle ... 9-7 Jim Zorn's Lemma: Real Game 1: Seahawks 36, Packers 16 — ‘Hawks, M’s Simultaneously Relevant For First Time Ever (Literally) : As nights go, Thursday was a pretty good one for Seattle sports fan. Â The Seattle football team dispatched the Green Bay Packers ... 9-5 Lasorda's Lair: Analyzing Yasiel Puig's Slump : Yasiel Puig's slump has been a main topic of conversation for the Dodgers, since the dynamic outfielder finds himself scuffling ... News -- August 2014 8-30 SeatownMariners: Seattle Mariners’ All-Time Team: Ichiro : I haven’t posted one of these in quite some time, but I plan to finish what I started. Ichiro Suzuki is simply one of the ... 8-30 SeatownMariners: Seattle Mariners All-Time Team: Designated Hitter : Catcher: Dan Wilson First Base: John Olerud Second Base: Bret Boone Third Base: Adrian Beltre Short Stop: Alex Rodriguez Left ... 8-28 Canadian Baseball Network: Berti AFL bound, Scout’s rankings : Â * 2B Jon Berti, of double-A New Hampshire, is running and running … all the way to an invite to the Arizona Fall League. ... 8-28 All Out Sports Network: Top-10 Baseball Video Games : Posted byÂ Â Manuel AlcalaÂ Â inÂ Â , MLBÂ Â Â Â sometimeÂ Â Â Â 4 ViewsÂ Â ... 8-27 Lineup Forms: Who Are The Nicest Players In Baseball? : Early this year we ran down baseball biggest jerks. Yesterday, there was a discussion on the baseball sub-reddit about the “nicest/coolest ... 8-27 Emerald City Swagger: Five Signs You Are a True Seattle Mariners Fan : Are you a true and loyal fan of the Seattle Mariners? Have you stuck with this team through thick and thin? It is admittedly difficult ... 8-25 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners Repeating History At The Right Time : Back in 1995, the Seattle Mariners gave rise to one of the greatest "Cinderella" stories in recent baseball history. On ... 8-25 It's About the Money (Stupid): Yankeemetrics: August 22-24 (White Sox) : Brian McCann gets a Gatorade shower after his walk-off homer on Sunday. (Photo: AP) The Prado of the Yankees Martin Prado earned ... 8-21 KC Kingdom: Baseball Owes KC: Why I Want a Royals/Nationals World Series : It's going to sound a bit absurd, but stay with me on this: I'm rooting for a Royals/Washington National World Series. ... 8-16 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Talk Back This Sunday With Gary Hill : This Sunday, Mariners Talk- powered by SodoMojo.com will be back on TalkShoe. Co-Editor Dan Hughes wont be able to join me this ... 8-16 Mustangs To Reds: Meeting with the Mustangs: Brian O'Grady : In a 12-11 Mustangs victory over the Orem Owlz last night in Utah, Brian O'Grady made the most of his third consecutive game ... 8-15 Call to the Pen: A look back at the 1994 strike : In the summer of 1994 both Ken Griffey, Jr. and Matt Williams were hitting home runs at a historic pace. Tony Gwynn, was hitting ... 8-9 Riverfront Ball: Cincinnati Reds Enshrine Parker, Oester, and Griffey, Jr., in Team Hall of Fame : For Cincinnati Reds fans of a certain generation -- mine, to be precise --the free agent signing of Dave Parker in the winter ... 8-7 Redlegs Review: MLB Week 19 - A Cure for Lethargy : by: Dan HowardStaff WriterDictionary.com defines lethargy as âthe quality or state of being drowsy and dull, listless and unenergetic, ... 8-7 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners Series Preview: v. Chicago White Sox : The Mariners take the season sweep against the Braves! (Sorry Dan). The M's are coming off of a huge few wins against ... 8-5 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Talk special Hall of Fame podcast : Last night, Jack and I were able to do our Mariners Talk podcast- powered by SodoMojo.com. But Co-Editor Dan Hughes was unable ... 8-4 Padres360: 40 Years Ago Today: 8/4/74 : Today is an anniversary in Padres history that isn’t mentioned very often and is one I didn’t know about until I became ... 8-2 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: Countdown Thome’s 25 Greatest Moments: #16-20 : Heâs regarded as one of the nicest people in baseball. But as beloved as Jim Thome might be off the field, heâs still feared ... News -- July 2014 7-31 The Baseball Kid: Top five deadline deals for the White Sox since 2000 : Baseball's trade deadline looms Thursday. It's the last shopping day for teams to make moves without putting players on waivers ... 7-29 Tyler's Think Tank: Ten Thoughts on Thomas : Here are ten thoughts on new Hall of Famer Frank Thomas:1. During The Big Hurt's incredible ten-year run from 1991 through 2000, ... 7-29 Cans of Cool: 2015 Early Keltners: Randy Johnson : One of my favorite memories of baseball is watching Larry Walker turn around to bat right handed against the big unit, complete ... 7-28 The Pesky Pole: Box Score Stories: Alex Rodriguez Makes His Debut : Twenty years ago this month, my father and I took our annual trip to Fenway Park. I was 19 years old and just finished up my freshman ... 7-25 Canadian Baseball Network: Smoltz next HOF Brave? Then, Chipper and Pres? : Â * Is RHP John Smoltz the next Atlanta Brave headed for Cooperstown … and come 2017 will 3B Chipper Jones and former GM ... 7-25 Blog Red Machine: Your Cincinnati Reds: Prospective Buyers or Should-Be Sellers? : When it comes to this Cincinnati Reds ball club, one thing seems to be a good indicator of future decisions: past decisions, or ... 7-24 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: Longest Games In Mariners History : Friday night the Mariners played one of the longest games in their history and didn't come out on top. So, during a 16 inning ... 7-20 SoDo Mojo: Fantasy Baseball: Seattle Mariners Trade Rumor Projections : The Seattle Mariners are currently involved in multiple trade rumors, but how will that effect Fantasy Baseball if those trades ... 7-20 30 MLB Team Reports: HR Streaks Of 2 Or More In 2014 : Originally posted on MLB Reports:Through July 19, 2014Â By Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Analyst/Website Owner): [twitter-follow ... 7-20 mlbreports.com: HR Streaks Of 2 Or More In 2014 : Through July 19, 2014Â By Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Analyst/Website Owner): Follow MLB Reports On Twitter HRs Streaks (Games ... 7-19 Canadian Baseball Network: Farewell to Jeter: Dugout tour edition : * After Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter exited his 14th and final all-star game Tuesday night, the future Hall of Famer walked the ... 7-18 Padres360: A Chat With Mallex Smith at Lake Elsinore : Before the season, our friends in the Right Filed Mission were looking for players that have swagger.Â That ** confidence and ... 7-17 The Baseball Haven: The Reasons for Pete Rose… : Baseball came together for the All-Star celebration at Target Field, bowing in awe at the accomplishments of Yankees’ great ... 7-16 House of Houston: Houston Astros: Chris Carter To The Home Run Derby? : The dust has settled, the Major League Baseball All-Star festivities have come to a close and it's time all parti** pack ... 7-16 Twinstrivia.com: According to Elias – All-Star edition : Jeter flourishes in his final All-Star appearance Derek Jeter Derek Jeter, as usual, rose to the occasion in his final ... 7-16 Gammons Daily: Still Slugging : This contribution comes from Tyler Maher. Check out his blog Tyler’s Think TankÂ and follow him on Twitter @PlanetMaherz. ... 7-15 Puckett's Pond: 2014 MLB All Star Game: Cespedes Does His Griffey Jr. Impression : The 2014 Gillette Home Run Derby acted as the first big-ticket event during the annual Major League Baseball All Star Break. With ... 7-15 Twinstrivia.com: According to Elias : YoenisÂ CespedesÂ entered the 2013 Home Run Derby, which he won, on a 71 at-bat home run drought, which was the longest entering ... 7-15 All Out Sports Network: New Look Home Run Derby Recap : Posted byÂ Â Pete SchwichtenbergÂ Â inÂ Â MLBÂ Â Â Â 1 hour agoÂ Â Â Â 43 ... 7-15 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HOME RUN DERBY, THE REPEAT, & I LOVE ALL-STAR BREAK : It's here! IT'S HERE! I cannot begin to explain how much I love All Star Weekend. It makes me all giddy, like a kid on Christmas ... 7-15 Tip of the Tower: Toronto Blue Jays: Jose Bautista Bats Around at the Derby : On Monday night, the MLB had their home run derby as part of the All-Star festivities. The American League captain, as selected ... 7-15 Bleeding Yankee Blue: HOME RUN DERBY, THE REPEAT, & I LOVE ALL-TAR BREAK : It's here! IT'S HERE! I cannot begin to explain how much I love All Star Weekend. It makes me all giddy, like a kid on Christmas ... 7-15 Mile High Maniac: Troy Tulowitzki and Justin Morneau Fall Short In Home Run Derby : Yoenis Cespedes became just the second player in MLB history to win back-to-back Home Run Derby’s, joining Ken Griffey Jr.(98-99) ... 7-15 Southside Showdown: Yoenis Cespedes wins '14 Home Run Derby : For just the second time in the history of the Home Run Derby Yoenis Cespedes won the Home Run Derby a second consecutive time. ... 7-15 Bronx Baseball Daily: Yoenis Cespedes wins Home Run Derby : The last time a player had won the Home Run Derby in back-to-back years, it was Ken Griffey Jr. in 1998-1999. Tonight, Yoenis ... 7-14 SD Bandwagon: San Diego Padres Home Run Derby History : San Diego, CA- Tonight is the 2014 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby competition. This year’s home run derby field includes ... 7-14 Blog Red Machine: Modern Cincinnati Reds Home Run Derby History : For the first time since the year 2000, the Cincinnati Reds will have a member of their roster competing in the annual Home Run ... 7-14 BoSox Injection: Looking back: 1999 Home Run Derby at Fenway : With the Major League Baseball Home Run Derby taking place tonight at Target Field in Minneapolis, it’s impossible for New ... 7-6 It's About the Money (Stupid): Jeter Elected To Start In The 2014 All-Star Game : Derek Jeter was voted into the All-Star game by the fans for the 9th time in his career. This will be his 14th and final All-Star ... 7-5 Riverfront Ball: : The Reds got off the snide on the 4th of July, dropping the first-place Milwaukee Brewers by a score of 4-2 thanks in large part ... 7-2 Tyler's Think Tank: 50 Homer Dreams : Balls are flying off the bats of Abreu (pictured), Cruz, and Encarnacion.But can they keep it up? (Chicago CBS Local)At the halfway ... 7-2 The Natty Dugout: Encarnacion, Home Runs, and May : Weâll take a slight siesta from examining every angle of no-hitters known to man (donât worry, thereâs more to come) to ... 7-2 Mets360.com: Mets Card of the Week: 1993 Mike Draper : Mike Draper and the mad men of the '93 Mets.Related Posts:Mets Card of the Week: 1991 Julio ValeraMets Card of the Week: 2014 ... News -- June 2014 6-30 Call to the Pen: The unassuming, amazing career of Raul Ibanez will continue with the Royals : Well, I have to say I am extremely thrilled to be able to report this latest MLB news. Raul Ibanez, who has had an unexpected ... 6-29 SoDo Mojo: Mariners History: Remembering The Kingdome : Let us take time out of our busy schedules this weekend to tip our capsto thefirst home the Seattle Mariners ever played in, The ... 6-27 Redlegs Review: MLB Week 13 - Nothing Lasts Forever : by: Dan HowardStaff WriterSeriously, did yâall really think Devin Mesoraco was going to hit at least one homer per game until ... 6-27 Crashburn Alley: Saying Goodbye to an Incredible Streak : 2,832 days. Thatâs how long it had been since Chase Utleyâs last walk-off home run before last night. But more than that, ... 6-26 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: Seattle Mariners Turn Ahead The Clock Night : Great Scott! Even Marty McFly and Doc Brown would be horrified by the events that took place in the late 1990's. For ... 6-25 Lineup Forms: Best Baseball Father Son Baseball Tandems : There was a nice moment in Philadelphia last night when Tony Gwynn Jr.Â came to the plate for the first time since his father‘s ... 6-25 Gammons Daily: Devin Mesoraco: 5 straight games with HR stamps “certified” on a breakout year : Last night Devin Mesoraco tied the Reds’ franchise record for consecutive games with a home run, joining Ted Kluszewski, ... 6-24 SeatownMariners: Seattle Mariners’ All-Time Team: Right Field : Catcher: Dan Wilson First Base: John Olerud Second Base: Bret Boone Third Base: Adrian Beltre Short Stop: Alex Rodriguez Left ... 6-21 Cubbies Crib: Starlin Castro key to Chicago Cubs' recent resurgence : Last season, Cubs fans were calling for Theo Epstein and Jed Hoyer to package Starlin Castro with the extra bag of baseballs and ... 6-21 LA Sports Hub: Los Angeles Angels Release Raul Ibanez : Here is the latest news from the Los Angeles Angels, including the release of Raul Ibanez; the trade market; and quick hits. Angels ... 6-20 Canadian Baseball Network: Inductee Cook enjoyed GM chair the best : * Murray Cook (Sackville, N.B.) the only Canadian to serve as general manager of three teams (New York Yankees, Montreal Expos ... 6-19 Friars on Base: Tony Gwynn Connected Baseball Past, Present, and Future : Tony Gwynn died Monday. That much we know at this point. What we haven't quite figured out collectively is why it was his ... 6-16 All Out Sports Network: San Diego Loses A Legend: Tony Gwynn Dead at 54 : Posted byÂ Â Alexandro H. ZatarainÂ Â inÂ Â MLBÂ Â Â Â sometimeÂ Â Â Â 17 ... 6-16 It's About the Money (Stupid): Remembering Tony Gwynn from the Bronx : There is certain to be a great deal of ink and bandwidth spent on the legacy of Tony Gwynn over the coming days, and with good ... 6-12 Baseball Professor: Forecasting Outfield in 2018: Trout Still on Top? : Adam Nodiff continues his look ahead to 2018. Up next, the state of OF four years from now. It's the usual suspects plus a name ... 6-12 Redbird Rants: Cardinals draft pick Austin Gomber talks to Redbird Rants : Austin Gomber, a fourth round pick by the St. Louis Cardinals out of Florida Atlantic, spoke with Redbird Rants on Sunday. Daniel ... 6-11 Kevin Slowey Was Framed: Joe Mauer's Historical Slump : This Joe Mauer thing is getting out of hand. Not the vitriol aimed toward Mauer, I've gotten used to that. His lackluster ... 6-7 Emerald City Swagger: Seattle Mariners News: Fans Aren't Supporting the Team : The Seattle Mariners rank 23rd in Major League Baseball when it comes to home attendance. For those of you scoring at home, that ... 6-5 SoDo Mojo: MLB Draft: Top 5 Players the Mariners Missed Drafting : The Mariners have had those terrific picks in the MLB Draft, like Ken Griffey, Jr., Alex Rodriguez, Taijuan Walker, and Mike Zunino. ... 6-2 Grading on the Curve: Who was the Best 1st Overall Pick in the MLB Draft : The MLB draft is much less of a sure thing than in any other professional sport. In my opinion, baseball is much less reliant ... News -- May 2014 5-30 Tyler's Think Tank: A-Rod: A Modern Willie Mays : A-Rod was the second coming of the amazing Mays (Examiner)Willie Mays and Alex Rodriguez both rate as each other's second best ... 5-30 Twinstrivia.com: Baseball Triple Doubles : The other day SABR member Clem Comly who also follows basketball wondered who the Â “triple doubles” leader might ... 5-28 The Writer's Journey: The Great Eight: The 1975 Cincinnati Reds edited by Mark Armour (2014) : The Great Eight: The 1975 Cincinnati Reds edited by Mark Armour University of Nebraska Press, 2014 272 pages When your favorite ... 5-23 SoDo Mojo: Top 5 Mustaches In Mariners History : As a result of a work incident earlier this week, I have been forced to shave my sad man's foo man shu. Apparently it had ... 5-20 Blog Red Machine: Another Borek Morning: Talking Cincinnati Reds Baseball 5/20/2014 : What a game last night. The game had everything a baseball fan could really want, even if it did take five hours. Most importantly, ... 5-20 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners Top-10 Games In Team History : There have been 5,912 total games played by the Seattle Mariners, and throughout their history there have been 10 games that have ... 5-15 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: Mr. Mariner Alvin Davis : Alvin Davis may have been a Seattle Mariner for only eight years, but his impression on the city left him the nickname of highest ... 5-12 Elysian Fielders: This Day in Giants History, May 12, 1995: Matt Williams Sorta Breaks a Record : Against the Piratesâ Matt Williams hits his seventh and eighth home runs of the seasonâ and in the process breaksâ in a ... 5-8 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: 'Bad to the Bone' Jay Buhner : Good Morning Throwback Thursday. It’s time we get this party started, turn up the volume, and blast some “Bad to the ... 5-6 Andy Patton's Thoughts: Happy birthday Willie Mays! : I just want to wish a happy birthday to MLB superstar and Hall of Fame centerfielder Willie Mays! The Say Hey Kid was before ... 5-5 That Balls Outta Here: PhilsWeek! - No rain, no gain : Welcome to PhilsWeek!– a fun* look back at the week that was and all the exciting happenings surrounding everyone’s ... 5-4 Redlegs Review: Photo: Ken Griffey Jr. was styling at Kentucky Derby : California Chrome may have won the 140th running of the Kentucky Derby, but Cincinnati native, former Red, and future Hall of ... 5-3 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Sports: Lucky Lick, A Boy And His Dog : In the Christmas of 1998 my grandparents got me one of the greatest gifts an 8 year old could get, his first dog. They got me ... 5-1 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: Seattle Mariners Dave Niehaus : There is only one voice of the Seattle Mariners on Throwback Thursday, and his name is Dave Niehaus. Ever since the first game ... News -- April 2014 4-28 Designated 4 Assignment: Ken Griffey on Rose, Junior, Big Papi & the Hall of Fame : Ken Griffey Sr. was a three-time All Star and two-time World Champion. A member of the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame, he also played ... 4-28 The Cardboard Examiner: AUTOS FROM THE ARCHIVES: STEVE BALBONI : IMAGE IS FROM '84, WHEN HE WORE NO. 18.ï»¿VICTIMIZED THE A'S' TOM UNDERWOOD FOR HIS FIRST DINGER.THE CARD"Blues Boy'' Riley King's ... 4-26 Tyler's Think Tank: My Home Run Derby Vote : Cespedes outlasted Harper last year, but will the fans vote him back? (HuffingtonPost)For the first time, the ever-progressive ... 4-24 SoDo Mojo: Throwback Thursday: The Kingdome : Welcome to Sodo Mojo’s first installment of Throwback Thursday. This is the stage where we get to reminisce on all our favorite ... 4-23 We Talk Fantasy Sports: Albert Pujols Joins 500 Home Run Club : Since 2001, Albert Pujols rookie season, no one in baseball has hit more home runs. Alex Rodriguez (465), Adam Dunn (444), ... 4-22 Bleeding Yankee Blue: EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: DEAN ANNA : Hard work and dedication means a lot to us here at BYB. Ever since Jorge Posada gave us that great quote "Grind It", you can see ... 4-20 SoDo Mojo: James Jones Optioned To Tacoma, Brandon Maurer Recalled : Hope you enjoyed your cup of coffee kid. James Jones, who was called up earlier this week, was optioned back down to Triple-A ... 4-20 Bleeding Yankee Blue: "I'M DRUNK IN EPCOT MEXICO" & WHAT COMES NEXT : "I'm drunk in EPCOT Mexico." That's what I texted my buddy 2 years ago when I was having the time of my life with my family ... 4-17 The Cardboard Examiner: 1993 TOPPS FINEST: #124 JAY BUHNER : KEN PHELPS FOR JAY BUHNER, ANYONE?NOTHING SAYS THE '90s LIKE OAKLEY EYE WEAR.DEFINING THE PLAYERJay Buhner was yet another discarded ... 4-15 Da Windy City: The Importance of Jackie Robinson Day : Before I begin, I would like to send a personal thank you to George Kenneth Griffey Jr. (You know him as "The Kid", or ... 4-15 Gammons Daily: Consecutive games with HR’s : Adrian Gonzalez just hit 4 home runs in 4 consecutive games, an incredible feat as anyone would tell you. But this has to get ... 4-14 SoDo Mojo: Sodo Mojo Writers Join In Podcasts To Talk Seattle Mariners : On Sunday, two writers from SodoMojo.com, myself and JJ Keller, took part in podcasts to talk about the Mariners. JJ was a guest ... 4-12 Tyler's Think Tank: Ranking Baseball's Best Sluggers : Ruth towered over his era unlike any player before or since I meant to write this when Ralph Kiner passed away in February ... 4-9 The Writer's Journey: Baseball cards on vacation? : I’m a baseball card junkie, I’ll admit it. But I don’t like the shiny, nor do I go nuts over the latest certified ... 4-8 SoDo Mojo: Ken Griffey Jr Was Supposed To Pass Hank Aaron : Forty years ago tonight, Hank Aaron belted career home run number 715, passing Babe Ruth on the all-time list. The record stood ... 4-8 Tomahawk Take: What if 715 Had Happened Today? : Tonight, the Braves honor Henry Aaron for a 40-year-old event that made us baseball fans all over again. But what if that night ... 4-7 Grading on the Curve: Minor League Previews: California League North : With the rosters now set and the games underway, we now roll on to preview the California League. Long known to be a hitter’s ... 4-4 Radical Baseball: Mike Trout, best young player since Mickey Mantle, should be a Yankee, too. : Mike Trout plays for the Angels, a team without a muni**** How is that legal, even constitutional? Doesn't it violate ... 4-4 Wahoo's on First: Classic Recap: Indians Edge Mariners in Historic Home Opener, 4-3 : 20 Years Ago Today, Indians Won First Home Opener at Jacobs Field The day was April 4, 1994. It was a day fans of the Cleveland ... 4-2 Catcher Interference: That ill-timed Dan Duquette quote concerning Clemens : There is a common misconception that Roger Clemens was toast when the Boston Red Sox decided to not re-sign him after the 1996 ... 4-2 Bleeding Yankee Blue: THE YANKEES DON'T, BUT YOUR HECKLING DOES : Here we go! The 2014 Major League Baseball season is off and running. The gray days of winter have finally called it quits after ... 4-1 Designated 4 Assignment: MLB Network’s Harold Reynolds On Derek Jeter : When Derek Jeter takes the field for the New York Yankees in Houston this evening, it will mark the final Opening Day for the ... News -- March 2014 3-31 Halo Hangout: Four Los Angeles Angels Storylines to Follow in 2014 : For the first time in a long time, the Los Angeles Angels open a season without sky-high goals. A four-year postseason drought ... 3-31 SoDo Mojo: Seattle Mariners: History Of Mariners Opening Day : The time is finally here. Today is the Mariners Opening Day. But before we look forward to what hopes to be an exciting season ... 3-31 The Cardboard Examiner: IT'S BUNTING SEASON : Forget the two-game opening series in Australia last weekend and even Sunday night's tilt in San Diego. Mere hors d'oeuvres. Today ... 3-27 North and South of Royal Brougham: It is hard to get excited about the Mariners season starting : Monday will mark the first game of the Seattle Mariners season, and I don’t think that I’ve ever been less excited ... 3-26 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Rumors: Bringing Back Ichiro? : The Seattle P.I. 's Ari Liljenwall posted today that the EVIL EMPIRE (New York Yankees) are, according to CBSSports.com, ... 3-20 Call to the Pen: On Derek Jeter, Bud Selig, and farewell tours The 2014 season will be the end of several eras, as are most baseball years. The pre- ... 3-18 OutsidePitchMLB: VIDEO: Andrew McCutchen Imitates Famous Baseball Players Batting Stances : Pittsburgh Pirates outfielder Andrew McCutchen is put to the test by ESPN’s Buster Olney and imitates current and former ... 3-15 Mariners Latest: Death of the Power Hitter.....? : Throughout the offseason and still, on occasion this spring, there has been whispers about the death of the power hitter in ... 3-14 Did The Tribe Win Last Night?: The Greatest Summer Ever: Paul Assenmacher : For the next 26 days, DTTWLNÂ will profile and break down the roster of arguably the most exciting sports team that Cleveland ... 3-12 On-Base Talk: The Seattle Mariners Mount Rushmore : Despite the struggles the Â Seattle Mariners have had over the years they have had no shortage of top end superstars throughout ... 3-12 The Cardboard Examiner: 1993 TOPPS FINEST: PAGING Nos. 109-117 : HRBEK BELONGS AMONG THE ALL-STARS.HALL OF FAMERS#112 Kirby Puckett was elected on the first ballot in 2001 with 82.1 percent of ... 3-10 XN Sports: Whatâ€™s in a Name, or A Rose is a Rose is a Rose : Fiction author Peter Markus on Pete Rose, and that which lies within a name.The post Whatâs in a Name, or A Rose is a Rose is ... 3-8 OutsidePitchMLB: Fantasy Baseball: Five Starting Pitching Busts For 2014 : 1. Masahiro Tanaka, New York Yankees I’ll say this until my face turns blue. Tanaka is not an ace. He’s not Yu Darvish. ... 3-7 North and South of Royal Brougham: Mariners Mini Morsels: March 7 : ScottÂ Baker, who is trying to make the Mariners as a non-roster invite, allowed one run on three hits over three innings and ... 3-6 LA Sports Hub: Los Angeles Angels: Five Bold Predictions For 2014 : The Los Angeles Angels kick off the 2014 season on March 31st against the Seattle Mariners at the Big A. However, ... 3-6 Lineup Forms: Bryce Harper Is Looking Pretty Jacked : Bryce Harper first came on the radar in May of 2009 when the-then 16-year old was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, ... 3-6 Emerald City Swagger: Seattle Mariners News: Leave Ken Griffey Jr Alone ... 3-4 XN Sports: Fantasy Baseball Prospects: George Springer and Byron Buxton : Michael Clifford looks at fantasy baseball prospects George Springer and Byron Buxton and what owners can expect from the highly ... 3-4 The Cardboard Examiner: 1993 TOPPS FINEST: #110 KEN GRIFFEY JR. : THE NATURAL IN EVERY WAY.WORTHLESS TRIVIA: HE WAS ON MY FANTASY TEAM IN '89.DEFINING THE PLAYERThe Mickey Mantle to a generation ... 3-3 Gammons Daily: King Felix to open the Mariners season : Lloyd McClendonÂ may be the new Â Mariners manager but he is doing nothing particularly new by naming Felix Hernandez their ... 3-1 Pinstripe Pundits: Why we should be worried about Brett Gardner’s defense : Last week, the Yankees locked up their third outfielder of the winter when they signed Brett Gardner to a four year, $52 million ... News -- February 2014 2-28 Redlegs Review: Reds single game tickets go on sale Saturday : Are you still in the market to secure Reds tickets this season? If so, you're in luck, because the team is putting single game ... 2-25 SoDo Mojo: Ken Griffey Jr. Visits Mariners Camp : Ever wonder if you too could have a chance to meet The Kid? Just like our fellow writer Charlie had the opportunity to a few ... 2-23 Mets Merized: MMO Review: Ken Burns’ The Tenth Inning : Hall of Famer Rogers Hornsby was once asked what he does all winter. The great 2Bman replied, âI stare out the window and wait ... 2-19 Wahoo's on First: Jason Giambi: 2014 Cleveland Indians Player Profile : Jason Giambi: Holding on to the Past I'm of the belief that a man shouldn't be judged by his failures, but more his successes. ... 2-18 PaulLebowitz.com: McClendon Responds To The Cano Hustle Debate : The ongoing back and forth about Robinson Canoâs hustle or lack thereof is gaining momentum and a life of its own. While Yankees ... 2-18 Redlegs Review: 2014 Reds bobblehead giveaway schedule is set : The 2014 bobblehead giveaway schedule is now set in stone.There are few stadium promotions/giveaways that can rival the excitement ... 2-17 Blog Red Machine: Who Belongs on Reds Mount Rushmore? : For Gutzon Borglum and son Lincoln, the creation of Mount Rushmore took 14 years of painstaking, minute precision. History ... 2-13 Halo Hangout: Mike Trout and the Angels are Discussing a Long Term Extension : For any team, it is natural to attempt to lock up a young, productive player for the long term. When that player ... 2-13 Kings of Kauffman: Royals Where are They Now? Jeff Granger In 1993, the KC Royals had just one first round pick and they used the fifth overall pick on left-handed pitcher ... 2-12 Blog Red Machine: Reds By the Numbers: #30 Ken Griffey Sr. : The process of selecting the best to ever wear the #30 in Reds history began and ended in the same location.Â There ... 2-12 Blog Red Machine: Reds' World Series Hangover : It is Super Bowl Sunday in our great nation.Â Nothing represents the current American way of life more than today.Â ... 2-12 Redbird Rants: St. Louis Cardinals prospect Mason Katz talks to Redbird Rants 2-11 i70baseball.com: The Top 10 Center Fielders In Baseball, Today There is no position in the history of the game that has more of an illustrious history than center field. ... 2-9 Redlegs Review: A batch of weekend Reds news and notes : For the first time in nearly a decade, Reds fans woke up this morning to realize that Bronson Arroyo plays for another team. ... 2-6 Redlegs Review: Thursday's version of Reds notes and news : Well, we are officially one day closer to the beginning of spring training. Reds pitchers and catchers are expected to arrive ... 2-5 Redlegs Review: Wednesday evening Reds news and notes : Wednesday was a bit of a slow day in regards to Reds news. The unofficial holiday known as National Signing Day for aspiring college ... 2-4 Baseball Musings: Cameron for Griffey : Dave Cameron posts about how the Mariners fleeced the Reds when they traded Ken Griffey, Jr. for Mike Cameron (no relation, I ... 2-1 Redlegs Review: A weekend edition of Reds news and notes: Prospect rankings, transactions, and more : Congratulations, guys. We have successfully navigated our way through the dreaded month of January. And that means spring training ... News -- January 2014 1-31 MLBTradeRumors: Rockies To Sign Nick Masset : After agreeing with Manny Corpas on a minor league deal earlier today, the Rockies have also reached a mionr league agreement ... 1-31 Gammons Daily: January 31 is a great day for birthdays: Jackie Robinson, Ernie Banks, and Nolan Ryan : January 31 the birthday for three great Hall of Famers: Jackie Robinson, Ernie Banks, and Nolan Ryan Plus… But also Josh ... 1-31 Phillies Nation: The Phillies Nation Top 100: #38 Elmer Flick : The Phillies Nation Top 100 continues today with #38. Our mission is to assess the Top 100 Phillies players of all timeÂ usingÂ impact ... 1-30 Andy Patton's Thoughts: Mike Cameron and the 300/300 club : Growing up in Portland, the majority of baseball games that I got to watch were played by the Seattle Mariners. I have always ... 1-30 Redlegs Review: Reds to hold Hall of Fame induction weekend in August : Four former Reds will join an exclusive club of franchise greats this August when the team holds its Hall of Fame induction weekend ... 1-29 On-Base Talk: What the Future in Arizona Stores : The Arizona Diamondbacksâ went under construction a few years back after signing new manager, Kirk Gibson. The playoff run began ... 1-27 All-American Baseball Cards: Who are your favorite baseball players? : I get the strangest looks when I start naming my favorite baseball players. Of course, there are the big names, the ones that ... 1-25 On-Base Talk: Seattle Icon Lou Pinella to be inducted into the Mariners HOF : From the moment Lou Piniella announced his retirement it was a question of when, not if. The Seattle Mariners have announced they ... 1-21 Walk-Off Walk: When Will Smoltzie Have His Day? : When this yearâs class of the Hall of Fame was announced, the heavy representation of Atlanta Braves brought back memories of ... 1-18 SocraticGadfly: The MLB Hall of Fame and player "backlog" : I've said before that any "backlog" of players not getting in is more of a problem for "big Hall" fans and voters than "small ... 1-14 On-Base Talk: Interview with Free Agent Reliever Bill Bray : I had the privilegeÂ of interviewing left-handed free agent pitcher Bill Bray. Here is a background check on Brayâs career ... 1-12 Catcher Interference: That ill-timed Dan Duquette quote concerning Clemens : There is a common misconception that Roger Clemens was toast when the Boston Red Sox decided to not re-sign him after the 1996 ... 1-12 OutsidePitchMLB: Explaining the Meaning of The 5-Tool Player : One of my Twitter followers asked me to write about the 5-tool player, and explain what a 5-tool player is and who qualifies as ... 1-12 i70baseball.com: Who might be next St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famer? : The St. Louis Cardinals have had representatives stand at the podium in Cooperstown, N.Y., to be inducted into the Baseball Hall ... 1-8 On-Base Talk: Hall-of-Fame Voters Faltered by Rumors : For the second straight season Major League Baseballâs Hall-of-Fame class has been announced without Mike Piazza and for the ... 1-3 Redlegs Review: Photo: Ken Griffey Jr. continues to own Instagram : A strong argument can be made that no athlete (active or retired) owns Instagram quite like Cincinnati native Ken Griffey Jr. ... 1-2 WasWatching: Greatest Batting Season By A 23-Year Old : Rk Player WAR/pos Year Age Tm G PA R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB BA OBP SLG 1 Willie Mays 10.6 1954 23 NYG 151 641 119 195 33 13 41 110 ... 1-2 Redlegs Review: On this day in Reds history: Free agent Eric Davis returns to Cincinnati : The following is an excerpt taken from Redleg Journal:January 2, 1996 - The Reds sign Eric Davis and Jeff Shaw to free agent ... 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Cheaters will always cheat and theyÂ will always stay ahead of those who ... 12-16 mlbreports.com: Passing The Torch From Greatest MLB Player To Player During The Years 1979 – 2013: From Brett To Cabrera : By Chuck Booth (Lead Baseball Analyst/Website Owner): Follow MLB Reports On Twitter While watching Miguel Cabrera this year, I ... 12-16 WasWatching: Most Career Multiple Homerun Games : Here are the leaders: Rk Player #Matching 1 Babe Ruth 72 Ind. Games 2 Barry Bonds 71 Ind. Games 3 Sammy Sosa 69 Ind. Games 4 Mark ... 12-15 Birds Watcher: Are the O’s better due to subtraction? : We’ve spent a lot of time discussing what the Baltimore Orioles have and have not done thus far this off season here on ... 12-6 Swingin' A's: Have No Fear That Robinson Cano Is Here : As I’m sure you all have heard by now, another AL West rival has added another superstar player to their roster. Â In keeping ... 12-6 Yanks Beat Blog: Cano talks with Mariners break down, signing in Seattle unlikely : Jay Z has got 99 problems and asking for a reasonable contract for Robinson Cano is one.By Thursday night, it was starting to ... 12-6 Elysian Fielders: Which Reds Hit the Giants? : Which Cincinnati Red has had the most success hitting against the Giants? In 141 plate appearances over nine seasons, Ken Griffey, ... 12-4 The Writer's Journey: Welcome to the Reds Hall of Fame, Ken Griffey Jr.! : This should really be a surprise to no one. Ken Griffey Jr., despite the injuries and diminishing performance, was one of the ... 12-3 Redlegs Review: Reds announce 2014 Hall of Fame class : In what has been a busy Tuesday for the Reds, the team has revealed its 2014 Hall of Fame class. The announcement was made on ... 12-2 Cans of Cool: The Ketner List: Barry Bonds 1986-1998 : One way to break down the career of Barry Bonds is to look at the pre and post PED versions of the player. If Game of Shadows ... 12-1 SoDo Mojo: Mariners Begin Search For New President : First there was the search for the new manager. Then there was the search for the coaching staff and the ongoing search for new ... News -- November 2013 11-28 MetsToday.com: Goners: Ike, Murphy andâ€¦Lagares? : Joeâs recent post asking what three moves each of us would make if we were Mets GM got me to thinking. Given the current state ... 11-27 Tyler's Think Tank: 2014 Hall of Fame Ballot Newcomers : Here's a look at the 19 players appearing on the BBWAA Hall of Fame ballot for the first time.The shoo-ins--These are the guys ... 11-26 Venom Strikes: Diamondbacks on the Hall of Fame Ballot : The candidates that will appear om the Hall of Fame ballot were released today. There are two players who spent notable parts ... 11-25 Mets Merized: MMO Exclusive Interview With RHP Erik Goeddel : Last week, the Mets the added left-hander Steven Matz and right-handers Jeff Walters, Jacob deGrom and Erik Goeddel to the 40 ... 11-23 Jays Journal: Blue Jays I Would Be Mad To See Traded : You don’t have to be a fan of the Toronto Blue Jays for very long to realize that when Alex Anthopoulos wants to make a ...	i don't know
The highest scoring tiles, what two letters are worth 10 points each in a game of Scrabble?	10 Words That Will Win You Any Game of Scrabble \| Mental Floss 10 Words That Will Win You Any Game of Scrabble Hasbro Like us on Facebook Whether you consider winning at Scrabble a case of extreme luck or supreme spelling ability, here are 10 words that—if conditions are right—will help you trump any opponent. 1. Oxyphenbutazone Definition: An anti-inflammatory medication used to treat arthritis and bursitis. Conditions: The theoretically highest-possible scoring word under American Scrabble play—as calculated by Dan Stock of Ohio—has never actually been played … and probably never will (unless you’re really, really lucky). That’s because it has to be played across three triple word score squares and build on eight already-played (and perfectly positioned) tiles. Points: 1,778 2. Quizzify Definition: To quiz or question. Conditions: Not only will you need to draw the game’s only Q and Z tiles (there’s only one of each), but a blank tile, too (in place of the second Z). Play this verb as your first word across two triple word squares with the Z on a double letter score square and you’ve got the game’s most valuable eight-letter bingo. Points: 419 3. Oxazepam Definition: An anti-anxiety drug. Conditions: All that stress will melt away if you can build on one existing letter , play across two triple word score squares, place one of the most valuable tiles (i.e. X or Z) on a double letter score square and net a 50-point bingo. Points: 392 4. Quetzals Definition: The national bird of Guatemala as well as one of its monetary units. Conditions: Placement is everything to score this whopper of a word: Building on one letter, use all seven letters on your rack for a 50-point bingo, with Q and S on triple word score square and Z on a double letter score space. Points: 374 5. Quixotry Definition: A romantic or quixotic idea or action. Conditions: In 2007, Michael Cresta used an already-played R and all seven of his tiles across two triple word score squares to earn the most points ever on a single turn, which aided in a second record for the full-time carpenter: the highest-ever individual game score (830 points). Points: 365 6. Gherkins Definition: A small pickle, made from an immature cucumber. Conditions: In 1985, Robert Kahn paid tribute to the pickle at the National Scrabble Championship in Boston—using an E and R already on the board—to set a record for a non-bingo word score. Points: 180 7. Quartzy Definition: Resembling quartz. Conditions: “Quartzy” held the record for highest-ever single turn score until “Quixotry” nearly doubled its total in 2007. Play it across a triple word score square with Z as a double letter score, with a 50-point bingo for using all seven letters on your rack. Points: 164 8. Muzjiks Definition: A Russian peasant. Conditions: On its own (with no bonuses or extra points), “muzjiks” is worth an impressive 29 points. But exhaust all of your tiles on your first turn to spell it, and you’ll earn more than four times that—which is what player Jesse Inman did at the National Scrabble Championship in Orlando in 2008 to earn the record for highest opening score. Points: 126 9. Syzygy Definition: An alignment of three celestial bodies. Conditions: Forget trying to pronounce it (though, for the record, it’s “SIZ-i-jee”). Instead, just remember how to spell it—and that it’s worth 21 points au naturel . You’ll need one blank tile to make up for the lack of Ys (there are only two in the game). For a higher total, land the Z on a double letter score square and the final Y on a triple word score square. Points: 93 10. Za Definition: Slang term for pizza. Conditions: Big words are great and all, but two-letter words can also score big . And be especially annoying to your opponent. Build on two As—one directly below, the other directly to the right of a triple letter square—to spell this two-letter delectable across and down. Points: 62	q and z
Winning 5 Emmys and one Edward R. Murrow award, long time local news anchor Kathi Goertzen, who died this week of brain tumors, worked for what TV station?	Scrabble Rules - How to Play Scrabble - Official SCRABBLE Rules Scrabble Rules Links to Scrabble rules and Scrabble official game instructions. Two to four players play in any game of Scrabble. The object of Scrabble is to score more points than one's opponent. A player collects points by placing words on the game board. Each letter has a different point value, so the strategy becomes to play words with high scoring letter combinations. The Scrabble Board A Scrabble game board is made of up cells in a square grid. The Scrabble board is 15 cells wide by 15 cells high. The Scrabble tiles fit within these cells one to a cell. Scrabble Tiles Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles. 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles. These blank tiles add a wildcard aspect to Scrabble. The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet. Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played. Various letters have different point values, depending on the rarity of the letter and the difficulty in playing it. Blank tiles have no point value. Tile Values Here are the point values for each letter in Scrabble. 0 Points - Blank tile. 1 Point - A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U. 2 Points - D and G. 3 Points - B, C, M and P. 4 Points - F, H, V, W and Y. 5 Points - K. 8 Points - J and X. 10 Points - Q and Z. Extra Point Values Some squares on the Scrabble board represent multipliers. If a tile is placed on this square, then the tile's value is multiplied by a factor or either 2x or 3x. Certain tiles multiply the point value of an entire word and not simply the tile on that space. Double Letter Scores - Light blue cells are found isolated on the board. When a tile is placed on this space, that tile's point value is multiplied by two. Triple Letter Score - This is a dark blue cell on the Scrabble. The tile placed on this square has its points multiplied by three. Double Word Score - Light red cells are found running diagonally towards the four corners of the board. When a player plays a word on one of these squares, the point value of the entire word is multiplied by two. Triple Word Score - This is a dark red square on the Scrabble board. These are found on the four sides of the board equidistant from the four corners of the board. When a word is played using this square, then the points for the word are multiplied by three. One Single Use - Note that extra point squares are only usable once. If one player plays a word using this cells, then the next time that space is used to make a word, the point value is not multiplied. Starting the Game Without looking into the tile bag, each of the Scrabble players takes one tile out of the tile bag. Whichever player has the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first. A blank tile is considered better than an "A". These tiles are placed into the bag once more. Starting the game, each player begins their turn by drawing seven tiles apiece from the bag. The player can do one of three things on a turn. The player can place a word, exchange tiles or pass. Most of the time, the player will take the option of playing a word. Exchanging tiles allows a player to replace anywhere between one and all of the tiles on the player's rack. If this option is taken, the player cannot do anything else that hand. Therefore, a tile exchange cannot be performed on a turn when the player places a word on the board. A player may pass at any time. If all player's pass twice in a row, then the game ends. The First Word Score A player begins the game by placing a word on the star square at the center of the board. This star acts as a double word score. The star cell does not act as a double word score for subsequent players playing off the center square. Play continues in a clockwise direction around the Scrabble board. Replacing Scrabble Tiles When a player places tiles on the Scrabble board, that player draws new tiles from the tile bag, adding until that player's number of tiles equals seven. The player must not look at the tiles when choosing new ones. Tile selection is usually done by holding the bag above the eye line, then reaching into the bag to add tiles one by one. The Fifty Point Bonus When a player is able to place all seven tiles from the tile rack on the board at the same time, that player receives a 50 point bonus. In end game scenarios, when the players hold less than the standard seven tiles, a player does not get the 50 point bonus for using all the tiles on the rack. The End of a Scrabble Game When all of the tiles have been taken from the bag and one player has used all of the tiles on their rack, then the game ends. Tallying Scrabble Scores Once the game has ended, each player counts the points on the tiles left remaining in their rack. Each player has that number deducted from their final score. The player who ended the game and who therefore has no more tiles remaining is given an added bonus. Add the total of all points of all remaining players with tiles left on their racks. This number is added to the final score of the player who is "out" of tiles. The Scrabble player with the highest score after all final scores are tallied wins. Accepted Scrabble Words Players may place any word which can be found in a standard English language dictionary. Official Scrabble dictionaries also can be found in bookstores and online. Types of words which cannot be used are abbreviations, prefixes and suffixes. Words that require a hyphen or an apostrophe cannot be played. Words that are spelled with a capital letter cannot be used. Generally speaking in an English-language game of Scrabble, foreign words cannot be placed on the Scrabble board. If those words appear in a standard English dictionary, then the word is allowable. This is because the word is spoken often enough by native English-speakers that it has become a part of the English language. See also:	i don't know
What cereal mascot’s motto is “They’re grrrreat!”?	20 Most Memorable Cereal Slogans \| MrBreakfast.com 20 Most Memorable Cereal Slogans By Mr Breakfast Plop, plop, fizz, fizz - Oh what a relief it is when advertisers come up with the perfect catchphrase or slogan to sell a product. This is our list of the most memorable lines ever used to sell a breakfast cereal. Before you read the list, ask yourself, "Got Milk?" Because the best slogans not only bring the product to mind, they also make you a little hungry for Incredible, Edible... breakfast cereals. See if your favorite tagline made the cut. #20. "The cereal shot from guns" The grandaddy of cereal slogans is for Quaker Puffed Rice. The cereal is actually made using a process that resembles shooting rice from a gun. In 1904, Quaker introduced the cereal to the mass public by shooting Puffed Rice from cannons at the World's Fair. In 1913, an astute ad man decided to promote the cereal by exploiting how it's made and this famous, yet mostly forgotten, slogan was invented. More about Quaker Puffed Rice #19. "Brings out the tiger in you, in you!" Tony the Tiger may be the most famous breakfast cereal mascot of all time (and possible the most well known for any product). When you hear this slogan, you know exactly who the tiger is and the product he promotes. Most people automatically hear the musical jingle in their head. It's a triple whammy. You might say, It's Grrrr... (keep reading). More about Frosted Flakes #18. "What are you eating? Nutin' honey." This slogan for Kellogg's Nut & Honey Crunch was a study in name reinforcement. When characters in commercials were asked what they were eating, their reply of "Nut & Honey" was misinterpreted as "Nutin' (ie. nothing) honey." By the time the person asking figured out what was going on (if they ever did), the name of the cereal had been spoken several times - so many times that it's now in our heads forever. More about Nut & Honey Crunch #17. "It takes (x) bowls of your cereal to match the nutrition in one bowl of Total." This bold ad campaign would pit Total cereal against best-selling cereals in a battle of nutrition. TV ads would show characters enjoying their favorite cereal only to be told by an off-screen voice that they'd have to eat several bowls (usually quantified by an exact number) of their cereal to equal the vitamin nutrition in a bowl of Total. More about Total #16. "Stays crunchy, even in milk!" When Cap'n Crunch cereal was introduced in 1963, the idea of a crunchy breakfast cereal was fairly new. In fact, the cereal was created as a response to a study that showed children, on average, didn't care for soggy cereals. This catchphrase (along with the obvious implication of the cereal's name) may be the reason we still hold Cap'n Crunch as the standard by which all crunchy cereals are measured. More about Cap'n Crunch #15. "Can't get enough Super Sugar Crisp" This one-line jingle for Super Sugar Crisp was delivered with a cool assured swagger by the cereal's mascot Sugar Bear. The voice of Sugar Bear was inspired by crooner and actor Dean Martin. Super Sugar Crisp was originally called Sugar Crisp. During that time, the slogan went: "Can't get enough of that Sugar Crisp." More about Super Sugar Crisp #14. "Quisp for Quazy energy" Early boxes of Quisp cereal claimed it was "the vitamin powered sugary cereal for QUAZY energy." Despite having quite a quirky and que-ative catchphrase, most people remember this cereal by a visual recognition of it's mascot, a pink alien with a propeller poking out of his head. More about Quisp #13. "It's a honey of an O..." ... It's Honey Nut Cheerios. This was the cereal's most famous tagline throughout the 80's. A later line, "nobody can say no to Honey Nut Cheerios," may have sold some boxes by never resonated in our collective memory. The cereal's current catchphrase, "Bee Happy, Bee Healthy" is a real contender to make this list in the coming years. More about Honey Nut Cheerios #12. "Kid tested. Mother approved." This famous tagline for Kix Cereal first appeared in 1978. The cereal itself was introduced several decades earlier in 1937. According to ads, kids liked the crisp corn crunch, while moms liked nutritional aspects of the cereal. Another memorable line was "Kids love Kix for what Kix has got. Moms love Kix for what Kix has not." More about Kix #11. "Honey-Comb's big! Yeah, yeah, yeah! It's not small... no, no, no!" According to the rest of the jingle, "Honey-Comb's got... a big, big taste... a big, big crunch... for a big, big bite!" The jingle was popular throughout the late-70's and early-80's. In TV ads, it was often sung by kids in the Honey-Comb Hideout, a plank board shack where youngsters met to appreciate the size and taste of the cereal. More about Honey-Comb #10. "Two scoops of raisins..." The idea that Kellogg's Raisin Bran has "two scoops of raisins in every box" was first hammered into our brains in late 1960's. It was a far more effective slogan than earlier efforts like "the sunniest bran under the sun" or "cereal with fruit". Kellogg's Raisin Bran first hit store shelves in 1942. More about Kellogg's Raisin Bran #9. "A is for Apple. J is for Jacks." Cinnamon toasty Apple Jacks. This catchy jingle was popular from the early 80's all the way through the early 90's. The rest of the lyrics changed from commercial to commercial. One ad finished the song like this: "Lot's of crunch in every bite... just right for your appetite. Apple Jacks... Apple Jacks... Apple flavor, that's where it's at... Cinnamon toasty, apple tasty... Kellogg's Apple Jacks!" More about Apple Jacks #8. "Snap! Crackle! Pop!" These are arguably the three most familiar words in the English language (which pertain to selling breakfast cereal). They were first heard in a radio jingle in 1932, four years after the cereal was introduced. They mimicked the sound the cereal made when doused with milk. In 1939, Snap! Crackle! and Pop! also began referring to the cereal's three mascots. That was the year they first appeared together on a package. Snap! had appeared years earlier as a solo act. More about Rice Krispies #7. "Follow my nose. It always knows." This slogan for Froot Loops continues, "The flavor of fruit! Wherever it grows!" The "nose" in question belongs to Toucan Sam, the cereal's mascot since 1963. When the tagline debuted, the voice of Toucan Sam was provided by Mel Blanc who also created voices for Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck and Barney Rubble. More about Froot Loops #6. "I'm coo-coo for Cocoa Puffs!" This slogan for munchy, crunchy, chocolatey Cocoa Puffs was first heard in 1963. It was delivered by Sonny the Cuckoo Bird. In TV ads, the animated bird would go absolutely bonkers when exposed to the cereal, Most often, he would repeat the tagline three times in quick succession. More about Cocoa Puffs #5. "The Breakfast of Champions" This famous tagline for Wheaties debuted in the early 1930's on a billboard at a minor league baseball game. Wheaties is responsible for two major milestones in breakfast cereal advertising. In 1926, it was the first cereal to ever have a jingle. In 1939, it was the first cereal to ever be advertised on television. More about Wheaties #4. "He likes it! Hey Mikey!'" This catch phrase for Life Cereal is from the longest continuously running commercial campaigns in television history. It was 1972 when America first heard, "I'm not gonna try it - you try it. Let's get Mikey... he hates everything." In the end, the finicky young eater liked the cereal. The Mikey character reemerged in the mid-80's as a young adult (played by the same actor, John Gilchrist) in a tribute to the original commercial. More about Life Cereal #3. "They're Magically Delicious!" This tagline was part of a short jingle that went "Frosted Lucky Charms... they're magically delicious!" It was sung by Lucky The Leprechaun, the cereal's mascot since Lucky Charms debuted in 1964. Lucky is responsible for another famous catchphrase, "They're Always After Me Lucky Charms!" More about Lucky Charms #2. "Silly Rabbit, Trix are for kids!" Trix cereal first hit shelves in 1954. Four years later, the Trix Rabbit appeared on the box. In his words, "Rabbits are supposed to like carrots. But I hate carrots. I like Trix." Unfortunately, every time the rabbit would get close to eating Trix, some kid would appear and say the famous line. In 1980, General Mills ran a promotion asking kids to vote whether or not the Rabbit should get to eat Trix. The nation's kids voted in favor of the rabbit. He got to eat one bowl. More about Trix #1. "They're Gr-r-reat!" Tony The Tiger has been the mascot for Frosted Flakes Cereal since 1952 when it was called Sugar Frosted Flakes. The cereal has had a few memorable taglines over the years, including "They bring out the tiger in you" and "The taste adults have grown to love." But the most popular line, by far, was Tony's deep-throated "They're not good. They're Gr-r-reat!"	Tony the Tiger
What 80’s New Wave band thought “We Had the Beat” before then went on “Vacation”, although “Our Lips are Sealed”, so you may not know about being “Head Over Heals”?	1000+ images about Tony the Tiger on Pinterest \| Advertising, Toys and Tigers Learn more at etsy.com Vintage Tony The Tiger Transistor Radio Kellogg Cereal Advertising Eighties Promotion	i don't know
The town of Bethel, NY was treated to the start of “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music”, when what started on August 15, 1969?	History of the Woodstock Music Festival of 1969 Updated August 29, 2016. What Was Woodstock? The Woodstock Festival was a three-day concert (which rolled into a fourth day) that involved lots of sex, drugs, and rock 'n roll - plus a lot of mud. The Woodstock Music Festival of 1969 has become an icon of the 1960s hippie counterculture. Dates: August 15-18, 1969 Location: Max Yasgur's dairy farm in the town of Bethel (outside of White Lake, New York) Also Known As: Woodstock Music Festival; An Aquarian Exposition: Three Days of Peace and Music The Organizers of Woodstock The organizers of the Woodstock Festival were four young men: John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld, and Mike Lang. The oldest of the four was only 27 years old at the time of the Woodstock Festival. Roberts, an heir to a pharmaceutical fortune, and his friend Rosenman were looking for a way to use Roberts' money to invest in an idea that would make them even more money. After placing an ad in The New York Times that stated: "Young men with unlimited capital looking for interesting, legitimate investment opportunities and business propositions," they met Kornfeld and Lang. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance The Plan for the Woodstock Festival Kornfeld and Lang's original proposal was to build a recording studio and a retreat for rock musicians up in Woodstock, New York (where Bob Dylan and other musicians already lived). The idea morphed into creating a two-day rock concert for 50,000 people with the hope that the concert would raise enough money to pay for the studio. The four young men then got to work on organizing a large music festival. They found a location for the event up in an industrial park in nearby Wallkill, New York. They printed tickets ($7 for one day, $13 for two days, and $18 for three days), which could be purchased in select stores or via mail order. The men also worked on organizing food, signing musicians, and hiring security. Things Go Very Wrong The first of many things to go wrong with the Woodstock Festival was the location. No matter how the young men and their lawyers spun it, the citizens of Wallkill did not want a bunch of drugged-out hippies descending on their town. After much wrangling, the town of Wallkill passed a law on July 2, 1969 that effectively banned the concert from their vicinity. Everyone involved with the Woodstock Festival panicked. Stores refused to sell any more tickets and the negotiations with the musicians got shaky. Only a month-and-a half before the Woodstock Festival was to begin, a new location had to be found. Luckily, in mid-July, before too many people began demanding refunds for their pre-purchased tickets, Max Yasgur offered up his 600-acre dairy farm in Bethel, New York for the location for the Woodstock Festival. As lucky as they were to have found a new location, the last minute change of venue seriously set back the Festival timeline. New contracts to rent the dairy farm and surrounding areas had to be drawn up and permits to allow the Woodstock Festival in the town had to be acquired. Construction of the stage, a performers' pavilion, parking lots, concession stands, and a children's playground all got a late start and barely got finished in time for the event. Some things, like ticket booths and gates, did not get finished in time. As the date got closer, more problems sprung up. It soon appeared that their 50,000 people estimate was way too low and the new estimate jumped to upwards of 200,000 people. The young men then tried to bring in more toilets, more water, and more food. However, the food concessionaires kept threatening to cancel at the last minute (the organizers had accidentally hired people who had no experience in concessions) so they had to worry about whether or not they could airlift in rice as a backup food supply. Also troublesome was the last-minute ban on off-duty police officers from working at the Woodstock Festival. Hundreds of Thousands Arrive at the Woodstock Festival On Wednesday, August 13 (two days before the Festival was to begin), there were already approximately 50,000 people camping near the stage. These early arrivals had walked right through the huge gaps in the fence where the gates had not yet been placed. Since there was no way to get the 50,000 people to leave the area in order to pay for tickets and there was no time to erect the numerous gates to prevent even more people from just walking in, the organizers were forced to make the event a free concert. This declaration of a free concert had two dire effects. The first of which was that the organizers were going to lose massive amounts of money by putting on this event. The second effect was that as news spread that it was now a free concert, an estimated one million people headed to Bethel, New York. Police had to turn away thousands of cars. It is estimated that about 500,000 people actually made it to the Woodstock Festival. No one had planned for half a million people. The highways in the area literally became parking lots as people abandoned their cars in the middle of the street and just walked the final distance to the Woodstock Festival. Traffic was so bad that the organizers had to hire helicopters to shuttle the performers from their hotels to the stage. The Music Starts Despite all the organizers' troubles, the Woodstock Festival got started nearly on time. On Friday evening, August 15, Richie Havens got up on stage and officially started the Festival. Sweetwater, Joan Baez , and other folk artists also played Friday night. The music started up again shortly after noon on Saturday with Quill and continued non-stop until Sunday morning around 9 am. The day of psychedelic bands continued with such musicians as Santana , Janis Joplin , Grateful Dead , and The Who, to name just a few. It was obvious to everyone that on Sunday, the Woodstock Festival was winding down. Most of the crowd left throughout the day, leaving about 150,000 people on Sunday night. When Jimi Hendrix , the last musician to play at Woodstock, finished his set early on Monday morning, the crowd was down to only 25,000. Despite the 30-minute lines for water and at least hour-long wait to use a toilet, the Woodstock Festival was a huge success. There were a lot of drugs, a lot of sex and nudity, and a lot of mud (created by the rain). After the Woodstock Festival The organizers of Woodstock were dazed at the end of the Woodstock Festival. They didn't have time to focus on the fact that they had created the most popular music event in history, for they first had to deal with their incredible debt (over $1 million) and the 70 lawsuits that had been filed against them. To their great relief, the film of the Woodstock Festival turned into a hit movie and the profits from the movie covered a large chunk of the debt from the Festival. By the time that everything was paid off, they were still $100,000 in debt.	Woodstock
