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{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 24, "sc": 399, "ep": 24, "ec": 1034} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 24 | 399 | 24 | 1,034 | Emanuela Casti | The RIFO method | and discontinued areas, with the active participation of local inhabitants.
Operationally, this method aims at replacing outdated buildings (in terms of safety, energy saving, new forms of living, and sanitation) with new buildings that meet current living needs and at the same time reclaim wasted space. In fact, while maintaining the same volume for buildings, the RIFO method also expands the use of underground space and thus envisions a reduction of the surface taken up by covered areas, with the possibility of freeing up land for later use as parks and green areas. RIFO envisages a circular process of demolition and |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 24, "sc": 1034, "ep": 24, "ec": 1686} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 24 | 1,034 | 24 | 1,686 | Emanuela Casti | The RIFO method | reconstruction for obsolete and disused areas, and so entails the relocation of inhabitants who live in old tenement buildings within the same district. Such short-range relocation aims at inclusive restructuring by implementing participatory strategies in the stages of planning, ensuring an active role for local inhabitants the whole process of demolition and construction. A participatory methodology - the SIGAP Strategy - retrieves the spatial capital, that is to say the set of knowledge and skills of inhabitants who actively operate the places they inhabit. SIGAP also sheds light on the use of space assets found in public RIFO areas (public |
{"datasets_id": 1678, "wiki_id": "Q21207499", "sp": 24, "sc": 1686, "ep": 32, "ec": 92} | 1,678 | Q21207499 | 24 | 1,686 | 32 | 92 | Emanuela Casti | The RIFO method & Projects & Publications | services, accessibility, natural heritage); it detects priorities and critical issues (pollution factors, need for green spaces, social distress and safety) and recovers the layered values attributed to the sites. Projects Environmental protection:
Multimap RBT W – Réserve de la Biosphère Transfrontalière W
Parc National d’Arly (E. Casti, S. Yonkeu, Le Parc National d’Arly et la falaise du Gobnangou - Burkina Faso, L’Harmattan,Parigi, 2009)
Orobiemap
Participatory mapping
BG Open Mapping
BG Public Space
Urban regeneration and land use:
RIFO/it
Restructuring ex-GRES Area, Bergamo
s-Low Tourism:
Centrality of territories. Towards a regeneration of Bergamo in a European network Publications Professor Casti has over a hundred publications in Italian, French and English. Among these: |
{"datasets_id": 1679, "wiki_id": "Q5370235", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 286} | 1,679 | Q5370235 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 286 | Embryonic Anomaly | Additional information | Embryonic Anomaly Additional information Embryonic Anomaly was re-released through Unique Leader on March 1, 2011.
Unlike the band's second album Dingir, Embryonic Anomaly was recorded with the original lineup of only three members while they were at the ages ranging from 16 to 18 and were still attending high school. |
{"datasets_id": 1680, "wiki_id": "Q20647210", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 619} | 1,680 | Q20647210 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 619 | Emerging Crowd | Model | Emerging Crowd Model Emerging Crowd uses the 'investment crowdfunding' model, an alternative form of financing for businesses seeking to raise capital. A 'crowd' of investors each invest or lend (according to the deal terms) a small amount of money (minimum £500) to a company which adds to the total funding amount required. Companies can, therefore, raise money without the need for banks or large investors, such as Private Equity or Venture Capital. Businesses can also benefit from the feedback and advice of a multitude of investors, potentially leading to better product development. By raising money for emerging and frontier market |
{"datasets_id": 1680, "wiki_id": "Q20647210", "sp": 6, "sc": 619, "ep": 10, "ec": 136} | 1,680 | Q20647210 | 6 | 619 | 10 | 136 | Emerging Crowd | Model & Shareholding Structure | businesses, Emerging Crowd also provides a conduit between those businesses and UK based investors.
If a company successfully raises its target amount on the platform, Emerging Crowd takes a percentage of the amount raised as a success fee. No fee is taken if the target amount is not reached. The platform does have the facility for ‘overfunding’ whereby the company raising the money can elect to raise more than the target amount if that amount is reached first. Shareholding Structure Emerging Crowd operates a nominee structure for equity investments. The nominee, which is FCA regulated, holds legal title of the target |
{"datasets_id": 1680, "wiki_id": "Q20647210", "sp": 10, "sc": 136, "ep": 10, "ec": 528} | 1,680 | Q20647210 | 10 | 136 | 10 | 528 | Emerging Crowd | Shareholding Structure | company's shares for the benefit of individual investors. As the beneficial owners of the shares, the investors are entitled to all economic rights, as well as any voting rights and tax benefits (including SEIS and EIS, if applicable). The nominee structure ensures that all investors, no matter how much they have invested, are treated equally and that they are entitled to the same rights. |
{"datasets_id": 1681, "wiki_id": "Q27517714", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 592} | 1,681 | Q27517714 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 592 | Emerick Ishikawa | Emerick Ishikawa Emerick Ishikawa (born 23 October 1920; died 26 November 2006) was a Japanese-American weightlifter. In 1940 he moved from Hawaii to California to train in weightlifting, but he was placed in a Japanese internment camp at Tule Lake. He continued to do weightlifting in the camp, however, and even organized a weightlifting club within it.
In 1944 he set a world record in the bantamweight class at the United States National Weightlifting Championships. He won AAU championships as a bantamweight in 1944 and 1945, and as a featherweight in 1946 and 1947. In 1947 he also won a bronze |
|
{"datasets_id": 1681, "wiki_id": "Q27517714", "sp": 4, "sc": 592, "ep": 4, "ec": 1086} | 1,681 | Q27517714 | 4 | 592 | 4 | 1,086 | Emerick Ishikawa | medal in the featherweight class at that year's world championships.
He was initially not allowed to compete in the 1945 senior nationals due to being Japanese-American, but was eventually allowed to, though he had to do so outside the stadium.
He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, but did not win any medals.
In 1975 he was inducted into the United States's National Weightlifting Hall of Fame.
In 1999 he was inducted into the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1682, "wiki_id": "Q5371011", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 619} | 1,682 | Q5371011 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 619 | Emery paper | Description | Emery paper Description Emery is a naturally occurring rock of impure crystalline aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃ mixed with oxides of silicon, iron, and other elements and varying small percentages of clay and other silicates for example: kaolinite (Al₄Si₄O₁₀(OH)₈)). Smaller particles abrade smaller amounts of material and are used to produce a finer finish.
By the successive use of progressively finer mesh emery paper, near-mirror finishes can be obtained. Water or oil is often used as a lubricant and to float the abrasive debris and worn abrasive away from the work, preventing the build-up of debris in the emery paper. The paper will |
{"datasets_id": 1682, "wiki_id": "Q5371011", "sp": 6, "sc": 619, "ep": 10, "ec": 56} | 1,682 | Q5371011 | 6 | 619 | 10 | 56 | Emery paper | Description & Other uses | lose effectiveness if too much debris builds up, a condition known as "clogging".
Originally, emery paper was made from milled emery rock, bonded or sized to paper often with an animal glue for water resistance. Today, synthetic adhesives are used in place of natural glues and silicon carbide (SiC) is often substituted for emery, silicon carbide being slightly harder, and more durable with less tendency to fracture than corundum. The use of natural emery papers is rare today generally being replaced with silicon carbide or pure aluminium oxide papers. Other uses Emery cloth has the abrasives bonded to a fabric instead |
{"datasets_id": 1682, "wiki_id": "Q5371011", "sp": 10, "sc": 56, "ep": 10, "ec": 313} | 1,682 | Q5371011 | 10 | 56 | 10 | 313 | Emery paper | Other uses | of a paper. The cloth is more tear resistant, flexible, and costly. Emery boards have applications similar to emery.
