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{"datasets_id": 1659, "wiki_id": "Q770920", "sp": 4, "sc": 623, "ep": 4, "ec": 794} | 1,659 | Q770920 | 4 | 623 | 4 | 794 | Eleonora Vallone | Italian school for water aerobics instructors, and she patented the method "GymNuoto". She also wrote three books about waterobics, "GymNuoto", "GymVasca" and "GymSwim". |
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{"datasets_id": 1660, "wiki_id": "Q5359330", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 298} | 1,660 | Q5359330 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 298 | Elephant Lagoon | Elephant Lagoon Elephant Lagoon (54°4′S 37°8′W) is a lagoon, 0.3 nautical miles (0.6 km) long, situated close south of Cook Bay to which it is connected by Carl Passage, on the north coast of South Georgia. It was probably named by Discovery Investigations personnel who charted the area during the period 1926–30. |
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{"datasets_id": 1661, "wiki_id": "Q5360471", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 271} | 1,661 | Q5360471 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 271 | Elias Cornelius Benedict | Biography | Elias Cornelius Benedict Elias Cornelius Benedict (January 24, 1834 – November 22, 1920) was a prominent New York City banker and yachtsman. He specialized in the gas and rubber industries. He was president of the Commercial Acetylene Gas Company and of the Marine Engine Company.
The Benedict Fjord in Greenland was named after him by Robert Peary. Biography He was born in 1834 in Somers, New York. His father, Henry Benedict, was a Presbyterian clergyman. His mother was Mary Betts Lockwood, daughter of Captain Stephen Lockwood, of Norwalk, Connecticut.
At fifteen in 1849, he joined the banking house of Corning & Co., |
{"datasets_id": 1661, "wiki_id": "Q5360471", "sp": 8, "sc": 271, "ep": 8, "ec": 914} | 1,661 | Q5360471 | 8 | 271 | 8 | 914 | Elias Cornelius Benedict | Biography | New York. In 1857 he opened his own stockbroker's office on Wall Street.
In 1859, he married Sarah Hart, daughter of Lucius Hart of New York. They had four children: Frederick Hart Benedict, who married Henry Flagler's daughter, Jennie Louise; she died after complications from childbirth, along with their child aboard the Benedict yacht Oneida while on their way to see Henry Flagler in St. Augustine, Florida, and Frederick was killed not many years later in an automobile accident near West Point; Martha, who married Ramsay Turnbull; Helen Ripley, who married the architect Thomas Hastings; and Louise Adele Benedict, who married |
{"datasets_id": 1661, "wiki_id": "Q5360471", "sp": 8, "sc": 914, "ep": 8, "ec": 1555} | 1,661 | Q5360471 | 8 | 914 | 8 | 1,555 | Elias Cornelius Benedict | Biography | Clifford B. Harmon.
During the United States Civil War he and his brother organized the Gold Exchange Bank.
Benedict was close with President Grover Cleveland, and it was on Benedict's yacht, the Oneida, that Cleveland had his secret surgery to remove a cancerous growth from his jaw in 1893.
Benedict commissioned the architects Carrère and Hastings to build an estate on the peninsula at Indian Harbor in Greenwich, Connecticut.
In later life Benedict was Commodore of the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club. He had been ill for more than a year when he died on November 22, 1920, at his estate in Greenwich. |
{"datasets_id": 1662, "wiki_id": "Q23769929", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 130} | 1,662 | Q23769929 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 130 | Elias Demetriou | Elias Demetriou Elias Demetriou (Greek: Ηλίας Δημητρίου) is a Greek - Cypriot filmmaker known for his films Smac, Fish n' Chips, and Coat Fitting. |
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{"datasets_id": 1663, "wiki_id": "Q1924931", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 125} | 1,663 | Q1924931 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 125 | Elias van Nijmegen | Elias van Nijmegen Elias van Nijmegen (1667, Nijmegen – January 24, 1755, Rotterdam), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 602} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 602 | Elisabeth Chant | Elisabeth Chant Elisabeth Augusta Chant (March 10, 1865 – September 21, 1947) was an American painter and teacher, noted especially for her landscapes.
Born in Yeovil, Somerset, Chant was the daughter of James Chant, a merchant captain involved in the Asian spice trade, and Elizabeth Rowe Wills; she was one of nine children. She claimed that before she was seven she had sailed the world as one of her father's passengers. With her family she immigrated to the United States in 1873, settling in Hawley, Minnesota, with numerous other Yeovil residents; upon her mother's death, her father moved the family to |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 4, "sc": 602, "ep": 4, "ec": 1222} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 4 | 602 | 4 | 1,222 | Elisabeth Chant | Minneapolis and opened a market. She early displayed a taste for art, but was encouraged to turn her talents elsewhere, so she enrolled in the Training School for Nurses at Northwestern Hospital for Women and Children and graduated in 1886. She continued taking art lessons, studying with Douglas Volk between 1890 and 1893 and receiving instructions in the evenings from Burt Harwood. The outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898 saw her transferred by the American Red Cross to the American South, where she worked in Savannah and Augusta, Georgia. She was discharged in 1899 and returned to Minneapolis, becoming |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 4, "sc": 1222, "ep": 4, "ec": 1851} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 4 | 1,222 | 4 | 1,851 | Elisabeth Chant | active with the Handicraft Guild and the Minneapolis Art League and creating murals and decorative paintings as well as pottery and prints. During a two-year sojourn in England beginning in 1901 she traced her family's relationship to King Arthur and his court, with the result that much of her work became focused on medieval legends. The tour also provided fodder for a series of feature articles for the Minneapolis Journal. A decade later she moved to Springfield, Massachusetts for work, remaining for six years at a firm that specialized in various interior fittings and furnishings.
Chant long had a reputation as |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 4, "sc": 1851, "ep": 4, "ec": 2420} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 4 | 1,851 | 4 | 2,420 | Elisabeth Chant | an eccentric – in later years she dressed in an outré manner and claimed to talk to "spirits" – and in July 1917 concerns about her well-being led members of her family to have her arrested and committed to the Minnesota Sanitarium. Later in the year she was transferred to the Rochester Hospital in Rochester, where she underwent treatment for manic depression, a condition which may have been exacerbated by the deaths of several family members and a close friend. On her release in 1920 she began a trip to China, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines, all of which she |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 4, "sc": 2420, "ep": 4, "ec": 3041} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 4 | 2,420 | 4 | 3,041 | Elisabeth Chant | had visited in childhood; upon her return to the United States she settled in Wilmington, North Carolina, forswearing nearly all ties with her family. In Wilmington Chant first attempted to establish an art colony; when prevented by limited finances and poor health, she turned her attention instead to supporting the local artistic community. In 1923 she established the Wilmington Art League, which later led to the creation of the Wilmington Art Association. She was also active in promoting the creation of the Wilmington Museum of Art, which opened in 1938 and which was the forerunner of the town's current museum. |
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{"datasets_id": 1664, "wiki_id": "Q29649459", "sp": 4, "sc": 3041, "ep": 4, "ec": 3496} | 1,664 | Q29649459 | 4 | 3,041 | 4 | 3,496 | Elisabeth Chant | She taught design, painting, and batik, both in her own studio and at the museum; pupils included Claude Howell, Henry Jay MacMillan, Helen MacMillan Lane, Hester Donnelly, and Joe Nesbitt. She encouraged her pupils to look to the wider world for influence; her own work was informed by the Arts and Crafts Movement, the work of the Pre-Raphaelites, and the art of William Morris.
Chant died in Wilmington and is buried there in Oakdale Cemetery. |
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{"datasets_id": 1665, "wiki_id": "Q1330158", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 626} | 1,665 | Q1330158 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 626 | Elisabeth Niggemann | Education and career | Elisabeth Niggemann Education and career Elisabeth Niggemann was born in Dortmund on April 2, 1954. In college she studied biology and English, receiving a Ph.D. in biology from Ruhr University Bochum.