What is the main food ingredient of a frittata?	By the time we got to Woodstock, we were half a million strong: August 15, 1969 – Night Flight Home > Music > By the time we got to Woodstock, we were half a million strong: August 15, 1969 By the time we got to Woodstock, we were half a million strong: August 15, 1969 By Bryan Thomas on August 15, 2015 Beginning on August 15, 1969, The Woodstock Music & Art Fair — usually just called Woodstock — was held on Max Yasgur’s 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, 43 miles away from the original site. The cost of renting the land: $75,000. It almost didn’t happen at all. The whole idea began because two wealthy entrepreneurs signed legally binding contracts with two musicians with the goal of becoming even wealthier. Artie Kornfeld, a vice president of Capitol Records, and and Michael Lang, an aspiring musician, both represented the music-loving counterculture, while John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, two men from wealthy families who were searching for something to do with their lives, were in it for the money. John Roberts and Joel Rosenman They had taken out an ad in the Wall Street Journal — “Young Men with Unlimited capital looking for interesting and legitimate business ideas” — which Lang answered, and together they formed a “corporation” called Woodstock Ventures. They wrote up a shareholders agreement, agreeing to take the proceeds of the festival and build a recording studio. Artie Kornfeld and Michael Lang The four had hoped that they could sell as many as 25,000 tickets at $6 each (later $7), and knew if the sales even came near 100,000 they would make incredible profits, but they miscalculated — they didn’t factor in the environmental, travel, and legal problems for a sizable portion of New York State. Originally Lang had planned for a site near Woodstock, New York, but that fell through because no landowners wanted to lease their property to Woodstock Ventures, and were kicked out of a local meeting in the tow. They later met a farmer named Howard Mills from Wallkill, New York, who was wiling to lease his land to them for $10,000, and he future plans to have an industrial park built on the property after the concert. Locals realized there would be a lot of drug use in the area, which forced Woodstock Ventures to circulate a memo spelling out the corporation’s strict plans for disciplining anyone arrested for drugs while working on their behalf. The zoning board of Wallkill and the town’s building inspector then refused to issue permits (for building a stage), and now the corporation realized they needed legal assistance in order to work out these issues and deal with the townspeople, who were becoming more and more concerned. They hired the son of a Supreme Court justice, Sam Eager, to deal with local government problems as they arose. At a town meeting, local citizens of Wallkill brought up their concerns about safety, moral issues and the overall impact a huge concert event would have on their community, and although the corporation answered their questions, and presented plans, drawings, and contracts, but the meeting got heated, names were called, and the Woodstock Ventures reps realized just how bad it was when they started to hear threats of violence against the Mills and calls from some of the more irate locals to get pitchforks and shotguns and run the hippies out of town. On July 15, 1969 the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. They began looking to find a new location, taking out ads and taking helicopter trips all over upstate New York. Following the ban, Elliot Tiber, who owned the 80-room El Monaco Motel on White Lake in Bethel, New York offered to host the event on his 15 acres. He already had a permit for a White Lake Music and Arts Festival from the Town of Bethel, which was to be a chamber music concert. When it was clear the site was too small, Tiber introduced the promoters to a dairy farmer from Sullivan County, in the Catskills, near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, who was willing to make a deal with them. His name was Max Yasgur. Tiber initially presented the idea to the corporation, who in turn would present it to the Bethel officials, that Yasgur’s land would rent for $50 for a festival attracting 5,000. On July 20, 1969, Yasgur, meeting with the organizers at a White Lake restaurant, agreed to rent 600 acres for $75,000. Yasgur’s land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land’s north side. The stage would be set at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond— which would become a popular skinny dipping destination — forming a backdrop. News of the event was leaked to local radio station WVOS (AM) even before Yasgur and the organizers left the restaurant, reportedly by restaurant employees. The organizers paid another $25,000 to nearby residents to rent their land. The organizers once again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. By the way, during this time, they all stayed at Tiber’s El Monaco Motel, along with members of the band Canned Heat and Arlo Guthrie. Yasgur — his health wasn’t good, and he needed the income to deal with his astronomical medical bills — also faced enormous local opposition when locals learned that Woodstock would be held at his farm, including boycotts (residents protested at the site of his dairy farm with signs proclaiming, “Buy No Milk. Stop Max’s Hippy Music Festival”) and even threats of having his farm burned down despite being generally well-liked by most of the townspeople who knew him, but the threat made everyone, including Yasgur, even more determined to let the concert, which was by now being billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music,” a nod to the beginning of the astrological Age of Aquarius that was believed to coincide with the approaching new millennium. Woodstock Ventures commissioned David Edward Byrd, then the house artist at Bill Graham’s Fillmore East, to design the poster for the Woodstock Festival. Yasgur told the Bethel, NY. City Council: “I hear you are considering changing the zoning law to prevent the festival. I hear you don’t like the look of the kids who are working at the site. I hear you don’t like their lifestyle. I hear you don’t like they are against the war and that they say so very loudly… I don’t particularly like the looks of some of those kids either. I don’t particularly like their lifestyle, especially the drugs and free love. And I don’t like what some of them are saying about our government. However, if I know my American history, tens of thousands of Americans in uniform gave their lives in war after war just so those kids would have the freedom to do exactly what they are doing. That’s what this Country is all about and I am not going to let you throw them out of our Town just because you don’t like their dress or their hair or the way they live or what they believe. This is America and they are going to have their festival.” With Yasgur’s assistance, the corporation obtained the appropriate permits from the Town officials, even as locals continued to voice their concerns. They didn’t believe their small town could handle the huge crowds. As one citizen clearly argued, “From the standpoint of health, transportation on the narrow dirt or stone-bedded town road, especially Happy Avenue which abuts my 88 acres will be taxed beyond its physical capacity.” Despite their opposition to concert, Bethel residents did not threaten attendees or Max Yasgur, who as we’ve said was well-liked. Although the validity of the permits were challenged heavily by the local citizens right after construction began. Three hundred and twenty two Bethel residents signed a petition organized to oppose the concert, and demanding the town board to issue a stop order for the Woodstock Festival’s permit. There was a heated town board meeting on August 1st, where the head of the zoning board tried to explain the situation to the angry town citizens that the arrangements had been made at a private meeting, therefore it was not the zoning board’s problem. On August 7, Woodstock Ventures threw a mini concert for the Bethel site workers that featured a roster of local rock bands, along with a performance from an acting troupe called Earthlight Theater. The eighteen-member group staged a musical comedy titled Sex. Y’all Come, during which they stripped naked. It was exactly the kind of thing the locals were worried about. About 800 town residents signed a petition to prevent the Woodstock festival, and even discussed forming a human barricade across the Route 17B “Quickway” that led into town, but people had already started flooding as early as the Tuesday before the festival officially began. The residents then took their case to higher level: on August 9th the Bethel petitioners sent a letter to the Sullivan County Supreme Court, claiming that the town board had given authorization to the building inspector to issue a temporary permit, without the consent of the Town zoning board of appeals. They tried to get local law enforcement to enforce a 1967 law that spelled out what meant to “promote the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of [Bethel],” and the Supreme Court of Sullivan County, three days before the start of the concert weekend, debated for several hours before making their decision in favor of Woodstock Ventures. The news spread across the country like a late-summer wildfire that Woodstock was scheduled for Friday, August 15, through Sunday, August 17. Word was by now spreading out across the country that this wasn’t just going to be a concert, this would going to be a cultural event: “Head north on the New York State Thruway, get off on Exit 16, take the Quickway west , and look for the signs to the show.” Literally thousands of mostly teens and twenty-somethings across the country began making plans to meet up; no self-respecting member of the counter-culture wanted to miss this one, it was going to be epic. The corporation — with an on-scene staff of 346 — still had a lot of work to do, scrambling to figure out where people were going to park their cars. They also continued working with NY State police to figure out what they were going to do about crowd control (helping to get a 1967 regulations against “moonlighting” for police overturned so they could have enough cops on-hand), dealing with the local Hog Farm Commune, who agreed to assist with security. The commune had originally planned to have their own “please force” (a pun on police force), and run a free food stand, as well as have an on-sight treatment center for concertgoers who had bad acid trips. The Hog Farm were devout followers of the free love movement, and their peaceful and brotherly manner helped to set the tone for what happened, right from the beginning. By now, just days before the concert, young people started to arrive from all over the country, in cars and pickup trucks and station wagons and buses and motorcycles and moon buggies and hearses. Townspeople stood on the curbs in the surrounding villages and watched as a veritable army of semi-naked hippies and bearded freaks rolled into their town in the rolling hills of the Hudson River Valley. It is estimated that about 500,000 people actually made it to the Woodstock Festival, but Police had to turn away thousands of cars, so who knows how many made the attempt but didn’t actually get to attend. It could have been closer to a million people. By Friday, traffic had literally backed up for as many as fifteen miles, creating the worst jam in the history of upstate New York. Hundreds upon hundreds of cars were temporarily abandoned, and many thousands of fans with tickets were unable to make it to the festival. Despite Arlo Guthrie’s stage announcement that “the New York State Throughway is closed, man,” the Throughway remained open during the Woodstock festival. State police, however, did close the Newburgh and Harriman exits for a time in an attempt to keep even more people from streaming to the festival. “Automotive casualties looked like the skeletons of horses that died on the Oregon Trail,” wrote Rolling Stone’s Greil Marcus. “Fat, bulbous vacationers (for this was Jewishland, the Catskills, laden with chopped liver and bad comedians) stared at the cars and the freaks and the nice kids, their stomachs sticking out into the road. It was a combination of Weekend and Goodbye, Columbus. Here we were, trying to get to the land of Hendrix and the Grateful Dead, all the while under the beady eyes of Mantovani fans.” The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. Although it was supposed to be a profit-making venture for Woodstock Ventures, it famously became a “free concert” only after it became obvious that the event was drawing hundreds of thousands more people than the organizers had prepared for. Around 186,000 tickets were sold beforehand and organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. The fence was purposely cut in order to create a totally free event, prompting many more to show up. During the three days of the Woodstock festival, there were no reported incidents of violence among the half-million people in the audience. We’ll leave you with two quotes that sum up what the experience was like for those who actually attended. First, photographer Henry Diltz, who took many of these photos: “The famous thing about Woodstock is that there were so many of us. We were peace-and-love hippies, we were against the war, we were for peace and love and getting along in the world and brotherhood, we all smoked pot…and out of all 400,000 of us, there wasn’t a bad vibe there. It was kind of like, “Hey, we did it!” We showed the world that we really are a viable generation, and that our ideas are correct…” Finally, this scene from the directors cut of the Woodstock film. An interviewer from ABC puts a microphone in front of a man wearing a police officer’s uniform: Interviewer: What do you think about the kids? Police Officer: From what I’ve heard from the outside sources for many years I was very, very much surprised and I’m very happy to say we think the people of this country should be proud of these kids, not withstanding the way they dress or the way they wear their hair, that’s their own personal business; but their, their inner workings, their inner selves, their, their self-demeanor cannot be questioned; they can’t be questioned as good American citizens. Interviewer: That’s kind of surprising coming from a cop. Police Officer: [smiling] I’m not a cop, I’m the Chief of Police.	i don't know
With a history stretching back thousands of years, the age old art of trimming bushes and shrubs into ornamental shapes is called what?	CSSHS Archives -- v15n3p04.htm Gardening and Man's Creation in God's Own Image Ellen Myers Throughout history men have set aside gardens, that is, specially cultivated plots of land for vegetables trees blooming shrubs and flowers. No other creature on earth has this strong desire and ability for gardening, especiafly formal horticulture involving the aesthetically pleasing integration of buildings with the grounds where they stand. This paper will concentrate on formal horticulture in the West. Today there are countless hooks and magazines on gardening design, gardening techniques, gardening history, famous gardens, gardening catalogs, supply houses, nurseries and the like. According to a Gallup Poll, "On any given weekend up to 78 percent of American households (were) out working the earth" in the late 1980s (Francis and Hester, p.8). Many people without access to a plot of ground at least care for potted houseplants or window boxes as their miniature gardens. Millions visit the many beautiful public gardens and parks so characteristic of human civilization. Gardens are so extensively used as symbols in literature and poetry that many books and articles regularly appear on this special area of human creativity. Historians, philosophers, landscape architects, and most recently medical researchers, psychologists and sociologists study and write about gardening. All these facts testify to the obvious truth that man is preeminently and inveterately a gardenen Sir Francis Bacon paid homage to this truth when he wrote in 1620: "God Almighty first planted a Garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handyworks." (Quarto Marketing, p. 13) This paper will give a brief outline of the origin and meaning of gardening, of the history of gardening in the West till the zenith of formal gardening in the baroque period, of the gardening revolution in Europe in the late 1700s and its aftermath, ofhow gardens reflect their makers, and flnMly of gardening and the contemporary New Age movement. The Origin and Meaning of Gardening Where does this amazing feature of man's character come from? Man's love of formal landscape architecture and especially his diligent use of his leisure time to breed, plant and care for ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers which today bloom and tomorrow fade away cannot be explained by evolutionist theories based on chance and utility. Consider the following evolutionist speculation on the origin of gardening by well-known contemporary landscape architect Garrett Eckbo, Professor Emeritus of Landscape Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley: In the beginning the land was hot and fluid.... Much time passed. Somewhere in the ocean there was a spark. Vegetable and animal kingdoms began to dominate the mineral.... One day an animal stood up on his hind legs to reach a higher fruit. ... The production and control of fire was discovered, and shortly after, landscape design began. (Francis and Hester, p.96) This statement reads like bad science fiction or a bad joke, but it is meant seriously and agrees with the overall evolutionist scenario. In no way does it do justice to man's love of ornamental gardening which is strong evidence that be lives by more than bread (Eckbo's "higher fruit") alone. The origin and hence the explanation of mankind's universal and unique predisposition to gardening must be sought elsewhere. The Bible account of Eden, which evolutionists like Eckbo seek to discredit and supplant by their scientifically totally unsubstantiated flights of fancy, offers the only alternative. According to the biblical creation record God Himself was the original Gardener Who made the Garden of Eden. This God, Creator and Gardener, created man in His own image and likeness, and therefore man is an invererate gardener as well. Creationist leader Henry Morris writes that "the world's first garden ... must have been a beautiful garden, for God had planted it Himself. Every tree was 'pleasant to the sight'; there was a lovely river 'to water the garden' (Genesis 2:9, 10), and God was there." (Morris, Days of praise, Oct. 7, 1991) when Lot chose the plain of the Jordan River to dwell in, he saw that it was "well watered everywhere ... like the garden of the LORD" (Genesis 13:10). Strikingly enough, Jesus Christ prayed in another garden, Gethsemane, before going to His death, and "in the place where He was crucified there was a garden: and in the garden a new tomb, in which no one had ever been laid. ... they laid Jesus there" (John 19:41, 42 NIV). Morris concludes: God had walked alone in the first garden, seeking His own. He knelt alone in the second garden, praying for His own. He was buried alone in the third garden, dying for His own. Therefore, in the new "Paradise of God," where the pure river flows and the tree of life grows, eternally, "His servants shall serve Him" and reign with Him "for ever and ever" (Revelation 2:7; 22:1, 2, 3, 5). Yes, Eden points to Paradise! It also points to the "enclosed garden" to which the Bridegroom (Christ) compares His beloved Bride (the Church) in the Song of Solomon. In Henry Loray's moving novel on the life of St. Augustine, Monica, Augustine's saintly Christian mother, tells her son never to forget that heaven is to be a garden, or rather a fountain of gardens, a well of living waters ... or better still, an orchard ... with all the chief spices [Song of Solomon 4:12-15].... Better than an orchard, a park ... watered by the water of life... and His servants shall serve Him and they shall see His face [Revelation 22:1-6]. (Loray, pp.227-228) Not only Christians and the Bible compare the eternal abode of the righteous to a perfect garden. As John Brookes notes, "It is significant that in most ancient civilizations and religions, the life hereafter and the place of eternal happiness are depicted as gardens." (Quarto Marketing, p.14) Even as Eden and the natural creation reflect God, so man's gardens reflect man. Eden and the natural creation which man must take care of under God (Genesis 2:15) give meaning to time. Russell Page has found a special meaning for gardening in our hurried age: "It is a gardener's pleasure ... to break this crazy rhythm, to change and break the rush of time, and make the garden a quiet island in which a moment has a new meaning." (Quoted in Massiugham, p.17) This idea is not new: the "medieval garden [alreadyj was essentially a sanctuary, a place enclosed." (Clifford, p.20) That we feel the need to make our gardens "quiet islands" or "sanctuaries" apart from the world points to man's fall, when man was barred from Eden by cherubim with flaming sword (Genesis 3:24). Even as God must deal with men no longer perfect in His own image and likeness but corrupted and rebellious by sin, so man must deal in the sweat of his brow with fields and gardens infested by thorns and thistles (Genesis 3:17-19). Work itself is not a curse but was involved in gardening already before the fall as part and parc& of God's creation mandate to man. To sum up, man's gardening originates in his cre- ation in God's own image and likeness. Hence gardens remind us of Eden, our primordial home, of our ~ and our need for salvation, and embody our longing for restoration to eternal joy in paradise in the presence of our Creator. The Garden from Antiquity through the Baroque Period The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of antiquity. They were built around 600 B.C. by King Nebuchadnezzar, perhaps for his wife who longed for the mountainous land of ber birth. "Although no remains have been found, the Garden's design was probably the combination of an agricultural method (growing plants on terraced bfllsides) and an architectural monument (the temple tower or ziggurat)." (Quarto Marketing, p.14) Similar garden mounds have been recorded from ancient China, Babylonia, the Hittites, Medes and Persians, and also fifteenth century America. In Assyria there were enclosed parks for the amusement of the rulers, and there is some evidence of garden design in Sumer and Assyria. It is possible that Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt (1490-1469 B.C.), and Assyrian Kings Tiglath-Pileser (ca. 1100 B.C.) and Sennachenb (705-681 B.C.) already started botanic collections (Clifford, p.46). Surviving wall paintings show that gardens were made in Egypt. The most detafled view comes from a wall painting in Thebes which shows the garden of a high official under Amenhotep III (1411-1372 B.C.). It was a walled garden adjacent to a canal. Its layout was symmetrical and orderly with vineyards, orchards, water tanks, and garden pavilions. The residence was an intregral part of the whole garden. Important garden traditions can already be noted, such as an axis for structure and order, the use of plants for specific functions such as food, shade, and decoration, and the integration of the garden with its natural environment (ef. Quarto Marketing, p.16) Traditions of garden design in ancient Greece are little known because few records exist, because the Greek landscape was possibly not well suited for gardening, and because of Greece's pantheistic religion which forbade intefference with local deities of mountains, streams and groves of trees. By the first century A.D. gardening in Rome was well developed as we know from garden descriptions in letters of Pliny the Younger (A.D. 62-118) to his friends. Topiary, the art of trimming bushes in various shapes such as animals, naval battles, or even the names of the estate's owner or the topiarist himself, had entered ornamental gardening with Canius Martius, a friend of the Emperor Augustus. Pliny had some topiary in his garden in Thscany, where there was "the careful juxtaposition of the wild garden and the formal" (Clifford, p.18). We hear little about ornamental gardens from the fall of Rome until the high middle ages, when medieval gardens had pergolas ("green tunnels") with open squares between. They always had water (a fountain or well) and "principal ornamental features" (Clifford, p.87). The use of water not only to nourish the plants but also to beautify the garden design as a whole through artful techniques of water jets and decorative fountains came to Europe from the Arabs by way of Spain. Renaissance gardens reached out beyond the medieval garden enclosure to nature at large. The zenith of formal gardening came with the baroque period of the sixteenth century, which brought us the magnificent classic gardens and parks designed by Louis XV's court gardener Andre Le Notre and his school. Le Notre's influence reached as far as Russia where his famous pupil Alexandre Le Blond designed the court gardens of Peterhof and other famous St. Petersburg gardens for Tsar Peter the Great. Had he not died of smallpox at age 89 after only thirty months in Russia, French baroque would have had a yet greater impact upon Russia. (Massie, pp. 627-682) The Gardening Revolution of the Late 1700s and Its Aftermath A gardening revolution of tremendous proportions against baroque's classic constraints took place in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Whereas always before the garden had been carefully cultivated and landscaped as an extension of the residence and was by definition clearly and intentionally distinguished from uncultivated nature, garden designers now wanted to bring an idealized nature or wilderness right up to men's very dwellings. In England this revolution was introduced by William Kent, who "brought back from Italy isolated pictures of deteriorated Renaissance gardens. `But here was no longer the ordered reflection of a disciplined universe."' (Clifford, p. 186) Gardens were now to be merged with the rest of nature with as little visible cultivation and enclosures as possible. Presumably with approval Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the philosopher who blamed civilization for all mankind's ills, described in Julie, or La Nouvelle Heloise (1760) "a garden in which there is to be discerned no trace of man's hand." (Clifford, p. 151) Such a "garden" would really be not a true garden at all. This gardening revolution foreshadowed the rejection of traditional and especially Christian social mores which erupted with the French Revolution in 1789. (cf. Berthoud, Revolution et Christionisme) The next notable garden designer in England after Kent was Lancelot "Capability" Brown, whose ideal was the English park garden. He used an "abstractionist approach" of very simple patterns aad the sparse means of "Contours of green turf, mirrors of still water, a few species of tree used singly or in clumps or in loosely contrived belts-and that was all." (Clifford, p. 159) People soon grew tired of these overly simple nad monotonous gardens, and Humphrey Repton replaced "Capability" Brown as England's favorite landscape designer. He ushered in the eclectic gardening of the Victorian era, which could still be very "romantic" and was carried on by more people than ever before. More and more foreign plants were introduced and more and more flowers were planted to create oases of beauty for which people, reflecting man's original creation in God's own image and likeness, longed in a rapidly industrializing and urbanized society Eminent historian Paul Johnson gives us other fascinating details: People, if they could afford it, made their gardens look wild" and `ancient" by putting in bits of Gothic apparatus. ... In the years after 1815, "rustic" garden furniture made its appearance, along with rock gardens and painted wooden or plaster gnomes (imported from ultra-romantic Germany)... The cult of gardens, which was spreading rapidly down the social scale in the years after 1815, was one way of protesting against the modern world, holding it at bay as the 1820s progressed, a new phenomenon appeared - the London and especially the suburban garden. Indeed it found a crusading advocate, John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843)... [London] wrote, illustrated and published books [on gardening] which often sold tens of thousands of copies [Loudon] was the first writer to insist that it was not merely proper but positively moral for ladies and gentlemen to dig and plant their own gardens ... [He] gave people hope that beauty and nature could still hold their own in an industrialized society....in his own way, [he] was one of the most influential minds of the century (Johnson, pp.282-283) The eclecticism which marked Victorian gardening has continued to prevail to our own time. Rarely do home gardeners consciously follow a historical pattern in the layout of their gardens. Besides, gardening depends upon the financial means and especially the leisure time available to the gardener. There are, of course, still numerous wealthy estates where landscape architects can design gardens according to ideaf preconceived plans. Finally, there are the community parks and botanical gardens where formal horticulture flourishes. Gardens as Reflecting Their Makers While gardening is a facet of God's image and likeness bestowed upon man at creation, it does not necessarily match the gardener's overall character or express a godly imagination. Andre Le Notre was "honest, honourable and plain-spoken; everybody loved and respected him, for he never stepped out of his place nor forgot it and was always perfectly disinterested ... There was an artlessness about him, a simple-hearted candour that was perfectly delightful." (Saint-Simon, quoted in Clifford, p.80) On the other hand, Paul de Parrie and Mary Pride point out that "the apparent contradiction between the fantastic gardens of [Aztec King] Montezuma which rivaled the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and his utterly debased witchcraft and blood-rites takes your breath away." (Deparrie and Pride, p.111) Rudolf Hoess, commandant of the infamous Nazi concentration camp of Auschwitz, had prisoners work in his garden which "was a paradise of flowers." (Hoess, p.173) The medical exterminators of handicapped children at the psychiatric hospital of Eglfing-Haar near Munich in the Nazi euthanasia program saw to it that at the window of the extermination room there was "a geranium plant which was always carefully watered." (Wertham, p.59) In his superb novel That Hideous Strength C. S. Lewis hints at the character of the Christian remnant gathered at St. Anne's on the hill and the demonic organization named N.I.C.E. ("National Institute for Coordinated Experiments") at Belbury by way of their gardens. The garden at St. Anne's is well tended and inviting to man and beast, large, homey and comfortable. The grounds around Belbury were not the sort of grounds that anyone could walk in for pleasure ... [they were] enclosed ... with a low brick wall surmounted by an iron railing ... There were ... winding paths covered so thickly with round white pebbles that you could hardly walk on them. ... There were plantations-slabs would be almost a better word-of that kind oflaurel which looks as ifit were made ofcleverly painted and varnished ........ The whole effect was like that of a municipal cemetery. (Lewis, 1965,p. 101) Lewis also gives a chilling picture of the anti-life and anti-human nature of the N.I.C.E. in Professor Filostrato, one of its leaders, a scientist who has kept the head of a guillotined criminal functioning for the use of the N.I.C.E.'s real rulers, the "macrobes" (demons). Filostrato has some fine natural trees in the grounds of Belbury cut down and wants to replace them by artificial trees, "Light, made of aluminium. So natur~, it would even deceive." Such trees could be moved about at will and would cause "No leaves to fall, no twigs, no birds building nests, no muck and mess." (Lewis, 1965, p.172) Here, as Lewis also made clear in his excellent non-fiction treatise The Abolition of Man, is the essence of that inhuman hatred for natural life which indwells extreme atheistic rationalists and materialists. The opposite extreme is idolatrous worship of nature above God and man, and ultimately just as deadly to man, as in the neopagan pantheistic world view whose rapid rise we are observing among us today Gardens and the New Age Movement For the last ten to fifteen years there has been a noticeable trend towards the garden as an extension of wild, uncultivated nature. This trend, a veritable "paradigm shift" according to its promoters, is the expression in gardening of the "New Age" philosophy of our generation, and it is sometimes deliberately presented in antibiblical terms. For example, Jeff Cox puts it as follows in one of the most recent and most important analyses of gardening: In our traditional myth, the Garden of Eden was a paradise with no good or bad to it. Only when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil did they become imperfect, and therefore exiled from paradise. It's not that there was no darkness in paradise - the snake was there after all - but rather that before the fall, good and evil were not recognized by Adam and Eve. They had not tasted the fruit. They lived without prejudice and acted without second thoughts... When the wholeness of the world became split into categories, humankind saw the world and its creatures as good (my caribou) and bad (those wolves). ... Modern civilization began. Gardens attempted to recreate paradise A natural garden, on the other hand, dissolves the split and validates reality. It includes the wide, wild world as it is, warts and all. (Francis and Hester, p.25) Of course this "paradigm shift" is not new, as nothing is really new in the New Age movement; the gardening revolution of the late 1700s already called for uncultivated wilderness "gardens." The New Age movement is but the old paganism, or the barbarism ever crouching at the borders of civflization ready to invade and destroy. As Gilbert Keith Chesterton put it, "Civilisation in the best sense merely means the full authority of the human spirit over all externals [as God commanded man at creation, Genesis 1:26, 28]. Barbarism means the worship of those externals in their crude and unconquered state [and is therefore rebellion against God's creation mandate to man]. Barbarism means the worship of Nature; and in recent poetry, science, and philosophy there has been too much of the worship of Nature." (Marlin, Rabatin, and Swan, p.67) We might ask proponents of their untended "natural garden" whether they do not simply wish to sbirk the hard work of garden cultivation; after all, an easy way to produce their "natural garden" is simply to neglect a cultivated one. We must ask today's New Age worshipers of nature whether their "natural garden" is really a garden, that is, by definition cultivated and separate from "the wide, wild world," and expose their semantic deceit. We must also point out that their "natural garden" would include poison ivy, wasps' nests and other organisms harmful or even deadly to man. We must understand that to replace the worship of the God and Creator of the Bible by the worship of nature is and must be hostile not only to God but also to man, the unique creature made in God's own image and likeness. The "romantic" gardening revolution in the late iloos, like today's neopagan New Age movement, opposed garden cultivation due to its idolatrous worship of untamed nature. The early Romantics may not have been aware of the anti-biblical and ultimately anti-human implications of their view. However, spokespersons of today's New Age movement certainly know what they are doing. To substantiate this claim, let us turn once more to evolutionist professor of landscape architecture Garrett Eckbo, who describes his picture of the New Age ecologist future one-world utopia in his article "Today into Tomorrow: An Optimistic View": In each growth area of the world, following the experience of China [that is, first the mass murder of many millions of people and then forced abortion and sterilization to limit population growth!], humane [!] measures [would be] designed ... to bring the population down to a level that the basic ecosystems of its land could support The plans ... [would be] aimed at ultimate coordination in a steady-state world in which the population would be tailored to fit the environment, rather than vice versa. (Francis and Hester, p.230) This statement also shows that prominent New Age thinkers want to rule the whole world, and that they, like their atheist-materialist counterparts and allies, by no means eschew the use of force to implement their goal, "tailoring" the population to fit the environment. This their goal is open, ultimate rebellion against God's biblical creation mandate to man, and is indeed, in C. S. Lewis's words, the visible "abolition of man" as that unique being created to live by obeying God's moral law. Summary and Conclusion Ornamental gardening is a unique mark of man. It cannot be accounted for by evolutionist fiction but only by the biblical creation record. Gardens witness to man 5 creation in God the Creator's and First Gardener's own image and likeness, and they point back to Eden, our primordial perfect home, to our fall and need for salvation, and to our hope for eternal life in paradise restored. From antiquity until the latter part of the eighteenth century gardening was always understood to be the cultivation of a special plot of land distinguished from untamed nature. At that time a gardening revolution occurred in the West which sought to merge gardens with the rest of nature with as little visible cultivation and enclosures as possible. This development really meant the abolition of the garden properly speaking. It foreshadowed the abolition of traditional and especially Christian social mores which erupted with the French Revolution. This gardening revolution was followed by a brief "abstractionist" school of gardening, and then by the eclectic gardening of the Victorian era which is still largely the vogue today. Gardens reflect their makers in that gardening itself is a facet of God's image and likeness in man, but gardening does not necessarily match the gardener's overall character or express a godly imagination. Andre Le Notre, the greatest gardening genius of the zenith of formal horticulture during the baroque period, was a loveable man, but love of gardening also marked bloody Aztec King Montezuma, Nazi concentration commandant Rudolf Hoess, and the child exterminators of the Nazi euthanasia program. C. S. Lewis describes gardens to hint at the character of godly and evil people in his novel That Hideous Strength. Today's New Age movement, which worships "nature" rather than God, aims at the replacement of gardens by wild, uncultivated nature, a trend reminiscent of the gardening revolution of the late 1700s. This is really the abolition of gardens proper and must lead to the abolition of man himself. Lastly, it is done in conscious rejection and rebellion against the God of Creation and as such a sign of our apostate, chaotic time. Selected Bibliography	Topiary
What is the name for the active meteor shower that takes place each year between late July and late August?	A Breif history - Plant Science for Beginners Plant Science for Beginners A brief history of plant biology After the fall of the Empires in Europe including The Romans, people were left to fend for themselves. Many people became frightened and turned to religion and superstition, moving away from science and 'enlightenment'. This period of time was called The Dark Ages & The Middle Ages (410-1,300 CE). The Dark Ages were where historical documents and scriptures were few and far between, 'dark' meaning without history. Many people moved out into the country to rebuild their lives after the fall of most civilisations in Europe. This was during the time where the Jutes Angles and Saxons took over Britain. These people created regional kingdoms such as Northumbria, Wessex and East Anglia. The majority of people left were 'peasants' and religious orders. Order became chaos. The Catholic Church was the only organisation left. During these times it flourished and became the new equivalent to a government. Since there were no rulers or empires, the church took over region by region. They did this by comforting a broken society. Frightened people conformed and created a new society. The church expanded all over Europe including Britain. The church invented titles such as the bishops, which ruled their region or county like a Mayor. Churches became the centre of towns as well as cities. Later the church created kings and queens of countries to deal with the influx of law and order issues. For many hundreds of years Kings and very few Queens worked very closely with the church and ruled their kingdom, until Henry VIII during the early Tudor period. To briefly mention his influences, he required a divorce. However, the church did not believe in them so with his power he disillusioned the church and created 'The Church of England' which was fully protestant, people who believed that you did not require material goods to worship God) and created parliament which shared power over the land. Many countries followed and disputed this new system and wars begun. Going back to The Dark Ages the most popular type of garden was The Monastery Gardens. The Catholic Church was the only organisation left which taught education, religion and had infirmaries. These gardens held fruits, culinary & medicinal herbs, vegetables would have been grown in additional to fibrous plants, dye plants and ornamental flowers such as lilies & roses for church altar decoration. In the sixteenth century St Benedict of Nursia decreed gardening to be worthy and virtuous which increased popularity to many other regional kingdoms. St Benedict of Nursia created the first blueprints for an efficient and worthily garden which was followed by all monasteries. St. Gall’s plans for a proposed monastery layout that was created circa 816-836 CE. The plan included detailed drawings for the monastic gardens including a kitchen garden, physic garden, cloister-Garth and a cemetery orchard. The plants found in these gardens were meant to be grown in the first raised, rectangular beds, which were separated by narrow pathways. A good example of this type of garden was called Mosteiro dos Jeronimos located in Lisbon, Portugal. It had a monastic cloister which contained a central fountain, surrounded by a covered walkway. This design was based on the Roman peristyle garden and was commonly used throughout Europe. These types of monasteries were self supporting communities who grew very powerful with huge estates and extensive trade routes. They used their wealth to create beautiful buildings, books and other treasures to glorify their god and were also international centres of literacy and learning as well as more practical subjects like horticulture and agriculture. An example of one of the first royal gardens was called The Queen Eleanor’s Garden in Winchester. Today it has been reconstructed next to The Great Hall, in Winchester. The original garden had a large fountain in the centre with several water channels pasting through it. It also contained flowering lawns, long winding pathways. A trellis was constructed around the garden with a trelliswork tunnel covered in climbing roses and honeysuckle species. We can learn a lot about these types of Dark Aged gardens from the 'Books of Hours'. These contained religious texts to be used at different times of the day and year, and were often richly illustrated with scenes from daily life, including gardens. Across Europe garden styles were similar, showing that people and ideas moved around freely. Some gardening problems have not changed since Medieval Times. In 827 CE Walafried Strabo’ a monk at Reichenau Monastery in Germany, wrote 'Hortulus' along Latin poem about gardening. He complains about the problems of killing nettles and asks. Quid Facerem, 'What shall I do?' Some of his writings deal with the cultivation of herbs and vegetables. He describes “raised planning beds” a gardening method that lasted into the eighteen century. Just after The Dark Ages followed The Middle Ages were history started to be recorded again. Both these periods are referred to as “Medieval Times” where castles were constructed. I have combined The Dark & Middle Ages primarily due to their similarities. One major different between the two periods are The Castle and Pleasure Gardens were invented during The Middle Ages compared to The Dark Ages were Monastery Gardens were in fashion. Gardens during this period were enclosed and rectangular with raised beds or borders, many flowers (usually dug from the woods), tufted seats, basic trelliswork and a few carefully placed trees. These types of garden were only for the royalty or the rich. The Italians lead the way for Castle Gardens with The Heaven on Earth otherwise known as a Pleasure Garden, which was located in Rocca Borromeo, Italy. It was constructed on a hill for defence purposes as well as to have good views from the garden. In the centre of this garden was a miniature mound were a tufted seat stood, this was where the owners could relax and appreciated the borrowed landscape. The walls had trellis built on them to growing fruits such as Pears. Carefully placed trees such as Apples were planted around the garden. An example of a commonly used garden was The Hortus Conclusus or as walled garden. These garden structures were simple and geometrical, like Roman and Persian gardens. They were rectangular, surrounded by stone or brick walls which created unknowingly a micro-climate, or trellis, wattle or picket fences for the less well off and contained many varieties of plants, grown for beauty and usefulness. Grass covered mountains (view mounds) were popular and raised banks also flat lawns of wildflowers/grass. The gardens of the wealthy were places of pleasure, for games, reading, dinning and even holding court. Towns were developing at this time, with open spaces for everyone: ponds, streams, orchards and small gardens, as well as private gardens. Houses were often close to the street and had long gardens behind them for growing fruit and vegetables as well as keeping some animals. This pattern can still be seen in the high streets of many old towns throughout Europe. One of the most well-known plagues was the Bubonic or Black Death. The Bubonic is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million, in 1400 CE. This was thought to have started in Central Asia; it had reached the Crimea by 1346 CE. From there, probably carried by fleas residing on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. This encouraged villages and towns to be enclosed and houses to be built in rows. This affected horticulture due to the fact that many people wanted to be enclosed in a small place for protection against the plague, and reducing the amount of room for plants. Botanical gardens were established as early as the tenth century Alphonso X of Castile between 1252 to 1284 had an Arabic horticultural works translated. His sister Eleanor, who was a keen gardener, married Edward I of England and imported gardeners from Spain to help her create a garden at Kings Langley in Hertfordshire. Religious orders were important landowners and were known for creating gardens for culinary and healing purpose, herbs were grown as a part of the infirmary. Cloister gardens were often found in monasteries. A direct descendant of the Roman courtyards, where a colonnaded walkway surround an area if rectangular lawn, cloisters were used by monks and nuns for walking, reading and as places of quiet contemplation: 800 CE – Charlemagne writes Capitulare de Villis setting out style for estates and listing plants that should be cultivated. 1066 CE – The Norman invasion of England. 1095 CE – First crusades to the Middle East. 1237 CE – Roman de la Rose was started and finished forty years later. It is the most famous literary celebration of gardens at this time and was translated into English by Chaucer. 1300 CE – The climate became much warmer in Britain until this point. After the fall of The Roman Empire, the philosophies of Islamic culture spread westwards, encouraging learning, gardening, fruit growing, craftsmanship and the arts. The gardens of Persia were considered to be representations of heavenly paradise and Greek and Roman botanical works were translated into Arabic, updated and expanded. In this way the horticultural wisdom of the ancient Christian and classical world was preserved and expanded. Through the Arabic conquests of Spain and the Mediterranean, Arabic horticultural influences found their way into Western Europe. Moorish Spain in particular became centres of plant collections or botanical gardens. The Renaissance (French for rebirth) was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Tudor period and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the fourteenth century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati (1331 CE – 1406 CE), Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364 CE – 1437 CE) and Poggio Bracciolini (1380 CE – 1459 CE) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero, Livy and Seneca. By the early fifteenth century, the bulk of such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was now under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts. With the end of the medieval times and the beginnings of the renaissance, gardens became larger and castle gardens were replaced with unfortified buildings. The house and garden became an integrated as a whole. The change is illustrated by Chenonceaux and Courance; two french gardens built in 1530 CE and 1620 CE respectively. The former beside a lake in irregular with a somewhat haphazard overall design. The latter has a central courtyard and vista; the garden is related to the house. The Italians followed The Renaissance movement, however they believed in harmony with nature compared to the french who believed that man was ruler of nature. Italian villas were built to escape from the hot, dusty towns during the summer. Wind and shade were also necessary because of the summer heat (closer to the equator). Many of the villas and gardens were therefore built on hillsides for example Villa Medici which had a possible Spanish influence, thus providing views. In France there was less requirements for shade because of the cooler climate. There was no need to escape from the towns to the hills. Gardens tended to be cut out of heavily wooded broad flood plains. These have a high water table and allowed for lots of water in their designs, however no head for fountains. The earlier usage of water would have been as a defensive moat. There were no city states in France unlike Italy were power was centralised. Wealthy aristocrats owed allegiance to the crown. Gardens like Versailles and Vaux le Vicomte were designed for the use of hundreds of people. The scale of the gardens was much larger than those found in Italy. The Baroque style enabled royalty and aristocrats to display their power, wealth and authority which the Italians did not have. The strict class structure of France gave rise to many ceremonies and courtyards set aside for different classes of people. The Italians produced courtyard gardens, linked with a central axis, stepping down the hillsides. The garden and the house were of equal importance in the design. There was deep shade, bright flowers and patterns of low hedges. The French’s approach to gardens was ceremonial with central axis and divisions. The gardens were usually approached along a central axis, unlike the Italian gardens which tended to be approached from the side. The gardens were largely level, large open and open to the sky. Views were extended by cutting avenues through the surrounding woodland. This was not necessary in Italian gardens which were usually on hillsides. The Italian Renaissance was the reinvention of the ancient Roman and Greek designs and styles. It began in northern Italy in the 14th century and spread through Europe and Britain unlike The French who just saw The Renaissance for their own gain. As The Renaissance spread through Europe it changed the way Europeans saw themselves and how they perceived the world. The movement made sure that gardens should overlook some picturesque landscapes or in a wide open plain and vistas. The greatest innovation was the use of terraces which turned the disadvantages of uneven ground into gardens most prominent feature. Wide staircases connected the terraces with their landings which were decorated with fountains, niches and statues. Raphael drew up the designs for The Villa Madama, situated in a high terrace, from which the views were magnificent (hilly-countryside borrowed landscape). The terraces were partly screened by a wall of shrubs; opening like windows. They framed part of the landscape and made it more interesting through different forms and textures. Below were three gardens: the first being circular, the second being square and the latter being elliptical. These were decorated with niches and flowerbeds; their straight paths intersected at a right angle. Statues and grottoes were features of Italian Renaissance garden such as the grotto at Castello which was dedicated to Orpheus. The garden of The Villa Lante emerges from a large grotto. The Villa Lante near Rome, was constructed in 1566 the design as a whole was so important that the designer divided the villa into two, to achieve symmetry and a continuous axis. The garden ran down the hillside from a wooden grotto through more formal gardens to parterres and a pond with a fountain at the bottom. The Villa d’Este was constructed in 1580. Bigger than Villa Lante it was used by others rather than the owners. It was full of contrasts, the noise of fountains, the tranquilly of mirror ponds and the use of light and shade. Vaux le Vocomte in France, was designed by Le Notre for Louis XIV’s finance minister. It was very geometrical with both central and side axis. It was broad and tranquil having an ornamental moat. It was designed for the use of hundreds of people. Versailles was also design by le Notre for Louis XIV. His nobles were required to live most of the year there. The approach avenues were in the form of a goose-foot. The garden was very controlled and nature was subdued. The garden had along vista and was enlarged before the chateau. The vast scale of the garden required use of hundreds and perhaps even thousands of people. Baroque is the term given to the late renaissance period when all the arts were combined to produce dramatic effects. It is said to be derived from the Portuguese word for a rough pearl. This was believed that the world had some thing good to offer but it had to be refined. The Civil war in 1649 turned English society on its head. In 1649 CE the House of Lords was abolished and many of the nobility went to live abroad. John Tradescant the younger also disappeared to go plant hunting and the culture of gardening was put on hold. With the restoration period in 1660, Charles II brought with him from his exile the French style of horticulture. The Italian renaissance gardens, such as The Villa d’Este, were big influences in Europe. However unlike the Italian landscape of the valleys, hills and terraces, the French countryside was flatter and densely wooded. French gardens in the 1600’s took over lost landscapes with great avenues stretching into the distant forests. They demonstrated power over nature with the clipping of trees, shrubs and fruit bushes, tall clipped hedges and the layout of great parterres. The French also developed the idea of the ornamental canal which also served a practical purpose of draining marshy ground. The French royalty activity encouraged Italian artists to migrate to France where some were employed to work on a variety of French royal gardens. When William III and May II came to the throne in 1689, they brought The Dutch influences of the gardens at Het Loo with them to Britain. During The Renaissance Partie Deux tulips Tuilpa sp. became highly popular and was named Tulipomania. It reached its peak in 1624 CE when fanatical collectors in were trading houses, businesses, ships and farms for tulip bulbs. The bubble burst in 1637 CE, causing bankruptcy and ultimately the loss of several Dutch colonies. William of Orange from Holland became King of England as he had married James II’s daughter, Mary. Following from the new monarch The Dutch style reflected a more moderate protestant approach to design rather than the flamboyant French catholic style. Key elements include: simple bedding out parterres, often containing bulbs - a recent introduction, evergreen topiary in simple shapes such as pyramids and spirals, orchard laid out in geometrical patterns typically in a quincunx matrix, one placed at each corner and one in the centre of a square or rectangle, long and rectangular canals and finally the green or lawn usually dotted with clipped evergreen topiaries to complement each other. Garden architecture was exemplified by a tall pavilion such as Westbury Court or The Pin Mill at Bodnant. These structures provided a raised area from which to view the garden; as The Dutch gardens were notoriously flat. Though not new in concept, in Tudor gardens many have had a pavilion or banqueting hall on top of a mount, the folly was to heavily influence the 18th century English landscape style. The former royal residence Het Loo near Apeldoorn in the Netherlands was built in 1684 CE for the Stadtholder Willem (William of Orange) and his consort Mary II Stuart, who became King and Queen of England in 1689 CE. For over three hundred years, Het Loo was the summer residence of The House of Orange. The house itself was built in The Dutch Baroque style, great care was taken so as not to make it overly ornate. Willem wanted it to look stylish yet refined. In February 1689 CE, William and Mary were called to the throne of Britain by parliament, replacing James II, who was deemed to have failed the country in The Glorious Revolution of 1688 CE. As James II’s daughter Mary was the Heir to the throne. William was concerned that as a Stadtholder of the Netherlands he would be his wife’s consort; a Prince of the realm but not the King. Mary accepted the throne on condition that parliament make a one off decree allowing William to be King. Their rule was the only period of time in British history in which joint sovereigns with equal powers were allowed to reign. After Mary died in 1694 CE, William ruled alone until his death in 1702 CE. The new King and Queen chose to live at Hampton Court. At this time the vast palace and grounds remained; largely unchanged since the time of Henry VIII, one hundred years previously. William and Mary set about redesigning the palace and commissioned Sir Christopher Wren to remodel the exterior and add new wings, starting with the south front of the building. At the same time they commissioned George London and his apprentice, Henry Wise to create a baroque garden around their new home. London was a renowned gardener and took inspiration for his deigns from Italy and France. At Hampton Court, London & Wise of created a privy garden for the King as well as using the long canal already installed for Charles II to create a spectacular parterre and walks leading away from the east of the Palace. Most famously, they created The Hampton Court Maze. The maze was plant in 1689 CE; it covered 1300 m squared and contains 800 m of pathways. It was possible that the design was replaced with an earlier maze panted for Cardinal Woolsey. It was originally planted with Carpinus betulus, although it had been repaired using many different genera. During the start of The Nature Revolution and The English Landscape Movement (18th Century), classical architecture and Chinese architecture were joined by Gothic revival ruins in English gardens. This was largely the result of poet Horace Walpole, who introduced Gothic revival features into his house and garden at Strawberry Hill in Twickenham. At Stowe, Capability Brown followed the new fashion between 1740 CE and 1753 CE by adding a new section to the park, called Hawkwelle Hill or the Gothic promenade, with a Gothic revival building. The most influential figure in the later development of the English landscape garden was Lancelot (Capability Brown) 'Yes this is capable' (1716 CE - 1783 CE) who began his career in 1740 CE as a gardener at Stowe under Charles Bridgman, then succeeded William Kent in 1748 CE. Brown's contribution was to simplify the garden by eliminating geometric structures, alleys, and parterres near the house and replacing them with rolling lawns and extensive views out to isolated groups of trees, making the landscape seem even larger. He sought to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside. He created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden. He compared his own role as a garden designer to that of a poet. "Here I put a comma, there, when it's necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis; there I end it with a period and start on another theme”. Brown designed one hundred and seventy gardens. The most important were: Petworth West Sussex in 1752 CE, Chatsworth Derbyshire in 1761 CE, Bowood Wiltshire in 1763 CE, and Blenheim Palace Oxfordshire in 1764 CE. Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by Abbé Le Blanc, who published accounts of his voyage in 1745 CE and 1751 CE. A treatise on the English garden, Observations on Modern Gardening, written by Thomas Whately and published in London in 1770 CE, was translated into French in 1771 CE. After the end of the Seven Years War in 1763 CE, French noblemen were able to voyage to England and see the gardens for themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier to maintain compared to the French. Stowe evolved from an English baroque garden into a pioneering landscape park; the gardens became an attraction for many of the nobility, including political leaders. Stowe is said to be the first English garden for which a guide book was produced. Wars and rebellions were reputedly discussed among the gardens many temples; the artwork of the time reflected this by portraying caricatures of the better-known politicians of history taking their ease in similar settings. Stowe began to evolve into a series of natural views to be appreciated from a perambulation rather than from a well-chosen central point. In its final form the Gardens were the largest and most elaborate example of what became known as The English Garden. The main gardens, enclosed within the ha-ha (sunken or trenched fences) over four miles in length, cover over 1.6 km squared but the park also has many buildings, including gate lodges and other monuments. The gardens, created by Bridgman and then Kent, overlook a curve of the River Cherwell. Bridgman had laid out the layout of the garden, with meandering walks through the woods, and pools of varying degrees of formality. Kent's theme was to create and transform the natural landscape created by Bridgman into an Augustan landscape to recall the glories and atmosphere of ancient Rome. Thus the Roman Forum was to be recreated in the verdant English countryside. The garden is Daphne in little, Walpole told George Montagu: the sweetest little groves, streams, glades, porticoes, cascades, and river, imaginable; all the scenes are perfectly classical. The expanding British Empire opened up far flung corners of the globe to avid gardeners and a sort of collector-mania spread throughout Victorian Britain. Avid botanists combed the globe for new and exotic plants to bring home. One of the results of this frenzy of collecting was another craze, bedding out plants. The concept of bedding plants was Aztec in origin but in the hands of Victorians enthusiasts it became a British passion. The bedding out “craze” resulted in a fashion for massed beds of vibrantly coloured plants laid out in intricate mosaic patterns. The Victorian age, the age of industrial revolution and squalid city slums, was also the age of a popular explosion of interest in that most British of occupations, gardening and not just as a private pastime. For the first time a concerted effort was made by authorities to provide extensive public gardens. There was a reason for this benevolent behaviour by the well to do. They believed that gardens would decrease drunkenness and improve the manners of the lower classes. Intellectuals and the upper classes also encouraged gardening as means of decreasing social unrest. This era was also characterised as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica and economic, colonial and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo Zanzibar War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise. The population of England had almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 CE. Ireland’s population decreased rapidly, from 8.2 million in 1841 CE to less than 4.5 million in 1901 CE. At the same time, around 15 million emigrants left the United Kingdom in the Victorian era and settled mostly in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The Victorian period also saw a profusion of public gardens and green spaces aimed at bringing culture to the masses. Some of the finest Victorian gardens are public parks, like The People's Park in Halifax. Taste in the later Victorian period varied between formal and the wild garden advocated by the influential writer William Robinson. Sometimes the formal and informal looks were combined in the same garden as at Sissinghurst Castle Kent and Hidcote, Gloucestershire. Inevitably, this passion for exotic plants created a reaction in favour of traditional British plants and garden forms, particularly the parsonage or vicarage garden. Strangely, the number of parsons who have had a strong influence on British garden history is quite high. The vicarage garden was a showpiece of one to three acres planted, not with colourful exotics but with a homogeneous mix of traditional plants, such as Wisteria. In 1840 CE the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew passed from crown control to the government which meant a transfer from enthusiastic amateurs to professional gardeners. Another Victorian garden phenomenon was known as The London Square. London squares were developed by 19th century property developers. Here, the houses backed onto a green space where children could play in full view of the houses. The squares were the focal point for a communal social life. This green space garden was run by a resident committee, funded by subscriptions from all the householders. As years went by and pollution increased, only the hardiest plants could survive, particularly the plane tree, which took over many of these squares. Examples of these London squares exist at Bloomsbury, Pimlico, Brompton, Kensington and Notting Hill. Weston Park Gardens, which dates from 1671 CE is surrounded by 1,000 acres of parkland containing formal gardens, a 19th century Italianate parterre, to the south and west side of the house and leading to sweeping lawns, a hermit's cave, Tear Drop garden and the Rose Walk. Further on are to be found the Pleasure Grounds with a conservatory, Church Pool and Temple Wood where the Grade I listed Paine's Bridge and two of the park's other follies, also designed by him are situated. Weston Park Gardens houses a collection of rhododendrons and azaleas and many magnificent trees. The name Cannizaro has been associated with Wimbledon since 1832 when Francis Platamone, Count Sant Antonio, leaseholder of Warren House, succeeded to the Sicilian Dukedom of Cannizzaro. He left, but his wife lived on there for some years and the name stuck. Today’s park and gardens holds few memories of them. Its most outstanding features either predate their turbulent marriage or were introduced long afterwards. Today, Cannizaro House is a hotel while the grounds are a public park and gardens since 1987 it has been a Grade 2 listed English Heritage garden, boasting one of the country's finest collections of rhododendrons, azaleas and rare trees. It is also rich in wildlife. An open air concert festival is held there every summer as well as art exhibitions. The estate dates back to the early 1700s. Famous 18th century residents included Thomas Walker, an intimate friend of Britain’s first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole; John Lyde-Brown, governor of the Bank of England, who accumulated a classical sculpture collection, sold to Catherine the Great of Russia; and Henry Dundas Viscount Melville, Home Secretary and under Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. Key Summary dates in Victorian Gardening Period: 1840 - The most popular plants for displays were chrysanthemums, dahlias and roses. James Pulham invents a cement that can be poured to form rockeries. 1841 - Victorian gardener Joseph Paxton creates the glasshouse at Chatsworth. William Hooker starts his role as the new director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Alexander Shanks of Arbroath registered a pony-pulled mower that cleared the clippings in 1841 CE. Architect Decimus Burton builds the Palm house at Kew. The monkey puzzle Araucaria araucana is reintroduced after its first introduction in 1795 CE. A brief timeline 1845 CE - Glass tax is abolished, making greenhouses and conservatories cheaper and more popular. Conservatories, which made an attractive addition to the side of the house, were used for entertaining more than cultivating plants. 1847 CE - James Hartley produces good quality sheet glass that's used for greenhouses. 1848 CE to 1851 CE - Joseph Hooker brings back 28 species of rhododendrons from his expeditions to the Himalayas. 1849 CE - Joseph Paxton is credited with bringing the first the giant water lily into flower at Chatsworth House. 1851 CE - The Great Exhibition of London takes place in Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton. 1854 CE - Veitch Nurseries starts to sell seeds of Wellingtonia. 1859 CE - Charles Darwin publishes the controversial On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. Darwin also wrote regular articles for Gardeners' Chronicles and devoted his later years to detailed studies of plants and the action of earthworms in the soil. 1860 CE - Gnomes were introduced from Germany. Sir Charles Isham built a rockery in 1847 at Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire, which he filled with gnomes 20 years later. One still survives - who's insured for £1 million. 1861 CE- The Horticultural Society becomes the Royal Horticultural Society. 1865 CE - Joseph Hooker takes over from his father William Hooker as director of Kew. 1870 CE - The Wild Garden by William Robinson promotes the idea of natural-looking planting schemes. 1874 CE - The pesticide DDT is synthesised by Othmar Zeider. DDT is banned in 1972 CE. 1887 CE - The council introduces the Allotment Act. The council makes land available at a reasonable rent for the public to grow plants on. 1895 CE - The National Trust is founded by Miss Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley. The Trust was set up 'to act as a guardian for the nation in the acquisition and protection of threatened coastline, countryside and buildings'. The first women gardeners are employed at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1897 CE - The Victoria Medal of Honour in Horticulture is established by the RHS. The medal is awarded to people who've made an important contribution to gardening, such as Alan Titchmarsh and Christopher Lloyd. Changed the botanical system with the genus, species and cultivar system He was a lecture of botany 1735-1778 – lived abroad to form his system of nature He became professor of botany in 1740 He classified plants, fungi and animals during a period between 1750-1760 He collected and classified plants, animals and minerals He published Specie Plantanum Genera Plantanum System Plantaum After his death The Linnaeus Society was setup which is the equivalent of The Royal Horticultural Society to horticulture. Also the University of Linnaeus opened. David Douglas Born in 1799 and died in 1834 He was scottish and worked as a gardener and a traveller in the highlands of Scotland 1823-1827 he created and published Journals during my travels in North America The Douglas fir, spriea, water-hemlock, aster and maple were all named after him He introduced over two hundred North American plants to Britian He had an accident death in Hawaii aged 35 After his death The David Douglas Society was setup to keep his work and horticultural practises alive. Born in 1873 and died in 1932 He made several major expeditions He introduced hundreds of new species such as Pieris japonica 'Forestii', as well as many Clematis, Chrysanthemums, Iris and Jasminum. Born in The Falkland, Scotland He went to The Kilmarnock Academy were he was a apprenticed chemist and learnt the mechanical uses of plants He worked in at Edinburgh Botanical Gardens 1905 went to Yunnan hear Tibet with 17 other collectors 1932 he completed the bulk of his work William Kerr To prosecute his work in consequence of some evil habits he had contracted as unfortunate as they have new to him He died in 1814 William was a Scottish gardener and plant hunter He sent back to Kew gardens as the virgoruous shrub at the first asserted greenhouse the Kerria, named after him. He brought back 238 new plants to Europe He lived at Hawick, noted by Sir Joseph Banks in 1804 He was sent to Colombia in 1802 to be superintendent of their botanical gardens where he later died His most famous plant discoveries include: Euronymus japonica Sir Joseph Banks (1768–1771) Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. He continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HM Bark Endeavour, 1768—1771 A foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1773 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778 he was elected President of the Royal Society Bank’s was a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science In March 1779 Banks married Dorothea Hugesson, daughter of W. W. Hugesson, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square David Bruke (1854-1897) Famous Quote I am off again if I make a good meal for someone I hope I shall give full stratification He lived mainly in Kent He was a widely travelled plant collector at Guiana, Burma and Colombia. He joined Veitch as a gardener at Chelsea. In 1880 wanted to travelled accompanied by Charles cutis to Bomeo He collected stoves, palms and orchids He rediscovered insectivorous plants In 1896 last voyage to the celebe islands	i don't know