It also has a use in modelling - for 00 scale modelling the fine grades of emery paper can have the appearance of a tarmac surface. |
{"datasets_id": 1683, "wiki_id": "Q5554410", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 439} | 1,683 | Q5554410 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 439 | Emil Andersson (table tennis) | Emil Andersson (table tennis) Emil Andersson (born 29 April 1993) is a Swedish male table tennis parasportist competing at singles (class 8) and team events (class 6-8).
Andersson participated at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, where he won a bronze medal at the men's singles class 8. Andersson and Linus Karlsson won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, playing against the Ukrainian team at the men's team class 6-8 finals. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1684, "wiki_id": "Q457687", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 569} | 1,684 | Q457687 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 569 | Emil František Burian | Life | Emil František Burian Life Burian was born in Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, where he came from a musical family. His father, Emil Burian, was an opera singer. E. F. Burian himself is the father of singer and writer Jan Burian. He studied under the tutelage of J. B. Foerster at Prague Conservatory, whence he graduated in 1927, but had begun participating in cultural life much sooner. Along with Karel Teige and Vítězslav Nezval, E. F. Burian was a key member of Devětsil, an association of Czech avant-garde artists in the 1920s. In 1926–1927 he worked with Osvobozené divadlo, but after disputes with |
{"datasets_id": 1684, "wiki_id": "Q457687", "sp": 6, "sc": 569, "ep": 6, "ec": 1234} | 1,684 | Q457687 | 6 | 569 | 6 | 1,234 | Emil František Burian | Life | Jindřich Honzl, he and Jiří Frejka left the theatre. Later they founded their own theatre, Da-Da. He also worked with the Moderní studio theatre scene. In 1927 he founded the musical and elocutionary ensemble Voiceband.
In 1923 Burian joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. His work, strongly influenced by communist ideas, bordered on political agitation. In May 1933 he founded the D 34 theatre, with a strongly leftist-oriented program.
In 1941 Burian was arrested and spent the rest of World War II in Nazi concentration camps at the Small Fortress Theresienstadt, Dachau and finally in Neuengamme. He helped to organize illegal cultural |
{"datasets_id": 1684, "wiki_id": "Q457687", "sp": 6, "sc": 1234, "ep": 6, "ec": 1842} | 1,684 | Q457687 | 6 | 1,234 | 6 | 1,842 | Emil František Burian | Life | programs for the inmates. In 1945, he survived the RAF attack against the prison ship Cap Arcona, and returned to Czechoslovakia, where he was already presumed dead. After the war, he founded D 46 and D 47 theatre, and led theatres in Brno and the operetta house in Karlín. After communist putsch in 1948, he worked as a member of the Czechoslovak communist parliament. In the post-war time, he became one of the leading promoters of the communist cultural nomenclature. He attempted to reorganize theatres, with a goal of placing communists into leadership posts of theatres.
Burian died in 1959 in |
{"datasets_id": 1684, "wiki_id": "Q457687", "sp": 6, "sc": 1842, "ep": 10, "ec": 348} | 1,684 | Q457687 | 6 | 1,842 | 10 | 348 | Emil František Burian | Life & Work | Prague. Work His work, deeply influenced by dadaism, futurism and poetism, was leftist-oriented. After the war it proved to agitate Communist ideas. He had a strong influence on Czech modern theatre, and his innovative staging methods (work with metaphor, poetry, and symbols) and inventions (theatergraph, voiceband) are inspirational for the theatre even now. |
{"datasets_id": 1685, "wiki_id": "Q27859519", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 1,685 | Q27859519 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Emil J. Freireich | Early life | Emil J. Freireich Early life Freireich grew up in poverty during the Great Depression. His parents were Hungarian immigrants. His father died when he was 2 years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his elder sister. After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into World War II because of a broken leg. After graduation from medical |
{"datasets_id": 1685, "wiki_id": "Q27859519", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 10, "ec": 139} | 1,685 | Q27859519 | 6 | 562 | 10 | 139 | Emil J. Freireich | Early life & Combination chemotherapy | school, he did an internship at Cook County Hospital, where he was fired due to disputes with administrators. As a result, he moved to Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago where he studied internal medicine under Howard Armstrong. He then studied hematology under Joe Ross at Mass Memorial Hospital in Boston. In 1955, he moved to the National Institutes of Health to avoid being drafted into the war as a doctor by joining the Public Health Service. Combination chemotherapy In 1965, Emil Freireich, Emil Frei, and James F. Holland hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with |
{"datasets_id": 1685, "wiki_id": "Q27859519", "sp": 10, "sc": 139, "ep": 10, "ec": 891} | 1,685 | Q27859519 | 10 | 139 | 10 | 891 | Emil J. Freireich | Combination chemotherapy | a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered methotrexate, vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone, together referred to as the VAMP regimen, and induced long-term remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical |
{"datasets_id": 1685, "wiki_id": "Q27859519", "sp": 10, "sc": 891, "ep": 10, "ec": 1419} | 1,685 | Q27859519 | 10 | 891 | 10 | 1,419 | Emil J. Freireich | Combination chemotherapy | trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease.
This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the MOPP regimen, could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called combination chemotherapy or polychemotherapy. |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 554} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 554 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Early years | Emilio Díaz Colón Early years Díaz Colón is the oldest of three siblings born to Emilio Díaz Lebron and Margarita Colón in the town of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico. His father was the head foreman of the Central Roig sugar cane plantation. The Central Roig was one of the last mills that produced sugar in Puerto Rico. Díaz Colón was raised in his hometown where he received his primary and secondary education. Díaz Colón's brother, Luis F. "Pickie" Díaz Colón, a former Head of the National Parks Company, was once the Mayor of their hometown Yabucoa.
In 1968, Díaz Colón joined the |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 6, "sc": 554, "ep": 10, "ec": 302} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 6 | 554 | 10 | 302 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Early years & Military career | Puerto Rico Army National Guard (PRARNG) as an enlisted soldier in an engineer company, while at the same time he was enrolled and attended classes at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. In 1971, Díaz Colón earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Civil Engineering. Military career Díaz Colón was selected to attend the Warrant Officer program at the United States Army Warrant Officer Career College in Fort Rucker, Alabama. Upon his graduation in February 4, 1975, he was promoted to the rank of Warrant Officer One (WO1). He was then assigned to the HHC 130th Engineer Battalion at |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 10, "sc": 302, "ep": 10, "ec": 922} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 10 | 302 | 10 | 922 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Military career | Vega Baja, Puerto Rico where he served as Utilities Maintenance Technician. On August 3, 1976, he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant and assigned as Engineering Officer for the same Battalion. From January 1977 to August 1979, Díaz Colón served with Company D 130th Engineer Battalion at Carolina, Puerto Rico in the positions of Engineer Platoon Leader and Company Executive Officer. After his promotion to the rank of Captain he was named Company Commander.