Niggemann started her career in libraries in 1987 at the German National Library of Medicine as head of the acquisitions department. In 1989 she became head of cataloguing and subject indexing at the University and State Library at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; in 1994 she became director of that library. From 1990 to 1995 she also lectured in library and information science at Heinrich Heine University.
Niggemann became the Director |
{"datasets_id": 1665, "wiki_id": "Q1330158", "sp": 6, "sc": 626, "ep": 10, "ec": 614} | 1,665 | Q1330158 | 6 | 626 | 10 | 614 | Elisabeth Niggemann | Education and career & Library leadership | General of the German National Library in 1999. Library leadership In 2010, Niggemann was a member of the Comité des Sages, the European Union's high-level reflection group, examining the digitization of Europe's cultural heritage. She chaired the Conference of European National Librarians, a network of Europe’s national libraries, between 2005 and 2011.
She was the first chair of the Europeana Foundation, from 2007 to 2011, helping to launch and consolidate the digital platform for cultural heritage. She was reelected as chair in September 2017, leading the Board of the Foundation to maintain the sustainability of Europeana.
Niggemann is one of the editors |
{"datasets_id": 1665, "wiki_id": "Q1330158", "sp": 10, "sc": 614, "ep": 10, "ec": 973} | 1,665 | Q1330158 | 10 | 614 | 10 | 973 | Elisabeth Niggemann | Library leadership | of Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. She has also written or co-written a number of reports on cultural heritage strategies, including The New Renaissance (2011) and Fachinformationsdienste statt Sondersammelgebiete (2014).
In March 2018, Niggeman was awarded Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 336} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 336 | Elizabeth Blegen | Early life and education & Academic career | Elizabeth Blegen Early life and education Elizabeth Denny Pierce was born June 26, 1888 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania to Flora McKnight and William Lemmex Pierce. She attended Vassar College from 1906 to 1910, and in 1912 she obtained an MA in Latin. Academic career In her first year at Vassar, Blegen met Ida Hill who was to have a profound influence on her life and work. Hill was a Professor in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies. The two women formed an intimate student/mentor relationship that developed into an intimate personal relationship which continued after Blegen left for graduate |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 10, "sc": 336, "ep": 10, "ec": 914} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 10 | 336 | 10 | 914 | Elizabeth Blegen | Academic career | work at Columbia University. When Blegen returned to Vassar to teach art history in 1915, the two friends started living in adjacent rooms in Davidson house on campus.
From 1915 until 1922, Blegen taught Art History at Vassar. She was granted her PhD from Columbia in 1922. Her dissertation as well as her Master's thesis was on the intellectual life of Gaius Asinius Pollio, a Roman Consul (40 BC) and historian. She also was an assistant curator at Vassar's Art Gallery for that seven-year period. She travelled to Greece with her friend Ida Hill in 1921. Her time |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 10, "sc": 914, "ep": 10, "ec": 1581} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 10 | 914 | 10 | 1,581 | Elizabeth Blegen | Academic career | in Greece inspired her to enroll in the American School of Classical Studies (ASCSA).
Blegen attended ASCSA from 1922 to 1923 where she became friends with the school's director, Bert Hodge Hill and archeologist Carl Blegen. Carl Blegen taught prehistory and general topography classes at the school. Elizabeth and Carl Blegen's friendship quickly turned into romance and Carl Blegen proposed marriage. Elizabeth Blegen returned to the United States and spent the spring of 1924 working at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Conflicted over ending her relationship with Hill, Carl Blegen and Elizabeth formed a plan in collaboration with Carl Blegen's |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 10, "sc": 1581, "ep": 14, "ec": 396} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 10 | 1,581 | 14 | 396 | Elizabeth Blegen | Academic career & Archeological career | friend and fellow archeologist, Bert Hodge Hill that would allow the four friends to live together. The idea was for Elizabeth and Carl Blegen to marry and Hill to propose to Ida Hill. The two couples married in 1924. Archeological career The four archeologists and friends had a strong and interconnected relationship both professionally and personally. Ida Hill and Blegen often worked together on excavations, cataloguing materials and publishing findings for both their husbands. During her first year of marriage, Blegen taught sculpture classes at ASCS. One of her first projects with Hill was assisting her in the cataloguing of |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 14, "sc": 396, "ep": 14, "ec": 1078} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 14 | 396 | 14 | 1,078 | Elizabeth Blegen | Archeological career | new finds from the excavation of Corinth, in collaboration with Elizabeth Van Buren, a specialist in terracottas. Elizabeth Blegen participated in Carl Blegen's excavations at Prosymna (1927–1928), Troy (1932–1938) and Pylos (1939, 1952–1958).
Beginning in 1925 and continuing until 1952, Blegen authored the "Newsletter from Athens", a regular contribution to the American Journal of Archaeology. In the personal correspondence of archeologist Lucy Shoe Merritt (May 4, 1997,) she described Blegen's newsletter: "Her reports were the results of close, careful understanding, first-hand observation and discussion with the excavators whom she grew to know so well and |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 14, "sc": 1078, "ep": 14, "ec": 1708} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 14 | 1,078 | 14 | 1,708 | Elizabeth Blegen | Archeological career | who admired and trusted her with their latest discoveries and thoughts about them (the excavations).
In 1929, Blegen purchased a house on 9 Ploutarchou Street in Athens, a family home for the four friends who referred to themselves as "The Quartet" The house became a popular meeting place for archeologists, students of all foreign schools, diplomats, Vassar alumnae, Greek scholars, Fulbright scholars, and the staff of the American embassy.
During World War II, Bert Hodge Hill remained in Athens to look after the home on Ploutarchou Street while Ida Hill moved to the United States with the Blegens for the |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 14, "sc": 1708, "ep": 14, "ec": 2287} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 14 | 1,708 | 14 | 2,287 | Elizabeth Blegen | Archeological career | duration of the war. The three friends lived in Cincinnati where Carl Blegen was a professor of classical archeology at the University of Cincinnati
Blegen's final work in field excavation was at Pylos in 1958. That year she had a debilitating stroke that confined her to a wheelchair for the remainder of her life. Her friend and mentor Ida Hill had died four years previously in 1954. Bert Hodge Hill died in 1958. In 1963, Elizabeth Blegen deeded their home to the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. She died Sept 21, 1966 in Athens. Carl Blegen died in |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 14, "sc": 2287, "ep": 18, "ec": 528} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 14 | 2,287 | 18 | 528 | Elizabeth Blegen | Archeological career & Legacy | 1971. The four archeologists and friends are buried next to each other in the First Cemetery of Athens. Legacy In 2011, Rachel Kitzinger, professor of classics and dean of Planning and Academic Affairs summarized Elizabeth Blegen's importance and influence on Vassar's Department of Greek and Roman Studies: "Of all the distinguished women classicists who were involved early on with the Vassar department, Elizabeth Pierce Blegen has had the most long-lasting effect on the department. Her will bequeathed an endowment to the department to support research in classical antiquity and has allowed the department to bring a research fellow |
{"datasets_id": 1666, "wiki_id": "Q29353392", "sp": 18, "sc": 528, "ep": 18, "ec": 617} | 1,666 | Q29353392 | 18 | 528 | 18 | 617 | Elizabeth Blegen | Legacy | or distinguished professor to the college every year to teach a course and do research." |
{"datasets_id": 1667, "wiki_id": "Q1990130", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 566} | 1,667 | Q1990130 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 566 | Elizabeth Bolden | Biography | Elizabeth Bolden Biography Elizabeth Jones was born in 1890 in Somerville, Tennessee, the daughter of freed slaves.