What does the child take, according to the nursery rhyme The Farmer in the Dell?	Farmer in the Dell \| Nursery Rhymes \| Top Nursery Rhymes For Children by Hooplakidz - YouTube Farmer in the Dell \| Nursery Rhymes \| Top Nursery Rhymes For Children by Hooplakidz Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 7, 2013 Download HooplaKidz Christmas Songs on iTunes http://vid.io/xo26 Let's sing along with Hooplakidz's cutest and coolest characters Annie, Ben and Mango some fun nursery rhymes like Farmer In The Dell and have a Hoopla time !!! Lyrics To Sing Along :- The farmer in the dell The farmer in the dell Heigh-ho, the derry-o The farmer in the dell The farmer takes a wife The farmer takes a wife Heigh-ho, the derry-o The farmer takes a wife The wife takes a child The wife takes a child Heigh-ho, the derry-o The wife takes a child The child takes the cow The child takes the cow Heigh-ho, the derry-o The child takes the cow The cow takes the pig The cow takes the pig Heigh-ho, the derry-o The cow takes the pig The pig takes the dog The pig takes the dog Heigh-ho, the derry-o The pig takes the dog The dog takes the cat The dog takes the cat Heigh-ho, the derry-o The dog takes the cat The cat takes the mouse The cat takes the mouse Heigh-ho, the derry-o The cat takes the mouse The mouse takes the cheese The mouse takes the cheese Heigh-ho, the derry-o The mouse takes the cheese The cheese stands alone	Associate of Science in Nursing
What is the more common name for the US Navy's aerial demonstration team?	Nursery Rhyme Videos - Mother Goose Club Nursery Rhyme Videos BINGO \| Mother Goose Club Playhouse BINGO Live Action Playhouse Song A Ram Sam Sam \| Mother Goose Club Playhouse A Ram Sam Sam Live Action Playhouse Song Clap Your Hands – Nursery Rhyme Animated Baa Baa Sheep Clap Your Hands Eep the Mouse Little Bo Peep Mary Quite Contrary Song Spring Summer A Is for Alphabet – Read and Rhyme with Eep – Nursery Rhyme Arthur Eep the Mouse Live Action Read and Rhyme with Eep Song Today Is the Day for Valentines – Nursery Rhyme Eep the Mouse Jack B. Nimble Live Action Mary Quite Contrary Shacha Song Today is the Day for Valentines Valentine's Day Up on the Housetop – Nursery Rhyme Animated Christmas Eep the Mouse Mary Quite Contrary Song Up on the Housetop Elves in Santa’s Workshop – Nursery Rhyme Arthur Bailey Christmas Eep the Mouse Elves in Santa's Workshop Little Bo Peep Live Action Mary Quite Contrary Robin August Song A Haunted House on Halloween Night – Nursery Rhyme A Haunted House on Halloween Night Arthur Baa Baa Sheep Eep the Mouse Halloween Ivy Live Action Song Eight Planets – Nursery Rhyme Animated Eight Planets Song A Haunted House on Halloween Night – Nursery Rhyme A Haunted House on Halloween Night Animated Baa Baa Sheep Eep the Mouse Halloween Jack B. Nimble Little Bo Peep The Wheels on the Bus – Read Along Live Action Read Along Song The Wheels on the Bus Butterfly – Read Along Butterfly Live Action Playhouse Read Along Song Butterfly – Nursery Rhyme Butterfly Live Action Playhouse Song Spring The Finger Family – Nursery Rhyme Animated Finger Family Playhouse Song Bobby Shaftoe’s Gone to Sea Bobby Shaftoe's Gone to Sea Live Action Playhouse Song Roly Poly – Nursery Rhyme Live Action Playhouse Roly Poly Song Spring Mad – Nursery Rhyme Live Action Mad Playhouse Song Hello Shadow – Nursery Rhyme Hello Shadow Live Action Playhouse Song Fiddle-De-Dee – Nursery Rhyme Fiddle-De-Dee Live Action Playhouse Song Finger Family – Nursery Rhyme Finger Family Live Action Playhouse Robin August Song Dinosaur Stomp – Nursery Rhyme	i don't know
What can be a tree, a fictional TV character, and a defective car?	Top 10 Fictional Detectives - Listverse Top 10 Fictional Detectives Naert January 18, 2011 Whenever I’m bored I like to read a good detective story. I always make a list of suspects with their motives and alibis, and try to unmask the culprit at least four chapters before the end. Sometimes I’m right; sometimes I’m way off. These stories are two things in one: they are puzzles – like a crossword or a sudoku – but they are also literature, with interesting characters, a certain psychological depth and a vision of society in a given time and place. Making this top ten wasn’t easy, and I don’t expect everybody to agree. There’s the dilemma between quantity and quality, and the contrast between the British cosy mystery and American hardboiled fiction. Certain classics had to be included, but for the more recent ones it was a tougher choice. In the end I just followed my own taste. These are all detectives who gave me a lot of reading pleasure. 10 Detective Inspector Thomas Linley Inspector Linley is a British detective created by the American author Elizabeth George. He’s the eighth Earl of Asherton. He solves crimes with his Scotland Yard colleague Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers, who has a working class background. In the third Linley novel, “Well-Schooled in Murder”, Linley and Havers solve a homicide case in an elite British public school, which is remarkably well depicted for a non-British author. George always prepares her novels by studying real locations in England, which makes her stories more realistic than those of many other crime writers. Linley himself is a round character with weaknesses. His relationship with Lady Helen Clyde evolves through the novels. Linley and Havers are portrayed by Nathaniel Parker and Sharon Small (photo) in the BBC series “The Inspector Linley Mysteries”. 9 Kinsey Millhone Private detective Kinsey Millhone was created by American author Sue Grafton. She appears in the alphabet series: “A Is for Alibi”, “B Is for Burglar” etc. She lives in an apartment in Santa Teresa, California. This fictional town based on Santa Barbara was invented by another writer, Ross MacDonald. Kinsey is a bachelorette who runs a lot to stay in shape, and has an affair from time to time. I like these novels because they are entertaining and have a fast pace and strong plot. There’s always a certain amount of action involved too. There hasn’t been a film or TV adaption of these stories yet – maybe an idea for the future. 8 Philip Marlowe Philip Marlowe is a private investigator created by American author Raymond Chandler. He appeared for the first time in “The Big Sleep”, in 1939. Other well-known titles are “The Lady in the Lake” and “The Long Goodbye”. Marlowe belongs to the hardboiled direction, influenced by Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade. He smokes and drinks a lot. He lives in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The stories are set in the more dangerous neighbourhoods in and around this city. Violence, drugs and tough language occur frequently. Marlowe has been played by a lot of actors, including Humphrey Bogart in “The Big Sleep” and Powers Boothe (photo) in the ITV series “Philip Marlowe, Private Eye”. 7 Sam Spade Private detective Sam Spade was invented by Dashiell Hammett. He only appears in one novel and three short stories, but remains important as the first example of a detective in the hard-boiled genre. Chandler’s Philip Marlowe, among others, was inspired by Sam Spade. Spade is the main character in “The Maltese Falcon” (1930). He runs a detective agency in San Francisco with his partner Miles Archer, who gets killed early in the novel. He’s not afraid of a fist fight or firearms. He appears to be cynical, but still has a sense of duty. The story also involves a typical femme fatale. He was played by several actors, of which the most famous remains Humphrey Bogart (photo) in the movie adaption of 1941. 6 Inspector Roderick Alleyn Detective Chief-Inspector Roderick Alleyn (pronounced “Allen”) is a British detective who appears in thirty-two novels by New Zealand writer Ngaio Marsh. It started with “A Man Lay Dead” in 1934, when a murder game ends with a real murder. Other examples are “Vintage Murder”, “Artists in Crime”, and “Overture to Death” – where the murder method is especially interesting. As the younger brother of a baronet Alleyn is another example of a gentleman detective. He works for Scotland Yard, where he eventually reaches the rank of Chief Superintendent. Society journalist Nigel Bathgate often helps him during his investigations. Initially a bachelor, Alleyn later marries painter Agatha Troy. Of the three actors who have played him in TV adaptions the best known is Patrick Malahide (photo). 5 Jules Maigret Commissaire Jules Maigret is the only one in this top ten whose stories were not written in English, but in French. Although his author, Georges Simenon, was Belgian, Maigret himself is French and works in Paris. He holds a quantity record by appearing in seventy-five novels and twenty-nine short stories. Maigret usually smokes a pipe, drinks a lot and wears a heavy overcoat. He’s a more realistic character than most of his colleagues in the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. His method of investigation comes close to the way a real policeman would work. His successes are based on team work, routine research and tenacity, rather than individual brilliancy. Maigret has been played by several TV actors, of which Jean Gabin was the first, and Bruno Cremer (photo) the most famous. 4 Lord Peter Wimsey Lord Peter Wimsey was created by British author Dorothy L. Sayers. He’s the archetypal gentleman detective. Solving crimes is a hobby for him. In the second novel “Clouds of Witness” (1926), he has to take action because his brother is suspected of murder. He’s a round character with a past. After getting injured during World War I he was rescued by his later manservant Bunter, who also helps him with his investigations. Wimsey falls in love with Harriet Vine, and marries her. He likes to cooperate with Chief Inspector Charles Parker from Scotland Yard. These novels are still worth reading, because they are simply good literature with a broad perspective on British society in that era. Wimsey himself may be a gentleman, but he meets people from the lower classes, like the farmer in “Clouds of Witness” who suspects Wimsey of having an affair with his wife. Several actors have played Lord Peter Wimsey, including Ian Carmichael (photo) in a BBC series. 3 Miss Marple Agatha Christie’s Miss Jane Marple appeared first in a series of short stories in a magazine, later collected as “The Thirteen Problems”. This elderly spinster with a remarkable talent for amateur sleuthing can be followed in twelve crime novels, including “The Murder at the Vicarage” (1930) and “The Body in the Library” (1943). She lives in the small village of St Mary Mead, where she finds the opportunity to study human nature. She sees analogies with people and events she knows from village life, which helps her to solve many mysteries. Intuition and psychology are quite important to her. She can annoy the police investigators, who initially see her as an old busybody, until they have to admit she was right. I have to admit I used to be prejudiced against “the old bat” myself, but after reading her stories I became gradually convinced that she belongs to The Big Three of fictional detectives. She was played in movies by Margaret Rutherford and Angela Lansbury, and on TV by Helen Hayes, Joan Hickson (photo) and Geraldine McEwan. 2 Hercule Poirot Hercule Poirot appears for the first time in Agatha Christie’s “The Mysterious Affair at Styles”, published in 1920. He is a retired Belgian police officer who came to England during World War I as a refugee. Poirot solves mysteries with his “little grey cells”, occasionally without even leaving his room. With his strong preference for symmetry, order and method, he has something of a comic book character. Captain Arthur Hastings is his best friend, who relies too much on his intuition to solve a mystery by himself, but often helps Poirot with his observations and accidental remarks. Poirot’s secretary, Miss Lemon, is very efficient, but in contrast to Hastings she doesn’t have any imagination. Chief Inspector Japp from Scotland Yard isn’t too bright, but Poirot often sends him in the right direction. Detective writer Ariadne Oliver, who is partly based on Agatha Christie herself, believes in female intuition. Poirot is surely one of the greatest fictional detectives, because he was involved in so many unforgettable crime novels, including “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd”, “Murder on the Orient Express” and “Death on the Nile”. Poirot was brought to life in movies by actors Albert Finney and Peter Ustinov, and by David Suchet (photo) in the ITV series. 1 Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes, a creation by Arthur Conan Doyle, remains the archetypal detective who solves mysteries by logical reasoning. He appears in only four novels, of which “A Study in Scarlet” (1887) was the first, and “The Hound of the Baskervilles” (1902) the most famous. At least as important are the fifty-six short stories. Two of my personal favorites are “The Red-Headed League” and “The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle”. Holmes believes in the science of deduction: the principle that any problem can be solved if the necessary information is given. He is surrounded by people who are less bright than him. Dr Watson is a good observer, and can relate the cases in detail as first person narrator, but he never comes to the correct conclusion by himself. Inspector Lestrade is the not too clever police investigator with a lot of tenacity once he’s on the right track. His archenemy Professor Moriarty only appears in two stories. As a private person Holmes is quite eccentric. He uses cocaine, and never gets romantically involved, although he does have feelings for Irene Adler from “A Scandal in Bohemia”. Of the many actors who have played Sherlock Holmes I’ll just mention Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett (photo). Honorable mention: Auguste Dupin (E. A. Poe), Father Brown (G. K. Chesterton), Adam Dalgliesh (P. D. James), Chief Inspector Wexford (Ruth Rendell), Chief Inspector Barnaby (Caroline Graham). More Great Lists	Lemon
According to the tv and radio ads, "Uh oh, better get" who?	Top 10 Fictional Detectives - Listverse Top 10 Fictional Detectives Naert January 18, 2011 Whenever I’m bored I like to read a good detective story. I always make a list of suspects with their motives and alibis, and try to unmask the culprit at least four chapters before the end. Sometimes I’m right; sometimes I’m way off. These stories are two things in one: they are puzzles – like a crossword or a sudoku – but they are also literature, with interesting characters, a certain psychological depth and a vision of society in a given time and place. Making this top ten wasn’t easy, and I don’t expect everybody to agree. There’s the dilemma between quantity and quality, and the contrast between the British cosy mystery and American hardboiled fiction. Certain classics had to be included, but for the more recent ones it was a tougher choice. In the end I just followed my own taste. These are all detectives who gave me a lot of reading pleasure. 10 Detective Inspector Thomas Linley Inspector Linley is a British detective created by the American author Elizabeth George. He’s the eighth Earl of Asherton. He solves crimes with his Scotland Yard colleague Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers, who has a working class background. In the third Linley novel, “Well-Schooled in Murder”, Linley and Havers solve a homicide case in an elite British public school, which is remarkably well depicted for a non-British author. George always prepares her novels by studying real locations in England, which makes her stories more realistic than those of many other crime writers. Linley himself is a round character with weaknesses. His relationship with Lady Helen Clyde evolves through the novels. Linley and Havers are portrayed by Nathaniel Parker and Sharon Small (photo) in the BBC series “The Inspector Linley Mysteries”. 9 Kinsey Millhone Private detective Kinsey Millhone was created by American author Sue Grafton. She appears in the alphabet series: “A Is for Alibi”, “B Is for Burglar” etc. She lives in an apartment in Santa Teresa, California. This fictional town based on Santa Barbara was invented by another writer, Ross MacDonald. Kinsey is a bachelorette who runs a lot to stay in shape, and has an affair from time to time. I like these novels because they are entertaining and have a fast pace and strong plot. There’s always a certain amount of action involved too. There hasn’t been a film or TV adaption of these stories yet – maybe an idea for the future. 8 Philip Marlowe Philip Marlowe is a private investigator created by American author Raymond Chandler. He appeared for the first time in “The Big Sleep”, in 1939. Other well-known titles are “The Lady in the Lake” and “The Long Goodbye”. Marlowe belongs to the hardboiled direction, influenced by Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade. He smokes and drinks a lot. He lives in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The stories are set in the more dangerous neighbourhoods in and around this city. Violence, drugs and tough language occur frequently. Marlowe has been played by a lot of actors, including Humphrey Bogart in “The Big Sleep” and Powers Boothe (photo) in the ITV series “Philip Marlowe, Private Eye”. 7 Sam Spade Private detective Sam Spade was invented by Dashiell Hammett. He only appears in one novel and three short stories, but remains important as the first example of a detective in the hard-boiled genre. Chandler’s Philip Marlowe, among others, was inspired by Sam Spade. Spade is the main character in “The Maltese Falcon” (1930). He runs a detective agency in San Francisco with his partner Miles Archer, who gets killed early in the novel. He’s not afraid of a fist fight or firearms. He appears to be cynical, but still has a sense of duty. The story also involves a typical femme fatale. He was played by several actors, of which the most famous remains Humphrey Bogart (photo) in the movie adaption of 1941. 6 Inspector Roderick Alleyn Detective Chief-Inspector Roderick Alleyn (pronounced “Allen”) is a British detective who appears in thirty-two novels by New Zealand writer Ngaio Marsh. It started with “A Man Lay Dead” in 1934, when a murder game ends with a real murder. Other examples are “Vintage Murder”, “Artists in Crime”, and “Overture to Death” – where the murder method is especially interesting. As the younger brother of a baronet Alleyn is another example of a gentleman detective. He works for Scotland Yard, where he eventually reaches the rank of Chief Superintendent. Society journalist Nigel Bathgate often helps him during his investigations. Initially a bachelor, Alleyn later marries painter Agatha Troy. Of the three actors who have played him in TV adaptions the best known is Patrick Malahide (photo). 5 Jules Maigret Commissaire Jules Maigret is the only one in this top ten whose stories were not written in English, but in French. Although his author, Georges Simenon, was Belgian, Maigret himself is French and works in Paris. He holds a quantity record by appearing in seventy-five novels and twenty-nine short stories. Maigret usually smokes a pipe, drinks a lot and wears a heavy overcoat. He’s a more realistic character than most of his colleagues in the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. His method of investigation comes close to the way a real policeman would work. His successes are based on team work, routine research and tenacity, rather than individual brilliancy. Maigret has been played by several TV actors, of which Jean Gabin was the first, and Bruno Cremer (photo) the most famous. 4 Lord Peter Wimsey Lord Peter Wimsey was created by British author Dorothy L. Sayers. He’s the archetypal gentleman detective. Solving crimes is a hobby for him. In the second novel “Clouds of Witness” (1926), he has to take action because his brother is suspected of murder. He’s a round character with a past. After getting injured during World War I he was rescued by his later manservant Bunter, who also helps him with his investigations. Wimsey falls in love with Harriet Vine, and marries her. He likes to cooperate with Chief Inspector Charles Parker from Scotland Yard. These novels are still worth reading, because they are simply good literature with a broad perspective on British society in that era. Wimsey himself may be a gentleman, but he meets people from the lower classes, like the farmer in “Clouds of Witness” who suspects Wimsey of having an affair with his wife. Several actors have played Lord Peter Wimsey, including Ian Carmichael (photo) in a BBC series. 3 Miss Marple Agatha Christie’s Miss Jane Marple appeared first in a series of short stories in a magazine, later collected as “The Thirteen Problems”. This elderly spinster with a remarkable talent for amateur sleuthing can be followed in twelve crime novels, including “The Murder at the Vicarage” (1930) and “The Body in the Library” (1943). She lives in the small village of St Mary Mead, where she finds the opportunity to study human nature. She sees analogies with people and events she knows from village life, which helps her to solve many mysteries. Intuition and psychology are quite important to her. She can annoy the police investigators, who initially see her as an old busybody, until they have to admit she was right. I have to admit I used to be prejudiced against “the old bat” myself, but after reading her stories I became gradually convinced that she belongs to The Big Three of fictional detectives. She was played in movies by Margaret Rutherford and Angela Lansbury, and on TV by Helen Hayes, Joan Hickson (photo) and Geraldine McEwan. 2 Hercule Poirot Hercule Poirot appears for the first time in Agatha Christie’s “The Mysterious Affair at Styles”, published in 1920. He is a retired Belgian police officer who came to England during World War I as a refugee. Poirot solves mysteries with his “little grey cells”, occasionally without even leaving his room. With his strong preference for symmetry, order and method, he has something of a comic book character. Captain Arthur Hastings is his best friend, who relies too much on his intuition to solve a mystery by himself, but often helps Poirot with his observations and accidental remarks. Poirot’s secretary, Miss Lemon, is very efficient, but in contrast to Hastings she doesn’t have any imagination. Chief Inspector Japp from Scotland Yard isn’t too bright, but Poirot often sends him in the right direction. Detective writer Ariadne Oliver, who is partly based on Agatha Christie herself, believes in female intuition. Poirot is surely one of the greatest fictional detectives, because he was involved in so many unforgettable crime novels, including “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd”, “Murder on the Orient Express” and “Death on the Nile”. Poirot was brought to life in movies by actors Albert Finney and Peter Ustinov, and by David Suchet (photo) in the ITV series. 1 Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes, a creation by Arthur Conan Doyle, remains the archetypal detective who solves mysteries by logical reasoning. He appears in only four novels, of which “A Study in Scarlet” (1887) was the first, and “The Hound of the Baskervilles” (1902) the most famous. At least as important are the fifty-six short stories. Two of my personal favorites are “The Red-Headed League” and “The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle”. Holmes believes in the science of deduction: the principle that any problem can be solved if the necessary information is given. He is surrounded by people who are less bright than him. Dr Watson is a good observer, and can relate the cases in detail as first person narrator, but he never comes to the correct conclusion by himself. Inspector Lestrade is the not too clever police investigator with a lot of tenacity once he’s on the right track. His archenemy Professor Moriarty only appears in two stories. As a private person Holmes is quite eccentric. He uses cocaine, and never gets romantically involved, although he does have feelings for Irene Adler from “A Scandal in Bohemia”. Of the many actors who have played Sherlock Holmes I’ll just mention Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett (photo). Honorable mention: Auguste Dupin (E. A. Poe), Father Brown (G. K. Chesterton), Adam Dalgliesh (P. D. James), Chief Inspector Wexford (Ruth Rendell), Chief Inspector Barnaby (Caroline Graham). More Great Lists	i don't know
From the French for Little Shoulder, what is the name for the ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations?	Epaulette \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Officer of the French Republican Guard with epaulettes Epaulette ( / ˈ ɛ p ə l ɛ t / ; also spelt epaulet) [1] is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or "passant", a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial uniforms. Contents Epaulette is a French word meaning "little shoulder" ( diminutive from épaule, meaning "shoulder"). History Edit Louis XIV wearing shoulder ribbons, an early type of epaulette of the late 17th century. Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes. However their direct origin lies in the bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century, which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shoulder belts from slipping. These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free. This established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. [2] From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French and other armies to indicate rank. The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a "counter-epaulette" (with no fringe) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms. By the early eighteenth century, epaulettes became the distinguishing feature of an officer, leading to officers of military units without epaulettes to petition their government for the right to wear epaulettes, to ensure that they would be recognized as officers. [3] Certain cavalry specialties wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, rarely worn on the field. During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequently through the 19th century, grenadiers , light infantry , voltigeurs and other specialist categories of infantry in many European armies wore cloth epaulettes with wool fringes in various special colours to distinguish them from ordinary line infantry . "Flying artillery" wore "wings", similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, which matched the shoulder seam. Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders. Today, epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder strap , which is sewn into the shoulder seam and the end buttoned like an epaulette yarn. An intermediate form in some services, such as the Russian Army , is the shoulder board , which neither has a fringe nor extends beyond the shoulder seam. This originated during the nineteenth century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes. From the shoulderboard was developed the shoulder mark , a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned-on rank insignia. The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant. In literature, film and political satire, dictators, particularly of unstable Third World nations, are often depicted in military dress with oversized gold epaulettes. Canada Epaulettes of Provo Wallis , Maritime Command Museum , CFB Halifax In Canada, epaulette or epaulet is used to describe the shoulder strap of a military or police shirt, jacket or tunic and is used informally as a synonym for slip-on , a flat cloth sleeve (called in the US, a shoulder mark) worn ("slipped on") on the shoulder strap. After Unification and prior to the issue of the Distinct Environmental Uniform , musicians of the Band Branch wore epaulettes of braided gold cord on the CF uniform. Epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress , Patrol Dress , and Mess Dress uniforms. Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer's white Naval Service Dress. France Edit Until 1914 officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. [4] Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century. Other cavalry such as hussars , dragoons and chasseurs a' cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder. In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining historical full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a brief relaxing break in the 1920s. In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades. Cadets of the ESM Saint-Cyr in full uniform. The gold epaulettes shown are those of cadet officers, while those of ordinary cadets are red. Edit German Army uniforms were formerly known for a four cord braided "figure-of-eight" decoration which acted as a shoulder board for senior and general officers. This is called a shoulder knot . Although it was once seen on US Army uniforms, it remains only in the mess uniform . This type is still used in Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia. Sweden Edit Epaulettes first appeared on Swedish uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Swedish uniform regulations in 1792, although foreign recruited regiments had had them earlier. Senior officers were to wear golden crowns to distinguish their rank from lower ranking officers who wore golden stars. Epaulettes were discontinued on the field uniform in the mid 19th century, switching to rank insignia on the collar of the uniform jacket. Epaulettes were discontinued when they were removed from the general issue dress uniform in the 1930s. They are however still worn by the Royal Lifeguards and by military bands when in ceremonial full dress. Royal Lifeguards Officer in ceremonial full dress at the Royal Palace in Stockholm Swedish king Oscar II wearing an admiral's uniform, as shown by the three stars on his epaulettes Edit Shoulder mark of a contemporary British OG (Olive Green) pullover with RAF Sergeant insignia. The shoulder strap is attached with hook-and-loop fastener. Epaulettes first appeared on British uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Royal Navy uniform regulations in 1795, although some officers wore them before this date. Under this system Flag Officers wore silver stars on their epaulettes to distinguish their ranks. A Captain with at least three years seniority had two plain epaulettes, while a Junior Captain wore one on the right shoulder, and a Commander one of the left. [5] Before World War I the British Army stopped wearing epaulettes in the field, switching to rank insignia embroidered on the cuffs of the uniform jacket. This was found to make officers a target for snipers, so the insignia was moved to the shoulder straps, where it was less conspicuous. British cavalry on active service in the Sudan (1898) and during the Boer War (1899–1902) sometimes wore epaulettes made of chainmail to protect against sword blows landing on the shoulder. The blue "Number 1 dress" uniforms of some British cavalry regiments still retain this feature. [6] The current combat uniform (DPM) has the insignia formerly displayed on epaulettes, on a strap at the centre of the chest. Scottish uniform with epaulettes and aiguillette Police coloured epaulettes When policing large events, some specialist police officers' epaulettes are colour-coded according to their role: Bronze Commander - Yellow Maj. Gen. Charles Griffin wearing epaulettes during the American Civil War Epaulettes were authorized for the United States Navy in the first official uniform regulations, Uniform of the Navy of the United States, 1797. Captains wore an epaulette on each shoulder, lieutenants wore only one, on the right shoulder. [8] [9] By 1802, lieutenants wore their epaulette on the left shoulder, with lieutenants in command of a vessel wearing them on the right shoulder; [10] the signification rank of master commandants , they wore their epaulettes on the right shoulder similar to lieutenants in command. [11] By 1842, captains wore epaulettes on each shoulder with a star on the straps, master commandant were renamed commander in 1838 and wore the same epaulettes as captains except the straps were plain, and lieutenants wore a single epaulette similar to those of the commander, on the left shoulder. [12] After 1852, captains, commanders, lieutenants, pursers, surgeons , passed assistant and assistant surgeons , masters in the line of promotion and chief engineers wore epaulettes. [13] Epaulettes were specified for all United States Army officers in 1832; infantry officers wore silver epaulettes, while those of the artillery and other branches wore gold epaulettes, following the French manner. The rank insignia was of a contrasting metal, silver on gold and vice-versa. In 1851 the epaulettes became universally gold. Both majors and second lieutenants had no specific insignia. A major would have been recognizable as he would have worn the more elaborate epaulette fringes of a senior field officer. The rank insignia was silver for senior officers and gold for the bars of captains and first lieutenants. The reason for the choice of silver eagles over gold ones is thought to be one of economy; there were more cavalry and artillery colonels than infantry so it was cheaper to replace the numerically fewer gold ones. Shoulder straps were adopted to replace epaulettes for field duty in 1836. Licensed officers of the U.S. Merchant Marine may wear shoulder marks and sleeve stripes appropriate to their rank and branch of service. Deck officers wear a foul anchor above the stripes on their epaulettes and engineering officers wear a three-bladed propeller. In the U.S. Merchant Marine the correct wear of epaulettes depicting the fouled anchor is with the un-fouled stock of the anchor forward on the wearer. See also	Epaulette
According to the proverb, it's no use crying over what?	Epaulette \| Open Access articles \| Open Access journals \| Conference Proceedings \| Editors \| Authors \| Reviewers \| scientific events Officer of the French Republican Guard with epaulettes Epaulette ( /ˈɛpəlɛt/ ; also spelled epaulet) [1] is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or "passant", a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms. Contents Epaulette is a French word meaning "little shoulder" ( diminutive from épaule, meaning "shoulder"). History File:Louis XIV, King of France, after Lefebvre - Les collections du château de Versailles.jpg Louis XIV wearing shoulder ribbons, an early type of epaulette of the late 17th century. Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes. However their direct origin lies in the bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century, which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shoulder belts from slipping. These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free. This established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. [2] From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French and other armies to indicate rank. The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a "counter-epaulette" (with no fringe) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms. By the early 18th century, epaulettes became the distinguishing feature of an officer, leading to officers of military units without epaulettes to petition their government for the right to wear epaulettes, to ensure that they would be recognized as officers. [3] Certain cavalry specialties wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, rarely worn on the field. During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequently through the 19th century, grenadiers , light infantry , voltigeurs and other specialist categories of infantry in many European armies wore cloth epaulettes with wool fringes in various colours to distinguish them from ordinary line infantry . "Flying artillery" wore "wings", similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, which matched the shoulder seam. Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders. Today, epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder strap , which is sewn into the shoulder seam and the end buttoned like an epaulette. An intermediate form in some services, such as the Russian Army , is the shoulder board , which neither has a fringe nor extends beyond the shoulder seam. This originated during the 19th century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes. From the shoulder board was developed the shoulder mark , a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned-on rank insignia. The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant. Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, attached by shoulder straps integral to the shirts. The rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes: Four for captain, three for first officer (copilot), two for Second Officer (flight engineer). Airline captains' uniform caps usually will have a braid pattern on the bill. In literature, film and political satire, dictators , particularly of unstable Third World nations, are often depicted in military dress with oversized gold epaulettes. Belgium File:BELGICANA GRENADIERS CARABINIERS PRINCEPS BAUDOUIN.jpg Belgian Grenadiers In the Belgian army epaulettes (gold and red) are worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the royal escort and the Grenadiers . Canada Epaulettes of Provo Wallis , Maritime Command Museum , CFB Halifax In Canada , epaulette or epaulet is used to describe the shoulder strap of a military or police shirt, jacket or tunic and is used informally as a synonym for slip-on, a flat cloth sleeve (called in the US, a shoulder mark) worn ("slipped on") on the shoulder strap. After Unification and prior to the issue of the Distinct Environmental Uniform , musicians of the Band Branch wore epaulettes of braided gold cord on the CF uniform. Epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress , Patrol Dress , and Mess Dress uniforms. Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer's white Naval Service Dress. France Until 1914 officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. [4] Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century. Other cavalry such as hussars , dragoons and chasseurs à cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder. In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining 19th-century-style full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a break from 1915 to 1930. In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades. The Marine nationale and the Armée de l'Air do not use epaulettes, but non-commissioned and commissioned officers wear a gilded shoulder strap called attente, which original function was to clip the epaulette onto the shoulder. The attentes are also worn by Army generals on dress uniform. First Battalion ESM Bastille Day 2007 n2.jpg Cadets of the ESM Saint-Cyr in full uniform. The gold epaulettes shown are those of cadet officers, while those of ordinary cadets are red. Fourragere 1er RIMa 2007 07 14.jpg Army General de Villiers in dress uniform. Notice the attentes. Amiral Edouard Guillaud 2012 (cut off).jpg Admiral Guillaud in dress uniform. Notice the attentes. Élève-officier Gendarmerie Nationale TETRA taconnet.jpg Gendarmerie nationale cadet in full uniform. Notice the attente keeping the epaulette onto the shoulder. Germany Until World War I officers of the Imperial German Army generally wore silver epaulettes as a distinguishing feature of their full-dress uniforms. For ranks up to and including captain these were "scale" epaulettes without fringes, for majors and colonels with fine fringes and for generals with a heavy fringe. The base of the epaulette was of regimental colors. For ordinary duty dress "shoulder-cords" of silver braid intertwined with state colors, were worn. [5] During the period 1919-45, German Army uniforms were known for a four cord braided "figure-of-eight" decoration which acted as a shoulder board for senior and general officers. This was called a "shoulder knot". Although it was once seen on US Army uniforms, it remains only in the mess uniform . This type is still used in the present-day armies of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia; all of which formerly wore uniforms closely following the Imperial German model. Haiti Gold epaulettes in Haiti , were frequently worn throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in full dress. [6] During the Haitian Revolution , Gen. Charles Leclerc of the French Army wrote a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte saying, "We must destroy half of those in the plains and must not leave a single colored person in the colony who has worn an epaulette.” [7] [8] Général Toussaint Louverture.jpg Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture , wears a four-starred general-in-chief's uniform with epaulettes. President Jean-Pierre Boyer of Haiti (Hispaniola Unification Regime) Portrait.jpg Jean-Pierre Boyer , former battalion commander of the French Revolutionary Army , later became President of Haiti controlling the entire island of Hispaniola for twenty-two years. Sweden Epaulettes first appeared on Swedish uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Swedish uniform regulations in 1792, although foreign recruited regiments had had them earlier. Senior officers were to wear golden crowns to distinguish their rank from lower ranking officers who wore golden stars. Epaulettes were discontinued on the field uniform in the mid-19th century, switching to rank insignia on the collar of the uniform jacket. Epaulettes were discontinued when they were removed from the general issue dress uniform in the 1930s. They are however still worn by the Royal Lifeguards and by military bands when in ceremonial full dress. K1 Parad 5.jpg Royal Lifeguards Officer in ceremonial full dress at the Royal Palace in Stockholm King Oscar II of Sweden in uniform.png Swedish king Oscar II wearing an admiral's uniform, as shown by the three stars on his epaulettes United Kingdom File:Epaulette mp3h7527.jpg Shoulder mark of a contemporary British OG (Olive Green) pullover with RAF Sergeant insignia. The shoulder strap is attached with hook-and-loop fastener. Epaulettes first appeared on British uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Royal Navy uniform regulations in 1795, although some officers wore them before this date. Under this system Flag Officers wore silver stars on their epaulettes to distinguish their ranks. A Captain with at least three years seniority had two plain epaulettes, while a Junior Captain wore one on the right shoulder, and a Commander one on the left. [9] Before World War I the British Army stopped wearing epaulettes in the field, switching to rank insignia embroidered on the cuffs of the uniform jacket. This was found to make officers a target for snipers, so the insignia was moved to the shoulder straps, where it was less conspicuous. British cavalry on active service in the Sudan (1898) and during the Boer War (1899–1902) sometimes wore epaulettes made of chainmail to protect against sword blows landing on the shoulder. The blue "Number 1 dress" uniforms of some British cavalry regiments and yeomanry units still retain this feature in ornamental silvered form. [10] The current multi terrain pattern (MTP) and the older combat uniform (DPM) has the insignia formerly used on shoulder straps displayed on a single strap worn vertically in the centre of the chest. Scottish uniform with epaulettes and aiguillette Police shoulder strap colours When policing large events, some specialist police officers' shoulder straps are colour-coded according to their role: Bronze Commander - Yellow Maj. Gen. Charles Griffin wearing epaulettes during the American Civil War Epaulettes were authorized for the United States Navy in the first official uniform regulations, Uniform of the Navy of the United States, 1797. Captains wore an epaulette on each shoulder, lieutenants wore only one, on the right shoulder. [12] [13] By 1802, lieutenants wore their epaulette on the left shoulder, with lieutenants in command of a vessel wearing them on the right shoulder; [14] after the creation of the rank of master commandants , they wore their epaulettes on the right shoulder similar to lieutenants in command. [15] By 1842, captains wore epaulettes on each shoulder with a star on the straps, master commandant were renamed commander in 1838 and wore the same epaulettes as captains except the straps were plain, and lieutenants wore a single epaulette similar to those of the commander, on the left shoulder. [16] After 1852, captains, commanders, lieutenants, pursers , surgeons , passed assistant and assistant surgeons , masters in the line of promotion and chief engineers wore epaulettes. [17] Epaulettes were specified for all United States Army officers in 1832; infantry officers wore silver epaulettes, while those of the artillery and other branches wore gold epaulettes, following the French manner. The rank insignia was of a contrasting metal, silver on gold and vice versa. In 1851 the epaulettes became universally gold. Both majors and second lieutenants had no specific insignia. A major would have been recognizable as he would have worn the more elaborate epaulette fringes of a senior field officer. The rank insignia was silver for senior officers and gold for the bars of captains and first lieutenants. The reason for the choice of silver eagles over gold ones is thought to be one of economy; there were more cavalry and artillery colonels than infantry so it was cheaper to replace the numerically fewer gold ones. Shoulder straps were adopted to replace epaulettes for field duty in 1836. Licensed officers of the U.S. Merchant Marine may wear shoulder marks and sleeve stripes appropriate to their rank and branch of service. Deck officers wear a foul anchor above the stripes on their shoulder marks and engineering officers wear a three-bladed propeller. In the U.S. Merchant Marine the correct wear of shoulder marks depicting the fouled anchor is with the un-fouled stock of the anchor forward on the wearer. Gallery	i don't know
The sports teams from Auburn University, LSU, Princeton University, and University of Missouri all use the same name. Is it:	LSU Athletic Training -- Where are They? - LSUsports.net - The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics LSU Athletic Training -- Where are They? Published: July 29, 2014, 12:00 AM (CT) Updated: July 29, 2014, 09:30 AM (CT) Comments LSU Athletic Training alumni who have submitted information on the Alumni Only page are listed below. If you are a former LSU Athletic Trainer who worked at any time at LSU (student or graduate assistant), please use the "Alumni Only" page to submit your information. It will be updated below within a couple of business days. To contact these former LSU Athletic Trainers via e-mail, click on their name (if one has been provided). NOTE: If you wish to not have your e-mail address posted, please write to [email protected] and ask to have it removed. Also, if your e-mail is not posted and you would like for it to be, please send it to the same address. Athletic Training Responsibilities at LSU Where they are now and what they're doing there: 1999-2002 * Football, Men's Basketball, Men's Tennis Clinic Director/ Director of Sports Medicine at Advanced Rehabilitation in Gonzales. PT/ATC working in the Baton Rouge area 1993-97 * Football, Gymnastics, Men's Basketball Head ATC at Cascia Hall Prep School; enrolled in EdD Program at Oklahoma State; wife's name is Stephanie * Graduate Assistant for Football and Women's Soccer East Carolina University, Assistant Athletic Trainer overseeing Women's Basketball * Track & Field, Volleyball Real Estate, Business Mgmt I currently own a real estate brokerage and function as general manager of a variety of businesses for private owners. I am married and have 3 children, Will (14), Casey (11), and Kylee (9). * Football, Gymnastics, Baseball, Men's Basketball Certified Athletic Trainer for All Marine Boxing and Wrestling I am currently the Certified Athletic Trainer for the All Marine Boxing and Wrestling Teams at Camp Lejeune NC. I am the first ATC hired in this capacity for the Marine Corps and I also help with other All Marine Sporting events as necessary. * Football, Wrestling, Swimming and Diving LSU-Fire and Emergency Training Institute 1992-94 * Football and Gymnastics Coordinator of Clinical Placement and adjunct instructor for Graduate Athletic Training Program at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. * Gymnastics, Football, Softball, Track & Field Head athletic trainer for Arp Independent School District * Women's Basketball, Football, Women's Tennis Assistant Athletic Trainer at Lamar University * Football, Volleybal, Women's Basketball, and Track & Field Physical Therapist Assistant/ South Texas Health Systems Married to husband Jaime Stevens, one child, Jonathan 1989-91 * Football and Gymnastics Married to Daryl Brach (former swimmer) for 12 years. I have 3 children; ages 7, 4, 18 months (Girl,Boy,Girl). Currently I work in the Pentagon as a Major, Active National Guard for the Director of the Army Staff in Reserve Affairs. Currently finshing my MBA. * Gymnastics, Volleyball, Football Methodist Hospital System. Recently Graduate from University of Houston with a Masters in Sport Administration; Head Trainer at Lee College; High School Outreach within the southeast region of Houston; Seasonal work with the Houston Ballet Company * Student Athletic Trainer for all sports * Staff-Rec Center Training Room After graduating from LSU, worked as an intern with the Birmingham Stallions of the USFL for one year, then I served as the head trainer at St. Martin's Episcopal School in Metairie for six years ... Worked as a graduate assistant at Southeastern Louisiana while earning my masters degree. After graduating, I worked at LSU in the Rec Center training room. I was hired in 1993 by Mississippi Sports Medicine to work at Millsaps College. In 1999, I was hired full time at Millsaps, where I am currently entering my 11th year as the head athletic trainer/equipment manager. * Football GA, Basketball, Women's Tennis, Swimming & Diving Self Employed Consultant After LSU I worked as a health and wellness specialist for Pfizer Inc in New York. Then moved to Bali, Indonesia, where I still live and work as a creative consultant, writer, and speaker - amongst other things. * GA for Track & Field and Volleyball Currently working at Penn State University - Assistant Athletic Trainer with Football 1987-90 * Football, Women's Basketball, Track & Field After LSU, I completed my M.S. (1991-93) from the Univ. of Southern Mississippi, where I was a grad. asst. athletic trainer. After grad school, I worked as an Assistant Athletic Trainer at USM (1993-94); Lake Charles Memorial Hospital (1994-95); Univ. of Louisiana-Lafayette (1995-98). Went back to USM (1998-2000) to obtain my PhD. After PhD work I worked at Univ. of West Florida as their Program Director. In August 2002, I was hired by the LSU Dept. of Kinesiology as the Director of the Athletic Training Concentration. 1997-2002 * Football, Men's Basketball, Men's Tennis, Track I am employed by Christus Schumpert Health Systems as the Head Athletic Trainer at Louisiana State University in Shreveport. I also have some high school responsibilities in the Shreveport/Bossier area as well. * Football, Swimming, Baseball, Track & Field VP of Operations Capriotti's Sandwich Shop Inc. Wife Dana of 26 years 20 year old son Ryan Janaki "J.R." Comeaux * Volleyball, Tennis Physical Therapist/ PT Solutions I finished my DPT in August 2010 and am currently working in Niceville, FL in an outpatient setting. I help cover the local high school football games and help rehab the athletes from the local community college. * Football, Men's Basketball, Women's Tennis Graduate assistant trainer at Florida State University 1991-95 * Football and Swimming and Diving I am now teaching sports medicine and serving as athletic trainer at Sam Houston High School. Also, I am married and have 3 children. * Women's Basketball, Football, Soccer, Baseball Intern Assistant Athletic Trainer at the University of Arkansas * Football, Baseball, Track & Field Gary W. Ebert & Associates LTD Worked with Joe Mistich Troy Prevot David Degeneras during the time of John David Purdy and John Anderson while Jeff Boss was the Equipment Manage * Football, Track & Field, Gymnastics, and Women's Tennis Athletic Director, State College of Florida * Women's Tennis, Insurance Coordinator, Football District Fitness Manager/The Rush Fitness Complex 1997-99 * Graduate Assistant, Football, Soccer Has been working with U of Louisville's baseball squad since July 2002; Spent 2 years as head athletic trainer at Glenville State College in W. V.; One year prior worked at New England College in New Hampshire * Men's Tennis, Soccer, Insurance Coordinator Medical Assistant to Dr. Brett Cascio, Orthopaedic Specialists * Football, Baseball Louisiana Technical College - Region 2 Obtained MS in Voc Ed. Taught at the high school, university, and college level, and currently Regional Facility, Safety, & Property Manager for Louisiana Technical College - Region 2 (Greater Capital Area) Married to Julie, 2 daughters and 5 grandkids Still attend LSU Athletic Events with friends and family. 1978-84 * Basketball, Westling, Men and Womens Track, Womens Gymnastics, Men and Womens Tennis After graduating I worked for Stuart Gonzales (former trainer) with a local ambulance provider. After several more years obtained my Paramedic certification and worked with East Baton Rouge Parish EMS for 7 years. In 1992 I started working in industrial safety for Jacobs Engineering. After working for Jacobs for 10 years I took a job for The Shaw group in the corporate office as a Safety Manager in Charge of Drug and Alcohol testing. I then worked for LUBA Workers Comp (with Troy Prevot, another former trainer) as a Loss Control Consultant. I presently work for Turner Industries Group as a Area Health and Safety Manager. I have two children. Lauren 25 who is married to Josh Spahn of Baton Rouge and Catherine 22. We all live in Baton Rouge and still enjoy LSU sports. 2000-04 * Football, Track & Field/CC, Volleyball Received M.Ed. in Sports Medicine from the University of Virginia in 2005. Currently the Head Athletic Trainer for the Houston Ballet Company in Houston, TX. * Graduate Assistant (Gymnastics 1997-2001; Football 2001-2002) Managing Partner - Varsity Sports Mandeville After completing my master's and doctoral programs at LSU in 2006, I moved to Wilmington, NC as the AT Clinical Coordinator at UNC Wilmington. My wife, Jill, and I moved back to southeast Louisiana in 2007 and, with many good friends and business partners, opened up a second Varsity Sports (specialty running shop) in Mandeville, LA. Jill and I enjoy running marathons, many together, and are blessed to have a beautiful daughter, Emma (2008). 1995-99 * Football, Swimming & Diving Football/Baseball Coach and Teacher - Neville High School. Married to Elizabeth with two daughters - Sara Kate and Adeline. 1990-94 * Track & Field, Football, Tennis Lived in Lakeview before Katrina..Lost house and now rebuilding back where we were. Loved being a trainer. Helped me become the person I am. 1984-85 * Football, Wrestling, Men's Tennis Graduated in 1985, moved to California, and worked in construction field for 13 years. Now, a resource teacher at Windsor High School, Windsor, Calif. * Basketball and Assembly Center assigned sports Louisiana Restaurant Association - President & CEO * Rec Center, Men's Basketball, Football Director of IT for Louisiana Lottery Led IT departments for the last 12 years at multi-chain (Raising Canes) and international based companies. Recently moved my family back to BR to be with family, friends and my Tigers. Love working with the Louisiana Lottery. * Men's Basketball, Football, Softball Physical Therapy "JEZDIC" After I graduated from LSU in 2004, I moved to New York, where I spent 5 years working as a ATC for a PT clinic. (www.recoveryPT.com) In July, 2009, I moved back to Europe and I opened Physical Therapy clinic in Belgrade, Serbia. ( www.ft-jezdic.com ) * Football, Women's Basketball, Men's Tennis General Internal Medicine Group After graduation, I attending the LSU physician assistant program at LSU in Shreveport, LA. Following that, I worked part time at OLOL emergency room and part time in family practice in Baton Rouge. In April of 2011, I accepted a position as a physican assistant in an internal medicine group in Arlington, VA. My wife, Madeline, and I are currently living in the D.C. metro area. * Graduate Assistant for Men's and Women's Soccer, Rugby Lake Charles Memorial Hospital Sports Medicine * Graduate Assistant, Softball, Football, Gymnastics, SAT Athletic trainer for the Edgewood Independent School District (Memorial High School) Married to Jeremy Garza 1975-80 * Football, Gymnastics, Track & Field, Wrestling Director of Customer Supply, Tembec; Worked the last 5 years of Charlie Mac when Tracy Ladd was Head Trainer, with several other guys listed on this page. Owned and operated Ambulance Service of BR, then Operations for EBR-EMS. Then managed part of a large paper mill north of Baton Rouge. * Men's Tennis, Gymnastics and Insurance Coordinator Assistant Athletic Trainer at the University of Tampa * Insurance Coordinator, Men's Tennis, and Football Assistant Athletic Trainer / Texas Tech University * Football, Women's Basketball, Volleyball, Track Sr. Field Rep for Sports Marketing Firm * Football, Soccer, Volleyball, Women's Tennis Senior Athletic Trainer/The University of Mississippi After graduating from LSU, I worked at a Physical Therapy Technician at Moreau Physical Therapy in Baton Rouge while attending massage therapy school. In 2002 I went on to The University of Mississippi where I served as a Graduate Assistant Athletic Trainer for the Men's & Women's Basketball teams. After assisting with both teams for over a year, I spent the spring 2004 semester as the primary athletic trainer for the women's basketball team on a interim basis, before being hired full time as an assistant athletic trainer. In 2007, I was promoted to my current position as Senior Athletic Trainer. I have had the pleasure of serving as the Secretary for the Mississippi Athletic Trainer's Association for several years and in addition to my daily duties as an athletic trainer, I am currently pursuing a PhD in Higher Education. 1978-82 * Wrestling and Football Head Athletic Trainer at Nimitz High School from 1982-1986. Head Athletic Trainer at Klein High School from 1986-1987. Taught 2 classes of Health. Assistant Coach for Track and Football at Hambrick Jr. High in Aldine ISD from 1987-1988. Assistant Football and Varsity Assistant Baseball at Nimitz High School in Aldine ISD. Teaching field Math from 1988-1994. From 1994-1999 continued to teach Math at Nimitz High School and began working for the Houston Astros charting pitches. Varsity Assistant Baseball and Math teacher at Nimitz High School 1999-present. Married, wife Lisa in 1982 after graduation. Sons, James born 1986, Matthew born 1989, and Christopher born 1995. * Football, Golf, Tennis, Wrestling, Gymnastics, Track & Field Architect/Vice President LA Operations Manti Resources/The Mantco Group I had a great experience at LSU while working in the athletic department. Married to Sandy S. Mistich for 26 years. After finishing LSU completed a 2nd degree in architecture in 1990 and a Masters in architecture. Taught at Tulane in the school of architecture for 2 years after graduation went on to become Director Of Public Works City of Mandeville for 13 years. Currently a partner at Manti Resources out of Corpus christi , TX and Vice President of Louisiana Operations. Sandy & I currently have our 2 sons attending LSU and both working with the football team. our oldest son Blake is an equipment manager and our youngest son Bradley is working in the videography department . I am past president of the l club letterman board from 2001-2002 and I am still currently serving on the L club board. 1978-82 * Wrestling, Track & Field, Men's Basketball After graduating from LSU, I attended Auburn University where I completed my master's in exercise science and worked as a graduate assistant working with football and track & field. Since graduating from Auburn U. I have held the following jobs: YMCA Fitness Director (1986-88, Waycross, Ga); Head athletic trainer at Auburn University - Montgomery (1988 - 95, Montgomery, AL); Clinical athletic trainer with HealthSouth (1991 - 97, Montgomery, AL); Coordinator of Sports Medicine Services with Rehab Associates (1997-99, Montgomery, AL). In 1999 I accepted the position of assistant professor in the human performance program and program director for the athletic training education program at Huntingdon College located in Montgomery. The program receive CAAHEP accreditation in the spring 2004. I am currently completing my doctorate at Auburn U. My wife Allison and I will be celebrating our 20th anniversity this summer. We have three children: Tyler (14), Mac (12), and Jennifer Leigh (5). We reside in the town of Prattville which is only a short drive from Montgomery.	Tiger
Name the 1980 movie from the plot summary: “An emotionally self-destructive boxer’s journey through life, as the violence and temper that leads him to the top in the ring, destroys his life outside it.”	* Trinity College of Florida (Trinity, Florida) * Trinity University (San Antonio, Texas) * University of Memphis (Memphis, Tennessee) * University of Missouri (Columbia, Missouri) * University of the Pacific (Stockton, California) * University of the South (Sewanee, Tennessee) * University of West Alabama (Livingston, Alabama) * Voorhees College (Denmark, South Carolina) * Wittenberg University (Springfield, Ohio) also i copied an pasted that from a website, I did not sit here and do that all for this one question thanks travelin man…great answers first, i do have about 8 hrs of time on my hands since i’m at work and getting paid to ask that question, it’s wonderful isnt it? and what does it take all of 6 seconds to copy and paste, what will i ever do since I will never see that 6 seconds again? last answers i asked why so MANY, not 1 single team, MANY have the name, how many crimson tides are there? yeah 1, how many titans? yeah 1…maybe you should read the question instead of telling me not to read into it! The Smilodon (Sabre Tooth) and Siberian Tigers did iboth live in N. America. There was a land bridge up there where the former governor of Alaska lives.. Since the tigers that crossed the bridge were cold weather cats, and the Smilodon was larger the farther south in the Americas (up to 900 lb in SA) and native, the original population of Siberians was actually, spread mostly, from the northern rather than southern region. As far as why more Southern teams use the name, I can’t offer anything more than a guess. S— happens? Someone always has more than someone else? Now some copy/paste refernce. Siberian tigers were present in Alaska 100 000 years ago, and probably not only in this epoch of Prehistory. Tigers and lions cohabited on this territory. At the end of upper Pleistocene, siberian human populations, carriers of a very strong tiger culture (very influent in Northern China), migrate to America towards Beringia bridge. They replaced the Tiger by the Jaguar in their cults. Today, in the USA, there are more than 10 000 captive tigers (two times more than in China). This country (and more generally North America as a whole) has large wild areas where some tigers could live freely (circum – arctic zones included, in correspondance with present climatic changes) if prevalent bear areas are avoided. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site. 7 Responses to “Clemson, LSU, Memphis, Auburn, Missouri?” Travelin' Man	i don't know
Roy Horn, of Siegfried and Roy fame, had his career cut short in 2003 when he was attacked by what?	Tiger that injured Roy Horn of Siegfried & Roy in 2003 dies \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share He was told he would never walk, talk or perform magic again, but defied all odds to make a remarkable recovery, despite having to have part of his brain cut away, suffering a crushed windpipe and being partially paralyzed. The friends, who were famed for their magic show that incorporated a menagerie of elephants, tigers and lions into illusion acts, ended their famed Mirage show in 2003. After a run of 30,000 shows that were watched by up to 400,000 people each year, the showmen decided to retire from their Las Vegas production. Roy admits that he was a 'little bit handicapped,' by the incident that both deny was an attack by their white tiger. 'I can do a lot of things. I can walk, I can go swimming, I can go to the gym, I can go shopping,' he told a magazine last year. Habitat: Even now the illusionists look after tigers at Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden and Dolphin Habitat at The Mirage Hotel & Casino Great white cat: Fischbacher and Roy discontinued their magic stage show after a white tiger named Mantecore attacked Horn during a 2003 performance, leaving him partially paralyzed Close call: Horn, seen here being rushed to hospital in October 2003 after being grabbed by the tiger, was told he would never walk, talk or perform magic again, but defied all odds to make a remarkable recovery After a two-year review, federal investigators never determined what set off the tiger. 'I will forever believe it was his concern for my safety and well-being that caused him to act as he did on that night long ago,' Horn said in a statement. 'We spent many hours together and he never failed to bring me great joy and wonderment. It was my great honor to be beside him at the end. He is now playing with his siblings in white tiger heaven.' 'Farewell my dear friend…..know that your image is forever burned into my heart,' Roy wrote in an emotional Facebook post. Horn's injuries left him partially paralyzed and led to the closing of Siegfried & Roy's successful Vegas show. During Horn's long rehabilitation, both he and Fischbacher remained devoted to The Secret Garden and Dolphin Habitat, their exotic habitat on the Las Vegas Strip that houses lions, tigers and leopards. Horn noted that there are 11 white tigers and two white lions residing at the habitat after Mantecore's death. Flashback: Siegfried and Roy were famed for their shows that combined magic with exotic animals Read more:	Tiger