On August 1979, he was reassigned to the 892d Engineer Company at Humacao, Puerto Rico as Company Commander and in September 1979, he was the |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 10, "sc": 922, "ep": 14, "ec": 373} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 10 | 922 | 14 | 373 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Military career & Government positions | Assistant S-3 of the Command and Control at PRNG Headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He served there until October 1979, when he returned to the 130th Engineer Battalion as Battalion Executive Officer. Government positions In 1978, the Governor of Puerto Rico, Carlos Romero Barcelo appointed Díaz Colón to the position of Executive Director of the Authority of Solid Wastes in Puerto Rico. He served in this position until 1981. In that year, he was named Director of the Commissioners Office of Municipal Matters. He served in this position until 1985, all the while in 1982, he was promoted to |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 14, "sc": 373, "ep": 18, "ec": 149} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 14 | 373 | 18 | 149 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Government positions & Adjutant General, Puerto Rico National Guard | the rank of Major and in 1983, he attended the Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
During the years that he served in the Commissioners Office, the Puerto Rico National Guard named Díaz Colón Battalion Commander of the 130th Engineer Battalion. From 1985 to 1990, Díaz-Colón was given a Federal position when he was placed in charge of the Housing Urban Development (HUD) in the Caribbean. Adjutant General, Puerto Rico National Guard From August 1985 to June 1992, Díaz Colón served with the 101st Troop Command at Headquarters, State Area Command, San Juan, Puerto Rico. On July 24, |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 18, "sc": 149, "ep": 18, "ec": 723} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 18 | 149 | 18 | 723 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Adjutant General, Puerto Rico National Guard | 1987, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and during the years in which he served at Headquarters, he served in various positions including that of Executive Officer. On July 23, 1992, Díaz Colón was promoted to the rank of Colonel in the Regular Army and on December 22, of the same year he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. On January 1993, he was named the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard. As Adjutant General, he was the Governor's senior military adviser and oversaw both state and federal missions of the Puerto Rico National Guard. |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 18, "sc": 723, "ep": 22, "ec": 231} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 18 | 723 | 22 | 231 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Adjutant General, Puerto Rico National Guard & Superintendent of the Police of Puerto Rico | He also provided effective leadership and management in the implementation of all programs and policies affecting more than 11,100 Puerto Rico National Guard citizens-soldiers. Díaz Colón was promoted to Major General (Line) on November 18, 1993 and continued as Adjustant General until he retired from the Puerto Rico Army National Guard in 2001. Superintendent of the Police of Puerto Rico On July 2011, Luis Fortuño, the Governor of Puerto Rico, named Díaz Colón for the position of Superintendent of the Puerto Rico Police Department. He thus became the first person who was a former Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico |
{"datasets_id": 1686, "wiki_id": "Q5371859", "sp": 22, "sc": 231, "ep": 22, "ec": 541} | 1,686 | Q5371859 | 22 | 231 | 22 | 541 | Emilio Díaz Colón | Superintendent of the Police of Puerto Rico | National Guard to be named to that position. Díaz Colón entered the Police Department in the middle of a record-breaking year in murders in Puerto Rico, and has received harsh criticisms ever since from various sectors. On March 28, 2012, after only 9 months on the job, Díaz Colón resigned as Superintendent. |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 601} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 601 | Emily Dickinson Museum | History | Emily Dickinson Museum History The Dickinson family had a long record of residency in the Connecticut River valley, dating back to the early days of English colonial settlement of the area. Her great grandfather Nathaniel Dickinson was one of the founders of Hadley, Massachusetts and surveyed the lands around the area including today's Amherst, Massachusetts. Nathan Dickinson moved to the relatively new town of Amherst, Massachusetts in 1742. By the early 19th century, the Dickinson family had accumulated some 14 acres (5.7 ha) land on the east side of town. In 1813, Samuel Fowler Dickinson (1775–1838), built the Dickinson |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 6, "sc": 601, "ep": 10, "ec": 163} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 6 | 601 | 10 | 163 | Emily Dickinson Museum | History & Edward Dickinson's residency | Homestead on Main Street, its grandeur reflecting his prominence then as a lawyer. However, his financial affairs were less secure, and by 1817, he had mortgaged the house for $2,500; in 1825, he mortgaged the Homestead again, along with other properties, to Oliver Smith for $6,000. In 1828, when Samuel Fowler Dickinson went bankrupt, Smith sold the mortgaged properties to John Leland and Nathan Dickinson, Samuel's nephew. Edward Dickinson's residency In March 1830, Samuel Fowler Dickinson's eldest son Edward purchased the western half of the Homestead for $1,500, and moved in with his wife and young son Austin. |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 10, "sc": 163, "ep": 10, "ec": 760} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 10 | 163 | 10 | 760 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Edward Dickinson's residency | Nine months later, on December 10, their second child, Emily Dickinson, was born there. Lavinia was born there three years later.
In 1833, persistent money troubles forced Edward to sell the Homestead back to Leland and Nathan, who in turn gave the entire property to General David Mack, Jr. Mack's family occupied the western half of the Homestead, while Edward and his family moved into the eastern half. They remained there until 1840, when they moved to a nearby house on West Street (now North Pleasant), overlooking Amherst's West Cemetery. By 1855, fifteen years later, Edward |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 10, "sc": 760, "ep": 10, "ec": 1353} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 10 | 760 | 10 | 1,353 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Edward Dickinson's residency | had risen to prominence and wealth, and was able to purchase the entire Homestead and surrounding land for $6,000 after Mack's death. The family moved back to the Homestead in 1856. That same year, Edward began construction of The Evergreens just west of the Homestead, presenting it as a wedding gift to his son Austin and new wife Susan.
The property included a 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) garden, which was tended by Emily, Lavinia, and their mother, and Emily often sent flowers along with notes to her acquaintances. A large barn stood directly behind the house to shelter the family's |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 10, "sc": 1353, "ep": 14, "ec": 15} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 10 | 1,353 | 14 | 15 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Edward Dickinson's residency & Emily Dickinson's residency | horses, cow, and chickens and provide rooms for the groundskeeper. Linking the two Dickinson houses was a path described by Emily Dickinson as "just wide enough for two who love," crossing the lawn from the back door of the Homestead to the east piazza of The Evergreens.
In the 1860s, Edward and Austin Dickinson planted a low hemlock hedge that spanned the street frontage of both houses. Edward Dickinson died in 1874; his funeral service was held in the Homestead. His wife died, after years of chronic illness and a stroke, in 1882. Emily Dickinson's residency Emily Dickinson |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 14, "sc": 15, "ep": 14, "ec": 598} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 598 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Emily Dickinson's residency | occupied the Homestead for much of her life. The longest absence was between 1840 and 1855, when the family's finances necessitated a move. Beginning in the 1850s she became increasingly secluded from outside contact, although the reasons for this are not entirely clear. She took to interacting with visitors through closed doors, and did not travel unless necessary. In 1868 she wrote to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a regular correspondent, that "I do not cross my Father's ground to any House or town" in response to his suggestion that she come to Boston so they might meet. |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 14, "sc": 598, "ep": 18, "ec": 148} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 14 | 598 | 18 | 148 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Emily Dickinson's residency & Later history | She did, however, tend the flower garden, which was locally appreciated, and visited her brother's family next door. She died in 1886, and her funeral service was held in the Homestead's library.
Pursuant to Emily's wishes, her sister Lavinia destroyed her correspondence. She found the bulk of Emily's poetry in a locked chest in Emily's room, and immediately recognized the collection's significance. The complete works were first published in 1955. Later history The longest-lived member of the family was Lavinia, who occupied the Homestead until her death in 1899. At that time, the Homestead was inherited by |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 18, "sc": 148, "ep": 18, "ec": 763} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 18 | 148 | 18 | 763 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Later history | Austin's daughter, Martha Dickinson Bianchi. She leased the house to tenants until 1916, when she sold it to the Parke family. In 1963 the house was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1965, the Parke family sold the house to the Trustees of Amherst College. The college used the house for faculty housing, but opened portions of the house, including Emily's room, for public tours.
Next door, Austin and Susan Dickinson lived at The Evergreens until their respective deaths in 1895 and 1913. Martha Dickinson Bianchi, their only surviving child, continued to live in the house, and preserved it, |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 18, "sc": 763, "ep": 18, "ec": 1425} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 18 | 763 | 18 | 1,425 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Later history | without change, until her own death in 1943. Her heirs – co-editor Alfred Leete Hampson, and later his widow, Mary Landis Hampson – continued to preserve the house as a "time capsule" of a prosperous nineteenth-century household in a New England town, recognizing the tremendous historical and literary significance of a site left completely intact. In 1991, The Evergreens passed to a private testamentary trust, the Martha Dickinson Bianchi Trust, which began developing the house as a museum.