Jones married Louis Bolden (1892–1955) in 1908, and their first child, a son, Ezell, was born on September 21, 1909. Elizabeth and Louis Bolden had three sons and four daughters and raised cotton and subsistence crops on farmland near Memphis until the 1950s. Only two daughters were living at the time of Bolden’s death in 2006; they were Queen Esther Rhodes, who died in 2007 at age 90, and Mamie Brittmon, who died in 2009, aged 86. At the time of her 116th birthday |
{"datasets_id": 1667, "wiki_id": "Q1990130", "sp": 6, "sc": 566, "ep": 14, "ec": 135} | 1,667 | Q1990130 | 6 | 566 | 14 | 135 | Elizabeth Bolden | Biography & Jet Magazine & Age records | in August 2006, Bolden had 40 grandchildren, 75 great-grandchildren, 150 great-great-grandchildren, 220 great-great-great grandchildren and 75 great-great-great-great-grandchildren. Jet Magazine She was photographed for two different books in early 2005, and was featured in Jet magazine in May 2005 and the Memphis Commercial Appeal in June 2005. For her 116th birthday, new photographs were released for the first time in almost a year, and her family said that she was looking forward to her big day. Age records Elizabeth Bolden was verified in April 2005 as being the oldest documented resident of the United States since the death of Emma Verona |
{"datasets_id": 1667, "wiki_id": "Q1990130", "sp": 14, "sc": 135, "ep": 14, "ec": 757} | 1,667 | Q1990130 | 14 | 135 | 14 | 757 | Elizabeth Bolden | Age records | Johnston the previous December. Prior to this, Bettie Wilson, had been the oldest known American. After the death of Hendrikje van Andel on August 30, 2005, she was thought to be the world's oldest living person until December 9, 2005, when María Capovilla was authenticated as older. She became the oldest living person following Capovilla's death on August 27, 2006. This was officially confirmed on September 17, 2006 by Guinness World Records.
At the time of her death aged 116 years 118 days she was the seventh-oldest undisputed person ever documented. After her death, Emiliano Mercado del Toro became the |
{"datasets_id": 1667, "wiki_id": "Q1990130", "sp": 14, "sc": 757, "ep": 14, "ec": 841} | 1,667 | Q1990130 | 14 | 757 | 14 | 841 | Elizabeth Bolden | Age records | world's oldest person and Julie Winnefred Bertrand became the world's oldest woman. |
{"datasets_id": 1668, "wiki_id": "Q3051224", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 556} | 1,668 | Q3051224 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 556 | Elizabeth Gray Vining | Early life and education | Elizabeth Gray Vining Early life and education Elizabeth Janet Gray was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 6, 1902. She was a graduate of Germantown Friends School and received an AB from Bryn Mawr College in 1923. In 1926, she earned an MS in library science from the Drexel Institute, and became a librarian at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She married Morgan Fisher Vining, associate director of the Extension Division of UNC, in 1929. In 1933, her husband was killed in a New York City automobile accident, and Vining was severely injured. During her convalescence, she |
{"datasets_id": 1668, "wiki_id": "Q3051224", "sp": 6, "sc": 556, "ep": 10, "ec": 351} | 1,668 | Q3051224 | 6 | 556 | 10 | 351 | Elizabeth Gray Vining | Early life and education & With the Imperial Household | converted to the Quaker faith.
Vining soon became known as an author, primarily of children's books, and was awarded the 1943 Newbery Medal for Adam of the Road. She had published eleven books by the end of World War II. With the Imperial Household From 1946 to 1950 during the Allied occupation of Japan after the war, Vining was selected by Emperor Hirohito himself (and not the United States government, as is erroneously claimed) to become a private tutor to Crown Prince Akihito, the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne. As part of her teaching program, she arranged for closely supervised |
{"datasets_id": 1668, "wiki_id": "Q3051224", "sp": 10, "sc": 351, "ep": 14, "ec": 100} | 1,668 | Q3051224 | 10 | 351 | 14 | 100 | Elizabeth Gray Vining | With the Imperial Household & Later life | occasions when four Western teenaged boys in Tokyo would get together to help the crown prince practice English conversation.
In addition to teaching English-language skills, Vining introduced the children of the Imperial Household — Prince Hitachi and the Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko and Takako — to Western values and culture. She also lectured at Gakushūin and at Tsuda College.
For her work, she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, third class, shortly before her return to the United States in 1950. Later life After her return to the United States, Vining wrote a book about her experiences in Japan in Windows |
{"datasets_id": 1668, "wiki_id": "Q3051224", "sp": 14, "sc": 100, "ep": 14, "ec": 588} | 1,668 | Q3051224 | 14 | 100 | 14 | 588 | Elizabeth Gray Vining | Later life | for the Crown Prince, which appeared in 1952. Vining went on to write over 60 fiction and non-fiction books in her lifetime. She also worked on the Board of Trustees of Bryn Mawr, as vice-president from 1952 to 1971 and was vice-chairwoman of the Board of Directors at the same time. In 1954 Vining received the Women's National Book Association Skinner Award, for "meritorious work in her special field". She received an honorary Doctorate of Literature from Wilmington College in 1962. |
{"datasets_id": 1669, "wiki_id": "Q5363722", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 656} | 1,669 | Q5363722 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 656 | Elizabeth Whitney (treasurer) | Elizabeth Whitney (treasurer) Elizabeth Whitney was Deputy California State Treasurer under Democrat Jesse M. Unruh and became Acting State Treasurer upon his death on August 4, 1987. State law provided for her service to be temporary, until the gubernatorial appointment and legislative confirmation of a permanent successor. However, the reluctance of the Democratic-controlled California Legislature to cede the power of the State Treasurer's office to Congressman Dan Lungren, a nominee of Republican Governor George Deukmejian, led to an extended deadlock, and permitted Whitney to serve throughout 1988 and into 1989, when the State Senate confirmed Governor Deukmejian's second |
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{"datasets_id": 1669, "wiki_id": "Q5363722", "sp": 4, "sc": 656, "ep": 4, "ec": 682} | 1,669 | Q5363722 | 4 | 656 | 4 | 682 | Elizabeth Whitney (treasurer) | nominee, Thomas W. Hayes. |
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{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 175} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 175 | Elk City, Oklahoma | European exploration & Founding to statehood | Elk City, Oklahoma European exploration In 1541, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado became the first known European to pass through the area. The Spanish conquistador was traveling northeast across the prairie in search of a place called Quivira, a city said to be fabulously wealthy with gold. Because Coronado's route across the plains is speculative, it is quite possible that the expedition passed through present-day Elk City or the nearby area. Founding to statehood Elk City's history dates back to the days immediately following the opening of the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation in western Oklahoma Territory on April 19, 1892, when the first |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 175, "ep": 10, "ec": 776} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 175 | 10 | 776 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | white settlers made their appearance. Prior to this time, many early ranchers had driven cattle over the Great Western Cattle Trail from Texas to Dodge City, Kansas, the present townsite of Elk City being in the direct path of that famous trail.
The creation of Elk City was an idea conceived by land promoters from Weatherford, Oklahoma, when they learned that the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad (CO & G) was coming to the area (in 1898, the CO & G Railroad completed its western route to Weatherford; beginning in 1901, it continued building west). They formed the Choctaw Townsite and |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 776, "ep": 10, "ec": 1373} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 776 | 10 | 1,373 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | Development Company. These men with great foresight determined that the area at the source of Elk Creek would be an ideal location for a town, so they came to the area to purchase lands from the homesteaders who had claims along the railroad.
