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4383214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20%28novel%20series%29 | Alice (novel series) | The Alice series is a young adult book series written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor, consisting of 25 books and three prequels, and it has been frequently challenged, as documented in the American Library Association's lists of the 100 most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 2019. The main character is Alice McKinley, and the Alice series covers her development through adolescence and puberty to the final book, Now I'll Tell You Everything, where Alice turns 60 years old. Through intimate relationships, jobs, disastrous accidents, and accidental parental meetings, the journey from a child into a grown woman is narrated in the Alice series. Important and notable characters are Alice's three best friends, Pamela, Gwen, Elizabeth; her first love, Patrick; her aunt, Sally; her brother, Lester; and her father. Dating, sex, friendship, familial matters, religion, and homosexuality are some of the controversial themes that Phyllis Reynolds Naylor uses to narrate the life story of Alice McKinley.
Background
Phyllis Reynolds Naylor was born in 1933 in Anderson, Indiana. Naylor has written over 125 adult and young-adult novels, 28 of them in the Alice novel series. Naylor was awarded the Edgar Allan Poe Award in 1984 by the Mystery Writers of America for Night Cry. In 1992, Naylor won the Newbery Medal for Shiloh.
Phyllis Reynolds Naylor was raised by both her parents, Eugene and Lura Reynolds, who fostered a conservative and religious upbringing. As a teenager, Naylor wrote for her Church paper and certain school celebrations. Naylor later attended and graduated from Joliet Junior College in 1953. During her first marriage, Naylor worked for the Board of Education's philosophy office in Rockville, Maryland, and for the Montgomery County Education Association. After her divorce, Naylor achieved a B.A. in psychology from American University in 1963. Naylor considered a Ph.D. in the psychology field, but redirected her career path since she was more interested in becoming a professional writer.
The foundation for the Alice series, The Agony of Alice, was originally planned as a novel with no intentions for it to be developed into a series. In an interview with Elizabeth Devereaux in 2002, Naylor said: "I just wanted to write about a motherless girl looking for a role model who finds it not in the most beautiful teacher at school, the one she had hoped to get, but in the homeliest". Then, as she explains in the interview, Naylor started reflecting on her own personal moments, which became an inspiration for a series of books based on the original Alice character.
The Alice series
The Agony of Alice (September 1, 1985) - 6th Grade: Alice moves with her father and brother to Silver Spring, Maryland. The void of her mother, who tragically died of cancer, is heightened through Alice's desire to have a woman-figure to help guide her through adolescence and puberty.
Alice in Rapture, Sort of (March 31, 1989) - Summer before 7th Grade: The summer of the first boyfriend where Alice, Pamela, and Elizabeth spend summer together with respective boyfriends.
Reluctantly Alice (March 30, 1991) - Fall of 7th Grade: Alice tries to survive seventh grade. She makes it her goal to be liked by everyone while she deals with Denise Whitlock, the school bully.
All but Alice (April 30, 1992) - Winter of 7th Grade: Alice deals with the choice of popularity [gets to be one of The Famous Eight/Beautiful People] or being herself. She learns more about true friendship and following her heart.
Alice in April (April 30, 1993) - Spring of 7th Grade: Alice tries to become "Woman of the House", just like how Aunt Sally says she is becoming.
Alice In-Between (March 1, 1994) - End of 7th Grade: Alice turns thirteen and copes between girlhood and womanhood. She gets to take a trip to Chicago with Elizabeth and Pamela to visit Aunt Sally.
Alice the Brave (May 1, 1995) - Summer before 8th Grade: Alice is afraid that her friends will notice her fear of deep water.
Alice in Lace (March 1, 1996) - Beginning of 8th Grade: Alice and Patrick pretend to be married as part of a school project for their health class.
Outrageously Alice (May 1, 1997) - Fall of 8th Grade: Alice is tired of the monotony of life and wants outrageous things to happen to her. She joins clubs and dyes her hair green, much to her father's dismay.
Achingly Alice (June 1, 1998) - Winter of 8th Grade: Alice decides she needs to set priorities in life and make things happen. She also develops a crush on Sam, the boy in her camera club.
Alice on the Outside (June 1, 1999) - Spring of 8th Grade: Alice explores the feeling of being excluded and marginalized. She also learns an unsettling truth about a friend.
The Grooming of Alice (May 1, 2000) - Summer before 9th Grade: Alice, Pamela, and Elizabeth spend the entire summer trying to get perfect bodies for ninth grade.
Alice Alone (May 1, 2001) - First semester of 9th Grade: Alice breaks up with Patrick after a girl in their grade, Penny, took interest in him. She struggles with the idea of being single and learns to love herself even without a boyfriend.
Simply Alice (May 1, 2002) - Second semester of 9th Grade: Pamela and Elizabeth feel left out in Alice's life as she begins to branch out on her own with new activities and new friends. Alice also handles a secret email admirer.
Patiently Alice (May 1, 2003) - Summer before 10th Grade: Alice, Pamela, Elizabeth and Gwen volunteer to be counselors together at a camp for troubled kids.
Including Alice (May 1, 2004) - First semester of 10th Grade: Ben and Sylvia finally get married and Alice feels left out with all the new changes happening around in the house. Alice also contemplates the value of social customs.
Alice on Her Way (June 1, 2005) - Second semester of 10th Grade: Alice's sixteenth birthday is coming up and she tries to get her driver's license. Alice also has a new boyfriend and learns more about relationships, intimacy, and experiences a new stimulating adventure through a class trip to New York.
Alice in the Know (June 1, 2006) - Summer before 11th Grade: Alice works in a local departmental store for the summer, goes for a trip to the beach with Elizabeth and Pamela, and a good friend becomes seriously ill.
Dangerously Alice (May 8, 2007) - First semester of 11th grade: Alice is determined to defy the perception of her of being "Miss Goody Two-shoes", so she becomes rebellious by sneaking out and dating Tony. Alice's attitude towards life is changed when her friend takes part in a drunk-driving crash.
Almost Alice (June 18, 2008) - Second semester of 11th grade: Alice is excited about attending prom and worries that the invite from Patrick will accidentally revive their late relationship. Pamela has a big decision to make.
Intensely Alice (June 2, 2009) - The summer before 12th grade: Alice visits Patrick at his college at Chicago. A life changing incident brings the whole gang back together.
Alice in Charge (June 2010) - First semester of senior year: Alice encounters a group of neo-Nazis disturbing the peace at her school. An encounter in the school hallway with a friend reveals that a new teacher is taking advantage of her.
Incredibly Alice (May 2011) - Second semester of senior year: Alice is having mixed feelings about going away for college and deals with a series of unexpected news and life events.
Alice on Board (May 2012) - The summer before college: Alice and her friends get a job on a Chesapeake Bay cruise ship before going off to college, working as maids and waitresses.
Now I'll Tell You Everything (October 2013) - Chronicles of Alice from age 18 to 60.
The Alice prequels
Starting with Alice (September 1, 2002) - 3rd Grade: Alice tries to deal with being the new girl when she, her dad and Lester move after the store Alice's father works for transfers him to Takoma Park, Maryland.
Alice in Blunderland (September 1, 2003) - 4th Grade: Alice feels as though she cannot escape her embarrassment.
Lovingly Alice (September 1, 2004) - 5th Grade: Alice thinks that fifth grade is just one big joke.
Characters
Alice Kathleen McKinley (Long) is the protagonist and narrator of the series. She has strawberry blond hair, green eyes and freckles. She often refers to herself as an average girl during her pre-teen years and slowly builds up her confidence along the series through her various life journeys. Her mother, Marie, died of leukemia when she was five and Alice often feels as though she does not know how to "be a woman" due to the missing presence of a motherly figure. Her most prominent school activity is her stint as a roving reporter for her school newspaper in high school, The Edge, where she eventually got appointed as features editor during her final semester in junior year and all through senior year. Some of the other clubs/school activities that she has joined were the Earring club, Camera club, Drama club as a stage crew (she plays the main role in her senior year play as Anne in Cheaper by the Dozen), Gay/Straight Alliance and Student Jury. Alice wants to be a psychiatrist, psychologist or school counselor as mentioned in several books. She decides to be a school guidance counselor during her 11th grade and several experiences in her college years solidify commitment to counseling. She works as a school counselor in Montgomery County Middle School after attaining her master's and became supervisor for all the middle school counselors by her early thirties. In the final book of the series, Alice marries her long time boyfriend, Patrick, after they reunite in the airport. They have two children, Patricia Marie and Tyler.
Benjamin McKinley is Alice's father and usually the person for Alice to turn to for advice. He works as a music instructor for the Melody Inn in Chicago and was promoted to manager of the Melody Inn in Silver Spring (the reason they move from Takoma Park). He believes in long/slow courtship and was portrayed as a "shy" kind of person up to college. He is torn by the death of his late wife but manages to find confidence to date again later on and marries Sylvia Summers, Alice's 7th grade English teacher. According to Sylvia, he is the kindest man that she has ever known, being truly considerate and patient to have waited for her when she went to England for a year and had to postpone the wedding when her sister fell sick. He died in his late eighties from a massive coronary and cremated by the family according to his wishes.
Lester McKinley is Alice's brother. They have a seven-year age difference but Alice feels very close to him. He is considered very handsome and most of Alice's friends have a crush on him. He usually shies away from most of Alice's questions or answers them sarcastically. During most of the series, Lester is studying philosophy minoring in psychology, switching from a business major. He graduates with his master's degree in Alice in Charge on his 25th birthday. He works as an assistant director for the Basswood Lodge and Convention Center and then as a head personnel at George Mason University by the time he is 46. Lester has a number of girlfriends, having dated 14 girls by book number 5, All but Alice. He juggled two girlfriends (Crystal Harkins and Marilyn Rawley) for the first half of the series. He finally marries Stacy Houghton in the final book of the series and becomes a father to triplets at the age of 47. He calls the kids the "Tumultuous T".
Elizabeth Price is one of Alice's three best friends throughout the whole series of the book. They met the first day Alice moves across the street in Silver Spring. She is a devout Catholic, has strong opinions about sex and is quite philosophical. Alice, Pamela and Gwen are always understanding of her feelings. She loosens up as she gets older though. Her friends describe her as beautiful because of her long dark hair, creamy skin and thick eyelashes. Elizabeth's first serious boyfriend is Ross Mueller whom she met during their summer job after 9th grade as assistant counselors in Camp Overlook. She started liking one of their friends, Keeno, during the summer before their senior year and they dated till the end of high school. In the final book of the series, Elizabeth marries Moses, a gentleman she met on Amtrak trip to California with Alice and Pamela. She gives birth to 3 daughters after a miscarriage during her first pregnancy. She teaches at a private school in Virginia while pursuing her master's and continues teaching after becoming a mother.
Pamela Jones is also one of Alice's three best friends. She is blond and met Alice met in 6th grade. She bounces between two boys, Brian Brewster and Mark Steidmeister, for several books. Later, she gets involved with a boy named Tim and refers him as one of the nicest guy she ever dated. She sometimes says things about adulthood and sex that can shock Elizabeth and, at times, Alice. She has the most difficult home life due to her parents' messy separation and divorce. She is insightful and wild compared to the rest of the group when it comes to boys. In Almost Alice, she gets pregnant the period she was with Tim, but miscarries after they broke up due to the pregnancy scare. In the final series of the book, Pamela stays single throughout her life with occasional relationships along the way (except for a 10-year relationship at one point) until she marries Bill Harris. She becomes the president of the USA.
Gwen Wheeler is a smart, level-headed girl and one of Alice's three best friends. She is one of the African Americans in the series and meets Alice and her friends in 8th grade. She becomes one of Alice's best friends by sophomore year and has always tutored Alice with her difficult courses, especially algebra. She wants to go into medicine since 10th grade and was sure of the decision when their friend, Molly, was diagnosed with cancer. She was the first "person of color" who manages to pass the threshold of the Jones' house, where Pamela's father forbid anyone other than a white American to enter the house. She attends medical school with the aid of scholarship and eventually becomes a gynecologist practicing in Baltimore, Maryland. She marries her college sweetheart, Charlie, and has two sons. She is there for Alice the most during her cancer ordeal in her forties.
Patrick Long is Alice's first serious boyfriend. He is a smart redhead who partook in an accelerated program to graduate high school in three years, instead of four. Patrick plays the drums in the school band and was in several other clubs/activities like the school newspaper, debate team, track team and student council (serving as the vice president). He acts older than his age and is viewed as self-sufficient. He and Alice began dating in 6th grade but she ended their relationship the summer before 7th as she wasn't ready for anything more yet. They agreed to be "special friends" and got back together the summer after 7th grade. During the 8th grade semi-formal, Patrick fell sick from mono but promises Alice to bring her to his senior prom. In the first year of high school, they broke up after Penny, a new girl in their grade, showed interest in him. They remain as friends and got back together in late high school when Patrick asks her to his senior prom. He went to college a year early in Chicago and they continue a long-distance relationship. When Patrick decides to study abroad in Spain during Alice's freshman year in college, their relationship slowly goes downhill and he sends her a letter suggesting they don't tie each other down, admitting his attraction to other women. He then serves in the Peace Corps for 2 years. After he finishes serving the Peace Corps, he and Alice reunite at the O'Hare airport. The two rekindle their relationship and, eventually, marry and have two children. Patrick achieved career success working for IBM with numerous promotions over the years. He continued with part-time consulting work for IBM in Japan few times a year in his 60s, with Alice accompanying him.
Aunt Sally is Alice's aunt, sister to her deceased mother. She lives in Chicago with her husband, Milt. Alice sometimes mistakes her memories of her mother with memories of Aunt Sally as she took care of the family in Chicago for a few period of time after Marie (Alice's mom) died. Aunt Sally is often useful to Alice when she needed advice but sometimes with personal questions, she asks Aunt Sally's daughter, Carol, instead. She calls the family once a week to check up on them as a promise to Marie to look after the family but the phone calls slows down eventually when Sylvia married Alice's father. She died at the age of 71.
Sylvia Summers begins as Alice's seventh-grade language-arts teacher whom Alice adores. Alice wants her father and Sylvia to date, so she invites her to a Christmas choral performance, the Messiah Sing-Along, at a local church with her father and without his knowledge. They started dating soon thereafter and got engaged when she was in England where she accepted a teacher exchange position. Sylvia eventually marries Alice's dad when she comes back from England and moves into the family house. Their relationship as stepmother and stepdaughter got off on a rocky start where Alice felt that they were too polite with each other. A night where Alice attended a party which resulted into a serious car crash turned things around when Sylvia had a serious talk with her on how worried her dad has been that fateful night. They talked everything out and made efforts to communicate more effectively with each other afterwards and maintained a good relationship even after her dad's passing.
Carol is Alice's cousin, the only daughter to Aunt Sally. She is more spontaneous and easy-going compared to her mother and Alice finds her easier to approach for more personal question which mostly involves sex. They share a lot of conversations mostly when Carol comes to visit for the holidays or conferences in Silver Spring. She dates a nice fellow, Lawrence (Larry) in Alice in The Know and they were married the summer before Alice's senior year. She drops by occasionally during holiday or celebratory occasions and both share a bonding experience when Aunt Sally dies where they discover relics from their mother's infancy.
Mrs. Plotkin is Alice's 6th grade teacher who helps her learn that it is what's on the inside that counts. She is the first teacher that Alice had ever felt close with. They met again in the hospital where Alice does volunteer work during the summer of 7th grade. She was suffering from cardiac disorders, which claimed her life during one of the morning Alice was there for work. Alice attended her memorial service and shared her memories of Mrs. Plotkin throughout the years they've known each other. Her death was one of the loss that Alice had to cope with difficulty, after the passing of her mother.
Mark Steidmester is one of Alice's classmates. They met in 6th grade when he was dating Pamela Jones. Alice and her friends makes it a tradition to hang out in his family's pool over every summer until the group breaks up. Mark died when he was 16 from a tragic car crash. Everyone attended his funeral where Patrick gave a memorial speech to represent all of their friends, referring to Mark as a "there for you" kind of friend. The group still drops by Mark's house after his death to check in on his parents from time to time, mostly during the holidays or when Patrick comes into town (after he goes off to college in Chicago).
Brian Brewster is one of Alice's classmates since 7th grade. He's in the "pool gang" which Alice calls her and the group of friends who usually hangs out in the Stedmeister's pool during the summer. He used to date Pamela Jones during the first few years of middle school. He disappears from the group after graduating from high school but reappears in the series at 60 years old during the opening of the time capsule where he's living in Canada and owns a sports franchise.
Jill is one of Alice's friends from junior high. She is known for her popularity and attractive physical appearance. She dates Justin Collier all through high school and they were married in their senior year when she got pregnant (part of their plan to rebel against Justin's parents who constantly tries to keep them apart). They met again during the opening of the time capsule where she is divorced from Justin and is a talent scout in LA.
Karen is also one of Alice's friends from junior high. She is Jill's best friend and is known as the gossip among their friends. She attends Penn State after graduating from high school and occasionally emails Pamela over the years. Alice met her again during the opening of the time capsule where she is working at a bank in Pittsburgh and is hardly recognizable, having put on so much weight.
Sam Mayer is one of Alice's serious boyfriends whom she met in 8th grade. They dated during their sophomore year. Alice broke up with him after a few months of dating because she felt mollycoddled. They remained as good friends after parting and he works alongside Alice in the school newspaper as the photographer. Alice refers to him as a guy who's in love with love.
Penny is one of Patrick's ex-girlfriends. She started to flirt with Patrick at the start of 9th grade when Alice and Patrick were still together. In Including Alice, Penny reaches out to Alice asking how long she's going to stay mad at her and they eventually became friends throughout the remaining series. Penny admits to Alice in Incredibly Alice that she always feels that she loses out to Alice (she never thought Patrick really liked her, calling her Alice on occasions). She moved to Delaware with her family after high school graduation and lost touch with the gang. Pamela eventually found out that she's married and is living in Tucson by the time the gang is in their late twenties.
Keeno (Keene) is Brian Brewster's friend from St John's who got introduced to the pool gang one of the summers in Alice in the Know. He starts to hang out with the gang by the summer before Alice's senior year even when Brian is not around. He forms the Naked Carpenters with Mark dressing in briefs and work boots, playing instruments on the local metros which gains attention of local media coverage. He dated Elizabeth during her senior year and went on to attend a naval academy in Annapolis after graduating from high school.
Molly Brennan is one of the stage crew member Alice met in Drama club. Everyone likes her due to her easy and lovable personality. She is a year older than Alice and they become closer during a class trip to New York and when she was diagnosed with cancer during Alice's junior year. Alice and her friends visited Molly frequently when she was battling cancer until she got into remission.
Lori Haynes is a girl from Alice's eighth-grade English class and homeroom. She is Alice's first lesbian friend and came out to her the night she invited Alice over for a sleepover. She dated a girl named Leslie and was often ostracized by school bullies. Alice stood up for them mostly when she witnessed the bullying and they eventually joined a club called Gay/Straight Alliance. Alice lost touch with her in their twenties and in the last book of the series, Alice received a postcard from Lori about a hideaway B&B owned by her and Leslie. She and Leslie were married in Seattle where Leslie took her last name.
Amy Sheldon is a girl who transfers from special ed class during Alice's sophomore year. She tries to become friends with Alice and her friends but got outcast-ed because of her strange personality and social awkwardness. Alice has helped her to increase her social skills and confidence in self by encouraging her to become a roving reporter for the school newspaper and giving out honest advises whenever she needs it. She may be autistic. Amy was also in the later books in 2011 (Alice in Charge) molested by a student teacher. The story was actually told by Alice herself.
Marilyn Rawley was one of Lester's first serious girlfriend in Silver Spring. They dated on and off for a few years and officially remain as friends in The Grooming of Alice. She has long straight brown hair and brown eyes, plays the guitar and sing. She works for Alice's dad by running the Gift Shoppe and later gets hired as the assistant manager. She marries a man named Jack Roberts, a guitarist. In Incredibly Alice she gives birth to her first child, a daughter named Summer Hope.
Crystal Harkins was Lester's second girlfriend in Silver Spring. She has short reddish hair, smooth pale skin and ample bosom. She dated Lester until Marilyn came back into his life and they dated on and off afterwards. She shows up in their house to announce her engagement to Peter Carey in Alice in Lace and still has lingering feelings for Lester even after the marriage. In Intensely Alice she finally understood that she shouldn't reach out to Lester anymore and moves on.
Rosalind Rodriquez is Alice's best friend from 3rd to 5th grade when she was living in Takoma Park. She resurface years later in Including Alice, where she meets Alice in the Melody Inn store in Silver Spring. They reunite and email each other often afterwards.
Tony Osler is a senior whom Alice shares a brief romance with. He is the sports editor for the school newspaper and started to show interest in Alice in Alice on Her Way. He brings Alice to the Snow Ball during her junior year and they shared a couple of sexual intimacies from then on. Alice calls off the relationship after she gets the vibe that she is just another one of his "babes".
Scott Lynch is a senior whom Alice had a crush on. He is the editor in chief for the school newspaper during Alice's junior year. The crush shortly ended after Alice invites him to the Sadie Hawkins dance and realizes that he doesn't feel a "spark" for her.
Reception
Analysis
The Alice novel series, which includes 28 books, has 2.5 million copies in circulation. Naylor's ability to narrate Alice McKinley's life as she ages across 28 books is highlighted by Edie Ching, an instructor who specializes in children's literature at the University of Maryland, who remarks: "The fact that Phyllis could write a series in which her main character went from childhood to adulthood over time — and in each book was fully realized at that particular stage of her life — shows her depth and talent as a writer".
In 2003, the Alice novel series, according to the Baltimore Sun, was the most controversial novel series because of the illicit sexual content. The American Library Association's list from 2000 to 2009 states that the books in the Alice series were the second most frequently banned books in the decade, following the Harry Potter series. The series covers many controversial topics that are included in young-adult literature like masturbation, menstruation, and the evolution both physically and mentally of the main character. In The Grooming of Alice, Alice inspects her genitalia in a manner common to teaching the audience, most often a child, about sex. In the fourth book in the series, All But Alice, Alice, Lester, and her father converse about a song called "My Necrophiliac Brother"; school libraries in a Minnesota district banned the book. In Webb City, Missouri, multiple Alice books were removed from the shelves of school libraries in 2002 due to the use of homosexuality in the narrative.
Awards
The Alice series has received the following accolades:
Alice in Agony: Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1987)
Reluctantly Alice: Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1993)
Alice the Brave: Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1997)
Outrageously Alice: Best Books for Young Adults (1998)
Simply Alice: Amelia Bloomer List (2003)
Controversy
The Alice series has been the center of much controversy:
Top 100 most frequently challenged books: 1990-1999
Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009
Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019
Top 10 Most Banned and Challenged Books for 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, and 2011
References
External links
Alice Mckinley official website
Alice official movie website
Young adult novel series
Series of children's books
American young adult novels |
4383353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20in%20baseball | 1922 in baseball |
Champions
World Series: New York Giants over New York Yankees (4-0-1)
Statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro leagues final standings
Negro National League final standings
This was the third of twelve seasons of the first Negro National League. Generally, teams did not play a uniform number of games (since some teams barnstormed against other Negro baseball teams). This sometimes created a difference in who would generally be considered first place in certain years. Playoffs would not be held to determine a winner until 1925 (for which it would be used five times until 1930). For example, Indianapolis played the most games with 85, followed by Kansas City at eighty, Detroit with 74, and Chicago with 62. The latter team with its superior winning percentage among the group is generally considered the pennant winner.
East (independent teams) final standings
A loose confederation of teams were gathered in the East to compete with the West, however East teams did not organize a formal league as the West did.
Events
January
January 13 - Former Chicago White Sox infielder Buck Weaver files his first application for reinstatement to major league baseball. This would be one of six unsuccessful attempts Weaver would make to have the lifetime banishment lifted.
January 14 - The Washington Senators name Clyde Milan, and outfielder and member of the team since 1907, as the new manager, replacing George McBride.
January 30 - José Leblanc, a pitcher with the Negro National League's Cuban Stars, is struck on the head with a baseball bat in an argument with Antonio Susini, during a Cuban League game. Leblanc dies the following day.
February
March
March 5 - Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees agree to a deal that pays the slugger $52,000 annually. The deal is worth more than that of teammate Frank "Home Run" Baker.
March 9 - The St. Louis Cardinals sign Rogers Hornsby to a three-year contract. Hornsby had been contacted by John McGraw of the New York Giants, but Hornsby opted to sign with St. Louis.
April
April 9 – With a St. Louis record crowd of 29,000 on hand, the Browns top the Cardinals, 6–3, to win their City Series.
April 12 – The Chicago Cubs win their season opener 7–3 over the Cincinnati Reds. Hall of Fame catcher Gabby Hartnett debuts behind the plate for the Cubs.
April 18 – St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Sid Benton faces two batters in the Cards' 7–5 loss to the Chicago Cubs, and walks both. It is his only major league experience ever.
April 22 - Ken Williams of the St. Louis Browns hits three home runs in a single game, all of which scored George Sisler. Williams becomes the first American League player to hit three homers in a game as St. Louis defeated Chicago 10–7.
April 28 - The Philadelphia Phillies defeat Brooklyn 10–7. In the game, Lee King of Philadelphia drives in seven runs. It's King's best output of the season as he finished the year with 15 runs batted in.
April 29 - George Kelly, Ross Youngs and Dave Bancroft of the New York Giants each hit inside-the-park home runs, with Kelly accounting for two. The Giants defeated the Boston Braves 15–4 in the contest.
April 30 – In his fourth career start, Chicago White Sox pitcher Charlie Robertson pitches the fifth perfect game in Major League history. Chicago tops the Detroit Tigers, 2–0, at Navin Field in Detroit.
May
May 7 – Jesse Barnes of the New York Giants pitches a no-hitter in a 6–0 win over the Philadelphia Phillies.
Walter Mueller makes his major league debut, driving in five runs as the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Chicago Cubs 11–5. Mueller becomes the first player in major history to drive in five runs in his MLB debut.
May 20 – Babe Ruth joins the New York Yankees after having been suspended for an illegal barnstorming tour the previous fall.
May 25 - Ruth, having just returned to the Yankees, is called out trying to stretch a single into a double. An irate Ruth throws dirt into the eyes of the umpire. Ruth then enters the stands to fight a man that had been heckling him. After they are separated, Ruth begins yelling at the entire crowd. His antics cause him to be suspended for one game, and he's fined $200 dollars. A decision is also made to strip Ruth of his standing as team captain as well.
May 29 – The United States Supreme Court decides Federal Baseball Club v. National League, a lawsuit resulting from the Federal League merger in 1915, holding that Major League Baseball games did not constitute interstate commerce and thus were exempt from the Sherman Antitrust Act.
May 30 - One of the strangest trades in baseball history occurs between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs. The teams are playing each other in a double-header, when at the conclusion of the first game, Chicago trades outfielder Cliff Heathcote to St. Louis for outfielder Max Flack. Both players got a hit for their team in the second game, won by the Cubs as part of a sweep.
June
June 3 – During a 5–4 win over the visiting Detroit Tigers at League Park, Cleveland Indians first baseman Stuffy McInnis committed his first error in an astounding 163 games played and 1,625 total chances.
June 5 – In the only game on the Major League schedule, sloppy play by the St. Louis Cardinals is the difference in the Boston Braves' 6–0 victory. An error by Cardinals first baseman Jack Fournier leads to two unearned runs in the second. With two outs in the third, Jeff Pfeffer walks one, then gives up consecutive singles for Boston's third run. Hod Ford's single to center drives in a fourth run, followed by an error by center fielder Jack Smith, leading to a fifth run. Fournier commits a second error in the fifth which leads to Boston's sixth, and final, run.
June 12 - Hub Pruett struck out Babe Ruth three consecutive times as the St. Louis Browns beat the New York Yankees 7–1.
July
July 6 – The New York Yankees pound the Cleveland Indians in both games of a doubleheader by scores of 10–3 and 11–3. Babe Ruth drives in four runs in the first game, and is held hitless in the second.
July 13 - Bill Doak of the St. Louis Cardinals loses a no-hit bid when he fails to cover first base. Curt Walker of Philadelphia hit a grounder to Cardinals first baseman Jack Fournier who could not reach the base quick enough to tag out Walker.
Wally Pipp, Everett Scott and Mike McNally of the New York Yankees each get three hits in a game as the New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 11–7.
July 23 – Chicago Cubs first baseman Ray Grimes drives in two runs in a 4–1 victory over the Brooklyn Robins, giving him at least one RBI in seventeen straight games.
August
August 6 – Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson gives up the first grand slam of his career, a third-inning shot by Jack Tobin, as the host St. Louis Browns top the Senators, 8–4. George Sisler is two-for-two against Johnson, as Browns pitcher Urban Shocker is credited with the victory.
August 15 – The Chicago White Sox defeated the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, 19–11, in a game which both teams combined for a whopping 35 singles. Chicago collected 21 singles, Boston 14, to set an American League record that's still intact.
August 18 – The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 3–2 in fourteen innings. Future Hall of Famer Jim Bottomley makes his major league debut for the Cardinals playing all fourteen innings.
August 25 :
In the first game of a double header, New York Yankees pitcher Waite Hoyt holds St. Louis Browns slugger Ken Williams hitless, snapping his 28-game hitting streak. The Browns win regardless, 3–1.
The Chicago Cubs managed to edge out the Philadelphia Phillies, 26–23, in one of the worst combined pitching performances in Major League Baseball history. The game itself featured 51 hits, 23 bases on balls and 10 errors, with the Phillies leaving 16 runners stranded on base and the Cubs stranding nine.
September
September 2–19 year old pitcher Paul Schreiber makes his major league debut for the Brooklyn Robins, giving up two hits over one inning. Schreiber would be sent back to the minors after the following season. He'd later emerge to pitch for the New York Yankees in 1945, coming out of retirement due to a shortage of players during the war, and appear in an MLB game 25 years after he'd played in his last one.
September 9 - Baby Doll Jacobson hits three triples to lead the St. Louis Browns to a 16–0 win over the Detroit Tigers.
September 16 – The St. Louis Browns open a crucial three game set against the New York Yankees at Sportsman's Park. The Yankees win game one of the series, 2–1, behind a strong pitching effort from Bob Shawkey.
September 23 – Future Hall of Famer Kiki Cuyler makes his only appearance of the season in the Pittsburgh Pirates' 5–1 loss to the Brooklyn Robins.
September 24 - Brothers Jesse and Virgil Barnes of the New York Giants surrender a home run to Rogers Hornsby. Hornsby would finish the season with a then record 42 homers.
September 27 – Future Hall of famer Travis Jackson makes his Major league debut with the New York Giants, striking out in his only at-bat in the Giants' 3–2 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies.
September 30 – Philadelphia Athletics pitcher Eddie Rommel gets his league leading 27th victory over the Washington Senators. Philadelphia only manage 65 victories all season, and finish in seventh place in the American League.
October
October 1 – St. Louis Cardinals second baseman Rogers Hornsby goes three-for-five to end the season with a .401 batting average, becoming the first National Leaguer to end the season with a .400 average since . Horsnby also sets new National League records with 42 home runs, 152 runs batted in, and a .722 slugging percentage.
October 4 – For the second year in a row, every game of the World Series is played at the Polo Grounds in New York City since it houses both the Giants and Yankees. The Giants score three in the eighth inning to take game one, 3–2.
October 5 – After ten innings, game two of the 1922 World Series is declared a 3-3 tie.
October 6 – Behind a four hitter by Jack Scott, the Giants win game three of the World Series, 3–0.
October 7 – A four run fifth inning carries the Giants to a 4–3 victory over the Yankees in game four of the World Series.
October 8 – The New York Giants defeat the New York Yankees, 5–3, in Game five of the World Series, to win their second consecutive World Championship, and third overall, with a 4-0-1 record.
November
November 1 – Former Philadelphia Athletics catcher Ira Thomas buys the Shreveport Gassers Texas League club for $75,000. Other former players who own pieces of minor league clubs include Ty Cobb (Augusta Georgians), Eddie Collins (Baltimore Orioles), and George Stallings (Rochester Red Wings).