The trust's work led to discussions with the college over collaboration between the two on administration of their respective properties. These culminated in |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 18, "sc": 1425, "ep": 22, "ec": 344} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 18 | 1,425 | 22 | 344 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Later history & Architecture and landscaping | the merger of the two efforts in 2003, when the trust transferred ownership of The Evergreens to Amherst College, and the Emily Dickinson Museum was formally established to manage the recombined properties. Architecture and landscaping The houses today are located at 280 Main Street, across the street from the First Congregational Church (constructed in 1739). The property is one block east of the center of town and two blocks north of Amherst College. It is bounded on the south by Main Street, on the east by Triangle Street, on the north by Lessey Street, and on the west |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 22, "sc": 344, "ep": 26, "ec": 435} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 22 | 344 | 26 | 435 | Emily Dickinson Museum | Architecture and landscaping & The Homestead | by a public park. The grounds include a wide lawn east of the buildings, which was originally the site of the Dickinson family gardens. The Homestead The Homestead began as a fashionable Federal style house, and was probably the first brick house in Amherst. It was originally painted red to mask the color and texture variations of bricks and mortar. Subsequent changes to the house in the 1830s and 1840s introduced Greek revival architectural features as well as stylish white paint on the facades exposed to more public scrutiny. During his ownership, General Mack "enlarged the |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 26, "sc": 435, "ep": 26, "ec": 1011} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 26 | 435 | 26 | 1,011 | Emily Dickinson Museum | The Homestead | attic space by replacing the hip roof with gables, raised the roof line on the north and south sides, and added a second story to the wooden 'office' on the west".
Edward Dickinson made extensive interior and exterior alterations to the Homestead in 1855. He built a brick addition for the kitchen and laundry on the back of the house, erected a veranda on the western side, embellished the roof with an Italianate cupola, and built a conservatory for Emily's exotic plants. He finished the house in an ochre and off-white paint scheme, one that it wore until 1916, |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 26, "sc": 1011, "ep": 26, "ec": 1667} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 26 | 1,011 | 26 | 1,667 | Emily Dickinson Museum | The Homestead | when new owners removed all layers of paint through a sandblasting process and painted the woodwork white in accord with early twentieth-century colonial revival tastes.
In 2004 the Homestead was repainted in its late-nineteenth-century colors to show it as Emily Dickinson knew it. The restoration also removed aging storm windows, repointed areas of failing masonry, and restored nearly 100 shutters and other architectural elements.
In 2009 the plaster ceiling in the front parlor of the Homestead collapsed into the room. The building was open for tours at the time of the collapse but no injuries were sustained by visitors or staff. |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 28, "sc": 0, "ep": 30, "ec": 685} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 28 | 0 | 30 | 685 | Emily Dickinson Museum | The Evergreens | The Evergreens Designed by well-known Northampton architect William Fenno Pratt, the house is one of the earliest and best-preserved examples of Italianate domestic architecture in Amherst. The house is still completely furnished with Dickinson family furniture, household accoutrements, and decor selected and displayed by the family during the nineteenth century.
Situated on two high terraces, The Evergreens was surrounded by cultivated planting beds and looked out to the west over a neighbor's orchard. Austin Dickinson applied the design principles of Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted to The Evergreens' landscape. His wife, Susan, tended flower gardens that were held |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 30, "sc": 685, "ep": 30, "ec": 1336} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 30 | 685 | 30 | 1,336 | Emily Dickinson Museum | The Evergreens | in high regard by townspeople. The lawn between the Homestead and The Evergreens was carefully arranged with an informal distribution of trees and shrubs meant to suggest natural growth, a mix of local and exotic specimens, and open areas where family members played lawn tennis and badminton.
As Treasurer of Amherst College (1873–1895), Austin Dickinson was also deeply involved in landscaping of the College grounds, cultivating at the same time a close relationship with prominent landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. He later led the effort to drain and beautify the town common, and spearheaded the drive to form |
{"datasets_id": 1687, "wiki_id": "Q5372143", "sp": 30, "sc": 1336, "ep": 34, "ec": 457} | 1,687 | Q5372143 | 30 | 1,336 | 34 | 457 | Emily Dickinson Museum | The Evergreens & Museum | a new style of park-like cemetery in Amherst after the fashion of Mt. Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. Museum Guided and self-guided tours of the Emily Dickinson Museum are offered from April through December. The grounds and gardens are open to the public, but the interiors of both houses are only accessible by guided tour. Specially themed tours change periodically. The museum also hosts literary events that vary from year to year, including poetry readings and parties. The museum is a member of Museums10, an association of ten museums in the Amherst area. |
{"datasets_id": 1688, "wiki_id": "Q27734873", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 467} | 1,688 | Q27734873 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 467 | Emma Edhem | Emma Edhem Emetullah "Emma" Edhem (born August 1966) is a councilwoman of the City of London Corporation where she represents the ward of Castle Baynard. She is a practicing barrister at No5 Chambers, where she is deputy head of international law. She is also chair of the Turkish British Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the first woman to hold the position. She is also a director of the Azerbaijani British Law Association and president of the Turkish British Legal Society. |
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{"datasets_id": 1689, "wiki_id": "Q740012", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 143} | 1,689 | Q740012 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 143 | Emmanuel Candès | Academic biography & Research | Emmanuel Candès Academic biography Candès earned a M.Sc. from the École Polytechnique in 1993. He did his postgraduate studies at Stanford, where he earned a Ph.D. in statistics in 1998 under the supervision of David Donoho and immediately joined the Stanford faculty as an assistant professor of statistics. He moved to the California Institute of Technology in 2000, where in 2006 he was named the Ronald and Maxine Linde Professor of Applied and Computational Mathematics. He returned to Stanford in 2009. Research Candès' early research concerned nonlinear approximation theory. In his Ph.D. thesis, he developed generalizations of wavelets called curvelets |
{"datasets_id": 1689, "wiki_id": "Q740012", "sp": 10, "sc": 143, "ep": 10, "ec": 787} | 1,689 | Q740012 | 10 | 143 | 10 | 787 | Emmanuel Candès | Research | and ridgelets that were able to capture higher order structures in signals. This work has had significant impact in image processing and multiscale analysis, and earned him the Popov prize in approximation theory in 2001.
In 2006, Candès wrote a paper with Terence Tao that kicked off the field of compressed sensing: the recovery of sparse signals from a few carefully constructed, and seemingly random measurements. Many researchers have since contributed to this field, which has brought us the idea of a camera that can record pictures while needing only one sensor, and tools for designing distributed sensors that can communicate |
{"datasets_id": 1689, "wiki_id": "Q740012", "sp": 10, "sc": 787, "ep": 14, "ec": 576} | 1,689 | Q740012 | 10 | 787 | 14 | 576 | Emmanuel Candès | Research & Awards and honors | cheaply. Awards and honors In 2001 Candès received an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship. He was awarded the James H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing in 2005. In 2006, he received the Vasil A. Popov Prize as well as the National Science Foundation's highest honor: the Alan T. Waterman Award for research described by the NSF as "nothing short of revolutionary". In 2010 Candès and Terence Tao were awarded the George Pólya Prize. In 2011, Candès was awarded the ICIAM Collatz Prize Candès has also received the Lagrange Prize in Continuous Optimization, awarded by the |
{"datasets_id": 1689, "wiki_id": "Q740012", "sp": 14, "sc": 576, "ep": 14, "ec": 1205} | 1,689 | Q740012 | 14 | 576 | 14 | 1,205 | Emmanuel Candès | Awards and honors | Mathematical Optimization Society (MOS) and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). He was also presented with the Dannie-Heineman Prize by the Academy of Sciences at Göttingen in 2013. In 2014 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2015 he will receive the George David Birkhoff Prize of the AMS / SIAM. He is also a fellow of SIAM. In 2017 Candès received the MacArthur Fellowship for exploring the limits of signal recovery and matrix completion from incomplete data sets with implications for high-impact applications in multiple fields.