Probably the most important day in Elk City's history is March 20, 1901, the date the first lots were sold by the Choctaw Townsite and Development Company. By this time, hundreds of prospective purchasers had built a tent city. On that day, the townsite company sold $32,000 worth of property (about $870,000 in 2012 dollars) and continued doing |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 1373, "ep": 10, "ec": 1930} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 1,373 | 10 | 1,930 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | a good business for some time thereafter.
There is some confusion about how Elk City got its name. Elk City was so named because it is located at the head of Elk Creek, which in turn was named by U.S. Army Captain Randolph B. Marcy who was leading an expedition to explore the Red River in 1852. Marcy and his troops had left the Wichita Mountains and the waterway which he named Otter Creek during his exploration, and they were traveling northwest along the North Fork of the Red River. On May 31, in the official journal of the expedition, Marcy |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 1930, "ep": 10, "ec": 2481} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 1,930 | 10 | 2,481 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | wrote about the productive soil, the dense grass, and the vertical red clay banks of a "bold running stream of good water." Continuing, he wrote, "From the circumstance of having seen elk tracks upon the stream we passed in our march today, I have called it 'Elk Creek'. I am informed by our guide that five years since, elk were frequently seen in the Wichita Mountains; but now they are seldom met with in this part of the country." Confusion also stems from the early post offices that served the residents of the town. Even though the town of Elk |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 2481, "ep": 10, "ec": 3075} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 2,481 | 10 | 3,075 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | City has had only one name, its early settlers were served by a post office named Crowe, and later, one named Busch. Consequently, on many early maps of Oklahoma Territory the names of "Crowe" or "Busch" are seen instead of "Elk City". Finally, on July 20, 1907, shortly before statehood, the Busch Post Office had its name officially changed to Elk City Post Office.
On August 13, 1901, the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad (purchased in 1904 by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1904) laid its last rail on the so-called "Choctaw Route", bringing rail access to Elk |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 3075, "ep": 10, "ec": 3704} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 3,075 | 10 | 3,704 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | City. The first regular train service commenced seven days later on August 20, and city folk rejoiced, predicting that the dugouts, claim shacks, and prairie stables would soon disappear and be replaced by handsome residences, commodious barns, and granaries. Later, in 1910, the Wichita Falls and Northwestern Railway, one of the Frank Kell and Joseph A. Kemp properties, reached from Wichita Falls, Texas, into the wheat-growing area of western Oklahoma. By 1912, the northern terminus was in Forgan in Beaver County in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The route through Elk City was abandoned in 1973, as Altus became the new northern |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 3704, "ep": 10, "ec": 4320} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 3,704 | 10 | 4,320 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood | terminus of the railroad, which was absorbed in 1923 by the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. The remaining 77-mile (124 km) link between Wichita Falls and Altus was absorbed in 1991 by the Wichita, Tillman and Jackson Railway.
By January 1902, Elk City had more than sixty businesses and a population exceeding 1,000. Paving the streets with bricks also began in 1902. Though not yet a year old, the town had become one of the largest in western Oklahoma. Even with two devastating fires (one on October 28, 1903, which destroyed more than a dozen businesses, and the other in March 1906 which burned sixteen |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 10, "sc": 4320, "ep": 18, "ec": 52} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 10 | 4,320 | 18 | 52 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Founding to statehood & Geography & Economy | businesses to the ground), Elk City continued to grow into a major transportation and commercial hub, and by statehood in 1907, the population had more than tripled to 3,000 people. The prairie community had become a boomtown. Geography Elk City is located in northeastern Beckham County at 35°24′10″N 99°25′26″W (35.402694, -99.423812), elevation 1,928 feet (588 m).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.4 square miles (42.5 km²), of which 16.2 square miles (41.9 km²) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.6 km²), or 1.37%, is water. Economy Today, Elk City is the principal center of trade for |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 52, "ep": 18, "ec": 677} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 52 | 18 | 677 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | Western Oklahoma and part of the Texas Panhandle, with a 60-mile (97 km) trade radius that serves more than 50,000 people. Petroleum, agriculture, wind energy, transportation, tourism, manufacturing, and healthcare all contribute to Elk City's economy.
Since the 2000 census, Elk City has had a nearly 3% growth in jobs. Over the next decade, the number of jobs available in Elk City is expected to skyrocket by about 42%.
Since Elk City lies in a rich oil and natural-gas area on the shelf of Oklahoma's Anadarko Basin, the petroleum industry is the heart of the city's economy. Because of this, the city is |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 677, "ep": 18, "ec": 1302} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 677 | 18 | 1,302 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | the self-proclaimed "Natural Gas Capital of the World", complete with Parker Drilling Rig #114, located downtown. The rig dominates the Elk City skyline, and at 180 feet (55 m) in height, is the world's tallest, non-operating oil rig. Elk City has enjoyed significant growth due to the opening and location of oil field services and drilling companies in the city.
Agriculture doesn't play as prominent of a role as it did in the 20th century, with the only remaining viable agricultural market being the livestock auction. Nevertheless, Elk City still serves as a vital retail center for farmers and ranchers in the |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 1302, "ep": 18, "ec": 1932} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 1,302 | 18 | 1,932 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | area.
In early 2009, Acciona Energy commissioned the first local wind farm, the Red Hills Wind Farm, located approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Elk City. The Red Hills Wind Farm includes 82 wind turbine generators that produce 123 MW of clean energy, enough to power more than 40,000 homes.
Transportation has played an important part in Elk City's economy throughout its history, beginning with the building of the famed U.S. Route 66 through the heart of the city in the early 1930s. Today, Interstate 40 serves the city, with 60,000 consumers traveling through Elk City each day, and connects with Oklahoma |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 1932, "ep": 18, "ec": 2535} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 1,932 | 18 | 2,535 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | City to the east and Amarillo, Texas, to the west. The city is also served by Oklahoma State Highway 6, which connects Elk City with Altus to the south, and Oklahoma State Highway 34, connecting Elk City with Woodward to the north. The Elk City Regional Business Airport is located in the northeast part of the city, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the Interstate.
Given that Historic U.S. Route 66 runs through Elk City, a sprawling museum complex has developed, which includes the National Route 66 Museum, the Old Town Museum, the Transportation Museum, the Farm and Ranch Museum, and the Blacksmith |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 2535, "ep": 18, "ec": 3239} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 2,535 | 18 | 3,239 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | Museum. Each museum is housed in separate buildings, which altogether depict a mockup of early Elk City, complete with general stores, bank, a railroad depot and train caboose, opera house, and other buildings. Elk City is also in close proximity to many other attractions in Western Oklahoma, including Foss State Park, the Washita National Wildlife Refuge, Black Kettle National Grassland, the Wichita Mountains, the Antelope Hills, the Quartz Mountains, and the Washita Battlefield National Historic Site.
Bar-S Foods Company operates a packaged-meat warehouse and distribution center in Elk City.
Great Plains Regional Medical Center is Elk City's largest employer and serves Western |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 3239, "ep": 18, "ec": 3853} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 3,239 | 18 | 3,853 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | Oklahoma and the eastern Texas Panhandle. The hospital has been named by OKCBusiness and Best Companies Group as one of the "Thirty Best Places to Work in Oklahoma" for three consecutive years: 2006, 2007, and 2008. On May 11, 2007, construction began on a new, $60 million, 151,030-square-foot (14,031 m²) hospital that opened in July 2009.