December
Births
January
January 2 – Viola Thompson
January 3 – Virgil Stallcup
January 5 – Helen Smith
January 7 – Alvin Dark
January 8 – Ralph LaPointe
January 10 – Lefty Chambers
January 11 – Neil Berry
January 14 – Hank Biasatti
January 17 – Jack Merson
January 21 – Sam Mele
January 22 – Annabelle Lee
January 28 – Hank Arft
January 30 – Mal Mallette
February
February 2 – Sheldon Jones
February 3 – Jim Dyck
February 8 – Monty Basgall
February 12 – Mike Clark
February 12 – Woody Main
February 18 – Joe Brovia
February 18 – Joe Tipton
February 18 – Connie Wisniewski (d. 1995)
February 20 – Bill Reeder
February 20 – Jim Wilson
February 22 – Julie Dusanko
February 22 – George Genovese
February 22 – Frankie Zak
February 26 – Steve Biras
March
March 6 – Mary Moore
March 8 – Carl Furillo
March 8 – Al Gionfriddo
March 10 – Sarah Mavis Dabbs
March 13 – Cliff Mapes
March 22 – Josephine Kabick
March 22 – Claire Schillace
March 25 – Billy Bowers
April
April 5 – Gene Crumling
April 6 – Elizabeth Fabac
April 9 – Dizzy Sutherland
April 12 – Bill Wight
April 18 – Moe Burtschy
April 26 – Sam Dente
May
May 3 – Ernest Groth
May 11 – Nestor Chylak
May 11 – Thelma Eisen
May 11 – Monte Kennedy
May 12 – Johnny Hetki
May 18 – Gil Coan
May 18 – Sam File
May 18 – Mike Modak
May 30 – Leola Brody
May 30 – Bob Hooper
June
June 4 – Ray Coleman
June 4 – Ross Grimsley
June 7 – Idona Crigler
June 12 – Jim Mains
June 13 – June Gilmore
June 13 – Mel Parnell
June 14 – Bud Hardin
June 16 – Max Surkont
June 19 – George Burpo
June 25 – Alex Garbowski
June 29 – Kay Rohrer
July
July 3 – Art Fowler
July 3 – Howie Schultz
July 4 – Loren Bain
July 19 – Ray Yochim
July 21 – Mickey Taborn
July 23 – Mary Rountree
July 24 – Duane Pillette
July 26 – Hoyt Wilhelm
July 30 – Joe Coleman
July 31 – Hank Bauer
August
August 2 – Marjorie Pieper
August 7 – Bob Alexander
August 10 – Clint Hartung
August 11 – Cal Cooper
August 11 – Bobby Wilkins
August 12 – Irene DeLaby
August 15 – Jim McDonnell
August 16 – Gene Woodling
August 23 – George Kell
August 25 – Jim Devlin
August 30 – Martha Rommelaere
August 31 – Hub Andrews
September
September 1 – Joe Astroth
September 1 – Vic Barnhart
September 3 – Morrie Martin
September 6 – Lou Ciola
September 6 – Harry Perkowski
September 16 – Con Dempsey
September 20 – Vic Lombardi
September 23 – Lino Donoso
September 29 – Don Wheeler
September 30 – Barbara Liebrich
October
October 1 – Takehiko Bessho
October 2 – Jim Gladd
October 3 – Jake Eisenhart
October 4 – Don Lenhardt
October 6 – Joe Frazier
October 7 – Grady Hatton
October 10 – Mickey Kreitner
October 18 – Mildred Warwick
October 21 – Stan Partenheimer
October 23 – Ewell Blackwell
October 27 – Ralph Kiner
October 27 – Del Rice
November
November 1 – Andy Lapihuska
November 4 – Eddie Basinski
November 6 – Vivian Kellogg
November 6 – Buddy Kerr
November 8 – Bob Brady
November 10 – Johnny Lipon
November 12 – Billy Reed
November 13 – Andy Anderson
November 18 – Kermit Wahl
November 19 – George Yankowski
November 23 – Grady Wilson
November 25 – Ben Wade
November 25 – John Wells
November 26 – Joe Muir
November 27 – Lou Bevil
November 28 – Wes Westrum
November 29 – Lynn Lovenguth
December
December 1 – George Lerchen
December 3 – Joe Collins
December 5 – Bill Rodgers
December 10 – Gordie Mueller
December 12 – Mo Mozzali
December 15 – Hiroshi Oshita
December 17 – Makoto Kozuru
December 20 – Mahlon Duckett
December 21 – Jay Difani
December 22 – Johnny Bero
December 24 – Margaret Berger
December 25 – Neal Watlington
December 27 – Connie Johnson
December 31 – Luis Zuloaga
Deaths
January
January 11 – Miah Murray, 57, catcher for the Nationals, Colonels, Grays and Statesmen between 1884 and 1891, who became a full-time umpire in 1895.
January 14 – Ben Shibe, 83, owner of the Philadelphia Athletics since the 1901 season, during which period the team won six American League pennants and three World Series.
January 19 – Bob Keating, 59, pitcher for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles.
January 21 – Orator Shafer, 70, outfielder for 13 seasons from 1874 to 1890, who collected a .282 batting average and 1000 hits in 871 career games.
January 27 – Emil Frisk, 47, pitcher and outfielder in four major league seasons between 1899 and 1907, who became the first player to accumulate over 2,000 hits in minor league history.
January 30 – Billy Rhines, 52, pitcher who posted a 114–103 record for three teams between 1890 and 1899, while leading the National League in earned run average in the 1890 and 1896 seasons.
February 6 – Frank Barrows, 77, outfielder for the 1871 Boston Red Stockings.
February
February 15 – Pete Childs, 50, infielder who played from 1901 through 1902 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Orphans and Philadelphia Phillies.
February 22 – George Hogan, 36, pitcher for the 1914 Kansas City Packers of the Federal League.
February 23 – Pickles Dillhoefer, 28, catcher who played from 1917 to 1921 with the Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies and St. Louis Cardinals.
February 23 – C. I. Taylor, 47, owner and manager of the Negro leagues' Indianapolis ABC's since 1914, co-founder of the Negro National League.
February 28 – Walt Walker, 61, catcher for the 1884 Detroit Wolverines of the National League.
March
March 11 – Joe Gerhardt, 67, second baseman for several teams from 1873 to 1891, who led the National League in assists twice and in double plays three times.
March 14 – Danny Hoffman, 42, center fielder for the Athletics, Highlanders and Browns from 1903 through 1911, who led the American League in stolen bases during the 1905 season.
March 26 – Count Gedney, 72, left fielder who played from 1872 through 1875 for the Mutuals, Athletics, Eckfords and Haymakers of the National Association.
April
April 1 – Leech Maskrey, 68, left fielder for the Louisville Eclipse/Colonels and the Cincinnati Red Stockings from 1882 to 1886.
April 1 – Harry Smith, 31, catcher for the New York Giants, Brooklyn Tip-Tops and Cincinnati Reds between 1914 and 1918.
April 14 – Cap Anson, 69, Hall of Fame first baseman for the Chicago White Stockings who was the 19th century's most prolific hitter, setting career records for games, hits, runs, doubles and RBI; batted .333 lifetime, winning three batting titles, also ranked sixth all-time in home runs upon retirement; managed Chicago to five pennants (1880–82, 1885–86), 1296 career victories were record until 1907; among first managers to use pitching rotation, and first to organize spring training.
May
May 19 – Bob Reach, 78, National Association shortstop who played from 1872 to 1873 for the Olympics and Blue Legs teams based in Washington, D.C..
May 22 – Bill Daley, 53, pitcher for three seasons; one for the Boston Beaneaters, and two for the Boston Reds.
May 24 – Charlie Frank, 61, outfielder for the St. Louis Browns from 1893 to 1894.
May 25 – Charlie Gessner, 58, pitcher for the 1886 Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association.
May 31 – John Coleman, 59, pitcher/outfielder for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and the Quakers/Athletics Philadelphia teams between 1883 and 1890, who led all National League pitchers in starts, complete games and innings pitched during the 1883 season.
June
June 12 – Chief Johnson, 36, pitcher who played from 1913 to 1914 for the Cincinnati Reds of the National League and the Kansas City Packers of the Federal League.
June 24 – Dan O'Leary, 65, outfielder from 1879 to 1884, player-manager for the 1884 Cincinnati Outlaw Reds of the Union Association.
June 28 – Dick Lowe, 68, catcher for the 1884 Detroit Wolverines of the National League.
July
July 4 – John Pickett, 56, second baseman/outfielder for three seasons from 1889 to 1892.
July 10 – Harvey Bailey, 45, pitcher who played for the Boston Beaneaters of the National League in 1899 and 1900.
July 15 – Charlie Kuhns, 46, National League infielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1897) and the Boston Beaneaters (1899).
July 20 – Dick Pierson, 64, first baseman for the 1885 New York Metropolitans of the American Association.
July 27 – George Cuppy, 53, pitcher who won 24 or more games four times for the Cleveland Spiders.
August
August 5 – Tommy McCarthy, 59, Hall of Fame outfielder for the St. Louis and Boston teams who batted .300 four times and pioneered several strategies; defensive standout led American Association in assists and steals once each.
August 12 – Sam King, 70, first baseman for the 1884 Washington Nationals of the American Association.
September
September 15 – Charlie Jones, 60, infielder who played for the 1884 Brooklyn Atlantics.
September 18 – Jake Stahl, 43, manager and first baseman who led the Red Sox to the 1912 World Series title, led AL in home runs in 1910.
September 23 – Butch Rementer, 44, catcher for the 1904 Philadelphia Phillies.
September 30 – Frank Genins, 56, infielder/outfielder who played for the Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Browns, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Blues between 1892 and 1901.
October
October 14 – Rasty Wright, 59, outfielder who played in 1890 with the Syracuse Stars of the American Association and the Cleveland Spiders of the National League.
October 25 – Pat Kilhullen, 32, catcher for the 1914 Pittsburgh Pirates.
October 31 – Dick Padden, 52, second baseman who hit .258 in 824 games with the Pirates, Senators, Cardinals and Browns between 1896 and 1905.
November
November 1 – Billy Goeckel, 51, first baseman for the 1899 Philadelphia Phillies.
November 4 – John Houseman, 52, Dutch infielder/outfielder who played with the Chicago Cubs in 1894 and for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1897.
November 6 – Morgan G. Bulkeley, 84, executive who served as the National League's first president in 1876, also as president of Hartford club; later a governor of Connecticut and U.S. Senator.
November 7 – Sam Thompson, 62, Hall of Fame right fielder for Detroit and Philadelphia who batted .331 lifetime and won 1887 batting title; led National League in hits three times, home runs and doubles twice each; until 1921, held record of 166 RBI (1887) and ranked second in career home runs; his .505 career slugging average was second highest of 19th century.
November 11 – Dave Pierson, 67, catcher/outfielder for the 1876 Cincinnati Reds.
November 14 – Doc Oberlander, 58, pitcher for the 1888 Cleveland Blues of the American Association.
November 18 – Len Lovett, 70, outfielder for the Elizabeth Resolutes (1873) and Philadelphia Centennials (1875) National Association teams.
November 23 – Sandy McDermott, 66, second baseman for the 1885 Baltimore Orioles of the American Association.
November 27 – Austin McHenry, 27, dies from a brain tumor after hitting .350 with 17 home runs and 110 RBI for the 1921 St. Louis Cardinals, who became ill during the 1922 season and was hitting .303 when forced to quit.
December
December 1 – Jim Snyder, 75, catcher/shortstop for the Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association between 1870 and 1872.
December 22 – Dad Meek, 55, catcher who played from 1889 through 1890 for the St. Louis Browns of the American Association.
December 25 – Wes Fisler, 81, infielder/outfielder who hit .310 for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1871 to 1876, and a member of the 1871 National Association championship team.
References |
4383399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis | Kothar-wa-Khasis | Kothar-wa-Khasis (), also known as Kothar or Hayyānu, was an Ugaritic god regarded as a divine artisan. He could variously play the roles of an architect, smith, musician or magician. Some scholars believe that this name represents two gods, Kothar and Khasis, combined into one.
He is well attested in ritual texts, and a number of theophoric names invoking him have been identified. He was believed to reside in Memphis and Caphtor, which might reflect the routes through which crafts and resources traveled in the late Bronze Age. He appears in various Ugaritic myths as well. In the Baal Cycle, he uses his skills on behalf of other deities. In the beginning, El enlists his help with building a temple for Yam. Later he helps Baal in his conflict with the sea god, providing him with weapons with which he ultimately triumphs. The weather god subsequently asks him for help with preparing gifts for Athirat, whose support he needs, and later with the construction of a palace of his own. He is also mentioned in the hymn to Shapash which closes this cycle of myths. In the Epic of Aqhat, he makes the bow belonging to the eponymous hero. There is some evidence that he was also introduced to Egypt, but his popularity there was limited. He was associated with the construction of temples. The name Keserty might have either referred to a god regarded as his counterpart or outright represent an Egyptian variant of his name. A connection between him and Ptah has also been suggested in past scholarship.
It is presumed that a figure known from the writings of Philo of Byblos, Chousor, represents a later, Phoenician form of Kothar-wa-Khasis. While described as a mortal by this author due to his euhemeristic views, he was presumably originally also a craftsman deity. In Phoenician History, he is credited with inventing various arts and crafts. A reference to Chousor is also present in the cosmogony of Mochos, known from a citation in citation in Damascius’ De principiis.
Uncertain attestations of Kothar-wa-Khasis include the reference to a possibly related deity named Baal-Malagê in a Neo-Assyrian treaty with Tyre, and a number of verses in the Hebrew Bible whose emending to include his name did not find universal support.
Names
Kothar-wa-Khasis (Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasisu) is the vocalization of the theonym written in the Ugaritic alphabetic script as kṯr w ḫss. The basic translation of the name is "skilled and wise", though it might also be a hendiadys, "wise craftsman". Similar names are common in the Ugaritic texts, and can be understood either as a combination of the primary name and epithet of a deity and epithet, as in the case of Kothar-wa-Khasis or Nikkal-wa-Ib, or as two closely related deities, for example Gupan and Ugar or Shahar and Shalim. In addition to the binomial name, the short form Kothar is also attested, but the second element never occurs alone. According to Alfonso Archi, the binomial form is restricted to Ugaritic myths, though an example has also been identified in a prayer. In standard syllabic cuneiform, Kothar's name could be represented by the logogram dÉ.A, similarly to how other Mesopotamian theonyms could be used to designate local deities of similar character.
The name Kothar is derived from the root *kšr, "to be skilled" or "to achieve", attested in both West Semitic languages and Akkadian. It has been argued that an early form of this theonym, dKa-ša-lu, is already attested in texts from Ebla, which would indicate he was already worshiped in ancient Syria in the late third millennium BCE. However, according to Alfonso Archi Kothar is absent from Eblaite texts, and the similarly named deity mentioned in them is more likely to correspond to dGa-ša-ru known from later sources from Emar. The name of the Kotharat, a group of midwifery goddesses known from Emar, Mari and Ugarit, is a cognate of Kothar's. In Ugaritic a related term, mkṯr, referred to skilled work, and due to etymological parallels has been compared to later Greek descriptions of works of art as "daedalic". The Akkadian cognate is the verb kašāru, "to repair, to achieve". A connection between the name and Quranic Al-Kawthar (Surah 108) has also been proposed. It has been proposed that the second element of the full name, Khasis, might have been a reflection of an Akkadian epithet of Ea, ḫasīs ("wise") which might have reached Ugarit through Hurrian mediation and after being applied to an analogous local deity came to refer primarily to manual dexterity. A further attested name of Kothar is Hayyānu (hyn), which is interpreted either as a derivative of the Hurrian form of the theonym Ea, or as a cognate of Arabic hayyinun, "easy", possibly to be translated as "skillful" in this context.
Due to the assumption that the Ugaritic god Illish was understood as a carpenter deity in the past he was sometimes interpreted as an alternate name or attendant of Kothar-wa-Khasis, as originally argued by Jean Nougayrol. However, today this translation is regarded as incorrect, and it is assumed he was a distinct figure who functioned as a divine herald instead. Both words were written as ngr in the Ugaritic script.
Ugaritic texts
Kothar-wa-Khasis was a major deity in Ugaritic religion, and he is well attested in ritual texts and theophoric names. He was the main deity of craftsmanship in the Ugaritic pantheon. In the Ugaritic texts, is portrayed as a divine architect responsible for the construction of the temples of other gods. He also plays various other roles, including those of an artisan, musician and diviner. He was additionally associated with magic.
In the standard Ugaritic list of deities Kothar occupies the sixteenth position, after Mount Saphon and before Pidray. In another similar text, he instead precedes Attar. Both of these lists are presumed to document order of sacrifices in rituals. RS 1.001, a text describing a ritual taking place over the course of a full day and the following night, lists Kothar as the recipient of a sacrificial cow. The text RS 24.249, which describes offerings which should be made over the course of two months following the winter equinox, mentions the offering of two rams to him. RS 24.271, a short prayer meant to secure the well-being of the petitioner, uses the binomial form of the name. Thetrilingual edition of the Weidner god list from Ugarit equates Kothar with other gods of similar character: Eyan, a Hurrian derivative of Ea, and Mesopotamian Ea himself, though the latter’s presence in the corresponding line was the result of reinterpretation of the name of Aya (dA-a; here read as dE4-a), the wife of the sun god Utu, presumably meant to avoid implying that the Ugaritic sun goddess Shapash also had a wife.
Fifteen individuals bearing theophoric names invoking Kothar have been identified in Ugaritic texts. One of them, kṯrmlk, “Kothar is king”, was a silversmith. Wilfred H. van Soldt notes that Ea, who could be identified with Kothar, appears in a large number of names, but rules out the possibility that his name serves a stand-in for Kothar-wa-Khasis in this context.
Two separate places are described as Kothar’s dwelling in the Ugaritic texts. The first is Memphis, referred to as ḥqkpt or ḥkpt, from Egyptian ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ (Hut-ka-Ptah, “house of the ka of Ptah”). In the Baal Cycle it is characterized as “the land of his family estate” and “all divine”. As Memphis was the cult center of the craftsman god Ptah, it was presumably seen as appropriate dwelling for a deity of similar character. However, it is not certain if the name is used to refer to the real city in the context of Ugaritic mythology, as they describe it as a land instead. The second toponym, Kaphtor (kptr; analogous to Akkadian Kaptāru and Biblical Hebrew Kaptōr), is presumed to correspond to Crete. As neither toponym refers to an area in the immediate proximity of Ugarit, it has been suggested that placing Kothar’s dwelling in such locations is meant to designate him as a foreigner among the gods. It is also possible that the location of his two homes reflected the routes of trade in metal and crafts. It has also been argued that he might have been believed to possess a workshop located in the underworld. Nicolas Wyatt speculates that perhaps this idea was tied to his residence on Caphtor, and that it might indicate familiarity with the volcanic character of nearby Santorini.
Baal Cycle
In the Baal Cycle, Kothar is portrayed using his skills as a divine craftsman on behalf of other deities. In the beginning he is visited by messengers of El. They inform him that said god wishes to meet with him. He travels to the dwelling of El, where he greets him and prostrates himself. The senior god apparently orders him to build a palace, though the passage is fragmentary. It is presumed that it was meant for Yam.
Later on, Kothar is described forging weapons and subsequently naming them. The first receives the name Yagarrish, “may it drive”, while the second is Ayyamarri, a combination of ‘ay, “any”, and mry, “expel”. They are meant to be used by Baal in his battle with Yam. While the first weapon is not enough to defeat the sea god, striking him with the second of them lets Baal emerge victorious.
In the next section of the story, Kothar-wa-Khasis is approached by Baal’s messengers, Gupan and Ugar, who tell him that the weather god wants him to prepare gifts for Athirat in order to secure her help with gaining El’s permission to have a palace built for himself. Kothar immediately starts preparing them at his bellows. The gifts he makes include a dais, a throne with a footstool, a palanquin or couch, a table and a bowl or platter. A later passage indicates that Athirat is pleased with their quality.
After securing El’s permission to have a palace built for himself, Baal once again enlists the help of Kothar-wa-Khasis. He invites him to a feast. He seemingly holds him in high esteem, and it is presumed the passage is meant to highlight the friendship between the two. After the feast, Baal outlines his request for a palace. Kothar suggests putting a window in it, to which Baal initially objects:
The restoration of the passage addressing Baal’s motivation issue is considered difficult or outright impossible, though it was possible to determine it contains mentions of Pidray, Tallay and Yam. It is therefore possible that the weather god is motivated by concerns for the safety of his daughters. Kothar states that he will eventually reconsider this decision. Baal eventually reverses his decision, and asks for a window to be installed. In one of the following lines, Kothar’s name is followed by the phrases bn ym // bnm ‘dt, whose interpretation is uncertain, though it is often assumed they might be either otherwise unattested epithets, “son of the sea” and “son of confluence”, or a phrase meaning “this day, this very hour”, but the context is unclear The next passage indicates he reacts to Baal’s declaration with joy:
It is presumed that his response is meant to highlight his character as a good-natured figure. Baal proceeds to send his thunder, presumably accompanied by rains, through the window. It is possible the window reflected a belief that Baal communicates with the world by sending atmospheric phenomena through breaks in the clouds. Mark S. Smith and Wayne T. Pitard additionally note that from a narrative standpoint, Baal’s uncertainty regarding Kothar’s proposal might have simply been intended to add an element of suspense to the story, similarly to the reluctance of Athirat and El to let him have a palace built in the preceding sections.
Kothar-wa-Khasis is also mentioned in a hymn to Shapash which closes the Baal Cycle. The translation of the terms defining his connection to the sun goddess is disputed, with a majority of authors assuming he is designated as a friend or acquaintance, while a minority opinion is to interpret it as a title recognizing him as an expert in magic. His task in this passage is to “expel” and “drive” out Yam and various sea monsters, but the reasons behind his inclusion in this passage, the presentation of Yam as a threat despite his earlier defeat, or even the use of a passage focused on him and Shapash as the ending of the composition are not known.
Other myths
In the Epic of Aqhat, Kothar-wa-Khasis visits king Danel shortly after the latter learns he will have a son, and presents a bow to him as a gift. This object eventually becomes an object of Anat’s jealousy, and she tries to convince the son in mention, Aqhat, to give it to her. He tells her to approach the craftsman god herself and ask him to make her one of her own, angering her. This eventually leads to the death of the eponymous protagonist and the destruction of the bow.
In the Epic of Kirta, Kothar-wa-Khasis is mentioned alongside Baal, Yarikh, Resheph and Rahmay as one of the deities invited to a reception organized by Kirta to celebrate the arrival of his wife Huraya.
In Horon and the Mare, a mythological text provided by Dennis Pardee with the subtitle “Ridding the Land of Serpents” due to its subject matter, Kothar-wa-Khasis is listed among the deities Shapash should summon to deal with snake venom.
Egyptian reception
Some evidence that Kothar-wa-Khasis was known in ancient Egypt exists, though he is not equally well attested as Resheph, Anat, Ashtart or Baal and was not a popular deity. In ancient Egyptian religion he was associated with construction of temples, as attested in the so-called Budapest Kothar Papyrus. This text cannot be dated precisely, though it is assumed it is no older than the Eighteenth Dynasty. It has the form of an incantation in which Kothar is invoked to partake in the construction of a shrine. A possible reference to him has also been identified in a late magical papyrus, though the spelling of the name is ambiguous in this case.
According to Izak Cornelius, the Egyptian god Keserty corresponded to Kothar, though his iconography instead resembles Resheph’s, including a similar crown decorated with a gazelle’s head. László Kákosy assumes Keserty was an alternate Egyptian spelling of Kothar’s name, though he notes this theonym differs from the form used in the Budapest Kothar Papyrus. Keserty is known from a stele of unknown provenance from the collection of the Cairo Museum, which depicts a man identified as “the engraver, Woše-seti” praying to this god, who is seated on a throne. Due to the overlapping iconography, identification of Keserty as a distinct deity was only possible due to his name being directly mentioned in the inscription. Following William F. Albright’s early studies, it is sometimes assumed that Kothar might also have been regarded as analogous to Ptah.
Phoenician and Punic sources
Chousor, attested in Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, is assumed to represent a Phoenician reflection of Kothar-wa-Khasis. Due to his euhemeristic views, Philo presents Chousor as a human, rather than a god, though it is assumed more traditionalist adherents of Phoenician religion saw him as a deity, much like how the Ugaritic Kothar was perceived in corresponding cultural milieu. Ptolemy mentions a river named Chousor, presumably named after this deity. The case of Chousor was the first instance in scholarship in which a figure formerly known only from Phoenician History could be properly identified.
Philo describes Chousor as a distant descendant of Hypsouranios, who according to his account was the founder of Tyre. He uses the names Chousor and Hephaestus interchangeably, similarly to how he refers to Kronos as El in some passages. Alongside his nameless brother, Chousor is credited with the discovery of iron working. Due to the Bronze Age origin of the Ugaritic texts, this skill is never assigned to Kothar-wa-Khasis in them, and he only works with gold and silver, which is in turn not mentioned in Phoenician History among the skills of Chousor. Acting on his own, Chousor also invented fishing implements (hook, bait, fishing line and raft), which according to Philo lead to the use of the name of Zeus Meilichius to refer to him. The reason behind this connection is uncertain, though it might rely on both deities being viewed as benevolent givers of wealth. Chousor according to him was also the first to prepare magical formulas, incantations and prophecies. In a further passage his brothers, who are left nameless, are credited with inventing brickwork, which might be a reflection of Kothar-wa-Khasis' role as a divine architect. Albert I. Baumgarten suggests that the assignment of individual inventions to multiple members of Chousor’s family might have been either the result of Philo misunderstanding the use of multiple names to refer to Kothar-wa-Khasis as a reference to a network of related deities, similarly as early researchers of Ugaritic texts erroneously did, or a sign of Greek influence, as in Athenian tradition Hephaestus had multiple sons, who might have inspired the other craftsmen in Phoenician History.
Chousor also plays an active role in the cosmogony of Mochos, known from a citation in Damascius' De principiis. It involves a world egg, which Chousor opens. It is assumed that his actions in this text were patterned on deeds commonly attributed to Egyptian Ptah. William F. Albright went as far as suggesting that his actions were a pun on Ptah's name, though his proposal relied on presuming the existence of a hypothetical West Semitic root *ptḥ, "to open".
Punic and Neo-Punic names with the element k(y)šr are considered an indication that Kothar was also worshiped in Punic religion.
Disputed attestations
Baal-Malagê
A connection between Philo’s Zeus Meilichius/Chousor and the Phoenician deity Baal-Malagê has been proposed, but is considered unlikely. The latter is attested in a treaty between king Baal of Tyre and the Neo-Assyrian emperor Esarhaddon from the first millennium BCE. Richard J. Clifford nonetheless proposes the identification of Baal-Malagê as a title of the craftsman god. However, he admits this deity is “elusive”. Aaron J. Brody instead views him as an aspect of the weather god Baal associated with seafaring. and rules out a connection with any version of Kothar-wa-Khasis. In a recent study Reettakaisa Sofia Salo concludes that the character of Baal-Malagê remains unknown as he is not attested outside of a single source and the possible marine associations rely largely on uncertain etymological speculation, though she does accept that he was likely a hypostasis of Baal.
Taautos
It has been suggested that a figure known from Philo’s writings, Taautos, might have been the result of identification between Thoth and Kothar-wa-Khasis, but according to Albert I. Baumgarten this theory is implausible, and it can be assumed he was derived directly from the Egyptian god.
Hebrew Bible
It has been proposed that three passages from the Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel 3:32, Proverbs 31:19 and Judges 3:8.10, might contain allusions to Kothar-wa-Khasis. However, according to Dennis Pardee none of these proposals are plausible, as the conventional translations of the former two passages are “satisfactory” and emending any words is not necessary, while the interpretation of Cushan-rishathaim as containing a variant of the theonym Kothar as a theophoric element is unlikely. It has also been proposed that Bezalel, a craftsman mentioned in Exodus 30:3, was patterned on descriptions of Kothar-wa-Khasis. Both the account of palace building in the Baal Cycle and the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 35-36, in which he was involved, might rely on a shared literary tradition in which a specific formula was used for construction narratives.
References
Bibliography
Ugaritic deities
Egyptian gods
West Semitic gods
Phoenician mythology
Arts gods
Smithing gods
Music and singing gods
Crafts gods
Magic gods
Ptah |
4383655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20bat | Indiana bat | The Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) is a medium-sized mouse-eared bat native to North America. It lives primarily in Southern and Midwestern U.S. states and is listed as an endangered species. The Indiana bat is grey, black, or chestnut in color and is 1.2–2.0 in long and weighs . It is similar in appearance to the more common little brown bat, but is distinguished by its feet size, toe hair length, pink lips, and a keel on the calcar.
Indiana bats live in hardwood and hardwood-pine forests. It is common in old-growth forest and in agricultural land, mainly in forest, crop fields, and grasslands. As an insectivore, the bat eats both terrestrial and aquatic flying insects, such as moths, beetles, mosquitoes, and midges.
The Indiana bat is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It has had serious population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the past 10 years, based on direct observation and a decline on its extent of occurrence.
Description
The length of the Indiana bat's head to the body is from 4.1 to 4.9 cm. The animal weighs about 8 g (.25 ounce). These bats are very difficult to distinguish from other species, especially the more common little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), unless examined closely. The size of the feet, the length of the toe hairs, and the presence of a keel on the calcar are characteristics used to differentiate the Indiana bat from other bats. Indiana bats typically live 5 to 9 years, but some have reached 12 years of age. They can have fur from black to chestnut with a light gray to cinnamon belly. Unlike other common bats with brown hair and black lips, Indiana bats have brown hair and pink lips, which is helpful for identification.
Distribution
Indiana bats spend the summer living throughout the eastern United States. During winter, however, they cluster together and hibernate in only a few caves. Since about 1975, their population has declined by about 50%. Based on a 1985 census of hibernating bats, the Indiana bat population is estimated around 244,000. About 23% of these bats hibernate in caves in Indiana. The Indiana bat lives in caves only in winter; but, there are few caves that provide the conditions necessary for hibernation. Stable, low temperatures are required to allow the bats to reduce their metabolic rates and conserve fat reserves. These bats hibernate in large, tight clusters which may contain thousands of individuals. Indiana bats feed entirely on night flying insects, and a colony of bats can consume millions of insects each night. The range of the Indiana bat overlaps with that of the more narrowly distributed gray bat (Myotis grisescens), also listed as endangered.
Endangered status
The Indiana bat was listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act, on 11 March 1967, due to the dramatic decline of populations throughout their range. Reasons for the bat's decline include disturbance of colonies by human beings, pesticide use and loss of summer habitat resulting from the clearing of forest cover. As of 1973, the Indiana bat has been listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (as amended), and additionally protected by the Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988, to protect hibernacula on federal lands. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.
Current threats
Indiana bat populations in the northeastern United States are crashing with the rapid spread of white-nose syndrome, the most devastating wildlife disease in recent history. By the end of 2011, this unprecedented threat had killed 5.7 to 6.7 million bats in the United States since its discovery in 2007 based on photographs taken in 2006. Among these, at least 15,662 Indiana bats died from WNS in 2008 alone (3.3% of the 2007 range wide population), and an estimated 95% of Pennsylvania's entire cave bat population has died.
Although becoming less common, direct and intentional killings by humans have occurred. On 23 October 2007, Lonnie W. Skaggs of Olive Hill, Kentucky, and Kaleb Dee Carpenter, of Grayson, Kentucky, entered Laurel Cave in Carter Caves State Park, Kentucky, and killed 23 Indiana bats. Skaggs re-entered the cave three days later and killed another 82 endangered Indiana bats. An investigation began when Carter Caves State Park employees discovered at least 105 dead Indiana bats. The two men admitted to knowingly slaughtering an endangered species, using flashlights and rocks to knock hibernating bats off their roosts, and smashing their bodies with rocks. Bats that attempted to escape by flying away were knocked down from the air. The men stomped bats to death, bludgeoned them with flashlights, and crushed their bodies with rocks in several areas of the hibernaculum. BCI worked with the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources to establish a reward fund and provided the initial contribution. The reward quickly grew to $5,000 with support from the Southeastern Bat Diversity Network and Defenders of Wildlife and was widely reported, and the two men were caught following an anonymous tip. This incident was called a "senseless killing" by James Gale, Special Agent-in-Charge for the USFWS Southeast Region, and resulted in conviction. They pleaded guilty to violating the federal Endangered Species Act. U.S. Magistrate Judge Edward Atkins sentenced Skaggs to eight months in federal prison, and placed Carpenter on three years' probation. The case marks the first time nationwide that individuals were sentenced for killing endangered Indiana bats. BCI thanked members and donors for allowing them to help protect these bats and work toward a time when such killings finally cease.
Additionally, Indiana bat mortality due to wind turbines has been confirmed, even resulting in a December 2009 injunction against a West Virginia wind farm. As of 2013, only five Indiana bat mortalities have been documented; two females at Fowler Ridge in Indiana in September 2009 and 2010, one female at the North Allegheny Wind Energy Facility, Pennsylvania, in September 2011, one male at the Laurel Mountain Wind Power facility, West Virginia in July 2012, and one female at the Blue Creek Wind Farm, Ohio in October 2012. Fatality rates of up to 63.9 bats per turbine, per year have been estimated. Mortality is caused both by direct impact with rotors and by barotrauma.
Other anthropogenic effects have contributed to the loss of Indiana bat populations, including pesticide use, human disturbance of hibernacula, improper application of cave gates, climate change, and agricultural development. As a result, the Indiana bat experienced a nationwide 57% population decline from 1960 to 2001.
Plant communities
Common dominant trees used by Indiana bats throughout their range include oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), ashes (Fraxinus spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.), eastern cottonwoods (Populus deltoides), locusts (Robinia spp.), and maples (Acer spp.). The understory may include hawthorns (Crataegus spp.), dogwoods (Cornus spp.), fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), sedges (Carex spp.), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and wild grape (Vitis spp.).
Indiana bats were found in a variety of plant associations in a southern Iowa study. Riparian areas were dominated by eastern cottonwood, hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). In the forested floodplains, the dominant plants included black walnut (Juglans nigra), silver maple, American elm (Ulmus americana), and eastern cottonwood. In undisturbed upland forest, the most common plants were black oak (Quercus velutina), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), and bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis). Black walnut, American basswood, American elm, and bur oak dominated other upland Indiana bat sites.
Indiana bats use at least 29 tree species during the summer. The greatest numbers of tree species are found in the central portion of Indiana bats' range (primarily Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and Kentucky), but this is likely because the majority of research conducted on the species has occurred in this region. Roost trees from these central states, which are mainly in the oak-hickory cover type, include silver maple, red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), white oak (Q. alba), red oak (Q. rubra), pin oak (Q. palustris), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), post oak (Q. stellata), shingle oak (Q. imbricaria), eastern cottonwood, shagbark hickory, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory (C. alba), pignut hickory (C. glabra), American elm, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), white ash (F. americana), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum).
In southern Michigan and northern Indiana, which are mainly in the oak-hickory and elm-ash-cottonwood cover types, trees used as roosts include green, white, and black ash (Fraxinus nigra), silver maple, shagbark hickory, and American elm. And finally, in the southern areas of the Indiana bat's range (primarily Tennessee, Arkansas, and northern Alabama), which include the oak-hickory and oak-pine cover types, Indiana bats use shagbark hickory, white oak, red oak, pitch pine (P. rigida), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), loblolly pine (P. taeda), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).
Major life events
Indiana bats begin to arrive at hibernacula (caves and mines in which they spend the winter) from their summer roosting sites in late August, with most returning in September. Females enter hibernation shortly after arriving at hibernacula, but males remain active until late autumn to breed with females arriving late. Most Indiana bats hibernate from October through April, but many at the northern extent of their range hibernate from September to May. Occasionally, Indiana bats are found hibernating singly, but almost all are found hibernating in dense clusters of 3,230 to 5,215 bats/m2.