He was elected to the 2018 class of fellows |
{"datasets_id": 1689, "wiki_id": "Q740012", "sp": 14, "sc": 1205, "ep": 14, "ec": 1243} | 1,689 | Q740012 | 14 | 1,205 | 14 | 1,243 | Emmanuel Candès | Awards and honors | of the American Mathematical Society. |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 567} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 567 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Early life and career | Emperor Gaozu of Tang Early life and career According to the official genealogy of the Tang ruling house, Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor is Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. After Western Liang's destruction, Li Gao's grandson Li Zhong'Er (李重耳) served as a Northern Wei official, but for several generations after that, Li Yuan's ancestors had only minor military titles. Li Yuan's grandfather Li Hu (李虎) served as a major general under Western Wei's paramount general Yuwen Tai, and was created the Duke of Longxi and given the Xianbei surname Daye (大野). Li Hu died before |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 6, "sc": 567, "ep": 6, "ec": 1123} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 6 | 567 | 6 | 1,123 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Early life and career | Yuwen Tai's son Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou founded Northern Zhou, but was posthumously created the Duke of Tang after Northern Zhou's founding. His son and Li Yuan's father Li Bing (李昞), of Han ethnicity, inherited the title of the Duke of Tang and married a daughter of the prominent Xianbei general Dugu Xin. Li Bing died in 572, and Li Yuan inherited the title of Duke of Tang, a title he continued to hold after the throne was seized by Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) in 581, establishing Sui Dynasty, as Emperor Wen's wife, Empress Dugu, was an |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 6, "sc": 1123, "ep": 6, "ec": 1740} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 6 | 1,123 | 6 | 1,740 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Early life and career | aunt of his. At some point, he married Lady Dou, a daughter of Dou Yi (竇毅) the Duke of Shenwu and Northern Zhou's Princess Xiangyang (Yuwen Tai's daughter) as his wife and duchess.
During Emperor Wen's reign (581–604), Li Yuan served three terms as a provincial governor. Early in the reign of Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang, Li Yuan served as commandery governor (as Emperor Yang converted provinces into commanderies), but was later recalled to serve as a junior minister within Emperor Yang's administration. When Emperor Yang carried out his second campaign against Goguryeo in 613, Li Yuan was in charge |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 6, "sc": 1740, "ep": 6, "ec": 2344} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 6 | 1,740 | 6 | 2,344 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Early life and career | of part of the logistics operation. When the general Yang Xuangan rebelled near the eastern capital Luoyang, Emperor Yang commissioned Li Yuan as a general and made him be in charge of the operations west of the Tong Pass, although Yang Xuangan's rebellion eventually did not involve that region. Li Yuan took the opportunity to recruit talented people to his staff. Later that year, when Emperor Yang summoned him to his presence, he declined, citing ill health—an excuse that Emperor Yang did not believe, as he questioned Li Yuan's niece, a Consort Wang (Emperor Yang's concubine), "Will he die?". In |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 6, "sc": 2344, "ep": 10, "ec": 162} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 6 | 2,344 | 10 | 162 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Early life and career & Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | fear, Li Yuan took up drinking and receiving bribes to try to show Emperor Yang that he did not have great ambitions. In 615, Emperor Yang placed him in charge of the operations against agrarian rebels in the Hedong (河東) region (roughly modern Shanxi), but recalled him in 616. Later that year, Emperor Yang put him in charge of the key city of Taiyuan (太原, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui Emperor Yang grew dissatisfied with Li Yuan and Wang Rengong (王仁恭), the governor of Mayi Commandery (馬邑, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), over their inability to |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 162, "ep": 10, "ec": 818} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 162 | 10 | 818 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | stop incursions by the Eastern Turks (Tujue) and the growing strength of agrarian rebels—particularly the Turk-supported Liu Wuzhou, the Dingyang Khan, who soon rose against Wang and killed him and captured Emperor Yang's secondary palace near Taiyuan. Li Yuan also became fearful due to prophecies circulating throughout the empire that the next emperor would be named Li—and because Emperor Yang had killed another official, Li Hun (李渾) and his clan over his fears that Li Hun's nephew Li Min (李敏, the son-in-law of Emperor Yang's sister Yang Lihua, the Princess Leping) had imperial ambitions.
Traditional accounts, compiled during the reign of |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 818, "ep": 10, "ec": 1434} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 818 | 10 | 1,434 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | Li Yuan's second son by the Duchess Dou, Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong), emphasize the latter's initiative and major role in instigating his father's rebellion. According to these, Li Shimin was secretly planning rebellion against Sui rule with Pei Ji the majordomo of Emperor Yang's secondary palace and with Liu Wenjing the magistrate of Jinyang County (晉陽, i.e., Taiyuan), but at first did not reveal their plans to Li Yuan. At Li Shimin's urging, Pei Ji, who had also earlier, against regulations, allowed Li Yuan to have sexual relations with some of late Emperor Wen's imperial concubines, persuaded Li Yuan that |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 1434, "ep": 10, "ec": 2024} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 1,434 | 10 | 2,024 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | it was necessary for him to rebel. Modern researchers, however, have concluded that the initiative for the revolt came from Li Yuan himself.
Li Yuan began to gather forces from the region, claiming that they were necessary to defend against the Turks, which drew suspicions from his deputies Wang Wei (王威) and Gao Junya (高君雅). Li Yuan, afraid that Wang and Gao would act against him first, then used a Turkish attack as an excuse to falsely claim that Wang and Gao were working in concert with the Turkish khagan, Shibi Khan (Ashina Duojishi), and had them executed. He sent secret |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 2024, "ep": 10, "ec": 2608} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 2,024 | 10 | 2,608 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | messengers to Hedong to recall his sons Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji (both by Duchess Dou) and Li Zhiyun (李智雲, by his concubine Lady Wan), whom he had left there to watch over his household, and the capital Chang'an to recall his daughter (the future Princess Pingyang) and her husband Chai Shao (柴紹). Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, leaving Li Zhiyun at Hedong, soon met with Chai, and they arrived together at Taiyuan. Li Yuan's daughter, believing it would be difficult for her to flee with Chai, chose to hide instead.
Once Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and Chai arrived at Taiyuan, Li |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 2608, "ep": 10, "ec": 3201} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 2,608 | 10 | 3,201 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | Yuan formally declared his rebellion, but maintained the guise of a Sui loyalist and declared that his intention was simply to install on the throne Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You, the Prince of Dai, who was then at Chang'an, and honor Emperor Yang as Taishang Huang (retired emperor). Li Yuan first secured his northern flank by contacting Shibi Khan, offering tribute, and received men and horses in exchange. He put Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin in charge of his army and, leaving Li Yuanji in charge at Taiyuan, advanced south. Meanwhile, the Sui officials at Hedong arrested Li Zhiyun and |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 3201, "ep": 10, "ec": 3786} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 3,201 | 10 | 3,786 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | delivered him to Chang'an, where he was executed.
His daughter Pingyang sold her possessions to raise an army for him. She persuaded several other leaders to fight under her banner. They took several towns and her army swelled until she had 70,000 troops under her command.
Meanwhile, Li Yuan wrote another rebel leader, Li Mi the Duke of Wei, who was near Luoyang, trying to see if Li Mi would be willing to follow him, but Li Mi, believing in his own strength, had his secretary Zu Junyan (祖君彥) write Li Yuan for him in this way:
Although I and you, my older |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 3786, "ep": 10, "ec": 4339} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 3,786 | 10 | 4,339 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | brother, are of different branches, but we are both Lis. I know that I do not have sufficient strength, but by the love of the men on this earth, I have been made the leader. I hope that you will support and help me. Let us capture Ziying at Xianyang, and let us kill Xin of Shang at Muye; would it not be a great accomplishment?