The professional wrestling organization formerly known as the WWF is now known by what set of initials?	Roy Horn 'sex assault' tape: Footage shows him 'groping employees and squeezing their nipples' \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share Mr Horn was bitten in the neck by a seven-year-old male tiger named Montecore, who had been trained with Siegfried & Roy for six years. He suffered severe blood loss and was said to have suffered a stroke and had to have a quarter of his skull removed to relieve pressure on his swelling brain. Famous: Siegfried and Roy, pictured with Michael Jackson in 2002, were once named among the top ten highest-paid entertainers in the U.S. He was also paralysed temporarily and had to undergo extensive rehabilitation in Los Angeles. Siegfried & Roy, who were once named among the top ten highest-paid entertainers in the U.S., closed their show immediately after the accident. They returned to the stage for a 'final stage appearance' with Montecore in 2009, but officially announced their retirement in 2010. Mr Horn was unavailable for comment. On stage: Mr Horn made millions as one half of magic duo Siegfried and Roy Read more: Femail Today Donald and his golden girl: Trump is joined by stunning Melania at pre-inauguration dinner and jokes that if rains tomorrow 'people will know it's my real hair' Ivanka Trump stuns in a black and white gown as she is joined by Tiffany and the rest of the clan at The Donald's pre-inauguration dinner First Daughter ready Emily Ratajkowski shares sexy boomerang in just bra and panties as she hints at 'secret project' For a secret project, she's certainly showing a lot of it off Dance floor ready! 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Eva Longoria strolls hand in hand with handsome husband Jose Bastón after she picks up award at NATPE ceremony in Miami A Lannister always pays his barber! Peter Dinklage dyes his hair a fiery red as he emerges from swanky NYC salon Peter Dinklage revealed a surprising new look Auntie Muva! Amber Rose shares sweet selfie with BFF Blac Chyna's baby Dream Kardashian It is their first selfie together It Moss be love! Kate poses up a storm with supermodel pal and fellow 'south London girl' Naomi Campbell in throwback Instagram snap 'I've taken so many punches for all of you!' Amber Rose lashes out at critics who accused her of laughing at 'molestation victim' Instagram post Topless Ariel Winter calls Modern Family co-star Sofia Vergara a 'great role model' for body acceptance Both scored SAG Award nominations The debutants take to the floor in white gowns and elbow-length gloves at the Vienna Philharmonic Ball Held in the Musikverein building in Vienna Snow worries! Model Sophie Monk takes a big spill on Canadian ski slopes after 'getting too confident' as passers by refuse to stop and help Hitting the slopes Hello Berlin! Milla Jovovich wears semi sheer black blouse and leather skirt for German premiere of Resident Evil: The Final Chapter On the red carpet RHONY's Jules Wainstein says she is facing eviction from NYC townhouse she shares with her two children as their father Michael splurges on parties Smokin' hot in Miami: Victoria's Secret models Sara Sampaio, Josephine Skriver, Lais Ribeiro and Elsa Hosk post racy snaps from lingerie shoot Using her star for good! Cate Blanchett braves the cold and joins protest march for equality in New York City She joined the demo in the Big Apple A pair of Nasty Women! Anne Hathaway and Rebel Wilson lined up for Dirty Rotten Scoundrels remake Actresses are being eyed up for the roles 'I was a douche in 2016': Johnny Manziel is vowing to change to be 'a good person' as he denies he'll be charging to take photos with fans at Super Bowl event 'Are you serious?' Furious Serena Williams hits out at reporter's criticism after Australian Open win - and makes him apologize Break from glamor! Cindy Crawford bundles up in blue print scarf as she picks up a coffee in Malibu Even supermodels need their coffee fix Busted! Jenny McCarthy makes a playful grab for Heather McDonald's chest during a cheeky radio interview The duo joked around in NYC All set to show that America's Got Talent! Jackie Evancho rehearses national anthem on stage outside the Capitol as last minute inauguration preparations finish up The good old days! Amy Schumer shares sweet throwback snap of herself as tot wearing velcro sneakers and pink sweatshirt on farm Serious throwback Portrait of JFK's First Lady gives a hazy view of a heroine: Jackie is highly original but flawed, says BRIAN VINER Film review Rain, rain, go away! Rose Byrne appears glum as she shoots outdoor scenes for live-action animated film Peter Rabbit in wet weather 'Incredible': Luann De Lesseps shares details about her Bahamian 'pre-honeymoon' and upcoming European holiday with new husband The castaway for Desert Island Discs' 75th anniversary? Well, it's David, er, Beckham Popular music radio show is broadcast in the UK 'I'm sorry, love': New trailer for Paul Hogan TV biopic focuses on ex-wife Noelene and Crocodile Dundee star's relationship with Linda Kozlowski The Rock and Eddie Murphy support Rush Hour director Brett Ratner as he gets his star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame Donned shades Elizabeth Banks' nefarious Rita Repulsa wreaks havoc in new Power Rangers trailer A new trailer dropped Thursday for Dean Israelite's Power Rangers Uma Thurman's ex-fiancee questioned about his 'addiction to prostitutes' and threats to former supermodel partner Elle Macpherson in latest round of vicious child custody fight 'Best father in the world:' Peta Murgatroyd wishes fiance Maksim a happy birthday by sharing tender image of him holding their son Instagram post Getting ready for Scott? Kourtney Kardashian dashes to a laser hair removal clinic after it's said she's keen to rekindle romance with Disick 'I was mortified... but now I'm a new woman': Mother loses 45 kilos after mix up saw her placed in hospital room for GASTRIC BAND patients Who needs two hands? Doting dad Armie Hammer takes his daughter out in a stroller AND walks the dog with one arm in a sling xXx-rated friends! Ruby Rose takes a kiss on the cheek from Xander Cage co-star Vin Diesel - after revealing they FaceTime 'four to five times a week' Showing Justin what he's missing? Bieber's rumored fling Sahara Ray enjoys TOPLESS body painting with girlfriends Having fun in Bali Kate Gosselin 'pats down her children to make sure they aren't carrying phones and makes them do tons of chores' when Kate Plus 8 isn't filming Weepie and wonderful: Lion is a true story about a lost and adopted little boy searching for his family that could make a statue cry Review The Democrat with a front row seat! Tiffany Trump brings boyfriend Ross Mechanic to Washington, D.C. with her family for the inauguration Celine Dion set to record original tune for live-action Beauty And The Beast 20 years after making My Heart Will Go On a megahit for Titanic She's a hitmaker Flirty friends! Hugh Jackman gets a cheeky smile from Michelle Williams on set of The Greatest Showman on Earth She's a Dawson's Creek alum 'It is definitely a mind fk': Kesha breaks down in tears as she recalls 'devastating' Dr. Luke legal battle During an interview on Viceland's Noisey Israeli intelligence head investigated for corruption after 'attending a Mariah Carey concert as James Packer's guest' Probe underway Charles and Camilla's gifts from rulers soaked in blood: Outrage over the Royals' present haul which includes watches presented by the 'brutal' Bahrain regime Now THAT'S an ice breaker! Sophie Monk puts on a busty display in a tiny black bikini as she hits the hot tub while on Canadian ski trip following sunburn disaster Is that Kim Kar-flashian? Star looks VERY different as she flaunts her famous behind in sizzling unseen shoot Never-before-seen pics 'I feel like for the first time I'm not faking': Little Mix's Jesy Nelson sizzles in a racy bodysuit as Perrie Edwards makes ANOTHER thinly veiled dig at ex Zayn Malik She's come well prepared! Maisie Williams swigs from a can of beer as she models a pink satin number at creative magazine launch Melania's former modeling agent throwing inauguration after-party with invites out to Kanye, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone Introduced her to Trump Why Alexia is ready to start jammin' with Bob: Actress starts rehearsals as reggae star's wife Rita in musical about his life On the London stage Indie chic! Model Jessica Hart cuts a demure figure in chambray shirt and leather-look leggings as she attends New York art opening Climate change is 'wolf at the door', says Charles: Prince urges world leaders to do more to tackle the issue in foreword of Ladybird book he co-authored A splash of color on the silver screen: World of rainbow-hued school supply brand Lisa Frank to be made into a live-action and animation hybrid film Making them green with envy! Ivanka Trump looks glamorous in an emerald dress as she steps out with husband Jared Kushner and kids ahead of inauguration Melrose Place actress jailed for killing married mother in drunken hit-and-run reveals how she has been cut off by friends and divorced by her husband 'He is using you': Bad Girls Club alum Morgan Osman claims she's having an affair with Britney Spears' new man Posted kissing photo EXCLUSIVE: Knock down that wall! Actress Minnie Driver wins her bitter feud with 75-year-old neighbor who must demolish his wall or go to prison 'There's ONE first lady': Ivanka Trump calls suggestions that she will fill Melania's role 'sexist' while revealing she is still close to Chelsea Clinton Clint Eastwood quietly lists sprawling Spanish mansion in Pebble Beach for $9.75million The property boasts views over Carmel Bay on the California coast 'There's no bad feeling between them:' Louis Tomlinson has split from Danielle Campbell just weeks after his mother's death... as the star is pictured looking pensive in Beverly Hills 'Exceptional First Lady - looking forward to the next chapter in your life': Queen Rania of Jordan posts thoughtful sendoff to Michelle Obama on last day in White House 'It costs a lot of money to look this cheap!' As Dolly Parton celebrates her 71st birthday, FEMAIL details the five style lessons we've learned from the legend Paula Patton is cheerful as she is joined by male pal while taking son to Malibu Farmers' Market amid ferocious custody battle with ex Robin Thicke Getting it right in white! Eva Longoria looks elegant in chic cocktail dress as she picks up award at NATPE ceremony in Miami Actress looked radiant 'You have to keep shaking it up': Marie Osmond talks change in new interview... after being shamed when fans thought she'd sing for Trump Woody Harrelson's plan for live movie streamed to cinemas from London is thrown into chaos by discovery of World War Two bomb Problems while filming Track Palin's ex-girlfriend is granted short-term order of protection 'for domestic violence' just weeks after filing for FULL custody of baby son Battle of the leading ladies! Susan Sarandon and Jessica Lange channel real-life rivals Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as they promote Feud Berry is the new black! As Ruby Rose models a deep wine lip color at the 2017 People's Choice Awards, FEMAIL rounds up similar hues starting at $4 Why so shy? Bella Hadid and Kendall Jenner shield themselves with massive bomber jackets as they descend into Paris on a private jet 'God you guys are personal': A VERY unimpressed Nicole Kidman bites back at radio host as she's quizzed about Keith Urban's alcoholism Mark Zuckerberg sues to force families to sell land passed down for generations and make his $100M Hawaiian home more secluded Facebook founder Awkward! Bella Hadid and ex The Weeknd cross paths at concert for first time since he started dating Selena Gomez In the Big Apple Hats off! As Bella Hadid and Suki Waterhouse step out in cool fiddler caps, FEMAIL rounds up the chicest options for YOU to shop now One of biggest trends Nude lips: Kylie Jenner plugs her makeup line with two new Instagram photos where she models beige lipstick Her raven locks spilled over her shoulders Twice as nice! Brunette bombshell Idina Menzel wears two different looks as she promotes Beaches in NYC Taking on Bette Midler's iconic role 'You're real as fk': Chrissy Teigen is praised by fans after posting snap of stretch marks on her upper thighs Baby nine months ago Leggy lady! Carrie Underwood shows off her assets in a shiny pale pink mini dress as she plugs Almay The 33-year-old looked fab in New York Oopsy daisy! Victoria Silvstedt, 42, nearly suffers a fashion faux pas while wearing a sexy white bikini while in St Barts The Swedish model Overweight and somewhat stinky, the REAL young Queen Victoria: New book claims Lord Melbourne dropped hints about her personal hygiene 'The line-up made me upset': Azealia Banks says she would 'love' to perform at Trump inauguration after A listers shun the event The controversial singer Tony Romo parties at Trump's new hotel in DC ahead of the inauguration after what could be his last football game ever for the Dallas Cowboys Singer of 1989 hit 'Lambada' Loalwa Braz is found burned to death in a charred car in Brazil after two men were spotted running from her house 'Disgusting beyond words': ESPN commentator accused of racism after comparing tennis star Venus Williams to a GORILLA Aaron Rodgers' family doesn't 'trust' Olivia Munn: More details of NFL star's rift with relatives emerge revealing that he 'chose Olivia over them ' Ivanka Trump shares touching picture of herself with mom Ivana which she found while packing as she says goodbye to her company Monica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton's White House-affair will be the focus of new season of Ryan Murphy's hit series American Crime Story Revisiting the scandal Is THAT why she wants him back? Scott Disick shows off his MANLY BULGE as ex Kourtney Kardashian is claimed to want another try at their romance The weird and wonderful gifts received by the Royal Family in 2016 - from a Post-It holder for the Queen to a rattle for Charlotte (and a headdress for Harry!) Caitlyn Jenner jets to DC to attend Trump's inauguration where the future president has been encouraged to dance with the former Olympian So chic! Gwyneth Paltrow looks elegant in winter white and a camel coat as she jets into chilly New York The 44-year-old actress was ready for the cold 'The hottest date here tonight!' Blake Shelton gives girlfriend Gwen Stefani a shout-out as he wins big at People's Choice Awards They're going strong 'She has to answer for everything she says': RHOBH's Erika Girardi dishes new details on THAT 'Pantygate' flashing incident The multi-millionaire 'It means the world to us': Kaley Cuoco stuns in purple gown as she thanks Big Bang Theory fans at People's Choice Awards The 31-year-old actress Five become phwoar! Fifth Harmony whip up the crowd at People's Choice Awards in VERY racy dominatrix gear... as they make stage debut as a quartet Full House (of fashion victims)! Ashley Greene joins the Fuller House cast for worst dressed at the People's Choice Awards Fashion fails! 'You can't have him! He's all mine!' Blake Lively gushes over husband Ryan Reynolds after win at People's Choice Awards Crazy about her man Trump is doing it My Way: President-elect and wife Melania will dance to Frank Sinatra's classic tune at the start of first inaugural ball Anticipation grows 'Here's another photo of my butt': Victoria's Secret model Kelly Gale shares second revealing shower photo as she holidays in Bali At her private villa 'Being your First Lady has been the honor of a lifetime': Michelle Obama shares sweet message as she cuddles up to Barack on White House balcony Bethenny Frankel dons trendy sweats and leather jacket as she braves the cold on school run with daughter Bryn The 46-year-old star Bernie Sanders, fashion muse? The Democratic runner-up inspires menswear in Balenciaga's latest collection to hit the runway Matchy! Twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen wear same sunglasses as they take a cigarette break outside their NYC office The 30-year-old pair Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is caught on camera SWEARING at Kevin Hart as they diss each other during People's Choice acceptance speeches She's still got it! Sharon Stone, 58, looks every inch the siren as she poses in low-cut top for glam photos on the set of her new movie The blonde bombshell Good to see you back ma'am! The Queen is all smiles as she returns to official duties for the first time since recovering from a heavy cold Not headed to the inauguration then Tom? Ford lands at LAX amid spat with president-elect over his insulting comments about Melania Trump 'We have different styles': Nicole Richie doesn't give advice to sister Sofia... who prefers Paris Hilton The siblings who aren't genetically related Prince Harry is announced as patron of a rhino conservation charity in his 'second home' Botswana which he's been visiting for more than 20 years Bringing the glamour! JLo and Blake Lively wow in black frocks while Gwen Stefani stands out in a textured blue dress for the 2017 People's Choice Awards Bruce Springsteen had White House staffers Dancing in the Dark as he played a SECRET 15-song gig in the East Room Concert last week That looks familiar! Justin Bieber continues to roll back the years with his classic haircut as he steps out in spray on skin-tight jeans The Canadian singer Oakland Raiders' Karl Joseph fulfills his 8th grade promise to buy his mom her dream home by splashing out on a new pad Kept his promise Lottie too hottie! Ms Moss displays swallow inkings on her torso as she shows off her model figure in a VERY daring lingerie selfie Kate Moss' kid sister PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Sherlock star Amanda Abbington steps out amid claims she confronted ex Martin Freeman over 'bond' with another woman A teen and his leading lady! Gigi and Bella's younger brother Anwar Hadid, 17, holds hands with Nicola Peltz, 22, during Beverly Hills outing Giddy Paris Jackson looks smitten with boyfriend Michael Snoddy as they enjoy a romantic stroll around Paris Fun in Freench capital 'We haven't spoken in a while...': Liam Payne thanks fans from inside his LA studio as pregnant girlfriend Cheryl remains at home in England 'I'm an emotional eater': Khloe Kardashian reveals she would turn to food for comfort when 'stressed or sad' in preview for her new show Revenge Body Maybe she's born with it! Gigi Hadid looks flawless as she displays her natural beauty in her Maybelline campaign Stunning model and her beau Zayn Malik Demi Lovato and boyfriend Guilherme Vasconcelos emerge from DNCE concert where they saw her ex Joe Jonas perform Enjoyed a night out Kim Zolciak looks unrecognizable in throwback mother-daughter snap The 38-year-old TRHOA alum boasts 5.3M followers Smooth landing! Make-up free Cara Delevingne cuts a casual figure in stylish joggers as she touches down at LAX following charity trip to Uganda 'I'm glad I didn't make changes earlier in my life': Ruby Rose talks gender identity struggles and says she's excited to become a mother Taylor Swift impersonator Xia Vigor's mom defends 7-year-old daughter's 'sexualized' routine and blasts Piers Morgan for calling it 'creepy' 'I don't want to go to jail!' T-Pain's Australian tour in crisis as he risks being denied entry into the country due to parking ticket he was given 10 years ago Which shoes give you a perky posterior? As fashion bible British Vogue endorses kitten heels, FEMAIL looks for the best footwear to achieve perfect butt lift Drew Barrymore looks effortlessly chic and sophisticated as she attends Madrid photocall for new Netflix zombie show Santa Clarita Diet The 41-year-old actress Kate Moss is back to her glamorous self after wild birthday celebrations as she cozies up to David Beckham at Louis Vuitton show in Paris Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian cheers on his fiancée Serena Williams after at the Australian Open The couple announced engagement last month Buy the Ferrari that Justin Bieber forgot: Car the singer 'lost' in a hotel parking lot for three weeks is now up for auction It won't come cheap Heaven on earth! Eva Longoria shows off toned physique in white leggings during barefoot stroll through Miami The actress, 41, was tuned into her earbuds Strike a posy! Princess Mary receives rose bouquet as she dazzles in a blue blouse at charity event in Copenhagen The Danish royal Life in the style lane! Formula One star Lewis Hamilton shows his sartorial stripes with three different looks at Paris Men's Fashion Week Jada Pinkett Smith cosies up to 'personal favourite' Johnny Depp backstage at the People's Choice... after presenting his Movie Icon Award Hair he is! Solemn Matthew McConaughey looks tired and sports unkempt beard as heads for dinner in London with wife Camila Alves There she blows! Caitlyn Jenner lets her mane down for full bombshell look during coffee run in Malibu The 67-year-old star sported thick locks EXCLUSIVE: 'Sexualized' 'Taylor Swift' schoolgirl, 7, reveals she was paid just $100 for Philippines TV show that made her a global star His very own Khaleesi: Game Of Thrones' Sophie Turner and boyfriend Joe Jonas hold hands as they enjoy a low-key LA date night Very affectionate Tightening her belt? Amber Heard shops at 99 cents store after finalising divorce from Johnny Depp She was used to living the high life 'You have trusted me': Emotional Johnny Depp thanks fans for 'standing by him' through Amber Heard divorce drama at People's Choice Awards Luscious in lemon lace! Jamie Chung looks pretty as a picture in strapless gown slashed to the thigh as she wows at People's Choice Awards Sarah Jessica Parker dazzles in bronze strapless gown as she graciously accepts People's Choice Award Very sexy in the city Orange really Is The New Black! Ruby Rose goes braless at the People's Choice Awards red carpet in a bright tuxedo and wine colored lipstick She dares to bare! Cheryl Burke flashes lean legs thanks to high slit in sheer dress at People's Choice Awards Put her pins on display Her Dark Knight in shining armour! Christian Bale's wife Sibi stares lovingly at star after he treats her to lunch in Beverly Hills Loved up United front! Kim Kardashian takes the plunge as she enjoys lunch date with Kanye West... as couple are said to be 'in a good place' All work and no play! Margot Robbie and producer husband Tom Ackerley are hard at work on set of I, Tonya as actress stars in ice skating biopic Busty Coco Austin shows off her shapely figure in skintight outfit while on a stroll with Ice-T and baby Chanel Spotted with their 13-month-old princess She's furry busy! Mel B puts on a leggy display in sexy thigh-high boots and a lavish fur coat as she steps out in NYC The America's Got Talent judge 41, looked great Legally, she is no longer blonde! Reese Witherspoon dons bright red wig to play Mrs Whatsit in A Wrinkle In Time Dramatically different Toilet paper! Sir Patrick Stewart's surprising new part is revealed as the voice of the 'poop icon' in upcoming The Emoji Movie Are YOU brave enough for 'blorange'? Georgia May Jagger starts new hair trend after dyeing her hair a unique shade of strawberry blonde Luscious locks Woman arrested after accosting Bella Hadid with Palestinian flag as she arrives at sister Gigi's home with Kendall Jenner in New York She is proud of her roots Katie Holmes goes casual in Calabasas as it emerges her relationship with Tom Cruise and Scientology are NOT the basis for new E! series Rock in Peace, Dad: All three of Rick Parfitt's wives and his eldest sons join the Status Quo star's bandmates to say goodbye at funeral after his death at 68 It's all in your head! Ashley Hart shares snaps of herself undergoing acupuncture on her face and chest She took to Instagram to share a snap Elle Fanning shows off her flawless complexion as she goes make-up free for a gym session in Los Angeles Cutting a casual figure in her workout gear Single Bella Hadid ditches the glamour as she flashes her abs on VERY casual night with Kendall Jenner... before sharing seductive clip of her stripping 'It was very sad to close it out': Emma Stone reveals it was emotional to wrap La La Land up as she'd become close to co-star Ryan Gosling DON'T MISS Looking shady! Kate Bosworth goes incognito in dark sunglasses and black furry coat as she jets into LAX with husband Michael Polish Remember my name! Alessandra Ambrosio rocks personalized workout gear as she heads to the gym after returning from Brazilian vacation Melissa McCarthy jokes that her tires were slashed by Kristen Bell and Rebel Wilson in hilarious acceptance speech at People's Choice Awards Robert Downey Jr. cuts a slick figure as he collects People's Choice Award for Favourite Action Hero for Captain America: Civil War 'This is a special honor': Tom Hanks talks about his legacy in film as he accepts People's Choice Award The Forrest Gump actor took to the stage 'I still haven't accomplished it!' Blake Lively reveals childhood wish to meet The Spice Girls... as she dedicates People's Choice Award to Girl Power Ivanka's 'quick conversation' with Michelle Obama turned into an hour-long meeting of minds as she prepares for role of de facto first lady Is George Clooney's wife Amal 'pregnant with twins'? Rumors the human rights lawyer, 38, is expecting a boy and a girl as she attends Davos 'It's the concussion talking': Priyanka Chopra jokes about Quantico accident after winning People's Choice Award for favorite dramatic TV actress 'Even with this ridiculous accent!' Sofia Vergara is overcome with emotion as accepts Favorite Comedic TV Actress at People's Choice Awards 'This is amazing!' Ellen DeGeneres makes history with her 20th People's Choice Award as she's supported by glamorous wife Portia de Rossi Pretty in pink! Ruby Rose swaps her edgy style for a softer look as she films in West Hollywood Looking super chic 'I just exposed myself': Kristen Bell mortified after revealing she was using teleprompter during technical glitch while honoring Tyler Perry at People's Choice Gynecologist slams Gwyneth Paltrow's 'vagina eggs' as 'dangerous' advice that could cause infections, painful sex, and deadly toxic shock syndrome EXCLUSIVE: Southern Charm's Jennifer Snowden tells how co-star Kathryn Dennis turned her back on her after she became pregnant Trump sends best wishes to George H.W. Bush and wife Barbara in hospital after the ex- president joked that attending inauguration would kill him Ivanka's first step in Making America Great Again: Assembling the furniture. Thrifty First Daughter furnishes $5.5million Washington home at IKEA 'I love you, and go to bed': Justin Timberlake sends sweet message to son Silas as he accepts two People's Choice Awards Double celebration He's pushing the envelope! Westworld star Luke Hemsworth sports a leather motorcycle jacket with a shirt and tie at People's Choice Awards Silver Bell! Kristen stands out on the People's Choice red carpet in shimmering bandeau jumpsuit Take MC Hammer's pants and add a corset Going for the gold! Victoria Justice dazzles in tiny mini dress as she flashes legs at People's Choice Awards The 23-year-old was in Los Angeles Jennifer Lopez wins first People's Choice Award for Shades Of Blue at 43rd annual ceremony in Los Angeles Awards in LA Simply stunning! Jordana Brewster shows off her slender figure in powder blue gown with peek-a-boo bodice at People's Choice Awards Pretty in pattern! Ali Larter looks incredible in a strapless dress for the People's Choice Awards in LA The 40-year-old wowed on the red carpet EXCLUSIVE: Wynn Las Vegas removes all Tom Ford beauty products and sunglasses from the resort in the wake of designer's comments about Melania Trump Making a statement! Olivia Munn shows off chest in yellow gown as she is seen for first time since beau Aaron Rodgers' family talks strife She's still got it! Jennifer Lopez wears large white bow tie and black miniskirt to NBC Winter Press Tour The 47-year-old actress sizzled That's sure to cause a frenzy! Puma pushing for Kylie Jenner and Zac Efron to promote athletic wear brand Down Under Could the duo be heading Down Under? Renee Zellweger wears minimal makeup as she shows off toned legs in in workout attire for flight out of LA One of most well-toned bodies in Hollywood A bit of all white! Kourtney Kardashian flashes bare midriff in crop top and jeans as she wears Yeezy heels for lunch with Kim and Kanye Make-up free Zoe Saldana cuts a casual figure in sweats while on a stroll with husband Marco Perego She also wore sneakers and a hoodie All that glitters! Kendall Jenner wears gold puffer jacket as she gives adoring fan the swerve in New York She shone on the Big Apple streets Aca-awesome! Rebel Wilson shares behind-the-scenes selfie with 'Bellas' as they rehearse for Pitch Perfect 3... after kicking a stunt trainer's groin in THAT hilarious video Michelle Obama takes a last walk through the White House with the family dogs while workers continue to ready the Obamas' new home Quantico's Priyanka Chopra jets into LA for awards show after returning to work following on set accident The Indian actress Ciara 'settles custody case with ex-fiancé Future as they agree to joint custody over two-year-old son' They were engaged from Oct 2013 to Aug 2014 Vanessa Hudgens wows in off-the-shoulder top and tight leather pants as she promotes new TV show Powerless Former High School Musical star Paris Jackson bears a striking resemblance to pop icon Madonna in her heyday... as she flashes her new nipple piercings for debut high fashion model for Chanel Olga Kurylenko wears bright striped dress to cosy up to Salty co-star Ben Cura at The Fall Magazine launch party She's known as a Bond girl Dining solo? Selena picks up takeaway... before claims her 'beau' The Weeknd was warned by ex Bella Hadid that Gomez is using him Hello from the OUT-side! Adele fans who bought tickets from unauthorised online sellers will be turned away from Australian gig SEBASTIAN SHAKESPEARE: Jagger's girl takes a leaf out of bolshy Bianca's book: Lizzie joins protest in the US to ensure equal rights for women Bella Hadid 'called ex The Weeknd to tell him new girlfriend Selena Gomez was using him and that was her pattern with men' Said to be 'pissed' Khloe Kardashian reveals she was so embarrassed by her former larger figure that she couldn't look people in the eye in teaser for Revenge Body Hot mama! Newly blonde Blac Chyna puts her curves on display in skintight satin two-piece just two months after giving birth to Dream Kardashian 'Imagine people losing their minds when they see Tammin Sursok!' Merrick Watts mocks Pretty Little Liars star after she hits out against 'celebrity obsession' Bare-faced beauty! Gwyneth Paltrow flashes makeup-free face and air-dried hair during morning errands She has an entire site dedicated to clean living Blonde babe! Baywatch alum Pamela Anderson, 49, proves she doesn't age as she looks youthful in grey coat at LAX airport She wrapped up Paul McCartney files lawsuit against Sony over copyrights to Beatles songs once owned by Michael Jackson Hopes to win back copyrights PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Paula Patton and Robin Thicke are spotted leaving same building as it's claimed they are undergoing counseling during custody battle Well-prepared! Elizabeth Olsen flashes a bit of midriff as she shops for household supplies in Los Angeles Elizabeth Olsen cut a casually stylish figure 'I sleep in my tights!' The Biggest Loser's Michelle Bridges is so hooked on her gym clothes that she wears them to bed The 46-year-old As Kim Kardashian and Gigi Hadid replace skinny jeans with cozy joggers, FEMAIL breaks down four stylish, A-list approved ways to wear sweatpants in public Baby boom! Mexican singer Anahi gives birth to her first child, a boy The Mexican beauty today revealed the arrival of her bundle of joy on Instagram Pretty in prints! Nicole Richie flashes her bra in sheer shirt and clashing patterns to promote Great News at NBC event Lionel's daughter Alanis Morissette's former business manager admits stealing $4.8m from her after claiming he invested it in illegal marijuana grows Princess Tessy of Luxembourg announces she is divorcing husband Prince Louis after 10 years of marriage Pair have two kids What's old is new again! Jennifer Lawrence's manicurist reveals how your broken make-up can be used to create a fresh and fun nail look 'She's hot, why not?' Brandi Glanville reveals she had a 'fling for a bit' with My Kitchen Rules co-star Cat Cora Revealed on Watch What Happens Live 'She's touching MY husband!' Seven Year Switch star threatens to 'kill' her spouse's temporary wife after seeing the pair drunkenly flirt EXCLUSIVE: Jennifer Lopez, 47, enjoys one-on-one romantic dinner date with 'beau' Drake, 30, at Catch in LA J.Lo looked stunning as she joined rapper You could have made an effort George! Osborne wears trainers as he joins Westminster's forgotten men to schmooze the Clooneys at Davos 'My kids are into wildlife, it would be great to spend time here with them': Supermodel Cindy Crawford will visit Australia for the first time in 10 years 'She was furious': Amanda Abbington 'was concerned about ex Martin Freeman's relationship with showbiz researcher before their shock split' The new cleavage? As an underboob- baring crop top from Fendi graces its third magazine cover, FEMAIL reveals why the daring look is becoming more mainstream 'I'm a dumba*': Beverly Hills Cop star Judge Reinhold says sorry after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct for his shirtless TSA meltdown On daddy duty! Ashton Kutcher ventures out alone with his daughter Wyatt as wife Mila Kunis and new baby are not seen He's a doting father 1 trend, 3 styles: Try a different approach to the tailored style with one of these tweed jackets Give your office outfit a modern twist with a tweed jacket Politics of Kanye West: Washington University professor teaches class focusing on rap star's 'black genius' Prof Jeffrey McCune (inset) is teaching the class Date night! Chris Brown takes pretty brunette to hotspot Catch LA in flash red Lamborghini as Drake and J-Lo dine inside... but leaves soon after The mane event! Trump's wax figure is unveiled by Madame Tussauds and it took FIVE WEEKS to carefully coif that presidential comb-over strand by strand Designer clothes, they're just like us! Marla Maples' Lanvin threads spotted riding Manhattan crosstown bus A messenger was spotted carrying bags Is Bob Dylan's 'true America' painting really a British seaside's pier? Singer's watercolor of Norfolk, Virginia looks suspicioulsy like the northern resort's pier 'Being a man isn't about how "tough" or "masculine" you are': Maybelline's first ever male spokesmodel fires back at troll who shamed him AND his dad Sssssso pretty! Demi Lovato looks glamorous in plunging pink snakeskin dress for Smurfs: The Lost Village photo call in LA Smurfs photocall Welcome to Bella Hadid's 'humble little apartment'! From the bathroom to the exposed brick, model shows off her spacious Manhattan digs Hollywood superstar making a film about his night of drunken madness... and Woody Harrelson's filming it LIVE in London tonight Cameras are rolling Dance Moms star Maddie Ziegler, 14, sends fans into a tailspin after posting a romantic picture with her rumored Australian boyfriend 'It's full of lies!': Family of late Tejano singer Selena is outraged as it's announced Disney is distributing a TV series about her 1995 murder Beloved star was shot Julianne Hough puts her taut tummy on display in a red-hot sports bra before switching to stylish off-duty outfit after morning workout Twinning! Kylie Jenner and Hailey Baldwin wear matching tracksuits and top knots as they jet back to Los Angeles BFFs kept it super casual Beauty and the Beast's new triptych poster features entire cast... except Dan Stevens' Prince Adam Disney released the fourth poster for film Bella Thorne flaunts her sizzling figure in bikini while clutching a pig... after shocking Twitter by sharing a snap of her ex Gregg Sulkin's 'manhood' TV show Will & Grace will return to NBC with 10 episodes a decade after it was canceled Fans are in for a treat, following months of rumors Bubblegum chic! Blindspot star Jaimie Alexander looks feminine in head-to-toe pink for press tour The 32-year-old donned a frilly fuchsia dress Hippie chic! Make-up free Drew Barrymore swaps glamour for grunge as she jets in to Paris sporting baggy maxi dress and floppy hat Step aside Emma Stone! Ryan Gosling sweeps Ellen DeGeneres off her feet in La La Land behind-the-scenes spoof Hilarious parody Forever young! Renee Zellweger, 47, appears amazingly youthful with minimal makeup as she leaves a workout session in Los Angeles Looked trim in fitted attire Gilding the Lily! Dolly Parton and Jane Fonda to be reunited with 9 To 5 costar Tomlin to give her Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Storied career 'We're surprised she showed up': Kim Kardashian 'shocked production staff by filming cameo in heist film Ocean's 8'... after her own robbery ordeal Mel B flaunts her incredible curves in a micro-mini dress as she steps out in NYC... while the future of Spice Girls off-shoot GEM hangs in the balance So in love! Matthew McConaughey plants a kiss on gorgeous wife Camila Alves at Gold premiere in NYC He's just a big kid at heart Kendall Jenner flaunts her endless legs in skintight leather pants as she shops in NYC with rumored love interest A$AP Rocky The 21-year-old Going for gold! 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Scott Eastwood 'faces hefty fine over his jump off Sydney cliff rocks'... where a man died on Christmas day 'I have no intention to shame anyone': Alicia Keys defends decision to go make-up free... as she wears a little for the first time in a year for Allure shoot 'Three kids doesn't mean you have to stop feeling pretty': Hilaria Baldwin flashes her new bling after putting belly button ring back in Alec Baldwin's wife 'She's my all-time fave!': Reese Witherspoon kicks off birthday tributes for Golden Girls icon Betty White as she turns 95 Took to social media Aaron Rodgers' chiropractor dad speaks out to confirm he has not spoken to his NFL star son in over TWO YEARS after he started dating Olivia Munn Keeping it comfy! Makeup-free Kate Hudson leaves pal Bradley Cooper's house in slouchy white top and yoga pants Goldie Hawn's daughter Baby steps! Kim Kardashian posts sweet snapshot as Saint West walks in plush navy tracksuit The 13-month-old looked adorable Going for gold! 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What is the SI unit of measurement for capacitance (defined as the ability of a body to store an electrical charge)?	Online Unit Converters • Electrical Engineering • Capacitance • Compact Calculator Overview Measuring the capacity of the capacitor with nominal capacitance of 10 μF, using a multimeter oscilloscope. Capacitance is a physical quantity that represents the ability of a conductor to accumulate charge. It is found by dividing the electrical charge magnitude by the potential difference between conductors: C = Q/∆φ Here Q is electric charge, which is measured in coulombs (C), and ∆φ is the potential difference, which is measured in volts (V). Capacitance is measured in farads (F) in SI. This unit is named after the British physicist Michael Faraday. One farad represents extremely large capacitance for an isolated conductor. For example, an isolated metal ball with the radius 13 times greater than that of the Sun would have capacitance of one farad, while the capacitance of a metal ball with the radius of the Earth would be about 710 microfarads (μF). Because one farad is such a large quantity, smaller units are used, such as microfarad (μF), which equals one millionth of a farad, nanofarad (nF), equalling to one billionth of a farad, and picofarad (pF), which is one trillionth of a farad. In the extended CGS for electromagnetic units the main unit of capacitance is described using centimeters (cm). One centimeter of electromagnetic capacitance represents capacitance of a ball in vacuum that has the radius of 1 cm. CGS system stands for centimeter-gram-second system — it uses centimeters, grams, and seconds as the basic units for length, mass, and time. Extensions of CGS also set one or more constants to 1, which allows to simplify certain formulas and calculations. Uses for Capacitance Capacitors — Electronic Components for Storing Electric Charges Electronic symbols Capacitance is a quantity, relevant not only for electrical conductors but also for capacitors (originally called condensers). Capacitors consist of two conductors divided by a dielectric or vacuum. The simplest version of a capacitor has two plates that act as electrodes. A capacitor (from the Latin condensare — to condense) is a double-layer electronic component used for storing electric charge and energy of the electromagnetic field. The simplest capacitor consists of two electrical conductors, with a dielectric between them. Radio electronics enthusiasts are known to make trimmer capacitors for their circuits with the different diameter enameled wires. The thinner wire is wrapped around the thicker one. The RLC circuit is set to the desired frequency by changing the number of turns of the wire. The image has some examples of how a capacitor can be represented in a circuit diagram. Parallel RLC circuit: a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor Some History Scientists were able to make capacitors as far as 250 years ago. In 1745 in Leyden the German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and a physicist from the Netherlands Pieter van Musschenbroek made the first capacitor device that was called a “Leyden jar”. The walls of the jar served as dielectric, while the water in the jar and the hand of the experimenter acted as conductor plates. Such a jar could accumulate a charge of about one microcoulomb (µC). Experiments and demonstrations with the Leyden jars were popular at the time. In them the jar was charged with static electricity by using friction. A participant of the experiment would then touch the jar and experience an electric shock. Once 700 monks in Paris conducted the Leyden experiment. They held hands and one of them touched the jar. At that moment all 700 people exclaimed in horror as they felt the jolt. The “Leyden jar” came to Russia thanks to the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. He met with Pieter van Musschenbroek during his travels in Europe and became acquainted with his work. When Peter the Great established the Russian Academy of Sciences, he commissioned Musschenbroek to make various equipment for the Academy. As time went by, capacitors have been improved, with their size decreasing as the capacitance increased. Today capacitors are widely used in electronics. For example, a capacitor and an inductance coil create a resistor, inductor, and capacitor circuit, also known as an RLC or an LCR or a CRL circuit. This circuit is used to set receiving frequency on a radio. There are several types of capacitors that differ in whether their capacitance is constant or variable, and in the type of dielectric material used. Examples of Capacitors Electrolytic capacitors in the power supply unit. There are many different kinds of capacitors made today for a range of uses, but their main classification is based on their capacitance and rated voltage. Generally capacitance of capacitors falls between several picofarads to several hundred microfarads. Supercapacitors are an exception to this, because their capacitance is formed differently, compared to other capacitors — it is, in fact, double-layer capacitance. This is similar to the operating principle of electrochemical cells. Supercapacitors, which are built with carbon nanotubes, have an increased capacitance because of a larger surface of the electrodes. Capacitance of supercapacitors is tens of farads, and sometimes they can replace electrochemical cells as a source of electric current. The second most important property of a capacitor is its rated voltage. Exceeding this value may render the capacitor unusable. This is why when building circuits it is common to use capacitors with the value for rated voltage that is double compared to the voltage applied to them in the circuit. This way even if the voltage in the circuit slightly increases above the norm, the capacitor should be fine, as long as the increase does not become double the norm. Capacitors can be joined together to create batteries in order to increase the total rated voltage or capacitance of the system. Connecting two capacitors of the same type in series doubles the rated voltage and decreases the total capacitance in half. Connecting the capacitors in parallel results in doubling the total capacitance, while rated voltage stays the same. The third most important property of capacitors is their temperature coefficient of capacitance. It reflects the relationship between capacitance and temperature. Depending on their intended use capacitors are classified into general purpose capacitors, which do not have to meet high-level requirements, and special capacitors. The latter group includes high voltage capacitors, precision capacitors, and those with different temperature coefficients of capacitance. Capacitor Markings Similar to resistors, capacitors are marked according to their capacitance and other properties. The marking could include information on nominal capacitance, the degree of deviation from the nominal value, and rated voltage. Small scale capacitors are marked with three or four digits or an alpha-numeric code, and they can also be color-coded. Tables with codes and their corresponding rated voltage, nominal capacitance, and temperature coefficient of capacitance are available online, but the most reliable way to verify the capacitance and to find out if the capacitor is operating properly is to remove the capacitor from the circuit and to take measurements by using a multimeter. Disassembled electrolytic capacitor. It is constructed from two aluminum foils. One of them is coated by an insulating oxide layer and is acting as the anode. A paper soaked in electrolyte together with another foil is acting as the cathode. The aluminum foil is etched to increase its surface area. A word of caution: capacitors can store a very large charge at a very high voltage. To avoid an electric shock it is paramount to take precautions before taking measurements. In particular, it is important to discharge capacitors by short-circuiting their leads with a wire that is insulated with a highly resistant material. Regular wires of a measuring device would work well in this situation. Electrolytic capacitors: these capacitors have large volumetric efficiency. This means that they have a large capacitance for a given unit of the capacitor’s weight. One of the plates of such a capacitor is usually an aluminum ribbon, covered with a thin layer of aluminum oxide. The electrolytic fluid acts as the second plate. This fluid has electrical polarity, therefore it is paramount to ensure that such a capacitor is added to the circuit correctly, according to its polarity. Polymer capacitors: these types of capacitors use a semi-conductor or an organic polymer that conducts electricity instead of electrolytic fluid as the second plate. Their anode is usually made of metal such as aluminum or tantalum. Variable capacitors: the capacitance of these capacitors can be changed mechanically, by adjusting electrical voltage, or by varying temperature. Film capacitors: their capacitance can range from 5 pF to 100 μF. There are also other types of capacitors. Supercapacitors Supercapacitors are becoming popular these days. A supercapacitor is a hybrid of a capacitor and a chemical power supply source. The charge is stored at the border where the two media, the electrode and the electrolyte meet. The first electrical component that was the predecessor of a supercapacitor was patented in 1957. It was a capacitor with a double electric layer and porous material used, which helped increase the capacity because of the increased surface area. This approach is known now as double layer capacitance. The electrodes were coal-based and porous. Since then the design has been constantly improved, and the first supercapacitors appeared on the market in the early 1980s. Supercapacitors are used in electric circuits as a source of electric energy. They have a number of advantages over traditional batteries, including their longevity, small weight, and fast charging. It is likely that due to these advantages supercapacitors will replace batteries in the future. The main drawback of using supercapacitors is that they produce a smaller amount of specific energy (energy per unit of weight), and that they have low rated voltage, and large self-discharge. In Formula 1 races supercapacitors are used in energy recuperation systems. The energy is generated when the vehicle slows down. It is stored in the flywheel, the battery, or the supercapacitors for further use. Electric car A2B made at the University of Toronto. General view In consumer electronics supercapacitors are used to ensure stable electric current or as a backup power supply. They often provide power during the peaks for power demand in devices that use battery power and have variable electrical demand, such as MP3 players, flashlights, automated utility meters, and other devices. Supercapacitors are also used in public transit vehicles, especially in trolleybuses, because they allow for higher maneuvering ability and self-contained motion when there are problems with the external power supply. Supercapacitors are also used in some buses and electric cars. Electric car A2B made at the University of Toronto. Under the hood These days many companies produce electric cars, including General Motors, Nissan, Tesla Motors, and Toronto Electric. A research group at the University of Toronto together with the electric motor distributor company Toronto Electric developed a Canadian model of an electric car, A2B. It uses both chemical sources of energy and supercapacitors — this way of storing energy is called hybrid electric storage. The engines of this electric car are powered by the batteries that weigh 380 kg. Solar panels are also used for additional charge — they are installed on the car’s roof. Capacitive Touchscreens In modern devices the use of touchscreens that control devices through touching panels or screens is on the increase. There are different types of touchscreens, including capacitive and resistive screens, as well as many others. Some can only react to one touch, while others react to multiple touches. Working principles of the capacitive screens are based on the fact that a large body conducts electricity. This large body in our case is the human body. Surface Capacitance Touchscreens Sensor screen for the iPhone is made using the projected capacitance technology. A surface capacitance screen is made of a glass panel, coated with a transparent resistive material. Generally this material is highly transparent and has low surface resistance. Often the alloy of indium oxide and tin oxide is used. The electrodes in the corners of the screen apply low fluctuating voltage on the resistive material. When a finger touches this screen, it creates a small leakage of the electrical charge. This leakage is detected in the four corners by the sensors and the information is sent to the controller, which determines the coordinates of the touch. The advantage of these screens is in their longevity. They can withstand touch as frequently as once per second for up to 6.5 years. This translates to about 200 million touches. These screens have a high, up to 90%, transparency rate. Because of their advantages, capacitive touchscreens have been replacing resistive touchscreens on the market since 2009. The disadvantages of capacitive screens are that they do not work well in sub-zero temperatures, and that it is difficult to use them while wearing gloves, because gloves act as an insulator. The touchscreen is sensitive to exposure to the elements, therefore if it is located on the external panel of the device, it is only used in the devices that protect the screen from exposure. Projected Capacitance Touchscreens Besides surface capacitance screens, there are also projected capacitance touchscreens. They differ in that there is a net of electrodes on the inside of the screen. When the user touches the electrode, the body and the electrode work together as a capacitor. Thanks to the net of electrodes it is easy to get the coordinates for the area of the screen that was touched. This type of screen reacts to touch even if the user is wearing thin gloves. Projected capacitance touchscreens also have high transparency, up to 90%. They are durable and long-lasting, and this makes them popular not only in personal electronic devices, but also in devices meant for public use, including those outside, such as vending machines, electronic payment systems, and others. This article was written by Sergey Akishkin , Tatiana Kondratieva You can hide articles if you use this converter often. Cookies must be allowed in your browser. You may be interested in another converters in the Electrical Engineering group: Learn Technical English with Our Videos! You can use this online converter to convert between several hundred units (including metric, British and American) in 76 categories, or several thousand pairs including acceleration, area, electrical, energy, force, length, light, mass, mass flow, density, specific volume, power, pressure, stress, temperature, time, torque, velocity, viscosity, volume and capacity, volume flow, and more. Note: Integers (numbers without a decimal period or exponent notation) are considered accurate up to 15 digits and the maximum number of digits after the decimal point is 10. In this calculator, E notation is used to represent numbers that are too small or too large. E notation is an alternative format of the scientific notation a · 10x. For example: 1,103,000 = 1.103 · 106 = 1.103E+6. Here E (from exponent) represents “· 10^”, that is “times ten raised to the power of”. E-notation is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers. Select the unit to convert from in the left box containing the list of units. Select the unit to convert to in the right box containing the list of units. Enter the value (for example “15”) into the left From box. The result will appear in the Result box and in the To box. Alternatively, you can enter the value into the right To box and read the result of conversion in the From and Result boxes. If you have noticed an error in the text or calculations, or you need another converter, which you did not find here, please let us know !	Farad
Spike, Dig, Set, and Block are found in which Olympic sport?	This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No Brush A conductive block used to make sliding contact with an armature. Byte A group of eight binary bits, commonly used to represent digital data. Cable A stranded conductor or group of individual conductors insulated from each other. Capacitance (C) The ability of two conductors separated by an insulator to store an electrical charge; measured in farads (F). Capacitive reactance (XC) The opposition that a capacitor offers to alternating current. This opposition, in the form of a counter electromotive force (cemf),is expressed in ohms. Capacitor A device designed to provide a specific amount of capacitance. Cell A device that transforms one form of energy into electrical energy. An example would be a chemical dry cell commonly used in flashlights (D, C, AA, AAA) and other electric devices. These are often referred to as batteries. Central processing unit (CPU) The part of a computer that performs the arithmetic, logic, and control functions. Circuit An arrangement or connection of circuit devices and components to perform a specific objective. In the simplest form it would require an energy source, a load to transform the energy into the desired task, and conductors to connect the source to the load. In most applications a control device (switch) would be included and may also include a protective device. Common example of a simple circuit would be a flashlight. Circuit breaker A circuit protection device that opens the circuit automatically when an overload or short circuit occurs. Closed circuit A circuit that provides a complete path for current. Coil A wound spiral of two or more turns of insulated wire, used to introduce inductance into a circuit, produce a magnetic field from current flow, or to respond to a changing magnetic field by producing a voltage or mechanical motion. Component/s In electronics, a general term to refer to a part or parts of a circuit without reference to specific names. Commutator A cylindrical arrangement of insulated metal bars connected to the armature coils of a direct-current electric motor or generator, providing a unidirectional current from the generator or a reversal of current into the coils of the motor. Conductance (G) The ability of a conductor to allow the flow of electrons. Measured in Siemens (S). The reciprocal of resistance. Conductor A low-resistance material to provide a path for current. Used to interconnect components in a circuit. Conventional current A direction flow assignment that has current flowing from positive to negative. Coulomb Base unit of electrical charge equal to 6.25 X 1018 electrons. Named for Charles Coulomb, the French physicist who pioneered research into magnetism and electricity. He also formulated Coulomb's law which states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is equal to the product of the two charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F= Q1 x Q2/d2 Crystal A natural or synthetic crystalline material having piezoelectric properties. As a transducer, used to convert dynamic pressures (vibrations) to ac electricity or change ac electricity into vibrations. Current (I) The rate of flow of electrons through a conductor or component; measured in amperes. The symbol (I) stands for intensity of the electron flow. Cycle One complete wave of alternating voltage or current. Dielectric A nonconductor of electricity. An insulator that is capable of concentrating electric fields. Difference of potential See electromotive force and voltage. Digital Generally in electronics, refers to signals, devices, or circuits that are binary, meaning they only have two states (high or low, 1 or 0, on or off). The branch of electronics dealing with such signals and their circuits. Digital-to-analog converter (D/A) A circuit that converts a binary signal to an equivalent analog form. Diode A semiconductor device that only allows current to pass through it in one direction, cathode to anode. Also, a classification of semiconductor devices having only one junction. Examples include: rectifier, zener, varactor, and tunnel diodes. Direct Current (dc) Current from a power source that continually flows in the same direction. An electrical source of constant polarity. Duty Cycle The ratio of pulse width to period, indicates the percentage of time a pulse is present during a cycle. Electricity The physical phenomena arising from the behavior of electrons and protons that is caused by the attraction of particles with opposite charges and the repulsion of particles with the same charge. The physical science of such phenomena. Also, electric current used or regarded as a source of power. Electric energy The energy carried by free electrons from a source to a load. Also, the potential energy of a stationary charge. Electric power (P) The rate at which energy is consumed in a circuit or load. Measured in watts (W). Electrolyte A chemical solution used in cells and some capacitors to produce an electrically conductive medium. Electrolytic capacitor A capacitor whose dielectric is formed through the reaction of an electrolyte and its electrodes. Electromagnet A device that produces a magnetic field as the result of current flow through a coil of wire. Electromechanical A classification of actions or devices whereby a mechanical action is caused by the forces of attraction or repulsion created when current flow generates magnetic fields (electromagnetic). Electromotive Force (emf) The force or electrical pressure that has the potential to cause electron flow in a circuit. Also called voltage, potential difference or difference of potential. Measured in volts (V). Electrostatic field An electric field produced by stationary charges. Farad (F) The basic unit of measurement for capacitance. One farad is that capacitance that will store one coulomb of charge when the charging force is one volt. Since the farad is a very large unit, capacitance will more commonly be expressed as microfarad (uF) or picofarad (pF) values. Named for Michael Farady, the British physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction and proposed the field theory later developed by Maxwell and Einstein. Field Effect Transistor (FET) A transistor type that uses voltage to control current through the device. See JFET and MOSFET. Filter A circuit designed to pass a specific frequency range while rejecting all others. Flux Generally refers to a magnetic line of force but may also describe an electric line of force. Frequency The number of cycles per second for a periodic waveform. Measured in hertz (Hz). Fuse A protective device designed to interrupt current flow (open) through a circuit when current exceeds a rated value. Gate A logic circuit performing a specific logic function. See AND, OR, NAND, OR and NOT. Gauss A unit of measurement for magnetic field. Generator A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Ground The common return path for current in an electrical circuit. Serves as a reference point for measuring all other potentials in a circuit. Generally assumed to be at zero potential with respect to the earth. Other than earth references may be used such as the chassis of an automobile (chassis ground) or some arbitrary point in a circuit (circuit ground) like the negative side of the power source. Heat sink A device attached to a component to aid in the dissipation of heat. Henry (H) The unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second. Named for Joseph Henry, an American physicist who performed extensive studies of electromagnetic phenomena. Hertz (Hz) A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second. Named for Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who was the first to produce radio waves artificially. Impedance (Z) Opposition to current flow from the combined effects of resistance and reactance measured in ohms (S). Inductance (L) The property of a circuit that opposes a change in current. Also, the property of a circuit to store energy in the form of a magnetic field and release it back into the circuit at a later time. Inductive Reactance (XL) The opposition that an inductor offers to alternating current. This opposition, in the form of a counter electromotive force (cemf), is expressed in ohms. Inductor An electrical device designed to provide a specific amount of inductance; measured in henrys (H). Insulation Nonconductive material used to cover wires and components to prevent shock and short circuits. Insulator A material that has a high resistance to current flow. Integrated Circuit (IC) The placement of numerous components and circuits on to a silicon chip. Internal resistance The resistance within a power source. Inverter A logic devise (NOT function) whose output is always opposite the input. Also refers to a devise that converts dc to ac. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) A transistor type made by diffusing a gate region into a channel region. Voltage applied to the gate controls current in the channel by either depleting or enhancing the channel. Joule The basic unit of electrical, mechanical, and thermal energy. As a unit of electrical energy it is equal to the energy carried by 1 coulomb of charge being propelled by an electromotive force of 1 volt. Named for James Joule, the British physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics. Kilo (k) Metric prefix for units of measurement equal to thousands (1000 or 103). As an example: 1 kilohertz (kHz) equals 1000hz. Kilowatthour (kWh) Unit of energy consumption equal to 1000 watt-hours or the energy consumed at the rate to one kilowatt (kW) for a time of one hour. Equivalent to 3,600,000 joules. Generally used to specify a large energy consumption over a specific time interval. Residential energy is usually priced at the number of kilowatt-hours used for a month. Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert The German physicist noted for his research in spectrum analysis, optics, and electricity. Developed fundamental DC circuit laws dealing with current characteristics in a parallel circuit and voltage characteristics in a series circuit. His current law states that the current entering a connection has to equal the current leaving that connection, and that the sum of the load currents has to equal the source current (or sum of source currents for multiple parallel sources) (IT = I1+I2+------+IN). His voltage law states that around any closed loop of series connected components, the sum of the voltage drops must equal the source voltage (or sum of source voltages for multiple series connected sources. (VT = V1+V2+ ------ +VN). Lamp A light producing device consisting of a filament placed in a vacuum. Law of magnetic poles Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Liquid crystal display (LCD) A display type using changes in reflectivity to generate various characters. Lenzï¿½s Law Basic law of electromagnetic induction which states that an induced voltage will have a polarity that opposes the current change that produced it. Light-emitting diode (LED) A semiconductor diode that emits light as current flows from the cathode to the anode across its PN junction. Linear A circuit or component where the output is a straight line (direct proportion) function of the input. Load A device or apparatus that uses the energy of a circuit to perform work. May also refer to the power used by a device, machine, or a combination of many. Magnet An object which produces a magnetic field in the surrounding space. Magnetic field The detectable magnetic flux issuing from a magnet or electromagnet. Magnetic poles The two points of strongest concentration of magnetic flux around a magnet or electromagnet. By assignment the flux leaves the north pole and returns to the south pole. Magnetic saturation The point where an increase in magnetic force produces no further magnetic effect in a magnetic material. The material can have no further increase in flux. Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys are considered to be magnetic materials. Magnetism The physical phenomena exhibited by magnets and electric current flow that is represented by lines of force. Mega (M) Prefix for units of measurement equal to millions (1,000,000 or 106). Memory The part of a computing device where data and instructions are stored. See RAM and ROM. Metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) Also called insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET). A transistor type that uses an electric field to control conduction. Micro (u) Prefix for units of measurement equal to millionths (1/1,000,000 or 10-6). Microprocessor A CPU that is manufactured on a single integrated-circuit (IC) chip. Milli (m) Prefix for units of measurement equal to thousandths (1/1000 or 10-3). Modem Abbreviation for modulator-demodulator. A device that converts data from one form into another, as from one form usable in data processing to another form usable in telephonic transmission. Multimeter An instrument that can measure current, voltage, and resistance on various ranges. Many multimeters can measure other circuit values such as frequency and capacitance. May have digital (DMM) or analog displays (VOM). NAND gate or logic Stands for NOT-AND. Gives an inverted output of AND logic. Negative For sources, implies the terminal that has an excess of electrons. Also, can imply the polarity of a point in a circuit in respect to some other point. Nonlinear A circuit or component whose output versus input graph is not a straight line. NOR gate or logic Stands for NOT-OR. Gives an inverted output of OR logic. North-seeking pole That pole of a magnetic which points to the earthï¿½s north pole when free to turn. Nortonï¿½s theorem A method of reducing a complex network of bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components to one current source and one shunt resistance across the load terminals. Ohm (S) The unit of measurement for resistance. Named for Georg Simon Ohm, the German physicist noted for his contributions to mathematics, acoustics, and the measurement of electrical resistance. One ohm is that resistance that limits the current to one ampere when a potential of one volt exist across its terminals. Ohmï¿½s law Very basic circuit law that defines the relationships between current, voltage, and resistance in a DC circuit. Ohmï¿½s law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. (I = V/R) The other forms of the formula are V = IR and R = V/I. Ohmmeter An instrument for measuring resistance. Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) A highly stable direct coupled amplifier resistant to oscillation. May be packaged in an IC format. OR gate or logic Generates a logic 1 if any one of its two or more inputs are 1. Oscillator A circuit that converts dc power into ac signals with constant frequency. Also, an instrument that generates ac signals whose frequency and amplitude can be varied. These are also referred to as signal generators. Oscilloscope An instrument that displays a plot of voltage over time. Often referred to as a scope. Overload A load in excess of the design limit for a circuit. Parallel circuit A circuit with two or more loads (or sources) connected such that all have the same voltage but different currents. Each load can be operated independent of the others. Parallel sources should have equal voltage ratings. Period The time in seconds that is required to complete one cycle of a waveform. Permeability The ability of a magnetic material to conduct magnetic lines of force. Phase A time relationship between two electrical quantities. Polarity For electrical charge, the indication of a charge as either positive (+) or negative (-). Voltage at a point would be indicated as being either positive or negative with respect to some other point. For magnetic poles, the indication as either north or south. Positive For sources, implies the terminal that has a deficiency of free electrons. Also, can imply the polarity of a point in a circuit in respect to some other point. Potentiometer A three-terminal resistor with an adjustable center connection generally used to control voltage; widely used for volume control in radio and television receivers. In this sense, also called a Pot. Power The rate at which energy is consumed. In electronics it refers to the consumption of electrical energy in joules over time; measured in watts. Power factor(PF) The ratio of true power to the apparent power in a circuit, especially those that are not purely resistive. It is also equal to the cosine of the phase angle for the circuit. Power supply Generally, a device or circuit used to convert alternating current (ac) of specific voltage to one or more direct current (dc) values of specific voltage and current ratings. May have variable voltage ability in some instances. May also refer to a device that converts a specific dc value to another dc value (dc to dc converter). Primary cell A device that uses up its ingredients to convert chemical energy to electrical energy and therefore can not be recharged. Primary winding The input winding to a transformer. Printed circuit (PC) board A fiberglass board with copper foil as the conductors to interconnect the attached electrical components. Random-access memory (RAM) A read/write memory that allows date storage (Write) and data retrieval (Read) to any location in any order. Considered to be temporary (volatile) in that the contents are lost if power is turned off. Reactance Opposition to current offered by capacitors and inductors in the form of a counter-electromotive force (cemf), but expressed in ohms. Reactance does not consume power but gives the appearance that it does. Read only memory (ROM) A classification of non-volatile memory that has its contents built in at time of manufacturer and which cannot be changed and cannot be lost if power is turned off. Variations include Programmable (PROM) and Erasable Programmable (EPROM) which has provisions for user programming. Rectifier A solid state device that converts alternating current to pulsed direct current. Relay An electromechanical device that uses electromagnetism to mechanically switch electrical circuits. The output contacts are designed to be either normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). Some relays provide both arrangements and multiple switches. Resistance (R) The opposition to current flow in a circuit; measured in ohms. Resistor An electrical component designed to provide a specific resistance. Available in many formats such as fixed, tapped, and variable. See potentiometer and rheostat. Resonance A circuit condition when the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive reactance (XC). A resonant circuit is one that has been tuned to that condition and resonant frequency is that frequency that resonance occurs in a circuit and provides a maximum output for one of its circuit variables. Rheostat A two-terminal resistor with an adjustable center connection and one end connection generally used to control current. Ripple The small amount of ac voltage that still remains in the output of a dc power supply. RMS Root mean square The value of an ac sine wave that indicates its equivalent dc value for producing heat. Also called the effective value, it is equal to 70.7% of the maximum value (peak value) for the waveform. Schematic or schematic diagram A drawing dipicting how the components are connected using standarized symbols. Secondary cell A device whose ingredients convert chemical energy to electrical energy but can be recharged. Secondary winding The output winding of a transformer or one of several output windings. Series circuit A circuit arrangement of two or more loads (or sources) connected end-to-end only allowing for one current path. Therefore, all components have the same current but can have different voltage. An open at any point or in any component interrupts current flow for all. Semiconductor Any of various solid crystalline substances, such as germanium or silicon, having electrical conductivity greater than insulators but less than good conductors. In electronics these are generally doped to from either N type or P type material. These materials are the foundational material for diodes and transistors. Short circuit An undesirable low resistance path between two points in a circuit. Siemen (S) The unit of measurement for conductance. Named for Ernst Werner von Siemens, a German engineer who made notable improvements to telegraphic and electrical apparatus. Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) See thyristor Sine wave A waveform whose instantanous amplitude is a function of the sine of the angle of rotation for that instant. The output waveform produced by rotating a loop in a magnetic field, and the output of an oscillator generating a pure frequency. Solar cell A device that converts light energy to electrical energy. Also called a photovoltaic cell. Solder Any of various fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, used to join metallic parts. In electronics used to connect components to PC boards or to aid the conductivity and mechanical junctions of connections and splices. Solenoid Electromechanical device that use electromagnetism to produce a mechanical operation. Solid-state The term that describes components or circuits that use semiconductors technology. Source General term to describe devices that provides electrical energy at their output terminals to operate a circuit. Examples: battery, solar cell, generator and alternator, or power supply. Static electricity A stationary electrical charge on an object. Stator The electromagnetic part of a motor or generator that does not rotate. Stepper motor A motor type driven with digital codes that moves in discrete angular increments with each code change. Superposition theorem A method for analyzing a complex network of bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components having multiple sources. Surge A very rapid increase of current or voltage. Switch A device used to open (turn off) and close (turn on) electrical circuits that can be designed to operated by numerous actions such as toggle, slide, and pushbutton actions. Standard configurations include SPST, SPDT, DPST, and DPDT. Terminal A connection point for electrical components or conductors. Thermistor A resistor made of semiconductor material having resistance that varies rapidly and predictably with temperature. Used as a temperature sensor, the resistance varies inversely with temperature. Thermocouple A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures accurately, consist of two dissimilar metals joined so that a potential difference is generated that is representative of the temperature of the junction. Theveninï¿½s theorem A method of reducing a complex network of bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components to one voltage source and one resistor in series with the load terminals. Thyristor A broad classification of semiconductor devices used as electronic switches. Examples include diacs, SCRs, and triacs. Tolerance Used to describe the allowable variance in a measurement or a components value. Transducer A device used to convert input energy of one form into output energy of another. Transformer A device used to transfer electric energy from one circuit to another, especially a pair of multiply wound, inductively coupled wire coils that effect such a transfer with a change in voltage, current, phase, or other electric characteristic. Generally used to convert one voltage-current relationship to another. Step-up transformer, increase the voltage while decreasing the current, and step-down transformer decrease the voltage while increasing the current. Transistor A small electronic semiconductor device having at least three electrical contacts, used in a circuit as an amplifier or a switch. See: BJT, JFET, MOSFET. True power The actual power consumed by a circuit; measured in watts. Volt (V) The unit by which an electromotive force or voltage is measured. Named for Alessandro Volta, the Italian physicist who invented the first electric battery (1800). Voltage (V) Same as emf. The force or electrical pressure that has the potential to cause electron flow in a circuit. Voltage divider A series circuit that divides voltage. Voltage drop The difference in potential between two points caused by current flow through a component. Voltmeter An instrument used to measure voltage. Watt (W) The unit of measurement for power. One watt equals to the work done when one joule is used per second. Named for James Watt the British engineer and inventor. Watt-hour (Wh) Unit of energy consumed at the rate of one watt (W) for a time of one hour. Equivalent to 3,600 joules. Wheatstone Bridge An instrument or a circuit consisting of four resistors or their equivalent in a series-parallel arrangement, used to determine the value of an unknown resistance when the other three resistances are known. Wiring diagram A graphic representation of how circuit components are connected. Zener Diode A semiconductor device designed to operate at a fixed voltage as a voltage regulator.	i don't know
The US led all countries in the top two medal categories at this years Olympics. How many gold medals did they earn?	USA Swimming - USA SWIMMING HISTORY USA SWIMMING HISTORY • U.S. Congress passes Amateur Sports Act. 1979 • At the AAU National Convention, legislation passes changing the AAU's function from a multi-sport organization to a service/management activity for national governing bodies. • USS signs a service agreement with the new AAU, an NGB first. • The AAU passes a resolution "so that Sports Committees become National Governing Bodies responsible for all aspects of the governance of their sports." • Bill Lippman resigns as president; executive vice president Ross Wales takes over as acting president. 1980 • Ross Wales is officially elected to finish out Bill Lippman's term as president in January, and is then re-elected in the fall at convention. • FINA recognizes USS and the United States Aquatic Sports at meetings in Moscow. • USS holds it First National Championships, choosing an honorary U.S. Olympic Team. • Phillips Petroleum continues sponsorship of USS Senior Swimming and travel fund. • The AAU turns over all national swimming revenue to United States Swimming. • USS hires Information Services Director. • USS Directory debuts. • FINA adopts "Olympic Entry Limit" of two swimmers per country, per event, reducing U.S. medal count potential by one-third. • Competitive Swimming News becomes U.S. Swimming News; the logo changes from Swimming USA to USA Swimming logo designed by Colleen Roark of Phoenix. • Rules Committee endorses two-piece swimsuit and "Sudden Death" false start. • USS conducts surveys of USS-registered families. • Four-person USS staff moves to Colorado Springs from Indianapolis. • U.S. defeats USSR in dual meet in Kiev. • USSN goes monthly. • Tracy Caulkins wins four events in short course meters world-best times at USS International. • Carol Zaleski succeeds the irreplaceable Ann Colewell as secretary of Rules Committee. • City of Concord pulls out as hosts of the 1982 World Championships. The depth of their pool didn't meet FINA rules and they decided not to deepen their pool. • Phillips Performance Award and the Rookie of the Meet Award debut. • USS Outstanding Service Award for volunteers at the LSC level debuts. • USS Coaches' Colleges debut. • USS set swimming year from May 15 to the following May 14. • Mary T. Meagher's drops world records in the 100m fly from 59.26 to 57.93 and in the 200m fly from 2:06.37 to 2:05.96. • Club Publicity Guide debuts. Swimmer of the Year: Mary T. Meagher • Junior Olympics divided into East and West. • McDonald's becomes Age Group/Junior Olympic sponsor. • Awards Committee to commission the United States Swimming Award. • FINA World Championships held in Guayaquil, Ecuador; U.S. team's performance is unexpectedly disappointing. • Don Gambril named 1984 U.S. Olympic Team head coach. • U.S. defeats USSR in dual meet in Knoxville. • Phillips Petroleum begins its 10th year of sponsoring USS. • Top 16 Recognition debuts for age group swimmers. • Tracy Caulkins wins her 12th Kiphuth Award for women's high point winner at summer nationals; a USS record. • USS acquires the Swim-a-thon fundraising program; under USS direction clubs retain 85 percent of funds raised. • Swimming World becomes "Official Magazine of USS." • Indiana University Natatorium completed; Tony Corbisiero breaks first record in pool (800m freestyle-American record). • USS hires Local Services Director and Controller. United States Swimming Award: United States Olympic Committee Swimmer of the Year: Steve Lundquist Phillips Performance Award: Rowdy Gaines (200m free) Steve Lundquist (100m breast - twice) 1983 • U.S. dominates Pan American Games. • USS House of Delegates approves SWIMFUND, a trust fund for post-grad athletes. • USS renames National Championships after Phillips Petroleum (Phillips 66). • American Swim Coaches Association discusses possible merger with USS Board of Directors. • Mark Spitz, Johnny Weissmuller, and Don Schollander are among 20 charter members of U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame elected by the media. Spitz was second in the voting to Jesse Owens. • U.S. men's 400-meter medley relay sets world record in the only time in the history of swimming that all four 100-meter event world record holders swim in the same relay. • No false start rule passes at USAS Convention. • Scooter becomes spokesmuppet of the Swim-a-thon program. United States Swimming Award: Don Gambril Swimmer of the Year: Rick Carey Phillips Performance Award: Rick Carey (200m back) Rick Carey (100m back - three times, 200m back) Matt Gribble (100m fly) Steve Lundquist (100m breast - twice) 1984 • U.S. hosts Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Calif., Eastern Bloc countries boycott Games in retaliation for U.S. boycott of 1980. • U.S. swimmers set record for most gold medals-22-in a single Olympics, winning a total of 43 medals in L.A. • Tracy Caulkins earns three Olympic gold medals; is named USOC SportsWoman of the Year. • Nancy Hogshead and Carrie Steinseifer tie for gold medal in the 100m freestyle in the first race of the Olympics; it's the first tie in Olympic swimming history. • In the most exciting race of the Games, the U.S. 800m freestyle relay, anchored by Bruce Hayes, sets world record and defeats West Germany for gold medal by .04 seconds. • USS receives $2.6 million dollars as its share of L.A. Olympic surplus funds. • John Naber and Duke Kahanamoku inducted into U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. • Sandy Baldwin becomes third USS President, succeeding Ross Wales, who served two complete terms plus the remainder of Bill Lippman's term. • SWIMFUND modified so athletes may keep trust fund balance after retirement. • Australia, Canada, Japan and USA form the Pan Pacific Swimming Association as charter nations. • Speedo becomes official supplier of deck apparel to USS National Teams. • USS Speakers' Bureau debuts. • Splash debuts - Software Program Library at Amateur Swimming Headquarters with Fred Siegrist as editor. United States Swimming Award: Bernard J. Favaro Swimmer of the Year: Tracy Caulkins Phillips Performance Award: Team USA (800m free relay) Mike Heath, David Larsen, Jeff Float, Bruce Hayes (800m free relay) John Moffet (100m breast) • Richard Quick named U.S. National Team Coach through 1988. • U.S. team dominates first Pan Pacific meet. • Coaches Safety Training requirements debut; Safety Training for Swim Coaches, CPR and First Aid. • USS hires Director of Sports Medicine. • Steve Lundquist becomes a regular, Steve Kendall, on the soap, Search for Tomorrow. • First U.S. Open Meet held, formerly known at the USS International Meet. • East German swimmer Jens-Peter Berndt defects in Oklahoma City. United States Swimming Award: William A. Lippman, Jr. Swimmer of the Year: Matt Biondi Phillips Performance Award: Matt Biondi (100m free) Matt Biondi (100m free - twice) 1986 • USS hires Domestic Technical Director. • U.S. team, swept by severe flu at the competition, does poorly at World Championships. • Janet Evans' international debut comes at the first-ever Goodwill Games. • Matt Biondi is named USOC SportsMan of the Year. • USS reorganizes volunteer structure. • U.S. Olympic Foundation gives USS the first of three grants of over $300,000 to build a swimming treadmill. • Athlete registration is brought in-house. • Carol Zaleski succeeds Sandy Baldwin as USS President to become fourth president. • Debbie Meyer, 1968 Sullivan Award winner, is inducted into U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. United States Swimming Award: Ross Wales Swimmer of the Year: Betsy Mitchell Phillips Performance Award: Betsy Mitchell (200m back) Matt Biondi (100m free) 1987 • U.S. sends full teams to Pan Pacifics and Pan American Games as 97 swimmers gain valuable international competition experience. • USA earns a record 57 medals at Pan Ams. • Master's Degree program with USS Sports Medicine and the University of Colorado-Colorado Springs debuts, an NGB first. • Carol Zaleski has first shovel honors as ground is broken for Flume. • Meet Director's Handbook, LSC Procedures Manual and coaches newsletter debut. • New camp programs debut. • Shirley Babashoff and Donna deVarona are inducted into U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. • Alamo Rent-a-car, United Airlines and Johnson & Johnson sign on as sponsors. United States Swimming Award: Buck Dawson Swimmer of the Year: Janet Evans Phillips Performance Award: Janet Evans (1500m free) Janet Evans (400m, 800m, and 1500m free) David Wharton (400m IM) • USS creates own insurance company, an NGB first. • USS Flume and International Center for Aquatic Research are dedicated; • Flume is installed in ICAR by the same firm that erected the St. Louis Arch-the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Company. • Counsilman Chair for international sports scientists to conduct research as ICAR debuts. • U.S. team wins 18 medals at Seoul Olympics, led by Janet Evans, who won three individual gold medals and Matt Biondi, who won seven medals, including five gold. • Matt Biondi is named USOC SportsMan of the Year for a second time. • Charlie Daniels is inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. • National Team Director position approved. • Select Camps begin. • Carol Zaleski is re-elected as USS President. United States Swimming Award: Richard Quick Swimmer of the Year: Matt Biondi / Janet Evans Phillips Performance Award: Janet Evans (400m free) Matt Biondi (50m, 100m free) Janet Evans (400m, 800m, 1500m free) David Berkoff (100m back - three times) 1989 • USS hires Dennis Pursley as National Team Director. • USS signs Sports Science agreement with University of Colorado-Colorado Springs. • U.S. team dominates Pan Pacifics in Tokyo. Swimming history is made as four different U.S. swimmers set world records on August 20 in a 6-1/2 hour span. • USA swimmers post sixth consecutive dual meet victory over USSR in Atlanta, Ga. • Board determines that swimming caps are technical equipment; however, graphics on caps, having no impact on performance, are non-technical. • Turner Broadcasting signs four-year deal with USS. • Mini-Rulebooks, USS Volunteer newsletter debut. • Flume is recognized as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the year. • Early March dates for the '92 Olympic trials are approved. • Code of Conduct is established for national team athletes and staff. • Athlete Endowment of $1 million is created, an NGB first. • Gatorade signs on as a sponsor of USS. • Four-hour meet rule is approved. United States Swimming Award: Mary T. Meagher Swimmer of the Year: Mike Barrowman Phillips Performance Award: Dave Wharton (200m IM) Mike Barrowman (200m breast - twice) Janet Evans (800m free) Tom Jager (50m free) 1990 • Sports Illustrated names Mary T. Meagher's 200m butterfly world record as the fifth-greatest "single-event" record ever. • Six U.S. swimmers break the English Channel team relay crossing record. • Bill Maxson wins first contested USS Presidential election. • Mark Spitz tests in the Flume; the stroke is efficient; the power is lacking. • LSC Racing and NAG camps double. • Four-hour rule takes effect for swim meets. • Doc Counsilman retires after 33-year tenure at the University of Indiana. • Tracy Caulkins Competition Pool dedicated. • Tambrands signs on; Fuji Photo Films signs up for four more years. • First-ever USS Sprint Championships, televised by ABC's Wide World of Sports, nets Tom Jager $12,000 and a new world record. • Janet Evans earns Sullivan Award and USOC SportsWoman of the Year as the nation's most outstanding amateur athlete. • The NCAA moves to restrict swimming practice time. • Tracy Caulkins is inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. United States Swimming Award: Sandra Baldwin Swimmer of the Year: Mike Barrowman Phillips Performance Award: Mike Barrowman (200m breast) Tom Jager (50m free - twice) 1991 • Team USA wins most medals, most gold medals, most points for men's, women's and combined at the World Championships. • Mark Spitz loses to Tom Jager and Matt Biondi in two separate, high-stakes races of 50m butterfly on ABC. • USOC unveils plans for an $18 million facility construction project, including major funding for a state-of-the-art aquatics center. • Partner's Program debuts. • USA dominates Pan Pacifics, Pan Ams, and World University Games competitions, winning most medals and most gold medals. • Phillips Petroleum extends their sponsorship for four more years with $1 million. • Bill Lippman dies at 83, after 22 years of service to the sport of swimming; Lippman Cup for combined team champions at senior nationals debuts. • House of Delegates mandates a balanced budget in 1992. • USS Bulletin Board System debuts. United States Swimming Award: Michael M. Hastings Swimmer of the Year: Mike Barrowman Phillips Performance Award: Mel Stewart (200m fly) Mike Barrowman (200m breast - twice) Jeff Rouse (100m back) • USS lines up 26 sponsors offering more than $1.5 million in support. • Peter Daland, winner of 9 NCAA titles, retires from coaching after 35 years at USC. • USS signs on to participate in the USOC Short Notice Drug Testing program. • The U.S. team earns 27 medals in Olympics, one-quarter of the entire U.S. delegation totals; seven American win individual events. • Strategic planning debuts. • Helene Madison is inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. • USS joins forces with the American Red Cross on new teaching materials. • Ground is broken for the Olympic Training Center Aquatic Center. • USS tracking program debuts. • USS athlete membership tops 200,000 for the first time in history. United States Swimming Award: Carol Zaleski Swimmer of the Year: Pablo Morales Phillips Performance Award: Mike Barrowman (200m breast) Anita Nall (200m breast - twice) 1993 • Pablo Morales is named USOC SportsMan of the Year. • USS reorganizes headquarters' staff structure. • Comprehensive communications package is approved, including Splash! and the SwimFax, which give USS it's own fax-ondemand system, an NGB first. • Athlete's Assistance features money-for-medals; $600,000 in support fund. • Swimming places three finalists-Mike Barrowman, Summer Sanders, and Pablo Morales-on Sullivan Award slate. • Matt Biondi, winner of 11 Olympic medals, retires. • Barney Favaro, author of the USS Rulebook "white pages," resigns as USS General Counsel. • Mary T. Meagher wins Phillips 66/USS 20th Anniversary Award for the single greatest overall performance at a senior nationals between 1973 and 1992, based on her two world records at the 1981 summer nationals. • Splash! debuts; gift service orders jump from 14 to 105 a week; SwimFax requests go from 2,000 in two months to 9,000 in one week. • Jenny Thompson earns six gold medals at the Pan Pacific Championships. • Coaches Incentive Program debuts, which awards cash to coaches of top performing swimmers at senior nationals. • UCLA drops men's swimming due to gender equity after 29 years of finishing in the top 10 at the NCAA Championships and having a 98 percent graduation rate. • Olympic Training Center pool opens with 17 Olympic greats representing U.S. Olympic teams from 1936 to 1992. United States Swimming Award: Doug Ingram Swimmer of the Year: Jenny Thompson Phillips Performance Award: Eric Namesnik (400m IM) 1994 • Carol Zaleski is re-elected as USS President. • Camp with swimmers from seven disabled sports organizations is held, an NGB first. • IU Natatorium is awarded '96 Trials. • Chad Carvin becomes the first man to hold American records in both the 500y and 1650y freestyles since 1983 at NCAAs. • Resident National Team debuts. • Tom Dolan becomes the first male since Mark Spitz in 1972 to win four U.S. national titles in one meet. • Outreach Weekend debuts, featuring a minority swim camp, coaches college and a swimming agency summit (American Red Cross, YMCA, Boy Scouts, etc.), an NGB first. • Chad Hundeby breaks English Channel crossing record; Karen Burton breaks the Catalina Island crossing record. • U.S. wins most medals, most points at World Championships; Janet Evans becomes first woman ever to win back-to-back Olympic and World Championship titles; Tom Dolan wins the 400m IM with a world record. • Richard Quick and Skip Kenney are named U.S. Olympic Swimming Team Head Coaches for 1996. • Seven Chinese swimmers, including two world champions, test positive at the Asian Games. • USS hires Performance Development Division Director and Athlete Development Director. United States Swimming Award: Bud and Irene Hackett Swimmer of the Year: Tom Dolan Phillips Performance Award: Tom Dolan (400m IM) 1995 • USOC grants USS $322,500 to fully fund the Resident National Team for 1995. • The Pan Pacific Association, at the urging of the USS Board of Directors, bans China from competing in the 1995 Pan Pacific Championships. • Summer Sanders, who won four medals in the 1992 Olympics then retired, joins the Resident National Team. • For the second time in history, the U.S. tops 50 medals at the Pan Am Games. • Tom Dolan becomes the first swimmer since Matt Biondi to win three events at NCAAs in American-record time. • Russian National Team defeats Team USA for the first time in a men's-only dual meet. • Eunice Kennedy-Shriver, founder of Special Olympics, visits the USS Disabled Sports Organization Camp II. • USS hosts Pan Pacific Championships for the first time; meet conducted in the Olympic competition pool venue. • Team USA earns 40 medals at the World University Games; the most medals won since the 1979 Games (36). • USS announces that a U.S. swimmer tested positive for a banned substance at the summer nationals; the swimmer, Jessica Foschi, receives sanctions from USS in November, which are later removed by in early 1996 by the American Arbitration Association. • At Convention, Ray Essick announces that he will retire as the USS Executive Director in October of 1997. • The USS House of Delegates pass a money-for-medals program that will reward Olympic gold medalists with $50,000. • The Junior Nationals will be divided into three Junior Championships beginning in 1997. • Also in 1997, USS membership dues will be increased for the first time since 1987 by $5. • Tickets for Olympic swimming sell out in four days. • Misty Hyman wins a world title in the 100m backstroke at the II FINA Short Course World Championships in Rio. • At an extraordinary FINA Congress in Rio, led by U.S. supporters, tougher drug sanctions are approved. United States Swimming Award: Harvey Schiller and Bill Hybl Swimmer of the Year: Tom Dolan Phillips Performance Award: Team USA (400m medley relay) David Fox, Joe Hudepohl, Jon Olsen, Gary Hall Jr. (400m free relay) 1996 • Olympic Reunion at Olympic Trials attracts 76 swimmers from 18 Olympics, including the world's oldest living gold medalist, 91-year-old Harrison Glancy, who a gold medal on the 1924 800m freestyle relay team with Johnny Weissmuller. • Byron Davis finishes fourth in the 100m butterfly at Trials in an attempt to become the first African-American to qualify for the U.S. Olympic team; his 50-meter split sets a world best mark. • Janet Evans becomes the fifth woman ever to qualify for three U.S. Olympic teams. • Gary Hall becomes the first son to follow in his father's footsteps onto the U.S. Olympic Swim Team since the Ruddy Brothers in the 1920s. • Amanda Beard becomes the first 14 year-old to make the U.S. Olympic Swim Team since 1976; later in the meet, Beth Botsford and Jilen Siroky, also 14, qualify. • Angel Martino, at 28, becomes the oldest U.S. Olympic female swimmer to qualify since 1920. • Janet Evans carries the torch in the final leg of the Torch Run at the Opening Ceremonies in Atlanta. • Team USA earns 26 medals, including 13 gold (the most gold since 1984), at the 1996 Olympic Games; the most medals by any sport; including the 100th U.S. men's gold medal and the 400th U.S. team medal overall. • Amy Van Dyken becomes the first American woman to win four gold medals in a single Olympic Games. • The team of Jeff Rouse, Jeremy Linn, Mark Henderson, and Gary Hall Jr., breaks the world record in the medley relay by over two seconds. • Jenny Thompson becomes only the second American woman to ever win five career Olympic gold medals, tying Bonnie Blair. • Josh Davis earns three gold medals, the most by any man at the Olympics. • Janet Evans announces her retirement. • USS names its first-ever Coach of the Year, Murray Stephens, as part of a USOC coach recognition program. • First Counsel, a fundraising firm, and Korn/Ferry, an executive search firm, are hired. United States Swimming Award: Dr. Allen Richardson Coach of the Year: Murray Stephens Swimmer of the Year: Amy Van Dyken Phillips Performance Award: Amy Van Dyken (50m freestyle) Jeff Rouse, Jeremy Linn, Mark Henderson, Gary Hall Jr. (400m medley relay) 1997 • USS dedicates new headquarters building in Colorado Springs. • USS website redesigned with more emphasis placed on coverage of U.S. swimming meets and special events like Superstar SwimChat Sessions. • With only 14 swimmers, the U.S. won 13 medals at the Short Course World Championships, tying them for second in the medal standings. • Jenny Thompson was named the Female Performer of the Meet, after breaking the 100m butterfly world record, at Short Course Worlds. • Ray Essick ended his tenure, which started in 1980, as USS' first executive director. • Chuck Wielgus, former Executive Director of the Senior PGA Tour, succeeds Essick. • At the annual convention, the decision was made to hold the 2000 Olympic Trials in mid-August of 2000, a switch from the March Trials of 1992 and 1996. • At convention, a motion was passed allowing the executive director to solicit and select the sites for the National Championships, U.S. Open and Trials meets beginning in 2000. • Chuck Wielgus announced that USS' marketing efforts would be brought in-house, ending the relationship with People & Properties, a New York-based marketing firm which had handled USS' account since 1980. • USS President Carol Zaleski informed the House of Delegates that USS retained attorneys in Germany to monitor the ongoing indictments and prosecutions of former East German swimming coaches, doctors and trainers for providing illegal drugs to minors. • The American Red Cross presented Ray Essick with the Good Neighbor Award, one of the highest national awards given to an outstanding volunteer. • The flume was put back in action, after a year-long closure during the construction of the new USS headquarters. • The U.S. team led all countries with 27 medals at the World University Games. • Georgia swimmer Lisa Coole was named the NCAA Woman of the Year. • USS sent a drug testing proposal to FINA in response to the high number of Chinese testing positive for anabolic steroids. • American swimmers won 48 medals at the Pan Pacifics, the most medals for the U.S. at Pan Pacs since 1989. Team USA won 19 gold, 13 silver and 16 bronze medals. Australia was second with 22 medals (10 gold, 7 silver, 5 bronze). United States Swimming Award: George Breen Coach of the Year: Mark Schubert Developmental Coach of the Year: Gregg Troy Swimmer of the Year: Chad Carvin Phillips Performance Award: Lenny Krayzelburg (200m back) and Neil Walker (100m fly) Jenny Thompson (50m fly, scm; 100m fly, scm) 1998 • The Americans finished with 14 gold medals at the World Championships, the biggest gold medal haul by the U.S. in 20 years. Team USA finished with the most medals (24) and the most gold medals of any country at Worlds. • Gary Hall, Sr., was one of six former collegiate athletes honored with the NCAA Silver Anniversary Award, which recognizes former student-athletes who have distinguished themselves since completing their college athletics careers 25 years ago. • Chad Carvin and Jenny Thompson were both finalists for the Sullivan Award, the first time since 1992 that swimming boasted multiple finalists. • United States Swimming (USS, U.S. Swimming) officially changed its name to USA Swimming. • USA Swimming adopted several technical changes, including the underwater limit in the butterfly, to comply with FINA rules. • Triple Olympic gold medalist Michelle Smith-DeBruin of Ireland is put under investigation by FINA for allegedly tampering with drug test; Smith was found guilty later in the year and given a four-year suspension. • Georgia swimmer Lisa Coole, the 1997 NCAA Woman of the Year, was killed in an automobile accident in Illinois. • Skip Gilbert hired as Assistant Executive Director of Business Development. • Indianapolis selected as host of the 2000 Olympic Trials. • USA Swimming becomes the first National Governing Body in the Olympic Movement to conduct a championship meet for all categories of disabled athletes. • The new Olympic semifinal format is released. • FINA votes to recognize world records in the 50m backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. • Gary Hall, Jr., withdrew from the Goodwill Games roster in compliance with FINA's provisional suspension from all international competition, based on a positive result for a recreational substance in the "A" sample test. • For the first time since 1987, the National Championships were broadcast on network television (NBC). • USA Swimming announces a contest to pick its new tagline - the winner: Why Be Dry. • Dale Neuburger of the Indiana Sports Corporation was elected USA Swimming president, replacing Carol Zaleski, who completed her second consecutive two-year term, the maximum allowed. • Richard Quick and Mark Schubert are named the 2000 Olympic Head Coaches. • FINA adopts no false start rule for 2000 Olympics and adds an extra day to Olympic format, making it an eight-day meet. • SOC President Bill Hybl makes formal request to IOC for medal recognition for 1976 U.S. Olympic medley relay team of Linda Jezek, Lauri Siering, Camile Wright and Shirley Babashoff, who finished second to the doped East Germans by 6.6 seconds; IOC later rejects medal bid. • USA Swimming holds first World Cup meet in the U.S., attracting swimmers from more than 35 countries to College Station, Texas. It was a record-breaking affair, including two world records by Jenny Thompson, seven American records, 14 U.S. Open records and three World Cup series records USA Swimming Award: Ray Essick Coach of the Year: Frank Busch Developmental Coach of the Year: Ray Mitchell Swimmer of the Year: Jenny Thompson Phillips Performance Award: Jenny Thompson (100m fly) Jenny Thompson (50m fly, scm; 100m fly, scm) 1999 • USA Swimming began a Club/LSC Grant Program designed to provide an opportunity for USA Swimming to partner with clubs and LSCs in programs/services that will assist in achieving the common core objectives (Build the Base — Promote the Sport — Achieve Competitive Success). • The USA Swimming web site begins a year-long fan voting process to name the Team of the Century. • Jenny Thompson named Short Course World Championships Outstanding Female Swimmer of the Meet for the second consecutive time, after winning three golds and a silver medal at the meet. • Dara Torres comes out of a seven-year retirement to attempt to become the first American swimmer to compete in four Olympics. • USA Swimming sends more than 150 athletes into international competition (Short Course Worlds, World University Games, Pan Am Games and Pan Pacifics). • The U.S. wins the most medals (33) at the World University Games for the 13th time and the most gold medals (17) for the 12th out of 14 times. • The U.S. leads all nations with 37 medals at the Pan American Games, breaking six meet records. • The USA Swimming web site debuted new multi-media coverage at the National Championships, including real-time results, audio and video clips and an audio feed from the meet announcers. • In what many were calling the best swim meet in 25 years, the U.S. team claimed the most medals and won the team point competition at the Pan Pacific Championships. Twelve world records were broken at the meet, including three by Lenny Krayzelburg and one by Jenny Thompson. • The House of Delegates voted to eliminate the Junior National Championships after the year 2000, replacing them with a sectional format that will involve more swimmers and allow more clubs to compete together as a team. • FINA approved the use of full-body swimsuits for competitions. USA Swimming Award: Carol (Penny) Taylor Coach of the Year: Mark Schubert Developmental Coach of the Year: Ray Mitchell Swimmer of the Year: Lenny Krayzelburg Phillips Performance Award: Jenny Thompson (100m fly) Lenny Krayzelburg (50m, 100m and 200m back) Jenny Thompson (100m fly, 100m IM, scm - twice) 2000 • Using a panel of experts, USA Swimming selected its Team of the Century. A "Fan's Choice" Team of the Century was also named based on website voting. • Indianapolis was selected to host the 2004 Short Course World Championships, marking the first time a World Swimming Championships would be held in the U.S. • Swimming swept the U.S. Olympic Committee's monthly awards in March with Kristy Kowal and Neil Walker earning Athlete of the Month honors and the men's 800m free relay at Short Course Worlds being named the Team of the Month. It marked the first time ever that one sport had swept the monthly awards. • Team USA earned the most gold medals with nine and most medals overall with 25 as well as the men's, women's and combined team titles, based on points, at the Short Course World Championships. The U.S. team set six world records and 21 American records over the four-day competition. Neil Walker joined Matt Biondi and Mark Spitz as the only swimmers to win seven medals at a major international competition. Walker and Jenny Thompson were named Performers of the Meet, with Thompson earning the honor for the third-straight time. • USA Swimming launched a massive redesign of its website. • Cristina Teuscher became just the fourth swimmer in 24 years to receive the Honda Broderick-Cup, given annually to the nation's most outstanding female collegiate athlete. • Kristy Kowal was voted NCAA Woman of the Year. • The U.S. had a phenomenal showing at the Olympic Games in Sydney. The American swimmers brought home 33 medals, more than one-third of the U.S. all-sports total. Fourteen of those medals were gold. Forty-one of the 48 swimmers on the U.S. Olympic swim team came home with medals. • Hawaii hosted the first-ever FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships. • Dennis Pursley and Richard Quick were both honored by the U.S. Olympic Committee. Quick was named National Coach of the Year and Pursley received the USOC Chair's Coaching Award. Coach of the Year: Richard Quick Developmental Coach of the Year:Larry Shofe Swimmer of the Year:Lenny Krayzelburg Phillips Performance Award: Misty Hyman (200m fly) Ed Moses (100m breast-scm, 200m breast-scm) Neil Walker (50m back-scm, 100m back-scm, 100m IM-scm) Lenny Krayzelburg, Ed Moses, Ian Crocker, Gary Hall (400m medley relay) Josh Davis, Neil Walker, Scott Tucker, Chad Carvin (800m free relay-scm) Bryan Jones, Matt Ulrickson, Robert Bogart, Leffie Crawford (200m free relay-scm) Haley Cope (50m back-scm) Amy Van Dyken, Courtney Shealy, Dara Torres, Jenny Thompson (400m free relay) B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann, Jenny Thompson, Dara Torres (400m medley relay) Courtney Shealy, Kristy Kowal, Keegan Walkley, Maritza Correia (400m medley relay-scm) 2001 • Splash TV debuted on the Outdoor Life Network. The first TV show totally dedicated to the sport of swimming, the 13-week program features athlete profiles, technique tips and unique swimming events, among other things. • At 15 years, nine months, Michael Phelps became the youngest man in history to break a world record, lowering the mark in the 200m butterfly with a time of 1:54.92 at the Phillips 66 Spring Nationals. At this meet, four world records were bettered, the most at a major U.S. domestic meet since the 1986 World Championships Trials. • Team USA captured 26 medals, nine of them gold, and racked up 847 points to win the team swimming competition at the 9th FINA World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan. The squad combined for one world record and five American records during the weeklong competition. • Mutual of Omaha joined USA Swimming’s team of corporate sponsors, focusing on supporting the families and clubs of USA Swimming. • Michael Phelps signed an endorsement deal with Speedo, making him the youngest American male swimmer to turn pro. • Jeff Rouse comes out of a five-year retirement to attempt to become the oldest U.S. Olympic medalist. • At the World University Games, Team USA dominated, bringing home 31 medals, including 11 gold, from Beijing. The medal tally was 10 ahead of second-place Japan. Peter Marshall led all swimmers, winning three gold medals and breaking three WUG records in the process. • In light of the tragic events that occurred on Sept. 11, USA Swimming president Dale Neuburger and the Board of Directors elected to shorten the U.S. Aquatic Sports Annual Convention itinerary by one day. • Long Beach was chosen to host the 2004 U.S. Olympic Trials. • The Goodwill Games gave 18 teenagers a chance to represent the USA in international competition, joining a small group of talented veterans in dual meet competition against Australia, the World All-Stars and the European All-Stars in Brisbane, Australia. The women left with a silver medal, while the men’s team took bronze. Although Australia won both titles, Team USA collected 26 total medals. • Kim Black was voted NCAA Woman of the Year. USA Swimming Award: Pete Malone Coach of the Year: Bob Bowman Developmental Coach of the Year:Devon Ames Swimmer of the Year: Michael Phelps Phillips Performance Award: Michael Phelps (200m fly) World Records Michael Phelps (200m fly — twice) Aaron Ciarla, Neil Walker, Nate Dusing and Jason Lezak (200m free relay, scm) Natalie Coughlin (100m back, scm; 200m back, scm) 2002 • Ed Moses set five world records at the final three meets of the FINA World Cup Series in Europe, earning the circuit’s $50,000 grand prize for the best swim of the series and a Volkswagen Beetle for the top performance in Berlin. • V8 Splash joined USA Swimming’s team of corporate sponsors, focusing on raising awareness of the sport and highlighting the importance of proper water safety. • Team USA challenges Australia in the inaugural “Duel in the Pool,” to be held in 2003 in Indianapolis, Ind. The first signature event for swimming, the event allows for 26 men and 26 women to make up each country’s roster. • Nickelodeon GAS: Games and Sports for Kids and USA Swimming joined together to produce Splash TV, the first Nick GAS original series. The five-episode program featured national team athletes participating in various segments of the show. • Team USA took 26 medals at the FINA Short Course World Championships in Moscow, including eight golds. Americans set three world records and six American records. • Natalie Coughlin became the first swimmer since Tracy Caulkins in 1978 to win five titles at one Nationals. • Team USA dominated the Pan Pacific Championships, finishing the meet with 52 total medals, 21 of them gold, and won all possible scoring categories over runner-up Australia. The only world record of the event was set by the American 400m medley relay team. Natalie Coughlin led in overall medals with six, tying Ian Thorpe. • USA Swimming’s House of Delegates passes a proposal to increase individual athlete membership dues to $40, effective for the 2004 membership year, and then increase a dollar a year after that for the next 10 years. • Ron Van Pool takes over for Dale Neuburger as the new USA Swimming president. • USA Swimming completed a Governance Study in order to assess both its strengths and weaknesses and to seek ways in which it could improve its services to the swimming community. • H2O Swim Program (“Helping Others 2 Swim”) is created as a way to organize and promote USA Swimming’s efforts to assist others. USA Swimming Award: Alice Kempthorne Coach of the Year: Dave Salo Developmental Coaches of the Year: Bob Bowman and Larry Shofe Swimmer of the Year: Natalie Coughlin Phillips Performance Award: Natalie Coughlin (100m back) World Records Ed Moses (100m breast, scm; 200m breast, scm — three times) Aaron Peirsol (200m back; 200m back, scm) Michael Phelps (400m IM) Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Michael Phelps and Jason Lezak (400m medley relay) Lindsay Benko (200m free, scm) Natalie Coughlin (100m back; 100m back, scm; 100m fly, scm; 100m IM, scm) 2003 • Dennis Pursley resigns as National Team Director, effective Jan. 1. In the three Olympics during Pursley's tenure, the U.S. swim team amassed 38 gold medals and 86 medals overall, winning both the overall and gold medal count at all three Games (1992, 1996 and 2000). • National Team coordinator Everett Uchiyama is appointed Interim National Team Director, effective Jan. 1. In this role, Uchiyama is responsible for ensuring that all ongoing National Team programs and services continue and that all operational responsibilities of the National Team Division are met. • Pat Hogan joins USA Swimming staff as Club Development Director in January. Hogan's hiring is part of a restructuring at USA Swimming's headquarters designed to reflect its service-oriented approach to meeting the needs of its more than 2,800 clubs. As part of this effort, Mike Unger is named Chief Operating Officer, overseeing the newly formed Business Operations and Member Services Division and serving in a special projects capacity working directly with the Executive Director. • Lindsay Benko sets the short course world record in the 400m free on the final day of the FINA World Cup in Berlin. Her time of 3:59.53 makes her the first woman in history to swim the event in under four minutes. Benko was named most valuable swimmer of the meet for her performance and won a Mini Cooper automobile for her efforts. She also won $20,000 for the third best swim of the entire series, which began in November of 2002. • For the second straight year, Natalie Coughlin is named one of the five finalists for the Amateur Athletic Union’s James E. Sullivan Award, a distinction given to the top amateur athlete in the country. She finishes second in the final voting behind figure skater Sarah Hughes. • Team USA defeats Australia in the inaugural Mutual of Omaha Duel in the Pool, 196-74. The Americans win 21 of 26 events and are led by Michael Phelps, who won four events and set a world record in the 400m IM and an American record in the 100m fly. • Eddie Reese and Mark Schubert are named the head men’s and women’s coaches, respectively, of the 2004 Olympic swimming teams. • Splash TV’s second season on Nickelodeon begins June 1, and airs every Sunday throughout the summer. • National Team member Rachel Komisarz is awarded a $900 Travel and Training Grant in April from the Women's Sports Foundation. She was one of 18 athletes to receive the grant, which is awarded to individuals who exhibit regional, national or international ranking, or the potential for such a ranking. • USA Swimming, along with corporate sponsors Speedo and V8 Splash, launches its inaugural Summer Splash Tour. In June, four interns hit the road to visit 100 cities in 100 days. The tour stopped at swim meets, beaches and water parks around the country to pass out promotional items from USA Swimming and to raise awareness of the sport. • American Swimmers clean house July 20-27 at the FINA World Championships in Barcelona, Spain, winning 28 medals – 11 gold, 12 silver and five bronze – and setting eight world records along the way. Michael Phelps leads the way, winning four golds and two silvers and setting five world records. Amanda Beard ties the world record in the 200m breast, while Ian Crocker out-touches Phelps in the 100m fly in world record time. The men’s 400m medley relay team of Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Crocker and Jason Lezak ends the meet with a world record. Jenny Thompson also wins two golds, two silvers and a bronze to become the most decorated swimmer in the history of the World Championships. • Michael Phelps becomes the first man to win five U.S. National titles in one meet at the ConocoPhillips Summer National Championships in College Park, Md. He also sets one world record (200m IM) and two American records (200m free and 400m free) at this meet. • USA Swimming names Stanford University’s Skip Kenney and the Kansas City Blazers’ Pete Malone as the men and women’s coaches, respectively, of the 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships Team. • Team USA wrapped up the summer by topping the medal count at both the Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and the World University Games in Daegu, South Korea. U.S. swimmers dominated the Pan American Games, winning 46 medals overall (21 gold, 17 silver and eight bronze) and breaking 19 meet records along the way. At the World University Games, the Americans took away 21 total medals, including three gold, 10 silver and eight bronze. • USA Swimming has signs four new sponsors for 2004 – BIC Comfort 3 Shavers, Visa USA, AT&T Wireless and Argent Mortgage Company. The companies join ConocoPhillips, General Motors, Mutual of Omaha, Speedo, and V8 Splash in support of the organization. • The Women's Sports Foundation names Natalie Coughlin and pro basketball player Lisa Leslie the 2003 Sportswomen of the Year. The award recognizes team and individual sport athletes for their achievements from August 2002 through July 2003. • Triple-Olympic medalist Gertrude Ederle passes away in December at the age of 98. Ederle was the first woman to cross the English Channel and held the record for the 21-mile crossing (14 hours and 30 minutes) for 24 years. Ederle won three Olympic medals at the 1924 games in Paris, taking bronze in both the 100m and 400m freestyle events and a gold in the 400m free relay. • Speedo announces the extension of its endorsement deal with superstar Michael Phelps through 2009. It is Speedo’s richest sponsorship of all time and includes a $1 million bonus if he earns a record seven Olympic gold medals at the 2004 Olympic Games, in Athens, Greece, or the 2008 Olympic Games, in Beijing, China. The new contract also extends Speedo’s contribution to Phelps’ collegiate education. USA Swimming Award: Jim Wood Coach of the Year: Bob Bowman Developmental Coaches of the Year: Rick Curl and Ray Mitchell Swimmer of the Year: Michael Phelps ConocoPhillips Performance Award: Michael Phelps (200m IM) Michael Phelps (100m fly, 200m fly, 200m IM – four times, 400m IM – twice) Ian Crocker (100m fly) Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Ian Crocker, Jason Lezak (400m medley relay) Lindsay Benko (400m free, scm) 2004 • Ed Moses sets the short course meters world record in the 200m breaststroke in January at the FINA World Cup meet in Berlin. His time of 2:02.92 earns him the $50,000 prize for the top male performance of the series for the second time in three years. • Doc Counsilman dies in January at the age of 83 of Parkinson's disease. The head men’s coach at Indiana for more than three decades, Counsilman is considered by many to have been not only the greatest swim coach of all time, but also the greatest coach of any sport ever. • USA Swimming launches the USA Swimming Foundation, headed by Olympic gold medalist Rowdy Gaines. • Michael Phelps wins the 2003 Sullivan Award, becoming the 10th swimmer to be recognized by the AAU as the top amateur athlete in the nation. • Speedo concludes four years of extensive research and development to launch the Fastskin FSII, the world’s fastest swimsuit. The new suit is approved by FINA and endorsed by an international team of elite swimmers. • Everett Uchiyama is named the permanent National Team Director in May, having filled the role on an interim basis since December of 2002. • USA Swimming introduces a website redesign in May. • USA Swimming launches the second Summer Splash Tour. In June, two teams embark on their tour of the country, making it to as many places as they can in 80 days. • Janet Evans and Matt Biondi are two of six athletes inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in July. The induction marks the first new class to be added since 1992. • The U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Swimming are held in Long Beach, Calif. The event, held in a temporary venue in a parking lot, attracts record crowds, with a couple of sessions topping 10,000 spectators. American swimmers break six world records. • Team USA powers its way to an impressive showing at the Athens Olympics, collecting 28 medals – 12 gold, nine silver and seven bronze. The men’s team wins medals in every event, save one – the best men’s team in two decades. In a six-gold, two-bronze effort, Michael Phelps is the story of the Games, becoming the first person to win eight medals in a non-boycotted Olympics. Jenny Thompson becomes the most decorated American Olympian with 12 medals. • The FINA Short Course World Swimming Championships are held in a temporary pool in Conseco Fieldhouse, home of the NBA’s Indiana Pacers, in Indianapolis. It marks the first time a World Championships are held in the United States. The Americans rack up a record 41 medals – 21 gold, 10 silver and 10 bronze – and set three world records. • Speedo and USA Swimming announce in October that they will extend their 20-year partnership through 2012. Speedo will continue to be the official deck supplier for all U.S. National Teams, including the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Teams. The brand also retains exclusive retail sales rights at all USA Swimming national events. • The inaugural Golden Goggles Awards ceremony is held at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City. Held under the auspices of the USA Swimming Foundation, the black-tie, formal event serves as a celebration of swimming's 2004 accomplishments as well as an opportunity to raise money for the foundation. The entire 2004 U.S. Olympic Swim Team is in attendance. • Dave Salo and Jack Bauerle are named the men’s and women’s coaches, respectively, of the 2005 World Championships teams. Dick Jochums and Jill Sterkel are tapped to coach the 2005 World University Games teams. Swimmer of the Year: Michael Phelps USA Swimming Award:Arvydas Barzdukas Developmental Coach of the Year: Randy Reese ConocoPhillips Performance Award: Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, Klete Keller (800m Free Relay) Breakout Performer of the Year: Larsen Jensen Comeback Athlete of the Year: Kaitlin Sandeno Coach of the Year: Eddie Reese Athlete Humanitarian: Gary Hall Jr. IMPACT Award: Dick Ebersol Relay Performance of the Year: Women’s 800m Free Relay - 2004 Olympics (Natalie Coughlin, Carly Piper, Dana Vollmer, Kaitlin Sandeno) Female Race of the Year: Amanda Beard in the Olympic 200m breaststroke Male Race of the Year: Michael Phelps in the Olympic 100m Butterfly Female Athlete of the Year: Natalie Coughlin Male Athlete of the Year: Michael Phelps Aaron Peirsol (100m back; 200m back; 200m back, scm) Brendan Hansen (100m breast; 200m breast) Michael Phelps (400m IM – twice) Ian Crocker (100m fly; 100m free, scm; 50m fly, scm; 100m fly, scm) Amanda Beard (200m breast) Natalie Coughlin, Carly Piper, Dana Vollmer, Kaitlin Sandeno (800m free relay) Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Ian Crocker, Jason Lezak (400m medley relay; 400m medley relay, scm) Ed Moses (200m breast, scm) Peter Marshall (100m back, scm) Tara Kirk (100m breast, scm)	forty six