Spring migration can begin as early as late March, but most Indiana bats do not leave their winter hibernacula until late April to early May. Females emerge from hibernacula first, usually between late March and early May. Most males do not begin to emerge until mid- to late April. Females arrive at summer locations beginning in mid-April. Females form summer nursery colonies of up to 100 adult females during summer. Males typically roost alone or in small bachelor groups during the summer. Many males spend the summer near their winter hibernacula, while others migrate to other areas, similar to areas used by females.
Females can mate during their first fall, but some do not breed until their second year. Males become reproductively active during their second year. Breeding occurs in and around hibernacula in fall. During the breeding season, Indiana bats undergo a phenomenon known as swarming. During this activity, large numbers of bats fly in and out of caves from sunset to sunrise. Swarming mainly occurs during August to September and is thought to be an integral part of mating. Bats have been observed copulating in caves until early October. During the swarming/breeding period, very few bats are found roosting within the hibernacula during the day. Limited mating may also occur at the end of hibernation.
Fertilization does not occur until the end of hibernation, and gestation takes about 60 days. Parturition occurs in late May to early July. Female Indiana bats typically give birth to one pup. Juveniles are weaned after 25 to 37 days and are able to fly around the same time. Most young can fly by early to late July, but sometimes do not fly until early August. Humphrey and others reported an 8% mortality rate by the time young were weaned. However, they assumed that all females mate in the autumn, which is not the case, so not all the females would give birth. Thus, mortality of young may be even lower than 8%.
Indiana bats are relatively long lived. One Indiana bat was captured 20 years after being banded as an adult. Data from other recaptured individuals show that females live at least 14 years 9 months, while males may live for at least 13 years 10 months.
Habitat
Landscape
Habitat requirements for the Indiana bat are not completely understood. Bottomland and floodplain forests were once thought to be the most important habitats during the summer, but subsequent study has shown that upland forest habitats may be equally important, especially in the southern portions of the species's range. Indiana bats are found in hardwood forests throughout most of their range and mixed hardwood-pine forests in the southeastern United States. Stone and Battle found a significantly greater proportion (p<0.05) of old-growth forest (greater than 100 years), more hardwoods, and fewer conifers in stands occupied by Indiana bats than in random stands in Alabama.
In an Illinois study by Gardner and others, the study area where Indiana bats were found was estimated as roughly 67% agricultural land including cropland and old fields; 30% was upland forest; while 2.2% was floodplain forest. Finally, only 0.1% of the area was covered with water. Kurta and others found that in southern Michigan, the general landscape occupied by Indiana bats consisted of open fields and agricultural lands (55%), wetlands and lowland forest (19%), other forested habitats (17%), developed areas (6%), and perennial water sources such as ponds and streams (3%).
In southern Illinois, Carter and others reported that all roosts were located in bottomland, swamp, and floodplain areas. Miller and others determined the predominant habitat types near areas where Indiana bats were captured in Missouri were forest, crop fields, and grasslands. Indiana bats did not show any preference for early successional habitats, such as old fields, shrublands, and early successional forests, showing 71% to 75% of activity occurring in other habitats. Although much of the landscape throughout the distributional range of the Indiana bat is dominated by agricultural lands and other open areas, these areas are typically not used by Indiana bats.
Indiana bats typically spend the winter in caves or mines. However, a few bats have been found hibernating on a dam in northern Michigan. They need very specific conditions to survive the winter hibernation period, which lasts about 6 months. As the microclimate in a hibernaculum fluctuates throughout the winter, Indiana bats sometimes fly to different areas within the hibernaculum to find optimal conditions, but this does not appear necessary for every hibernaculum. Indiana bats may even switch between nearby hibernacula in search of the most appropriate hibernating conditions. Indiana bats are generally loyal to specific hibernacula or to the general area near hibernacula that they have occupied previously. Critical winter habitats of Indiana bats have been designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and include 13 hibernacula distributed across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
Three types of hibernacula have been designated depending on the amount of use each receives from year to year. Priority one hibernacula are those that consistently have greater than 30,000 Indiana bats hibernating inside each winter. Priority two hibernacula contain 500 to 30,000 bats, and priority three hibernacula are any with fewer than 500 bats. At least 50% of Indiana bats are thought to hibernate in the eight priority one hibernacula, which can be found in Indiana (three), Missouri (three), and Kentucky (two). Estimates of hibernating populations in 2001 suggest that priority one hibernacula have experienced a 48% decline since 1983. Overall, populations have fallen around 57% since 1960 across all hibernacula.
Site characteristics
Studies have identified at least 29 tree species used by Indiana bats during the summer and during spring and fall migrations. Since so many tree species are used as roosts, tree species is likely not a limiting habitat requirement. In addition to trees, Indiana bats have used a Pennsylvania church attic, a utility pole, and bat boxes as roosts. However, use of man-made structures appears to be rare. Roost selection by females may be related to environmental factors, especially weather. Cool temperatures can slow fetal development, so choosing roosts with appropriate conditions is essential for reproductive success and probably influences roost choice.
Two types of day roosts used by Indiana bats have been identified as primary and alternate roosts. Primary roosts typically support more than 30 bats at a time and are used most often by a maternity colony. Trees that support smaller numbers of Indiana bats from the same maternity colony are designated as alternate roosts. In cases where smaller maternity colonies are present in an area, primary roosts may be defined as those used for more than 2 days at a time by each bat, while alternate roosts are generally used 1 day. Maternity colonies may use up to three primary roosts and up to 33 alternate roosts in a single season. Reproductively active females frequently switch roosts to find optimal roosting conditions. When switching between day roosts, Indiana bats may travel as little as or as far as . In general, moves are relatively short and typically less than .
Primary roosts are most often found at forest edges or in canopy gaps. Alternate roosts are generally located in a shaded portion of the interior forest and occasionally at the forest edge. Most roost trees in a Kentucky study occurred in canopy gaps in oak, oak-hickory, oak-pine, and oak-poplar community types. Roosts found by Kurta and others in an elm-ash-maple forest in Michigan were in a woodland/marsh edge, a lowland hardwood forest, small wetlands, a shrub wetland/cornfield edge, and a small woodlot. Around hibernacula in autumn, Indiana bats tended to choose roost trees on upper slopes and ridges that were exposed to direct sunlight throughout the day.
The preferred amount of canopy cover at the roost is unclear. Many studies have reported the need for low cover, while others have documented use of trees with moderate to high canopy cover, occasionally up to complete canopy closure. Canopy cover ranges from 0% at the forest edge to 100% in the interior of the stand. A general trend is that primary roosts are found in low cover, while alternate roosts tend to be more shaded. Few data directly compare the differences between roost types. In Alabama, canopy cover at the roost tended to be low at an average of 35.5%, but at the stand level, canopy cover was higher with a mean of 65.8%. In a habitat suitability model, Romme and others recommended the ideal canopy cover for roosting Indiana bats as 60% to 80%. Actual roost sites in eastern Tennessee were very high in the tree, and Indiana bats were able to exit the roost above the surrounding canopy. Thus, canopy cover measurements taken from the bases of roost trees may overestimate the actual amount of cover required by roosting Indiana bats.
Stands occupied by this species can vary greatly. A Virginia pine roost was in a stand with a density of only 367 trees/ha, while in Kentucky, a shagbark hickory roost was in a closed-canopy stand with 1,210 trees/ha. Overall tree density in Great Smoky Mountain National Park was higher around primary roosts than at alternate roosts. At the landscape level, the basal area for stands with roosts was 30% lower than basal area of random stands in Alabama. Tree density in southern Iowa varied between different habitats. In a forested floodplain, tree density was lowest at 229 trees/ha, while a riparian strip had the highest tree density at 493 trees/ha.
The number of roosts used and home range occupied by a maternity colony can vary widely. In Missouri, the highest density of roosts being used in an oak-hickory stand was 0.25 tree/ha. In Michigan, the number of trees used by a colony was 4.6 trees/ha, with as many as 13.2 potential roosts/ha in the green ash-silver maple stand. Clark and others estimated that the density of potential roosts in southern Iowa in areas where Indiana bats were caught was 10 to 26/ha in riparian, floodplain, and upland areas dominated by eastern cottonwood-silver maple, oak-hickory, and black walnut-silver maple-American elm, respectively. In Illinois, the suggested optimal number of potential roost trees in an upland oak-hickory habitat was 64/ha; the optimal number for riparian and floodplain forest, dominated by silver maple and eastern cottonwood, was proposed to be 41/ha.
Salyers and others suggested a potential roost density of 15 trees/ha was needed, or 30 roosts/ha if artificial roost boxes are erected in a stand with American elm and shagbark hickory. The roosting home range used by any single Indiana bat was as large as 568 hectares in an oak-pine community in Kentucky. Roosts of two maternity colonies in southern Illinois were located in roosting areas estimated at 11.72 hectares and 146.5 hectares, and included green ash, American elm, silver maple, pin oak, and shagbark hickory. The extent of the maternity home range may depend on the availability of suitable roosts in the area.
Most habitat attributes measured for the Indiana bat were insignificant and inconsistent from one location to another. In Missouri, oak-hickory stands with maternity colonies had significantly more medium trees (12–22 in or 30–57 cm dbh) and significantly more large-sized trees (>22 inches or 57 cm dbh) than areas where Indiana bats were not found. No other major landscape differences were detected.
Distances seen between roosts and other habitat features may be influenced by the age, sex, and reproductive condition of these bats. Distances between roosts and paved roads is greater than the distances between roosts and unpaved roads in some locales, although overlap between the two situations has been documented. In Illinois, most roosts used by adult females and juveniles were about or more from a paved highway, while adult males roosted less than from the road. In Michigan, roosts were only slightly closer to paved roads: on average for all roosts located. In general, roosts were located from unpaved roads in Illinois and Michigan. Roost trees used during autumn in Kentucky were very close to unpaved roads at an average of .
Roost proximity to water is highly variable, so probably not as important as once thought. In Indiana, roost trees were discovered less than from a creek, while roosts in another part of Indiana were from the nearest permanent water source. To the other extreme, roosts of a maternity colony from Michigan were all found in a 12-acre (5 ha) wetland that was inundated for most of the year. In Virginia, foraging areas near a stream were used. Intermittent streams may be located closer to roosts than more permanent sources of water. Ponds, streams, and road ruts appear to be important water sources, especially in upland habitats.
Foraging habitat
Studies on the foraging needs for Indiana bats are inconclusive. Bats forage in a landscape composed of pasture, corn fields, woodlots, and a strip of riparian woodland, although Indiana bat activity was not necessarily recorded in all these habitat types. Murray and Kurta made some qualitative assessments of Indiana bat foraging habitat in Michigan; the majority of bats was found foraging in forested wetlands and other woodlands, while one bat foraged in an area around a small lake and another in an area with 50% woodland and 50% open fields. Another Indiana bat foraged over a river, while 10 others foraged in areas greater than from the same river.
Bat activity was centered around small canopy gaps or closed forest canopy along small second-order streams in West Virginia. Indiana bats foraged under the dense oak-hickory forest canopy along ridges and hillsides in eastern Missouri, but rarely over streams. Indiana bats have been detected foraging in upland forest in addition to riparian areas such as floodplain forest edges. Romme and others also suggested that foraging habitat would ideally have 50% to 70% canopy closure. Indiana bats rarely use open agricultural fields and pastures, upland hedgerows, open water, and deforested creeks for traveling or foraging.
Hibernacula
During hibernation, Indiana bats occupy open areas of hibernacula ceilings and generally avoid crevices and other enclosed areas. They were associated with hibernacula that were long (µ=2,817 feet or 858 m), had high ceilings (µ=15 feet or 4.5 m), and had large entrances (µ=104.4 feet² or 9.7 m2). The preferred hibernacula often had multiple entrances promoting airflow. Hibernacula choice may be influenced by the ability of the outside landscape to provide adequate forage upon arrival at the hibernacula, as well as the specific microclimate inside. Having forested areas around the hibernacula entrance and low amounts of open farmland may be important factors influencing the suitability of hibernacula.
Cover requirements
Primary roosts used by Indiana bats are typically snags in canopy gaps and forest edges that receive direct sunlight throughout the day. Alternative roosts are live or dead trees, generally located in the forest interior, that usually receive little or no direct sunlight. Weather, such as very warm temperatures and precipitation, appears to influence the use of interior alternate roost trees over primary roosts, as alternate roosts generally offer more shade and protection during inclement weather and extreme heat. However, this preference may fluctuate from season to season. Indiana bats moved to the alternate roost during periods of heavy rain and colder ambient temperatures during fall in Missouri, but chose to roost in the primary snag during inclement weather in the spring. These differences may be attributed to variation in the heat-retention capabilities of the trees at different times of the year. Bats from a maternity colony switched roosts more frequently in summer and autumn than they did in spring in an oak-pine forest in Kentucky. They exhibit strong fidelity to individual roost trees from year to year if they are still suitable roost sites. Many trees are no longer usable after just a few years, while others may last as long as 20 years.
Another important factor relating to roost suitability is tree condition. Indiana bats prefer dead or dying trees with exfoliating bark. The amount of exfoliating bark present on a tree seems to be insignificant. Indiana bats show an affinity for very large trees that receive plentiful sunlight. Typically, Indiana bats roost in snags, but a few species of live trees are also used. Live roost trees are usually shagbark hickory, silver maple, and white oak. Shagbark hickories make excellent alternate roosts throughout the Indiana bats' range due to their naturally exfoliating bark. Although Indiana bats primarily roost under loose bark, a small fraction roosts in tree cavities.
Primary roosts are generally larger than alternate roosts, but both show variability. Females typically use large roost trees averaging as maternity roosts. Males are more flexible, roosting in trees as small as dbh. In a review, Indiana bats required tree roosts greater than dbh, while roosts of dbh or larger were preferred. The heights of roost trees vary, but they tend to be tall, with average heights ranging from . The heights of the actual roosting sites are variable, as well, ranging from .
In addition to day roosts, Indiana bats use temporary roosts throughout the night to rest between foraging bouts. Limited research has examined the use of night roosts by Indiana bats, thus their use and importance are poorly understood. Males, lactating and postlactating females, and juveniles have been found roosting under bridges at night. Some Indiana bats were tracked to three different night roosts within the same night. Night roosts are often found within the bats' foraging area. Indiana bats using night roosts are thought to roost alone and only and for short periods, typically 10 minutes or less. Lactating bats may return to the day roost several times each night, presumably to nurse their young. Pregnant bats have not been tracked back to the day roost during the night except during heavy rain. Because Indiana bats are difficult to track during their nightly movements and usually rest for such short periods of time, the specific requirements that Indiana bats need in a night roost, and reasons why night roosts are needed, are still unknown.
During spring and fall, Indiana bats migrate between hibernacula and summer roosting sites. In New York and Vermont, bats traveled up to between hibernacula and summer roosting sites in spring. This is a considerably shorter distance than what is seen in the Midwest, where bats may travel up to . Many males remain close to hibernacula during the spring and summer rather than migrating long distances like females. Occasionally, they even roost within hibernacula during the summer. Males also roost in caves and trees during fall swarming. Few data exist for the roosting requirements of Indiana bats during spring and fall migrations; data indicate that requirements during these times are similar to summer needs in that the bats chose large trees with direct sunlight and exfoliating bark.
The ability for Indiana bats to find suitable hibernating conditions is critical for their survival. A hibernaculum that remained too warm during one winter caused a 45% mortality rate in hibernating bats. They generally hibernate in warmer portions of the hibernacula in fall, then move to cooler areas as winter progresses. During October and November, temperatures at roosting sites within major hibernacula in six states averaged . Roost temperatures at the same hibernacula ranged from from December to February. Temperatures in March and April were slightly lower than in autumn at . Indiana bat populations increased over time in hibernacula that had stable midwinter temperatures averaging , and declined in hibernacula with temperatures outside this range.
Temperatures slightly above freezing during hibernation allow Indiana bats to slow their metabolic rates as much as possible without the risk of freezing to death or using up fat too quickly. Hibernating bats may also survive low temperatures by sharing body heat within the tight clusters they typically form. Bats awaken periodically throughout the hibernation period, presumably to eliminate waste or to move to more appropriate microclimates. This periodic waking does not seem to affect their survival, but waking caused by disturbance can cause Indiana bats to use up large amounts of energy, which can cause them to run out of fat reserves before the end of winter, possibly leading to death.
One way in which caves retain low temperatures is through a constant input of cold air from outside the cave. Typically, the caves supporting the largest populations have multiple entrances that allow cool air from outside the cave to come in, creating a circulation of fresh, cooled air. Gates that are meant to keep vandals out of caves have altered the temperature and airflow of hibernacula, resulting in population declines of Indiana bats at many major hibernacula throughout their range. Removing or modifying gates at some of these have given these populations a chance to rebound. Also, the bats seem to prefer a relative humidity of 74 to 100%, although the air is not commonly saturated. Relative humidities of only 50.4% have also been recorded.
Food habits
Indiana bats feed exclusively on terrestrial and aquatic flying insects. The most common prey items taken are moths (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and mosquitoes and midges (Diptera). Selection of prey depends largely on availability in the foraging habitat with diet varying seasonally, by reproductive status of females, and from night to night. In southern Michigan, Indiana bats primarily ate caddisflies (Trichoptera) and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera), in addition to the more common prey previously listed. In the Ozarks of southern Missouri, the bats also primarily ate bees, wasps, ants, moths, and beetles, as well as leafhoppers (Homoptera), although diet did vary throughout the summer. Bats in Indiana were found to prefer beetles, moths, mosquitoes, midges, leafhoppers, and wasps. Other arthropod groups which are consumed by Indiana bats in very limited quantities are lacewings (Neuroptera), spiders (Araneae), stoneflies (Plecoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), mites and ticks (Acari), and lice (Phthiraptera).
In addition to differences in diet, variation in foraging behaviors have been documented. For instance, the distance that an individual Indiana bat travels between a day roost and a nightly foraging range can vary. Indiana bats traveled up to from their day roosts to their foraging sites in Illinois. Similarly, bats traveled up to to forage in Kentucky. In Michigan, female bats traveled as far as to reach foraging areas with an average of .
Several studies have documented similarities in how foraging habitats are actually used by Indiana bats. Indiana bats in Indiana were foraging around the canopy, which was above ground. In Missouri, a female bat foraged above a river. A male Indiana bat was observed flying in an elliptical pattern among trees at above the ground under the canopy of dense forests. In addition, bats were foraging at canopy height in Virginia.
Differences in the extent of foraging ranges have also been noted. Bats from the same colony foraged in different areas at least some of the time. The average foraging area for female bats in Indiana was , but the foraging area for males averaged . A male bat used a foraging area of in Virginia. In Illinois, however, the foraging ranges were much smaller at an average of for adult females, for adult males, for juvenile females, and only for juvenile males. Foraging areas used by Indiana bats in Indiana increased throughout the summer season, but only averaged in midsummer.
Predators
During hibernation, predators of Indiana bats may include black rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus) and northern raccoons (Procyon lotor). During other times of the year, northern raccoons have been observed trying to grab bats from the air when they attempt to fly away. Skunks (Mephitidae), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and feral cats (Felis catus) may pose a similar threat. If Indiana bats fly from their day roosts during the day, they may be susceptible to predation by hawks (Accipitridae). Indiana bats foraging at night may also be susceptible to predation by owls (Strigidae). While not a predator, woodpeckers (Picidae) may disturb roosting bats through their foraging activities by peeling away sections of bark being used by Indiana bats, causing them to fly from the roost during the day and making the tree unsuitable for future habitation.
The impact of natural predators on Indiana bats is minimal compared to the damage to habitat and mortality caused by humans, especially during hibernation. The presence of people in caves can cause Indiana bats to come out of hibernation, leading to a large increase in their energy use. By causing them to wake up and use greater amounts of energy stores, humans can cause high mortality in a cave population of hibernating Indiana bats. Human disturbance and the degradation of habitat are the primary causes for their decline.
In popular culture
In 2020, the American "field recorder" Stuart Hyatt released a music album which combines sounds made by the Indiana bat along with music from ambient and experimental artists. Hyatt recorded the ultrasonic echolocations of the Indiana bat and then modulated the sounds in order to make the sounds audible to humans. This "sound library" of the Indiana bat was sent to musicians who then combined the sounds from the Indiana bat along with original music. Hyatt was quoted as saying that "bat noises are like bird songs, just in a register no one can hear. I wanted to bring out the musicality of their voices." Hyatt's album is entitled Ultrasonic, and it features music from "Eluvium", "Machinefabriek", Ben Lukas Boysen and others. The album also features a poem written and read by the poet Cecily Parks about the Indiana bat.
References
Cited sources
External links
Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife: Indiana Bats
Ohio Department of Natural Resources Life History Notes: Indiana Bat Myotis sodalis
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis
National Wildlife Federation: Indiana Bat
Species Profile: Indiana Bat U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Indiana bat images
Capture and release of Indiana bats
Indiana
Indiana
Endemic mammals of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Fauna of the Great Plains
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Natural history of Indiana
Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains
Mammals described in 1928
Endangered fauna of the United States |
4383818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Burridge | Lee Burridge | Lee Burridge (born November 1968) is a British DJ and producer who helped launch the underground club scene in Hong Kong during the early 1990s. He currently plays at nightclubs across the world. Renowned for his storytelling musical style in his DJ sets as well as for his energy and enthusiasm in the DJ booth, his style encompasses the deeper and groovier end of house and techno that are equally suited to night time as they are for sunrise or sunset events. Burridge was a member of England's Tyrant Soundsystem (along with DJs Craig Richards and Sasha) and has mixed albums for labels such as Balance, Fabric, Global Underground and Hooj Choons.
Biography
Early career (1985 to 1990)
Lee Burridge's DJ career began in the tiny tourist village of Eype in the county of Dorset on 26 December 1983. He played for the first time at The New Inn, a bar owned and run by his parents at the time. Shortly thereafter, with the help of his father, Burridge started his own mobile DJ operation, "Cutz" and spent the next few years travelling the surrounding countryside villages and towns playing weddings, birthday parties and even the occasional funeral. Working as a mobile DJ led to a seasonal opportunity at a local holiday resort. Soon after that, Burridge began performing every weekend at the local town's nightclub where he played mostly chart music while also entertaining the crowd with his antics behind the decks as well as on the microphone.
Burridge's first true big break came when he landed a residency at an award-winning club called The Palace in Somerset. He played weekly and was introduced to the art of mixing records by one of the club's other resident DJs, Wayne Rideout. It was also at The Palace during the summer of 1987 that a group of visitors turned Burridge on to London's emerging acid house sound which would shape his career and define a path to this day.
Hong Kong (1991 to 1997)
In early 1991, Burridge was spotted and headhunted by a club owner from overseas who offered him a job abroad in the then British colony of Hong Kong.
Moving on his 22nd birthday, Burridge moved to Hong Kong starting his full-time DJ career for the first time at a club called Joe Bananas. He initially played to a mostly mainstream audience at his first Hong Kong job, where he earned a reputation for being a party DJ, hanging upside down from the sprinkler system on the ceiling above the booth and mixing top 40 music to a more commercial crowd. After 4:00 am though the crowd changed and drew local bar employees. Burridge played more underground house music which led to him forging a friendship with two managers of another local bar named The Beach Hut. All had attended some of the UK's early rave parties and decided to bring their experiences to Hong Kong. Aimed initially at the Western crowd the tiny venue hosted the first electronic music event in 1992 which thereafter led to a thriving dance music scene. The first event drew approximately one hundred people but by the second event a month later five hundred people turned up attempting to get into the bar causing a roadblock outside that the police had to disperse.
The scene grew rapidly as other promoters popped up but it was the mainstay nightly venues that really cemented this period of Hong Kong's dance music history as unique and exciting. After finishing work at 5:00 am in Joe Banana's Burridge had discovered an empty basement bar with great sound directly across the street. The Big Apple slowly became the place to be as seven nights a week Burridge would be found playing into the mid morning or later. Burridge created and held two different club residencies in the once-seedy Wan Chai District between 1992–1997 which were The Big Apple and Neptunes. Playing an eclectic mix of dance music six or seven nights a week to packed dance floors these parties were the most popular nights in Hong Kong club scene helping establish Burridge's early DJ career and gaining attention from visiting artists and promoters.
One of Burridge's arguably biggest Hong Kong achievements, which he rarely mentions, was the establishment of Neptune's. Burridge and his friends at the time had left for Hadrin in Thailand during Christmas of 1996. Being people of leisure, thought nothing about whether their regular gigs would be available when they got back to Hong Kong, if they decided a few more weeks in Thailand was a good idea, which they ultimately ended up doing. Also during his Hong Kong stint, Burridge discovered Haad Rin, Thailand, and was a key player in bringing electronic music and DJing to the island. Arriving in February 1992 after hearing about the location from a group of travellers who passed through Hong Kong, Burridge's performances helped grow the full moon parties from drum circles around open fires on the beach into what can be considered the Mecca of Full Moon parties. Burridge would continue to visit the island regularly until 1999, staying for three months at a time to play full moon as well as weekly parties held at the Backyard venue alongside local DJ A and another Haad Rin mainstay, Backyard Dave who was also institutional in bringing dance music to the island.
In his final few years in Hong Kong he often invited visiting DJs to play at either the Big Apple or Neptune's and it was after one of these weekends that he began his friendship with UK DJs Sasha and Craig Richards, who ended up inviting him to form the Tyrant Sound System upon his return to the UK.[1]
Return to England and Tyrant (1998 to 2001)
Although Burridge's reputation in Hong Kong earned him gigs nearly every night in the city's top venues, he was completely unknown in the UK.
Richards—who was running several successful club nights in London at the time, including Georgie and Malibu Stacey—invited Burridge to play at several of his parties. Traction was slow and after one year back in the UK Lee considered returning to Asia. It was shortly after this that Tyrant was formed and the subsequent launch catapulted Burridge's career in the UK.
As part of Tyrant, Burridge teamed up with Richards and Sasha to play regular monthly nights in London, first in a warehouse space In Park Royal, which then moved to the End nightclub. Adding a monthly night at The Bomb in Nottingham, the brand garnered a great deal of interest and press allowing Burridge to begin playing more solo gigs at leading British nightclubs, such as Cream, Golden, and Ministry of Sound. He mixed his first compilation for Hooj Choons, Deeper Shades of Hooj 2 in just a single night.
In 1999, Burridge cracked DJ Magazines prestigious annual Top 100 list for the first time, placing 33rd. That same year, Burridge also released his first solo mix album, Metropolis on Tide.
While continuing to carve out a career of his own, Burridge's work with the Tyrant project blossomed. Sasha's production schedule caused him to miss several key shows allowing Burridge and Richards to forge forward. Picking up the slack they continued to evolve the Tyrant nights picking up new fans as they went. When Sasha eventually decided to leave the project, the duo solidified a new sound for the project leaning away from Sasha's more progressive vibes. This sound led the way for many artists and inspired many who followed their legendary nights. It was the release of their highly acclaimed Tyrant mix compilation in 2000 that opened the door to their global recognition. Around that same time, Burridge and Richards began a monthly Tyrant residency at the newly opened Fabric Nightclub in London, which they held down monthly until 2006.
Early 2000s (2002 to 2004)
In 2001, Burridge appeared on the cover of DJ Magazine and was asked to join an emerging group of young DJs for Global Underground's NuBreed series. Burridge's double-disc NuBreed compilation, which featured a mixture of breakbeat, tech house and techno, again helping to cement the DJ's mass appeal and popularity. That same year he also moved into the top 30 DJs in the world in the DJ Magazine poll. In 2002, Burridge and Richards teamed up once again for another Tyrant mix CD. No Shoes, No Cake also featured Burridge's first single release, Lost and Found, on Fire recordings. The duo's monthly parties in London at Fabric had become one of the most popular nights in the city helping Burridge rise to the 9th most popular DJ in the world in the DJ Magazine poll. Burridge was regularly touring globally at this time playing cities such as Sydney, Buenos Aires, New York, Singapore and Ibiza in addition to playing festivals such as Creamfields, the Gatecrasher Summer Sound System, V Festival and Homelands. In 2003, Global Underground approached him once again to mix the second installment of the label's 24:7 series. The two-disc release was conceptually themed as a day and a night disc foreshadowing his interest in the daytime sound he later began exploring.
His appeal in the US really began through regular gigs in New York. Working alongside Made Events, Burridge played at the legendary clubs, Twilo and Vinyl as well as an annual series of Halloween events. Winter Music Conference in Miami also gave exposure to his long sets and passion for after parties.
(2005 to 2010)
In early 2005, Burridge and Richards were invited by James Lavelle to remix the single "Eye for an Eye" by his U.N.K.L.E. project. Later that year Burridge departed from London after nearly a decade and began an ambitious new project called 365. Following many years of global touring and one-off shows, Burridge developed the 365 project as a residency-based tour where he would move to a city for a month or two at a time to play a series of parties allowing him time to learn both more about the city and its clubbing crowd. Beginning in New York, Burridge spent the next two years taking the 365 concept to Ibiza, Florence, Buenos Aires, Sydney, New York, San Francisco, Denver and Hong Kong. In each city, he worked with local promoters to build a series of four or more parties while also setting aside time to work with local producers. During the 365 project, Burridge kept a popular journal which was published online monthly by DJ Magazine describing the adventures he encountered and the humorous take he has on life on the road as a DJ. That year Burridge also joined Sander Kleinenberg to mix one half of This Is Everybody! On Tour, a more fan-friendly album than his previous endeavours[4] and he began what would become an annual mainstay party at the Winter Music Conference in Miami, Florida, in conjunction with Made Events, the Burridge Barrage. In 2006, Burridge began another annual party at San Francisco's Love Parade called the LoveLee Party. He launched his own record label, Almost Anonymous, to release the music he produced with local artists he collaborated with during the 365 project.[5] The label released collaborations between Burridge and Andy Page, Steve Porter and Dan F, the latter of which, Treat 'Em Mean, Keep 'Em Keen, appeared on Ewan Pearson's Fabric 35 album. However, the label suffered the same fate as many others in 2007, going under when its distributor went into receivership.
Burridge began visiting the Burning Man festival for the first time in 2004, and would go on to describe the annual eight-day arts and musical gathering in Nevada as the best event he had been to.[5]
2007 saw Burridge mix Balance: 012. The twelfth installment of the Balance series for Australia's EQ Recordings, joining DJs such as James Holden, Chris Fortier and Desyn Masiello. The three-disc album, which received critical acclaim across the board, was nominated for "Compilation of the Year" at the PLUG Awards. It also featured artwork and packaging that Burridge helped design.
All Day I Dream (ADID) & Burning Man Festival
In 2011, Burridge launched a new project encompassing both a daytime event and record label. Titled, 'All Day I Dream', Burridge continued investigating his new musical direction that leaned towards the more melodic and melancholic sounds of house and techno which have since grown enormously in popularity. The (re)exploration of a more melodic sound was actually first cited in his 'all day i dream' podcast for Resident Advisor in 2008. These monthly summertime events began on a New York rooftop (office op's) in Williamsburg in June 2011. By the end of 2012's season, their ever-growing popularity led to the event being moved to a much larger space (The Well) in Bushwick. Hosted on Sunday afternoons from 3:00 pm until just after sunset each unique event has been produced paying close attention to the sound and a more organic production aesthetic including floating materials above people's heads, bamboo structures, fresh flowers and many other loving details that help create a much warmer and more organic feeling environment that complements the feeling of the music. All Day I Dream's popularity continues to grow across the world and, as well as hosting major festival stages such as Picnik Electronic and BPM in Mexico where ADID hosted their own stage from 2012 on, the event took up a second USA summer residency, opening in June 2012, in Los Angeles which joined New York as host city to the ADID summer season which runs over four months each summer. The melodic sound pushed by the event and Burridge has been supported strongly by releases on his All Day I Dream label. Matthew Dekay's productions alongside Burridge have created many magical moments both on the label as well as at the events. Dekay and Burridge first crossed paths at a party in New York in 2009 where the two instantly hit it off and began working together. First collaborating on the track 'Wongle' their friendship began to grow during this time. Burridge's plan for the ADID event was complemented by Dekay's studio brilliance creating the early music of the soon-to-be label and parties. The pair released Gemini spell, Holding On and Fur Die Liebe on ADID as well as 'Lost in a Moment' on Innervisions creating a definitive and unique sound for the time. Strong yet subtle grooves underpin orchestrated elements that delve into minor-key harmonies with complex arrangements became the soundtrack to many people's musical experiences both at All Day I Dream as well as Burning Man festival. Burridge's popularity has grown exponentially once again in recent years. Both through the ADID brand as well as his affiliation to the Burning Man festival. Burridge's seven to ten-hour DJ sets each closing Sunday (which the past few years have taken place at Pink Mammoth) still remain one of the playa's best kept little secrets.
All Day I Dream took the lead in 2011 and continues to inspire many to follow in its footsteps. The event and label continue to grow and support and nurture emerging artists such as Yokoo, Lost Desert, Bedouin, Oona Dahl, Gorje Hewek & Izhevski, Powel, Hoj and many more.
Burridge continued to release new music in 2016 and 2017 after discovering Lost Desert. Collaborating, the pair have released their more nighttime club focussed tracks on Get Weird while their releases on All Day I Dream perpetuate and epitomise the label's pursuit of the dreamier and melodic side of the dance music spectrum. Working alongside Congo-born singer Junior Akwerty, "Lingala" was released in Summer 2017. A firm favourite at the events, the track picked up traction with DJs across the board gaining popularity in the clubs as well as on the radio. Remixed by Gorje Hewek & Izhevski, the track has been streamed millions of times on Spotify and continues to garner love and attention from those who discover it. It was featured in the Netflix show "White Lines" in 2020. Junior Akwerty toured with Burridge and Lost Desert across the US to rapturous response. In 2019 the duo released their debut album. Entitled Melt it continued to explore beauty, melancholy, depth and love across its ten tracks. Whether it was on the dance floor or on the beaches and in the restaurants of Ibiza and Mykonos the album was a firm favourite with the fans.
Currently, Burridge lives between London, New York and Los Angeles. He continues to follow his bliss, playing his own events as well as clubs and festivals across the globe. He is managed by Jazz Spinder from FM Artists and booked by Matthew Kingsley and Alex Becket at CAA in Los Angeles and Maria May at CAA UK.