Li Yuan was dismayed but, not wanting to make another enemy, wrote back humbly:
Although I am ordinary and foolish, but I have had the opportunity to, by my ancestors' largess, receive the opportunity to be |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 4339, "ep": 10, "ec": 4864} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 4,339 | 10 | 4,864 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | an imperial messenger when leaving the capital and a guard leader in the capital. If the administration falls and I am unable to help it, even the most understanding wise man will rebuke me. Therefore, I have organized a righteous army and sought peace with the barbarians to the north [i.e., Tujue] to try to calm the earth and to protect Sui. However, for the people under the heavens, there must be someone to rule over them, and other than you, who can be that person? I am too old – over 50 – and that is not my intent, |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 4864, "ep": 10, "ec": 5346} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 4,864 | 10 | 5,346 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | but I am happy to support you, my younger brother. I hope to be able to climb onto the scale of a dragon and hold onto the wing of a phoenix, and I hope that you, my younger brother, will soon, in accordance with the prophecy, pacify all who are on this earth. You are the leader among the Li, and I hope that you will be gracious and accept me, and to give me again the domain of Tang; that will be enough glory for me. I do not have the heart to hear such commands as killing Xin |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 5346, "ep": 10, "ec": 5916} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 5,346 | 10 | 5,916 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | of Shang at Muye, nor do I dare to listen to the order of capturing Ziying at Xianyang. Also, the Fen and Jin region [i.e., modern Shanxi] requires pacification right now, and I am not yet able to arrange a time for the meeting at Mengjin [(盟津, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan, where King Wu of Zhou met his supporters before attacking Shang's King Zhou)].
Li Mi was pleased with Li Yuan's response, believing that Li Yuan was willing to support him, and from that point on, Li Mi and Li Yuan often exchanged messengers. Li Yuan's campaign against Chang'an thus went |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 5916, "ep": 10, "ec": 6523} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 5,916 | 10 | 6,523 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | without opposition from Li Mi. Meanwhile, however, when Li Yuan arrived near Hedong, his army was bogged down by the weather, and with food running out, there were rumors that Eastern Tujue and Liu Wuzhou would attack Taiyuan. Li Yuan initially ordered retreat, but at the earnest opposition by Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, continued to advance. After defeating Sui forces at Huoyi (霍邑, also in modern Yuncheng), he decided to leave a small contingent to watch over Hedong while advancing across the Yellow River into Guanzhong (i.e., the Chang'an region). Once he did, he headed for Chang'an himself, while |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 6523, "ep": 10, "ec": 7107} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 6,523 | 10 | 7,107 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui | sending Li Jiancheng to capture the territory around the Tong Pass region to prevent Sui forces at Luoyang from reinforcing Chang'an and Li Shimin north of the Wei River to capture territory there. Meanwhile, his daughter had also risen in rebellion in support of him, and she was able to gather a sizable army and capture some cities. She joined forces with Li Shimin and her husband Chai Shao. Soon, Li Yuan reconsolidated his forces and put Chang'an under siege. In winter 617, he captured Chang'an and declared Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong). He had himself made regent (with |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 10, "sc": 7107, "ep": 14, "ec": 179} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 10 | 7,107 | 14 | 179 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Rebellion against Emperor Yang of Sui & Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | the title of grand chancellor) and created the Prince of Tang. (Meanwhile, most of Sui territory did not recognize Yang You as emperor and continued to recognize Emperor Yang as emperor and not as retired emperor.) He sent his nephew Li Xiaogong south, and Li Xiaogong was able to persuade the Sui cities in modern southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Chongqing to submit. Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident In spring 622, Li Shimin defeated Liu Heita, forcing him to flee to the Eastern Turks, but Liu Heita soon returned with Turkish reinforcements and killed Emperor Gaozu's nephew Li |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 179, "ep": 14, "ec": 796} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 179 | 14 | 796 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | Daoxuan (李道玄) the Prince of Huaiyang in battle, again seizing former Xia territory, although by this point Li Shimin and Li Yuanji had also defeated Xu Yuanlang and reduced his territory to a few cities.
Meanwhile, an intense rivalry had developed between Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, as while Li Jiancheng had some contributions toward Tang's reunification of China, Li Shimin had been the one defeating and capturing the major rivals Xue Rengao, Liu Wuzhou, Dou Jiande, and Wang Shichong, causing him to possess the greater reputation among the army. Li Yuanji, who was also often relied on by Emperor Gaozu |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 796, "ep": 14, "ec": 1441} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 796 | 14 | 1,441 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | as a general, supported Li Jiancheng in this rivalry, and often pushed Li Jiancheng toward a more hardline position against Li Shimin, wanting to be crown prince when Li Jiancheng would become emperor. Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji had better relations with Emperor Gaozu's favored young concubines than Li Shimin did (as their mother Duchess Dou had died before Tang's establishment), and those concubines helped rehabilitate Li Jiancheng's standing before Emperor Gaozu, causing him to no longer consider making Li Shimin crown prince instead, as he considered at one point.
By winter 622, Liu Heita posed the only remaining major threat |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 1441, "ep": 14, "ec": 2038} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 1,441 | 14 | 2,038 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | against Tang rule. At the suggestion of his staff members Wang Gui and Wei Zheng, who argued that Li Jiancheng needed some victories himself to establish his reputation, Li Jiancheng volunteered to command the army against Liu Heita. Emperor Gaozu thus sent Li Jiancheng, assisted by Li Yuanji. Around the new year 623, with Liu's forced bogged down while attacking Tang's Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan, Hebei), Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji engaged him at Guantao (館陶, in modern Handan as well), crushing him. Liu fled north toward the Eastern Turks, but was ambushed and captured by his own |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 2038, "ep": 14, "ec": 2652} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 2,038 | 14 | 2,652 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | official Zhuge Dewei (諸葛德威), who delivered him to Li Jiancheng. Li Jiancheng executed Liu. Around the same time, Xu was killed in flight. Meanwhile, Lin Shihong the Emperor of Chu, who had one point controlled modern Jiangxi and Guangdong, had died, and his followers scattered. China was by this point completely unified by Tang except for the domain of Liang Shidu the Emperor of Liang, who controlled modern northern Shaanxi and western Inner Mongolia, although, with Li Fuwei at Chang'an, Fu Gongshi rebelled in 623 and declared himself the Emperor of Song. Fu's rebellion, however, was quelled by Li Xiaogong |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 2652, "ep": 14, "ec": 3316} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 2,652 | 14 | 3,316 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | in 624.
Meanwhile, the rivalry between Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin intensified. In 624, Li Jiancheng requisitioned a number of soldiers from the general Li Yi the Prince of Yan, to supplement his guard corps, against Emperor Gaozu's regulations. When this was revealed to Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Gaozu rebuked Li Jiancheng and exiled his guard commander Keda Zhi (可達志). When, subsequently, Li Jiancheng nevertheless requested the commandant at Qing Prefecture (慶州, in modern Qingyang, Gansu), Yang Wen'gan (楊文幹), to conscript troops, presumably to guard against Li Shimin, the officers Erzhu Huan (爾朱煥) and Qiao Gongshan (橋公山) informed Emperor Gaozu that Li |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 3316, "ep": 14, "ec": 3950} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 3,316 | 14 | 3,950 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | Jiancheng was encouraging Yang to start a rebellion so that they could seize power together. Emperor Gaozu, then at Renzhi Palace (仁智宮, in modern Tongchuan, Shaanxi), was incensed, and summoned Li Jiancheng, then at Chang'an, to Renzhi Palace. Li Jiancheng briefly flirted the idea of occupying Chang'an and not accepting the order, but eventually reported to Renzhi Palace to request forgiveness. Emperor Gaozu put him under arrest. When Yang heard this, Yang rebelled, and Emperor Gaozu, after promising Li Shimin that he would be made crown prince, sent Li Shimin to attack Yang. (Under Emperor Gaozu's promise, Li Jiancheng would |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 3950, "ep": 14, "ec": 4552} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 3,950 | 14 | 4,552 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | be removed as crown prince and created the Prince of Shu instead. He would then send Li Jiancheng to the modern Sichuan region.) Once Li Shimin left, however, Li Yuanji, Emperor Gaozu's concubines, and the chancellor Feng Deyi, all spoke on Li Jiancheng's behalf, and Emperor Gaozu changed his mind, released Li Jiancheng, and allowed him to return to Chang'an and remain as crown prince. Instead, Emperor Gaozu only blamed the discord between his sons on Li Jiancheng's staff members Wang Gui and Wei Ting (韋挺), and Li Shimin's staff member Du Yan, exiling them. Yang was subsequently assassinated by |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 4552, "ep": 14, "ec": 5194} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 4,552 | 14 | 5,194 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | his own subordinates.