In June 2009, it was announced that a Walmart Supercenter would be constructed, bringing at least 150 jobs to the city. Soon afterward, a $2.2 million federal grant was provided through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to help fund the project |
{"datasets_id": 1670, "wiki_id": "Q1007885", "sp": 18, "sc": 3853, "ep": 18, "ec": 4041} | 1,670 | Q1007885 | 18 | 3,853 | 18 | 4,041 | Elk City, Oklahoma | Economy | and bring more jobs to Elk City. It opened in October 2010 off I-40 at Exit 40. Featuring 180,000-square-foot (17,000 m²) area, it is the largest store between Amarillo and Oklahoma City. |
{"datasets_id": 1671, "wiki_id": "Q5365877", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 580} | 1,671 | Q5365877 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 580 | Ellis Evans | Ellis Evans David Ellis Evans FBA (23 September 1930 – 26 September 2013) was a Welsh scholar and academic. He was born in the Towy Valley in Carmarthenshire and went to Llandeilo Grammar School.
After studying at Jesus College, Oxford and receiving a doctorate from the University of Oxford, he lectured at the University of Wales, Swansea from 1957 to 1978, rising to become Professor. In 1978, he returned to Oxford University as Jesus Professor of Celtic and also became a Professorial Fellow of Jesus College. He was appointed as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1983, having |
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{"datasets_id": 1671, "wiki_id": "Q5365877", "sp": 4, "sc": 580, "ep": 4, "ec": 1070} | 1,671 | Q5365877 | 4 | 580 | 4 | 1,070 | Ellis Evans | delivered the Academy's Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture in 1977, named in honour of the first Oxford Celtic Professor. He retired in 1996.
His particular research interest was early Celtic culture throughout Europe, dealing with its relationship with that of the classical world, and in the history of the Celtic languages and the early literatures of Wales and Ireland. A volume of essays on these topics by fellow Celticists was published in honour of his 65th birthday in 1995. |
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{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 575} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 575 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Early life and during World War I | Ellis M. Zacharias Early life and during World War I Zacharias was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He was appointed as a midshipman in 1908, and graduated as an ensign in 1912 from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Zacharias served his first cruise aboard the new dreadnought battleship USS Arkansas, which escorted U.S. President William Howard Taft to Panama to inspect the dry Panama Canal prior to completion. From 1913 to 1915, Zacharias served aboard the battleship USS Virginia. He was then stationed for a time on the survey ship USS Hannibal.
During World War I, he served as a line officer |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 6, "sc": 575, "ep": 10, "ec": 462} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 6 | 575 | 10 | 462 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Early life and during World War I & Between the wars | aboard the cruiser USS Pittsburgh. and later as an engineering officer aboard the protected cruiser USS Raleigh, and returning to Pittsburgh as a gunnery line officer. Between the wars In June 1919, he was transferred to the cruiser USS Huntington. In September 1919, he was posted as an instructor in Marine Engineering and Naval Construction at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis. In August 1920, Zacharias was appointed as an assistant U.S. Naval Attaché to Japan and was attached to the American Embassy, Tokyo as a language student, which typically involved the conduct of US diplomatic and intelligence missions. He departed Japan to |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 10, "sc": 462, "ep": 10, "ec": 1123} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 10 | 462 | 10 | 1,123 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Between the wars | return to the United States following the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923, on board the cruiser USS Huron, where he briefly served as First Lieutenant. Zacharias then served two years as navigator of the cruiser USS Rochester. In August 1926, he served with United States Asiatic Fleet briefly commanding the destroyer USS McCormick, prior to rejoining Pittsburgh as her navigator between December 1926 and July 1928. He assigned back to Tokyo, serving as acting naval attaché until November 1928.
For the next two years, he was posted in charge of the Far East Division, Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., during |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 10, "sc": 1123, "ep": 10, "ec": 1698} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 10 | 1,123 | 10 | 1,698 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Between the wars | which he was designated an aide, along with Sidney Mashbir, to Prince Takamatsu, brother of the Japanese Emperor, during his two months’ visit to the United States in 1931. At the end of 1931, he was assigned command of the destroyer USS Dorsey. Whilst detached, he completed the senior course at the Naval War College, Rhode Island in June 1933. In June 1934, he was posted back to Office of Naval Intelligence as the Head of the Far East Division. From July 1936 until February 1938, Zacharias served as Executive Officer of the light cruiser USS Richmond . In May 1938 he |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 10, "sc": 1698, "ep": 14, "ec": 518} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 10 | 1,698 | 14 | 518 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Between the wars & World War II | served as District Intelligence Officer, Eleventh Naval District, San Diego, California. World War II From November 1940 until 1942, Zacharias commanded USS Salt Lake City, a heavy cruiser. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Salt Lake City was escorting the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise between Wake Island and Pearl Harbor; it was one of the few fully operational vessels remaining in the region and proceeded to join the first U.S. Navy offensive task force in the South Pacific.
In April 1942, Zacharias commanded Salt Lake City as an escort ship for the 1942 bombing raid over |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 14, "sc": 518, "ep": 18, "ec": 316} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 14 | 518 | 18 | 316 | Ellis M. Zacharias | World War II & Later life | Japan. During the war, he remained at the rank of captain. He conducted radio psychological warfare against the Japanese high command.
During the war, Zacharias remained at the rank of captain, only after the war being promoted to rear admiral on the strength of his World War II combat citations. Later life After the war, Zacharias was appointed to the United States Office of War Information then back to the Office of Naval Intelligence, where he developed plans to restructure and centralise Military intelligence under the organisational name Joint Intelligence Agency with his friend and former fellow Japanese attaché |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 18, "sc": 316, "ep": 18, "ec": 1016} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 18 | 316 | 18 | 1,016 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Later life | Sidney Mashbir, who had during World War II established the highly-effective inter-service Allied Translator and Interpreter Section. Zacharias' plans for restructuring Military intelligence would not come to fruition until the Defense Intelligence Agency was established in 1961.
His television series, Behind Closed Doors, is a unique 26-episode program set during the Cold War hosted by and occasionally starring Bruce Gordon in the role of Commander Matson. The series focuses on how the former Soviet Union stole American missile secrets and proposes steps to prevent further espionage. Behind Closed Doors is based on Zacharias files in naval intelligence and his war-time experiences. |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 18, "sc": 1016, "ep": 22, "ec": 322} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 18 | 1,016 | 22 | 322 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Later life & Death and legacy | He offers comments at the conclusion of each segment. Before he appeared on Behind Closed Doors, Zacharias had also narrated a radio series entitled Secret Missions. The titles of both programs were taken from books that he had written. Death and legacy Zacharias retired from the US Navy in 1946 after 34 years of service as the result of a heart seizure. He died at his home in West Springfield, New Hampshire, at the age of 71 of complications from another heart seizure. He was interred on July 3, 1961, at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. His wife, the |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 22, "sc": 322, "ep": 22, "ec": 894} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 22 | 322 | 22 | 894 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Death and legacy | former Clara Miller (born February 27, 1897), was interred with him upon her death on November 7, 1992. At the time of her death, she was living in Falls Church, Virginia. Their two sons, Ellis M. Zacharias, Jr. and Jerrold M. Zacharias, were both Naval Academy graduates. Ellis (February 1, 1926 – April 17, 2006), a businessman, inventor, and avid amateur photographer, died in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at the age of eighty. Jerrold (born December 17, 1927), also a career navy man, received the Navy Cross as a pilot in Vietnam. After retiring from active service in 1978 he |
{"datasets_id": 1672, "wiki_id": "Q5365943", "sp": 22, "sc": 894, "ep": 22, "ec": 938} | 1,672 | Q5365943 | 22 | 894 | 22 | 938 | Ellis M. Zacharias | Death and legacy | continued as a naval consultant until 1992. |
{"datasets_id": 1673, "wiki_id": "Q5366290", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 107} | 1,673 | Q5366290 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 107 | Elm Mills, Kansas | History | Elm Mills, Kansas History A post office was opened in Elm Mills in 1878, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1893. |
{"datasets_id": 1674, "wiki_id": "Q5366417", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 695} | 1,674 | Q5366417 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 695 | Elmar Schmid | Elmar Schmid Elmar Schmid (born 1947 in Binn Switzerland) is a Swiss clarinetist.