What is the general legal term for “unlawful taking and carrying away of another’s property”?	Olympic 2014 Medal Count: Updated Results Tracker, Standings, List of Winners \| Bleacher Report Olympic 2014 Medal Count: Updated Results Tracker, Standings, List of Winners Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Streeter Lecka/Getty Images 187 Comments The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, have commenced, with the buzz, atmosphere and sense of anticipation palpable along the coastline of the Black Sea. A record 88 nations are slated to compete in this 22nd edition of the Winter Games, creating an unprecedented amount of globe-spanning interest in the sporting spectacle. Given the time differences for those involved, it's difficult to keep up with all of the action. Thus, this is a complete tracker of every event and the medal winners for each one. Check back here for the latest updates, results and medal-count standings. For the latest recaps, analysis, previews and results for all of the events, visit Bleacher Report's official Olympics page . 2014 Winter Olympics Medal Count Bronze: Finland Canada trounced Sweden on Day 16 to wrap up the 2014 Winter Games. The North Americans' 3-0 gold-medal-clinching win marks their second consecutive Olympic triumph in men's hockey and earns them their 10th gold of these Games. Powered by Jonathan Toews, Sidney Crosby and Chris Kunitz, Canada were able to get past Henrik Lundqvist in the crease on three occasions. On the other end, netminder Carey Price continued his stellar tournament, stopping all 24 shots he faced to preserve Canada's second straight shutout. Following their disappointing performance in Bolshoy Ice Dome, the Swedes settled for silver, their seventh in Sochi and 15th medal overall. Finland secured bronze for the second straight Olympics after dismantling Team USA 5-0 in Day 15's bronze-medal game. Men's Cross Country Mass Start Richard Heathcote/Getty Images Gold: Alexander Legkov, Russia; 1:46:55.2 Silver: Maxim Vylegzhanin, Russia; 1:46:55.9 Bronze: Ilia Chernousov, Russia; 1:46:56.0 Russia swept the podium in the men's cross country 50-kilometer mass start on Day 16, earning three medals to put the hosts ahead in the overall medal count. Alexander Legkov and compatriots Maxim Vylegzhanin and Ilia Chernousov sprinted toward the finish along with Norway's Martin Johnsrud Sundby, making for a dramatic finish. While the top-four finishers crossed the line within one second of each other, the fifth place finisher was more than 14 seconds back. Russia's incredible triumph in cross country not only marks their first gold medal in the sport at these Games, but ensures that the hosts will win the medal count, finishing with 13 golds, and 33 overall. Bronze: United States; 3:40.99 Russia were able to snag another gold medal on Day 16, beating out Latvia by a hair in the four-man bobsleigh at Sanki Sliding Center. Led by Alexey Voevoda and Alexander Zubkov, who won gold in the two-man event earlier in these Games, the host nation capitalized on the lead it built on Saturday. The Russians posted a track-record time of 54.82 seconds in the opening heat and wouldn't look back. Meanwhile, after running fifth in the first heat, Latvia would jump into second place with a blistering run in heat No. 2. Team USA's top unit of Steven Holcomb, Steven Langton, Christopher Fogt and Curtis Tomasevicz finished less than a half of a second off the pace, posting the fourth-fastest times in heat Nos. 3 and 4. Gold: Mario Matt, Austria; 1:41.84 Silver: Marcel Hirscher, Austria; 1:42.12 Bronze: Henrik Kristoffersen, Norway; 1:42.67 Mario Matt of Austria grabbed a nearly half-second lead after the first run and did enough in the second to hold on for gold. It's the first Olympic medal of the 34-year-old veteran's career despite prior success in the World Championships and on the World Cup circuit. The major story coming out of the event was almost a major comeback by Matt's countryman, Marcel Hirscher. A top contender heading into the final alpine skiing competition of the Games, his first effort left a lot to be desired as he finished in ninth. He bounced back in the second run and stood in gold-medal position heading into Matt's final run. He finished the course clean, relegating Hirscher to a very respectable silver finish. Henrik Kristoffersen joined the podium by winning bronze. American star Ted Ligety was sixth after the first run but failed to finish the second. Bronze: Austria; 1:12:45.7 Norway led for a large portion of the race, including the early stages of the final leg. However, an uncharacteristically poor performance from Emil Hegle Svendsen not only dropped the team from the top spot, but from a podium finish completely. It opened the door for the chase countries to take advantage and it was host nation Russia that came out on top. Terrific skiing from Anton Shipulin during the final leg was the difference in what developed into a close race with Germany, which won silver. Austria ended up getting bronze. Norway, after looking like the likely gold-medal winners, ended up finishing fourth, 54 seconds off the pace. Italy rounded out the top five. Bronze: Russia Yes, you guessed it, another speedskating gold for the Netherlands. There were a total of 12 long-track events during the Games and Dutch skaters won gold in eight of them. While they were expected to do well heading into the Olympics, that's astounding dominance. This time it was the trio of Jorien ter Mors, Marrit Leenstra and Ireen Wust winning the women's team pursuit. They set an Olympic record in the A final to beat an overmatched Polish squad, which gets silver, by more than seven seconds. Host nation Russia won the B final over Japan to win the bronze medal. A large surge across all sports has allowed the Russians to put themselves in great shape in terms of finishing the Sochi Games with the most total medals. Bronze: Poland Once the dust settles following the closing ceremony on Sunday there's a good chance the lasting impact from the Games is Netherlands' long-track speedskating dominance. Of the 11 gold medals handed out in the discipline so far, it has won seven of them. The team of Jan Blokhuijsen, Sven Kramer and Koen Verweij set an Olympic record in the A final to defeat South Korea by more than three seconds. It was another sublime performance from a group that's been virtually unstoppable on the ice. In the B final, which was for the bronze medal, it was Poland taking down Canada. It actually trailed for a majority of the race but really picked up the pace over the final five laps to overtake the Canadians and earn a spot on the podium. Bronze: Benjamin Karl, Austria Vic Wild of Russia captured his second gold medal of the Games. He previously won the giant slalom competition and now backed it up with the parallel slalom triumph. He beat Zan Kosir of Slovenia in the big final. Wild was up by just over one-tenth of a second after the first race and finished the final race with almost the same exact edge. It wasn't as dominant of a performance as the giant slalom, but the result was the same in the end, a gold medal. In the small final for bronze it was Benjamin Karl of Austria easing past Aaron March of Italy. Although it was a close battle heading into the second race, March fell during that final run and it allowed Karl to cruise onto the podium. Bronze: Amelie Kober, Germany The big final featured Julia Dujmovits of Austria facing off with Anke Karstens of Germany. Karstens had a lead of seventh-tenths heading into the second race, but the Austrian made up the difference and narrowly won at the line. In the small final for the bronze medal it was Amelie Kober of Germany picking up the win. While Corinna Boccacini of Italy was able to cut the gap after falling behind in the first race, she couldn't complete the comeback like Dujmovits did in the big final. Both finals were decided by less than two-tenths of a second. Gold: Marit Bjoergen, Norway; 1:11:05.2 Silver: Therese Johaug, Norway; 1:11:07.8 Bronze: Kristin Stoermer Steira, Norway; 1:11:28.8 Marit Bjoergen headlined a podium sweep for Norway as she won her third gold medal of this year's Games and sixth overall. She's also won three silvers and a bronze to make her one of the most decorated winter Olympians. It was the second medal of the Olympics for Therese Johaug, who had previously captured bronze in the classical race. She was in striking distance with Bjoergen throughout and even held the lead a few times, but didn't have the final push necessary to win. Kristin Stoermer Steira was also right in the mix for most of the race before falling off the pace late. She was still able to hold on to capture her second Olympic medal, though. She finished just under 24 seconds off the lead pace. Fourth place didn't cross the line until nearly a minute later. Bronze: China; 6:48.341 The Russian team of Victor An, Semen Elistratov, Vladimir Grigorev and Ruslan Zakharov was nothing short of outstanding in the final. It set a new Olympic record in the event and needed every bit of that in order to outrace the Americans. Even though the United States team came up a couple tenths short, the J.R. Celski-led group will be happy to earn a medal after the country's speedskating woes throughout the Games. If Russia wasn't virtually perfect, it would have been gold. China edged the Netherlands and Kazakhstan for the bronze. The race for third wasn't as close as the race for gold, but the Chinese and Dutch skaters were still separated by less than a second. It illustrates the overall competitiveness of the sport. Gold: Seung-Hi Park, South Korea; 1:30.761 Silver: Kexin Fan, China; 1:30.811 Bronze: Suk Hee Shim, South Korea; 1:31.027 South Korea continued its strong showing on the women's short track with two more medals. Seung-Hi Park earned her second gold of the Games by beating Kexin Fan by five hundredths of a second in a typically exciting short-track race. Like Park, Suk Hee Shim was also a part of the South Korean women's team that finished atop the podium in the 3,000-meter relay. This time around she did enough to earn the bronze and was less than a half second off the pace. Jessica Smith of the United States was the other skater in the women's final, and the only one who doesn't reach the podium. She stayed with the pack throughout, but simply didn't have the final push necessary to get a medal. Gold: Victor An, Russia; 41.312 Silver: Dajing Wu, China; 41.516 Bronze: Charle Cournoyer, Canada; 41.617 Victor An continued his outstanding Olympic performance for the host nation with his third short-track speedskating medal. It's the second gold of that group after previously winning the 1,000 meters. He won bronze in the 1,500 meters. He edged out Dajing Wu of China and Charle Cournoyer in the four-man final heat that developed into a three-man race after Wenhao Liang dropped off the pace. The top three were separated by just three-tenths of a second at the line. The top American hope in the event, J.R. Celski, finished sixth as the second-place finisher in the B final. It was the latest of numerous disappointing results for the United States on the speedskating tracks with competition winding down in Sochi. Gold: Mikaela Shiffrin, United States; 1:44.54 Silver: Marlies Schild, Austria; 1:45.07 Bronze: Kathrin Zettel, Austria; 1:45.35 Mikaela Shiffrin showed nerves of steel to hold onto her lead after the first run to capture gold in the women's slalom. The 18-year-old American had a close call during her second run, but held on and had a big enough edge to remain in first place. Marlies Schild and Kathrin Zettel of Austria were both outside the top five following the first round before fighting back to get medals. They posted the best two individual run times, but they weren't enough to overcome Shiffrin's lead. Germany's Maria Hoefl-Riesch and Slovenia's Tina Maze were both within striking distance of the eventual champion after one run. Neither one delivered their best performance in the second round, however, and finished off the podium. Bronze: Norway; 1:10:40.1 Ukraine won just one medal during the women's individual biathlon events, a bronze by Vita Semerenko in the sprint, but things went much better in the relay. Juliya Dzhyma gave the Ukrainian team the lead during the second leg thanks to an efficient shooting performance and it never trailed again. The lead eventually reached nearly a minute before Russia fought back within seven seconds to put some pressure on down the stretch, but it wasn't enough. The host nation finished second. Its shooting was actually the best of any team in the competition, but it couldn't keep up with Ukraine during the skiing portions and that's what ended up making the difference in the end. Norway, which has enjoyed a very successful Olympics in the biathlon, earned the bronze. Fanny Welle-Strand Horn struggled during the first leg, putting the team in a 50-second hole and the other three athletes couldn't make it back up but did enough to reach the podium. The United States was in fourth place after the first leg, but faded to a seventh-place finish. Bronze: Sweden Any questions about which country sent the best curlers to Sochi were answered in an emphatic way over the past two days. One day after the Canadian women led by Jennifer Jones won gold their counterparts on the men's side matched the feat. Brad Jacobs' group crushed Great Britain in the final by a score of 9-3. Canada scored two points in the opening end, added three more two ends later and never looked back as skip David Murdoch and his British team failed to match the Canadian shot-making. In the bronze-medal match, it was Sweden knocking off China by a more competitive 6-4 score. The Swedes pulled out a point in the final regulation end to tie the score at four before earning two points and the victory in an extra end. Bronze: Anna Holmlund, Sweden Marielle Thompson followed Canada women's tremendous hockey triumph with a well-deserved victory in this year's ski cross event. The confident winner sailed through a busy day with real confidence and looked to be getting stronger with each race. She overcame the threat of teammate Kelsey Serwa and Sweden's Anna Holmlund in the medal run, who grabbed silver and bronze respectively. Thompson thrust herself into the lead as the race entered its latter half, but the descent forced the three chasing riders into a congested battle. Six-time world champion Ophelie David lost her footing as the contest came to a close, providing Holmlund with the chance to grab a medal. While David will be disappointed to have missed out, there's no denying Thompson's consistency gave her the edge. Riders such as Georgia Simmerling and Anna Woerner were escorted off the track in a day of heavy falls, but the eventual winner remained unfazed to capture Canada's eighth gold of the Games. Bronze: Switzerland After one of the greatest women’s gold medal games in Olympic history, it was Team Canada that beat Team USA in the first women's overtime game ever in the Winter Games by a score of 3-2 on Thursday at the Bolshoy Ice Dome in Sochi, Russia. Canada’s Marie-Philip Poulin scored the game-winning goal just eight minutes and 10 seconds into the sudden death period while her team was on a five-on-three power play. Poulin also scored the game-tying goal in the third period. After losing to the Canadians in the group stage and taking the early lead in the third period of the championship game, Team USA was forced to settle for a silver medal. Switzerland also beat Sweden, 4-3, in an exciting bronze medal game earlier in the day, but all of the headlines have been stolen by this epic gold medal battle. Gold: Maddie Bowman. United States, 89.00 Silver: Marie Martinod, France, 85.40 Bronze: Ayana Onozuka, Japan, 83.20 The ladies freestyle skiing halfpipe event concluded on Thursday with a wild run to the final. American superstar Maddie Bowman won the gold medal in the event after posting an impressive score of 89.00. Marie Martinod of France won the silver medal with score of 85.40, and Team Japan’s Ayana Onozuka took home the bronze medal with a score of 83.20. Fellow American Brita Sigourney was in a position to contend on the final day, but a tough fall in the first run threw off her pacing and she was not able to recover with an impressive enough second run. She finished sixth. Gold: Adelina Sotnikova, Russia, 224.59 Silver: Yuna Kim, South Korea, 219.11 Bronze: Carolina Kostner, Italy, 216.73 The 2014 Winter Olympics figure skating competitions have been fierce, but few events were as exciting as the final battle for the ladies gold, silver and bronze medals. In front of the home crowd, it was Adelina Sotnikova of Russia that brought home the gold medal with an incredible combined score of 224.59. Sotnikova scored a score of 74.64 in the short program and brought home the gold with a score of 149.95 in the free skate. South Korean legend Yuna Kim won the silver medal with a score of 219.11, and Italian Carolina Kostner won the bronze with a score of 216.73. American favorite Gracie Gold finished in fourth place with a score of 205.53, and Russian favorite Julia Lipnitskaia rounded out the top five with a score of 200.57. Bronze: Austria The Nordic combined events featured the intense action of ski jumping mixed with the unique challenges of cross country skiing. The team version of this event is even more exciting. While Norway struggled early in the individual events, the team portion of the Nordic combined has offered the nation a chance at redemption. Germany dominated the jumping portion of the event, finishing with 481.7 points. Austria finished second and Norway started the cross country race in third. The battle for the win in the cross country portion of the event required a photo finish , but it was the Norwegians that won the gold medal with a time of 47:13.5. That was just 0.3 seconds better than Germany’s second-place time of 47:13.8. Team USA finished sixth with a time of 49:35.1. Bronze: Great Britain In a great final battle for the gold medal, the Canadian women were able to hold off the Swedish team by a score of 6-3. While Team Canada was favored in this matchup, Team Sweden proved to be a worthy adversary and pushed the gold medalists to their limit. Canada’s lead Dawn McEwen, second Jill Officer, third Kaitlyn Lawes and skip Jennifer Jones made it clear throughout the group portion of the tournament that they were the team to beat, and only got stronger as the elimination portion of the tournament went on. In the bronze medal game, It all came down to the very last stone as this year's British women became the youngest team ever to win a curling medal at the Winter Olympics, boasting an average age of just 23. Eve Muirhead made the decisive finish in the 10th end, pushing Switzerland out of arm's reach as a 6-5 victory was sealed for Great Britain right at the death. The Britons weren't always in control of a fixture that was sometimes lacking in entertainment value, but ultimately came good as the drama unfolded at Sochi's Ice Cube Curling Centre. Gold: Jean Frederic Chapuis, France Silver: Arnaud Bovolenta, France Bronze: Jonathan Midol, France Brady Leman was unable to break up the French cohesion that formed in the final of Sochi's men's ski cross final, helpless but to watch as Jean Frederic Chapuis sealed the gold, followed closely by countrymen Arnaud Bovolenta and Jonathan Midol, in that order. Canadian Leman was unfortunate to find himself up against a trio of such talented freestylers, and the knuckles and bumps of the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park didn't seem to bother France's bastions. The French trio boosted its nation's medal-table hopes dramatically by shutting out any opposition from claiming a top-three finish, raising the French tally to 14 overall. Bronze: USA-2, 3:51.61 Team USA came into the women’s two man bobsled competition as serious contenders to take home the gold medal, but it was Canada-1’s Kaillie Humphries and Heather Moyse that stole the show with an impressive time of three minutes and 50.61 seconds. This was the second gold medal for the tandem of Humphries and Moyse. USA-1’s Elana Meyers and Lauryn Williams led the event after each of the first three heats, but Canada-1 had a great fourth heat and stole the victory. USA-2’s team of Jamie Greubel and Aja Evans finished in third and captured the bronze medal. The polarizing American team of Lolo Jones and Jazmine Fenlator in USA-3 were unable to make much of a mark in their first Winter Games, finishing in 11th. Bronze: Italy Norway had struggled to make an impact at the 2014 Winter Olympics , but the team was able to capture the gold medal in the mixed biathlon relay event and help legendary skier Ole Einar Bjoerndalen win his record-breaking 13th Olympic medal. Bjoerndalen told ESPN about his achievement: It's fantastic, I never imagined this would happen. Bjoern is still my big hero ... He gave me a lot of motivation. Now I have the same gold as him, and that's cool. It's difficult to realize during the championships what has happened because you try to focus on the races. It will only sink in after the Olympics. While the Czech Republic team deserves immense credit for winning the silver and Italy deserves credit for winning the bronze, the focus of this event was the resurgence of the Norwegians and the accomplishment of Bjoerndalen. Gold: Martina Sablíkova, Czech Republic, 6:51.54 Silver: Ireen Wust, Netherlands, 6:54.28 Bronze: Carien Kleibeuker, Netherlands, 6:55.66 While the Netherlands have dominated the speedskating portion of the 2014 Winter Olympics, it was Martina Sablíkova of the Czech Republic that stole the show in the women’s 5,000 meters race on Wednesday. Sablíkova’s time of 6:51.54 was 2.74 seconds faster than second place. The silver medal was won by Ireen Wust of the Netherlands after she skated a very impressive time of 6:54.28. The Dutch dominance continued as Carien Kleibeuker amassed a very fast time of 6:55.66. Whether it’s men or women, the Netherlands have utterly dominated the sport of speedskating. Bronze: Sweden The Nordic dominance of the cross country events continued on Wednesday as Norway, Finland and Sweden all managed to take home medals in the women’s team sprint classic finals. The Norwegian team of Marit Bjoergen and Ingvild Flugstad Oestberg utterly dominated the field in this event, and managed to put up an impressive time of 16:04.05, over nine seconds ahead of the silver medalists. Finland’s Kerttu Niskanen and Aino-Kaisa Saarinen finished in second, and Sweden’s Ida Ingemarsdotter and Stina Nilsson managed to win the bronze medal. Team USA’s Kikkan Randall and Sophie Caldwell finished eighth with a time of 16:48.08. Bronze: Sweden Team Finland’s Iivo Niskanen and Sami Jauhojaervi stole the show on the men’s side of this event, taking home the gold medal with a time of 23:14.89. The two men ran a near-perfect race and were able to achieve their Olympic dream. The Russian team made a rush for the top prize, but the duo of Maxim Vylegzhanin and Nikita Kriukov was forced to go home with the silver medal, just under a second off the gold medal pace. The Swedish team comprised of Emil Joensson and Teodor Peterson won the bronze, and Team USA’s Bjornsen and Simeon Hamilton finished eighth overall. Gold: Ted Ligety, United States Silver: Steve Missillier, France Team USA has struck gold in the men’s Alpine skiing giant slalom. American skier Ted Ligety was heralded as a serious medal contender in the 2014 Sochi Olympics, and he lived up to the expectations with an incredible time of two minutes and 45.29 seconds to secure the gold medal. While Team USA stole the gold medal, the French group of skiers including Steve Missillier and Alexis Pinturault managed to win the silver and bronze medals respectively. They were 0.48 seconds and 0.64 seconds behind Ligety’s gold medal pace respectively. Bronze: Zan Kosir, Slovenia Just as the women’s parallel giant slalom was a great test of speed and mental fortitude, the men’s snowboarding event was just as exciting and featured close battles for the gold and for the bronze. Vic Wild of Russia was able to win the gold medal, but it wasn’t until after Nevin Galmarini of Switzerland forced him to his limit. Wild lost the first run by 0.54 seconds, but managed to take the first place by 2.14 seconds. The bronze medal matchup was more one-sided, though, as Zan Kosir of Slovenia beat German skier Patrick Bussler in both runs. Bronze: Alena Zavarzina, Russia In one of the most unique events of the 2014 Winter Games, the women’s parallel giant slalom featured the fastest snowboarders in the world going head-to-head. The gold medal runs featured Patrizia Kummer of Switzerland stealing the show and the gold medal by beating Tomoka Takeuchi of Japan. Takeuchi won the first run by 0.30 seconds, but it was Kummer that took the second run by 7.32 seconds and took first prize. Alena Zavarzina of Russia lost in the first bronze medal run by just 0.01 seconds to Ina Meschik, but Zavarzina managed to take home the medal by winning the second run by 0.82 seconds. Gold: David Wise, United States, 92.00 Silver: Mike Riddle, Canada, 90.60 Bronze: Kevin Rolland, France, 88.60 Team USA has done well in the halfpipe events at the 2014 Winter Olympics , but it was David Wise that stole the show in the men's freestyle skiing classification and brought home the gold medal with an impressive score of 92.00. Wise showcased why he was considered one of the best in the sport coming into the Games. The rest of the competitors didn’t go without a fight, though, as Canadian star Mike Riddle had a great second run and scored a 90.60. The score was just 1.4 points off the gold medal run. Kevin Rolland of France won the bronze with a score of 88.60. Gold: Jorrit Bergsma, Netherlands, 12:44.45 Silver: Sven Kramer, Netherlands, 12:49.02 Bronze: Bob de Jong, Netherlands, 13:07.19 The Netherlands has dominated the speedskating events at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and the streak continued in the men’s 10,000 meters when the nation managed to take home all three medals in the event. While the Netherlands will be excited about the finish regardless, it was Jorrit Bergsma that stole the show and set an Olympic record with an incredible time of 12 minutes and 44.45 seconds to win the gold medal. Sven Kramer was looking for redemption after losing his gold medal in 2010 on a disqualification, but was forced to settle for a second place finish and a bronze medal with a time of 12:49.02. Bob de Jong finished the clean sweep for the Netherlands with a strong third-place finish, amassing a time of 13:07.19. Americans Emery Lehman and Patrick Meek finished 10th and 11th respectively. Silver: Magnus Hovdal Moan, Norway Bronze: Fabian Riessle, Germany In one of the most unique events of the 2014 Winter Olympics , it was Norway’s Joergen Graabak that won the gold medal in the Nordic combined individual large hill classification. Graabak had the sixth-best jump of the day (118.4 points), but stole the show on the cross country course, finishing first with a time of 22 minutes and 45.5 seconds. Norway has struggled in the skiing events to the surprise of many, but the nation dominated Tuesday as Magnus Hovdal Moan also managed to finish in second. Moan was seventh in the jumping portion of the event (117.8), but moved into second place during the race, just 0.6 seconds behind the gold medalist. Fabian Riessle of Germany finished third and took home the bronze medal. Team USA’s best finisher was Taylor Fletcher in 20th. He had the 35th-best jump (95.8), but managed a strong run in the cross country event (22:31.6). Bronze: Italy, 4:14.014 The short track speed skating events from the 2014 Winter Olympics have been exciting, but few have the non-stop action that the ladies’ 3,000 meters relay race possesses. This year featured the South Korean team stealing the show and winning the gold medal with a time of four minutes and 9.498 seconds. The team consisted of talented skaters Shim Sukhee, Park Seunghi, Kim Alang, Cho Ha-Ri and Kong Sangjeong. Team Canada took home the silver medal with a time of 4:10.641 and consisted of skaters Marie-Eve Drolet, Jessica Hewitt, Valerie Maltais and Marianne St-Gelais. The Italians took home the bronze with a time of 4:14.014 with a team made up of Lucia Peretti, Arianna Fontana, Elena Viviani and Martina Valcepina. Gold: Tina Maze, Slovenia, 2:36.87 Silver: Anna Fenninger, Austria, 2:36.94 Bronze: Viktoria Rebensburg, Germany, 2:37.14 The battle for the gold medal in the Alpine skiing ladies giant slalom was as fierce as most expected, but it was Tina Maze of Slovenia that finished in first place with an impressive combined time of two minutes and 36.87 seconds. Maze beat silver medalist Anna Fenninger of Austria by just 0.07 seconds (2:36.94) and bronze medal winner Viktoria Rebensburg of Germany by 0.27 seconds. The times from top to bottom were ultra competitive. Team USA’s best finisher was Mikaela Shiffrin who ended up fifth overall with a time of 2:37.37, just 0.5 seconds off Maze’s gold medal pace. Gold: Emil Hegle Svendsen, Norway, 42:29.1 Silver: Martin Fourcade, France, 42:29.1 Bronze: Ondrej Moravec, Czech Republic, 42:42.9 In one of the most exciting events of the 2014 Winter Olympics, it was Emil Hegle Svendsen of Norway that beat Martin Fourcade of France in a wild photo finish in the men’s mass start biathlon to win the gold medal. Both Svendsen and Fourcade amassed a time of 42 minutes and 29.1 seconds, and the outcome was forced to go to a photo finish. Svendsen had the lead heading toward the finish line, but a late surge in the final stretch, a premature celebration from the gold medalist and a reach at the line from Fourcade almost resulted in the biggest shocker of the Games. Ondrej Moravec of the Czech Republic had a great run as well, finishing in third and bringing home the bronze medal with a respectable time of 42:42.9. Team USA’s best performance was from Lowell Bailey. The American finished in 23rd with a time of 45:19.2. Bronze: Alex Deibold, USA Despite the best attempts at an upset from Russian home favourite Nikolay Olyunin, Pierre Vaultier surged down Sochi's Rosa Khutor Extreme Park course to give France their third gold medal of these Winter Games on Tuesday (Feb. 18). The men's snowboard cross was postponed from an original date of Monday due to the fog, but the weather relented just enough for the Frenchman to etch his name further into this sport's history. Olyunin would ultimately have to settle for a runners-up spot, while Team USA's Alex Deibold claimed the bronze medal. Vaultier's victory is incredible when one considers the 26-year-old ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament barely two months ago, but as the biggest name in his trade, experience and wisdom rightfully won out in the end. Bronze: Japan, 1,024.9 points The perpetual dominance Austrian men had in men's team ski jumping ended on Monday at the 2014 Sochi Games, as Germany edged out Austria with 1,041.1 points to win the gold medal in the final round. According to the Associated Press (via the Los Angeles Times), Austria hadn't lost a large hill team event since the 2005 world championships and had won gold at the previous two Winter Games. Monday signaled a changing of the guard in that sense. Germany were represented by Severin Freund, Marinus Kraus, Andreas Wank and Andreas Wellinger. It was Freund who took the final leap for his team to give them the win by 2.7 points, as the quartet was ecstatic as the results were announced at RusSki Gorki Jumping Center. The bronze winner was Japan. Its team scored 1,024.9 points and consisted of Daiki Ito, Noriaki Kasai, Reruhi Shimizu and Taku Takeuchi Gold: Meryl Davis and Charlie White, USA, 195.52 Silver: Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir, Canada, 190.99 Bronze: Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov, Russia, 183.48 To say the figure skating pairs lived up to the hype in the ice dance on Monday would be a massive understatement. Longtime rivals from the USA and Canada battled to the end, but the American tandem of Meryl Davis and Charlie White emerged victorious with the gold to cap off an amazing free dance program. Davis and White scored a world-record 195.52 total points in the ice dance competition, eclipsing the standard set by Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir of Canada just minutes before them. As well as Virtue and Moir skated, the victors extended the lead they had after setting a world record on Sunday's short program. The Michigan natives capped off the event as the last pairing to take the ice, thriving under the pressure and avenging Virtue and Moir winning the gold in this event at the 2010 Vancouver Games. Right after Virtue and Moir laid down an amazing routine, though, Russia's own Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov rocked the Iceberg Skating Palace with a brilliant display of their own—good enough to garner bronze honors. Gold: Alexey Voevoda and Alexander Zubkov, Russia, 3:45.39 Silver: Alex Baumann and Beau Hefti, Switzerland, 3:46.05 Bronze: Steven Holcomb and Steven Langton, USA, 3:46.27 Host Russia claimed another 2014 Winter Olympic gold medal at Sanki Sliding Center on Monday, courtesy of the swift two-man bobsleigh team of Alexey Voevoda and Alexander Zubkov. The tandem managed a total time of 3:45.39 across four heats, setting track records in the first and third heats before hanging on for a wire-to-wire triumph with a Heat 4 time of 56.49. It had to be extra special, since they finished third in 2010 in Vancouver and came out on top at home in Sochi. Switzerland's Alex Baumann and Beau Hefti had a respectable showing in securing the silver, while Americans Steven Holcomb and Steven Langton rounded out the pairings on the podium. Gold: Anton Kushnir, Belarus, 134.50 Silver: David Morris, Australia, 110.41 Bronze: Zongyang Jia, China, 95.06 The second gold medal of the day for Belarus came from Anton Kushnir, whose run of 134.50 was good enough to best David Morris for gold in the men's aerial freestyle skiing finals on Monday at Rosa Khutor Extreme Park. NBC Olympics producer Jason Stahl noted how Kushnir's score was the highest of any run in the men's aerials, which essentially locked him in for a spot on the podium: Anton Kushnir's score of 134.50 is the highest of any skier in any round in men's #aerials . He's in first and is guaranteed a medal. — Jason Stahl (@stahl_jason) February 17, 2014 This had to be a relief for Kushnir, who had come up empty in the hardware department in two previous Olympic appearances but secured the gold on this occasion. Adding to the significnae is the fact that Alla Tsuper won gold in the ladies' aerials on Friday, completing a fitting Belarus sweep. Morris had a respectable showing, but it wasn't near enough to match Kushnir's extraordinary efforts that got him the top prize. China's Zongyang Jia settled for the bronze to add to his country's medal count. Gold: Darya Domracheva, Belarus, 35:25.6 Silver: Gabriela Soukalova, Czech Republic, 35:45.8 Bronze: Tiril Eckhoff, Norway, 35:52.9 Belarus' Darya Domracheva continued her amazing run at the 2014 Winter Olympics on Monday, winning her third individual gold medal in the women's 12.5-kilometer mass start biathlon. She became the first woman to win three biathlon events in a single Olympics. In spite of that amazing accomplishment, Domracheva didn't feel she'd done anything too special after it was over, per Douglas Gelevan of CBC Montreal: Triple gold medalist Darya Domracheva "I don't feel like I did something special maybe I will feel it later" pic.twitter.com/aDidrF6XiM — Douglas Gelevan (@DGelevan) February 17, 2014 The margin of victory was impressive—over 20 seconds—but silver medalist Gabriela Soukalova of the Czech Republic beat her nearest competition in bronze winner Tiril Eckhoff by more than seven seconds. It was clear that Domracheva was in a class of her own, though. That's been the case throughout these Winter Games, as she's established herself as the most decorated Olympian in her country's history. Gold: Jorien Ter Mors, Netherlands, 1:53.51 Silver: Irene Wust, Netherlands, 1:54.09 Bronze: Lotte Van Beek, Netherlands, 1:54.54 The Dutch dominance in speedskating continued on Sunday, as the Netherlands occupied all three spots on the podium. Jorien Ter Mors set an Olympic record with a time of 1:53.51 in winning the ladies' 1,500-meter speedskating event. Dutch speed skater @jorientermors has just set a New Olympic record in the women's 1500m - 1.53.51 pic.twitter.com/flSuUxHC9L — Sochi 2014 (@Sochi2014) February 16, 2014 Irene Wust was the defending champion in this competition, and she'd already won another gold and silver before this race began at the Sochi Games. The record-breaking performance by her compatriot caused Wust to settle for silver this time around, giving her three medals in 2014. Finishing in fourth was Marrit Leenstra—also from the Netherlands—who was in position to win the bronze until Lotte Van Beek beat her by 1.86 seconds as part of the 18th and final pairing of the competition. Bronze: France, 1:29:13.9 For the second Winter Olympics in a row, Sweden managed to reign supreme in the men's 4x10-kilometer cross-country skiing relay event on Sunday at Laura Cross-country Ski & Biathlon Center. Marcus Hellner finished the job for the victors, whose team of four featured three medalists from this year's Sochi Games in Hellner, Johan Olsson and Daniel Richardsson. The first two legs of the race were classic style, while the final two were freestyle. Lars Nelson got Sweden off to a fine start by edging out Finland, a formidable team that faded to sixth down the stretch. Hosting nation Russia was represented well during the demanding test but were no match for the Swedes, finishing over 27 minutes behind the pace. Russia placed second on the final two legs, but couldn't overcome Dmitriy Japarov's eighth-place finish in the opening leg. France settled for bronze and remained firmly entrenched in third position throughout most of the competition except for a brief drop to fourth when the second leg concluded. Gold: Eva Samkova, Czech Republic. Silver: Dominique Maltais, Canada. Bronze: Chloe Trespeuch, France. The most exciting and dangerous Olympic event came to its conclusion as the new superstar of women's snowboarding took the gold medal in the cross discipline. 20-year-old Czech Republic athlete Eva Samkova destroyed the field to take he place on top of the winner's rostrum as she proved she is the hottest rider in the world today. Canada's legendary Dominique Maltais, a two times Olympic medalist and former X Games champion, finished in second place to claim the silver medal. A surprise came as France claimed the bronze with Chloe Trespeuch holding on to third place in a dramatic race. The event sees the birth of Samkova's inevitable reign in Snowboard Cross as the young athlete looks likely to dominate the sport for years to come. Gold: Kjetil Jansrud, Norway; 1:18.14 Silver: Andrew Weibrecht, U.S.A; 1:18.44 Joint Bronze: Jan Hudec, Canada and Bode Miller, U.S.A; 1:18.67 Norway's imperious Kjetil Jansrud captured his second medal of these games as he raced to the gold medal in difficult conditions at Sochi 2014. Jansrud clocked a time of 1:18.14, some three tenths of a second faster than second place Andrew Weibrecht of the U.S.A. The bronze was shared by Canada's Jan Hudec and veteran American skiier Bode Miller, as they finished in a dead heat in 1:18.67. The podium placing for Miller made him the oldest alpine skiing medal winner in history, after what has been a challenging year for the athlete. Course conditions made the news after complaints previously from the female Super G racers forced Sochi officials to bring the start of the race forward by one hour. Gold: Kamil Stoch, Poland; 278.7 Silver: Noriaki Kasai, Japan; 277.4 Bronze: Peter Prevc, Slovenia; 274.8 After winning the gold in the normal hill event earlier in the Games, Kamil Stoch was able to match that performance in the large hill. He posted nearly identical scores in the two disciplines (278 and 278.7) and both times it was good enough for first place. He was joined on the podium by Noriaki Kasai of Japan. His presence in the top three is amazing because the 41-year-old veteran last earned an Olympic medal in 1994. Then he was part of a Japanese ski jumping team that captured silver. Peter Prevc wrapped up the top three and, like Stoch, was making his second podium appearance of the Games. He won silver in the large hill, but was actually closer in score to the Polish star this time around. The future is bright for the 21-year-old rising star. Gold: Alexander Tretiakov, Russia; 3:44.29 Silver: Martin Dukurs, Latvia; 3:45.10 Bronze: Matthew Antoine, United States; 3:47.26 Alexander Tretiakov of Russia ended the final two heats of skeleton competition with a sizable advantage over the field. All he needed was a pair of clean runs on Saturday to earn another gold for the host nation, and he delivered. The same could have been said in relation to Latvia's Martins Dukurs in terms of the silver. He would have needed a major mistake from Tretiakov to move into gold-medal position. It didn't happen, but he held on for second place. Matthew Antoine of the United States came in third. Paired with the silver from Noelle Pikus-Pace on the women's side, it was a successful couple of days on the skeleton track for the Americans. John Daly also had podium hopes, but faltered on the final run. Gold: Zbigniew Brodka, Poland; 1:45.006 Silver: Koen Verweij, Netherlands; 1:45.009 Bronze: Denny Morrison, Canada; 1:45.22 Another thrilling speedskating race that was decided by fractions of a second. This time, the numbers had to get dragged out to the thousandths in order to determine a winner between Zbigniew Brodka and Koen Verweij. It turned out the Poland skater had crossed the line three one-thousandths of a second quicker to earn the gold medal. That's extreme even when you consider the fact most of the races are being decided by less than a second to begin with. Verweij was forced to accept silver. While it's still a terrific result, and his first career Olympic medal, it has to be disappointing to come so close to the top of podium and not get it. Denny Morrison came in third, but by the first-second time standards was well off the pace at two-tenths of a second behind. The top American was Brian Hansen in seventh. Shani Davis finished 11th. Gold: Victor An, Russia; 1:25.325 Silver: Vladimir Grigorev, Russia; 1.25.399 Bronze: Sjinkie Knegt, Netherlands; 1.25.611 It was a productive 1,000-meter short-track race for the host nation. Russia earned each of the top two spots on the podium. Its two skaters were joined by one from the Netherlands, which has been dominant in speedskating events so far. Victor An won the race by seven one-hundredths of a second over countryman Vladimir Grigorev. It's the second medal of the Games for An. He previously reached the podium by finishing third in the 1,500 meters. Grigorev finished second and was followed by Sjinkie Knegt of the Netherlands. It was the first Olympic medal for both skaters. No Americans reached the final. Gold: Yang Zhou, China; 2:19.140 Silver: Suk Hee Shim, South Korea; 2:19.239 Bronze: Arianna Fontana, Italy; 2:19.416 As you'd expect, the women's short-track speedskating 1,500-meter race was very competitive. Four of the five skaters in the final finished around a half second apart, making for a mad dash to the finish in order to reach the podium. Yang Zhou won that mad dash to win gold. It's the third medal of her Olympic career, all of which are gold, with the previous two coming in Vancouver. Aside from the 1,500, she's also enjoyed plenty of success in the 3,000-meter relay. Suk Hee Shim and Arianna Fontana rounded out the podium finishers. It marks the second medal of the Olympics for Fontana, who previously finished second in the 500 meters. She is now the proud owner of four medals from the Games. Emily Scott of the United States reached the final but finished a distant fifth. Bronze: Germany; 53:03.6 This race illustrated one of the best things about the Olympic Games. Three teams that were racing for nearly as hour across four different skiers still managed to finish within one second of each other for the three podium spots. That's nothing short of amazing. Sweden ended up capturing the gold with the team of Anna Haag, Ida Ingemarsdotter, Charlotte Kalla and Emma Wiken. They were the only group that never fell below third and that consistency paid off in the end. Finland checked in second and Germany came in third. Finland was ninth after the first leg and eventually worked up to first, but fell back during the final leg. Germany was never in gold-medal position, but managed to earn bronze. France came in fourth, but it was 45 seconds off the gold pace. Gold: Anna Fenninger, Austria; 1:25.52 Silver: Maria Hoefl-Riesch, Germany; 1:25.07 Bronze: Nicole Hosp, Austria; 1:25.18 Anna Fenninger blew away the competition to capture her first Olympic medal, a gold, in the women's Super-G. She won the event by more than half of a second over a decorated group of fellow contenders. It continues her upward trend evident during the last two World Cup campaigns. The next four skiers were separated by just over two-tenths of a second. That illustrates both how impressive Fenninger's performance was as well as the small margin for error on the Olympic stage. One small mistake makes a major difference. Maria Hoefl-Riesch ended up in silver-medal position. She adds that to her gold in the combined competition to make for a very successful Olympics so far. She won two gold medals in the Vancouver Games four years ago. Nicole Hosp of Austria rounded out the podium. The top American finisher was Julia Mancuso, who finished eighth. Gold: Yuzuru Hanyu, Japan; 280.09 Silver: Patrick Chan, Canada; 275.62 Bronze: Denis Ten, Kazakhstan; 255.10 Yuzuru Hanyu started off the competition by setting a world record for the best short program of all time with a score of 101.45. He barely slowed down in his free skate and finished with the best score once again to end with a gold medal. Patrick Chan finished with a disappointing silver after coming into the week as the overwhelming favorite. The Canadian won the last three world championships, but a couple of mistakes caused a difference of more than four points behind himself and Hanyu. Of course, these two were well ahead of the third-place finisher Denis Ten, who somehow reached the podium despite not being part of the final group of six. He entered the day in ninth place but put together a great free skate to earn the first figure skating medal in Kazakhstan history. American Jason Brown had a chance to finish in third as the final competitor, but a few slips caused him to drop down to ninth. Gold: Alla Tsuper, Belarus; 98.01 Silver: Mengtao Xu, China; 83.50 Bronze: Lydia Lassila, Australia; 72.12 Alla Tsuper showcased great consistency and came through with a big jump when she needed it the most to win her first career gold medal. The 34-year-old Belarusian has competed in every Olympics since 1998 but had never medaled. However, she had the best jump in the first and third final to ensure her place on top of the podium. Megtao Xu had the best overall jump in the second final, earning a score of 101.08. Unfortunately, her final score of 83.50 was only enough for a silver. Lydia Lassila grabbed the bronze medal on the hardest jump of the final round, scoring a degree of difficulty of 4.425. American Emily Cook reached the second final but her score of 64.50 left her to finish in eighth place. Gold: Elizabeth Yarnold, Great Britain; 3:52.89 Silver: Noelle Pikus-Pace, United States; 3:53.86 Bronze: Elena Nikitina, Russia; 3:54.30 Elizabeth Yarnold led after all four runs in the competition to come away with a gold medal for Great Britain. The 25-year-old athlete set a track record with her first run and then broke it herself in her third run. By the time she started her final time down the track, she had almost a full second to spare, helping her win the gold medal with ease. Noelle Pikus-Pace also completed a great week to earn a silver medal after coming in fourth four years ago. Elena Nikitina narrowly earned the bronze despite a final run that ranked 12th in the competition. American Katie Uhlaender finished just 0.04 seconds out of a medal. Gold: Darya Domracheva, Belarus; 43:19.6 Silver: Selina Gasparin, Switzerland; 44:35.3 Bronze: Nadezhda Skardino, Belarus; 44:57.8 A great performance in the skiing portion of the biathlon helped Darya Domracheva win her second gold medal of the Olympics. The Belarusian suffered one penalty due to a missed shot in the first standing station, but she was excellent otherwise and defeated everyone else in the field by more than one minute. Selina Gasparin came through with a surprising second-place finish thanks to a perfect 20-for-20 in the shooting portion of the race. Nadezhda Skardino was also flawless with her shooting and finished with the bronze medal. Hannah Dreissigacker finished in 23rd place, the highest of four Americans in the competition. Gold: Sandro Viletta, Switzerland; 2:45.20 Silver: Ivica Kostelic, Croatia; 2:45.54 Bronze: Christof Innerhofer, Italy; 2:45.67 After only finishing in 14th place in the down hills race, Sandro Viletta put up an incredible time in the slalom to secure the first gold medal for Switzerland in the super combined competition. This was certainly a surprising finish in a competitive field after Viletta finished in just 14th place four years ago in Vancouver. However, the beauty of the Olympics is that anyone involved can come away with a gold medal. Ivica Kostelic earned the silver for Croatia after finishing just 0.34 seconds behind the leader. Christof Innerhofer will bring home the bronze for Italy. Kjetil Jansrud—who led the race after the downhill—narrowly missed out on medaling and ended in fourth. American Bode Miller could not defend his title after winning the event in 2010. He finished in sixth place, while Jared Goldberg ended in 11th and Ted Ligety took 12th. Gold: Dario Cologna, Switzerland; 38:29.7 Silver: Johan Olsson, Sweden; 38:58.2 Bronze: Daniel Richardsson, Sweden; 39:08.5 After winning the 15-kilometer classic in 2010, Dario Cologna defended his title with a dominant run through the grueling course. This is the third gold medal for the Swiss star, who also won the skiathlon earlier in the week. Most impressively, Cologna suffered a torn ligament in his ankle in November but recovered to secure a gold in his best event. Sweden rounded out the podium with a silver medal from Johan Olsson and a bronze from Daniel Richardsson. Iivo Niskanen of Finland appeared to be in position for a medal, but a late push by Richardsson knocked him out of contention by two tenths of a second. Noah Hoffman was the top American finisher in 31st place with Erik Bjornsen not far behind in 38th. Gold: Martin Fourcade, France, 49:31.7 Silver: Erik Lesser, Germany, 49:43.9 Bronze: Evgeniy Garanichev, Russia, 50:06.2 France’s Martin Fourcade was widely considered one of the best biathlon skiers in the 2014 Winter Olympics , but he has utterly dominated the field regardless of the length of the races. After winning the gold medal in the men’s 12.5 kilometer pursuit, Fourcade followed it up with an incredible time of 49:31.7 during the individual 20 kilometer race and brought home yet another gold medal. Erik Lesser of Germany brought home the silver medal with a time of 49:43.9, and Russian star Evgeniy Garanichev took the bronze in front of a raucous home crowd with a time of 50:06.2. American Lowell Bailey was the best finisher from team USA, managing an eighth place finish, just 1:25.7 off Fourcade’s gold medal run. Gold: Hong Zhang, China, 1:14.02 Silver: Ireen Wust, Netherlands, 1:14.69 Bronze: Margot Boer, Netherlands, 1:14.90 The men’s 1,000 meters race on Wednesday was an intense battle that featured a surprise star leaving with the gold medal, and the same can now be said for the women. With an incredible time of 1:14.02, Chinese star Hong Zhang stole the show and first place with a stunning run. She just beat out Ireen Wust of the Netherlands, who finished just .67 seconds behind with a time of 1:14.69. Fellow Netherlands representative Margot Boer took home the bronze with a time of 1:14.90. American stars Heather Richardson and Brittany Bowe finished eighth and ninth respectively. Gold: Jianrou Li, China, 45.263 Silver: Arianna Fontana, Italy, 51.250 Bronze: Seung-Hi Park, South Korea, 54.207 The short track speedskating events kicked off Wednesday with a vengeance, and it was the women’s 500 meters that started the show. The field was one of the toughest in the sport, but Jianrou Li of China made it clear that she is one of the most talented skaters in the world. The gold medal was impressive for Li, but her time of 45.263 was as much of an achievement as the medal. Italian star Arianna Fontana brought home the silver medal for her nation with a time of 51.250, and South Korean Seung-Hi Park took the bronze with a time of 54.207. Gold: Justyna Kowalczyk, Poland, 28:17.8 Silver: Charlotte Kalla, Sweden, 28:36.2 Bronze: Therese Johaug, Norway, 28:46.1 The women’s 10 kilometer classic cross country race was another intense battle on the cross country course, but Polish star Justyna Kowalczyk was able to win the gold medal with an impressive time of 28:17.8. Kowalczyk was clearly the strongest competitor in the field, beating second place finisher Charlotte Kalla of Sweden by 18.4 seconds. Kalla’s time of 28:36.2 was still worthy of the silver medal, though. Therese Johaug of Norway won the bronze medal with a time of 28:46.1. The best performance from an American was Sadie Bjornsen, who managed to finish in 18th with a time of 29:59.7. That was 1:41.9 off the gold medal pace. Bronze: Nicholas Goepper, 92.40 Team USA cleaned up in the men's slopestyle final, capturing all three medals in an excellent showing for those wearing stars and stripes. Joss Christensen finished top of the pile with a best run of 95.80. The 22-year-old placed himself well ahead of the competition with a stunning first run and had been crowned winner by the time he reappeared for his second. Just to hammer home his dominance, Christensen's second run score of 93.80 also toppled the rest of the competition. Gus Kenworthy and Nicholas Goepper followed their countryman's lead to wrap up a trio of medals that pushes USA to 12 overall, including four golds. Bobby Brown posted the most disappointing result for Team USA and failed to overcome his nerves in ninth place. Elsewhere, Austria's Andreas Haatveit narrowly missed out on a medal. He finished just 0.60 below Goepper and will be ruing a missed opportunity in the aftermath of the event. James Woods from Great Britain performed admirably in fifth, an excellent result considering his recent hip problems, as reported by The Telegraph . Despite a brave showing from the Englishman, he wasn't destined to overpower a day of American dominance on the slopes. Gold: Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov, Russia, 236.86 Silver: Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov, Russia, 218.68 Bronze: Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy, Germany, 215.78 The Russians are once again a dominant force in figure staking. The host of the 2014 Olympics had its focus on the performance of all the figure skaters at the Games, but the pair events were one of the most important. After years of dominance, the nation had struggled lately. That was until Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov proved that they were the best team in the Olympics and managed to score an incredible 236.86 combined score to win the gold medal for Russia. The other Russian duo of Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov won the silver medal with a combined score of 218.68. While the German team of Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy had a great performance and took the bronze, this was all about the Russians. Volosozhar and Trankov are the king and queen of pairs figure skating. Gold: Kaitlyn Farrington, United States, 91.75 Silver: Torah Bright, Australia, 91.50 Bronze: Kelly Clark, United States, 90.75 Team USA’s men’s team failed to make its mark in the snowboarding halfpipe event, but the women put the national team on their shoulders and did the Americans proud. Not only did Kelly Clark finish in third with a best trick score of 90.75 (took home the bronze), but fan favorite Kaitlyn Farrington stunned the world and managed to win the gold medal with an impressive score of 91.75. That was only .25 points more than eventual silver medalist and Australian star Torah Bright. Men's snowboarder Shaun White disappointed in his attempt to win his third straight gold medal, but Team USA found its new star in women’s snowboarder Farrington after a stellar performance when it mattered most. Gold: Tobias Wendl and Tobias Arlt, Germany, 1:38.933 Silver: Andreas Linger and Wolfgang Linger, Austria, 1:39.455 Bronze: Andris Sics and Juris Sics, Latvia, 1:39.790 The luge events are some of the fastest fans will witness during the Olympic Games, and the doubles luge is an even faster race. With so much raw speed and danger, the luge has become a fan favorite. At the 2014 Sochi Games, it was the German duo of Tobias Wendl and Tobias Arlt that stole the show with a combined time of 1:38.933. To show how tight the competition was this year, the silver-medal-winning team from Austria, Andreas and Wolfgang Linger, managed a combined time of 1:39.455. That’s a difference of 0.522 seconds. The Latvian pair of Andris and Juris Sics brought home the bronze with a time of 1:39.790. Gold: Stefan Groothuis, Netherlands, 1:08.39 Silver: Denny Morrison, Canada, 1:08.43 Bronze: Michel Mulder, Netherlands, 1:08.74 While Team USA’s hopes were squarely on the shoulders of the American duo of Shani Davis (defending gold medalist) and Brian Hansen, neither man was able to live up to the expectations. Davis and Hansen finished eighth and ninth respectively. The biggest winner of Wednesday’s event was Netherlands speedskater Stefan Groothuis. After the country failed to accomplish its lofty goals iduring the 2010 Vancouver Games, it refocused on the Sochi Games and has hit its mark. Not only did Groothuis win gold with an impressive time of 1:08.39, but 500 meters goal medalist and fellow countryman Michel Mulder stole the bronze medal with a time of 1:08.74. Canadian star Denny Morrison put together one of the best runs of his career at a key moment and brought home the Silver medal. As well as Team Canada performed, the poor performance from Team USA leaves many questions to be answered over the next four years. Gold: Eric Frenzel, Germany, 23:50.2 Silver: Akito Watabe, Japan, 23:54.4 Bronze: Magnus Krog, Norway, 23:58.3 The cross country skiing and ski jumping events at the 2014 Winter Olympics have been incredibly exciting, and the Nordic combined individual downhill lived up to the expectations set yesterday during the finals of the other events. While Norway dominated Tuesday’s events, it was German star Eric Frenzel that stole the show on Wednesday and won the gold medal with an impressive time of 23:50.2. Frenzel used his elite speed in the race and elite jumping ability to hold Japanese skier Akito Watabe at bay toward the end of this race, and Watabe was forced to settle for silver with a time of 23:54.4. Norwegian skier Magnus Krog managed to bring home a bronze medal for the dominant cross country nation with a time of 23:58.3, but it was the German Frenzel that stole the show in this event. Gold: Dominique Gisin, Switzerland, 1:41:57 Gold: Tina Maze, Slovenia, 1:41.57 Bronze: Lara Gut, Switzerland, 1:41.67 The Women's Downhill event finished in a dramatic dead heat as both Dominique Gisin and Tina Maze shared the gold medal at Sochi 2014. Both skiers clocked a strong time of 1:41.57, edging out one of the race favourites, Lara Gut by 0.10 of a second. American racer Julia Mancuso was looking to continue her excellent games with another medal, to add to the bronze she earned in the Super Combined event, but she could only finish a disappointing eighth place, after a less than perfect run. Super Combined winner, Maria Hoefl-Riesch of Germany, disappointed as she placed in 13th position, well off the pace of medalists. It was the first time in history that the Women's Downhill gold has been shared, but both competitors deserve their accolades after two sensational efforts on the course. Gold: Carina Vogt, Germany, 247.4 points Silver: Daniela Iraschko-Stolz, Austria, 246.2 Bronze: Coline Mattel, France, 245.2 The 2014 Winter Olympics were the first Games that featured the women’s individual ski jumping on the normal hill, and the inaugural event did not disappoint hardcore jumping fans or casual enthusiasts just opened up to the event this season. While there was hope the Americans would be able to win a medal in the event that they advocated so hard to bring to the Olympics, it was German star Carina Vogt that stole the show and the gold medal with an impressive 247.4 points. Austrian star Daniela Iraschko-Stolz had one of the best performances of her career with a final score of 246.2 and brought home the silver medal. Coline Mattel of France brought home the bronze medal as well. Team USA’s Jessica Jerome and Lindsey Van finished 10th and 15th respectively. Gold: Iouri Podladtchikov, Switzerland, 94.75 Silver: Ayumu Hirano, Japan, 93.50 Bronze: Taku Hiraoka, Japan, 92.25 American star Shaun White failed to win his third straight gold medal in men’s snowboarding halfpipe after finishing fourth with a best score of 90.25. While White came into the Games with hopes of winning two gold medals, Team USA’s biggest star failed to medal at all. This is a devastating performance for the American star. White may not have lived up to the expectations placed on him, Swiss star Iouri Podladtchikov once again showcased why he is regarded as the top snowboarder in the world. His best score of 94.75 was flat-out amazing and his performance stole the show on Tuesday. The Japanese duo of Ayumu Hirano and Taku Hiraoka took home the silver and bronze respectively, and the duo made an emphatic statement that Japan was going to be a force in the sport of snowboarding. The exciting final round was the perfect culmination of an exciting Winter Olympics for the sport of snowboarding. Podladtchikov’s performance in the finals was the icing on the cake. Gold: Sang-Hwa Lee, South Korea, 74.70 seconds Silver: Olga Fatkulina, Russia, 75.06 Bronze: Margot Boer, Netherlands, 75.48 The 500 meter sprint on the speed skating track is one of the most exciting races of the entire Olympics, and the women’s classification featured a fierce battle between the best competitors in the world. South Korean star and gold medal favorite Sang-Hwa Lee lived up to the expectations and won the event with an Olympic record time of 74.70 seconds. She was far and away the class of the field. Russian star Olga Fatkulina fed off the home crowd interaction and managed an impressive second place run with a time of 75.06. Margot Boer of the Netherlands finished third with a time of 75.48. American Heather Richardson finished in eighth place. Gold: Darya Domracheva, Belarus, 29:30.7 Silver: Tora Berger, Norway, 30:08.3 Bronze: Teja Gregorin, Slovenia, 30:12.7 While there are many events that casual Winter Olympics fans come to enjoy without ever seeing before, few are as interesting as the women’s pursuit biathlon. Not only did these women complete the cross country course, but each had to also shot their rifles with accuracy at the target range. This is one of the most unique sports in the Winter Games. Near-perfect race for Domracheva: 95% hit rate, best ski time, best isolated pursuit time, highest bib No for a Olympic pursuit winner (m/w) — real biathlon (@realbiathlon) February 11, 2014 With a wide-open field, it was Belarusian star Darya Domracheva that dominated the field my almost 40 seconds, with a time of 29:30.7. Norway’s Tora Berger managed a second-place finish with a time of 30:08.3. Slovenia’s Teja Gregorin made a late run and took home the bronze with a time of 30:12.7. Gold: Ola Vigen Hattestad, Norway, 3:38.39 Silver: Teodor Peterson, Sweden, 3:39.61 Bronze: Emil Joensson, Sweden, 3:58.13 While the women’s race was an amazing battle for the top three spot, the men’s cross country final was a chaos-filled event that was one of the wildest events fans of the sport could have imagined. After Ola Vigen Hattestad and Teodor Peterson hoped out to an early lead, a major crash took down three of the six competitors and allowed last-place racer Emil Joensson to move back into title consideration and take home the bronze medal. The battle between Hattestad and Peterson for the gold was fierce, but with a major crash in the final race, this will always be remembered as the wildest medal race of the Olympics. Gold: Maiken Caspersen Falla, Norway, 2:35.49 Silver: Ingvild Flugstad Oestberg, Norway, 2:35.87 Bronze: Vesna Fabjan, Slovenia, 2:35.89 In one of the most exciting final races of the cross country skiing events, the women helped steal the show with a fierce battle that was dominated by Team Norway. Norwegian star Maiken Caspersen Falla managed to run a very impressive time of 2:35.49 and won the gold medal in the event. Norway’s dominance of the cross country events continued as Ingvild Flugstad Oestberg brought home the silver with a time of 2:35.87. Slovenian racer Vesna Fabjan was right on the heels of the other women at the finish line, and took home the bronze with an impressive time of 2:35.89. American star Sophie Caldwell crashed during the finals and finished sixth. Gold: Dara Howell, Canada, 94.20 Silver: Devin Logan, United States, 85.40 Bronze: Kim Lamarre, Canada, 85.00 The introduction of the slopestyle event in snowboarding has stolen many of the headlines leading into the games, but the women’s ski slopestyle was one fo the most exciting events of the games thus far. Team Canada was the favorite to dominate the event, and the nation did not disappoint. Not only did Dara Howell win the gold medal with an impressive score of 94.20, but Canadian teammate Kim Lamarre also managed a great run, finishing third with a final score of 85.00. Gold! Dara Howell wins in Women's Ski Slopestyle. Kim Lamarre takes bronze. Two more medals for #Canada on Day 4. #Sochi2014 #cbcolympics — jian ghomeshi (@jianghomeshi) February 11, 2014 Team USA’s hopes of a gold medal did not come to fruition, but American star Devin Logan managed to bring home the silver medal with an impressive score of 85.40. With an almost 10-point difference between first and second, it was clear on Tuesday that Howell was the cream of the women’s ski slopestyle crop. Gold: Alex Bilodeau, Canada, 26.31 Silver: Mikael Kingsbury, Canada, 24.71 Bronze: Alexandr Smyshlyaev, Russia, 24.34 Oh, Canada. The country continued a strong Winter Olympics effort overall in the men's moguls skiing final, as Alex Bilodeau and Mikael Kingsbury will take home respective gold and silver medals to their home and native land. With the triumph, Bilodeau became the first freestyle skier to win back-to-back gold medals in Winter Games history, adding to his triumph in Vancouver in 2010, per former Olympic skier Jeremy Bloom: Congrats to the first ever back-to-back Freestyle Olympic Gold Medalist @ABilodeau_ski From Canada!! — Jeremy Bloom (@JeremyBloom11) February 10, 2014 The local crowd was treated to some sensational form from Alexandr Smyshlyaev, though, as the Russian captured the bronze medal and helped thwart a Canadian sweep at the podium. That would have happened if not for Smyshlyaev's score of 24.34, which was good enough to edge out Montreal-born 22-year-old Marc-Antoine Gagnon (23.35). Gold: Michel Mulder, Netherlands, 69.312 Silver: Jan Smeekens, Netherlands, 69.324 Bronze: Ronald Mulder, Netherlands, 69.46 The finish of the men's 500-meter speedskating event may turn out to be the tightest in the entire 2014 Winter Games. Yet another Dutch triumvirate occupied the podium, just as was the case in the 5,000 meters, but the margin between gold and silver was slimmer than a sliver. It initially appeared that Jan Smeekens crossed the finish in the exact time necessary to secure the gold medal. Smeekens was skating along the ice after his dash to the finish, overcome with emotion. However, an adjustment was made to the time, causing Michel Mulder to ascend to the top by .01 of a second. That overshadowed a potential storyline featuring Ronald Mulder, who finished with the bronze, joining his brother as a one-two punch at the top of the competition. The twins still made substantial history, though, per Infostrada Sports: #Sochi2014 Michel & Ronald Mulder are the second twins on the same individual podium at the Winter Games after Phil & Steven Mahre in 1984 — Infostrada Sports (@InfostradaGold) February 10, 2014 American Shani Davis was expected to give the USA at least some hope, but he wound up in 24th position. Davis will look to bounce back in the 1,000 meters, where he is the two-time defending champion. Gold: Martin Fourcade, France, 33:48.6 Silver: Ondrej Moravec, Czech Republic, 34:02.7 Bronze: Jean Guillaume Beatrix, France, 34:12.8 The French got their first medal of the 2014 Winter Games in style, as 25-year-old Martin Fourcade roared to the gold medal in the 12.5-km pursuit on Monday. Fourcade denied 10-km sprint biathlon champion Ole Einar Bjoerndalen his 13th career medal, as the 40-year-old Norwegian legend finished fourth after beginning the event with the advantage. Another France native qualified for the podium, as Jean Guillaume Beatrix staged an impressive turnaround after starting out in 14th position. Over the last 2.5 kilometers, Beatrix went from ninth position to capturing the bronze. Ondrej Moravec hadn't obtained a medal in two previous Olympic appearances for the Czech Republic, but he made his country proud in securing a silver in this tough event. His big move from sixth to second came between the 10- and 10.1-km marks of the competition. Gold: Charles Hamelin, Canada, 2:14.985 Silver: Tianyu Han, China, 2:15.055 Bronze: Victor An, Russia, 2:15.062 Having won the gold medal in the 500-meter short-track event in the previous Winter Games, Canada's Charles Hamelin showed off his versatility on the ice Monday. Hamelin won the gold in the men's 1,500-meter short-track dash in Iceberg Skating Palace for his fourth career Olympic medal. With three more trips to the podium, Hamelin would become the most decorated Olympian in his country's history, according to the Canadian Press (via CBC.ca). A great finish saw Tianyu Han of China edge out Russia's Victor An for the silver by a matter of milliseconds, while the USA's J.R. Celski finished just off the podium in fourth with a time of 2:15.624. Gold: Maria Hoefl-Riesch, Germany, 2:34.62 Silver: Nicole Hosp, Austria, 2:35.02 Bronze: Julia Mancuso, USA, 2:35.15 After standing fifth overall after the downhill run, Germany's Maria Hoefl-Riesch stormed back in the slalom to capture the gold medal in the women's super-combined Alpine skiing event on Monday at Rosa Khutor Alpine Center. Hoefl-Riesch won this event in the 2010 Vancouver Games. The USA's Julia Mancuso posted the best time in the downhill and looked to have an inside track toward the gold medal, but she faded to 13th in the field in the slalom. Mancuso still managed a bronze, which is her fourth career medal in the Winter Games. Nicole Hosp of Austria staged her own impressive recovery. With an eighth-place finish in the downhill, Hosp fared better in the slalom to take home the silver. Gold: Kamil Stoch, Poland, 278.0 Silver: Peter Prevc, Slovenia, 265.3 Bronze: Anders Bardal, Norway, 264.1 Following up his remarkable 2013 World Cup season, Kamil Stoch of Poland easily bettered the field on the normal hill, winning the gold medal by more than 12 points over the competition. He logged the two longest jumps of the day to finish with a final score of 278.0. Peter Prevc of Slovenia had a couple of excellent jumps to earn the silver medal, while Anders Bardal of Norway rounded out the top three with two fine jumps of his own. However, nobody could come close to competing with Stoch, who will also be favored to win on the big hill later in the Games. Gold: Felix Loch, Germany, 3:27.526 Silver: Albert Demchenko, Russia, 3:28.002 Bronze: Armin Zoeggeler, Italy, 3:28.797 Germany's Felix Loch easily won his second straight gold medal in the men's luge singles event over Russia's Albert Demchenko. Setting two track records in the process, Loch utilized excellent technique throughout all four runs. Demchenko's silver-medal performance proved to be his best in seven previous tries. The 42-year-old celebrated his accomplishment along with his fans, who chanted, "Four more years," in the hopes he'll keep training in preparation for the 2016 Winter Games. Not to be outdone, Armin Zoeggeler's performance to earn the bronze was no less impressive. It was his sixth medal in six Winter Games, which is a record, according to the Associated Press (via ESPN ). Bronze: USA, 60 points Russia's figure skating team picked quite the event to give the country its first gold of the 2014 Winter Olympics . A strong effort spanning over several days finally secured the coveted hardware. The standout performer was 15-year-old Yulia Lipnitskaya, who won both the short dance and free dance ladies programs on Saturday and Sunday, respectively, securing 20 of Russia's winning total of 75 points. Combine that with a great effort from 31-year-old Evgeni Plushenko, the winner of the men's free skating program and runner-up in the men's short, and Russia was a difficult and deep team to beat. Canada was consistent throughout, registering five nine-point efforts in eight of the competitions to secure the silver medal. The USA was able to land the bronze thanks to the dynamic tandem of Meryl Davis and Charlie White. Davis and White won both the short dance and free dance competitions, posting the highest score in the latter event in Winter Olympics history with a 114.34, per the USA Today's Christine Brennan . For being a first-time competition in the Olympics, the team figure skating was a great success. Despite the individualistic nature of the sport, there was a sense of unprecedented camaraderie, which should see this event continue in the future. Gold: Ireen Wust, Netherlands, 4:00.34 Silver: Martina Sablikova, Czech Republic, 4:01.95 Bronze: Olga Graf, Russia, 4:03.47 The duel between the 2006 gold medalist in Ireen Wust and the Vancouver Games' reigning champion in Martina Sablikova lived up to the hype, but it was Wust who prevailed by a rather decisive margin in the end. Wust was facing serious pressure when Sablikova went before her in the 12th of 14 pairings, needing to top the time of 4:01.95 in order to secure the gold in the 13th pair. The 27-year-old did so and cemented her legacy as a truly distinguished Olympian in securing another gold in the 3,000-meters, adding to her 2010 Winter Games triumph in the 1,500-meters. Another big story to emerge from this competition is that homeland contender Olga Graf came away with Russia's first medal of the Olympics. While the Russians have a strong hold on the team figure skating competition, this was a needed effort from Graf to get her host country on the medal board. Gold: Dario Cologna, Switzerland, 1:08:15.4 Silver: Marcus Hellner, Sweden, 1:08:15.8 Bronze: Martin Johnsrud Sundby, Norway, 1:08:16.8 For such an intense test of endurance that took over an hour to complete, the finish to the men's skiathlon on Sunday was extremely close. Dario Cologna of Switzerland crossed the finish just four-tenths of a second ahead of Sweden's Marcus Hellner to win the gold medal after 30 long kilometers. The triumph was especially noteworthy because Cologna pulled ahead at the end and just in front of the defending champion in Hellner. According to ESPN , Cologna had returned to competition just last month after undergoing surgery to repair an ankle ligament in November. Cologna managed to overcome all of those obstacles to stand supreme atop the podium, but Russia's Maxim Vylegzhanin finished fourth and felt his dash to the finish was impeded. That caused the Russian lodge to protest. However, the appeal was unsuccessful, and Norway's Martin Johnsrud Sundby maintained the bronze. Gold: Matthias Mayer, Austria, 2:06.23 Silver: Christof Innerhofer, Italy, 2:06.29 Bronze: Kjetil Jansrud, Norway, 2:06.33 Austrian Matthias Mayer stormed to gold in his first Olympics as he won the men's downhill skiing. Mayer held off Christof Innerhofer and Kjetil Jansrud to join his father, Helmut, who won a silver medal in the 1988 Calgary Olympics. Pre-race favourites Bode Miller and Aksel Lund Svindal could not live up to expectations as they finished down the field in eighth and fourth, respectively. Italian Innerhofer in silver and Norwegian Jansrud in bronze completed the podium positions. The gold is Austria's first of the Games. Gold: Justine Dufour-Lapointe, Canada, 22.44 Silver: Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, Canada, 21.66 Bronze: Hannah Kearney, USA, 21.49 Moguls may not offer the straight-line, high-speed action some other skiing events do at the Winter Olympics, but they offer a hazardous test and are trying obstacles to navigate down the slope of a steep, slippery mountain. It turned out to be not too much of a problem for sisters Justine and Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, who finished with the gold and silver medals, respectively, notching scores of 22.44 and 21.66. The USA's Hannah Kearney won this competition in Vancouver in 2010 but was beaten out by the 19-year-old junior and her older sister (22). This is a story that just about anyone can appreciate, as it's not every day siblings get to share the Olympic podium together. Plus, this development gives Canada a big boost in the medal count, adding even more significance to the high class with which the Dufour-Lapointe sisters are representing their country. Gold: Ole Einar Bjoerndalen, Norway, 24:33.5 Silver: Dominik Landertinger, Austria, 24:34.8 Bronze: Jaroslav Soukup, Czech Republic, 24:39.2 With a quick rifle trigger finger and enough swiftness on the skis to still get it done, 40-year-old Ole Einar Bjoerndalen beat out a slew of younger foes to win the gold medal in the men's 10-kilometers sprint. The ageless Norwegian continues to thrill as a biathlon champion, as this marked his seventh gold in the Winter Games and made him the oldest to capture such an accolade in Olympics history. Dominik Landertinger, 26, got Austria its first medal in Sochi with a stellar performance and silver medal to show for it. Rounding out the podium qualifiers was the Czech Republic's Jaroslav Soukup, a more seasoned veteran at age 31, but nowhere near the pace the gold medalist was setting. Russia's Anton Shipulin came in fourth to just miss out on a medal, while Tim Burke represented the top USA competitor in finishing 19th. Gold: Sven Kramer, Netherlands, 6:10.76 Silver: Jan Blokhuijsen, Netherlands, 6:15.71 Bronze: Jorrit Bergsma, Netherlands, 6:16.66 Dutch domination serves as adequate alliteration to summarize what happened in the men's 5,000 meters speedskating event, but it wouldn't tell the entire story. While the Netherlands occupied all three spots on the podium, the clear standout was Sven Kramer, who captured the top honor again after winning this competition at the 2010 Vancouver Games. Kramer registered an Olympic-record time of six minutes, 10.76 seconds at Adler Arena Skating Center. The 27-year-old finished well ahead of his fellow Dutchmen in runner-up Jan Blokhuijsen (4.95 behind) and bronze winner Jorrit Bergsma (5.90 behind). That dominance suggests the Netherlands will have several more skating medals before these Winter Games are through. Gold: Marit Bjoergen, Norway, 38:33.6 Silver: Charlotte Kalla, Sweden, 38:35.4 Bronze: Heidi Weng, Norway, 38:46.8 As a standout performer with three gold medals, a sliver and a bronze at the 2010 Vancouver Games, it came as little surprise that cross-country skiing star Marit Bjoergen ascended to the top of the podium to begin her run at this year's Olympics. The 33-year-old Norwegian managed to grind through a grueling course to live up to the hype as the prohibitive favorite. A valiant effort until the end saw Sweden's Charlotte Kalla finish just 1.8 seconds behind Bjoergen's winning time of 38 minutes and 33.6 seconds as the two came down to the wire. Another Norway native in Heidi Weng posted a time of 38:46.8 to capture the bronze, coming in 1.4 seconds ahead of her fellow countrywoman Therese Johaug. Gold: Sage Kotsenburg, USA, 93.50 Silver: Staale Sandbech, Norway, 91.75 Bronze: Mark McMorris, Canada, 88.75 American snowboarder Sage Kotsenburg scored a 93.50 on the first of two runs in the men's slopestyle final, which turned out to be good enough for the first gold medal of the 2014 Winter Games. Kostenburg, 20, took Rosa Khutor Extreme Park by storm with his opening run and held on for the surprising win. Although Mark McMorris finished with the bronze, his Canadian compatriot Max Parrot was a big favorite to take home the top prize and came up well sort. Parrot scored an incredible 97.50 to lead qualifying on the course that USA's Shaun White opted not to ride, but he managed no better than a second-run 87.25 in the final to settle for fifth. Joining Kostenberg and McMorris on the podium was Norway's Staale Sandbech, who finished with a second run of 91.75.	i don't know