Another problem that Emperor Gaozu faced was constant Eastern Turkish incursions. Emperor Gaozu seriously considered burning Chang'an to the ground and moving the capital to Fancheng (樊城, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), a suggestion that Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and the chancellor Pei Ji agreed with. Li Shimin opposed, however, and the plan was not carried out. Meanwhile, Li Shimin himself was sending his confidants to Luoyang to build up personal control of the army there. After an incident in which Li Shimin suffered a severe case of food poisoning after feasting at Li Jiancheng's palace—an event that both |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 5194, "ep": 14, "ec": 5830} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 5,194 | 14 | 5,830 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | Emperor Gaozu and Li Shimin apparently interpreted as an assassination attempt—Emperor Gaozu considered sending Li Shimin to guard Luoyang to prevent further conflict, but Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, after consulting each other, believed that this would only give Li Shimin an opportunity to build up his personal power there, and therefore opposed it. Emperor Gaozu therefore did not carry out the plan.
By 626, Li Shimin was fearful that he would be killed by Li Jiancheng, and his staff members Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, and Zhangsun Wuji were repeatedly encouraging Li Shimin to attack Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji first—while |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 5830, "ep": 14, "ec": 6440} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 5,830 | 14 | 6,440 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | Wei Zheng was encouraging Li Jiancheng to attack Li Shimin first. Li Jiancheng persuaded Emperor Gaozu to remove Fang and Du, as well as Li Shimin's trusted guard officers Yuchi Gong and Cheng Zhijie (程知節), from Li Shimin's staff. Zhangsun, who remained on Li Shimin's staff, continued to try to persuade Li Shimin to attack first.
In summer 626, the Eastern Turkish khaganate was making another attack, and under Li Jiancheng's suggestion, Emperor Gaozu, instead of sending Li Shimin to resist the Turks as he first was inclined, decided to send Li Yuanji instead. Li Yuanji was given command of much |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 6440, "ep": 14, "ec": 7034} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 6,440 | 14 | 7,034 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | of the army previously under Li Shimin's control, further troubling Li Shimin, who believed that with the army in Li Yuanji's hands, he would be unable to resist an attack. Li Shimin had Yuchi summon Fang and Du back to his mansion secretly, and then on one night submitted an accusation to Emperor Gaozu that Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were committing adultery with Emperor Gaozu's concubines. Emperor Gaozu, in response, issued summonses to Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji for the next morning, convening the senior officials Pei Ji, Xiao Yu, and Chen Shuda to examine Li Shimin's accusations. As |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 7034, "ep": 14, "ec": 7650} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 7,034 | 14 | 7,650 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident | Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji approached the central gate leading to Emperor Gaozu's palace, Xuanwu Gate (玄武門), Li Shimin carried out the ambush he had set. He personally fired an arrow that killed Li Jiancheng. Subsequently, Yuchi killed Li Yuanji. Li Shimin's forces entered the palace and, under the intimidation of Li Shimin's forces, Emperor Gaozu agreed to create Li Shimin crown prince. Meanwhile, Li Shimin accused the late Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji of plotting treason, posthumously demoted them to commoners and had their sons all executed as well, with Emperor Gaozu unable to oppose the action. Two months |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 14, "sc": 7650, "ep": 18, "ec": 531} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 14 | 7,650 | 18 | 531 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | Struggle between sons and the Xuanwu Gate Incident & As retired emperor | later, Emperor Gaozu passed the throne to Li Shimin (as Emperor Taizong). As retired emperor Emperor Gaozu, as retired emperor, did not appear to try to exert much influence in the reign of his son Emperor Taizong, and not much was recorded about his activities. Indeed, Emperor Taizong, almost immediately, began reversing some of his policies, including his policies of creating many relatives to be imperial princes (which Emperor Taizong reversed later in 626, reducing the ranks of most of those princes to dukes) and Emperor Gaozu's gathering of many ladies in waiting (which Emperor Taizong reversed in 628, releasing |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 18, "sc": 531, "ep": 18, "ec": 1154} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 18 | 531 | 18 | 1,154 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | As retired emperor | about 3,000 ladies in waiting from service, although Emperor Taizong himself, later in his reign, appeared to have gathered as many if not more).
In 629, Emperor Gaozu moved from the main palace, Taiji Palace (太極殿) to the subsidiary Hongyi Palace (弘義宮), which was then renamed Da'an Palace (大安宮). Only then was Emperor Taizong able to move from the crown prince's palace to Taiji Palace.
In 630, when Emperor Gaozu, who had been submitting tribute to the Eastern Turks throughout his reign, heard that Emperor Taizong had sent the general Li Jing to defeat and capture the Turkish khagan Jiali Khan (Ashina |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 18, "sc": 1154, "ep": 18, "ec": 1747} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 18 | 1,154 | 18 | 1,747 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | As retired emperor | Duobi), commented, "Gaozu of Han was trapped [at Baideng (白登, in modern Datong, Shanxi) in 200 BCE by Xiongnu forces] and could not avenge himself. Now my son can destroy Tujue. I have entrusted the empire to the right person, and what do I have to worry about?" He subsequently summoned a number of princes and princesses, along with high level officials, to celebrate the victory, playing the pipa himself at the celebration and having the guests dance to it.