He studied in Zurich with Professors Marcel Wahlich, Hansjörg Leuthold and, in Berlin, with Karl Leister.
He is currently Professor of Clarinet and Chamber Music at the Zurich School of Music where he also carries out an intense professional artistic activity.
He specialises in New Music and original Folkloric music. He is musical Director of the 'Oberwalliser Spillit' ensemble, for which the composer Heinz Holliger has written 'Alb Cher'. In 1999, Jürg Wittenbach dedicated to this musical ensemble his composition 'Gragantua chez les Helvètes du Haut-Wallais' (Scenes on Rabelais).
He was |
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{"datasets_id": 1674, "wiki_id": "Q5366417", "sp": 4, "sc": 695, "ep": 4, "ec": 813} | 1,674 | Q5366417 | 4 | 695 | 4 | 813 | Elmar Schmid | a part of Collegium Novum Zürich.
He is married to the clarinetist Sabine Gertschen; they have two children. |
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{"datasets_id": 1675, "wiki_id": "Q5367047", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 638} | 1,675 | Q5367047 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 638 | Elodie Lawton | Biography | Elodie Lawton Biography In 1864 she married Serbian politician, writer and diplomat, Čedomilj Mijatović (1842–1932), and lived with him in Belgrade and then in London where she died. She translated several works from English into Serbian, and published several books on Serbia in English, including The History of Modern Serbia (London: William Tweedie, 1872)
and Serbian Folk-lore (London: W. Isbister & Co, 1874).
She translated Serbian national songs of the Kosovo cycle into English and tried to organise them into one national ballad: Kossovo: an Attempt to bring Serbian National Songs, about the Fall of the Serbian Empire at the Battle of |
{"datasets_id": 1675, "wiki_id": "Q5367047", "sp": 6, "sc": 638, "ep": 6, "ec": 689} | 1,675 | Q5367047 | 6 | 638 | 6 | 689 | Elodie Lawton | Biography | Kosovo, into one Poem (London: W. Isbister, 1881). |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 29} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 29 | Elsenfeld | Location & Subdivisions & Etymology & History | Elsenfeld Location Elsenfeld lies in the "Bavarian Lower Main Region" (Bayerischer Untermain) on the Main's right bank. Running through the community is the brook Elsava, which empties into the Main at Elsenfeld. Subdivisions The community has the following Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): Eichelsbach, Elsenfeld, Rück, Schippach and Himmelthal (formerly a monastery estate). Etymology The name Elsenfeld comes from the brook's name, Elsava, and means "Flowing Water on the Alder Ground". Until the late 17th century, the place was named Elsaffen or Elsava. The name Elsenfeld is only confirmed as far back as 1625. History The area around Elsenfeld was |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 18, "sc": 29, "ep": 18, "ec": 708} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 18 | 29 | 18 | 708 | Elsenfeld | History | already settled more than 5,000 years ago. This is witnessed by Linear Pottery culture (Bronze Age) burial finds near Eichelsbach and Rück-Schippach. However, there likely was no continuous habitation before Frankish times.
Barrows near Eichelsbach bear witness to a relatively dense population in the time between 1600 and 700 BC. Only in the late 6th century AD did the actual era of written history begin here.
The oldest settlements in today's municipal area are Eichelsbach and Schippach. In 1122, Elsenfeld had its first documentary mention. Schippach's first documentary mention came in 1233, when the Count and Countess of Rieneck expanded the Himmelthal |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 18, "sc": 708, "ep": 18, "ec": 1431} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 18 | 708 | 18 | 1,431 | Elsenfeld | History | Monastery's landholdings with estates around Schippach. Rück came to light for the first time about 1270 in the so-called Mainzer Heberolle ("Mainz Levy Roll" – a taxation document). In the mid 13th century, all these places appeared in the Koppelfutter-Verzeichnis ("Paddock Fodder Directory"). Eichelsbach (also then known as Egilespach, Aigilspach or Egilspach) was leibeigen – in serfdom.
The area's prince was the Archbishop and Elector of Mainz. The resident lords were therefore enfeoffed by Electoral Mainz.
Until the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, the community's development was tightly bound to Klingenberg castle, town, court, Amt and stewardship holdings. In 1803, the area became part of |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 18, "sc": 1431, "ep": 22, "ec": 68} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 18 | 1,431 | 22 | 68 | Elsenfeld | History & Population development | the Principality of Aschaffenburg. In 1804, Elsenfeld passed to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt and was transferred into the ownership if the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Eichelsbach and the remaining Himmelthal monastic landholdings were delivered from serfdom and socage.
On 30 July 1828, Elsenfeld was separated from the Klingenberg district court and assigned to the Obernburg district court, with which it remained until Gebietsreform (district reform) in 1972.
On 1 July 1971, the formerly self-administering communities of Rück-Schippach and Eichelsbach voluntarily amalgamated with the market community of Elsenfeld. Population development Within town limits, 6,908 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 7,370 in |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 22, "sc": 68, "ep": 30, "ec": 542} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 22 | 68 | 30 | 542 | Elsenfeld | Population development & Religion & Economy | 1987 and in 2000 8,744. In 2006, Elsenfeld welcomed its 9,000th inhabitant. Religion The inhabitants are overwhelmingly Catholic. Economy According to official statistics, there were 999 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 0. In other areas, 498 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 3,157 such workers worked from home. There were 0 processing businesses. Eight businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 34 agricultural operations with a working area of 678 ha, of which 504 ha was cropland and 157 ha was meadowland.
Municipal |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 30, "sc": 542, "ep": 34, "ec": 453} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 30 | 542 | 34 | 453 | Elsenfeld | Economy & Industrial park | taxes in 1999 amounted to €5,059,000 (converted), of which net business taxes amounted to €1,522,000.
In the outlying centre of Rück lies a winegrowing area for Frankenwein with the appellation Rücker Schalk. Industrial park Partly within Elsenfeld's limits lies an industrial park called the Industrie Center Obernburg (ICO); although it is also locally known as "Glanzstoff", after the former owners, Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken AG. There, in line with tradition, various kinds of chemical fibres are produced. Moreover, the industrial park is home to many other, smaller businesses in various fields. Although the industrial park bears the name Obernburg, and this is also |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 34, "sc": 453, "ep": 38, "ec": 469} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 34 | 453 | 38 | 469 | Elsenfeld | Industrial park & Coat of arms | the postal address, it lies exclusively within the communities of Erlenbach am Main and Elsenfeld. Coat of arms The community's arms might be described thus: Per pale, dexter gules a wheel spoked of six, in base a bend wavy argent, sinister of the second a mount, thereon an alder tree vert.
The alder in the arms is known locally as an Elsenbaum and stands for the first two syllables. The wavy fess stands for the community's geographical location on the local brook, the Elsava, and at the same time, it refers to the community's name, which is derived from the brook's. |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 38, "sc": 469, "ep": 50, "ec": 142} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 38 | 469 | 50 | 142 | Elsenfeld | Coat of arms & Library & Kloster Himmelthal & Hiking paths | The wheel is the Wheel of Mainz; it, along with the tinctures argent and gules (silver and red), refers to Electoral Mainz's former hegemony in this part of Germany.