Awards and honours
DJ Magazine Top 100 Poll Rankings
1999 33
2000 45
2001 29
2002 9
2003 30
2004 56
2005 76
2006 88
2007 85
"Compilation of the Year" nomination at the PLUG Awards.
Selected discography
DJ mixes/compilations:
1998: Deeper Shades of Hooj: Volume Two (Hooj Choons)
1999: Metropolis (Tide)
2000: Tyrant with Craig Richards (Distinct'ive Breaks Records)
2001: Global Underground: Nubreed 005 (Boxed)
2002: No Shoes, No Cake with Craig Richards (Fabric, London)
2003: 24:7 (Boxed)
2005: This Is Everybody! On Tour (Ultra Records)
2007: Balance 012 (EQ Recordings)
Releases:
2001: Lost & Found EP (Fire)
2006: Treat 'Em Mean, Keep 'Em Keen (Almost Anonymous)
2007: Do You Smoke Pot? (Almost Anonymous)
2007: Raw Dog (Almost Anonymous)
2010: Wongel (Cecille)
2011: Here's Johnny (Leftroom)
2011: Groove me (Pooled music)
2012: Lost in a moment (Innervisions)
2012: Tubby (Get Weird)
2012: Gemini Spell (All Day I Dream)
2012: Fur Die Liebe (All Day I Dream)
2013: Holding on (All Day I Dream)
2016: Stand up right (Get Weird)
2016: Lingala EP (All Day I Dream)
2017: Loopyness EP (All Day I Dream)
2017: Absent without thoughts (All Day I Dream)
2017: K Bug EP (Get Weird)
2018: Elongi EP (All Day I Dream)
2019: Melt (All Day I Dream)
References
External links
Lee Burridge on Myspace
(2006) Lee Burridge Interview
Lee Burridge tracklisting archive
Video
Lee Burridge @ Kudos Beach Romania
Leeki Tikki Boat with Lee Burridge, Winter Music Conference 2009
Lee Burridge rocks Movement 2008
British DJs
1968 births
Living people |
4383850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fossil%20bird%20genera | List of fossil bird genera | Birds evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs, and there is no real dividing line between birds and non-avian dinosaurs except that some of the former survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event while the latter did not. For the purposes of this article, a 'bird' is considered to be any member of the clade Aves in the broadest sense. Some dinosaur groups which may or may not be true birds are listed below under Proto-birds.
This page contains a listing of prehistoric bird taxa only known from completely fossilized specimens. These extinctions took place before the Late Quaternary and thus took place in the absence of significant human interference. While the earliest hominids had been eating birds and especially their eggs, human population and technology was simply insufficient to seriously affect healthy bird populations until the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Rather, reasons for the extinctions listed here are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes due to orbital shifts, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable that an extremely large number of seabirds have gone extinct during the mid-Tertiary; this seems at least partly due to competition by the contemporary radiation of marine mammals.
The relationships of these taxa are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and due to the complete fossilization precluding analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing. The taxa listed in this article should be classified with the Wikipedia conservation status category "Fossil".
Before the late 19th century, when minerals were still considered one of the kingdoms of binomial nomenclature, fossils were often treated according to a parallel taxonomy. Rather than assigning them to animal or plant genera, they were treated as mineral genera and given binomial names typically using Osteornis ("bone-bird") or Ornitholithus ("bird fossil") as "genus". The latter name, however, is still in use for an oogenus of fossil bird eggs. Also, other animals (in particular pterosaurs) were placed in these "genera". In sources pre-dating the Linnean system, the above terms are also seen in the more extensive descriptions used to name taxa back then.
Taxonomic list of fossil prehistoric birds
Higher-level taxa are presented in likely or suspected phylogenetic order. Genus-level taxa and lower are sorted chronologically, in ascending order (i.e., older taxa first).
The higher-level groups of non-Neornithes are arranged based on the phylogeny proposed by Luis Chiappe, updated and expanded to incorporate recent research. The categories are inclusive in ascending order.
Taxonomic assignments, especially in the pygostylian to early neornithine genera, are still very provisional and subject to quite frequent change.
Basal Avialae (extinct)
The most primitive "birds", usually still possessing a long bony tail with generally unfused vertebrae. Not all of these may be on the line of bird ancestors; whether they are not closer to other theropods groups than to the Avialae remains to be thoroughly tested (see Xiaotingia).
†Anchiornis huxleyi
†Aurornis xui
†Balaur bondoc
†Jixiangornis orientalis
†Xiaotingia zhengi
†Yandangornithiformes
†Yandangornithidae
†Yandangornis longicaudatus (Late Cretaceous)
†Archaeopterygiformes
†Archaeopterygidae [Archaeornithidae ; Archaeopteridae ; Archornithidae ]a
†Wellnhoferia grandis (Late Jurassic) – possible synonym of Archaeopteryx
†Archaeopteryx [Archaeornis ; Griphornis ; Griphosaurus ] (Late Jurassic)
†Jeholornithiformes
†Jeholornithidae
†Dalianraptor cuhe
†Jeholornis [Shenzhouraptor ] (Early Cretaceous)
Basal Pygostylia (extinct)
The earliest birds with a modern pygostyle: a reduction and fusion of the tail vertebrae; possibly a paraphyletic group. Two types of pygostyle are known, a rod-shaped one found in Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes and some non-avian theropods such as Nomingia, and a plowshare-shaped one, only known in the lineage leading to modern birds. It is not certain that the pygostyles found in birds are indeed synapomorphies.
†Chongmingia zhengi
†Confuciusornithiformes
†Proornis coreae (nomen nudum)
†Zhongornis haoae - confuciusornithid?
†Confuciusornithidae
†Changchengornis hengdaoziensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Eoconfuciusornis zhengi (Early Cretaceous)
†Evgenavis nobilis
†Confuciusornis [Jinzhouornis Hou et al. 2002] (Early Cretaceous)
†Omnivoropterygiformes [Sapeornithiformes ]
†Omnivoropterygidae [Sapeornithidae ]
†Omnivoropteryx sinousaorum (Early Cretaceous)
†Sapeornis chaoyangensis [Didactylornis jii ; Sapeornis angustis ; Shenshiornis primita ] (Early Cretaceous)
Enantiornithes (extinct)
The taxonomic list of enantiornithine groups presented here follows a summary published by Thomas R. Holz, Jr. in 2011.
†Enantiornithes
Basal Enantiornithes and Enantiornithes incerta sedis
†Cerebavis cenomanica (Late Cretaceous)
†Cruralispennia multidonta
†Dalingheornis liweii (Early Cretaceous)
†Dunhuangia cuii
†Elsornis keni (Late Cretaceous)
†Feitianius paradisi
†Holbotia ponomarenkoi [Holbotia ponomarenkoi ]
†Houornis caudatus [Cathayornis caudatus ]
†Laevisoolithidae [Subtiliolithidae] [ootaxa]
†Laevisoolithus sochavai [ootaxa]
†Subtiliolithus microtuberculatus [ootaxa]
†Tipoolithus achloujensis [ootaxa]
†Linyiornis amoena
†Monoenantiornis sihedangia
†Paraprotopteryx gracilis (Early Cretaceous)
†Parvavis chuxiongensis
†Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus
†Pterygornis dapingfangensis
†Xiangornis shenmi (Jiufotang Early Cretaceous of Liaoning)
†Yuanjiawaornis viriosus
†Kurzholiidae
†Kuszholia mengi (Late Cretaceous)
†Iberomesornithiformes
†Iberomesornithidae
†Iberomesornis romerali (Early Cretaceous)
†Liaoningornithiformes
†Liaoningornithidae
†Eoalulavis hoyasi (Early Cretaceous)
†Liaoningornis longidigitris
Basal Euenantiornithes
†Catenoleimus anachoretus (Late Cretaceous)
†Cratoavis cearensis
†Elbretornis bonapartei (Late Cretaceous)
†Eocathayornis walkeri [Eocathayornis walkeri ] (Early Cretaceous)
†Flexomornis howei (Late Cretaceous)
†Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus
†Grabauornis lingyuanensis
†Huoshanornis huji (Late Cretaceous)
†Largirostrornis sexdentoris (Early Cretaceous)
†Lectavis bretincola (Late Cretaceous)
†Martinavis (Late Cretaceous)
†M. cruzyensis
†M. vincei
†M. minor
†M. saltariensis
†M. whetstonei
†Musivavis amabilis (Early Cretaceous)
†Yungavolucris brevipedalis Chiappe 1993 (Late Cretaceous)
†Liaoxiornithiformes
†Liaoxiornithidae
†Liaoxiornis delicatus [Lingyuanornis parvus ] (Late Cretaceous)
†Pengornithidae
†Chiappeavis magnapremaxillo
†Eopengornis martini
†Pengornis houi (Early Cretaceous)
†Parapengornis eurycaudatus
†Protopterygiformes
†Protopterygidae
†Jibeinia luanhera [Jibeinia luanhera ] (Early Cretaceous)
†Protopteryx fengningensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Hebeiornis fengningensis
†Eoenantiornithiformes
†Eoenantiornithidae
†Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus (Early Cretaceous)
†Eoenantiornis buhleri
†Bohaiornithidae
†Beiguornis khinganensis
†Bohaiornis guoi
†Longusunguis kurochkini
†Parabohaiornis martini
†Shenqiornis mengi (Early Cretaceous)
†Sulcavis geeorum (Early Cretaceous)
†Zhouornis hani
†Longipterygiformes [Boluochiiformes ; Longirostraviformes ]
†Longipterygidae [Boluochiidae ; Longirostravidae ]
†Boluochia zhengi (Early Cretaceous)
†Camptodontus yangi (Early Cretaceous)
†Longipteryx chaoyangensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Longirostravis hani (Early Cretaceous)
†Otogornis genghisi (Early Cretaceous)
†Rapaxavis pani (Early Cretaceous)
†Shanweiniao cooperorum (Early Cretaceous)
†Shengjingornis yangi (Early Cretaceous)
†Cathayornithiformes [Sinornithiformes ; Euornithiformes ]
†Alethoalaornithidae
†Alethoalaornis agitornis (Early Cretaceous)
†Concornithidae
†Concornis lacustris (Early Cretaceous)
†Qiliania graffini (Early Cretaceous)
†Noguerornis gonzalezi (Early Cretaceous)
†Cathyornithidae [Sinornithidae ]
†Gracilornis jiufotangensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Longchengornis sanyanensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Sinornis santensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Cathayornis (Early Cretaceous)
†Enantiornithiformes [Gobipterygiformes ; Alexornithiformes ]
†Avisauridae
†Cuspirostrisornis houi (Early Cretaceous)
†Avisaurus (Late Cretaceous)
†Bauxitornis mindszentyae (Late Cretaceous)
†Enantiophoenix electrophyla (Late Cretaceous)
†Halimornis thompsonae (Late Cretaceous)
†Gettyia (Late Cretaceous)
†Intiornis inexpectatus (Late Cretaceous)
†Mirarce (Late Cretaceous)
†Mystiornis cyrili (Early Cretaceous)
†Neuquenornis volans (Late Cretaceous)
†Soroavisaurus australis (Late Cretaceous)
†Gobipterygidae
†Gobipipus reshetovi
†Gobipteryx minuta (Late Cretaceous)
†Vescornis hebeiensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Enantiornithidae
†Enantiornis leali (Late Cretaceous)
†Gurilynia nessovi (Late Cretaceous)
†Wyleyia valdensis (Late Cretaceous)
†Nanantius (Early-?Late Cretaceous)
†Alexornithidae
†Abavornis bonaparti (Late Cretaceous)
†Alexornis antecedens (Late Cretaceous)
†Explorornis (Late Cretaceous)
†Incolornis (Late Cretaceous)
†Kizylkumavis cretacea (Late Cretaceous)
†Lenesornis maltschevskyi [Ichthyornis maltschevskyi ] (Late Cretaceous)
†Sazavis prisca (Early Cretaceous)
†Zhyraornis (Late Cretaceous)
Note that Holtz (2011) also included Zhyraornis in his classification of euenantiornithines, though this genus is more often classified as an ornithuran. Holtz also placed Liaoningornis as an ornithuromorph, though more recent studies have placed it as a close relative of Eoalulavis.
Basal Euornithes (extinct)
Also called "basal Ornithuromorpha". Essentially modern birds, except many still possess a few primitive features such as teeth or wing claws. These have the plowshare-shaped pygostyle and proper tail fan as seen in most living birds. The taxonomy of this group is confusing; the name "Ornithurae" was first proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 and has been revised in meaning several times since.
The following is a list of primitive euornithian genera and those that cannot be confidently referred to any subgroups, following Holtz (2011).
†Archaeorhynchus spathula
†Changmaornis houi
†Changzuiornis ahgmi
†Gargantuavis philoinos
†Hollanda luceria [Hollandornis birdus ]
†Horezmavis eocretaceous
†Hulsanpes perlei (?Troodontidae)
†Iteravis huchzermeyeri
†Jianchangornis microdonta
†Jiuquanornis niui
†Juehuaornis zhangi
†Palaeopteryx thomsoni (dinosaur)
†Platanavis nana
†Schizooura lii
†Tingmiatornis arctica
†Vorona berivotrensis
†Xinghaiornis lini
†Yumenornis huangi
†Zhongjianornis yangi
†Patagopterygidae
†Alamitornis minutus
†Patagopteryx deferrariisi
†Hongshanornithidae
?†Archaeornithura meemannae
†Hongshanornis longicresta (Early Cretaceous)
†Longicrusavis houi (Early Cretaceous)
†Parahongshanornis chaoyangensis (Early Cretaceous)– ornithurine?
†Tianyuornis cheni
†Chaoyangiiformes
†Chaoyangiidae [Chaoyangornithidae ]
†Chaoyangia beishanensis
†Songlingornithiformes [Aberratiodontiformes ; Yanornithiformes ; Yixianornithiformes ]
†Songlingornithidae [Aberratiodontidae ; Chaoyangornithidae ; Yanornithidae ; Yixiaornithidae ]
†Piscivoravis lii
†Songlingornis linghensis (Early Cretaceous)
†Yixianornis grabaui (Early Cretaceous)
†Yanornis [Archaeoraptor ; Archaeovolans ; Aberratiodontus ] (Early Cretaceous)
Note that Holtz also included the genera Eurolimnornis, Holbotia, Palaeocursornis and Piksi as euornitheans, though they have since been re-identified as pterosaurs.
Basal Ornithurae (extinct)
Limenavis patagonica (Late Cretaceous)– paleognath?
Palintropidae
Palintropus retusus [Cimolopteryx retusa Marsh 1892; Apatornis retusus (Marsh 1892) Brodkorb 1962] (Late Cretaceous) (?Galliformes: Quercymegapodiidae)
†Ambiortiformes
†Ambiortidae
†Ambiortus dementjevi (Late Cretaceous)
†Apsaraviformes
†Apsaravidae
†Apsaravis ukhaana (Late Cretaceous)
†Gansuiformes
†Gansuidae
†Gansus (Early Cretaceous)
†Ichthyornithiformes [Pteropappi ]
†Apatornithidae
†Apatornis celer [Ichthyornis celer Marsh 1873] (Late Cretaceous)
†Guildavis tener [Ichthyornis tener Marsh 1880] (Cretaceous of Wallace County, US)
†Iaceornis marshi (Late Cretaceous)
†Ichthyornithidae
Ichthyornis [Angelinornis ; Colonosaurus ; Graculavus ; Plegadornis ] (Late Cretaceous)
†Hesperornithiformes (Large, toothed, loon-like diving birds)
†Chupkaornis keraorum
†Potamornis skutchi (Late Cretaceous)
†Pasquiaornis (Late Cretaceous)
†Enaliornithidae
†Enaliornis [Palaeocolyntus ; Palaeocolymbus ; Pelargonis ; Pelagornis ] (Early Cretaceous)
†Baptornithidae
†Baptornis [Parascaniornis ]
†Brodavidae
Brodavis (Late Cretaceous)
†Judinornithidae
†Judinornis nogontsavensis (Late Cretaceous)
†Hesperornithidae
†Fumicollis hoffmani
†Parahesperornis alexi (Late Cretaceous)
†Hesperornis [Coniornis ; Lestornis ; Hargeria ; Asiahesperornis ; Canadaga ] (Late Cretaceous)
Neornithes
The subclass that contains all modern birds.
Unresolved and basal forms
These modern birds are known from remains that cannot be placed in relation to any one modern group and are neither autapomorphic enough to assign them to own orders. Especially the Late Cretaceous/early Paleogene taxa are probably basal to several modern orders, while later Paleogene taxa often represent extinct lineages outside the modern families.
†Australornis lovei (late early Paleocene)
†Gallornis straeleni (Late Cretaceous)
†Ceramornis major (Late Cretaceous) – charadriiform?
†"Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) - anseriform (presbyornithid)?
†Torotix clemensi (Late Cretaceous) – pelecaniform, charadriiform, procellariiform or phoenicopteriform
Neornithes incerta sedis (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of S Mongolia) - phalacrocoracid?
Neornithes incerta sedis AMNH FR 25272 (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous of Converse County, US) - phalacrocoracid?
Neornithes incerta sedis PVPH 237 (Portezuelo Late Cretaceous of Sierra de Portezuelo, Argentina) - galliform?
Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117598 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, US)
Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, US) – anseriform?
†"Lonchodytes" pterygius (Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene) – charadriiform?
†Novacaesareala hungerfordi (Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) – related to Torotix?
†"Palaeotringa" vetus (Lance Late Cretaceous of Wyoming – Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene of New Jersey, US) - gruiform? anseriform (presbyornithid)?
†Volgavis marina (Early Palaeocene of Volgograd, Russia) – charadriiform? phalacrocoraciform?
†Tshulia litorea (Late Paleocene of Zhylga, Kazakhstan)
†Eupterornis remensis (Paleocene of Cernay, France) – charadriiform (larid?)? gaviiform?
†Gradiornis walbeckensis (Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany) – cariamid?
†"Messelornis" russelli (Paleocene of Cernay, France) – messelornithid?
†Walbeckornis creber (Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany) – charadriiform? messelornithid?
Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco) – charadriiform, ciconiiform, gruiform?
†Argillipes (London Clay Early Eocene of England) – galliform?
†A. aurorum
†A. magnus
†A. paralectoris
†Coturnipes cooperi (Early Eocene of England, and Virginia, US?)– galliform, falconiform?
†Fluviatilavis antunesi (Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal)– charadriiform?
†Mopsitta tanta (Early Eocene) – threskiornithid (may belong in Rhynchaeites), psittacid?
†Neanis schucherti (Early Eocene)– coraciiform (primobucconid), piciform?
†Paleophasianus meleagroides (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, US)– galliform (tetraonine or cracid) or gruiform (aramid)?
†Precursor parvus (Early Eocene)– several species? psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid) + charadriiform (glareolid)?
†"Precursor" litorum
†"Precursor" magnus
†Procuculus minutus (Early Eocene of Bognor Regis, England)– cuculiform (parvicuculid), coraciiform (primobucconid), close to Primapus?
†Pulchrapollia (Early Eocene) – psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid)?
†P. gracilis
†P. olsoni [Primobucco olsoni ]
Neornithes incerta sedis USNM 496384 (Nanjemoy Early Eocene of Virginia, US)– parvicuculid? aegithalornithid?
†Palaeopsittacus georgei (Early – middle Eocene of NW Europe) – caprimulgiform (podargid?) or quercypsittid?
†Amitabha urbsinterdictensis (Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, US) - galliform (phasianid) or gruiform (rallid?)?
†Eociconia sangequanensis (middle Eocene of China)– ciconiiform (ciconiid)?
†Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)– caprimulgiform, apodiform or ancestral to both
†Pumiliornis tessellatus (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Ludiortyx hoffmanni (Late Eocene) – rallid, quercymegapodid? [Includes Tringa hoffmanni ; Palaeortyx blanchardi ; Palaeortyx hoffmanni ; Ludiortyx blanchardi ; Eortyx hoffmanni ]
†Minggangia changgouensis (Late Eocene of China) – rallid, threskiornithid?
†Petropluvialis simplex (Late Eocene of England)– may be same as Palaeopapia; anseriform?
†"Phasianus" alfhildae (Washakie B Late Eocene of Haystack Butte, US)– gruiform, ciconiiform, phoenicopteriform?
†Telecrex grangeri (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, Mongolia)– meleagrid or gruiform (rallid?)
Neornithes incerta sedis AMNH FR 2941 (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, China) – falconiform (accipitrid)? gruiform (Eogrus)?
†Zheroia kurochkini (Late Eocene of Kazakhstan) – gruiform? pelagornithid?
†"Falco" falconellus (or falconella; Eocene of Wyoming, US) – falconiform (falconid)?
†Agnopterus (Late Eocene– Late Oligocene of Europe)– phoenicopteriform or anseriform
†A. laurillardi
†A. sicki
†A. turgaiensis [Cygnopterus lambrechti ]
†Plesiocathartes (Late Eocene–? Early Miocene of SW Europe) - cathartid, leptosomid?
†P. europaeus
†P. gaillardi
†P. wyomingensis
†P. major
†P. geiselensis
†P. kelleri
†Botauroides parvus (Eocene of Wyoming, US) – coliiform?
†Aminornis excavatus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) – gruiform (aramid)?
†Ciconiopsis antarctica (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) – ciconiiform (ciconiid)?
†Climacarthrus incompletus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) – falconiform (accipitrid)? A nomen dubium
†Cruschedula revola (Deseado Early Oligocene of Golfo San Jorge, Argentina) Aves incertae sedis; A nomen dubium
†Dolichopterus viator [Dolicopterus ; Camaskelus ; Camaskelus ; Dolicopterus viator ; Camaskelus palustris ; Camaskelus palustris ] (Early Oligocene of Ronzon, France) – charadriiform (charadriid)? Not Dolicopterus as sometimes claimed
†Loncornis erectus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina)– gruiform (aramid)?
†Loxornis clivus – anatid? (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)
†Manu antiquus (Early Oligocene) – pelagornithid? procellariiform (diomedeid)?
†Palaeocrex rex (Early Oligocene of Trigonias Quarry, US) – gruiform (rallid)?
†Palaeopapia eous [Howardia ; Howardia eous ] (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – anseriform?
†Paracygnopterus scotti (Early Oligocene of Belgium and England) – anseriform (anatid)?
†"Pararallus" hassenkampi (Sieblos Dysodil Early Oligocene of Sieblos, Germany)
†Riacama caliginea (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) – gruiform?
†Smiliornis penetrans (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)– gruiform?
†Teracus littoralis [leracus Aymard 1856 ; leracus littoralis ] (Early Oligocene of France)
†Teleornis impressus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)– anatid?
†Pseudolarus guaraniticus (Deseado Early Oligocene – Miocene of Argentina) – gruiform?
Neornithes incerta sedis BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – formerly "Ptenornis" and included in Headonornis; anseriform?
†"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium) – anseriform?
†"Charadrius" sheppardianus (Florissant middle Oligocene of Florissant, US) – charadriiform (charadriid?)
†Megagallinula harundinea (Indricotherium middle Oligocene of Chelkar-Teniz, Kazakhstan)
†"Palaeorallus" alienus (middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia)– galliform?
†"Vanellus" selysii (middle Oligocene of Rupelmonde, Belgium) – charadriiform (charadriid)?
†Anserpica kiliani (Late Oligocene of France) – gruiform (gruid?) or anseriform (anseranatid?)?
†Gnotornis (Brule Late Oligocene of Shannon County, US) – gruiform (aramid)?
†G. aramiellus
†G. roardeola
†G. walkeri
†Guguschia nailiae (Late Oligocene of Pirəkəşkül, Azerbaijan) – anseriform (anserine)? pelagornithid (same as Caspiodontornis)?
†Tiliornis senex (Late? Oligocene of Argentina)– phoenicopteriform? A nomen dubium
Neornithes incerta sedis QM F40203 (Late Oligocene of Riversleigh, Australia)– gruiform (rallid)?
†Gaviella pusilla (Oligocene? of Wyoming, US)– gaviiform? plotopterid?
†"Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic) - anseriform?
†Chenornis graculoides (Early Miocene) - Anseriformes (Anatidae) or Pelecaniformes (Phalacrocoracidae)?
†"Propelargus" olseni (Hawthorne Early Miocene of Tallahassee, US) – ciconiiform?
Neornithes incerta sedis MNHN SA 1259-1263 (Early/Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) – passeriform?
†Anisolornis excavatus (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina) – gruiform, galliform, tinamiform?
†"Ardea" perplexa (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) – ardeid? strigiform?
†"Cygnus herrenthalsi" (Middle Miocene of Belgium)
†"Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) – anseriform?
†"Ardea" aureliensis (Late Miocene of France) – ardeid?
†Eoneornis australis (Miocene of Argentina) – anatid? A nomen dubium
†Eutelornis patagonica (Miocene of Argentina) – anatid?
†Protibis cnemialis (Miocene of Argentina) – ciconiiform (threskiornithid)?
†"Limnatornis" paludicola (Miocene of France) – coliid? phoeniculid?
†"Picus" gaudryi (Miocene of France) – piciform?
†"Ardea" lignitum (Late Pliocene of Germany) – ardeid? strigid (genus Bubo)?
†Bathoceleus hyphalus (Pliocene of New Providence, Bahamas) – picid?
†"Homalopus" – piciform? Preoccupied by a subgenus of Cryptocephalus leaf beetles described in 1835.
†"Liptornis hesternus" [Liptornis cuvierii] – pelecaniform (pelecanid)? A nomen dubium
†Proceriavis martini – pelagornithid?
†Protopelicanus cuvieri – pelecaniform (pelecanid)? pelagornithid?
†Eurofluvioviridavis robustipes (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Archaeotrogonidae – basal Cypselomorphae?
†Archaeotrogonidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Eocene)
†Hassiavis laticauda
†Archaeotrogon (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
†Cimolopterygidae – charadriiform?
†Cimolopteryx (Late Cretaceous)
†C. rara
†C. maxima
†Lamarqueavis (Late Cretaceous)
†L. australis
†L. minima [Cimolopteryx minima ]
†L. petra [Cimolopteryx petra ]
†Cladornithidae Wetmore 1930 [Cladornithes ; Cladornidae ] (pelecaniform?
†Cladornis pachypus (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina)
†Eremopezidae – pelecaniform? ratite?
†Eremopezus eocaenus (Late Eocene) - includes Stromeria fajumensis
†Gracilitarsidae – close to Sylphornithidae?
Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis (Late Paleocene of Brazil) - a nomen dubium
Gracilitarsus mirabilis (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
Halcyornithidae – psittaciform (= Pseudasturidae?), coraciiform?
†Halcyornis toliapicus (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†Cyrilavis (Green River Early Eocene of C US) - psittaciform (halcyornithid or psittacid)?
†C. olsoni [Primobucco olsoni ]
†C. colburnorum
†Juncitarsidae
†Kashinia magnum [Tenuicrus ; Tenuicrus magnum ] – phoenicopteriform?
†Juncitarsus – phoenicopteriform?
Laornithidae – charadriiform? gruiform? pelagornithid?
Laornis edvardsianus [Laopteryx (sic) ] (Late Cretaceous?)
†Lonchodytidae
†Lonchodytes estesi (Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene) – gaviiform/pelecaniform? procellariiform?
†Palaeospizidae – passeriform? coraciiform? coliiform?
†Palaeospiza bella (Late Eocene of Florissant Fossil Beds, US)
†Parvicuculidae – cypselomorph, cuculiform, coraciiform (primobucconid)?
†Parvicuculus minor (Early Eocene of NW Europe)
†Remiornithidae (Paleocene of France) – palaeognath?
†Remiornis heberti [Remiornis minor ]
†Sylphornithidae – cuculiform? coraciiform? close to Gracilitarsidae?
†Sylphornis bretouensis (middle Eocene of France)
†Oligosylphe mourerchauvireae (Borgloon Early Oligocene of Hoogbutsel, Belgium)
†Tytthostonychidae – procellariiform, pelecaniform?
†Tytthostonyx glauconiticus (Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene)
†Zygodactylidae [Primoscenidae ]– near passerine
†Eozygodactylus americanus
†Zygodactylus (Early Oligocene – Middle? Miocene of C Europe)
†Z. ignotus
†Z. luberonensis
†Z. grivensis
†Primoscens minutus
†Primozygodactylus
†P. ballmanni
†P. danielsi
†P. major
†P. eunjooae
†"Graculavidae" [Dakotornithidae Erickson 1975; Scaniornithidae; Telmatornithidae Cracraft 1972] – a paraphyletic form taxon, the "transitional shorebirds"
†Limosavis [Graculavus ] (Late Cretaceous –? Early Palaeocene) – charadriiform?
†L. velox [Graculavus velox ]
†L. augustus [Graculavus augustus ]
†Palaeotringa (Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) – charadriiform?
†Telmatornis priscus [Telmatornis affinis ; Graculavus pumilis ; Palaeotringa vetus ] (Late Cretaceous?) – charadriiform? gruiform? podicipediform?
†Zhylgaia aestiflua (Early Paleocene) – presbyornithid?
†Scaniornis lundgreni (Early/Middle Paleocene) – phoenicopteriform?
†Dakotornis cooperi (Paleocene of North Dakota, US)
†Placement unresolved
"Graculavidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Gloucester County, US)
Struthioniformes
Ostrich and related ratites.
Struthionidae [†Struthiolithidae ; †Palaeotididae ] (ostriches)
†Palaeotis weigelti [Palaeogrus geiseltalensis ; Ornitocnemus geiseltalensis ] (middle Eocene)
†Remiornis heberti
†Orientornis linxiaensis [Struthio linxiaensis ]
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Struthio [†Palaeostruthio ; †Struthiolithus ootaxa; Struthio (Pachystruthio) ; Megaloscelornis ] (Early Miocene – Recent)
Casuariiformes
Cassowaries, emus and related ratites.
Casuariidae Kaup 1847 [Dromaiidae Huxley 1868; Dramaiinae Gray 1870; Dramiceiidae Richmond 1908; Dramaeidae Newton 1896] (emus and cassowaries)
†Diogenornis fragilis (Early Eocene) – possible casuariiform
†Emuarius (emuwaries) (Late Oligocene – Late Miocene)
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Dromaius [Tachea ; Emou ; Peronista ; Metapteryx ] (emus) (Middle Miocene – Recent)
Casuarius [Cela ; Cela ; Rhea ; Chelarga ; Oxyporus ; Thrasys ; Cassowara ; Hippalectryo ]
Rheiformes
Rheas and related ratites.
†Opisthodactylidae
†Opisthodactylus (Miocene) – rheid?
Rheidae [Rheinae ] (rheas)
†Heterorhea dabbenei (Pliocene)
†Hinasuri nehuensis
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Rhea [Rhea ; Pterocnemia ; Toujou ; Tujus ]
†Dinornithiformes
Moas.
†Megalapterygidae - (Upland moas)
†Megalapteryx didinus [Palaeocasuarius ; Dinornis didinus ; Megalapteryx benhami ; Megalapteryx hamiltoni ; Megalapteryx hectori ; Megalapteryx tenuipes ; Anomalopteryx didina ; Palaeocasuarius velox ; Palaeocasuarius elegans ; Palaeocasuarius haasti ]
†Dinornithidae [Palapteryginae ; Palapterygidae ; Dinornithnideae ] (great moas)
†Dinornis [Palapteryx ; Megalornis ; Movia ; Moa ; Owenia ; Tylopteryx ]
†Emeidae [Emeinae ; Anomalopterygidae ; Anomalapteryginae ] (lesser moas)
†Anomalopteryx didiformis (Little bush moas)
†Emeus crassus Reichenbach 1853 (Eastern moas)
†Euryapteryx (Broad-billed or turkey moas)
†Pachyornis (Stout moas)
Two unnamed Saint Bathans Fauna species.
Apterygiformes
Apterygidae [Apteryginae ] (Kiwis)
†Proapteryx micromeros
†Lithornithiformes
†Lithornithidae (False tinamous)
†Fissuravis weigelti
†Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius (Green River Early/middle Eocene of C US)
†Paracathartes howardae
†Lithornis [Promusophaga ; Pediorallus ; Parvigyps ] (Paleocene – Early Eocene)
Tinamiformes
Tinamidae [Crypturidae ; Tinamotidae ; Eudromiidae ; Rhynchotidae ] (tinamous)
†Querandiornis romani (Ensenada Early/Middle Pleistocene of Argentina)
†Roveretornis
Tinamidae gen. et sp. indet. MACN-SC Fleagle Collection (Early – Middle Miocene of S Argentina) - at least 2 species
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Eudromia [non Eudromias ; Calodromas Calodromus ; Calopezus ; Tinamisornis ; Roveretornis ]
Nothura [†Cayetanornis ]
Crypturellus [Microcrypturus ; Crypturornis ; Orthocrypturus ]
Vegaviiformes
†Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht 1929 (Late Cretaceous)
†Polarornis gregorii Chatterjee 2002 (Late Cretaceous)
†Vegavis iaai (Late Cretaceous)
†Maaqwi cascadensis (Late Cretaceous)
†Australornis lovei (Paleocene)
Anseriformes
The group that includes modern ducks and geese.
Basal and unresolved forms
†Anatalavis [Nettapterornis ] (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene– Early Eocene)– anseranatid or basal.
†A. rex [Telmatornis rex ]
†A. oxfordi [Nettapterornis oxfordi ]
†Romainvillia stehlini (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)– anseranatide or anatide
†Saintandrea chenoides
†Proherodius oweni (Early Eocene) – presbyornithid?
†Paranyroca magna (Early Miocene) – anatide or own family?
†Garganornis ballmanni
Anhimidae [Palamedeinae ; Palamedeidae ] (screamers
†Chaunoides antiquus
†Dromornithidae – Australian mihirungs or "demon ducks"
†Barawertornis tedfordi (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†Bullockornis planei (Demon-Duck of Doom) (Middle Miocene)
†Ilbandornis (Late Miocene)
†I. woodburnei
†I. lawsoni
†Dromornis (Late Miocene – Pliocene)
†D. australis
†D. stirtoni (Stirton's Thunder Birds)
Anseranatidae (magpie-geese
†Eoanseranas handae (Hand's Dawn Magpie Goose)
Anseranatidae gen. et sp. nov (Late Oligocene)
†Presbyornithidae [Telmabatidae ]
†Teviornis gobiensis (Late Cretaceous)
†Headonornis hantoniensis [Agnopterus hantoniensis ; Presbyornis hantoniensis ; Ptenornis] – only BMNH PAL 30325 belongs to this bird, may belong to Presbyornis.