As Chang'an was often hot during the summer, Emperor Taizong often invited Emperor Gaozu to go with him to Jiucheng Palace |
{"datasets_id": 1690, "wiki_id": "Q9700", "sp": 18, "sc": 1747, "ep": 18, "ec": 2223} | 1,690 | Q9700 | 18 | 1,747 | 18 | 2,223 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | As retired emperor | (九成宮, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), to avoid the heat during the summer. However, as Sui's Emperor Wen had died there (which was named Renshou Palace (仁壽宮) during Sui Dynasty), Emperor Gaozu did not want to visit Jiucheng Palace. Rather, in 634, Emperor Taizong began to construct another summer palace, Daming Palace (大明宮), to serve as Emperor Gaozu's summer palace, but Emperor Gaozu fell ill before it was completed, and he never visited Daming Palace. He died in spring 635. |
{"datasets_id": 1691, "wiki_id": "Q26869696", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 187} | 1,691 | Q26869696 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 187 | Empower Group | History | Empower Group History Empower’s roots are in a company called Pohjolan Voima. Its service company PVO-Palvelut Oy was named to Empower Oy in 1999. Since then operations have extended to the Baltics and Sweden. |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 16, "ec": 10} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 10 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Plaintiffs & Defendant & Facts of the case | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias Empress Casino Joliet Corporation v. Giannoulias, 231 Ill.2d 62 (2008), is a case from Supreme Court of Illinois in which four casinos challenged a tax imposed by Public Act 94-804. The Act was challenged on the grounds that it was an unconstitutional taking. The Court held categorically that a tax could never be a taking within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. Plaintiffs Argosy Empress Casino; Harrah's Casino Cruises Joliet; Hollywood Casino-Aurora; and Elgin Riverboat Resort-Riverboat Casino Defendant Alexi Giannoulias, Treasurer of the State of Illinois Facts of the case Riverboat |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 16, "sc": 9, "ep": 20, "ec": 176} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 16 | 9 | 20 | 176 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Facts of the case & The Act | casinos were authorized in Illinois in 1990 under the Riverboat Gambling Act. Currently, there are nine riverboat casinos licensed and operating. There are five horse racing tracks in Illinois that are in no way tied to the casino industry, meaning they are in “pure” competition. The on-track betting at the tracks has declined over the past fifteen years and the riverboat casinos are largely blamed for the decline. The Act In response to the decline of the horse racing industry, the Illinois Legislature passed the Act in 2006. Major findings were that riverboat gaming has had a negative impact on |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 20, "sc": 176, "ep": 20, "ec": 779} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 20 | 176 | 20 | 779 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | The Act | horse racing. From 1992, the first full year of riverboat operations, through 2005, Illinois on-track wagering has decreased by 42% from $835 million to $482 million. Further, the Act found that the decrease in wagering had had a negative effect on the purses at the tracks, as well as on the state’s breeding industry, which could be remedied by requiring that the riverboat casinos contribute a portion of their revenues to the competition. The Act specifically requires that any casino with adjusted gross receipts of over $200 million in 2004 must pay daily 3% of their adjusted gross receipts into |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 20, "sc": 779, "ep": 20, "ec": 1394} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 20 | 779 | 20 | 1,394 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | The Act | the Horse Racing Equity Trust Fund. Distribution of the Fund would then be made to the horse racing tracks to be spent as follows: 60% for purses; and 40% for track improvement, maintenance and to otherwise operate the facility. The Illinois Racing Board would monitor how the funds are distributed, but not how the tracks actually spend the money. In essence, the track operators would have complete discretion on at least 40% of the money. The Act’s payment obligation was to cease in May 2008; however in November 2008, the Legislature extended the payments for an additional three years.
The plaintiffs |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 20, "sc": 1394, "ep": 24, "ec": 203} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 20 | 1,394 | 24 | 203 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | The Act & Procedural history | are the four riverboat casino operators that had adjusted gross receipts over $200 million in 2004. The four casinos are all in the Chicago area and enjoy higher adjusted gross receipts than casinos in other parts of the state due to the tourism draw of Chicago in general.
The casinos filed suit in state court four days after the Act went into effect, challenging the Act’s constitutionality. Procedural history In 2007, the Circuit Court in Illinois found that the Act was unconstitutional because it violated the uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution. The court found there was no real difference between |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 24, "sc": 203, "ep": 28, "ec": 273} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 24 | 203 | 28 | 273 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Procedural history & Takings argument | the four casinos taxed and the five not taxed and that no reasonable relationship had been provided for the classification. The court enjoined the Act’s enforcement, which was later stayed pending resolution of the dispute.
The defendant appealed directly to the Supreme Court of Illinois, challenging the state court’s ruling. Takings argument The casinos argued that a taking has occurred because the fees exacted by the Act primarily benefited private parties, rather than the public good. Whether the exaction is viewed as surcharge, a fee, or a tax, it is unconstitutional because it is being used for a private |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 28, "sc": 273, "ep": 28, "ec": 823} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 28 | 273 | 28 | 823 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Takings argument | interest. Relying on language in Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005), the casinos argue that “the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation.” Kelo, 545 U.S. at 477. Moreover, the State would not be allowed to take private “land for the purpose of conferring a private benefit on a particular private party… Nor would the [State] by allowed to take property under the mere pretext of a public purpose, when its actual purpose was |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 28, "sc": 823, "ep": 32, "ec": 342} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 28 | 823 | 32 | 342 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Takings argument & Uniformity Clause argument | to bestow a private benefit.” Id. The casinos’ argument is that money is a private property interest and should not be treated differently than personal or real property for a takings analysis when it is taken and given to a private party. Uniformity Clause argument Further, the casinos argued that the Act violated the Uniformity Clause of the Illinois Constitution. This Clause essentially states that whenever a law is passed that classifies the subjects or objects of non-property taxes or fees, the classifications must be reasonable and the classes must be taxed uniformly. Any classification must be |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 32, "sc": 342, "ep": 32, "ec": 923} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 32 | 342 | 32 | 923 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Uniformity Clause argument | based on a “real and substantial difference between the people taxed and those not taxed” and bear “some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy.” Casinos stated that the Act singled out riverboat casinos as the only class of businesses that are required to pay a tax to support the racetrack. Thus, it creates two classes of casinos: ones with adjusted gross receipts over $200 million; and those without adjusted gross receipts over $200 million. When pressed for an explanation as to why the tax was imposed only on those casinos with the |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 32, "sc": 923, "ep": 36, "ec": 280} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 32 | 923 | 36 | 280 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Uniformity Clause argument & State of Illinois' arguments | receipts over $200 million, the Legislature stated that those casinos with AGR over $200 million were in the best position to bear the added expense of the tax. However, the “ability to pay” rationale does not provide a permissible justification for imposing the tax on only some of the casinos. State of Illinois' arguments The State focused their argument on the uniformity clause. Their argument was that the Act did not violate the clause because they merely have to articulate a justification for a classification of the taxation system. First, they stated that riverboat casinos and racetracks are |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 36, "sc": 280, "ep": 36, "ec": 909} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 36 | 280 | 36 | 909 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | State of Illinois' arguments | two segments of the same industry. Second, the General Assembly asserted its justification for the tax on the riverboat segment alone because there was statistical evidence that the opening of riverboat casinos had caused a decline in on-track wagering and a decline in the horse breeding industry. Moreover, the taxation was imposed only on those casinos with adjusted gross receipts over $200 million because those casinos are best suited to absorb the cost of the taxation. The Supreme Court of Illinois had “long recognized that a taxpayer’s ability to absorb the costs of taxation is a legitimate basis for classification.” |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 36, "sc": 909, "ep": 36, "ec": 1524} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 36 | 909 | 36 | 1,524 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | State of Illinois' arguments | Thus, the Act did not violate the uniformity clause.
In their reply brief, the State further argued that the Act was not otherwise unconstitutional. It does not violate article VIII, section 1(a) of the Illinois Constitution, which states that any public funds must be used only for public purposes. The public purpose put forth by the State is the attempt to maintain the viability of horse racing in Illinois. Horse racing not only provides revenue for the State and a legal outlet for gamblers, but it is also creates many jobs to keep Illinoisans employed.
Challenging the takings claims, the |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 36, "sc": 1524, "ep": 40, "ec": 132} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 36 | 1,524 | 40 | 132 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | State of Illinois' arguments & Supreme Court of Illinois' holding | State asserts that the casinos did not actually present a takings clause analysis. Even if casinos had properly presented a claim, the Takings Clause does not apply because it only applies when a tax is so oppressive or arbitrary as to be a confiscation of property. The casinos presented no evidence that it was arbitrary or oppressive and thus have not met their burden of clearly demonstrating a violation of the takings clause. Supreme Court of Illinois' holding The Supreme Court of Illinois reversed the Circuit Court, finding that the Act did not violate the Uniformity Clause of the Illinois |
{"datasets_id": 1692, "wiki_id": "Q5374460", "sp": 40, "sc": 132, "ep": 44, "ec": 528} | 1,692 | Q5374460 | 40 | 132 | 44 | 528 | Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias | Supreme Court of Illinois' holding & The Uniformity Clause | Constitution, nor did it violate any federal Constitution provisions. The Uniformity Clause First, the justices found that the tax classification system that taxed only riverboat casinos with adjusted gross receipts over $200 million was not arbitrary or unreasonable. The Court stated that it had never held that, in order to bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation, the tax must be designed to remedy some burden the taxed class imposed on the state. Rather, this was one factor to be considered when determining reasonableness, and thus there was no support for the casinos’ claim that the Act |
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