The arms have been borne since 1954. Library There is a municipal library with some 22,700 media. Kloster Himmelthal For 15 years the Himmelthaler Sommerkonzerte have been staged at the church of Kloster Himmelthal (Himmelthal monastery). Furthermore, there is also Elsenfeld's and the Rück Winegrowers’ Association's wine-sampling parlour at the monastery. Hiking paths Elsenfeld is located on the long-distance hiking trail Fränkischer Rotwein Wanderweg ("Franconian Red Wine Hiking Path"), established in 1990. |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 52, "sc": 0, "ep": 62, "ec": 169} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 52 | 0 | 62 | 169 | Elsenfeld | Rail & Road & Leisure pool | Rail Elsenfeld features a railway station, run by Deutsche Bahn AG as Bahnhof Obernburg-Elsenfeld, though it is actually on the Elsenfeld side of the Main. From there run regional services on the Maintalbahn to Aschaffenburg and Miltenberg. The Obernburg-Elsenfeld–Heimbuchenthal railway line was closed by 1978, and has been largely converted into a bicycle path. Road Elsenfeld lies right at the Obernburg am Main interchange of Bundesstraße 469. Leisure pool In 2001, the indoor swimming pool was renovated and reopened as the Elsavamar Leisure Pool. The pool contains a 25 m basin with a non-swimmer area as well as a water and |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 62, "sc": 169, "ep": 66, "ec": 337} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 62 | 169 | 66 | 337 | Elsenfeld | Leisure pool & Beach and leisure facility | rock playing area for young children. In the foyer and the bathing area is a cafeteria. A sunroom with access to the leisure area and to the sunbathing field is inviting to those who want to unwind. In November 2007, a sauna was opened. Beach and leisure facility On 30 April 2000 in the former outdoor swimming pool property, Northern Bavaria's biggest multifunctional beach sport facility with six beach volleyball courts was opened. In the former diving basin, a skating facility with a halfpipe, a 450 m² wetland biotope, an integrated festival square with a bowls area, a badminton and streetball |
{"datasets_id": 1676, "wiki_id": "Q502996", "sp": 66, "sc": 337, "ep": 70, "ec": 49} | 1,676 | Q502996 | 66 | 337 | 70 | 49 | Elsenfeld | Beach and leisure facility & Education | court, table tennis tables, big chessboards, a music pavilion and in the former wading pool a water and adventure playground for children up to ten years old were built. Education Elsenfeld offers roughly 400 Kindergarten places. |
{"datasets_id": 1677, "wiki_id": "Q27940443", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 474} | 1,677 | Q27940443 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 474 | Elska (magazine) | History & Overview | Elska (magazine) History Elska magazine was created by Liam Campbell, and its first edition was released in September, 2015. Its name means "love" in Icelandic. Overview Elska is published six times a year. It features photographs by its chief photographer Liam Campbell as well as guest features by established and emerging photographers. Each issue is dedicated to and shot in a different city, featuring photospreads of local men, each accompanied by stories which are mostly written by the men themselves and allow the participants to candidly open up about their lives.
Elska has been defined as "part intellectual queer pin-up mag |
{"datasets_id": 1677, "wiki_id": "Q27940443", "sp": 10, "sc": 474, "ep": 10, "ec": 1130} | 1,677 | Q27940443 | 10 | 474 | 10 | 1,130 | Elska (magazine) | Overview | and part sexy anthropology journal". One of the main ideas which separates Elska from other gay photography related publications is that it does not feature perfect models, but instead focuses on real people with their imperfections, presenting real life people and stories, and providing a kaleidoscope glimpse at queer men and community around the globe. It is a multicultural magazine, with issues themed on cities around the world including Berlin, Lviv, Reykjavík, Lisbon, Cardiff, Brussels, Helsinki and Istanbul in Europe; Taipei, Mumbai, Haifa and Yokohama in Asia; Toronto, Los Angeles, Providence and Bogotá in the Americas; Cape Town in Africa; |
{"datasets_id": 1677, "wiki_id": "Q27940443", "sp": 10, "sc": 1130, "ep": 10, "ec": 1557} | 1,677 | Q27940443 | 10 | 1,130 | 10 | 1,557 | Elska (magazine) | Overview | and Perth in Australia.
Elska has become known for its diversity, profiling people of various races, ages, and body types. It has also been described as having a message of body positivity, and was described by The Advocate as "probably the nicest, most sincere magazine to have ever been created". The magazine assumes the idea that it does not matter what shape, size, colour, or race a person has, he is beautiful. |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 226} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 226 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | Emanuela Casti Emanuela Casti (born 1950 in Mira, Venice, Italy) is an Italian geographer and a cartography theorist. A Full Professor at the University of Bergamo (Italy), in 2004 Casti founded the Diathesis Cartographic Lab, a permanent workshop devoted to territorial analysis, cartographic innovation and experimentation. A noted innovator in the field of theoretical cartography, Casti formalized a semiotic theory of geographic maps Academic career Having graduated from the University of Padua with a thesis on the historical evolution of cartography in Mantua, professor Casti started her academic research in 1983, when she was appointed researcher at the same university. |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 226, "ep": 8, "ec": 877} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 226 | 8 | 877 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | Casti became an associate professor at the University of Bergamo in 1992 and full professor in 2001. She also taught courses, lectures and seminars at other academic institution both in Italy (University of Turin) and abroad (EPFL - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Parigi VII - Paris- Diderot).
Since the date of its foundation until it was officially terminated in 2012, professor Casti was a member of the Academic Board (Collegio dei Docenti) for the PhD program on “Geografia dello sviluppo e delle dinamiche urbano-regionali” (Geography of development and of urban-regional dynamics). She has been involved in research groups |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 877, "ep": 8, "ec": 1554} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 877 | 8 | 1,554 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | both at the national level (with active links to the Italian journal Terra d’Africa) and internationally (within the Eidolon network). Casti is also a member of many leading Italian societies (AGeI, SGI, RGI, AIIGI) and international workgroups (UGI, ICA).
After starting her career as a specialist on Venetian historical cartography, Casti has widened the scope of her research to embrace various historical periods. She has extensively analyzed the role of maps in the Italian region of Lombardy in the Renaissance and Early Modern times; addressed key issues in Italian and French colonial cartography and investigated prehistoric examples of rock-engraved mapping |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 1554, "ep": 8, "ec": 2224} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 1,554 | 8 | 2,224 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | in Valcamonica (Camonica Valley, Italy). Far from being regarded as mere historical artifacts, these cartographic examples provided a solid background for empirical and applied analysis. On the basis of such maps, professor Casti developed her theory of cartographic semiosis. Casti has also used the same theory to shed more light on the products and the communicative and pragmatic potential of digital mapping, GIS and WebGIS, with a focus on participatory mapping in support of local governance. By pinpointing the complex mechanisms at work in a geographic map, Casti’s research highlighted the links between cartography and geography and the discrepancies between |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 2224, "ep": 8, "ec": 2930} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 2,224 | 8 | 2,930 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | traditional and digital maps.
Africa has long been the privileged object of professor Casti’s numerous on-site surveys, well over thirty since 1992. In this context, she conducted applied research regarding environmental protection and cooperation with countries in the developing world, working within the framework of EU programs, of the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)and of UNESCO. In particular, Casti participated in projects for the management of the buffer zones of protected areas in West Africa: i.e. the 2002-2005 collaborative project with the French CIRAD research center of Montpellier involving the W Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Niger, Benin and Burkina |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 2930, "ep": 8, "ec": 3627} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 2,930 | 8 | 3,627 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career | Faso; and the 2006-2009 collaboration with the excellence university center 2iE- Institut International d'Ingéniérie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement di Ouagadougou - Arly Protection and Conservation Unit in Burkina Faso.
Prof. Casti currently pursues her line of theoretical and applied research in the field of cartography, while also devoting herself to urban planning and territorial valorization and development. Through the creation of participatory mapping systems between 2012 and 2013, Casti led the participatory process for the application of the Italian city of Bergamo as 2019 European Capital of Culture (Bergamo Open Mapping) and, in the years 2014 to 2015, the participatory |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 8, "sc": 3627, "ep": 12, "ec": 135} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 8 | 3,627 | 12 | 135 | Emanuela Casti | Academic career & The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis | process for the revitalization of public spaces in Bergamo (BG Public Space).