†Presbyornis [Nautilornis ; Coltonia ] (Paleocene– Early Oligocene)
†P. isoni
†P. mongoliensis
†P. recurvirostrus [Coltonia recurvirostra ]
†P. pervetus [Nautilornis avus ; Nautilornis proavitus ]
†Telmabates
†T. antiquus
†T. howardae
†Wilaru
†W. tedfordi
†W. prideauxi
Anatidae [Cnemiornithidae ; Cygnidae ; Anseridae ; Cereopsidae ; Fuligulidae ; Merganidae ; Mergidae ; Plectropteridae ; Erismaturidae ; Tadornidae ] (ducks, geese and swans)
†Allgoviachen tortonica (Late Miocene)
†Annakacygna (Late Miocene)
†A. hajimei
†A. yoshiiensis
†Bonibernicla ponderosa [Branta woolfendeni Bickart 1990]
†Eonessa anaticula (Middle Eocene)
†Cygnavus (Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†C. senckenbergi Lambrecht 1931
†C. formosus Korochkin 1968
†Cygnopterus Lambrecht 1931 (middle Oligocene – Early Miocene)– sometimes included in Cygnavus
†C. neogradiensis Kessler & Hir 2009
†C. affinis (Beneden 1883) Lambrecht 1931 [Sula affinis Beneden 1883; Palaeopapia hamsteadiensis Harrison & Walker 1979b]
†Mionetta Livezey & Martin 1988 (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†M. robusta (Milne-Edwards 1868) Mlíkovský 2002 [Anas robusta Milne-Edwards, 1868; Anserobranta robusta (Milne-Edwards 1868) Cheneval 1987]
†M. arvernensis (Lydekker 1891a) [Aythya arvernensis (Lydekker 1891a) Brodkorb 1964; Fuligula arvernensis Lydekker, 1891a]
†M. blanchardi (Milne-Edwards 1863) Livezey & Martin 1988 [Anas blanchardi Milne-Edwards 1863; Palaeortyx phasianoides Milne-Edwards 1869; Anas macroptera Milne-Edwards 1871 Nomen nudum; Taoperdix phasianoides (Milne-Edwards 1869) Brodkorb 1964; Dendrochen blanchardi (Milne-Edwards 1863) Cheneval 1983b]
†M. consobrina (Milne-Edwards 1867) Livezey & Martin 1988 [Anas consobrina Milne-Edwards 1867; Dendrochen consobrina (Milne-Edwards 1867) Cheneval 1983b]
†M. natator (Milne-Edwards 1867) Livezey & Martin 1988 [Anas natator Milne-Edwards 1867; Querquedula natator (Milne-Edwards 1867) Brodkorb 1962; Dendrochen natator (Milne-Edwards 1867) Cheneval 1983b]
†Notochen bannockburnensis (Early Miocene)
†Australotadorna alecwilsoni Worthy 2009 (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†Pinpanetta Worthy 2009 (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†P. tedfordi Worthy 2009
†P. vickersrichae Worthy 2009
†P. fromensis Worthy 2009
†Dunstanetta johnstoneorum Worthy et al. 2007 (Johnstone's ducks) (Early/Middle Miocene)
†Manuherikia Worthy et al. 2007 (Early/Middle Miocene)
†M. lacustrina Worthy et al. 2007 (Manuherikia duck)
†M. minuta Worthy et al. 2007 (Minute Manuherikia duck)
†M. douglasi Worthy et al. 2008 (Douglas' duck)
†Matanas enrighti Worthy et al. 2007 (Enright's ducks) (Early/Middle Miocene)
†Miotadorna Worthy et al. 2007 (Early/Middle Miocene)
†M. sanctibathansi Worthy et al. 2007 (St. Bathans shelducks) (Early/Middle Miocene)
†M. catrionae Tennyson et al. 2022 (Catriona's shelduck) (late Early/early Middle Miocene) (synonym of M. sanctibathansi)
†Megalodytes morejohni Howard 1992 (Middle Miocene)
†Sinanas diatomas Yeh 1980 (Middle Miocene)
†Dendrochen Miller 1944 (Late Miocene)
†D. integra (Miller 1944) Cheneval 1987 [Querquedula integra Miller 1944; Anas integra (Miller 1944); Spatula integra (Miller 1944)]
†D. oligocaena (Tugarinov 1940) [Anas oligocaena Tugarinov 1940]
†D. robusta Miller 1944
†Presbychen abavus Wetmore 1930 (Late Miocene)
†Afrocygnus chauvireae Louchart et al. 2005 (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene)
†Balcanas pliocaenica (Early Pliocene) – may belong in Tadorna
†Wasonaka yepomerae Howard 1966 (Middle Pliocene)
†Paracygnus plattensis Short 1969 (Late Pliocene)
†Anabernicula Ross 1935 (Late Pliocene? – Late Pleistocene)
†A. minuscula (Wetmore 1924) [Branta minuscula Wetmore 1924] (Late Pliocene of Benson, Arizona)
†A. oregonensis Howard 1964b
†A. gracilenta Ross 1935
†Eremochen russelli Brodkorb 1961 (Pliocene)
†Tirarinetta kanunka Worthy 2008 (Pliocene)
†Brantadorna Howard 1964 (Middle Pleistocene)
†B. downsi Howard 1964
†B. robusta (Short 1970) Livezey 1997 [Anabernicula robusta Short 1970]
†Nannonetta invisitata Campbell 1979 (Late Pleistocene)
†Aldabranas cabri Harrison & Walker 1978 (Late Pleistocene)
†Ankonetta larriestrai Cenizo & Agnolín 2010
†Cayaoa bruneti Tonni 1979
†Chenoanas Zelenkov 2012
†C. asiatica Zelenkov et al. 2018
†C. deserta Zelenkov 2012
†C. sansaniensis (Milne-Edwards 1867) (Middle Miocene of Siberia and Late Miocene of France)
†Helonetta brodkorbi Emslie 1992
†Mioquerquedula minutissima Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2012 [Anas velox Milne-Edwards 1867; Anas meyerii Milne-Edwards, 1868; Nettion velox (Milne-Edwards 1868) Brodkorb 1964; Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1868) Brodkorb 1964] (Middle – Late? Miocene)
†Proanser major Umanskaya 1979
†Shiriyanetta hasegawai Watanabe & Matsuoka 2015
†Pleistoanser bravardi Agnolín 2006
†Lavadytis pyrenae Stidham & Hilton 2015
†Asiavis phosphatica Nesov 1986
†Nogusunna conflictoides Zelenkov 2011
†Sharganetta mongolica Zelenkov 2011
†Protomelanitta Zelenkov 2011
†P. gracilis Zelenkov 2011
†P. shihuibas (Hou 1985) Zelenkov 2012 [Aythya shihuibas Hou 1985]
†Bambolinetta lignitifila (Portis 1884) Mayr & Pavia 2014 [Anas lignitifila Portis 1884] (Early Pliocene of Monte Bamboli, Italy)
†Heteroanser vicinus (Kuročkin 1976) Zelenkov 2012 [Heterochen vicinus Kuročkin 1976; Anser vicinus (Kuročkin 1976) Mlíkovský & Švec 1986]
Placement unresolved
†"Anas" albae Jánossy 1979 (Late Miocene) – formerly in Mergus
†"Anas" amotape Campbell 1979
†"Anas" eppelsheimensis Lambrecht 1933 (Early Pliocene)
†"Anas" isarensis Lambrecht 1933 (Late Miocene)
†"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene)
†"Anas" sanctaehelenae Campbell 1979
†"Anser" scaldii [Anser scaldii Beneden 1872 nomen nudum; "Anas" scaldii] (Late Miocene)
†"Aythya" chauvirae (Middle Miocene) – 2 species
†"Chenopis" nanus De Vis 1905 (Pleistocene) – at least 2 taxa, may be living species
†"Cygnopterus" alphonsi Cheneval 1984
†"Oxyura" doksana Mlíkovský 2002 (Early Miocene)
†"cf. Megalodytes" (Middle Miocene)
†Anatidae gen. et sp. indet. MNZ S42797 (Early/Middle Miocene)
†Anatidae gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
†Anatidae gen. et spp. indet. (Late Miocene)
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Biziura Stephens 1824
†B. exhumata DeVis 1889
†B. delautouri Forbes 1892 [Biziura lobata delautouri (Forbes 1892)] (New Zealand musk duck)
Dendrocygna
†D. eversa
†D. valdipinnis
†D. soporata [Anas soporata Kuročkin 1976]
Somateria (middle Oligocene – Recent)
Bucephala
†B. cereti Boeuf & Mourer-Chauviré 1992
Clangula
†C. matraensis Kessler 2009
Aix
†A. praeclara Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2012
Cygnus
†C. mariae Bickart 1990
†C. csakvarensis (Lambrecht 1933) Mlíkovský 1992 [Cygnus csákvárensis Lambrecht 1931a nomen nudum; Cygnanser csakvarensis (Lambrecht 1933) Kretzoi 1957; Olor csakvarensis (Lambrecht 1933) Mlíkovský 1992b]
†C. liskunae (Kuročkin 1976) [Anser liskunae Kuročkin 1976]
†C. atavus (Fraas 1870) Mlíkovský 1992 [Anas atava Fraas 1870; Anas cygniformis Fraas 1870; Palaelodus steinheimensis Fraas 1870; Anser atavus (Fraas 1870) Lambrecht 1933; Anser cygniformis (Fraas 1870) Lambrecht 1933]
†C. paloregonus Cope 1878 [Anser condoni Schufeldt 1892; Cygnus matthewi Schufeldt 1913]
†C. hibbardi Brodkorb 1958
†C. lacustris (De Vis 1905) [Archaeocygnus lacustris De Vis 1905]
†C. verae Boev 2000
Chloephaga
†C. robusta Tambussi 1998
Histrionicus
†Histrionicus shotwelli (Brodkorb 1961) [Ocyplonessa shotwelli Brodkorb 1961]
Mergus
†M. connectens Jánossy 1972
†M. minor Kessler 2009
†M. miscellus Alvarez & Olson 1978
Anas
†A. elapsa DeVis 1888 [Nettion elapsum (DeVis 1888)] (Chinchilla Late Pleistocene of Condamine River, Australia) ("Nettion")
†A. gracilipes DeVis 1905 [Nettion gracilipes (DeVis 1905)] (Late Pleistocene of Australia) ("Nettion")
†A. moldovica (Late Pliocene of Tchichmiknaia, Moldova?Georgia?)
†A. strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Patteramordu, Australia) ("Nettion")
†A. kisatibiensis [Anser kisatibiensis] (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
†A. lambrechti (Spillman 1942) [Archeoquerquedula lambrechti Spillman 1942; Archaeoquerquedula (sic) lambrechti Stephens; Querquedula lambrechti (Spillman 1942)](Late? Pleistocene of Santa Elena peninsula, Ecuador)
†A. itchtucknee McCoy 1963
†A. kurochkini Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015
†A. pullulans (Brodkorb 1961)
†A. schneideri Emslie 1985
†A. bunkeri (Wetmore 1944) [Nettion bunkeri Wetmore 1944]
†A. greeni (Brodkorb 1964) [Nettion greeni Brodkorb 1964]
†A. ogallalae (Brodkorb 1962) [Nettion ogallalae Brodkorb 1962]
†A. cheuen Agnolín 2006
Anser
†A. arenosus Bickart 1990
†A. arizonae Bickart 1990
†A. azerbaidzhanicus Serebrovsky 1940
†A. devjatkini Kuročkin 1971
†A. djuktaiensis Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2014
†A. eldaricus Burchak-Abramovich & Gadzyev 1978
†A. oeningensis (Meyer 1865) Milne-Edwards 1867b [Anas oeningensis Meyer 1865]
†A. pratensis (Short 1970) [Heterochen pratensis Short 1970]
†A. tchikoicus Kuročkin 1985
†A. thompsoni Martin & Mengel 1980
†A. thraceiensis Burchak-Abramovich & Nikolov 1984
†A. pressa (Brodkorb 1964) [Chen pressa Brodkorb 1964] (Dwarf Snow goose)
†A. udabnensis Burchak-Abramovich 1957
Aythya
†A. chauvirae Cheneval 1987
†A. denesi (Kessler 2013) Zelenkov 2016 [Anas denesi Kessler 2013]
†A. effodiata (DeVis 1905) [Nyroca effodiata DeVis 1905]
†A. magna Kuročkin 1985
†A. molesta (Kuročkin 1985) Zelenkov 1985 [Anas molesta Kuročkin 1985]
†A. reclusa (DeVis 1888) [Nyroca reclusa DeVis 1888]
†A. robusta (DeVis 1888) [Nyroca robusta DeVis 1888]
†A. spatiosa Kuročkin 1976
Branta
†B. dickey Miller 1924
†B. esmeralda Burt 1929
†B. howardae Miller 1930
†B. hypsibata (Cope 1878) [Anser hypsibata Cope 1878]
†B. propinqua Schufeldt 1892
†B. thessaliensis Boev & Koufos 2006
Oxyura
†O. bessomi Howard 1963
†O. hulberti Emslie 1992
†O. zapatanima Alvarez 1977
Chendytes
†O. milleri Howard 1955 (Early Pleistocene of San Nicolás Island US)
Lophodytes (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
Neochen
†N. barbadiana Brodkorb 1965
†N. debilis (Ameghino 1891) [Chenalopex debilis Ameghino 1891]
†N. pugil (Winge 1888) [Chenalopex pugil Winge 1888]
Tadorna
†T. minor Kessler & Hir 2012
†T. petrina Kuročkin 1985
Galliformes
The group that includes domestic chickens and their relatives.
Placement unresolved
†Archaealectrornis sibleyi Crowe & Short 1992 (Oligocene) - phasianid?
†Archaeophasianus Lambrecht 1933 (Oligocene? - Late Miocene) - tetraonid or phasianid
†A. mioceanus (Shufeldt 1915) [Phasianus mioceanus Shufeldt 1915]
†A. roberti (Stone 1915) [Phasianus roberti Stone 1915]
†Austinornis lentus (Marsh 1877b) Clarke 2004 [Graculavus lentus Marsh 1877b; Ichthyornis lentus (Marsh 1877b) Marsh 1880; Pedioecetes lentus (Marsh 1877b); Pedioecetes phasianellus (Linnaeus 1758) Shufeldt 1915; Tetrao phasianellus Linnaeus 1758] - (Late Cretaceous) tentatively placed here;
†Chambiortyx cristata Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2013
†"Cyrtonyx" tedfordi (Miller 1952) (Late Miocene)
†Linquornis gigantis Yeh 1980 (middle Miocene)
†Namaortyx sperrgebietensis Mourer-Chauviré, Pickford & 2011
†Palaealectoris incertus Wetmore 1930 (Early Miocene) - tetraonid?
†Palaeoalectoris songlinensis Hou 1987 (middle Miocene)
†Palaeonossax senectus Wetmore 1956 (Late Oligocene) - cracid?
†Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869; Proalector Brodkorb 1964] (middle Eocene -? Early Pliocene) - phasianid or odontophorid
†P. media Milne-Edwards 1871 (nomen nudum)
†P. volans Göhlich & Pavia 2008
†P. gallica Milne-Edwards 1869 non Lydekker 1891 [Rallus dasypus Milne-Edwards 1892; Quercyrallus dasypus (Milne-Edwards) Lambrecht 1933; Taoperdix gallica (Milne-Edwards) Brodkorb 1964; ?Palaeortyx intermedia Ballmann 1969b; Coturnix gallica (Milne-Edwards) Mlýkovský 2002a]
†P. brevipes Milne-Edwards 1869 emend. Paris 1912 [Palaeortyx ocyptera Milne-Edwards 1892; Palaeortyx grivensis Lydekker 1893 non Ballmann 1969a; Plioperdix grivensis (Lydekker 1893) Brodkorb 1964; Palaeortyx cayluxensis Lydekker 1891 non Milne-Edwards 1892 emend. Gaillard 1908; Taoperdix brevipes (Milne-Edwards 1869) Brodkorb 1964]
†P. prisca (Milne-Edwards 1869) [Alectoris prisca (Milne-Edwards 1869) Mlýkovský 2002a; Palaeoperdix prisca Milne-Edwards 1869 emend. Göhlich & Mourer-Chauviré 2005; Palaeoperdix sansaniensis Milne-Edwards 1869; Palaeocryptonyx grivensis Ennouchi 1930]
†P. phasianoides Milne-Edwards 1869 [Palaeoperdix longipes Milne-Edwards 1869; Palaeortyx longipes (Milne-Edwards 1869) Mlíkovský 2000e; Coturnix longipes (Milne-Edwards 1869) Mlíkovský 2002; Palaeocryptonyx gaillardia Ennouchi 1930; Proalector gaillardia (Ennouchi 1930) Brodkorb 1964; Palaeortyx phasianoides grivensis Ballmann 1969a non Lydekker 1893b; Taoperdix phasianoides (Milne-Edwards 1869) Brodkorb 1964]
†P. joleaudi Ennouchi 1930 [Plioperdix joleaudi (Ennouchi 1930) Brodkorb 1964; Palaeortyx depereti Ennouchi 1930; Plioperdix depereti (Ennouchi 1930) Brodkorb 1964]
†Procrax brevipes Tordoff & Macdonald 1957 (middle Eocene? - Early Oligocene) - cracid? gallinuloidid?
†Shandongornis Yeh 1997 (middle Miocene)
†S. shanwanensis Yeh 1997
†S. yinansis Hou 2003
†Sobniogallus albinojamrozi Tomek et al. 2014
†Taoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869 (Late Oligocene) - gallinuloidid?
†T. pesseiti (Gervais 1862) [Tetrao pessieti Gervais 1862]
†T. miocaena (Gaillard 1939) Ballmann 1969 [Palaeortyx miocaena Gaillard 1939]
Galliformes gen. et sp. indet. MCZ 342506 (Oligocene) - formerly in Gallinuloides; phasianid?
†Gallinuloididae Lucas 1900
†Gallinuloides wyomingensis Eastman 1900 (Early/middle Eocene)
†Paraortygoides Mayr 2000 (London Clay Early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze, England – middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†P. messelensis Mayr 2000
†P. radagasti Dyke & Gulas 2002
†Paraortygidae Mourer-Chauviré 1992
†Pirortyx major (Gaillard 1939) Brodkorb 1964 [Palaeortyx major Gaillard 1939]
†Scopelortyx klinghardtensis Mourer-Chauviré, Pickford & Senut 2015
†Paraortyx Gaillard 1908 sensu Brodkorb 1964
†P. lorteti Gaillard 1908 [Palaeortyx cayluxensis Lydekker 1891; Palaeortyx gaillardi Lambrecht 1933; Ludiortyx gaillardi (Lambrecht 1933) Brodkorb 1964]
†P. brancoi Gaillard 1908
†Quercymegapodiidae Mourer-Chauviré 1992
†Taubacrex granivora dAlvarenga 1988 (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Brazil)
†Ameripodius Alvarenga 1995 (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene of Brazil and France)
†A. silvasantosi Alvarenga 1995
†A. alexis Mourer-Chauviré 2000
†Quercymegapodius Mourer-Chauviré 1992 (middle Eocene – Early Oligocene)
†Q. depereti (Gaillard 1908) [Palaeocryptonyx depereti Gaillard 1908]
†Q. brodkorbi Mourer-Chauviré 1992
Megapodidae – megapodes
†Ngawupodius minya Boles & Ivison 1999
Prehistoric species of extant genera
†Leipoa gallinacea – formerly Chosornis, Palaeopelargus, Progura
Cracidae – guans and curassows
†Boreortalis laesslei Brodkorb 1954 (Early Miocene) – may be same as Ortalis
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Ortalis (Early Miocene – Recent)
†O. affinis Feduccia & Wilson 1967
†O. phengites Wetmore 1923
†O. pollicaris Miller 1944
†O. tantala Wetmore 1933
Odontophoridae – New World quails
†Nanortyx inexpectatus Weigel 1963 (Cypress Hills Early Oligocene of North Calf Creek, Canada)
†Neortyx peninsularis Holman 1961 (Early Pleistocene of Reddick, US)
†Miortyx Miller 1944 (Rosebud Early Miocene of Flint Hill, US)
†M. teres Miller 1944
†M. aldeni Howard 1966
Placement unresolved
Odontophoridae gen. et sp. indet. KUVP 9393 (White River Early/middle Oligocene of Logan County, US)
Prehistoric species of extant genera
†Cyrtonyx cooki Gutierrez et al. 1981 (Late Miocene? of Upper Sheep Creek, US)
†Callipepla shotwelli (Brodkorb 1958) [Lophortyx shotwelli Brodkorb 1958] (Middle Pliocene of McKay Reservoir, US)
†Colinus hibbardi Wetmore 1944 (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Rexroad, US)
†Colinus suilium Brodkorb 1959 (Early Pleistocene of SE US)
†Colinus sp. (Late Pliocene of Benson, US)
†Dendrortyx? sp. (Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)
Phasianidae – pheasants, quails, partridges, grouse and turkeys
†Bantamyx georgicus Kuročkin 1982
†Centuriavis lioae Ksepka et al., 2022
†Diangallus mious Hou 1985
†Lophogallus naranbulakensis Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2010
†Megalocoturnix cordoni Sánchez Marco 2009 (Early Pliocene of Layna, Spain)
†Miophasianus Brodkorb 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933]
†M. maxima (Lydekker 1893) Brodkorb 1964 [Palaeortyx maxima Lydekker 1893]
†M. altus (Milne-Edwards 1869) Villalta & Crusafont 1950 [Phasianus altus Milne-Edwards 1869; Miogallus altus (Milne-Edwards 1869) Mlíkovský 2002; Phasianus Desnoyersii Milne-Edwards 1869; Ardea similis Fraas 1870; Tantalus milne-edwardsii Shufeldt 1896; Pseudotantalus Milne-Edwardsi (Shufeldt 1896) Sharpe; Gallus longaevus Ammon 1918; Phasianus augustus Ammon 1918; Botaurites similis (Fraas 1870) Lambrecht 1933; Miophasianus augustus (Ammon 1918) Lambrecht 1933; Miophasianus desnoyersii (Milne-Edwards 1869) Lambrecht 1933; Miogallus longaevus (Ammon 1918) Lambrecht 1933; Proardea similis (Ammon 1870) Gaillard 1939; Ibis milne-edwardsi (Shufeldt 1896) Brodkorb 1963c]
†M. medius (Milne-Edwards 1869) Lambrecht 1933 [Phasianus medius Milne-Edwards 1869; Palaeoperdix medius (Milne-Edwards 1869) Cheneval 2000]
†Proagriocharis kimballensis Martin & Tate 1970 (Kimball Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, US)
†Palaeocryptonyx Depéret 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy 1974] (Late Pliocene of SW Europe)
†P. donnezani Depéret 1892 [Francolinus Čapeki Lambrecht 1933; Pliogallus coturnoides Tugarinov 1940b; Plioperdix coturnoides (Tugarinov 1940b) Kretzoi 1955b; Francolinus capeki wenzensis Jánossy 1974a; Francolinus capeki villányiensis Jánossy 1974a; Francolinus (Lambrechtia) capeki (Lambrecht 1933) Jánossy 1974a; Alectoris baryosefi Tchernov 1980; Francolinus wezensis (Jánossy 1974a) Jánossy 1981; Plioperdix capeki (Lambrecht 1933) Mlíkovský 1995b; Alectoris donnezani (Depéret 1892) Mlíkovský 2002; Chauvireria balcanica Boev 1997a]
†P. grivensis Ennouchi 1930
†P. novaki Sánchez Marco 2009
†P. edwardsi (Depéret 1887) Ballmann 1969a [Palaeortyx edwardsi Depéret 1887; Palaeortyx miocaena Gaillard 1939; Taoperdix miocaena (Gaillard 1939) Ballmann 1969; Palaeoperdix edwardsi (Depéret 1887) Brodkorb 1964; Alectoris edwardsi (Depéret 1887) Mlíkovský 2002]
†P. minor (Jánossy 1974) [Francolinus minor Jánossy 1974; Ammoperdix ponticus Tugarinov 1940b; Pliogallus ponticus (Tugarinov 1940); Plioperdix ponticus (Tugarinov 1940) Kuročkin 1985; Francolinus (Lambrechtia) minor Jánossy 1974a]
†P. subfrancolinus (Jánossy 1976b) [Francolinus subfrancolinus Jánossy 1976b; Plioperdix subfrancolinus (Jánossy 1976b) Mlíkovský 1995b]
†Pliogallus Běljajeva 1948
†P. coturnoides Běljajeva 1948
†P. csarnotanus Kessler & Horváth 2022
†Plioperdix Kretzoi 1955 [Pliogallus Gaillard 1939 non Tugarinov 1940]
†P. crassipes (Gaillard 1939) [Pliogallus crassipes Gaillard 1939]
†P. kormosi (Gaillard 1939) [Pliogallus kormosi Gaillard 1939]
†P. africana Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2010
†P. hungarica (Jánossy 1991) Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2014 [Palaeocryptonyx hungaricus Jánossy 1991]
†Rustaviornis georgicus Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze 1972
†Rhegminornis calobates Wetmore 1943 (Early Miocene of Bell, US)
†Schaubortyx keltica (Eastman 1905) Brodkorb 1964 [Taoperdix keltica Eastman 1905] (middle Eocene – Early Oligocene)
†Shandongornis Yeh 1997
†S. shanwanensis Yeh 1997
†S. yinansis Hou 2003
†Shanxiornis fenyinis Wang et al. 2006
†Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009 (Middle Miocene of Sharga, Mongolia)
†T. aurorae Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009
†T. karhui Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009
Placement unresolved
Tetraoninae gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary)
Meleagridae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, US)
"Tympanchus" stirtoni Miller 1944 (Early Miocene of South Dakota)
"Tympanuchus" lulli Shuefeldt 1915 (Pleistocene? of New Jersey)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Coturnix (Late Oligocene – Recent)
Bambusicola (Late Miocene – Recent)
†B. dalianensis (Hou 1990) [Tetrastes dalianensis Hou 1990]
†B. nini Sánchez Marco 2009
†B. praebonasia (Jánossy 1974) Bocheński 1991 [Tetrastes praebonasia Jánossy 1974]
Phasianus (Late Miocene)
†P. lufengia Hou 1985
†P. yanshansis Huang & Hou 1984
Crossoptilon
†C. jiai Hou 1982
Lophura
†L. wayrei Harrison & Walker 1982
Gallus (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
†G. aesculapii Jánossy 1976
†G. beremendensis Jánossy 1977
†G. georgicus
†G. imereticus
†G. karabachensis Baryšnikov & Potapova 1995 (Giant junglefowl)
†G. kudarensis Burčak-Abramovič & Potapova
†G. meschtscheriensis
†G. tamanensis
Lagopus (Early? Pliocene – Recent)
†L. atavus Jánossy 1974
†L. balcanicus Boev 1995
†L. lagopus noaillensis Mourer-Chauviré 1975
†L. muta correzensis Mourer-Chauviré 1975
Meleagris (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†M. celer Marsh 1872
†M. tridens Wetmore 1931
†M. progenes (Brodkorb 1964) [Agriocharis progenes Brodkorb 1964]
†M. leopoldi
†M. anza (Howard 1963) [Agriocharis anza Howard 1963]
†M. crassipes Rea 1980
Pavo (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†P. bravardi (Gervais 1849) [Gallus moldovicus Abramovich, Ganea & Shushpanov 1993]
Tetrao (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†T. conjugens Jánossy 1974
†T. macropus Jánossy 1976
†T. partium (Kretzoi 1962)
†T. praeurogallus Jánossy 1969
†T. rhodopensis Boev 1998
Lyrurus
†Lyrurus tetrix longipes
Francolinus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
†F. capeki Jánossy 1974
†F. villanyiensis Jánossy 1974
†F. wenzensis Jánossy 1974
Perdix (Early Pleistocene – Recent)
†P. inferna (Kurochkin 1985) [Lophura inferna Kuročkin 1985]
†P. margaritae Kuročkin 1985
†P. palaeoperdix Mourer-Chauviré 1975
Syrmaticus
†S. kozlovae Kuročkin 1985
Bonasa (Early/Middle Pleistocene – Recent)
†B. dalianensis (Hou 1990) [Tetrastes dalianensis Hou 1990]
†B. nini Sánchez Marco 2009
†B. praebonasia (Jánossy 1974) Bocheński 1991 [Tetrastes praebonasia Jánossy 1974]
Dendragapus (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
†D. gilli (Brodkorb 1964) [Palaeotetrix gilli Brodkorb 1964]
†D. lucasi Jehl 1969
Alectoris
†A. baryosefi Tchernov 1980
†A. bavarica Ballmann 1969
†A. peii Hou 1982
Charadriiformes
Gulls, auks, shorebirds
Basal and unresolved taxa
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Cretaceous) – burhinid? basal?
"Morsoravis" (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene) – a nomen nudum?
Jiliniornis (middle Eocene) – charadriid?
Boutersema (Early Oligocene) – glareolid?
Turnipax (Early Oligocene) – turnicid?
Elorius (Early Miocene)
"Larus desnoyersii (Early Miocene of SE France) – larid? stercorarid?
"Larus pristinus (John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, US) – larid?
Charadriiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – several species, 1 probably larid
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
"Totanus" teruelensis (Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) – scolopacid? larid?
"Actitis" balcanica (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria) – scolopacid? charadriid?
Scolopacidae – waders and snipes
Paractitis (Early Oligocene)
Mirolia (Middle Miocene)
Placement unresolved
Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle – Late Miocene)
Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Limosa (Late Eocene? – Recent)
Tringa (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene? – Recent) – includes Totanus
Gallinago (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
Scolopax (Early/Middle Pliocene? – Recent)
Phalaropus (Middle Pliocene – Recent)
Actitis (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Numenius (Late Pleistocene – Recent) – includes Palnumenius
Jacanidae – jacanas
Nupharanassa (Early Oligocene)
Janipes
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Jacana farrandi
Laridae – gulls
Laridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
Laricola (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene) – larid? Formerly "Larus" elegans and "L." totanoides
Gaviota (Middle/Late Miocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Larus (Middle Miocene – Recent)
Alcidae – auks
Hydrotherikornis (Late Eocene)
Pseudocepphus (Middle – Late Miocene)
Petralca (Early –? Late Oligocene)
Miocepphus (Middle Miocene)
Alcodes (Late Miocene)
Praemancalla (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene)
Mancalla (Late Miocene – Early Pleistocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Cepphus (Late Miocene – Recent)
Cerorhinca (Late Miocene – Recent)
Uria (Late Miocene – Recent)
Aethia (Late Miocene – Recent)
Alca (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
Synthliboramphus (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
Fratercula (Early Pliocene – Recent)
Pinguinus (Early Pliocene – Recent)
Brachyramphus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Ptychoramphus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Stercorariidae – skuas and jaegers
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Stercorarius sp. (Middle Miocene)
Stercorarius shufeldti (Fossil Lake Middle Pleistocene of WC US)
Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
Stercorarius pomarinus philippi
Glareolidae – pratincoles
Paractiornis (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, US)
Mioglareola (Early Miocene of Czech Republic) - formerly "Larus" dolnicensis
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Glareola neogena
Burhinidae – thick-knees
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Burhinus lucorum (Early Miocene)
Burhinus aquilonaris
Burhinus sp. (Cuba, West Indies)
Burhinus sp. (Late Pleistocene of Las Higueruelas, Spain)
Prehistoric subspecies of extant species
Burhinus bistriatus nanus (Bahamas, West Indies)
Charadriidae – plovers
Limicolavis (John Day Early Miocene of Malheur County, US)
Viator (Late Pleistocene of Talara, Peru) – may be synonym of Vanellus (or Belanopteryx if valid)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Vanellus (Middle/Late Pleistocene – Recent) – includes Belanopteryx
Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
Oreopholus orcesi
Recurvirostridae – avocets
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Himantopus (Late Miocene – Recent)
Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
Recurvirostra sanctaeneboulae
†Gastornithiformes (extinct)
The diatrymas, a group of huge flightless Paleogene birds of unclear affinities. Traditionally placed within the Gruiformes, they are usually considered a distinct order nowadays and appear closer to the Anseriformes.
Gastornithidae
†Ornitholithes biroi Dughi & Sirugue 1969 [ootaxa- Gastornis?]
†Ornithoformipes controversus [ichnotaxa]
†Rivavipes giantess [ichnotaxa]
†Gasthornithidae gen. et sp. indet. (Paleocene) – possibly Gastornis
†Gasthornithidae gen. et sp. indet. YPM PU 13258 (Early Eocene) – possibly juvenile Gastornis giganteus
†"Diatryma" cotei Galliard 1936 (middle-Late Eocene)
†Gastornis Hébert 1855 [Diatryma Cope 1876; Barornis Marsh 1894; Omorhamphus Sinclair 1928; Palaeornis Bonaparte 1856; Macrornis Seeley 1866; Zhongyuanus Hou 1980] (Late Paleocene – middle Eocene)
†G. parisiensis Hébert 1855 [Gastornis edwardsii Lemoine 1878; Gastornis klaasseni Newton 1885]
†G. giganteus (Cope 1876) [Diatryma gigantea Cope 1876; Barornis regens Marsh 1894; Diatryma regens (Marsh 1894); Omorhamphus storchii Sinclair 1928 (juvenile); Diatryma steini Matthew & Granger 1917; Diatryma ajax Shufeldt 1913; Gastornis ajax (Shufeldt 1913) Brodkorb 1967]
†G. sarasini (Schaub 1929) Mlíkovský 2002 [Diatryma sarasini Schaub, 1929b; Diatryma geiselensis Fischer 1978; Gastornis geiselensis (Fischer 1978)]
†G. russeli Martin 1992
†G. xichuanensis (Hou 1980) Buffetaut 2013 [Zhongyuanus xichuanensis Hou 1980]
Gruiformes
The group that includes modern rails and cranes. Probably paraphyletic.