The Recording Industry Association of America awards what certification for an album that sells 500,000 copies?	Certification Criteria - RIAA Certification Criteria Gold & Platinum News RIAA’s historic Gold® & Platinum® Program defines success in the recorded music industry. Originally conceived to honor artists and track sound recording sales, Gold & Platinum Awards have come to stand as a benchmark of success for any artist—whether they’ve just released their first song or Greatest Hits album. Certification Criteria Gold & Platinum Awards are earned by artists who have met rigorous standards, and recipients join the ranks of the most iconic recording artists. We take certification very seriously. Our third party auditing firm has reviewed all applications for more than 35 years to ensure that each award recipient has qualified based on mandatory requirements like requisite sales and streaming figures, consumer demand and much more. Audit Requirements: RIAA AND GR&F CERTIFICATION AUDIT REQUIREMENTS – RIAA SINGLE AWARD Requesting certification: Along with minimum sales and streaming figures, a number of other criteria accompany each title considered for certification. The list and table below describe what titles and types of sales can be considered for the awards. United States distribution: Record labels are required to validate that titles redeemed through product sales/on-demand streams and counted towards certification have actually been distributed or downloaded within the United States. Only domestic sales and sales to United States military post exchanges may be included. Sales become eligible for certification: 30 days after the initial street date (for albums/songs in physical product format) OR At the initial release date (for albums/songs in digital product format). Other sale requirements include: Export sales outside of the United States are not included in certification. The requesting label must separate PX sales from other accounts on sales sheets. Pre-orders: Initial pre-orders of digital albums are not counted towards certification. Pre-orders only count towards certification after the album is released to the public, and the consumer receives a copy of the digital album. Bundles and product packaging: Albums bundled with other products (e.g. concert tickets, merchandise, etc.) and sold to consumers can be eligible under RIAA’s Gold & Platinum Program if they meet the following requirements: Sold at a minimum $6 premium per album when compared to the standalone product’s price. Products bundled with two albums must be sold at a $12 premium, three must be sold at a $18 premium, etc. This satisfies the existing dollar volume required of album certifications. Accompanying products must be available for purchase separately. Catalog product, specifically pre-1972 album releases, are eligible for certification by meeting either the unit shipment or manufacturer’s dollar requirement for each award level. The purpose of this rule is to make certain exceptions for older albums that have very little supporting documentation substantiating that they meet both the unit requirement and the dollar requirement. Without the rule, these titles would potentially be unable to meet the dollar requirement based on the limited documentation available from sales that occurred decades ago. Club sales and club free goods may be included towards certification. Product shipped to retail, mail order, record clubs, TV marketing and other ancillary markets are combined toward certified sales. All shipments to these accounts must be verified by the label. Promotional radio and press copies, cut-outs, inventory sell-offs and surplus sales are not included toward certification. The Recording Industry Association of America® (RIAA) is the trade organization that supports and promotes the creative and financial vitality of the major music companies. Its members comprise the most vibrant record industry in the world, investing in great artists to help them reach their potential and connect to their fans. Nearly 85% of all legitimate recorded music produced and sold in the United States is created, manufactured or distributed by RIAA members.	Gold
Known as North Star State, among several others, what was the 32nd state to join the Union on May 11, 1858?	The Hunger Games Soundtrack Sells 500,000 Copies, Certified Gold by The RIAA \| The Hunger Games The Hunger Games Soundtrack Sells 500,000 Copies, Certified Gold by The RIAA Posted on by makix3 The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) announced that the Hunger Games companion album, Songs From District 12 and Beyond, has been certified Gold for selling more than 500 000 copies in the United States. The album sold this amount in just one month. Syco Records band One Direction’s “Up All Night,” Mercury Nashville legend Lionel Richie’s first record in five years “Tuskegee” and the Universal Republic soundtrack to popular post-apocalyptic film “The Hunger Games” each sold more than 500,000 copies to earn timely golden awards in April. Do you own it? What’s your favorite song? Share this:	i don't know
August 14, 1951 saw the death of what newspaper magnate, whose life was the basis for the movie Citizen Kane?	Hearst, William Randolph Hearst, William Randolph born April 29, 1863, San Francisco , Calif ., U.S. died Aug. 14, 1951, Beverly Hills, Calif. U.S. newspaper publisher. Hearst in 1887 took over the struggling San Francisco Examiner, which he remade into a successful blend of investigative reporting and lurid sensationalism. After buying the New York Morning Journal ( later New York Journal-American) in 1895, he fought fierce circulation wars with other papers and helped bring about the era of yellow journalism , employing circulation-boosting strategems that profoundly influenced U.S. journalism. Distorted reportage in Hearst papers fanned public sentiment against Spain that led to the Spanish-American War . He served in Congress (1903–07) but ran unsuccessfully for other offices. In the 1920s he built a grandiose castle in San Simeon , Calif . At the peak of his fortune in 1935 he owned 28 major newspapers, 18 magazines, radio stations, movie companies, and news services. Extravagance and the Depression weakened him financially, and by 1940 he had lost control of his empire. He spent his last years in virtual seclusion. William Randolph Hearst, 1906 By courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. * * * born April 29, 1863, San Francisco, California, U.S. died August 14, 1951, Beverly Hills, California American newspaper publisher who built up the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism. Hearst was the only son of George Hearst, a gold-mine owner and U.S. senator from California (1886–91). The young Hearst attended Harvard College for two years before being expelled for antics ranging from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Square to sending chamber pots to his professors (their images were depicted within the bowls). In 1887 he took control of the struggling San Francisco Examiner, which his father had bought in 1880 for political reasons. Hearst remade the paper into a blend of reformist investigative reporting and lurid sensationalism, and within two years it was showing a profit. He then entered the New York City newspaper market in 1895 by purchasing the theretofore unsuccessful New York Morning Journal. He hired such able writers as Stephen Crane ( Crane, Stephen ) and Julian Hawthorne and raided the New York World for some of Joseph Pulitzer ( Pulitzer, Joseph )'s best men, notably Richard F. Outcault ( Outcault, Richard Felton ), who drew the Yellow Kid cartoons. The New York Journal ( afterward New York Journal-American) soon attained an unprecedented circulation as a result of its use of many illustrations, colour magazine sections, and glaring headlines; its sensational articles on crime and pseudoscientific topics; its bellicosity in foreign affairs; and its reduced price of one cent. Hearst's Journal and Pulitzer's World became involved in a series of fierce circulation wars, and these newspapers' use of sensationalistic reporting and frenzied promotional schemes brought New York City journalism to a boil. Competition between the two papers, including rival Yellow Kid cartoons, soon gave rise to the term yellow journalism . The Journal excoriated Great Britain in the Venezuela-British Guiana border dispute (from 1895) and then demanded (1897–98) war between the United States and Spain. Through dishonest and exaggerated reportage, Hearst's newspapers whipped up public sentiment against Spain so much that they actually helped cause the Spanish-American War of 1898. Hearst supported William Jennings Bryan ( Bryan, William Jennings ) in the presidential campaign of 1896 and again in 1900, when he assailed President William McKinley ( McKinley, William ) as a tool of the trusts (the biggest companies in the United States). While serving rather inactively in the U.S. House of Representatives (1903–07), Hearst received considerable support for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904 and, running on an anti- Tammany Hall ticket, came within 3,000 votes of winning the 1905 election for mayor of New York City. In 1906, despite (or perhaps because of) his having turned to Tammany for support, he lost to Charles Evans Hughes ( Hughes, Charles Evans ) for governor of New York, and in 1909 he suffered a worse defeat in the New York City mayoral election. Rebuffed in his political ambitions, Hearst continued to vilify the British Empire, opposed U.S. entry into World War I, and maligned the League of Nations ( Nations, League of ) and the World Court ( International Court of Justice ). By 1925 Hearst had established or acquired newspapers in every section of the United States, as well as several magazines. He also published books of fiction and produced motion pictures featuring the actress Marion Davies, his mistress for more than 30 years. In the 1920s he built a grandiose castle on a 240,000-acre (97,000-hectare) ranch in San Simeon , California , and he furnished this residential complex with a vast collection of antiques and art objects that he had bought in Europe. At the peak of his fortune in 1935, he owned 28 major newspapers and 18 magazines, along with several radio stations, movie companies, and news services. But his vast personal extravagances and the Great Depression of the 1930s soon seriously weakened his financial position, and he had to sell faltering newspapers or consolidate them with stronger units. In 1937 he was forced to begin selling off some of his art collection, and by 1940 he had lost personal control of the vast communications empire that he had built. He lived the last years of his life in virtual seclusion. Hearst's life was the basis for the movie Citizen Kane (1941). At the beginning of the 21st century, the family-owned Hearst Corporation was still one of the largest media companies in the United States, with interests in magazines, broadcasting, and cartoon and feature syndicates. Additional Reading W.A. Swanberg, Citizen Hearst (1961, reprinted 1986), is a biography; the title refers to Orson Welles's motion picture Citizen Kane (1941), in which the central character of Charles Foster Kane was modeled largely on Hearst. * * *	William Randolph Hearst
Characterized by dark, often reflective lenses having an area two or three times the area of the eye socket, and metal frames with bayonet earpieces, aviator sunglasses are sold by what company?	Film in American Popular Culture HEARST AND DAVIES: DOOMSDAY PART 3 OF 3 In 1937, due to the pressure of debt, declining revenues, looming tax bills, and Hearst’s insatiable, virtually neurotic, appetite for art and real estate, financial calamity was no longer merely on the horizon. The wolf was now at the door. Washington power broker, and former chairman of the SEC, Joseph P. Kennedy, was retained to salvage the Hearst empire. Virtually everywhere he turned, the response was negative. Bankers scoffed at the bloated and unsound financial structure of WR’s properties. Investment bankers advised that the general public would not be persuaded to purchase additional Hearst stock. Kennedy decided on a strategy of issuing a series of modestly sized bond floats, each to be secured by a Hearst magazine or magazines, since public opinion of these had not been contaminated by the newspapers’ offensive editorial policies of the ‘30s. The bond issues were registered for public view, as was now required by virtue of the New Deal’s securities law reforms. When published, the registration statements were widely attacked by all of Hearst’s enemies and even by some of his former allies. Time magazine, ever a close observer and critic of Hearst, denounced the bond proposal, and so did a former friend, the American Legion. Critics pointed to the tottering condition of Hearst’s businesses, some claiming that the registration statements, in failing to mention the then ongoing, left-inspired boycott of all Hearst publications, were fraudulently misleading. At the end of the day, Kennedy was unable to find any normal means to re-finance the collapsing Hearst enterprise; with each passing day, bankruptcy and the loss of everything loomed larger. After fifty years of free-wheeling, no-holds-barred spending, all supported by maximum debt levels, faced with Depression-era economic conditions, Hearst’s reputation was such that no one would trust him with money anymore. The only way out was for Hearst to give up control of the whole enterprise. A trustee, Judge Clarence Shearn, was appointed to have full voting rights over Hearst’s stock for a ten-year term. Again, Hearst was fortunate. He retained editorial control of his publications and could look forward to a day when the American economy would turn positive and permit him to regain control after repaying the excessive debt now being carried by his companies. An ordinary firm in the same circumstances financially as Hearst’s would have been folded into the bankruptcy system and either liquidated or reorganized with a complete change of management. In the case of the Hearst empire, however, different financial dynamics were at work: being ultimately dependent for direction upon him, the companies had value almost completely dependent upon Hearst himself. In bankruptcy, Hearst would probably be stripped of all involvement in the judicial process; thus the bankers could not expect to do as well as they might with a trustee overseeing finance while Hearst continued what he did best, directing the editorial and personnel policies of the publications. Marion, learning in late April 1937 of the imminent collapse of WR’s world, bravely offered her personal assistance, instructing her business manager to liquidate her own considerable assets and, with the one million she was able to raise on the spot, insisting that WR’s financial manager Tom White accept the money. After considerable resistance, Hearst accepted Marion’s generous offer in return for a loan secured by one of the magazines. Sadly, Hearst was forced to order that all construction be stopped at San Simeon and that all but the essential maintenance staff be let go. The zoo was disbanded, its animals sold. As the Hearst financial crisis reached its peak, the undistinguished end to Marion’s film career was also playing itself out. From 1935 to 1937, after leaving MGM for Paramount, Marion had made three films, all failures. Late in 1937, a fourth film Ever Since Eve, likewise failed. Hearst, nothing if not consistent in his wrong-headed views of Marion’s rightful place in Hollywood, continued to blame studio personnel for failing to find the right material for her. Marion Davies’ movie career, and with it Hearst’s interests in film-making, were near their ends. He was now seventy-four and, though still healthy and active, he must have harbored some strong sense of disillusionment, disappointment, and regret as everything to which he had devoted such exceptional energy crashed down around him. Though the voting trust arrangement stripped away his financial control, Hearst maintained active editorial oversight of his newspapers, subject only to Judge Shearn’s absolute power over spending. None of the bankers, who were thoroughly familiar with Hearst’s incontinent spending via the leftist biographies then circulating, would trust Hearst with a cent, lest he spend it on art, houses or parties. His annual salary was deeply cut to $500,000; he was compelled to deed half of his vast art collection and one of his estates to the company; and, worst of all perhaps, in order to continue living at San Simeon he would have to pay rent and the non-business-related upkeep and maintenance costs of the establishment. The once seemingly endless flow of guests back and forth between Los Angeles and San Simeon was virtually dammed up; those guests who did come were not from the old, high-maintenance, Hollywood crowd. In the end, a series of auctions were held to dispose of half of his art collection, a cache of treasures built up over fifty years of buying, the mere sorting, cataloging and pricing of which took nearly a year of non-stop effort. Many of the pieces Hearst had not even seen except in photographs. Commencing in March 1938 and extending over a two-year period, the auctions were staged so as not to flood the market; at the last stage of these sales, when the estate was down to the less valuable pieces, the trustees arranged for certain department stores in New York City to display these last pieces for sale to passing customers in the stores. Made fun of in New Yorker cartoons, these cheap department store sales were the final stitches in the garment of public humiliation hung on Hearst. As his customary good fortune would have it, Marion, retired from films in 1938, proved to be a loving, comforting companion for Hearst in his agonies. All reports were of her watchfulness and anxiety for WR in his time of trouble. On the other hand, no longer busy with work, Marion now could indulge her drinking habit ever more assiduously. Nurses whom Hearst hired to oversee Marion and her alcoholic condition ended up, at Marion’s constant behest, supplying her with booze. On top of all his other woes, there was the continuing question of the boys. Bill, Jr., the second eldest, was the only one who had found his own way in the world of work. The other two older sons, George and John, were proving ne’er-do-wells and were now exposed to ruin since Hearst’s power to protect them within the organization was severely diminished. They were at risk of the usual fate befalling men who cannot keep a job. Though the public, now fully aware of both Hearst’s old age and his ongoing business crisis, expected him to fade away or soon die, and though the bankers fervently hoped for the same thing in view of his constant meddling in their plans as chief cog of the entire outfit, Hearst himself had other plans, soldiering on with complete editorial control of his publications. The bankers balked at Hearst’s full-throated use of his bully pulpit to carry on an isolationist, anti-English crusade as events in Europe raised the question of right and wrong among the contesting nations of Western Europe. World War II was not too distant, with Japan on the march in Asia and Germany asserting itself in defiance of the post-WWI order. Hearst believed in keeping America out of the ongoing conflicts, with the added fillip that, contrary to Rooseveltian views, Germany and Italy could not be blamed for desiring to restore a balance of power in Europe more appropriate to their rights as nations than that which had been imposed by the Treaty of Versailles which England, France, and Roosevelt wished to maintain. When his bankers protested that a more even-handed approach, moderating his critique of the British, would be better for business, Hearst, in high dudgeon, defended his editorial independence and declined to compromise his editorial policy. Unlike the financial crisis of 1923, when Hearst did temporize on the question of municipal ownership of San Francisco water supplies in order to placate the bankers who could provide the financing he desperately needed, Hearst did not sacrifice his personal integrity in 1938-1939. Perhaps, by this time of his life with Marion, there was no longer any question of her devotion, no longer any question of desperately needing millions and millions to sustain an extravagant way of life for her benefit. The financial pressure that afflicted WR, his wife and family, in addition to the poignant dismantling of his flagship, San Simeon, also resulted in Millicent’s pitiable entreaties to her husband for an increase in her monthly allowance, usually in the relatively minor, by their previous standards, amount of $1,000, entreaties that Hearst was forced to reject. Hearst himself issued similar letters to the trustees, virtually begging for an increase in his salary, letters which they in turn rejected. The boys, even in the Hearst jobs they managed to keep, were not paid much, certainly too little to live as heirs to a great fortune. Hearst’s request to the bosses that Millicent be given a job editing one of the magazines where he believed she would do well writing about home decorating and architecture, was also met by rejection by Richard Berlin, head of the magazine division. Berlin noted that Millicent was already on payroll for $2,500 a month, somewhat below the radar of the trustees, but that a request for an increase might backfire and lead to her being completely cut off. Not until 1945 would Hearst regain control of his empire. In the meantime, war and relative poverty forced the closing of San Simeon and the retreat to their Northern California estate Wyntoon for WR and Marion. By 1942, Marion had long since abandoned the party girl life that she had enjoyed during the 20s and 30s. Now 45, and Hearst over 80, Marion tended toward more domestic pursuits: making silk ties for WR by hand and participating in both charitable events and the war-preparedness activities of the invasion-fearing Californians of the time. The two kept a passel of dachsunds who were dear to them and who were their constant companions, as if they were children. Kane In 1941, the film Citizen Kane was released by RKO, the noted stage director Orson Welles making his film directorial debut. Kane turned out to be an unpopular, money-losing film, tricked out as fiction but still accepted as an account of the lives of Hearst and Davies. Under pressure from Hearst’s representatives, the film had been heavily edited, cut to make fewer factual references to Hearst’s life. Nonetheless, it was all but accepted as fact by the public and Hollywood that Welles had intended the film to reflect Hearst’s life, and, what is more, to cast Hearst in an unfavorable light. By today’s sensibilities, we would call the film a shameless exploitation of two famous people and perhaps ripe matter for a libel action. It was, in effect, a National Enquirer piece, blown up into a feature film, with the important distinction that the ordinary man in the street often finds National Enquirer material interesting and stimulating whereas the first viewers of Citizen Kane came away bored. When Hearst first became aware that the film depicted the tycoon’s mistress as an untalented singer on whom he spent millions to promote her career in opera, all the powers of his presses were trained on RKO and Welles. Hearst would have found it quite impossible to stand by and permit Marion to be publicly humiliated in this fashion. The scheduled opening of the film at Radio City Music Hall in New York City was cancelled when Hearst’s long-time faithful agent, Louella Parsons, personally threatened both to cease press coverage of the Music Hall and, for the benefit of the Rockefeller family who owned the Hall, to expose the underside of John D. Rockefeller’s life should the opening take place. Welles was attacked ad hominem, particularly for the active role he then played in the American left, branded a communist sympathizer in Hearst’s publications. The record is bare of any active involvement by Welles in communist party activities, though he was clearly in the most liberal wing of the Left and consorted with many who were active Party members. This was enough “proof” for Hearst, who seems to have taken the view that, if Welles had made an execrable fiction of Hearst’s reality, then WR would make an execrable reality from the fiction that Welles was a communist. Not that there was a moral equivalency here, since Welles’s treatment of Hearst’s life, though not necessarily in good taste, was within the bounds of the rules of the communications game; it was, after all, only a movie which the public could expect to be fictionalized and exaggerated. Readers of Hearst’s newspapers, on the other hand, had a right to expect unfictionalized accounts of events, which, in the case of Hearst’s attacks on Welles, they did not get. Again, in standard Hearstian style, when his personal interests, and especially his loving personal interest in Marion’s welfare, were at stake, journalistic objectivity suffered. Adding to the threats emanating from the Hearst side, some have also claimed that he threatened to put an end to his newspapers’ hands-off policy concerning the occasional report of dastardly acts committed in Hollywood, such as rapes perpetrated by directors and the like, Hearst allegedly providing dozens of examples of misdeeds that had not been reported in his papers. On finally making its heavily edited, low-profile opening, Citizen Kane proved a popular failure but was praised by the intelligentsia of the time, who by and large were either leftist or media competitors of Hearst. By dint of its original reception by critics as a work of cinematic art, Kane attained its undeserved cult status as film art. One watches the film today and is baffled by how far its reputation exceeds its actualities. Where works for the stage can afford to evoke gloom and pessimism and to be distractingly complex, qualities sometimes appealing to an audience of elite modernists, works for the screen that exhibit these same qualities end up in the dustbin of film history. The essential difference between reality and art in Kane is that, though Welles vented his leftist spleen in portraying his “fictional” tycoon as an empty, disillusioned, and foolish loser, the flesh and blood Hearst was a towering optimist, regardless of circumstance, a devoted lover and one of the great winners in American history. Alas, Kane’s view of an untalented mistress with a career propped up by her lover’s unlimited financial support does tend to hit rather close to the mark, rather more closely than generally acknowledged. Certainly, Marion herself would not have denied the resemblance, though, as a matter of fact, neither she nor Hearst ever saw the film. When a copy was sent to him by RKO to enable his review of the edited version, the canister containing the film was returned unopened. As Hearst always advised Marion, “never pay any attention to the bad reviews.” Welles had quixotically believed that taking up the life of Hearst in a muckraking manner would advance his career. Of course, nothing could have been further from the truth; had he been less the romantic idealist and more like Marion’s putative suitors, who might coo and bill with her in the Chief’s absence, but who scurried away like rats when Hearst was afoot, his career might have prospered instead of evolving into an undignified magic act on television. Risorgimento and Decline With the advent of World War II and the subsequent revival of the American economy, the Hearst media empire began generating sufficient revenues to dig itself out of the its financial morass. Advertising income rose and a new source of revenue was born, the licensing of Hearst cartoon characters from the Sunday supplements. At the age of 82, in 1945, WR got back control of what remained from the crisis: seventeen newspapers, nine magazines, four radio stations, the Sunday supplement, and two news/feature services. Marion and WR returned to San Simeon and resumed the long-delayed construction projects that Hearst was so fond of, much as if the events of 1937-1944 had never happened. Rounds of partying resumed as well though on a more subdued basis, smaller in scale, perhaps reflecting WR’s being 83 and Marion herself 48 in 1945. By 1947, Hearst was no longer in the best of health, suffering heart problems sufficiently serious to necessitate their leaving San Simeon and setting up their establishment in Beverly Hills, closer to health care facilities that he might need. He could no longer use stairs easily and his daily editorial work, once astoundingly rigorous, gradually began to decline. By 1948, having trouble using the phone late at night to call his New York editors, and thus requiring Marion’s help, the Chief still bubbled over with thoughts, ideas, suggestions, and guidance, as he had for more than sixty years. He still didn’t care about his editors’ sleep requirements, but his physical limitations were beginning to multiply. Marion’s role in purportedly conveying the Chief’s instructions to his editors became problematic; with even her admitting that, from time to time, she liked to inject her own “two cents” into editorial matters. At one point, she directed the Los Angeles Examiner staff to mount an editorial defense of film star Ingrid Bergman, who was then under public scrutiny due to her openly conducted love affair with Roberto Rosellini and her giving birth to his child while still married to another man. When the editorial was pulled by one of the attorneys, Hearst personally called the lawyer responsible to advise him never again to disobey an instruction from Marion. As matters wore on, no one on his editorial staffs could tell whether the instructions, written or telephonic, they received in the Chief’s name were actually his or some diluted, contaminated version. With death clearly on the horizon, Hearst set about extending his life-long goals even beyond the grave: first, he sought to bequeath his properties in such a manner that Millicent and the boys would not be tempted to divvy up the empire and sell its parts for the immediate cash required to support their well-demonstrated tendency, endemic among the Hearsts, to spend money like very well-off drunken sailors. His second goal was to provide the maximum amount of comfort for Marion, whom Hearst knew would be scorned by all after his death. The first postmortem ambition, maintaining the integrity of his empire, was effected in 1947 with the drafting of a complex will establishing trusteeships, to be composed of five family members and eight independent trustees, trusts that would not dissolve until the death of the last grandchild alive at Hearst’s death. Millicent and the boys were provided for separately, by means of other trusts holding enough preferred Hearst stock to provide modest but sufficient income to them for the rest of their lives. As for Marion, the 1947 instrument granted her a trust holding 30,000 shares of income-generating preferred stock, the same amount that the five boys received together. She was also given the Beverly Hills mansion. Secretly, in 1950, and probably prompted by the increasing level of conflict between Marion and the boys over her alleged meddling in Hearst’s instructions, a lawyer separate from the Hearst family legal team was hired to establish a trust that would give Marion sole voting rights over the stock held in the trust established in 1947, thereby devolving upon Marion the same rights to control editorial policy, hire and fire and make financial decisions that Hearst himself enjoyed while he lived. This arrangement, when it became known for the first time in 1951, on Hearst’s death, stunned Hearst’s family and business associates who, even in death, could not rid themselves of Marion and the primacy she held in the heart of William Randolph Hearst. Final Days By 1950, Hearst’s failing health and Marion’s ambiguous role in the editorial process were creating chaos. Infamous in the 1930s and 1940s for their anticommunist tirades, the Hearst editors in 1950 were allying themselves with Senator Joe McCarthy, offering Hearst reporters to assist him and sharing Hearst files with the Senator’s staff. In April of that year, a cable with WR’s signature was sent out to his principal editors stating that, in view of their newspapers’ “hammering” communism for so long and irritating readers, it was time to moderate coverage of the left for awhile and take stock of the “international situation.” Given WR’s lifelong, steadfast pursuit of strongly anticommunist policies, we are hard pressed to understand the motivation for this communiqué. Historians have attributed to Hearst a change of heart, some kind of deathbed conversion. Much more likely, especially in view of that notorious occasion in 1923 when Hearst similarly issued a “moderation” directive regarding the fight over ownership of water supplies in San Francisco, the directive having as its principal aim to mollify the bankers he needed to save his ailing empire, some external pressure on Hearst must have induced him to alter his course on the subject of communism. And the probable source of that outside influence would have been Marion. Her extensive network of Hollywood friendships, her only support outside of the aging Hearst, would no doubt have importuned her to persuade Hearst to let up on the papers’ participation in the McCarthy anti-communist crusade. Hollywood was ground zero in the Senator’s bombardment of the left, making it quite possible that Marion’s numerous friends in that milieu would have turned to her for help on the public relations front. All that being said, the record itself is bare of evidence that Marion played any role in the reversal of stance by Hearst; however, not every important historical event, such as sometimes vitally significant private conversations among lovers, friends and business associates, is fixed in writing. A mysterious event like Hearst’s “lay off the communists” memo of 1950 can sometimes only be explained, if explicable at all, by a reconstruction of the private motives and conversations of the historical actors. Marion’s memoirs The Times We Had show us she herself had no political inclinations, that she was almost purely a social creature who took her opinions, to the extent that she held any fixed views, from her immediate circle. In this case, the pain caused to her Hollywood intimates by McCarthy’s persecution in the press and on the floor of the Senate would have caused her to suffer empathetically. Combined with her already established emotional influence over Hearst, especially as his powers were reaching their nadir, there is a high probability that it was Marion herself and not the old but enfeebled warrior Hearst who was the responsible party. In any event, Hearst’s son Bill, Jr. took it upon himself to intervene in the controversy, and, after a personal meeting with WR, issued a “clarifying” note to the effect that the earlier instructions from his father did not, in fact, carry the implication that the newspapers should make any material alteration to their existing editorial policies. This sequence of events, marking the first time in editorial memory that a Hearst order had been effectively countermanded, established in the minds of Hearst editors that, though he indeed remained as lord of his domain, he was no longer to be regarded as controlling their editorial direction. Hearst’s invalid condition worsened throughout the rest of 1950 and 1951. He had difficulty speaking and stopped attending Marion’s dinners downstairs, meals which by this time were but the palest imitations of the grand affairs of days gone by. Marion suffered her own incapacities: she was drunk most of the time. Intermittently, Hearst could issue lucid editorial guidance that was clearly his own work and not Marion’s. Once, however, having given his Los Angeles editors an order to write a piece on the Pasadena Playhouse (Marion’s suggestion?), he angrily called the responsible editor to the mansion in Beverly Hills to berate him for failing to publish the asked-for article. The editor, no doubt scared stiff, gently showed Hearst the edition containing the piece as ordered. The old Chief apologized, blaming old age and illness for his mistake. He was 88 and virtually on his deathbed. Very shortly after this last incident, the top staff members and Bill, Jr. took matters into their own hands, setting up shop in the Beverly Hills mansion, bringing with them a retinue of doctors, nurses, various family members, friends and children. The formally polite, and sometimes friendly, relations that had marked Marion’s relations with the Hearst boys came to an end. Open conflict broke out, with Marion incensed at all the noise and hubbub that she felt was interfering with WR’s rest and peace, while the family was outraged in turn with her drinking and her meddling in the newspapers’ affairs. On August 14, 1951, following a particularly vile argument between the warring sides, Marion was sedated. While she lay unconscious, her lover of thirty-four eventful years, William Randolph Hearst, greatest of the American newspaper magnates, 88 years of age, died at 9:50 on that morning. An incisive summary of Hearst’s inimitable career was provided by Alva Johnson, writing in 1932, and contrasting Hearst as journalist with another great publisher of the era, Adolph Ochs of the New York Times. Where Ochs viewed himself as a purveyor of information, Hearst had come before his readers “as a minstrel and sage, ethical guide, social coach, financial advisor, confidant and strategist in affairs of the heart, culinary tutor, educator, house mother, prophet, purveyor of warm data on high life….Every day of his life, he strives to exert his influence to the utmost.” Marion was still unconscious when he died; she woke up later in the day to an empty house: the entire encampment had picked up and left, taking Hearst’s body with them to San Francisco for burial. She was devastated at the icy treatment visited upon her by people she had known intimately for more than thirty years. She must have taken some comfort, even in her grief at losing Hearst and at essentially being left for dead herself, that, unknown to the Hearst cabal, she was now their boss. By the terms of the 1950 secret trust agreement, she was now legally in control of the Hearst empire. Had the cabal been aware of this inconvenient fact, perhaps they would have shown her at least the minimal respect due the woman who had loved the Chief, cared for him devotedly as he was dying and even once sacrificed her own personal wealth to save his companies from ruin. Once the mid-August funeral, with its lying-in-state and huge procession of dignitaries, was complete, Marion arranged for her friend Hedda Hopper to make it public that Marion had become heir to Hearst’s controlling interest in the vast media empire, a bombshell announcement unhinging the clique of family and friends whose only aim was to cut Marion out as soon as possible. Soon, the big legal guns were brought out. There were two legal questions and at least one very large practical question, the latter being, of course, how someone of Marion’s background, education, capacities and interests would fare when placed directly in the shoes of the titanic W.R. Hearst. Marion herself never failed to minimize her own talents; according to her, she was surely no newspaperwoman and barely an actress. The enormous, unbridgeable chasm between Marion qua Marion and the role of press baron, obvious to all including the lady in question herself, provided a good basis to discuss settling the dispute between Marion and the family without resort to the courts. No doubt when the secret trust had been drawn up, Hearst would have assured Marion that he indeed was aware that she would never actually take his place at the helm, but that the bequest would give her the leverage necessary to extract concessions from the family, especially with respect to that part of his main will giving her the Beverly Hills mansion and the large block of preferred stock. Hearst and Marion could envision a battle in probate concerning possible “undue influence” exercised by her on Hearst. Given the spectacular effect that the secret trust would have on Marion’s foes in the family when it became public, Hearst could well have calculated that the family would be happy not to oppose those terms favorable to Marion in the main will if that was the cost of avoiding loss of the entire empire. There may also have been a legal challenge to the unusual long-term trusts that Hearst had set up to maintain the integrity of his media organization; by their agreement with Marion not to challenge the main will, the other heirs would have given up any challenge to the other trust arrangements as well. Since Hearst seldom, if ever, revealed his inner thoughts or intentions in any written form, we can only speculate on all the strategies he employed in his testamentary dispositions. We can conclude, however, that the strategies all succeeded. Both Marion and the empire would be secure. The two strictly legal questions regarding Marion’s rights were as follows: first, whether the 1950 trust, established in the midst of the considerable physical suffering that Hearst was experiencing, may have been the product of undue influence on Marion’s part, and, second, whether Millicent, still Hearst’s legal wife, had an overriding community property claim under California law. Both of these questions could very well have been litigated to uncertain results for many years. Marion, never a fighter to begin with, graciously yielded her claims under the 1950 trust in exchange for the parties’ agreeing not to contest the 1947 will, together with Marion’s being hired on for some time as a consultant for the film side of the business. We can be certain, that whatever Marion’s duties would be as consultant, they surely would not involve the editorial policies of the newspapers. Marion’s financial future was secure, just as old Hearst would have wished; she kept the mansion and the $150,000 in annual income that would be generated by her block of preferred stock. Somewhat oddly, the next day after announcement of the settlement, October 31, 1951, Marion married. The Las Vegas wedding, virtually an elopement, was held very late at night, with the license showing her age as 45 though she was in fact 54 years old. The misstatement of fact was either a remnant of the lifelong charade that she and Hearst had carried out to obscure their true age difference when he courted her as a teen, or it was simply a lady’s wile to keep her suitor in the dark on the question of age. Perhaps it served both purposes. The lucky man had started out courting Marion’s sister Rose but had not succeeded in that endeavor, subsequently becoming friends with, and a regular visitor to, both Marion and Hearst. His name was Horace G. Brown III, a merchant marine captain who, Marion mendaciously asserted, was a Hearst cousin. The marriage took place barely two months after Hearst’s death, widow’s weeds apparently not being one of Marion’s preferred costumes. Having just lived in an unmarried state for some forty years, the hasty marriage to Captain Brown cannot readily be explained as necessitated by Marion’s strong preference for marriage per se. So what were her reasons for doing so? And for making the legal union such a public event? Had Brown been her lover even before Hearst died? He was a fairly constant presence at the mansion, making that a possibility; on the other hand, they could easily have remained unmarried lovers for some time to provide a decent-looking mourning period for Marion. Did she intend to figuratively slap the Hearsts in the face by disrespecting their beloved pater familias and thus gain some measure of revenge for the family’s studied, ice-cold rejection of the part she had played in WR’s life? By the timing of the marriage, one day after settlement of the estate, we can suppose that Marion knew the hasty marriage would aggravate the Hearsts and endanger the final settlement of the estate in her favor. Therefore, she might well have taken this step out of spite. It is also possible that Brown himself was a kind of fortune hunter and eager to lasso Marion into the earliest possible marriage. This, however, seems highly unlikely in view of the fact that the initial object of his affections had been Marion’s sister Rose, a woman without substantial means of her own. For an ordinary man like Brown, it proved difficult to be married to a woman who had been spectacularly spoiled and pampered her whole life and who was far richer than he was. Though they stayed together until Marion’s death, it was a volatile relationship. Her huge social life, the remains of a life composed almost wholly of rounds of parties, particularly annoyed him. And, of course, like Hearst, he was not of the Hollywood tribe and probably a very poor air-kisser. Marion augmented her wealth with real estate projects and watched her old friends die. She must not have carried forward the spendthrift ways of her life with Hearst, since her estate was valued at twenty million when she died. Joseph Kennedy, always an admirer and friend, kindly invited Marion and her husband to attend all the Kennedy family weddings. Her own health slipped away quickly during the 50s, a process culminating with the discovery of bone cancer in 1959. She was admitted to a hospital in May 1961 and put under the care of three cancer specialists flown out to Los Angeles from the East Coast by Joe Kennedy. Notwithstanding, she died in her hospital bed on September 22, 1961. She was sixty-four years old. Her daughter by Hearst, their secret child, Patricia Van Cleve Lake, was at her bedside. Marion is remembered, among other ways, by the Marion Davies Clinic, a treatment center in West Los Angeles that she had funded while she lived. As for San Simeon, their palatial castle of love, it is today a popular and profitable tourist site run by the State of California; there is always a waiting list to visit the mansion. Except for the 100,000 acres bought by the U.S. government during the war, the immense “ranch” surrounding La Cuesta Encantada continues on as a cattle ranch. March 2006	i don't know
If a medical condition is pulmonary, what part of the body does it affect?	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease \| University of Maryland Medical Center Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Description An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COPD -- emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Alternative Names COPD; Bronchitis - chronic; Chronic bronchitis; Emphysema Highlights Overview Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. The disease is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs and restricted airflow (documented by spirometry). The disease typically occurs after age 35. Cigarette smoking remains the major cause of COPD, but it isn't the only cause. In most studies, smoking accounts for about 80% of COPD cases. Quitting smoking can improve lung function and help to prevent death from COPD. Other causes, such as genetic syndromes (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency) and exposures to pollutants such as dust, irritants and fumes are also involved in the development of the disease. An overall treatment strategy may include one or several medications, lifestyle changes, education, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and perhaps surgery. Medication One National Institute of Health (NIH) -funded trial showed that daily azithromycin (plus usual treatment) reduced the frequency of COPD exacerbations and improved quality of life. The long- term effects of taking azithromycin, a broad spectrum antibiotic, are not known. Daily azithromycin is not suitable for patients at risk for abnormal heart rhythms or ear damage. The choices among options for inhaled therapy may be based on patient preference, side effects and/or cost. Much research is underway to assess the merits of individual (mono-therapy) vs. combination therapy options, such as these recent findings: Alone, tiotropium, a long-acting anticholinergic drug, was found to be significantly better than the beta2-agonist salmeterol in reducing exacerbations in patients with moderate to severe COPD in a one year study. Both long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) yield similar benefits across most outcomes when used as individual therapies. Given their potential side effects, current guidelines support long-acting beta-agonists as primary therapy, supplemented by regular use of corticosteroids for patients who experience frequent exacerbations. Other Treatments and Guidelines Pulmonary rehabilitation may offer a management strategy for patients who experienced a recent exacerbation of COPD. It may reduce hospital admissions and mortality, and improve quality of life. In 2009, the American College of Physicians (ACP), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and European Respiratory Society (ERS), updated its 2007 clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and management of COPD. It stresses the importance of patient history and physical examination for predicting airflow obstruction, spirometry for screening or diagnosis of COPD, and assessing management strategies included inhaled medications, pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen. Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition in which there is reduced airflow in the lungs. The disease develops and worsens over time. COPD is not reversible, but therapy can slow its progress. Although patients can breathe in normally, changes in the small airways cause the tubes to narrow during expiration, making it hard to breathe out. In many patients with COPD, the small sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged are destroyed, gradually depriving the body of enough oxygen. COPD is associated with a set of breathing-related symptoms: Being out of breath, at first when doing physical activities, but as lung function deteriorates, also at rest Chronic cough Spitting or coughing mucus (phlegm) The ability to exhale (breathe out) gets worse over time. The lungs are located in the chest cavity and are responsible for breathing. The alveoli are small sacs where oxygen is exchanged in the lungs. The two major diseases in this category are emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both of which are covered in this report. The third, less common disease, is obstructive bronchiolitis, an inflammatory condition of the small airways. Asthma shares some of the same symptoms, but it is a very different disease. People can have asthma and COPD at the same time. Because smoking is a common cause of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, these conditions often develop together and frequently require similar treatments and approaches. When chronic bronchitis occurs together with emphysema, it is often difficult for a physician to distinguish between the two diseases. Emphysema Emphysema is a disease in which the alveoli, grape-like clusters of air sacs at the end of the smallest airways (the bronchioles) are destroyed. It generally takes the following course: The walls of the alveoli become inflamed and damaged. Over time they lose the ability to stretch and shrink (elasticity), and pockets of stagnant air (called bullae) form in the injured areas. The pockets interfere with the normal working of the lungs by narrowing the airways, trapping air, and making breathing out more difficult. The ability to breathe in is not affected. Until the late stages of the disease, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels remain normal. Click the icon to see an image of emphysema. Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is defined as coughing and excess mucus production that occurs for at least 3 months, during at least 2 consecutive years. In chronic bronchitis, the disease process generally and has the following characteristics: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes (from smoking and air pollution) causes the production of mucus, which clogs the airways and makes breathing difficult. The mucus is cleared through coughing. Both constant coughing and inflammation can damage the bronchial tubes. The tubes swell and thicken, leaving less room for air flow. Click the icon to see an image of bronchitis. The Lungs The lungs are two spongy organs surrounded by a thin, moist membrane called the pleura. Each lung is made up of smooth, shiny lobes. The right lung has three lobes, and the left has two. About 90% of the lung is filled with air. Only 10% is solid tissue. When a person inhales, air travels through the following pathways into the lungs: Air is carried from the windpipe (trachea) into the lung through flexible airways called bronchi. Like the branches of a tree, bronchi divide into more than a million smaller airways called bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to grape-like clusters of microscopic sacs called alveoli. In each adult lung there are millions of these tiny alveoli. The thin membrane of the alveoli allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass to and from capillaries. When the person breathes in deeply, the elastic alveoli unfold and unwind to allow this exchange of gases to occur. Capillaries, the smallest of the blood vessels, carry blood throughout the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, and return carbon dioxide to the lungs. White blood cells are the critical infection fighters in the body. Click the icon to see an image of the lungs. Causes Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of COPD. Cigarette smoke contains irritants that inflame the air passages, setting off a chain of events that damage cells in the lung, increasing the risk for both COPD and lung cancer. Smoking isn't the only cause of COPD, however. In most studies, smoking accounts for about 80% of cases. Other causes, such as genetic syndromes (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), exposure to pollutants such as dust, irritants and vapors, and asthma are also involved in the development of this disease. Disease Process The key process leading to emphysema is not well understood. It appears that inflammatory cells (T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and alveolar macrophages) release chemicals called enzymes that attack the tissue in the deepest part of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. As a result, airways become narrowed, breathing out becomes difficult and the vital air sacs themselves are damaged and eventually destroyed. Smoking The typical COPD patient is a current or former smoker, over age 50, with a pack-a-day habit of more than 20 years. Lung function continues to get worse as the person ages. On the positive side, smoking rates in the U.S. are dropping, and the proportion of adults under 55 with COPD is gradually declining. This indicates that the high death rate will eventually level out. In particular, the rate of COPD in young African Americans is declining significantly. The rate in younger Caucasians is not decreasing as dramatically. The longer a person smokes, the higher the risk for emphysema. Most patients have smoked the equivalent of one pack a year for 20 years, and many have smoked for up to the equivalent of 40 years. Once a smoker quits, the rate of lung function loss becomes the same as in a nonsmoker; however, much of the lung damage that occurred during smoking may not be reversible. People who smoke both tobacco and marijuana face nearly three times the risk of developing COPD compared to nonsmokers, although smoking marijuana alone does not seem to increase the risk. Researchers say there may be a synergistic effect, in which marijuana increases the susceptibility of the airways to the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke. Breathing in secondhand smoke may also increase the risk for COPD, because the irritants from cigarette smoke get into the lungs. Different effects of smoking can lead to emphysema or chronic bronchitis, but smokers generally have signs of both conditions. Emphysema caused by smoking most often occurs in the upper lobes of the lungs. In chronic bronchitis, smoking triggers inflammation that causes damage in the airways. The processes involved include: Damage to the cilia, the hair-like waving projections that move mucus, bacteria, and foreign particles out of the lungs. When cilia are injured, foreign substances become trapped in the lungs and can cause infections that lead to chronic bronchitis. Enlargement of the mucus glands in the large airways of the lungs. Excess growth of smooth muscle cells in the airway. Other Exposures Smoking tobacco is a major risk factor for COPD, yet an estimated 25 - 45% of COPD patients in the developing world have never smoked. In underdeveloped countries, exposure to industrial pollutants in poorly ventilated work areas, and cooking over wood and coal fires (biomass) are also major contributors. Researchers say exposure to smoke from biomass fires might actually pose the biggest risk for COPD around the world. Other exposures that might increase COPD risk include: Dust Outdoor air pollution Genetics Various factors, such as genetic abnormalities, may be necessary for people to develop the airway damage that leads to COPD. The link may be a gene called ADAM33, which researchers have discovered is more common in smokers with COPD than in those who don't have the disease. Other genetic variants linked to the disease have been discovered on chromosome 4, as well as in the gene for the a-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, CHRNA 3/5 (a chemical messenger that has also been linked to smoking and lung cancer). Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD) is the only known genetic risk factor that has been associated with the emphysema type of COPD. About 1% of people with COPD have this disorder, which prevents their bodies from making enough of the protective enzyme, AAT. Without enough AAT, damage occurs in both the walls of the alveoli and the airways leading to them. Because smoke is a major toxin and deactivates any amounts of AAT that do remain, smokers with AAT deficiency have almost no chance of escaping emphysema. Nonsmokers are also at high risk, however. Emphysema in people with A1AD develops in people as young as 30 years old, who are usually of Northern European descent. Screening tests are now available to detect the genetic defect that causes A1AD. Couples with a family history of the disease may want to be tested for the deficiency, so they may take protective measures for themselves and any future children they may have. If the condition is already in the family, testing the children is important. People with AAT who are over age 30, younger patients who have respiratory symptoms, as well as nonsmokers and those with severe and rapidly progressing disease should be screened for COPD each year with lung-function tests. Other rare genetic conditions have also been suggested as possible causes of COPD in nonsmokers, including cutis laxa, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, although these links have not yet been proven. Bacteria and Viruses Certain bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, are common in the lower airways of nearly half of chronic bronchitis patients. However, the role of bacteria, viruses, and other organisms in causing chronic symptoms and inflammation is unclear. Some experts believe that a low-level infection in the lungs may trigger an inflammatory reaction that continues to produce acute attacks. Viruses may also exaggerate the lung response to infections, leading to exacerbations of COPD. Symptoms The hallmark symptom of COPD is shortness of breath that gets worse over time. It is often accompanied by a phlegm-producing cough and episodes of wheezing. Symptoms may vary, however, or others may be present, depending on the disease involved. Many patients have symptoms of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Symptoms of Emphysema Typically, the first symptoms of emphysema occur in heavy smokers in their mid-50s: The main early symptom is shortness of breath with light physical activity. Coughing is usually minor, and coughs produce little sputum (phlegm). Late, severe symptoms include rapid, labored breathing, and persistent craving for air (air hunger), even during rest or after minimal physical activity. Patients are often very thin (a wasted look called "cachexia"), have pinkish skin, and tend to breathe through pursed lips. Involuntary weight loss and muscle wasting may occur, and can indicate a poor outlook. Symptoms of alpha-1 antitrypsin-related emphysema tend to appear between the ages of 30 and 40. Like the symptoms of ordinary emphysema, they include: Inability to exercise without becoming winded Shortness of breath after physical activity Wheezing Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis usually causes the following symptoms: A chronic cough is the hallmark symptom of chronic bronchitis, even in its early stages. Coughing with excessive phlegm occurs on most days for at least 3 months of the year, during 2 consecutive years. Coughing often starts before shortness of breath. Shortness of breath occurs, but it may not be as severe during rest as it is in people with emphysema. Lying down at night worsens symptoms in patients with chronic bronchitis and heart failure, so patients must sleep propped up. In the late, severe stages of the disease, a lack of oxygen causes the skin to have a blue color (cyanosis). The body may swell from fluid build-up caused by heart failure. Diseases with Similar Symptoms Several diseases have similar symptoms and may occur with COPD. Acute Bronchitis Viruses and bacteria can cause acute bronchitis. In most cases it does not require treatment. The cough typically lasts for 7 - 10 days. In about half of patients, however, coughing can last for up to 3 weeks, and 25% of patients continue to cough for more than 1 month. Patients with severe symptoms may need antibiotics. Asthma The classic symptoms of an asthma attack are coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath (dyspnea). Patients with asthma typically have trouble breathing in and may wheeze when breathing out. People may experience irritation of the nose and throat, thirst, and the need to urinate before an asthma attack begins. Some people experience chest tightness or pain, or a nonproductive cough that occurs without wheezing. About 75% of patients have chest pain. The pain can be very severe, even if the asthma attack itself is not severe. At the end of an attack, a person will often have a cough that produces a thick, stringy mucus. People with chronic asthma can get airway obstruction that makes them more likely to develop COPD. However, researchers aren't sure whether people with chronic asthma have symptoms similar to COPD, or if they have COPD itself. Lung Cancer Lung cancer does not usually produce symptoms until the disease is advanced. Frequent bouts of pneumonia or a lung infection that does not clear up may be the first signs of lung cancer. Signs of advanced lung cancer may include: Bloody phlegm Smoking Complications COPD affects more than 5% of people in the U.S. It is the fourth most common cause of death in the United States, responsible for more than 100,000 deaths each year. Experts predict that it will be the third leading cause of death in the world by 2030 as the population ages and people continue to smoke. Although COPD has traditionally been considered a man's disease, an increase in women who smoke has caused COPD to skyrocket in women. Women with COPD tend to fare worse than men. They are more likely to be hospitalized and to die from COPD. They also have more severe symptoms, greater depression, and a worse quality of life than men. Women appear to be more susceptible to the effects of smoking and pollution, possibly because of hormones or other genetic differences. The good news is that women who stop smoking get their lung function back more quickly than men. The leading cause of death from COPD is respiratory failure. However, patients with mild-to-moderate COPD also tend to develop cardiovascular disease or lung cancer. This likely occurs from inflammation, which is involved in all three diseases. Traditionally, doctors have measured the severity of COPD by the amount of air that a person can forcibly exhale in one second (FEV1). This amount decreases as COPD gets worse. However, COPD affects other systems and body parts, which provide clues about the severity of the disease. Many physicians now use the BODE index to categorize COPD and predict its outcome. BODE stands for body mass index, degree of airflow obstruction, dyspnea (breathlessness), and exercise capacity as measured in a 6-minute walk test. Outlook for Patients with Emphysema. If emphysema is detected before it causes symptoms, there may be some chance of reversing it. However, permanent changes in the alveoli usually occur, even in young smokers. Patients with the inherited form of early-onset emphysema are at risk for early death unless the disease is treated and its progression is stopped or slowed. Emphysema patients who have significant, unplanned weight loss (a sign of muscle wasting) have a poorer outlook, regardless of their lung function. Outlook for Patients with Chronic Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis does not cause as much lung damage as emphysema, although the airways become blocked by mucus plugs and narrow due to inflammation. Poor air exchange leads to low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels. This poor gas exchange can lead to serious, life-threatening conditions that include severe breathing difficulty and heart failure. Acute Exacerbations Acute exacerbations are episodes that occur when the airways suddenly become blocked and symptoms get worse. These events are associated with inflammation in the airways and are generally triggered by an infection in the airway or throughout the body. Other factors that can trigger serious lung events include: Certain medications Acute exacerbations include the following symptoms: Increased phlegm Thicker and darker phlegm Shortness of breath (this is the most common and distressing acute symptom) Acute exacerbations occur, on average, between two and three times a year in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. They are most often triggered by infections. Smokers have more exacerbations than nonsmokers. Researchers have discovered that a clot that blocks an artery in the lung (a pulmonary embolus) is present in as many as a quarter of all COPD exacerbations. COPD patients are at higher risk for embolisms than the general public. Acute exacerbations get better on their own, but they are still the most common cause of hospitalization in COPD patients. Frequent episodes cause lung function to deteriorate quickly. Patients never recover to the condition they were in before the last exacerbation. Reduced Quality of Life and Mood Nearly half of COPD patients report some limitation in daily activities. They have trouble walking up stairs or carrying even small packages. Breathing becomes hard work. More than half of patients with COPD have difficulty sleeping (insomnia). Such impairment in quality of life can negatively affect mood. Those with COPD are more likely to have anxiety, depression, or another psychiatric disorder than people in the general population. Women with COPD are more susceptible to psychological problems than men. If patients with COPD become anxious or depressed, they may have a poorer outlook than people without emotional problems. Depression and anxiety are associated with an increase in the frequency and length of exacerbations, as well as the number of hospitalizations. Having anxiety can cause exacerbations to last twice as long as they would otherwise. Depression also increases the risk of death in both those with stable COPD and in those with uncontrolled disease. Having depression may prevent people with COPD from eating properly, exercising, taking their medication as prescribed, and getting the medical attention they need. Low oxygen levels also can impair mental function and short-term memory. Psychological therapy may be particularly helpful for people with COPD. Malnourishment People with COPD often have poor nutrition. Patients with chronic bronchitis tend to be obese. Patients with emphysema tend to be underweight. Loss of weight and muscle mass is linked to a poor outcome in COPD. Good nutrition improves the ability to exercise, which in turn builds muscle strength and lung function. Obese patients with COPD who lose weight tend to sleep better. Heart Disease Over time, COPD causes low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) and high levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in the body. In order to boost oxygen delivery, the body compensates in a number of ways: Blood vessels in the lung narrow. This leads to high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension). More red blood cells are produced to increase the blood's ability to carry oxygen. The heart rate increases to pump more blood. The breathing rate increases. Eventually these activities can lead to very serious and even life-threatening conditions: Abnormally high blood pressure in the lungs can cause a complication called cor pulmonale. The right ventricle of the heart enlarges, eventually leading to heart failure. Chronic bronchitis is associated with a 50% higher risk of death from coronary artery disease, independent of the risks associated with smoking. Patients with long-term and severe hypoxia and hypercapnia are at risk for acute respiratory failure, which can cause heart rhythm abnormalities or other life-threatening conditions. Other Serious Medical Problems Associated with COPD The smoking that causes COPD is associated with high risks of pneumonia, lung cancer, stroke, and heart attack. Tobacco smoke contains more than 400 substances, many of which are oxidants, metals (such as lead, cadmium, and aluminum), and cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens). Nicotine itself may not damage tissues, but it addicts smokers to tobacco. Lung Cancer. Patients with a 30-year history of smoking and signs of limited airflow (most patients with COPD) are at high risk for lung cancer. Sleep Disturbance. About half of all people with severe COPD experience sleep disorders such as sleep-related hypoxia or insomnia. Nocturnal hypoxia, a lack of oxygen during sleep, occurs when breathing is shallowest during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. It may be due to suppression of the cough reflex and a buildup of mucus. Nocturnal hypoxia is treated with overnight oxygen therapy. As COPD worsens, many patients have trouble falling or staying asleep. COPD patients should not use sleep medications. Nighttime oxygen or a change in COPD medications from beta-agonists to anticholinergics can sometimes help restore restful sleep. Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (thin and weakened bones) is a significant problem in patients with COPD. Many conditions associated with COPD, including smoking, lack of vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, and the use of corticosteroid medications put people at risk for bone density loss and osteoporosis. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD). Many patients with severe COPD have GERD, a condition in which stomach acids back up from the stomach into the esophagus. However, many COPD patients don't report experiencing GERD symptoms such as heartburn. Aspiration Pneumonia. Problems with breathing and swallowing put people with moderate-to-severe COPD at increased risk for aspiration pneumonia. This condition occurs when saliva, other fluids, or food is breathed into the airways. Risk Factors An estimated 64 million people around the world have COPD. In the U.S., about 4.9 million people have emphysema, and 9.9 million have chronic bronchitis. Because emphysema and chronic bronchitis so often occur together, it is difficult to determine the number of emphysema patients versus those with chronic bronchitis. Many patients, even if their symptoms are severe, regard their condition as a natural part of aging, or blame a lack of fitness, and do not get examined by a health care provider. The main risk factors for COPD include: Cigarette smoke Age older than 40 years Exposure to occupational dust and chemicals Exposure to smoke from wood or other biomass fires Exposure to indoor air pollution Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Occupational Risk Factors Workers who are exposed for a long time to toxic chemicals (such as silica or cadmium), industrial smoke, dust, or other air pollutants are at increased risk for COPD. Such workers include: Cooks Women who cook over open fires Railroad workers (from exposure to diesel exhaust) Allergies and Asthma Allergens are allergy-causing particles and organisms such as fungi, molds, and house dust. The connection between allergies, asthma, and COPD is the topic of much debate. Some physicians believe allergies and asthma are the early stages of COPD. Another school of thought says that COPD causes changes to the airways that produce asthma symptoms. Although the exact connection is not known, patients with hyperactive airways due to allergies or asthma are at increased risk for COPD. Patients with COPD who can control their airway problems with bronchodilators (the medication used in asthma) are less likely to die from COPD. HIV People infected with HIV are 50 - 60% more likely to develop COPD than people who do not have HIV. The percentage of HIV patients who smoke is not much larger than those who do not smoke. This suggests that HIV itself increases susceptibility to COPD or speeds up the decline in lung function. Other Risks Abnormal lung development in the womb might increase the risk for COPD later in life. Researchers have found that newborns with poor airway function are more likely to have breathing disorders as adults. Preventive measures for these children might need to start in infancy. Research also finds that eating bacon, sausage, and other cured meats might reduce lung function and increase the risk for COPD. Cured meats are high in nitrates, which act much like tobacco smoke to damage the lungs, according to researchers. Diagnostic Tests Despite the widespread incidence and seriousness of COPD, studies strongly suggest that it is underdiagnosed, especially in women. Some experts recommend that any adult smoker who complains of a daily cough should be screened for COPD. In one study, nearly half of patients over age 60 who regularly smoked had COPD. Anyone who has a chronic cough, increased phlegm production, or breathing difficulty that gets worse over time should be checked for the disease. Medical and Personal History The doctor will request a history that evaluates the patient's risk factors. Risk factors include: Past and present smoking History of asthma, allergy, sinusitis, or respiratory infections Physical Examination Appearance. There are usually no changes in physical appearance in people with mild-to-moderate COPD. In advanced COPD, patients with emphysema may be wasted and thin, with normal-colored pink skin. Those with chronic bronchitis may have bluish lips and fingers, be obese, and may have swollen feet and legs. Breathing may be rapid and shallow, done through pursed lips, and it may take longer to breathe out. The patient will be asked to cough and produce phlegm, if possible. Chest Examination. The physician will next perform a simple examination of the chest area with a stethoscope to listen for: Crepitations, a noise resembling a paper bag being rumpled Reduced or distant breath sounds Signs of pulmonary hypertension Breathlessness when the patient lies flat Increased pressure in the veins Pulmonary Function Tests (Spirometry) The best tests for diagnosing COPD and seeing how well it responds to treatment are pulmonary function tests. The gold-standard test for patients with respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath is spirometry. Spirometry measures the volume and force of air as it is exhaled from the lungs. It measures airway obstruction, it can identify COPD early, and the results are standardized so they are always consistent. Because it is easy and reliable, spirometry is an effective method to help health professionals diagnose COPD early, when it is most treatable. Spirometry is not recommended for screening healthy adults who do not have breathing symptoms. However, it can be used to screen people with a family history of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, or smokers. During spirometry, the patient is asked to breathe in and breathe out forcefully into an instrument. This is repeated several times. The force of the air is then measured. From the results, the physician determines two important values. The forced vital capacity (FVC). FVC is the maximum volume of air that a patient can breathe out with force. It indicates lung size, elasticity, and how well the air passages open and close. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). FEV1 is the maximum volume of air that a patient can breathe out in 1 second after breathing in fully. Airflow is considered to be limited if the forced breath out stays low over 1 second. People with COPD have a decline in FEV1 over time. FEV1 is measured as percent of predicted: Moderate COPD -- FEV1 50 - 80% of predicted Severe COPD -- FEV1 30 - 50% of predicted The ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC) is less than 70% of normal, regardless of whether the patient has an FEV1 greater than 80% or less than 50% Spirometry is a painless study of air volume and flow rate in the lungs. Spirometry is frequently used to evaluate lung function in people with diseases such as asthma or cystic fibrosis. Tests for Measuring the Ability of the Lung to Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Arterial Blood Gas. The physician may request an arterial blood gas test to determine the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (its saturation). Low oxygen (hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) levels often indicate chronic bronchitis, but not always emphysema. A blood gas analysis that shows very low oxygen levels is useful for determining which patients would benefit from oxygen therapy. This procedure typically involves drawing blood from an artery in the wrist. Click the icon to see an image of an arterial blood sample. Pulse Oximetry Test. A safe and painless test for measuring oxygen in the blood is called pulse oximetry, which involves placing a probe on the finger or ear lobe. The probe emits two different lights. The amount of each light the blood absorbs is related to how much oxygen the red blood cells carry. This test measures only oxygen in the blood, however, and not carbon dioxide. Results should be taken together with other tests to determine the need for medication or oxygen therapy. Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity. The lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) test determines how effectively gases are exchanged between the blood and airways in the lungs. Patients should not eat or exercise before the test, and they should not have smoked for 24 hours. The patient inhales a mixture of carbon monoxide, helium, and oxygen and holds his or her breath for about 10 seconds. The gas levels are then analyzed from the exhaled breath. Results can help physicians differentiate emphysema from chronic bronchitis and asthma. Patients with emphysema have lower DLCO results (a reduced ability to take up oxygen). The results of this test are also important in helping to determine appropriate candidates for lung reduction surgery. Carbon monoxide levels that are 20% or less than predicted values pose a very high risk for poor survival. Exhaled Breath. The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled breath can be a simple method of diagnosing COPD and monitoring the effects of treatment. In most patients with COPD, no levels are below normal. Levels above normal in a patient with COPD indicate that the person also has asthma. Click the icon to see an image of lung diffusion testing. Imaging Tests Chest X-Rays. Chest x-rays are often performed, but they are not very useful for detecting early COPD. By the time an x-ray reveals COPD, the patient is already well aware of the condition. X-rays can look for growths in the lungs, and can help rule out other diseases, such as tuberculosis, however. Clear signs of COPD on x-ray include the following: Abnormally large amounts of air spaces in the lung A flattened diaphragm A smaller heart (however, if the person has heart failure, the heart becomes enlarged and there may not be signs of overinflated lungs) Exaggerated lung inflation in upper areas Larger amounts of air in the lower lungs in patients with emphysema related to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Chest x-rays are rarely useful for diagnosing chronic bronchitis, although they sometimes show mild scarring and thickened airway walls. Computed Tomography. Computed tomography (CT) scans can accurately assess the severity of COPD and may be used to determine the size of the air pockets (bullae) in the lungs. Other Tests for COPD Noninvasive Methods for Determining Severity. Questionnaires and short exercise tests are very useful for determining the severity of COPD. Test for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Physicians will typically test for the enzyme alpha-1 antitrypsin in COPD patients who are nonsmokers and in people who develop COPD symptoms before age 45. Additional Blood and Sputum Tests. Additional tests may be required if the physician suspects other medical problems. If the person has pneumonia, for instance, blood and sputum tests and cultures may be performed to determine the cause of infection. Bronchodilator Challenge. Using a bronchodilator can usually relieve the symptoms of asthma. However, patients with COPD typically have a limited response to bronchodilation. A bronchodilator challenge test may help distinguish between the two diseases. Some patients with COPD experience limited and temporary improvement in FEV1 30 - 45 minutes after inhaling medication from a metered dose inhaler. However, their airflow remains poor. Treatment The appropriate medications for COPD depend on its stage of severity, which is determined by the symptoms. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has proposed a strategy that is widely accepted. GOLD categorizes COPD severity as follows: Stage I: Smoker's cough, little or no shortness of breath, no symptoms of COPD, FEV1 greater than 80% of predicted. Stage II: Shortness of breath on exertion, sputum-producing cough, some symptoms of COPD, FEV1 50 - 80% of predicted. Stage III: Shortness of breath on mild exertion, FEV1 30 - 50% of predicted. Stage IV: Shortness of breath on mild exertion, right heart failure, bluish skin, nails, and lips (cyanosis), FEV1 less than 30% of predicted. Classification of COPD Severity Or right heart failure < 70 *Note: FVC -- Forced vital capacity: the maximum volume of air that you can forcibly breathe out from the lungs.FEV1 -- Forced expiratory volume in 1 second: the amount of air you can breathe out during the first second after you take your deepest breath. The American College of Physicians has issued revised guidelines for COPD treatment, which include: In patients with stable COPD, reserve treatment for those who have respiratory symptoms and FEV1 of less than 60% of predicted. Patients with symptoms and FEV1 of less than 60% of predicted should be treated with long-acting inhaled beta-agonists, long-acting inhaled anticholinergics, or inhaled corticosteroids. Combination inhaled therapies may be used in these patients. Patients with COPD and resting hypoxia should be treated with oxygen therapy. Patients with symptoms and FEV1 of less than 50% of predicted should consider pulmonary rehabilitation. Treatment Approach for Stable COPD Stopping Smoking. Stopping smoking is the first and most important step in treating COPD and slowing its progression. Quitting smoking decreases symptoms of breathlessness and cough, as well as the risk of heart disease, likely due to decreased inflammation. Diet. Good nutrition is always important. Dietary issues become critical in late COPD, when breathing is difficult. Many patients with COPD lose muscle tone and body mass, and appear to waste away. This may be due to the extreme effort it takes to breathe, which rapidly consumes calories. Some patients find it difficult to stop the effort of breathing long enough to chew food. A nutritionist can find the right foods and design meal plans to help COPD patients be as healthy as possible. There is not strong evidence to support the use of nutritional supplements in patients with COPD. It may help to avoid cured meats, which research indicates can increase the risk of COPD. Supplemental Oxygen. Supplemental oxygen is an important part of COPD therapy. It can: Improve exercise endurance Reduce breathlessness Reduce pulmonary hypertension Supplemental oxygen affects all of these factors, along with the lungs' ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. There is some evidence that supplemental oxygen may also reduce heart problems in patients with COPD. Long-term oxygen therapy given continuously through the nose has been shown to extend survival by as much as 30%. Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a proven method of relieving shortness of breath (dyspnea), reducing hospitalizations and disability from COPD, increasing exercise capacity, and improving mental and physical quality of life, although there is no proof that it improves survival. This treatment is recommended for patients with stable chronic lung disease who are significantly affected by respiratory symptoms. Although pulmonary rehabilitation doesn't improve lung function, it strengthens muscles and improves other body systems to minimize the effects of lung dysfunction. Many hospitals offer these programs, which are led by a team of health professionals. Pulmonary rehabilitation can also be done in the home or community. The treatment is tailored to individual patients, but it usually includes: Breathing training Exercise (endurance and resistance training) Nutritional advice Psychological assessment Patients are usually assessed at the beginning and end of the program. Programs generally last 6 - 12 weeks, but longer programs appear to provide more long-term benefits. In one study, an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation program reduced the number of COPD patients admitted to the hospital by 46%. Maintenance programs may slightly improve long-term outcomes. Exercise. Exercise is important for maintaining strength and endurance, both of which are greatly affected by COPD. Weight-bearing exercises are important for maintaining quality of life and the ability to live independently. For the greatest benefit, programs should combine low- and high-intensity exercise with strength and endurance training. The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIPPV) during exercise provides some small, very short-term benefit. Receiving supplemental oxygen during rehabilitative exercise may improve patients' endurance. There is no evidence that inspiratory muscle training (training the muscles used to breathe in) is effective during pulmonary rehabilitation. Surgery. When a patient no longer responds to medications, surgery becomes a possible option. Choices include: Bullectomy Lung transplantation Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) Treating COPD in Older Adults. Older adults are at greater risk for complications or death from COPD, and their treatment needs to be tailored accordingly. Treatment in this group includes short- and long-acting bronchodilators, vaccines, and quitting smoking. General Guidelines for Treating Acute Exacerbations The goal of COPD treatment, in addition to providing symptom relief, is to prevent exacerbations. Each exacerbation causes lung function to decline. Bringing lung function back to its pre-exacerbation state can take 6 months. When exacerbations are frequent, lung function may never return to normal, and the patient's condition spirals downward. Exacerbations are most commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, or by air pollution. The cause is never identified in about one-third of patients. Treatment of exacerbations commonly includes the following measures: Oxygen. Supplemental oxygen with controlled oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Bronchodilators. Inhaled anticholinergics or short-acting beta2-agonists may be used. Theophylline is not recommended, because it provides very little benefit and carries a risk of serious side effects. Corticosteroids. Corticosteroid medications may be given either through a vein (intravenously) or by mouth (orally), for up to 2 weeks. This treatment is only possible in patients who have not received long-term oral corticosteroid therapy. Antibiotics. These may be used if there are signs of infection, such as fever or yellow or green phlegm. Medications Anticholinergic Medications Anticholinergic medications relax the bronchial muscles and open up the airways. Opening up the airways is called bronchodilation. Bronchodilators do not change the overall course of the disease. However, these medications help improve breathlessness, the ability to exercise, and quality of life. Brands and Benefits. Anticholinergics used for COPD include short-acting ipratropium (Atrovent) and long-acting tiotropium (Spiriva). They are considered standard maintenance medications for COPD. A single inhaler containing both ipratropium and the common beta2-agonist albuterol (Combivent) may be more effective than either medication alone. Long-acting anticholinergic medications are also being given along with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists. Although the combination may not reduce the number of exacerbations, it improves lung function and quality of life, and it reduces hospitalizations. For patients who experience frequent symptoms of COPD, current guidelines support long-acting beta-agonists as primary therapy for COPD, supplemented by regular use of inhaled corticosteroids. Side Effects. Anticholinergics have few severe side effects, and they are less likely to interfere with sleep than the other standard inhaled medications. Side effects include mild cough and dry mouth. Anticholinergics should be used cautiously in people with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. Beta2-Agonists When anticholinergics are no longer enough -- and sometimes in place of an anticholinergic medication -- health care providers will prescribe a beta2-agonist. GOLD guidelines recommend that all patients with COPD stages II - IV take a long-acting beta2-agonist. Short-Acting Beta2-agonists. For patients whose symptoms come and go, such as with exertion, short-acting bronchodilators are recommended. Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) is the standard short-acting beta2-agonist. Others include: Fenoteral Levalbuterol tartrate (Xopenex HFA) Pirbuterol (Maxair) There is no evidence that one beta2-agonist is better than another. Newer beta2-agonists, including levalbuterol (Xopenex), have more specific actions than the older medications. Most are inhaled and are effective for 3 - 6 hours. Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists. Long-acting bronchodilators are more effective than short-acting bronchodilators for patients with more significant long-term symptoms. Long-acting beta2-agonists salmeterol (Serevent) and formoterol (Foradil) are proving to be particularly effective as long-term maintenance therapy for COPD. They reduce exacerbations by 20 - 25%, they may help prevent bacteria from building up on the airways, and they may offer real improvements in lung function. A nebulized formulation of formoterol is also available for the treatment of COPD. Some inhalers combine a long-acting beta2-agonist and a corticosteroid (such as Advair, Seretide, and Symbicort). Combining a corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist may reduce exacerbations and improve lung function, but it can also increase the risk of pneumonia. Side Effects. Side effects of both long- and short-acting beta2-agonists include anxiety, tremor, restlessness, and headaches. Patients may experience fast and irregular heartbeats. A physician should be notified immediately if such side effects occur, particularly in people with existing heart conditions. Such patients face an increased risk of sudden death from heart-related causes. This risk is higher with medications taken by mouth or through nebulizers, but there have also been reports of heart attacks and chest pain (angina) in some patients using inhaled beta2-agonists. Loss of Effectiveness and Overdose. All long-acting beta2-agonists come with a boxed warning about an increased risk of asthma-related deaths, but there is no evidence that people who have COPD without asthma are at increased risk. There has been some concern that short-acting beta2-agonists may become less effective when taken regularly over time. A major concern is that patients who perceive beta2-agonists as being less effective may overuse them. Overdose can be serious and, in rare cases, even life threatening, particularly in patients with heart disease or asthma. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs. Oral Corticosteroids. Oral corticosteroids are reserved for treating COPD exacerbations, and research finds that they are better than inhaled corticosteroids for this purpose. They speed the time to recovery and reduce the length of the hospital stay, but they do not reduce mortality or affect the long-term progression of the disease. They shouldn't be regularly used for stable disease because of the increased risk of side effects. Oral corticosteroids are recommended for the initial treatment of patients who are hospitalized for COPD exacerbations, yet research finds that most patients are given IV steroids instead. Inhaled Corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the mainstay of asthma therapy. However, their primary use in COPD is to treat exacerbations, rather than for long term maintenance. A review of evidence has shown that both long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) yield similar benefits for COPD patients when used as individual therapies. However, long-acting beta-agonists are slightly better at improving lung function, and ICS are slightly more effective at improving quality of life, but increase the risk of pneumonia. Therefore, current guidelines support long-acting beta-agonists as primary therapy, supplemented by regular use of corticosteroids for patients who experience frequent exacerbations. Theophylline and Other Methylxanthines Methylxanthines (primarily slow-release theophylline) are also bronchodilators, which relax the airways of the lungs. These drugs are used in patients with more severe exacerbations that do not respond completely to corticosteroids, oxygen, or antibiotics. These drugs do not significantly improve lung function, symptoms, or overall outcomes when used for acute exacerbations. Some experts believe that the modest benefits do not outweigh the risk of toxic side effects from these drugs. Side effects are generally related to the amount of theophylline in the blood. At high doses, side effects can include nausea, anxiety, headaches, insomnia, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, tremors, and seizures. Administering Inhaled Drugs Many COPD drugs are inhaled using metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. Metered-Dose Inhaler. The standard device for delivering COPD medication is the metered-dose inhaler (MDI). This device allows precise doses to be delivered directly to the lungs. A holding chamber, or spacer, improves delivery by giving the patient more time to inhale the medication. Breath-Activated Dry Powder Inhalers. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) deliver a powdered form of the drug directly into the lungs. DPIs are as effective as MDIs and are easier to manage, especially for older adults. Humidity or extreme temperatures can affect DPI performance, so these devices should not be stored in humid places (such as bathroom cabinets) or in locations with high temperatures (such as car glove compartments during the summer months). Other Handheld Inhalers. Respimat delivers a fine-mist spray that is created by forcing the liquid medication through nozzles. It does not use any propellant. Nebulizers. A nebulizer is a device that administers the drug in a fine spray that the patient breathes in. Nebulizers are often used in hospitals or when the patient cannot use an inhaler. This metered-dose inhaler is a quick way of administering medicine directly into the bronchial passageways to promote clearer breathing. Medicines That Loosen Lung Secretions Patients with persistent coughing and phlegm often use medications that loosen secretions and help move them out of the lungs. Expectorants. Expectorants, such as guaifenesin (found in common cough remedies), stimulate the flow of fluid in the airways and help move secretions using the motion of cilia (the hair-like structures in the lung) and coughing. Expectorants have not been shown to benefit patients with COPD. Mucolytics. Mucolytics contain ingredients that make thick phlegm more watery and easier to cough up. Although mucolytics are not generally recommended for people with COPD, there is some evidence that they may reduce exacerbations by a small amount in some patient with moderate-to-severe COPD who take these medications throughout the winter. The most effective mucolytic is stopping smoking. Anticholinergics appear to decrease the production of mucus. Beta2-agonists and theophylline improve mucus clearance. Other Medications Statins. The same drugs used to lower cholesterol may also help protect the lungs of COPD patients, in part due to their anti-inflammatory effects. However, more research is needed to prove these benefits, and to determine the optimal statin dose for COPD patients. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Therapy. Some patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are treated with weekly intravenous infusions of alpha-1 antitrypsin. Research finds that this therapy can't be recommended for COPD patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, because the treatment is expensive and there is not enough evidence to show that it reduces exacerbations or improves lung function. Antibiotics Treating Acute Bronchitis or Pneumonia in COPD Patients. People with COPD are at increased risk for pneumonia, but any lung infection can worsen symptoms and speed deterioration of lung function. Patients with acute bronchitis or pneumonia who have signs of bacterial infection, such as green or yellow phlegm, usually need antibiotics. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moxarella catarrhalis are the most common causes of pneumonia or exacerbations in people with COPD. The choice of antibiotic depends on the bacteria being treated and bacterial resistance to common antibiotics in the area. Giving preventive antibiotics to patients with frequent exacerbations is not recommended because this practice contributes to the development of bacterial resistance. Antibiotic Options Beta-Lactams Beta-lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, and some newer medications. They share common chemical features, and all interfere with bacterial cell walls. Penicillins. Penicillin was the first antibiotic. Many forms of this still-important drug are available today: Penicillin derivatives called aminopenicillins, particularly amoxicillin (Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Wymox, or any generic formulation), are now the most common penicillins used. Amoxicillin is inexpensive, and at one time it was highly effective against S. pneumoniae. Unfortunately, bacterial resistance to amoxicillin has increased significantly, both among S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Ampicillin is similar, but it requires more doses and has more severe gastrointestinal side effects than amoxicillin. Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) is known as an augmented penicillin. It works against a wide spectrum of bacteria and is used for more severe exacerbations. An extended-release form is also available. Many people have a history of allergic reaction to penicillin, but some evidence suggests the allergy may not return in a significant number of adults. Skin tests are available to help determine whether someone with a history of penicillin allergies could tolerate these important antibiotics. Cephalosporins. Most of these antibiotics are not very effective against bacteria that have developed resistance to penicillin, and they are only used for more severe exacerbations. They are classified according to their generation: Second generation: cefaclor (Ceclor), cefuroxime (Ceftin), cefprozil (Cefzil), and loracarbef (Lorabid) Third generation: cefpodoxime (Vantin), cefdinir (Omnicef), cefditoren (Spectracef), cefixime (Suprax), and ceftibuten (Cedex). Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is an injected cephalosporin. These antibiotics are effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, and some are also able to treat penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae infections. Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) Fluoroquinolones ("quinolones") interfere with the bacteria's genetic material to prevent them from reproducing. These antibiotics are used for more severe exacerbations. "Respiratory quinolones" are currently the most effective drugs available against a wide range of bacteria. These drugs include levofloxacin (Levaquin) and gemifloxacin (Factive). Levofloxacin was the first drug approved specifically for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. Some of the newer fluoroquinolones need to be taken only once a day. The fourth-generation quinolones moxifloxacin (Avelox) and clinafloxacin (which is still in development) are proving effective against anaerobic bacteria. S. pneumoniae strains that are resistant to the respiratory quinolones are uncommon in the U.S., but resistance is increasing. Many quinolones cause side effects, including sensitivity to light and nervous system (neurologic), psychiatric, and heart problems. Pregnant women should not take this class of drugs. Quinolones also enhance the potency of oral anti-clotting drugs. When it comes to treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, so-called second-line antibiotics (amoxicillin, clavulanate, macrolides, second- or third-generation cephalosporines, and quinolones) appear to be more effective than -- and just as safe as -- first-generation antibiotics (ampicillin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). Macrolides and Azalides Macrolides and azalides also affect the genetics of bacteria. These drugs include: Azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax) Erythromycin Roxithromycin (Rulid) These antibiotics are effective against atypical bacteria such as mycoplasma and chlamydia. All but erythromycin are effective against H. influenzae. Macrolides and azalides are also used in some cases for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, but there is increasing bacterial resistance to these medicines. One National Institute of Health (NIH) funded trial showed that daily azithromycin (plus usual treatment) reduced the frequency of COPD exacerbations and improved quality of life. However, mild hearing loss was more common in patients taking azithromycin, and long-term use may not be suitable for patients at risk of heart rhythm disturbances. The implications of these results for practice are still not known. Tetracyclines Tetracyclines inhibit the growth of bacteria. They include doxycycline, tetracycline, and minocycline. They can be effective against S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, but bacteria that are resistant to penicillin are also often resistant to doxycycline. The side effects of tetracyclines include skin reactions to sunlight, burning in the throat, and tooth discoloration. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Cotrim, and Septra) is less expensive than amoxicillin and is particularly useful for adults with mild bacterial upper respiratory infections who are allergic to penicillin. The drug is no longer effective against certain streptococcal strains. It should not be used in patients whose infections occur after dental work, or in people who are allergic to sulfa drugs. Allergic reactions can be very serious. Oxygen-Replacement Therapy Lung function may eventually worsen to the point that patients need supplemental oxygen delivered through portable or stationary tanks. Continuous Therapy. Continuous oxygen therapy (more than 15 hours a day) is the only treatment for emphysema that has been proven to prolong survival in certain patients. It also improves alertness, motor speed, and hand strength. Continuous oxygen therapy is usually recommended for patients with: Lung oxygen level below 55 mm Hg while resting Lung oxygen level below 60 mm Hg while resting, plus right heart failure or an abnormal increase in red blood cells Supplemental oxygen may also benefit patients with moderately low blood oxygen levels, but more research needs to be done to confirm this. Ideally, patients should receive enough oxygen to keep the oxygen level at 65 mm HG, but no less than 60 mm HG, or at an oxygen saturation level of at least 90%. Patients may need extra oxygen flow during sleep or physical activity. About 40% of patients improve enough in 1 month to stop continuous treatment, although these patients should be observed closely. COPD often gets worse, and patients need to restart oxygen therapy. Some patients get worse in spite of treatment, although it is not possible to predict who is at risk for oxygen therapy failure. The addition of nitric oxide, a gas that widens blood vessels, may offer additional benefits. Intermittent Oxygen. Patients with less severe COPD who are not on permanent oxygen maintenance may need supplemental oxygen during specific circumstances: Patients whose oxygen level drops below 55 mm HG only while exercising may benefit from supplemental oxygen during physical activity. Supplemental oxygen may improve endurance, and it enhances the delivery of oxygen to the muscles while they are working. Patients whose oxygen level drops below 55 mm HG during sleep may need oxygen at night. Such patients usually experience fitful, poor-quality sleep. This type of oxygen therapy does not appear to affect survival or prolong the time until patients need continuous oxygen therapy. Oxygen During Travel. People on continuous oxygen therapy who are traveling by plane should increase their oxygen by 1 - 2 liters per minute during the trip. People on intermittent oxygen therapy may need oxygen during air travel if the trip is longer than 2 hours and they develop symptoms, or if they experience a drop in oxygen levels before traveling. People are not allowed to bring their own oxygen tanks on board an airplane; many airlines will provide oxygen if notified 48 - 72 hours in advance. It is important to note that aircraft cabins are pressurized to the equivalent of 8,000 feet above sea level. Such pressures could be potentially dangerous for people with severe COPD. Oxygen Storage and Delivery Systems Unless they are bed-bound, patients usually use a combination of stationary and mobile oxygen systems. Stationary Systems. The most common stationary oxygen system is the concentrator, an electrical device that pulls oxygen from the air. It weighs about 35 pounds and cannot be battery operated, so a patient can use it only at home. Portable Units. Portable units containing electronic oxygen-conserving devices weigh only a few pounds and can provide up to 8 hours of oxygen. Some portable units weigh 6.5 lbs, with liquid oxygen supplies that last 4 hours. Some weigh 9.5 lbs, with an oxygen supply that lasts 8 hours when used at a flow rate of 2 liters per minute. Compressed or Liquid Oxygen. Oxygen can be administered from large stationary tanks or small portable ones, either as compressed gas or liquid oxygen. A container of liquid oxygen lasts four times longer than compressed gas of the same weight, and it is easier to fill. Liquid oxygen is very beneficial for patients who want to maintain an active life, although the tanks require occasional venting to release pressure, and this wastes oxygen. They are also more expensive. Precautions. Supplemental oxygen is a fire hazard, and some hotels and residences do not allow its use. No one should smoke near an oxygen tank, and tanks should be stored safely, secured to a wall and away from heaters and furnaces. Devices for Administering Oxygen Oxygen is usually administered in one of three ways: through a nasal canula, transtracheal catheter, or electronic demand device. Nasal Canula. Using a nasal canula, oxygen is delivered through a long, thin plastic tube that runs from the oxygen tank to small plastic prongs that fit in the nostrils. The tube can be very long when attached to a stationary tank in order to accommodate walking throughout a house, or relatively short when attached to a portable unit. A reservoir pouch is a recent innovation added to this device that provides an extra rush of oxygen when a patient starts to inhale. This method is inexpensive and easy to use, but some patients are embarrassed by its appearance under their noses. Transtracheal Oxygen. Transtracheal oxygen is delivered directly into the windpipe (trachea) through a catheter tube implanted by a surgeon. The device is inconspicuous, and patients are very likely to use it. Long-term complications may include infection, dislodgment, and blockage by mucus, which can be very serious. Complications of the procedure itself occur in 3 - 5% of cases and can include lung spasms and uncontrollable coughing. Electronic Demand Devices. Electronic devices that sense the beginning of a breath and deliver a pulse of oxygen are also available, although they are complicated, expensive, and have a risk for mechanical failure. Newer units have a continuous flow bypass switch that allows oxygen to still be delivered if the battery runs down. Devices to Assist Breathing In emergency situations, oxygen may be delivered to the patient in various ways. Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV). If the patient is able to breathe naturally, oxygen is delivered through a tube using a tightly fitted oxygen mask to maintain airway pressure during breathing. Some physicians now believe such devices should be first-line treatments (in addition to medications) for managing respiratory failure after an acute exacerbation. NPPV allows the patient to talk and drink fluids, and is much easier to tolerate than nose or throat tubes. It cannot be used on patients with rapidly deteriorating COPD, those who are uncooperative, or those who have a facial shape that does not allow the mask to seal tightly. Intubation. When standard oxygen therapy does not meet a patient's needs, endotracheal intubation may be required to deliver high concentrations of oxygen. With intubation, a tube is inserted down through either the nose or the mouth, and oxygen is given through the tube. Mechanical Ventilation. In very serious cases such as acute respiratory failure, a mechanical ventilator can be used to take over the function of breathing. The primary goal of ventilation is to remove carbon dioxide and restore a balanced exchange of gases. Most patients have a low tolerance for intubation, and the tubes are often removed early due to discomfort. Patients with these tubes may need painkillers, sedatives, or muscle relaxants. There are also several complications that lead to the removal of breathing tubes: Bleeding Ejection of the tube after coughing Mucus plugs Some preliminary evidence suggests that IV corticosteroid use in patients with COPD on mechanical ventilation may reduce the length of time mechanical ventilation is needed and improve the success of noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Lifestyle Changes Quitting Smoking and Avoiding Other Irritants Quitting smoking is the first and most essential step in treating COPD and slowing its progress. In many people who quit early, lung function stabilizes and eventually declines to about the rate of nonsmokers in the same age group. In some people, lung function may even improve slightly after quitting. As COPD progresses, quitting smoking can slow the rate of decline; however, lost lung function is never fully recovered. Most patients who smoke try to quit an average of seven times before they are successful. Using a combination of smoking cessation aids improves the likelihood of quitting. These include nicotine replacement products (such as patches, gum, nasal spray, and lozenges), counseling, and prescription medications such as bupropion (Zyban) and varenicline (Chantix). Preventing Upper Respiratory Infections Good Hygiene. People should wash their hands with ordinary soap before eating and after going outside the home. Antibacterial soaps add little protection, particularly against viruses. Vaccines. Two important vaccinations are recommended to protect against respiratory infection. Seasonal influenza vaccination. People with COPD should be vaccinated against influenza each year at least 6 weeks before flu season begins. Flu shots appear to help reduce exacerbations of COPD during flu season. Pneumococcal vaccine. The adult-type pneumococcal vaccine protects against 23 types of pneumococcus, a common cause of pneumonia. Everyone with COPD should have this vaccine at least once. Patients who had their first shot more than 5 years previously may benefit from a booster vaccine. The vaccine remains effective for years. Flu and pneumococcal vaccines can be given at the same time without increasing side effects. Breathing Exercises Pursed-Lip Breathing. A technique called pursed-lip breathing can help improve a patient's lung function before starting activities or doing a strenuous task, such as heavy lifting. Pursed-lip breathing helps change pressure in the airways and prevents the small airways from collapsing. To use this technique: First, inhale through the nose, moving the abdominal muscles outward so that the diaphragm lowers and the lungs fill with air. Exhale through the mouth with the lips pursed, making a hissing sound. Take twice as long breathing out as you did breathing in, so that there is pressure in the windpipe and chest, and trapped air is forced out. Holding Breath and Coughing. A simple technique is to inhale deeply and slowly, hold the breath for 5 - 10 seconds, then cough while breathing out. Controlling Secretions Fluids and Humidity. Patients with congestion and heavy phlegm should drink plenty of fluids and keep their homes humidified. Chest Therapy. Chest therapy involves breathing in rhythmically for three to four deep breaths, then coughing to produce phlegm. Tapping the chest may also help loosen and bring up phlegm in patients who produce a lot of it. Avoid chest therapy during an acute exacerbation of COPD. When coughing to produce mucus, another method is to lean forward and "huff" repeatedly. Take relaxed breaths, and then huff again. Avoid forceful coughing, if possible. Physical Exercise Because COPD is not simply a lung condition, but a disease that causes wasting of the muscles and bones, certain physical exercises may be very helpful. Strengthening Exercises for the Limbs. Exercising and strengthening the muscles in the arms and legs helps some patients improve their endurance and reduce breathlessness. These exercises may also help with everyday activities, like climbing stairs and standing up from a chair. Exercising only one leg at a time (for example, pedaling a stationary bicycle with one leg instead of two) might benefit patients who are usually too out-of-breath to exercise, and help them increase their exercise capacity. Walking. Walking is the best exercise for patients with emphysema. In studies of lung rehabilitation, regular exercise increased walking distance and improved breathing. Patients should try to walk three or four times a day for 5 - 15 minutes each time. Devices that assist with breathing may reduce the breathlessness that occurs during exercise. Yoga and Eastern Practices. Yoga and tai chi, two practices that use deep breathing and meditation techniques, may be particularly beneficial for COPD patients. Research is underway to determine whether yoga is helpful for COPD patients. Click the icon to see an image of yoga. Dietary Factors Because many patients with chronic bronchitis are obese and many with emphysema are underweight, nutrition assessment is an important part of COPD treatment. Not getting enough of foods that are rich in vitamins A, C, and E, and having a lack of fruits and vegetables can contribute to the development of the disease. Protein and Fats. Patients with body wasting (cachexia) lack enough protein. Although most healthy diets emphasize proteins from fish, poultry, and lean meat, these people may benefit from foods with a higher-than-average fat content. (People should still prefer healthy fats, however, such as those found in olive oil and oily fish.) Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains. Healthy foods are as important for lung function as they are for general health. Specific foods that may be important for healthy lungs are those that contain antioxidants (fresh, deep green and yellow-orange fruits and vegetables), selenium (fish, nuts, red meat, grains, eggs, chicken, liver, and garlic), plant chemicals called flavonoids (apples, onions), and magnesium (green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, milk, and meats). One study found that, compared to a Mediterranean diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, a Western diet high in red meat and simple carbohydrates increased the risk of COPD fivefold. Vitamin supplements are not helpful, and they may be very harmful for smokers. Air Travel Patients with COPD must take extra precautions when traveling by plane. High altitudes may worsen breathing problems and reduce blood oxygen . Air travel can almost always be managed, but additional pre-assessment medical testing, planning and expense may be required. It is best to discuss the following with your physician before flight travel: Current control of symptoms Previous travel experience Time since the last episode of COPD symptoms Patients will need to arrange for some services in advance, such as in-flight oxygen or wheelchairs and they may need to notify the airline of certain medications, ventilators or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines. COPD patients may consider obtaining a frequent traveler’s medical card (FREMEC). Air travel should be avoided in patients who have: Infectious tuberculosis Ongoing pneumothorax with persistent air leak Major haemoptysis To minimize the amount of contaminants in the home: Avoid exposure to pollen, pet dander, house dust, and mold. Eliminate molds and mildew from household water damage. Have furnaces and chimneys inspected and cleaned periodically. Make sure wood-burning stoves or fireplaces are well ventilated and meet the Environmental Protection Agency's safety standards. Burn only pressed wood products labeled "exterior grade," because they contain the fewest pollutants. Ventilate by keeping windows open (weather permitting), using exhaust fans for stoves and vents for furnaces, and keeping fireplace flues open. Surgical Procedures Surgery -- as a last resort -- may help some patients with very severe COPD. Coverage for such procedures varies among insurance carriers. A major drawback is that patients must be in good enough health to undergo major surgery. By the time COPD is advanced, however, this is usually not the case. As a result, surgery cannot help most COPD patients. The three available surgical options that are appropriate for some patients with COPD are lung transplantation, lung-volume reduction surgery, and bullectomy. Lung Transplantation Three-year survival rates after lung transplantation are about 60% for patients with emphysema or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Patients may have a transplant of one lung, both lungs, or the lungs plus the heart. The increasingly long waiting time for donor organs and the extraordinary expense are both obstacles to this procedure. Candidates. The best candidates are under age 65 and have severe heart and lung disease, with a life expectancy of less than 18 months. However, lung transplantation is becoming more out of favor for patients with end-stage COPD because it is unclear whether it provides a "useful" quality of life. Waiting Time. Up to one-third of patients awaiting lung transplantation die before a suitable donor is available. There were more than 1,600 lung transplant operations performed in the United States in 2010, according to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. As of this writing, nearly 1,800 people were waiting for a new lung. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) assigns lungs for transplants based on an allocation score, rather than time spent on the waiting list. The allocation score takes into account the length of time a patient is likely to survive before and after a transplant. This policy applies to transplant candidates who are age 12 or older. Complications. Transplant patients must take drugs that suppress the immune system to prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted organ. Nevertheless, rejection is the primary cause of complications and death. The mortality rate from the procedure itself is about 10%. Outcomes. About 38% of lung transplants involve both lungs. Transplanting both lungs as opposed to just one significantly improves survival rates in patients under age 60. The average survival in patients who have both lungs transplanted is 6.41 years, compared to 4.59 years in patients with a single-lung transplant. Lung Volume-Reduction Surgery In lung volume-reduction surgery (LVRS), more than 30% of severely diseased lung tissue is removed, and the remaining parts of the lung are joined together. Breathing improvements after surgery are mainly due to the following factors: Improvement in the ability of the lung and chest wall to spring back during breathing Improvement in the function of the muscles, such as the diaphragm, involved with breathing Prognosis. The largest study to-date, called the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), compared surgery to medical therapy. This study found that patients whose emphysema was in the upper lobes of the lungs and who had poor exercise ability (poor lung function) before surgery were more likely to benefit from surgery. These benefits included an increased chance of being alive 5 years after the surgery, an improved exercise ability, fewer symptoms, and a better quality of life. In successful cases, the improvement is most notable within the first 6 months, after which the condition begins to get worse again. After 3 years, lung function deteriorates to the same level as it was before the procedure. LVRS is substantially more expensive than medical treatment. Possible Candidates. The procedure is used only in people with severe emphysema, and in some people who have alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. It is not used for those with chronic bronchitis. Appropriate candidates with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (even if they have disease in the lower lobe) may do well, but the procedure is only useful in a minority of these patients. Candidates must have the following characteristics: Under age 75 Poor lung function (FEV1 less than 40% but higher than 20% of predicted) Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of more than 20% of predicted Hyperinflated lungs (total lung capacity greater than 120% of predicted), generally with involvement of the upper lungs One year after surgery, lung transplant recipients have much better lung function, greater exercise capacity, and less breathlessness than LVRS patients. However, they are less likely to survive, and the transplant is far more expensive than LVRS. Patients may not qualify for LVRS if they have: Chest wall deformity Recent tobacco, drug, or alcohol dependence Scarring around the membrane of the lung Severe medical conditions that limit their lifespan Other indicators of a poor outlook include severe lung complications and air pockets in diseased areas of the lungs (bullae). Specific Techniques. At this time, the preferred technique is surgery done on both lungs (bilateral lung volume reduction). Surgeons use either an open approach, making a large cut in the chest area, or video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS), which is less invasive and involves several small cuts. Either method is effective and has similar complication rates. Lines of staples are typically used to reduce lung volume. The alternative technique is surgery done on only one lung (unilateral lung volume reduction). Some centers believe this approach may cause fewer complications and the benefits last longer, although not all evidence supports its use over the bilateral method. Bullectomy Another option for COPD is bullectomy, in which giant air pockets and surrounding lung tissue are removed. It is generally limited to patients with giant bullae (not the typical COPD patient) and those with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Resources www.sts.org -- Society of Thoracic Surgeons www.unos.org -- United Network for Organ Sharing www.copd-international.com -- COPD International (patient support site) References Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK. Inhaled corticosteroids vs. placebo for preventing COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2010. 137(2):318-325. Ahmedzai S, Balfour-Lynn IM, Bewick T, et al; British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. 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Welsh EJ, Cates CJ, Poole P. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD007891. Version Info Last Reviewed on 05/15/2012 Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation ( www.hon.ch ) The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.	Lung
Consisting of rotors, a lampboard, a keyboard, and a plugboard, what is the name of the electro-mechanical cipher machine deployed by the Germans during WWII?	Pulmonary edema: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Complete blood count (CBC) Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) to see if there are problems with the heart muscle Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) to look for signs of a heart attack or problems with the heart rhythm Treatment Pulmonary edema is almost always treated in the emergency room or hospital. You may need to be in an intensive care unit (ICU). Oxygen is given through a face mask or tiny plastic tubes are placed in the nose. A breathing tube may be placed into the windpipe (trachea) so you can be connected to a breathing machine (ventilator) if you cannot breathe well on your own. The cause of edema should be identified and treated quickly. For example, if a heart attack has caused the condition, it must be treated right away. Medicines that may be used include: Diuretics that remove excess fluid from the body Medicines that strengthen the heart muscle, control the heartbeat, or relieve pressure on the heart Outlook (Prognosis) The outlook depends on the cause. The condition may get better quickly or slowly. Some people may need to use a breathing machine for a long time. If not treated, this condition can be life threatening. When to Contact a Medical Professional Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have breathing problems. Prevention Take all your medicines as directed if you have a disease that can lead to pulmonary edema or a weakened heart muscle. Following a healthy diet that is low in salt and fat, and controlling your other risk factors can reduce the risk of developing this condition. Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Images Respiratory system References Januzzi JL, Mann DL. Clinical assessment of heart failure. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 23. Matthay MA, Martin TR, Murray JF. Pulmonary edema. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, eds. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 62. O'Connor CM, Rogers JG. Heart failure. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 58. Read More Heart attack Review Date 2/24/2016 Updated by: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Related MedlinePlus Health Topics	i don't know

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