In 2012, with the aim to kickstart the regeneration of territories via a tourism-based approach, Casti promoted and implemented a European network of cluster cities (comprising Bergamo, Beauvais, Cambridge, Charleroi, Girona, Lübeck, Santander); all medium-sized cities, located in urban areas, with a university and an airport served by low-cost airlines (Project entitled: Centrality of Territories, towards the regeneration of Bergamo in a European network). The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis Professor Casti elaborated the theory of cartographic semiosis in 1998, when she also published her first theoretical book L’ordine del |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 12, "sc": 135, "ep": 12, "ec": 798} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 12 | 135 | 12 | 798 | Emanuela Casti | The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis | mondo e la sua rappresentazione, translated into English in 2005 under the title Reality as Representation. The semiotics of cartography and the generation of meaning. Casti’s theory lies within the fold of the research area called “postmodern cartography” inaugurated by John B. Harley in 1989 and developed in the first decade of the 21st century with contributions by Emanuela Casti, Jeremy Crampton, Martin Dodge, Rob Kitchin, John Pickles, Denis Wood. The underlying assumption of postmodern research is a questioning of the objectivity and neutrality of maps, and more specifically a questioning of the scientific nature of Euclidean metrics. Accordingly, |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 12, "sc": 798, "ep": 12, "ec": 1430} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 12 | 798 | 12 | 1,430 | Emanuela Casti | The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis | maps are not seen as straightforward “mirrors of reality”, but rather as instruments through which reality is shaped. Casti’s key contribution lies in having embraced this initial assumption as a springboard for articulating a theory able to investigate the construction and the communicative mechanisms of maps. By shifting the focus of interest from maps as tools for mediating territory to maps as operators which actively affect the range of activities one can implement on territories, Casti’s theory earmarked the areas in which action is needed in order to take control of the communicative outcomes of mapping. Assuming a |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 12, "sc": 1430, "ep": 12, "ec": 2116} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 12 | 1,430 | 12 | 2,116 | Emanuela Casti | The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis | symbiosis between territory and mapping, Casti conclusively defines maps as complex denonational acts, on the basis of which individuals appropriate territory intellectually and symbolically order the world. Maps should be taken as instances of a “metasemiosis" - or “second-level semiosis”, for even though they are based on territorial semiosis they also deploy signs, names, symbols which convey messages and meanings quite independently of the intentions of those who first produced them.
Professor Casti explores the transition from a topographic mapping, created by government agencies, to open cartography, collaboratively produced by the people (and linked to a new |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 12, "sc": 2116, "ep": 16, "ec": 98} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 12 | 2,116 | 16 | 98 | Emanuela Casti | The Theory of Cartographic Semiosis & The SIGAP strategy and participatory mapping | idea of Chorography). The latter has the potential to become a highly workable concept, to be used as an operator for assisting citizens in thinking and designing their own living space and in understanding the current world. Specifically, Casti argues that, by virtue of its highly interactive features, new digital mapping (specifically WebGIS) opens up new scenarios, and poses cybercartography as a privileged discipline for recovering and promoting the social significance of territory in all its forms (landscape and environment). The SIGAP strategy and participatory mapping The SIGAP strategy (Geographic Information Systems for Protected Areas /Participatory Action) is a |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 16, "sc": 98, "ep": 16, "ec": 821} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 16 | 98 | 16 | 821 | Emanuela Casti | The SIGAP strategy and participatory mapping | research methodology that adopts cartographic semiosis and tests its actual range of application. It takes up concepts presented by international agencies - such as "sustainability", "conservation" participation” - and turns them into operational tools for territorial and environmental planning. Tested in various national and international contexts with regard to a variety of issues (migration, environmental protection, landscape planning, tourism systems, urban regeneration, etc.), the SIGAP methodology deploys the typical range of geography-based competences in the field of applied research. As such it involves all stages of analysis: the adoption of a theory informing land methodology; interaction with local |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 16, "sc": 821, "ep": 16, "ec": 1512} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 16 | 821 | 16 | 1,512 | Emanuela Casti | The SIGAP strategy and participatory mapping | inhabitants for the reading of data; construction of interpretative models and their cartographic visualization. In each of these stages, cartography takes on different capacities depending on the goal to be pursued. The final product is an interactive multimedia system GIS which becomes as an invaluable tool for field research, for the implementation of intervention strategies, for the processing and circulation of data.
Participatory mapping systems play an essential role in this context, because they can recover the role of local communities and produce cartographic representations that take account of local interests. According to the technology involved and the level |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 16, "sc": 1512, "ep": 18, "ec": 6} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 16 | 1,512 | 18 | 6 | Emanuela Casti | The SIGAP strategy and participatory mapping & S-Low Tourism | of participation entailed, these systems may include: i) participatory mapping, carried out by local communities at the request of an external party; ii) Community Integrated GIS - or CIGIS, built and operated by actors outside the community but including data collected through participatory methodologies; iii) Public Participation GIS - PPGIS), made and used directly by local communities in an exchange with local administrators or supervising agencies. The latter, based on WebGIS technology, fall within the realm of "cybercartography" or “open” digital mapping systems that allow users to interact, by promoting social projects and processes (Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre). S-Low |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 18, "sc": 5, "ep": 20, "ec": 590} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 18 | 5 | 20 | 590 | Emanuela Casti | S-Low Tourism | Tourism Casti uses the phrase “s-Low Tourism” to underline the absence of a clear conceptual break between the notion of slowness and the notion of speed. In fact, her acronym refers both to "slow" as a prerequisite for a mindful experience of territory, and to low-cost airlines that have revolutionized the way we think about air travel, as something different from a journey, something based on speed and safety. On the one hand, air travel has increased, is more intense, and usually covers a shorter period of time: it underlies a current lifestyle, whereby tourist destinations are no longer |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 20, "sc": 590, "ep": 20, "ec": 1202} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 20 | 590 | 20 | 1,202 | Emanuela Casti | S-Low Tourism | analyzed on the basis of conventional indicators. At the same time, though, the notion of sustainability applied to territorial planning has amply shown that tourism is a driving force for local communities, which conceive and present their own space not only as a holiday destination but as a place to be experienced in its social, cultural and environmental features. In a leap of perspective, tourism ceases to be a mere driving force for economic development and becomes an opportunity for regional regeneration, with a view to producing social development through the recovery of a sense of place, that is |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 20, "sc": 1202, "ep": 20, "ec": 1815} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 20 | 1,202 | 20 | 1,815 | Emanuela Casti | S-Low Tourism | to say of the key value of territory. This is a kind of regeneration that focuses on the cultural and natural resources of territories, now made available online to a new type of tourist who is steeped in information technology and accustomed to new modes of travel. This new tourist-traveller looks for a travel experience based on slow appreciation, on ecology-conscious, environmental and green mobility. Yet, at the same time, mobility has to be fast for travellers to be able to experience more theme-based destinations that share comparable cultural features. At the local level, this new tourism is based |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 20, "sc": 1815, "ep": 24, "ec": 399} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 20 | 1,815 | 24 | 399 | Emanuela Casti | S-Low Tourism & The RIFO method | on the enhancement of small enterprise projects, of smart technology, and of citizen participation. Internationally, it must be based on a synergy between public and private institutions, aimed at promoting common policies to develop tourism and accessibility. The RIFO method The method comes from a monitoring study on disused and obsolete areas (buildings erected between 1950 and 1980) in Lombardy. It relies on three assumptions: the symbiosis between land-regeneration and urban restructuring; a shift of focus involving “cities” no longer seen as territorial structures but as sites that embody an ecological lifestyle; the prospect of circular restructuring of disused |
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