Placement unresolved
†Rupelrallus (Early Oligocene)– rallid? parvigruid?
†R. belgicus
†R. saxoniensis
†"Gruiformes" gen. et sp. indet. MNZ S42623 (Early/Middle Miocene)– Aptornithidae?
†Songziidae possibly a nomen nudum
†Songzia (Eocene) possibly a nomen nudum
†S. heidangkouensis
†S. acutunguis
†Eogruidae
†Sonogrus gregalis (Ergilin Dzo Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Khor Dzan, Mongolia)
†Eogrus [Progrus ] (Irdin Manha Middle/Late Eocene – Tung Gur Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Mongolia)
†E. aeola
†E. crudus
†E. turanicus [Progrus turanicus ]
†E. wetmorei
†Ergilornithinae
†Proergilornis minor (Early/middle Oligocene of Ergil-Obo, Mongolia)
†Ergilornis (Early/middle Oligocene of Ergil-Obo, Mongolia)
†E. rapidus
†E. minor
†Amphipelargus [Urmiornis ]
†A. brodkorbi [Urmiornis brodkorbi ]
†A. majori [Amphipelargus maraghanus ; Urmiornis maraghanus ] [treated as ciconiid by Louchart et al. 2005]
†A. dzabghanensis
†A. cracrafti [Urmiornis cracrafti ]
†A. ukrainus [Urmiornis ukrainus ]
†A. orientalis [Urmiornis orientalis ]
†Geranoididae
†Eogeranoides campivagus (Willwood Early Eocene of Foster Gulch, US)
†Geranoides jepseni (Willwood Early Eocene of South Elk Creek, US)
†Geranodornis aenigma (Bridger middle Eocene of Church Buttes, US)
†Galligeranoides boriensis
†Palaeophasianus (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, US)
†P. meleagroides
†P. incompletus
†Paragrus (Early Eocene of WC US)
†P. prentici [Gallinuloides prentici ; Grus prentici ]
†P. shufeldti
†Parvigruidae Mayr 2005
†Parvigrus pohli (Early Oligocene of Pichovet, France)
Aramidae
†Badistornis aramus (middle Oligocene)– aramid?
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Aramus paludigrus (Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia)- Aramid
Gruidae – cranes
†Camusia quintanai (Late Miocene of Menorca, Mediterranean)
†Aramornis (Middle Miocene) – gruid? aramid?
†A. longurio
†A. robalearica
†A. crataegensis
†Palaeogrus (middle Eocene of Germany and Italy – Middle Miocene of France)
†P. princeps [Ornitocnemus robustus ; Grus princeps ]
†P. hordwelliensis [Grus hordwellianus ; Ornitocnemus hordwelliensis ]
†P. mainburgensis
†Geranopsis hastingsiae Hordwell Late Eocene– Early Oligocene of England)– gruiform (gruid?) or anseriform (anseranatid?)?
†Eobalearica tugarinovi (Ferghana Late? Eocene of Ferghana, Uzbekistan)
†Pliogrus (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany)
†Probalearica mongolica (Late Oligocene? – Middle Pliocene) gruid? A nomen dubium?
Gruidae gen. et sp. indet. – formerly Grus conferta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, US)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Balearica (Early Miocene – Recent)
†B. crataegensis [Probalearica crataegensis ]
†B. excelsa [Palaeogrus excelsa ; Grus excelsa ; Ornitocnemus excelsus ]
†B. exigua
†B. rummeli [Basityto rummeli ] (giant barn-owl)
Grus (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)
†G. bogatshevi
†G. haydeni
†G. latipes [Baeopteryx latipes]
†G. moldavica [Probalearica moldavica ]
†G. nannodes
†G. pagei
†G. pentelici [Pliogrus pentelici ; G. afghana ]
†G. primigenia
†G. melitensis (Maltese crane)
Rallidae – rails
†Aletornis [Protogrus ] (middle Eocene)
†A. marshi [Grus marshi ; Protogrus marshi ]
†A. bellus
†A. gracilis
†A. nobilis [Grus nobilis ; Protogrus nobilis ]
†A. pernix
†Australlus
†A. disneyi [Gallinula disneyi ]
†A. gagensis
†Baselrallus intermedius
†Belgirallus (Early Oligocene)
†B. minutus
†B. oligocaenus
†Creccoides osbornii (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene)
†Eocrex (Early Eocene)
†E. primus
†E. tagusevae
†Euryonotus (Pleistocene)– rallid?
†E. uspallatensis
†E. brachypterus
†E. argentinus
†Fulicaletornis venustus [Aletornis venustus ] (middle Eocene)
†Ibidopsis hordwelliensis (Late Eocene)
†Latipons (middle Eocene)
†L. gardneri
†L. robinsoni
†Miofulica dejardini [Fulica dejardinii ] (Middle Miocene)
†Miorallus major [Rallus major ] (Middle – Late Miocene)
†Palaeoaramides [Pararallus ; Tertiariaporphyrula ] (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene – Late Miocene)
†P. lungi [Tertiariaporphyrula lungi ; Mioporphyrula lungi ]
†P. minutus
†P. tugarinovi [Tertiariaporphyrula tugarinovi ]
†P. christyi [Rallus christyi ; Rallus eximius ; Palaeoaramides eximius ]
†P. minor [Rallus minor]
†P. beaumontii [Rallus beaumontii ; Pararallus beaumontii ; Tertiariaporphyrula beaumonti ; Rallus dispar ; Pararallus dispar ; Palaeoaramides dispar ]
†Palaeorallus Wetmore 1931 (Early Eocene)
†P. troxelli
†P. brodkorbi
†Paraortygometra porzanoides [Microrallus ; Rallus porzanoides ; Microrallus fejfari ] (Late Oligocene/?Early Miocene –? Middle Miocene)
†Parvirallus (Early – middle Eocene)
†P. gracilis
†P. bassetti
†P. gassoni
†P. medius
†Pastushkinia zazhigini [Crex zazhigini ]
†Pleistorallus flemingi (Fleming's rails)
†Quercyrallus (Late Eocene –? Late Oligocene)
†Q. ludianus [Quercyrallus intermedius ; Rallus adelus ; Ludiortyx adelus ]
†Q. arenarius [Rallus arenarius ]
†Q. quercy
†Rallicrex (Middle/Late Oligocene)
†R. litkensis
†R. polgardiensis
†R. kolozsvarensis
†Rhenanorallus rhenanus
†Wanshuina lii
†Youngornis (Middle Miocene)
†Y. gracilis
†Y. qiluensis
Placement unresolved
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene)
Rallidae gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene)– several species
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V55013/-14; UMMP V55012/V45750/V45746 (Late Pliocene)
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V29080 (Late Pliocene)
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bermuda, West Atlantic)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Rallus [†Epirallus ] (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†R. auffenbergi [Porzana auffenbergi ]
†R. cyanocavi
†R. ibycus
†R. lacustris
†R. minutus
†R. natator [Epirallus natator ]
†R. phillipsi
†R. prenticei
†R. recessus
†R. richmondi [Rallus dubius ]
Porzana (Middle? Miocene – Recent)
†P. botunensis
†P. estramosi
†P. kretzoii
†P. matraensis
†P. piercei
†P. risillus [Rallus risillus ]
Gallinula (Late Oligocene – Recent)
†G. balcanica
†G. brodkorbi
†G. gigantea
†G. kansarum [Fulica americana (in partim)]
Fulica (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†F. infelix
†F. podagrica
†F. stekelesi
Laterallus
†L. guti
†L. insignis (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Rexroad, US)
†L. sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, US)
Coturnicops
†C. avita (Glenns Ferry Late Pliocene of Hagerman, US)
Porphyrio
†P. parvus
Eurypygiformes
†Aptornithidae
†Aptornis proasciarostratus
Eurypygidae
†Eoeurypyga olsoni
†Messelornithidae – Messel-birds
†Pellornis mikkelseni
†Itardiornis hessae
†Messelornis
†M. russelli ["Messelornis" russelli sensu Mayr 2007]
†M. nearctica
†M. cristata
Cariamiformes
†Itaboravis elaphrocnemoides
†Walbeckornis creber
†Qianshanornithidae
†Qianshanornis rapax
†Salmilidae
†Salmila robusta
†Ameghinornithidae
†Strigogyps [Aenigmavis ; Ameghinornis ; Eocathartes ; Geiseloceros ]
†S. dubius
†S. robustus [Eocathartes robustus ; Geiseloceros robustus ] (middle Eocene of Germany)
†S. sapea [Aenigmavis sapea ; Ameghinornis minor ]
†Bathornithidae
†Eutreptornis uintae (Uinta Late Eocene of Ouray Agency, US)
†Neocathartes grallator [Eocathartes ; Eocathartes grallator ; Bathornis grallator ] (Late Eocene)
†Paracrax (Early/middle Oligocene of Gerry's Ranch, US – Brule Late Oligocene of South Dakota, US)
†P. antiqua [Meleagris antiquus ; Oligocorax mediterraneus ; Phalacrocorax mediterraneus ]
†P. wetmorei
†P. gigantea
†Bathornithidae gen. nov. (Early – middle Oligocene of C US) – formerly Bathornis celeripes and B. cursor
†Bathornis (Early Oligocene – Early Miocene of C US)
†B. minor
†B. veredus [Palaeogyps prodromus ] (Early Oligocene of WC North America)
†B. fax [Palaeocrex fax Wetmore 1927]
†B. geographicus
†B. fricki
†Idiornithidae [Orthocnemidae]
†Dynamopterus [Idiornis ; Orthocnemus ] (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany –? Quercy Phosphorites middle Oligocene of Quercy, France)
†I. cursor [Orthocnemus cursor ; Orthocnemus major ; Idiornis major ]
†I. gallicus [Filholornis gravis ; Orthocnemus gallicus ; Agnopterus gallicus ]
†I. gracilis [Elaphrocnemus gracilis ; Agnopterus gracilis ]
†I. minor [Orthocnemus minor ; Agnopterus minor ]
†D. anthracinus [Idiornis anthracinus ]
†D. tuberculata [Idiornis tuberculata ]
†D. gaillardi [Idiornis gaillardi ]
†D. itardiensis [Idiornis itardiensis ; Agnopterus itardiensis ]
†Talantatos [Elaphrocnemus ; Filholornis ] (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France)
†T. bordkorbi [Elaphrocnemus bordkorbi ]
†T. crex [Elaphrocnemus crex ]
†T. phasianus [Elaphrocnemus phasianus ; Filholornis debilis ; Filholornis paradoxa ]
†T. fossilis [Tantalus fossilis ; Orthocnemus major ; Idiornis major ; Telecrex peregrinus ]
†T. proudlocki [Percolinus proudlocki ]
†Gypsornis [Percolinus ] (Montmartre Late Eocene of Montmartre, France)
†G. cuvieri
†G. venablesi [Percolinus venablesi ]
†Propelargus [Oblitavis ] (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
†P. edwardsi
†P. insolitus [Oblitavis insolitus ]
†P. cayluxensis
†Occitaniavis elatus [Geranopsis ; Geranopsis elatus ; Propelargus elatus ]
†Ibidopodia (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of France) – threskiornithid?
†I. chavrochensis
†I. minuta
†I. palustris
†Phorusrhacidae – Terror birds
†Lavocatavis africana
†Patagorhacos terrificus
†Eleutherornis (Late Eocene)
†E. helveticus
†E. cotei
†Paleopsilopterus itaboraiensis (Middle Paleocene)
†Procariama simplex (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene)
†Psilopterus [Pelecyornis ; Staphylornis ] (middle Oligocene – Late Miocene)
†P. bachmanni [Patagornis bachmanni ; Psilopterus communis ; Psilopterus intermedius ; Phororhacos delicatus ; Pelecyornis puerredonensis ]
†P. lemoinei [Patagornis lemoinei ; Psilopterus australis ; Pelecyornis tubulatus ; Phorohacos modicus ; Staphylornis gallardoi ; Staphylornis erythacus ; Pelecyornis tenuirostris ]
†P. affinis [Phororhacos affinis ]
†P. colzecus
†Llallawavis scagliai
†Mesembriornis [Paleociconia ; Prophorohacos ; Hermosiornis ] (Late Miocene – Late Pliocene)
†M. milneedwardsi [Paleociconia australis ; Driornis pampeanus ; Hermosiornis milneedwardsi ; Hermosiornis rapax ; Prophororhacos australis ]
†M. incertus [Prophororhacos incertus ]
†Patagornis marshi [Morenomercatia ; Tolmodus ; Tolmodus inflatus ; Phorusrhacos inflatus ; Paleociconia cristata ; Morenomerceraria cristata ] (Early – Middle Miocene)
†Andrewsornis abbotti (middle – Late Oligocene)
†Andalgalornis steulleti [Phororhacos steulleti Kraglijevič 1931; Phororhacos deautieri ; Andalgalornis ferox ] (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene)
†Phorusrhacos longissimus [Stereornis ; Darwinornis ; Owenornis ; Titanornis ; Callornis Calornis ; Eucallornis ; Liornis ; Phororhacos longissimus ; Phororhacos platygnathus ; Phororhacos sehuensis ; Stereornis rollieri ; Stereornis gaundryi ; Mesembriornis studeri ; Mesembriornis quatrefragesi ; Darwinornis copei ; Darwinornis zittelli ; Darwinornis socialis ; Owenornis affinis ; Owenornis lydekkeri ; Titanornis mirabilis ; Callornis giganteus ; Eucallornis giganteus ; Liornis floweri ; Liornis minor ] (Early – Middle Miocene)
†Devincenzia pozzi [Onactornis Cabrera 1939; Phorohacos pozzi ; Phorohacos longissimus mendocinus ; Devincenzia gallinali ; Onactornis depressus ; Onactornis pozzi ; Onactornis mendocinus ] (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene)
†Titanis walleri (Early – Late Pliocene)
†Kelenken guillermoi (Early – Late Pliocene)
†Physornis fortis [Aucornis ; Aucornis euryrhynchus ] (middle – Late Oligocene)
†Paraphysornis brasiliensis [Physornis brasiliensis ] (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene)
†Brontornis burmeisteri [Rostrornis ; Rostrornis floweri ; Brontornis platyonyx ] (Early – Middle Miocene)
Cariamidae – seriemas
†Riacama caliginea
†Pseudolarus guaraniticus [Pseudogavia ; Ameghinia ]
†Smiliornis penetrans
†Noriegavis santacrucensis [Cariama santacrucensis ]
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Chunga
†C. incerta
Otidiformes
Otididae – bustards
†Gryzaja odessana Zubareva 1939 [Chlamydotis pliodeserti Serebrovskyj 1941; Otis gryzaja Vojinstvens'kyj 1967]
†Ioriotis gabunii Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua 1981
†Miootis compactus Umanskaya 1979
†Pleotis liui Hou 1982
Prehistoric species of extant genera
Chlamydotis Brodkorb 1967 [Otis affinis Lydekker 1891a]
†C. affinis (Lydekker)
†C. mesetaria Sánchez Marco 1990
Tetrax
†T. paratetrax (Bocheński & Kuročkin 1987) [Otis paratetrax Bocheński & Kuročkin 1987]
Otis
†O. bessarabicus Kessler & Gal 1996
†O. hellenica Boev, Lazaridis & Tsoukala 2014
†O. khosatzkii Bocheński & Kuročkin 1987 (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
Phoenicopteriformes
Placement unresolved
†Phoeniconotius eyrensis Miller 1963 [Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae Miller 1963] (Etadunna Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Lake Pitikanta, Australia)
†Palaelodidae Stejneger 1885 – Swimming-flamingos
†Adelalopus hoogbutseliensis Mayr & Smith 2002 (stout-legged flamingos) - (Borgloon Early Oligocene of Hoogbutsel, Belgium)
†Palaelodus Milne-Edwards 1863 [Pliogrus Lambrecht 1933] (middle Oligocene –? Middle Pleistocene)
†P. ambiguus Milne-Edwards 1863 [Grus problematica Milne-Edwards 1871; Probalearica problematica (Milne-Edwards 1871); Palaelodus gracilipes Milne-Edwards 1863; Palaelodus crassipes Milne-Edwards 1863; Paloelodus minutus (sic) Milne-Edwards 1868, Grus miocenicus Grigorescu & Kessler 1977]
†P. aotearoa Worthy et al. 2010
†P. germanicus (Lambrecht 1933) [Pliogrus germanicus Lambrecht 1933]
†P. kurochkini Zelenkov 2013
†P. pledgei Baird & Vickers-Rich 1998
†P. wilsoni Baird & Vickers-Rich 1998
†Megapaloelodus Miller 1944 (Late Oligocene – Early Pliocene)
†M. conectens (Miller 1944)
†M. peiranoi Agnolin 2009
†M. goliath (Milne Edwards 1863) Cheneval 1983c [Paloelodus goliath (sic) Milne-Edwards 1868]
†M. opsigonus Brodkorb 1961
Phoenicopteridae – flamingos
†Harrisonavis croizeti (Gervais 1852) Kashin 1978 [Gervaisia Harrison & Walker 1976 non Bonaparte 1854 non Waga 1858 non Robineau-Desvoidy 1863; Phoenicopterus croizeti Gervais 1852; Gervaisia croizeti (Gervais 1852) Harrison & Walker 1976]
†Leakeyornis aethiopicus (Harrison & Walker 1976) Vickers-Rich & Walker 1983 [Phoenicopterus aethiopicus Harrison & Walker 1976]
†Elornis Milne-Edwards 1868 [Elornis Aymard 1856 nomen nudum; Helornis Lydekker 1891; Actiornis] (Middle? Eocene – Early Oligocene)
†E. anglicus Aymard 1856 nomen nudum [Helornis anglicus; Actiornis anglicus Lydekker 1891]
†E. grandis Milne-Edwards 1868 [Elornis grandis 1856 Aymard nomen nudum]
†E. littoralis Milne-Edwards 1868 [Elornis littoralis Aymard 1856 nomen nudum; Elornis antiquus Aymard 1856 nomen nudum; Elornis antiquus Milne-Edwards 1868; Helornis littoralis (Milne-Edwards 1868) Lydekker 1891]
Placement unresolved
Phoenicopteridae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle? – Late Miocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Phoenicopterus (middle Oligocene – Recent)
†P. floridanus Brodkorb 1953
†P. stocki (Miller 1944)
†P. siamensis Cheneval et al. 1991
†P. gracilis Miller 1963 (Early Pleistocene of Lake Kanunka, Australia)
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae – grebes
†Miobaptus Švec 1982 (Early Miocene)
†M. huzhiricus Zelenkov 2015
†M. walteri Švec 1982 [Podiceps walteri (Švec 1984) Mlíkovský 2000]
†Miodytes serbicus Dimitreijevich, Gál & Kessler 2002
†Pliolymbus baryosteus Murray 1967 (Late Pliocene – Early? Pleistocene)
†Thiornis sociata Navás 1922 [Podiceps sociatus (Navás 1922) Olson] (Late Miocene –? Early Pliocene)
Placement unresolved
Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene) – formerly included in Podiceps parvus
Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP 49592, 52261, 51848, 52276, KUVP 4484 (Late Pliocene)
Podicipedidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Aechmophorus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
†A. elasson Murray 1967
Podilymbus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
†P. mujusculus Murray 1967
†P. wetmorei Storer 1976
†P. podiceps magnus
Podiceps (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene – Recent)
†P. arndti Chandler 1990
†P. caspicus (Habizl 1783) [Colymbus caspicus Habizl 1783]
†P. csarnotatus Kessler 2009
†P. discors Murray 1967
†P. dixi Brodkorp 1963
†P. miocenicus Kessler 1984
†P. oligocaenus (Shufeldt)
†P. parvus (Shufeldt 1913) [Colymbus parvus Schufeldt 1913]
†P. solidus Kuročkin 1985
†P. subparvus (Miller & Bowman 1958) [Colymbus subparvus Miller & Bowman 1958]
Phaethontiformes
†Prophaethontidae
†Lithoptila abdounensis (Late Paleocene – Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco)– including Abdounornis
†Prophaethon shrubsolei (Late Paleocene ?– Early Eocene)
Phaethontidae – tropicbirds
?†Proplegadis fisheri (London Clay Early Eocene of England) – Threskiornithidae?
†Phaethusavis pelagicus (Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco)
†Heliadornis (Miocene of North America and Europe)
†H. ashbyi
†H. minor
†H. paratethydicus
Ciconiiformes
The diverse group that includes storks, herons and New World vultures. Paraphyletic as listed here.
†Ciconiidae – storks
†Ciconiopsis antarctica
†Palaeoephippiorhynchus dietrichi (Early Oligocene)
†Grallavis edwardsi [Propelargus edwardsi ; Palaeoephippiorhynchus edwardsi ] (Early Miocene) – may be same as Prociconia
†Pelargosteon tothi (Early Pleistocene)
†Sanshuiornis zhangi
Placement unresolved
Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. – formerly Aquilavus bilinicus ; Cygnus bilinicus (Early Miocene)
Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)
cf. Leptoptilos gen. et sp. indet. – formerly Leptoptilos siwalicensis (Late Miocene? - Late Pliocene)
Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pleistocene) – Ciconia or Mycteria?
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Ciconia (Early Miocene? – Recent) – includes Xenorhynchus
†C. lydekkeri (Middle to Late Pleistocene)
†C. gaudryi
†C. minor
†C. sarmatica
†C. kahli
†C. louisebolesae
†C. lucida
†C. maltha (Asphalt/La Brea stork)
†C. nana [Xenorhynchus nanus ] (Australian stork)
†C. stehlini
Mycteria (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†M. milleri [Dissourodes milleri ]
†M. wetmorei
Ephippiorhynchus (Late Miocene – Recent)
†E. tchoufour
†E. pakistanensis
Leptoptilos (Late Miocene – Recent) – includes Cryptociconia
†L. falconeri [Argala falconeri ]
†L. pliocenicus
†L. inidcus [Cryptociconia indica ]
†L. lüi
†L. patagonicus
†L. robustus
†L. richae
†L. titan
Jabiru (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†J. codorensis
Pelecaniformes
The group that includes modern pelicans and cormorants. As presented here paraphyletic; the tropicbird lineage is not part of this group and relationships with Procellariiformes and Sphenisciformes require more research. Also, as the pelicans are at least as close to the Ciconiiformes as to cormorants, the latter group is being recognized as Phalacrocoraciiformes by some recent authors and the core Pelecaniformes are occasionally merged into the Ciconiiformes.
Basal and unresolved forms
†Piscator tenuirostris (Early-Late Eocene of England) (Auk98:199)– basal phalacrococacoid?
†"Prophalacrocorax ronzoni [Sula ronzoni ; Mergus ronzoni ] (Early Oligocene of Ronzon, France)
† "Pelecaniformes" gen. et sp. indet. (Jebel Qatrani Early Oligocene of Fayum, Egypt) basal phalacrococacoid (similar to Piscator?)?
Fregatidae – frigatebirds
†Limnofregata (Early Eocene)
†L. azygosternon
†L. hutchisoni
†L. hasegawai
Sulidae – gannets and boobies
†Bimbisula melanodactylus
†Eostega lebedinskyi (Middle/Late Eocene)
†Empheresula arvenensis [Sula arvernensis ; Parasula] (Late Oligocene – Middle Miocene)
†Masillastega rectirostris (middle Eocene)
†Microsula pygmaea [Sula pygmaea; Microsula pygmaea; Sula avita; Enkurosula; Pseudosula] (Late Oligocene – Middle Miocene)
†Miosula media (Late Miocene)
†Palaeosula stocktoni (?Early Pliocene)
†Rhamphastosula (Early Pliocene)
†R. ramirezi
†R. aguirrei
†Sarmatosula dobrogensis (Middle Miocene)
Placement unresolved
Sulidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene)
Sulidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Morus (Early Miocene – Recent)
†M. avitus [Sula (Microsula) avita ; Microsula avitus ]
†M. lompocanus [Sula lompocana ]
†M. loxostylus [Sula loxostyla ; Morus atlanticus ; Sula atlantica ]
†M. olsoni
†M. peninsularis [Sula peninsularis ]
†M. peruvianus [Sula peruviana ]
†M. recentior
†M. reyanus (Del Rey gannet)
†M. vagabundus [Sula vagabundus ]
†M. willetti [Sula willetti ]
Sula (Middle Pliocene – Recent)
†S. brandi
†S. figueroae
†S. clarki
†S. humeralis [Morus humeralis ]
†S. magna [Morus magnus ]
†S. pohli
†S. sulita
†S. universitatis
Phalacrocoracidae – cormorants and shags
†Borvocarbo (Late Oligocene of C Europe) – phalacrocoracid? basal phalacrococacoid?
†B. guilloti
†B. tardatus
†Limicorallus (middle Oligocene)
†L. saiensis
†L. carbunculus
†Nambashag
†N. billerooensis
†N. microglaucus
†Nectornis (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene – Middle Miocene)
†N. africanus
†N. miocaenus [?Phalacrocorax miocaenus ]
†N. anatolicus [Phalacrocorax anatolicus ]
†Valenticarbo praetermissus (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene) – a nomen dubium
†Oligocorax Lambrecht 1933
†O. littoralis [Phalacrocorax littoralis ]
†O. stoeffelensis [Oligocorax sp. ; Borvocarbo stoeffelensis ]
Placement unresolved
†Phalacrocoracidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Eocene ?–? mid-Oligocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Phalacrocorax (Oligocene –? Recent) – may be several genera. Includes Australocorax, Miocorax
†P. gregorii
†P. gregorii [Australocorax vetustus ]
†P. chapalensis
†P. destefani [Paracorax destefani ]
†P. femoralis [Miocorax femoralis ]
†P. filyawi
†P. goletensis
†P. ibericus
†P. idahensis [Graculus idahensis ]
†P. intermedius [Phalacrocorax praecarbo, Ardea brunhuberi; Phalacrocorax brunhuberi ; Botaurites avitus]
†P. kennelli
†P. kuehneanus
†P. longipes [Pliocarbo longipes ]
†P. leptopus
†P. macer
†P. macropus [Graculus macropus ]
†P. marinavis [Oligocorax marinavis ]
†P. mongoliensis
†P. owrei
†P. reliquus
†P. rogersi
†P. serdicensis
†P. tanzaniae
†P. wetmorei
†Plotopteridae – diving-"boobies"
†Copepteryx
†C. hexeris
†C. titan
†Hokkaidornis abashiriensis
†Phocavis maritimus
†Plotopterum joaquinensis
†Tonsala
†T. hildegardae
†T. buchanani
†Protoplotidae
†Protoplotus beauforti (Paleocene? – middle Eocene of Sumatra)
Anhingidae – darters
†Meganhinga chilensis (Early Miocene)
†Macranhinga (giant snake-birds) (Middle/Late Miocene –? Early Pliocene)
†M. paranensis [Meganhinga paranensis ]
†M. ranzii
†"Paranavis" (Middle/Late Miocene) – a nomen nudum
†Giganhinga kiyuensis (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Anhinga (Early Miocene – Recent)
†A. beckeri
†A. hadarensis
†A. laticeps [Plotus laticeps ]
†A. malagurala
†A. pannonica
†A. subvolans [Phalacrocorax subvolans ]
†A. walterbolesi
†A. fraileyi [?Macranhinga fraileyi ]
†A. grandis
†A. minuta
Pelecanidae – pelicans
†Protopelicanus cuvieri
†Miopelecanus Cheneval 1984
†M. gracilis [Pelecanus gracilis ]
†M. intermedius [Pelecanus intermedius ]
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Pelecanus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
†P. aethiopicus
†P. cautleyi
†P. fraasi
†P. halieus
†P. odessanus
†P. schreiberi
†P. sivalensis
†P. tirarensis
†Pelagornithidae Fürbringer 1888 – pseudotooth birds
†Pseudodontornis Lambrecht 1930 [Neodontornis Harrison & Walker 1976; Macrodontopteryx Harrison & Walker 1976; Palaeochenoides Schufeldt 1916] (Late Paleocene – London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†P. longidentata Harrison & Walker 1976 [Odontopteryx oweni (Harrison & Walker 1976); Macrodontopteryx oweni Harrison & Walker 1976]
†P. tenuirostris Harrison 1985
†P. tschulensis (Averianov et al. 1991) [Odontopteryx tschulensis]
†P. longirostris (Spulski 1910) Lambrecht 1930 [Odontopteryx longirostris Spulski 1910; Palaeochenoides miocaenus Schufeldt 1916; Pelagornis longirostris (Spulski 1910)]
†P. stirtoni Howard & Warter 1969 [Neodontornis stirtoni (Howard & Warter 1969) Harrison & Walker 1976; Pelagornis stirtoni (Howard & Warter 1969)]
†Dasornis Owen 1870 [Megalornis Seeley 1866 non Gray 1841; Argillornis Owen 1878] (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†D. abdoun Bourdon 2010
†D. emuinus (Bowerbank 1854) Owen 1870 [Lithornis emuinus Bowerbank 1854; Megalornis emuianus (sic) (Bowerbank 1854) Seeley 1866; Neptuniavis miranda Harrison & Walker 1977; Argillornis longipennis Owen 1878; Dasornis londinensis Owen 1869 nomen nudum; Dasornis londinensis Owen 1870; Argillornis emuinus (Bowerbank 1854) Brodkorb 1963; Argillornis longipes Lambrecht 1933 (lapsus)]
†D. gigas [Odontopteryx gigas Bourdon 2006 nomen nudum]
†Macrodontopteryx (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†Odontopteryx toliapica Owen 1873 [Odontornis (sic) Owen 1873; Neptuniavis minor Harrison & Walker 1977; Dasornis toliapica (Owen 1873)] (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†Gigantornis eaglesomei Andrews 1916 (middle Eocene of Nigeria)
†Cyphornis magnus Cope 1894 (Eocene of Vancouver, Canada)
†Osteodontornis orri Howard 1957 [Pelagornis orri Howard 1957] (Early Oligocene – Pliocene)
†Pelagornis (Middle Miocene of France – Late Pliocene of Morocco)
†P. miocaenus Lartet 1857 (Miocene false-tooothed pelican)
†P. mauretanicus Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008
†P. chilensis Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010
†P. sandersi Ksepka 2014
†Caspiodontornis kobystanicus Aslanova & Burčak-Abramovič 1982 [?Guguschia nailiae Aslanova & Burčak-Abramovič 1968]
†Tympanoneisiotes wetmorei Hopson 1964 [Pelagornis wetmorei (Hopson 1964)]
†Lutetodontopteryx tethyensis Mayr & Zvonok 2012
†Aequornis traversei Bourdon 2006 nomen nudum
Placement unresolved
?Pelagornithidae gen. et sp. indet. (middle Eocene)
†Xenerodiopidae (Early Oligocene)
†Xenerodiopus mycter
Ardeidae – herons
†Ardeagrandis arborea
†Calcardea junnei (Paleocene)
†Matuku otagoense
†Nyctisoma robusta
†Palaeophoyx columbiana
†Pikaihao bartlei
†Proardea amissa [Ardea amissa ; Egretta amissa ] (Late Eocene –? Late Oligocene)
†Proardeola walkeri [Ardea Formosa ; Ardeola walker ] – possibly same as Proardea
†Zeltornis ginsburgi (Early Miocene)
Placement unresolved
†Anas basaltica Bayer 1882 (Late Oligocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Nyctanassa
†N. kobdoena
Ardea (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†A. aurelianensis [Proardea aurelianensis ]
†A. polkensis
†A. howardae
†A. paloccidentalis
†A. sytchevskayae
Egretta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
†E. polgardiensis
†E. subfluvia
Butorides (Early Pleistocene – Recent)
†B. validipes
Botaurus
†B. hibbardi
Syrigma
†S. sanctimartini
Scopidae – hammerkop
Prehistoric species of extant genera
†Scopus xenopus
Threskiornithidae – ibises
Threskiornithidae gen. et sp. indet. NMMP-KU 1301 (Pondaung middle Eocene of Paukkaung, Myanmar) – Threskiornithinae?
†Gerandibis paganus [Milnea Lydekker ; Ibis pagana ; Eudocimus paganus ; Plegadis paganus ; Actiornis pagana ; Milnea gracilis ; Plegadis gracilis ]
†Rhynchaeites messelensis [Plumumida ; Plumumida lutetialis ] (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) – may include Mopsitta
†Vadaravis brownae
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Geronticus (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†G. perplexus [Ardea perplexa ; Proardea perplexus ]
†G. apelex
†G. olsoni
Platalea
†P. chione [Ajaia chione ]
†P. tiangangensis (Xiacaowan Middle Miocene of Sihong, China)
Plegadis
†P. pharangites [Plegadis gracilis ] (Late Pliocene of WC US)
Theristicus
†T. wetmorei (Late Pleistocene of Peru)
Eudocimus
†E. leiseyi (Early Pleistocene of Florida)
†E. peruvianus (Late Pleistocene of Peru; may be living species)
†Eudocimus sp. (Middle Pliocene of Florida)
Balaenicipitidae – shoebills
Goliathia andrewsi (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Egypt)
Paludiavis richae (Late Miocene of Tunisia and Pakistan)
Procellariiformes
The group that includes modern albatrosses, petrels and storm-petrels.
Placement unresolved
†Eopuffinus kazachstanensis (Late Paleocene of Zhylga, Kazakhstan)
†Makahala mirae
†Proaestrelata
†Marinavidae
†Marinavis longirostris
†Tytthostonychidae
†Tytthostonyx glauconiticus
†Diomedeoididae
†Rupelornis van Beneden 1871 [Gaviota ; Ardeita ; Diomedeoides ; Frigidafrons ] (Early Oligocene– Early Miocene of C Europe and Iran)
†R. harmati [Diomedeoides harmati ]
†R. definitus [Vanellus selysii ; Anas creccoides ; Gaviota lipsiensis ; Diomedeoides minimus ; Frigidafrons brodkorbi ; Ardeita gracilis ; Diomedeoides lipsiensis ; Diomedeoides brodkorbi ]
†R. babaheydariensis [Frigidafons babaheydariensis ; Diomedeoides babaheydariensis ]
Oceanitidae
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Oceanites
†O. zaloscarthmus
Diomedeidae – albatrosses
†Murunkus subitus (middle Eocene)
†Plotornis [Chenornis ] (Early – Middle Miocene)
†P. arvernensis [Puffinus arvernensis ; Puffinus arvernensis ]
†P. deltortrii
†P. graculoides [Chenornis graculoides ]
†Tydea septentrionalis (Early Oligocene of the North Sea basin)
†Diomedeidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of South Carolina)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Diomedea (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†D. anglica
†D. howardae
†D. milleri
†D. rumana
†D. tanakai
†D. thyridata
Phoebastria (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†P. rexsularum
Thalassarche (Late Miocene – Recent)
†T. thyridata
Hydrobatidae – storm-petrels
†Primodroma bournei (Early Eocene)
Prehistoric species of extant genera
†"Oceanodroma" hubbsi (Hubbs' Storm-petrel)(Capistrano Middle/Late Miocene of Orange County, US)
†Pelagodroma sp. 1
Pelagodroma sp. 2
Procellariidae – petrels
†Argyrodyptes microtarsus (San Julián Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Chubut, Argentina)
†Pterodromoides minoricensis
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Calonectris (Early Pliocene – Recent)
†C. krantzi
†C. kurodai
†C. wingatei
Fulmarus (Middle Miocene – Recent)
†F. hammeri
†F. miocaenus
Pachyptila (Late Miocene– Recent)
†P. salax
Pelecanoides (Early/Middle Miocene – Recent)
†P. cymatotrypetes
†P. miokuaka (Miocene diving petrel)
†P. urinatrix
"Pterodroma" (Pleistocene – Recent)
†P. kurodai
†P. rupinarum
Puffinus (Early Oligocene – Recent)
†P. aquitanicus Procellaria aquitanica
†P. antiquus Procellaria antiqua
†P. barnesi
†P. calhouni
†P. conradi
†P. diatomicus
†P. felthami
†P. gilmorei
†P. inceptor
†P. kanakoffi
†P. micraulax
†P. mitchelli
†P. nestori
†P. priscus
†P. raemdonckii [Larus Raemdonckii Beneden 1871]
†P. tedfordi
Gaviiformes
†Gaviella pusilla (Shufeldt 1915) Wetmore 1940
†Nasidytes ypresianus (Mayr & Kitchener, 2022)
Gaviidae – loons
†Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867 [Dyspetornis Oberholser 1905; Hydrornis Milne-Edwards 1867 non Blyth 1843; Davisona Mathews 1935; Megagallinula Kuročkin 1968] (Late Eocene – Early Miocene) – paraphyletic?
†C. harundinea (Kuročkin 1968) Megagallinula harundinea Kuročkin 1968)
†C. metzleri Mayr 2004
†C. anglicus Lydekker 1891a
†C. belgicus Mayr & Smith 2002
†C. minutus Milne-Edwards 1867
Placement unresolved
"Gavia" portisi (Late Pliocene of Orciano Pisano, Italy) – rentatively placed here. A nomen dubium?
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Gavia (Early Miocene – Recent)
†G. egeriana Švec 1982
†G. brodkorbi Howard 1978
†G. paradoxa Umanskaja 1981
†G. schultzi Mlíkovsky 1998
†G. howardae Brodkorb 1953c
†G. moldavica Kessler 1984
†G. concinna Wetmore 1940 [Gavia palaeodytes Wetmore 1943]
†G. fortis Olson & Rasmussen 2001
Sphenisciformes
Unresolved and basal forms
†Waimanu Jones, Ando & Fordyce 2006 (Early – Late Palaeocene)
†W. manneringi Jones, Ando & Fordyce 2006 (Mannering's penguin)
†W. tuatahi Jones, Ando & Fordyce 2006 (Waipara penguin)
†Perudyptes devriesi Clarke et al. 2007 – basal? (middle Eocene)
Sphenisciformes gen. et sp. indet. CADIC P 21 (middle Eocene)
Spheniscidae – penguins
†Kaiika maxwelli Fordyce & Tomas 2011
†Palaeoapterodytes ictus (Ameghino 1891) Ameghino 1905 (nomen dubium) [Apterodytes Ameghino 1891 non Hermann 1783; Apterodytes ictus Ameghino 1891]
†Tereingaornis moisleyi Scarlett 1983 (Moisley's penguin)
†Crossvallia unienwillia Tambussi et al. 2005 (Late Paleocene)
†Anthropornis Wiman 1905 (mid-Eocene –? Early Oligocene)
†A. nordenskjoeldii Wiman 1905 (Nordenskjoeld's giant penguin)
†A. grandis (Wiman 1905) [Arthrodytes grandis (Ameghino 1901) Ameghino 1905]
†Archaeospheniscus Marples 1952 (mid-/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene)
†A. lowei Marples 1952 (Lowe's penguin)
†A. lopdelli Marples 1952 (Lopdell's penguin)
†Delphinornis Wiman 1905 [Notodyptes Marples 1953] (mid-/Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene)
†D. gracilis Myrcha et al. 2002
†D. larseni Wiman 1905
†D. arctowskii Myrcha et al. 2002
†D. wimani (Marples 1953) Ksepka & Clarke 2010 [Notodyptes wimani Marples 1953; Archaeospheniscus wimani (Marples 1953) Simpson 1971a]
†Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 [Eosphaeniscus Wiman 1905] (mid-/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene)
†P. klekowskii Myrcha, Tatur & del Valle 1990
†P. gunnari (Wiman 1905) [Eosphaeniscus gunnari Wiman 1905]
†Icadyptes salasi Clarke et al. 2007 (Late Eocene)
†Inkayacu paracasensis Clarke et al. 2010 (Late Eocene)
†Pachydyptes ponderosus Oliver 1930 (Late Eocene)
†Marambiornis exilis Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene–? Early Oligocene)
†Mesetaornis polaris Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene)
†Tonniornis Tambussi et al. 2006 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene)
†T. mesetaensis Tambussi et al. 2006
†T. minimum Tambussi et al. 2006
†Wimanornis seymourensis Simpson 1971 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene)
†Arthrodytes andrewsi Ameghino 1901 (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†Duntroonornis parvus Marples 1953 (Duntroon penguin) (Late Oligocene)
†Kairuku Ksepka et al. 2012 (Late Oligocene)
†K. grebneffi Ksepka et al. 2012
†K. waitaki Ksepka et al. 2012
†Korora oliveri Marples 1952 (Oliver's penguin) (Late Oligocene)
†Platydyptes Marples 1952 (Late Oligocene)
†P. marplesi (Brodkorb 1963) Simpson 1971 [Palaeeudyptes marplesi Brodkorb 1963] (Simpson's/Marples' penguin)
†P. novaezealandiae(Oliver 1930) Marples 1952 (wide-flippered penguin)
†P. amiesi Marples 1952 (Amies' penguin)
†Eretiscus tonnii (Simpson 1981) Olson 1986 [Microdytes Simpson 1981 non Balfour-Browne 1949; Microdytes tonnii Simpson 1981] (Patagonia Early Miocene)
†Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [Neculus Ameghino 1905; Paraspheniscus Ameghino 1905 nec Hendel 1927; Perispheniscus Ameghino 1905; Pseudospheniscus Ameghino 1905; Chubutodyptes Simpson 1970] (Early? – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
†P. huxleyorum Simpson 1973
†P. wimani (Ameghino 1905) [Perispheniscus wimani Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus robustus (partim) Simpson 1946]
†P. gracilis Ameghino 1899 [?Delphinornis gracilis; Palaeospheniscus nereius Ameghino 1901; Neculus rothi Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus rothi Ameghino 1905; Paraspheniscus nereius (Ameghino 1901) Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus medianus Ameghino 1905]
†P. patagonicus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [Palaeospheniscus menzbieri Moreno & Mercerat 1891; Palaeospheniscus interruptus Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus intermedius Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus affinis Ameghino 1905]
†P. bergi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [Paraspheniscus bergi (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus planus Ameghino 1905; Palaeospheniscus interplanus Ameghino 1905; Pseudospheniscus interplanus Ameghino 1905; Pseudospheniscus planus Ameghino 1905 nom rej.; Pseudospheniscus concavus Ameghino 1905; Pseudospheniscus convexus Ameghino 1905 nom rej.]
†P. biloculata (Simpson 1970) Acosta Hospitaleche 2007 [Chubutodyptes biloculata Simpson 1970]
†Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 [Isotremornis Ameghino 1905; Metancylornis Ameghino 1905; Treleudytes Ameghino 1905] (Early – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
†P. brodkorbi Simpson 1972 [Isotremornis nordenskjöldi Ameghino 1905 (partim)]
†P. robustus (Ameghino 1895) [Palaeospheniscus robustus Ameghino 1895; Perispheniscus robustus (Ameghino 1895) Brodkorb 1963; Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino 1901; Metancylornis curtus (Ameghino 1901) Ameghino 1905; Paraptenodytes grandis Ameghino 1901; Arthrodytes grandis (Ameghino 1901) Ameghino 1905; Paraptenodytes andrewsi Ameghino 1901; Arthrodytes andrewsi (Ameghino 1901) Ameghino 1905; Treleudytes crassus Ameghino 1905]
†P. antarcticus (Huxley 1859) Ameghino 1891 [Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Huxley 1859 non Hector 1873; Palaeospheniscus antarcticus (Huxley 1859) Moreno & Mercerat 1891] (narrow-flippered penguin)
†Anthropodyptes gilli Simpson 1959 (Middle Miocene)
†Madrynornis mirandus Hospitaleche et al. 2007 (Late Miocene)
†Pseudaptenodytes Simpson 1970 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
†P. minor Simpson 1970
†P. macraei Simpson 1970
†Dege hendeyi Simpson 1979 (Early Pliocene)
†Marplesornis novaezealandiae (Marples 1960) Simpson 1972 [Paleospheniscus novaezealandiae Marples 1960] (Harris penguins) (Early Pliocene)
†Nucleornis insolitus Simpson 1979 (Early Pliocene)
†Inguza predemersus (Simpson 1971) Simpson 1975 [Spheniscus predemersus Simpson 1971] (Late Pliocene)
Placement unresolved
Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Hakataramea, New Zealand)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Pygoscelis (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)
†P. calderensis Walsh & Suárez 2006
†P. tyreei Simpson 1972 (Tyree's penguin)
†P. grandis Walsh & Suárez 2006
Spheniscus (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)
†S. muizoni Göhlich 2007
†S. chilensis Emslie & Correa 2003
†S. megaramphus Stucchi, Urbina & Giraldo 2003
†S. urbinai Stucchi 2002
Aptenodytes (Early? Pliocene – Recent)
†A. ridgeni Simpson 1972 [Arthrodytes ridgeni (Simpson 1972)] (Ridgen's Penguin)
Eudyptes
†E. calauina Hoffmeister et al. 2014
Pterocliformes
Pteroclidae – sandgrouse
†Gerandia calcaria (Milne-Edwards 1869) Lambrecht 1933 [Columba calcaria Milne-Edwards 1869] (Early Miocene)
†Leptoganga sepultus (Milne-Edwards 1869) Mourer-Chauviré 1993 [Pterocles sepultus Milne-Edwards 1869]
†Archaeoganga Mourer-Chauviré 1992
†A. validus(Milne-Edwards 1892) [Pterocles validus Milne-Edwards 1892]
†A. pinguis Mourer-Chauviré 1992
†A. larvatus (Milne-Edwards 1892) [Pterocles larvatus Milne-Edwards 1892]
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Syrrhaptes
†S. kashini Kuročkin 1985
Columbiformes
Columbidae – doves and pigeons
Arenicolumba (Early Miocene) – doubtfully distinct from Patagioenas
Rupephaps (Early Miocene)
Placement unresolved
Columbidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Columba (Early Pliocene – Recent)
Patagioenas (Early Pliocene – Recent)
Psittaciformes
Unresolved and basal fossil parrots:
Psittacopes (Early/middle Eocene)
Serudaptus – pseudasturid or psittacid?
Pseudasturidae (= Halcyornithidae?)
Messelasturidae
Tynskya eocaena (Early Eocene of N America and England)
Messelastur gratulator (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
Pseudasturidae FU 125 gen. et sp. indet. (Early Eocene)
Pseudasturides – formerly Pseudastur
Vastanavidae
Vastanavis (Early Eocene of Vastan, India)
Quercypsittidae
Quercypsitta (Late Eocene)
Cacatuidae
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Cacatua (Early Miocene – Recent)
Psittacidae – parrots, parakeets and lories
Archaeopsittacus (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene)
Xenopsitta (Early Miocene)
Psittacidae gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – several species
Bavaripsitta (Middle Miocene)
Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – erroneously placed in Pararallus dispar, includes "Psittacus lartetianus
Extant and recently extinct genera present in the fossil record
Conuropsis (Early? Miocene – Holocene)
Nandayus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Cyanoliseus (Middle Pleistocene – Recent)
Aratinga (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
Rhynchopsitta (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots, kakapo
Nelepsittacus (Middle Miocene)
Heracles (Middle Miocene)
Opisthocomiformes
Hoatzins
Opisthocomidae [Foratidae ; Onychopterygidae ]
†Foro panarium (Early Eocene) - cuculiform?
†Hoatzi panarium
†Onychopteryx simpsoni (Early Eocene of Argentina) – falconid? A nomen dubium
†Protoazin parisiensis
†Namibiavis senutae (Late Oligocene of Namibia)
†Hoazinavis lacustris (Miocene of Brazil)
†Hoazinoides magdalenae (Late Miocene of Colombia)
Musophagiformes
Musophagidae – turacos
Placement unresolved
Musophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene – Middle Miocene of WC Europe)
Musophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)
†Veflintornis [Apopempsis ] (Middle Miocene)
†V. meini [Musophaga meini ]
†V. africanus [Musophaga africanus ; Apopempsis africanus ] (Early Miocene)
Cuculiformes
Cuckoos, turacos and allies.
Placement unresolved
Cuculiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Eocene)
Cuculidae – cuckoos
Eocuculus (Late Eocene)
Dynamopterus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
Neococcyx (Early Oligocene)
Cursoricoccyx (Early Miocene)
Placement unresolved
Cuculidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)
Accipitriformes
†Teratornithidae – teratorns
†Argentavis magnificens (Late Miocene)
†Aiolornis incredibilis [Teratornis incredibilis ] (Early Pliocene – Late Pleistocene)
†Oscaravis olsoni [Teratornis olsoni ] (Cuban teratorn)(Pleistocene)
†Cathartornis gracilis
†Taubatornis campbelli
†Teratornis (Early Pleistocene – Late Pleistocene)
†T. woodburnensis
†T. merriami (Merriam's teratorn)
Cathartidae – New World vultures
†Brasilogyps faustoi (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†Kuntur cardenasi
†Pleistovultur nevesi
†Tapinopus ellioti
†Diatropornis ellioti (European vulture) (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene –? middle Oligocene)
†Phasmagyps patritus (Early Oligocene)
†Hadrogyps aigialeus (American dwarf vulture) (Middle Miocene)
†Pliogyps (Miocene vulture) (Late Miocene – Late Pliocene)
†P. charon
†P. fisheri
†Perugyps diazi (Peruvian vulture) (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
†Dryornis (Argentinean vulture) (Early Miocene – Late Pliocene) – similar to the extant genus Vultur
†D. pampeanus
†D. hatcheri
†Aizenogyps toomeyae (South American vulture) (Late Pliocene)
†Breagyps clarki (long-legged vulture) (Late Pleistocene)
†Geronogyps reliquus (Late Pleistocene)
†Wingegyps cartellei (Amazonian vulture) (Late Pleistocene)
†Parasarcoramphus milneedwardsi
Placement unresolved
Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of Mongolia)
Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Pliocene of Argentina)
Cathartidae gen. et sp. indet. (Cuba)
Extant genera present in the fossil record
Sarcoramphus (Middle Pliocene –? Recent)
†S. kernense (Kern vulture)
†S. fischeri
Gymnogyps (Early Pleistocene – Recent)
†G. howardae
†G. kofordi
Vultur (Pliocene – Recent)– distinctiveness disputed
†V. fossilis [Cathartes fossilis; Sarcoramphus fossilis]
†Horusornithidae
†Horusornis vianeyliaudae (Late Eocene)Pandionidae – ospreysExtant genera present in the fossil record
Pandion (Early Oligocene – Recent)
†P. lovensis
†P. homalopteron Sagittariidae – secretarybirds
†Amanuensis pickfordi
†Pelargopappus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of France) – formerly Amphiserpentarius/Amynoptilon/Pelargopsis
†P. schlosseri
†P. magnusAccipitridae – hawks, eagles and Old World vultures
Milvoides (Late Eocene)
Aquilavus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
Palaeocircus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
Palaeastur (Early Miocene)
Pengana (Early Miocene)
Promilio (Early Miocene)
Proictinia (Early – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene)
Neophrontops (Early/middle Miocene – Late Pleistocene) – formerly in Neophron
Mioaegypius (middle Miocene)
Apatosagittarius (Late Miocene)
Gansugyps (Late Miocene)
Palaeoborus (Miocene)
Qiluornis (Miocene)
Thegornis (Miocene)
Garganoaetus (Early Pliocene)
Amplibuteo (Late Pliocene of Peru – Late Pleistocene) – Belongs to the extant genus Buteogallus
Cryptogyps (Middle – Late Pleistocene)
Neogyps (Late Pleistocene)
Palaeohierax – includes "Aquila" gervaisiiPlacement unresolvedAccipitridae gen. et sp. indet. AMNH FR 7434 (Early Eocene)
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene)
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. MPEF-PV-2523 (Late Miocene)
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Pliocene) – Parabuteo?
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene) – Buteo?
Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)
"Aquila" danana (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene) – formerly also Geranoaetus or ButeoExtant genera present in the fossil recordHaliaeetus (Early Oligocene – Recent)
Buteo (middle Oligocene – Recent)
Aquila (Middle Miocene – Recent)
Buteogallus (Middle Miocene – Recent) – might include Harpyhaliaetus
"Hieraaetus" (Middle Miocene – Recent) – doubtfully distinct from Aquila
Milvus (Early Pleistocene – Recent)
Gyps (Middle Pleistocene – Recent)
Aegypius (Middle Pleistocene – Recent)Additional prehistoric species of extant generaSpizaetus grinnelli (Rancho La Brea Late Pleistocene of California, US) – formerly Geranoaetus or Buteo
Spizaetus pliogryps – formerly Aquila
Gypaetus georgii (Late Miocene)
Neophron lolis (Late Miocene)
Falconiformes
†Masillaraptoridae
†Masillaraptor parvunguis (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
†Danielsraptor phorusrhacoides (early Eocene of Essex, England)Falconidae – falcons
†Lagopterus minutus
†Parvulivenator watteli (Early Eocene)
†Stintonornis mitchelli (Early Eocene)
†Badiostes patagonicus (Early Miocene)
†Pediohierax ramenta [Falco ramenta ] - (Middle Miocene)
†Thegornis musculosus [Thegornis debilis ; Buteo musculosus ]
†Petrosushkinia pliocaena [Sushkinia ; Sushkinia pliocaena ] (Early Pliocene)
†Falconidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)Extant genera present in the fossil recordMilvago (Late Pleistocene -–Recent)
†M. alexandri
†M. brodkorbi
Falco (Late Miocene – Recent)
†F. antiquus
†F. bakalovi
†F. bulgaricus
†F. chowi
†F. hezhengensis
†F. medius
†F. oregonus
†F. pisanus
†F. umanskajae
Steatornithiformes
Paraprefica (Early Eocene?)
†P. kelleri
†P. major Steatornithidae – oilbirds
†Prefica nivea Prehistoric species of extant generaSteatornis sp.Nyctibiidae – potoos
†Euronyctibius kurochkini
Podargiformes
†Fluvioviridavidae
†Fluvioviridavis platyrhamphus (Green River Early Eocene of N America)Podargidae – frogmouths
†Masillapodargus longipes
†Quercypodargus olsoni
CaprimulgiformesCaprimulgidae – nightjars
†Ventivorus ragei Prehistoric species of extant generaCaprimulgus
†C. piurensis
Aegotheliformes
Owlet-nightjarsAegothelidae†Quipollornis koniberi (Early/Middle Miocene)Extant genera present in the fossil recordAegotheles (Early/Middle Miocene – Recent)
†A. savesi (New Caledonian owlet-nightjar)
†A. zealandivetus
Apodiformes
Swifts and hummingbirds.
†Wyomingcypselus pohli
†Procypseloides mourerchauvireae (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
†Laputavis robusta [Laputa ; Laputa robusta ]
†Palescyvus escampensis
†Scaniacypselus (Early – middle Eocene)
†S. wardi
†S. szarskii [Aegialornis szarskii ; Primapus szarskii ]
†Aegialornithidae
†Primapus lacki [?Procuculus minutus ] (Early Eocene) ?apodid
†Aegialornis [Tachyornis ; Belornis ; Mesogiornis ](Early? – Late Eocene)
†A. leenhardti
†A. germanicus
†A. gallicus [Tachyornis hirundo ]
†A. wetmorei [Mesogiornis wetmorei ]
†A. broweri [Mesogiornis broweri ]
†Eocypselidae – apodiform (hemiprocnid?)? caprimulgiform? basal Cypselomorphae?
†Eocypselus (Late Paleocene ?- Early Eocene of NC Europe)
†E. vincenti
†E. rowei
†Cypselavidae
†Parargornis messelensis (middle Eocene) jungornithid, trochilid, basal as Argornis?
†Argornis caucasicus (Late Eocene) ?Trochilidae
†Cypselavus gallicus (Late Eocene Early Oligocene) aegialornithid or hemiprocnid
†Jungornithidae
†Jungornis (Early Oligocene of N Caucasus, Russia)
†J. tesselatus
†J. geraldmayri Trochilidae hummingbirds
†Eurotrochilus (Early Oligocene)
†E. inexpectatus
†E. noniewiczi Placement unresolvedTrochilidae sp. et gen. indet. (Bahamas, West Indies)
Trochilidae sp. et gen. indet. (Brazil)Apodidae – swiftsExtant genera present in the fossil recordCollocalia (Early Miocene – Recent)
Apus (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)
Chaetura (Late Miocene – Recent)
Tachornis (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
Coliiformes
Mousebirds and relativesUnresolved and basal forms †Botauroides parvus (Eocene of Wyoming, US)
†Eobucco brodkorbi - sandcoleid?
†Eocolius walkeri (London Clay Early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze, England) - sandcoleid or coliid
†Limnatornis (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France) - coliid? (Urocolius?)
†Coliiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Kohfidisch, Austria)
†Uintornis - sandcoleid?
Family †Chascacocoliidae
Genus †Chascacocolius (Late Paleocene ?- Early Eocene) - basal? sandcoleid?
Family †Selmeidae
†Selmes absurdipes (Middle Eocene ?-Late Oligocene of C Europe) - coliid? (synonym of Primocolius?)
Family †Sandcoleidae
†Sandcoleus copiosus (Paleocene)
†Anneavis anneae
†Eoglaucidium pallas
Family Coliidae
†Primocolius (Late Eocene/Oligocene of Quercy, France)
†Oligocolius (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
†Masillacolius brevidactylus (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)Extant genera present in the fossil record Colius [Necrornis ]
†Zealandornithidae
†Zealandornis relictus (Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
Strigiformes
Owls and barn owlsUnresolved and basal formsBerruornis (Late Paleocene) – basal? Sophornithidae?
Strigiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Paleocene)
Palaeoglaux (middle – Late Eocene) – own family Palaeoglaucidae or Strigidae?
Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?
Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – Tytonidae?
Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene)OgygoptyngidaeOgygoptynx (Middle/Late Paleocene)ProtostrigidaeEostrix (Early – middle Eocene)
Minerva (middle – Late Eocene) – formerly Protostrix, includes "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, and "Bubo" leptosteus
Oligostrix (middle Oligocene)SophiornithidaeSophiornisStrigidae – typical owls
Mioglaux (Late Oligocene? – Early Miocene) – includes "Bubo" poirreiri
Intulula (Early/Middle –? Late Miocene) – includes "Strix/Ninox" brevis
Alasio (Middle Miocene) – includes "Strix" collongensis
Oraristrix (Late Pleistocene)
Miosurnia (Late Miocene)Placement unresolved"Otus" wintershofensis (Early/Middle Miocene) – may be close to extant genus Ninox
"Strix" edwardsi (Middle/Late? Miocene)
"Asio" pygmaeus (Early Pliocene)
Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V31030 (Late Pliocene) – Strix/Bubo?Extant genera present in the fossil recordStrix (Early Miocene – Recent)
Bubo (Late Miocene? – Recent)
Asio (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Athene (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Glaucidium (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Surnia (Late Pliocene – Recent)
Pulsatrix (Late Pleistocene – Recent)Tytonidae – barn owls
Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
Prosybris (Early Oligocene? – Early Miocene)Placement unresolvedTytonidae gen. et sp. indet. TMT 164 (Middle Miocene)Extant genera present in the fossil recordTyto (Late Miocene – Recent)
Coraciiformes
Rollers and allies. Probably paraphyletic.Basal and unresolved forms†Quasisyndactylus longibrachis (middle Eocene) – alcediniform, basal?
†Paracoracias occidentalis
†Cryptornis antiquus (Late Eocene) – bucerotid? geranopterid?
†Protornis glarniensis (Oligocene) – basal to motmotids and meropids?
† Coraciiformes gen. et spp. indet. PQ 1216, QU 15640 (Late Eocene) – 2 species
†Geranopteridae
†Geranopterus (Late Eocene – Early Miocene)
†G. alatus
†G. bohemicus [Nupharanassa bohemica ]
†G. milneendwardsi
†Eocoraciidae
†Eocoracias brachyptera (middle Eocene)
†Primobucconidae
†Primobucco [Neanis ] (Early – middle Eocene)
†P. kestneri [Neanis kestneri ]
†P. frugilegus
†P. mcgrewi
†P. perneri Todidae – todies
†Palaeotodus Olson 1976 (Late Eocene of France – Early Oligocene of WC Europe and Wyoming)
†P. emryi
†P. escampsiensis
†P. itardiensis Motmotidae – motmotsPlacement unresolvedMomotidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)Coraciidae†Miocoracias chenevali Extant genera present in the fossil recordEurystomus
†E. beremedensis
Bucerotiformes
†Messelirrisoridae†Messelirrisor Mayr 1998 (middle Eocene)
†M. halcyorostris
†M. parvus
†M. grandis Phoeniculidae (woodhoopoes)
†Phirriculus pinicola Bucerotidae – hornbills
†Euroceros bulgaricus (Late Miocene of Hadzhidimovo, Bulgaria)Extant genera present in the fossil recordBucorvus
†B. brailloni
TrogoniformesTrogonidae – trogons
†Foshanornis songi
†Septentrogon madseni Kristoffersen 2002 (Fur Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ejerslev, Denmark)
†Paratrogon gallicus [Trogon gallicus ] (Early Miocene of France)
†Primotrogon [Masillatrogon ] (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany? - Early Oligocene of France)
†P. wintersteini
†P. pumilio [Masillatrogon pumilio ]Placement unresolvedTrogonidae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (NW Europe)
Trogonidae gen. et sp. indet. 2 (NW Europe)
PiciformesPlacement unresolvedPiciformes gen. et sp. indet. IRScNB Av 65 (Early Oligocene)
Rupelramphastoides (Early Oligocene) – ramphastid?
Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. SMF Av 429 (Late Oligocene)
Capitonides (Early – Middle Miocene) – ramphastid? "capitonid" (Lybiidae, Megalaimidae)? own family Capitonididae?
Pici gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – "capitonid" (Lybiidae, Megalaimidae?)MiopiconidaeMiopicoLybiidae – African barbets
Lybiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene) – extant genus Pogoniulus?GalbulidaeExtant genera present in the fossil recordGalbula hylochoreutes (Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia)PicavidaePicavusPicidae – woodpeckers
Palaeopicus (Late Oligocene)
Palaeonerpes (Early Pliocene)
Pliopicus (Early Pliocene)Placement unresolvedPicidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene)
cf. Colaptes DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US)Extant genera present in the fossil recordCampephilus (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
Colaptes
DendrocoposAdditional prehistoric subspecies of extant speciesMelanerpes superciliaris ssp. (Little Exuma, Bahamas)
Melanerpes superciliaris ssp. (New Providence, Bahamas)
PasseriformesPlacement unresolvedPasseriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Eocene) – several species, oscine?
Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene)
Wieslochia (Early Oligocene)
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene) – several suboscine and oscine species
Certhiops (Early Miocene of Germany) – basal Certhioidea
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – suboscine?
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – several species, oscine?
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – several species, basal?
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – several species, oscine?
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Miocene) – Sylvioidea
"Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene)Eurylaimidae – broadbillsPlacement unresolvedEurylaimidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Miocene)PalaeoscinidaePalaeoscinis (Late Miocene)Furnariidae – ovenbirds
†Pseudoseisuropsis
†P. nehuen (Early Pleistocene of Argentina)
†P. cuelloi (Late Pleistocene of Uruguay)
†P. wintu (Early Pleistocene of Argentina)Prehistoric species of extant generaPseudoseisura cursor (Ensenada Early/Middle Pleistocene of Anchorena, Argentina)
Cinclodes major (Middle Pleistocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)Menuridae – lyretailsExtant genera present in the fossil recordMenura (Early Miocene – Recent)Meliphagidae – honeyeatersPlacement unresolvedMeliphagidae gen. et spp. indet. (Middle/Late Miocene – Pliocene of Riversleigh, Australia) – at least 7 spp., some may be from extant generaOrthonychidae – logrunnersExtant genera present in the fossil recordOrthonyx (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)Oriolidae – Old World orioles
Longmornis (Early Miocene of Riversleigh, Australia)Artamidae – woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs and Australian magpiePlacement unresolvedArtamidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – cracticineCorvidae – crows, ravens, jays and magpies
Miocorvus (Middle Miocene)
Miopica (Middle Miocene)
Miocitta (Late Miocene)
Protocitta (Early Pleistocene)
Henocitta (Middle Pleistocene)Extant genera present in the fossil recordCorvus (Late Miocene — Recent)
Pica (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene – Recent)
PyrrhocoraxPlacement unresolvedCorvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)
Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Pleistocene) – probably belongs in extant genusLaniidae – shrikesExtant genera present in the fossil recordLanius (Early Miocene – Recent)Regulidae – kingletsExtant genera present in the fossil recordRegulus (Late Pliocene – Recent)Hirundinidae – swallows and martinsPlacement unresolvedHirundinidae gen. et spp. indet. (Early Pliocene of Langebaanweg, South Africa) – 2 speciesMegaluridae – grass-warblers and alliesExtant genera present in the fossil record?Locustella (Late Miocene – Recent)Acrocephalidae – marsh- and tree-warblersExtant genera present in the fossil record?Acrocephalus (Late Miocene – Recent)Muscicapidae – Old World flycatchers and chatsExtant genera present in the fossil recordLuscinia (Late Miocene – Recent)Turdidae – thrushesExtant genera present in the fossil record?Turdus (Middle? Miocene – Recent)Alaudidae – larks
Eremarida (Late Miocene of Hrabarsko, Bulgaria)Motacillidae – wagtailsExtant genera present in the fossil recordMotacillaFringillidae – finchesExtant genera present in the fossil recordLoxia (Late Pliocene – Recent)Additional prehistoric species of extant generaCoccothraustes simeonovi (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
Coccothraustes balcanicusIcteridae – grackles and New World orioles
Pandanaris (Pleistocene)
Pyelorhamphus (Pleistocene)Extant genera present in the fossil recordEuphagus (Late Pleistocene – Recent)Cardinalidae – cardinalsPlacement unresolvedPasserina sp. (Early Pliocene of Yepómera, Mexico)Emberizidae – buntings and New World sparrows
Pampaemberiza (Middle Pleistocene of Necochea, Argentina)Extant genera present in the fossil recordAmmodramus (Late Miocene – Recent) – including PalaeostruthusAdditional prehistoric species of extant generaPipilo angelensis (Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea, US)
Avialans incertae sedis
These fossil taxa cannot be assigned to any major group with reasonable certainty. The "proto-birds" above are of some indeterminate basal position in the entire avialan (and paravian) radiation, but known from such diagnostic material that their relationships at the family level are known. In contrast, the taxa here have a hypodigm that is usually just sufficient for giving them a valid scientific name, but not for phylogenetic purposes beyond classing them as pygostylians or more modern birds. Some, however, are known from such fragmentary remains that the possibility that they are non-avian "reptiles" such as dinosaurs cannot be ruled out at present.
†"Ichthyornis" minusculus Nesov 1990 (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan) – enantiornithine?
†Qinornis paleocenica Xue 1995 (Early/Middle Paleocene) – enantiornithine? neornithine?
See also
Bird ichnology
Dominant group (extinction)
Feathered dinosaurs
List of recently extinct birds
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
List of paleognaths
List of Galliformes
List of Columbidae species
Flightless birds
Origin of birds
Prehistoric life
Footnotes
References
Chiappe, Luis M. (2001): The rise of birds. In: Briggs, Derek E.G. & Crowther, P.R. (eds.): Palaeobiology II: A Synthesis: 102-106. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Chiappe, Luis M. (2002): Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions. In: Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.M. (eds.): Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs: 448-472. University of California Press, Berkeley, US.
Electronic Appendix
Gauthier, Jacques A. & de Queiroz, Kevin (2001): Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". In: Gauthier, Jacques & Gall, L.F. (eds.): New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom: 7-41. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Mortimer, Michael (2004): The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa. Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.
Olson, Storrs L. (1985): The fossil record of birds. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8''': 79-238. Academic Press, New York. Not in copyright; PDF fulltext
Sereno, Paul Callistus (2005): TaxonSearch: Stem Archosauria''. Version 1.0, November 7, 2005. Retrieved 2007-APR-30.
External links
Aves Translation and Pronunciation Guide by Ben Creisler (archived 30 September 2007)
Fossil
Lists of prehistoric birds
Taxonomic lists (genera, taxonomic)
Ornithology lists |
4384343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Forest%20Service | Korea Forest Service | The Korea Forest Service is a central administrative agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFR), responsible for protecting and nurturing forests, increasing forest resources, developing forest products, conducting research on forest management and improvement, and is located in Daejeon Government Complex. In the past, during the national forestation campaign from 1973 to 1986, it was temporarily under the Ministry of Home Affairs (now the Ministry of the Interior and Safety), but returned to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 1987. However, as the agency's work was focused solely on maintaining and managing successful national forestation policies, questions were raised about its necessity for a period of time. Currently, the agency has transformed its identity into one that strives to generate continuous income through forest resources.
It is one of the government agencies that is highly likely to expand in the event of future North-South unification. In North Korea, there are many mountains, and it is expected that regional forest offices will be expanded to promote afforestation projects centering around Mount Mindungsan.
The Korea National Park Service, which is under the Ministry of Environment, had a long-standing conflict with the Korea Forest Service. Both agencies are in charge of forest-related work, but there were frequent conflicts due to differences in specific business objectives. While the Korea Forest Service also invests in forest development to promote forestry, the Korea National Park Service's primary objective is forest protection. Therefore, in 2012, an article was published between the two organization called "Let's Get Along."
Furthermore, it has a cooperative relationship with the Cultural Heritage Administration. High-quality lumber is essential for restoring, maintaining, and repairing traditional cultural properties, and in particular, Korean pine, also known as the "Geumgang Pine," is still a rare species. Therefore, the Korea Forest Service and the Cultural Heritage Administration are working together to create and manage Geumgang Pine plantations.
The current head of the organization is Nam Sung-hyun, who began his term in May 2022.
Overview
The Korea Forest Service has the overall responsibility for establishment and implementation of forest policies and laws. The KFS consists of 5 bureaus, 22 divisions, 5 Regional Forest Services, and 27 National Forest Stations. There are KFS-affiliated agencies such as the Forest Aviation Headquarters, the Korea Forest Research Institute, the National Arboretum, and the National Natural Recreation Forest Office. The province and metropolitan cities have their local forestry administrative organizations.
The Korea Forest Service is actively involved in the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and Convention on Biological Diversity to contribute to global environmental issues. Not to mention, initiative actions were taken to implement actual projects based on rehabilitation technologies in collaboration between the government and the private sector. In order to take the leading role in both bilateral and regional cooperation for mitigating desertification and drought, the Korea Forest Service is promoting closer cooperation through bilateral forestry cooperation arrangements and establishment of the Northeast Asia Forest Network.
The Korea Forest Service hosted UNCCD-COP10 as an opportunity to raise awareness of the Korean people as well as the rest of the world on desertification issues, and contribute to implementing more projects to combat desertification and establishing an effective cooperative mechanism.
The Korea Forest Service, in close coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea), has taken the key role for the establishment of Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO).
Korea's forest
The Korean peninsula is located between 33°7′ and 43°1′ in northern latitude, and 124°11′ and 131°53′ in eastern longitude at the heart of the North Western Pacific, sharing a border with China and Russia to the north and lying near the Japanese archipelago to the south. It extends about 960 km southward and its width is about 170 km from east to west, surrounded by three oceans and near 70% of the terrain is mostly mountainous so its terrestrial and marine ecosystems have a variety of species with high biodiversity.
The Korean peninsula encompasses 221,000 km2, 45% of which makes up the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea). The 20% of the total land area in the ROK is used for agriculture while forests cover 64%. The Korean peninsula lies in the east of the temperate forest zone, which contributes top the distinct seasonal temperature and precipitation. The main mountain range of the Korean peninsula is the BaekduDaegan Mountains. It stretches 1,400 km from Mt. Baekdu in North Korea all the way down to Mt. Jiri in South Korea, forming the great backbone of the Korean peninsula.
Korea's forest was devastated in the 1950s and 1960s due to the Korean War and land use change for industrialization. Since the establishment in 1967, the Korea Forest Service has made diverse efforts for forest rehabilitation. These efforts returned dramatic increase in the growing stock volume. The volume of merely 10 m3 in the 1960s increased more than 10 times in 40 years recording 103 m3 by the end of 2008. The public benefits of forests grew as well. It is equivalent to an economic value of around US$60 billion, which accounts for 8% of the gross domestic product.
The foundation for successful rehabilitation would be the National Forest Plans established and implemented on 10-year routine. After undergoing four-fold National Forest Plans, the Fifth Plan launched in 2008 which aims to achieve "healthy forest, rich mountains, and happy people" and realize "sustainable green welfare nation". Thus, the Korea Forest Service is making efforts to develop multiple benefits of forest resources and renewable forest industry, provide better quality of life through forestry, and strengthen international cooperation.
National Vision for Green Growth
Towards Green Growth
Korea's new national vision for the forthcoming 60 years is "Low Carbon Green Growth". The Korean government has elaborately designed a new paradigm of a green society, aiming to transfer the current energy system inevitably emitting a large amount of greenhouse gases into a low carbon society with high power-efficiency. This forward-looking vision for national development is surely to help address environmental issues including global warming and facilitate sustainable development
Green Growth and Forest
In realizing Green Growth, forest is the key resource. Notably enough, forest is recognized as a sole carbon sink under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Korean forests sequestered 41 million tons of carbon dioxide as of 2007, which accounted for 66% of the total carbon emissions in Korea. Forest also has great potentials in developing green technologies regarding a wide use of forest bioenergy, industrialization of forest bio-resources. To maximize this forest value as a key resource, Korea has been working on pursuing Green Growth in various fields such as bioenergy technology development, the biotechnology industry, and other energy businesses. The KFS has been implementing forest policies with the view of providing the public with an improved quality of life by offering recreation forests, healing forests and mountaineering services and expanding urban green spaces. As part of the forest policies, it contributed to revitalizing Korea's economic depression, locally referred to as the IMF, by creating green jobs under forest tending projects. As the country whose successful rehabilitation projects were internationally recognized, Korea continues to take part in global activities addressing climate change and to build a bridge between developed and developing countries through cooperation projects of forest rehabilitation in developing countries. Therefore, Korea can make advances in sustainable development as a green growth model nation.
National Forest Plans
The First National Forest Plan: Forest Rehabilitation Project (1973~1978)
In the 1950s, forests were left in a state of extreme devastation as the result of excess cutting during and after theJapanese colonization and the Korean War. The growing stock volume per hectare then was merely 6m³, 6% of the current figure. To restore these devastated forests causing serious social problems like lack of fuel, severe floods and droughts, the National Forest Plan was established. After the legal and institutional preparations in the 1960s, the Forest Rehabilitation Project was finally launched in 1973. The government declared the Nationwide Tree Planting period (3.21~4.20) and Arbor Day to draw out active participation from the public. More than one million ha of denuded forest were restored with fast growing tree species through public participation. The 10-year project was completed 4 years in advance of its target.
The Second National Forest Plan: Forest Rehabilitation Project (1979~1987)
The Second 10-year National Forest Plan was devised to establish large-scale commercial forests that could develop into sustainable timber resources for domestic demands on timber products. Various forest policies were implemented by the government in order to achieve objectives like forest rehabilitation, enhancement of forest protection, and foundation of forest development funds to support private and national forests. Along with reforestation projects, erosion control was also actively undertaken to prevent natural disasters, and advanced biotechnology was adopted to control forest diseases and pests as well. Under the Second National Forest Plan, 80 commercial forests were built, and 325,000 ha was successfully reforested and plantation in 1.06 million ha was completed in total.
The Third National Forest Plan: Forest Rehabilitation (1988~1997)
The Third National Forest Plan aimed at harmonizing economic functions and public benefits of the forests. The Plan focused on establishing foundation and infrastructure of forest management including forest road construction, forest mechanization, education for foresters and forestry workers, etc. The KFS carried out forestry income enhancement projects and public awareness-raising programmes of the importance of forests and its conservation, and supported overseas plantation projects with the aim of securing stable and long-term timber supplies. On top of that, it also developed and implemented policies for improving public benefits of the forests, including creation of recreation forests, water resources conservation, wildlife protection, etc. To promote more effective forest management practices, the Forest Laws was amended and enhanced, and the Act on Promotion of Forestry and Mountain Village was enacted in 1997.
The Fourth National Forest Plan (1998~2007)
The Fourth National Forest Plan entered a transitional phase of forest policies from mainly focusing economic functions to enhancing overall forest benefits including public and recreational benefits. Therefore, sustainable forest management was reflected on forest policies and activities. The KFS put special emphasis on developing valuable forest resources and fostering competitive forestry industry, thereby increasing public benefits for the people. The government-led forest management policies turned into autonomic forest management in the private forest sector, based on the capability and discretion of forest owners. To achieve implementing objectives for sustainable forest management, the KFS consolidated legal and institutional systems by newly enacting the Framework Act on Forest, the Act on Promotion and Management of Forest Resources, the Act on the National Forest Management, the Act on Forest Culture and Recreation and the Act on Promotion of Forestry and Mountain Villages.
The Fifth National Forest Plan (2008~2017)
Based on foundations and frameworks established under the Fourth Plan, the Fifth National Forest Plan has been designed to further expand the implementation of sustainable forest management in pursuit of maximizing forest functions. Especially the Plan highlights the importance of forest functions in responding to climate change. In implementing the Plan, the KFS continues to establish a foundation for a sustainable welfare society by developing environmental and social resources, and to pursue forest related industries as blue ocean strategy. The KFS focuses on promoting systematic implementation of forest conservation and management, fitting for the purpose of achieving well-balanced land development and conservation. It also plays a central role in natural disaster prevention efforts, which is improving ecosystem health and vitality and contributing to public safety and environment conservation. It further highlights forest's recreational and cultural functions for improving quality of life and living environments both in urban areas and mountain villages as well as providing welfare benefits for the people. The overall vision of the Fifth Plan is "to realize a green nation with sustainable welfare and growth" by sustainably managing forests as key resources for strengthening nation's economic development, land conservation and improved quality of life.
Affiliated Agencies
Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI)
The Korea Forest Research Institute was founded in 1922 and reorganized in 1998. The main goal of the research conducted by the KFRI is to develop forest policies and techniques linked with the Forest Resources Enhancement Plan. The institute devotes its efforts to preserving and maintaining forest genetic resources for tree improvement research and future R&D.
Korea National Arboretum (KNA)
The Korea National Arboretum is situated in the Gwangneung forest. The Gwangneung arboretum was initially established in 1987 and has been open to the public since then. On May 24, 1999, it became the Korea National Arboretum. The missions of Arboretum are to conserve and develop plant resources through comprehensive research, and to promote the public's understanding of the forests.
Forest Training Institute
Initially the Forest Training Institute was established in 1978 within the regional administrative training center. In 2004, it was reorganized under the Korea Forest Research Institute in 2006 and again reconstructed into a separate agency directly under the KFS. The Institute aims to cultivate professionals who will lead the forestry field, and provides various training programmes in and out of the country for forestry officers, stakeholders, forest owners and the public.
Forest Aviation Headquarters
Mainly responsible for forest fire control, the Forest Aviation Office was organized in 1971. Its mission is to prevent and control forest fires, pests and diseases using rotary-wing aircraft. This agency has 8 regional stations and plans to establish more regional stations to enable more efficient mobilization of aircraft to fire sites.
National Forest Seed and Variety Center
The National Forest Seed and Variety Center was established under the KFS in 2008. The Center aims to protect tree species and manage forest resources. The main tasks include development of institutional mechanisms for species protection, supporting private cultivators and providing related consulting as well as assessment and registration of new plant varieties.
National Natural Recreation Forest Office
The National Natural Recreation Forest Office serves for overall management of recreation forests nationwide. The main responsibilities of the Office are establishment and management of national natural recreation forests, operation and maintenance of recreation forests, promotion of forest education and culture and customer services.
See also
Government of South Korea
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (South Korea)
Ministry of Environment (South Korea)s
References
Vision for Green Korea, Korea Forest Service, 2010
External links
Official site, in Korean and English
Government agencies of South Korea
Nature conservation in South Korea
Forestry agencies
Forestry in South Korea |
4384674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%20campaign%20%281944%E2%80%931945%29 | Philippines campaign (1944–1945) | The Philippines campaign, Battle of the Philippines, Second Philippines campaign, or the Liberation of the Philippines, codenamed Operation Musketeer I, II, and III, was the American, Mexican, Australian and Filipino campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II.
The Japanese Army overran all of the Philippines during the first half of 1942. The liberation of the Philippines from Japan commenced with amphibious landings on the eastern Philippine island of Leyte on October 20, 1944. The United States and Philippine Commonwealth military forces, with naval and air support from Mexico and Australia, were progressing in liberating territory and islands when the Japanese forces in the Philippines were ordered to surrender by Tokyo on August 15, 1945, after the dropping of the atomic bombs on mainland Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
Planning
By mid-1944, American forces were only southeast of Mindanao, the largest island in the southern Philippines – and able to bomb Japanese positions there using long-range bombers. American forces under Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz had advanced across the Central Pacific Ocean, capturing the Gilbert Islands, some of the Marshall Islands, and most of the Marianas Islands, bypassing many Japanese Army garrisons and leaving them behind, with no source of supplies and militarily impotent.
Aircraft carrier-based warplanes were already conducting air strikes and fighter sweeps against the Japanese in the Philippines, especially their military airfields. U.S. Army and Australian Army troops under the American General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater of Operations, had either overrun, or else isolated and bypassed, all of the Japanese Army on New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands. Before the invasion of the Philippines, MacArthur's northernmost conquest had been at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies on September 15–16, 1944. This was MacArthur's one base that was within bomber range of the southern Philippines.
U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Army as well as Australian and New Zealand forces under the commands of General MacArthur and Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. in Operation Cartwheel had isolated the large Japanese South Pacific base at Rabaul, New Britain, by capturing a ring of islands around Rabaul, and then building air bases on them from which to bomb and blockade the Japanese forces at Rabaul into military impotence.
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long-range B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well-supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B-29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B-29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.)
Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender.
There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid-1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao.
The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid-1942 through mid-1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.
The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U.S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U.S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved.
In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U.S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U.S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U.S. Army soldiers and assisted U.S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944-45.
During the American re-conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Leyte
On October 20, 1944, the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, one of the islands of the Visayas island group, northeast of Mindanao. The Japanese miscalculated the relative strength of the naval and air forces, and they attempted to destroy the landing. This brought about the massive sequence of battles called the Battle of Leyte Gulf, fought on October 23 through October 26. This decisive victory by the U.S. Navy, its Fast Carrier Task Force, its surface fleet, and its submarines effectively destroyed the remainder of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which had already lost all of its effective aircraft carrier forces. The IJN had four of its carriers sunk (ships with depleted air squadrons – which were used only as decoys), numerous battleships and heavy cruisers, and a large number of light cruisers and destroyers. The IJN was never able to fight a major battle after this.
The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was continually reinforced, the U.S. Fifth Air Force and the U.S. 3rd Fleet's Task Force 38 were able to devastate the Japanese attempts at air attacks and at landing new reinforcements and supplies, and also provide much support to the Army's ground troops during what is known as the Battle of Ormoc Bay from November 11 to December 21, 1944.
The Filipino guerrillas also performed valuable service in maintaining public order and in keeping the roads and highways free of congestion. After the American beachheads were established, the Leyte guerrilla groups were attached directly to the Sixth Army corps and divisions to assist in scouting, intelligence, and combat operations.
With the initial U.S. Sixth Army landings on the beaches at Tacloban and Dulag, Colonel Ruperto Kangleon's units went into action. They dynamited key bridges to block Japanese displacement toward the target area; they harassed enemy patrols; and they sabotaged supply and ammunition depots. Information on enemy troop movements and dispositions sent from guerrilla outposts to Kangleon's Headquarters was dispatched immediately to Sixth Army.
During many torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and onto the major island of Samar, just north of Leyte. On December 7, 1944, the U.S. Army units made another amphibious landing at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, the landing force cut off all Japanese ability to reinforce and resupply their troops on Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was always in control.
Mindoro
The U.S. 6th Army's second major target to attack was Mindoro. This large island is directly south of Luzon and Manila Bay, and MacArthur's main goal in taking it was to be able to construct airfields on it for fighter planes that could dominate the sky over the most-important island of Luzon, with its major seaport and capital city of Manila.
The Seventh Fleet's large invasion convoy from Leyte to Mindoro came under strong attack by kamikazes, but they could not delay the American invasion of Mindoro. Mindoro was only lightly occupied by the Japanese Army, and much of it was held by Filipino guerrillas, so Mindoro was quickly overrun. U.S. Army engineers set about rapidly constructing a major air base at San Jose. Besides being close to Luzon, Mindoro has another advantage: good flying weather nearly all the time, because this is a part of the Philippines that is relatively dry – quite unlike Leyte which receives torrential rains most of the year, not only giving it poor flying weather, but making it very muddy and difficult to construct airfields.
Mindoro was also the location of another breakthrough: the first appearance during the War in the Pacific of USAAF squadrons flying the fast, long-range P-51B Mustang fighters.
Mindoro was a major victory for the 6th Army and the USAAF, and it also provided the major base for the next move of MacArthur's 6th Army: the invasion of Luzon, especially at Lingayen Gulf on its western coast.
Luzon
On December 15, 1944, landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro, a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations, in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon. On January 9, 1945, on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon, General Krueger's Sixth Army landed his first units. Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty-mile (32 km) beachhead within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking Clark Field, northwest of Manila, in the last week of January.
Two more major landings followed, one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula, and another, which included a parachute drop, south of Manila. Pincers closed on the city. On February 3, 1945, elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila, and the 8th Cavalry Regiment (organized as infantry) passed through the northern suburbs and into the city itself.
As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south, the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured. On February 16, paratroopers and amphibious units simultaneously assaulted the islet of Corregidor. Taking this stronghold was necessary because troops there could block the entrance of Manila Bay. The Americans needed to establish a major harbor base at Manila Bay to support the expected invasion of Japan, planned to begin on November 1, 1945. Resistance on Corregidor ended on February 27, and then all resistance by the Japanese Empire ceased on August 15, 1945, obviating the need for an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands.
Despite initial optimism, fighting in Manila was harsh. It took until March 3 to clear the city of all Japanese troops, and the Japanese Marines, who fought on stubbornly and refused to either surrender or to evacuate as the Japanese Army had done. Fort Drum, a fortified island in Manila Bay near Corregidor, held out until April 13, when a team of Army troops went ashore and pumped 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel into the fort, then set off incendiary charges. No Japanese soldiers in Fort Drum survived the blast and fire.
As the fighting in Manila was coming to a close, the other challenge faced by newly liberated city was its water supply. The Shimbu Group under Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama fortified their positions east of Manila in the Sierra Madre mountain range - practically controlling Ipo Dam, Wawa Dam, and its surrounding areas. The result was a seesaw battle, and the longest continuous combat engagement in the Southwest Pacific Theater from February 28 to May 30, 1945. Facing the Shimbu Group during the Battle of Wawa Dam and Battle of Ipo Dam was initially the 6th Army's XIV Corps, and this would later be replaced by the XI Corps. While the fighting took 3 months, the American forces supported by Filipino guerrillas led by Marcos "Marking" Agustin forced decimated the Shimbu Group, forcing Gen. Yokoyama to retreat his forces further east.
In all, ten U.S. divisions and five independent regiments battled on Luzon, making it the largest American campaign of the Pacific war, involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa, Italy, or southern France.
Finishing up the campaign
Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and westernmost island of the Philippines, was invaded on February 28, with landings of the Eighth United States Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, with the Japanese using their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountains and jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts, the last of whom, Hiroo Onoda, did not surrender until 1974, in the mountains of Lubang Island in Mindoro.
The U.S. Eighth Army then moved on to its first landing on Mindanao (April 17), the last of the major islands of the Philippines to be taken. Mindanao was followed by invasion and occupation of Panay, Cebu, Negros and several islands in the Sulu Archipelago. These islands provided bases for the U.S. Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea.
Following additional landings on Mindanao, U.S. Eighth Army troops continued their steady advance against stubborn resistance. By the end of June, the enemy pockets were compressed into isolated pockets on Mindanao and Luzon where fighting continued until the Japanese surrender on August 15, 1945. However, some units of the Japanese Army were out of radio contact with Tokyo, and it was difficult to convince some of them that Japan had surrendered, becoming Japanese holdouts. As at many Pacific Islands, major Japanese officials, including members of the Imperial Family, visited in person to convince the soldiers that they must surrender by order of the Emperor.
Aftermath
Upon the surrender of Japan, some 45,000 Japanese Prisoners of War were in the custody of American authorities in the Philippines. These POWs were held in a number of camps around the country, and were used as labor for war reparation. Gen. MacArthur formed the Philippine War Crimes Commission, while Pres. Sergio Osmeña formed the National War Crimes Office. Both offices supported each other in the pursuit of war crimes trial in Tokyo, and later on the Philippine War Crimes Trial.
Casualties
U.S. Army and Army Air Forces
Japanese
In addition it is estimated that a million Filipino civilians died in the Philippines campaign.
See also
Battle of Villa Verde Trail
Dalton Pass
Escuadrón 201
Philippine Liberation Medal
Notes
References
Bibliography
Conflicts in 1944
Conflicts in 1945
1944 in the Philippines
1945 in the Philippines
Philippines campaign 1944-45
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
Philippine Army
Campaigns of World War II |
4384758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fishes%20of%20Great%20Britain | List of fishes of Great Britain | This is a list of fish found in and around Great Britain, in both fresh water (lakes, rivers, streams and man-made pools) and salt water. This list includes species that are native to Great Britain, as well as those which have been introduced from other countries.
Agnatha - jawless fish
Myxini - hagfish
Myxinidae - hagfish
Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa
White-headed hagfish, Myxine ios
Petromyzontiformes - lampreys
Petromyzontidae - northern lampreys
River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis
Brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri
Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish
Chimaeriformes - ratfish
Chimaeridae - short-nosed chimaeras
Ratfish, Chimaera monstrosa
Opal chimaera, Chimaera opalescens
Smalleyed rabbitfish, Hydrolagus affinis
Large-eyed rabbitfish, Hydrolagus mirabilis
Rhinochimaeridae - long-nosed chimaeras
Narrownose chimaera, Harriotta raleighana
Broadnose chimaera, Rhinochimaera atlantica
Hexanchiformes - cow sharks and frilled sharks
Chlamydoselachidae - frilled sharks
Frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus
Hexanchidae - cow sharks
Sharpnose sevengill shark, Heptranchias perlo
Bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus
Squaliformes - dogfish sharks
Squalidae - true dogfish
Spurdog, Squalus acanthias
Echinorhinidae - bramble sharks
Bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus
Dalatiidae - kitefin sharks
Kitefin shark, Dalatias licha
Centrophoridae - gulper sharks
Leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus
Birdbeak dogfish, Deania calcia
Etmopteridae - lantern sharks
Black dogfish, Centroscyllium fabricii
Great lanternshark, Etmopterus princeps
Velvet belly lanternshark, Etmopterus spinax
Oxynotidae - rough sharks
Angular roughshark, Oxynotus centrina
Sailfin roughshark, Oxynotus paradoxus
Somniosidae - sleeper sharks
Longnose velvet dogfish, Centroselachus crepidater
Portuguese dogfish, Centroscymnus coelolepis
Smallmouth velvet dogfish, Scymnodon obscurus
Knifetooth dogfish, Scymnodon ringens
Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus
Velvet dogfish, Zameus squamulosus
Lamniformes - mackerel sharks
Cetorhinidae - basking sharks
Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus
Lamnidae - mackerel sharks
Shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus
Porbeagle, Lamna nasus
Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Alopiidae - thresher sharks
Thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus
Carchariniformes - ground sharks
Scyliorhinidae - catsharks
Iceland catshark, Apristurus laurussonii
Ghost catshark, Apristurus manis
Black roughscale catshark, Apristurus melanoasper
Blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus
Lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula
Greater spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus stellaris
Carcharhinidae - requiem sharks
Copper shark, Carcharinus brachyurus
Blue shark, Prionace glauca
Pseudotriakidae - false catsharks
False catshark, Pseudotriakis microdon
Sphyrnidae - hammerheads
Smooth hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena
Triakidae - houndsharks
Tope, Galeorhinus galeus
Starry smooth-hound, Mustelus asterias
Common smooth-hound, Mustelus mustelus
Squatiniformes - angel sharks
Squatinidae - angel sharks
Angel shark, Squatina squatina
Rajiformes - skates and rays
Rajidae - skates
Arctic skate, Amblyraja hyperborea
Thorny skate, Amblyraja radiata
Spinetail ray, Bathyraja spinicauda
Common skate, Dipturus batis
Norwegian skate, Dipturus nidarosiensis
Long-nosed skate, Dipturus oxyrinchus
Sandy ray, Leucoraja circularis
Shagreen ray, Leucoraja fullonica
Cuckoo ray, Leucoraja naevus
Blue ray, Neoraja caerulea
Blonde ray, Raja brachyura
Thornback ray, Raja clavata
Smalleyed ray, Raja microocellata
Spotted ray, Raja montagui
Undulate ray/painted ray, Raja undulata
Deepwater ray, Rajella bathyphila
Bigelow's ray, Rajella bigelowi
Sailray, Rajella lintea
Round ray, Rajella fyllae
Bottlenose skate, Rostroraja alba
Myliobatiformes - stingrays
Dasyatidae - whiptail stingrays
Common stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca
Pelagic stingray, Pteroplatytrygon violacea
Myliobatidae - eagle rays
Devil fish, Mobula mobular
Atlantic eagle ray, Myliobatis aquila
Torpediniformes - electric rays
Torpedinidae - torpedo rays
Marbled electric ray, Torpedo marmorata
Atlantic torpedo, Torpedo nobiliana
Osteichthyes - bony fish
Acipenseriformes - sturgeon
Acipenseridae - sturgeon
Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus (extinct in British waters)
European sea sturgeon, Acipenser sturio
Anguilliformes - true eels
Anguillidae - freshwater eels
European eel, Anguilla anguilla
Muraenidae - morays
Mediterranean moray, Muraena helena
Congridae - congers
Conger eel, Conger conger
Nettastomatidae - witch eels
Whipsnout sorcerer, Venefica proboscidea
Nemichthyidae - snipe eels
Avocet snipe eel, Avocettina infans
Slender snipe eel, Nemichthys scolopaceus
Synaphobranchidae - cutthroat eels
Deepwater arrowtooth eel, Histiobranchus bathybius
Robins's cutthroat eel, Ilyophis arx
Saldanha's cutthroat eel, Ilyophis blachei
Muddy arrowtooth eel, Ilyophis brunneus
Kaup's arrowtooth eel, Synaphobranchus kaupii
Notacanthiformes - spiny eels
Halosauridae - halosaurs
Abyssal halosaur, Halosauropsis macrochir
Johnson's halosaur, Halosaurus johnsonianus
Notacanthidae - spiny eels
Shortfin spiny eel, Notacanthus bonaparte
Spiny eel, Notacanthus chemnitzii
Longnose tapirfish, Polyacanthonotus challengeri
Smallmouth spiny eel, Polyacanthonotus rissoanus
Saccopharyngiformes - gulper eels
Saccopharyngidae - gulper eels
Gulper eel, Saccopharynx ampullaceus
Eurypharyngidae - pelican eels
Pelican eel, Eurypharynx pelecanoides
Clupeiformes - herring
Clupeidae - true herrings
Allis shad, Alosa alosa
Twaite shad, Alosa fallax
Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus
Sprat, Clupea sprattus
European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus
Engraulidae - anchovies
European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus
Cypriniformes - carp and allies
Cyprinidae - carp, minnows and barbs
Common bream/bronze bream/skimmer bream, Abramis brama
Bleak, Alburnus alburnus
Asp, Aspius aspius (introduced)
Barbel, Barbus barbus
Silver bream, Blicca bjoerkna
Goldfish, Carassius auratus (introduced)
Crucian carp, Carassius carassius / Carassius cuvieri
Grass carp, Ctenopharygodon idella (introduced)
Common carp/mirror carp/leather carp/koi, Cyprinus carpio (introduced)
Gudgeon, Gobio gobio
Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (introduced)
Bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (introduced)
Sunbleak, Leucaspius delineatus (introduced)
Chub, Squalius cephalus
Orfe, Leuciscus idus (introduced)
Common dace, Leuciscus leuciscus
Eurasian minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (introduced)
Topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva (introduced)
European bitterling, Rhodeus amarus (introduced)
Amur bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus (introduced)
Roach, Rutilus rutilus
Common rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Tench, Tinca tinca
Catostomidae - suckers
White sucker, Catostomus commersonii (introduced)
Cobitidae - true loaches
Spined loach, Cobitis taenia
European weatherfish, Misgurnus fossilis (introduced)
Nemacheilidae - stone loaches
Stone loach, Nemacheilus barbatulus
Siluriformes - catfish
Siluridae - Eurasian catfish
Wels catfish, Silurus glanis (introduced)
Ictaluridae - bullhead catfish
Black bullhead, Ameiurus melas (introduced)
Brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus (introduced)
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (introduced)
Loricariidae - armoured catfish
Suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus (introduced)
Esociformes - pike
Esocidae - pike
Northern pike, Esox lucius
Osmeriformes - smelt
Osmeridae - smelt
Capelin, Mallotus villosus
European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus
Argentiniformes - argentines and slickheads
Alepocephalidae - slickheads
Baird's slickhead, Alepocephalus bairdii
Risso's smooth-head, Alepocephalus rostratus
Longfin smooth-head, Conocara macropterum
Elongate smooth-head, Conocara microlepis
Murray's smooth-head, Conocara murrayi
Salmon smooth-head, Conocara salmoneum
Blackhead salmon, Narcetes stomias
Abyssal smooth-head, Rinoctes nasutus
Softskin smooth-head, Rouleina attrita
Madeiran smooth-head, Rouleina maderensis
Bluntsnout smooth-head, Xenodermichthys copei
Leptochilichthyidae - longjaw smooth-heads
Agassiz' smooth-head, Leptochilichthys agassizii
Platytroctidae - tubeshoulders
Bighead searsid, Holtbyrnia anomala
Maul's searsid, Maulisia mauli
Multipore searsid, Normichthys operosus
Schnakenbeck's searsid, Sagamichthys schnakenbecki
Koefoed's searsid, Searsia koefoedi
Argentinidae - argentines
Greater argentine, Argentina silus
Common argentine, Argentina sphyracna
Microstomatidae - pencil smelts
Slender argentine, Microstoma microstoma
Greenland argentine, Nansenia groenlandica
Mediterranean large-eyed argentine, Nansenia oblita
Bathylagidae - deep-sea smelt
Goiter blacksmelt, Bathylagus euryops
Opisthoproctidae - barrel-eyes
Spookfish, Dolichopteryx rostrata
Barrel-eye, Opisthoproctus soleatus
Salmoniformes - salmon and trout
Salmonidae - salmon and trout
European cisco, Coregonus albula
Arctic cisco, Coregonus autumnalis
Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (introduced)
Powan, Coregonus clupeioides
European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus
Houting, Coregonus oxyrinchus (extinct in Britain)
Gwyniad, Coregonus pennantii
Pollan, Coregonus pollan
Schelly, Coregonus stigmaticus
Vendace, Coregonus vandesius
Huchen, Hucho hucho (introduced)
Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (introduced)
Silverbrite salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (introduced)
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (introduced)
Cherry salmon (yamame-trout), Oncorhynchus masou (introduced)
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (introduced)
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (introduced)
Ferox trout, Salmo ferox
Sonaghan, Salmo nigripinnis
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Gillaroo, Salmo stomachicus
Brown trout/sea trout/Dollaghan, Salmo trutta
Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus
Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (introduced)
Shetland charr, Salvelinus gracillimus
Loch Melvin charr, Salvelinus grayi
Orkney charr, Salvelinus inframundus
Haddy charr, Salvelinus killinensis
Haweswater charr, Salvelinus lonsdalii
Loch Shin charr, Salvelinus mallochi
North Minch charr, Salvelinus maxillaris
Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (introduced)
Lough Leane charr, Salvelinus obtusus
Llyn Peris charr, Salvelinus perisii
Rannoch charr, Salvelinus struanensis
Windermere charr, Salvelinus willughbii
Golden charr, Salvelinus youngeri
Grayling, Thymallus thymallus
Stomiiformes - dragonfish and marine hatchetfish
Sternoptychidae - marine hatchetfishes
Half-naked hatchetfish, Argyropelacus hemigymnus
Atlantic hatchetfish, Argyropelacus olfersi
Mueller's pearlside, Maurolicus muelleri
Diaphanous hatchet fish, Sternoptyx diaphana
Constellationfish, Valenciennellus tripunctulatus
Gonostomatidae - bristlemouths
Longray fangjaw, Bonapartia pedaliota
Bristlemouth, Cyclothone alba
Veiled anglemouth, Cyclothone microdon
Elongated bristlemouth fish, Gonostoma elongatum
Spark anglemouth, Sigmops bathyphilus
Stomiidae - dragonfish
Large-eye snaggletooth, Borostomias antarcticus
Long-barbeled dragonfish, Grammatostomias flagellibarba
Barbeled scaleless dragonfish, Leptostomias gladiator
Boa dragonfish, Stomias boa
Threelight dragonfish, Trigonolampa miriceps
Phosichthyidae - lightfish
Rendezvous fish, Polymetme corythaeola
Parin's lightfish, Polymetme thaeocoryla
Aulopiformes - grinners
Paralepididae - barracudinas
Spotted barracudina, Arctozenus risso
Duckbill barracudina, Magnisudis atlantica
Sharpchin barracudina, Paralepis coregonoides
Pike-smelt, Sudis hyalina
Notosudidae - waryfish
Blackfin waryfish, Scopelosaurus lepidus
Alepisauridae - lancetfish
Long-snouted lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox
Bathysauridae - deep sea lizardfish
Deepsea lizardfish, Bathysaurus ferox
Myctophiformes - lanternfish
Myctophidae - lanternfish
Glacier lanternfish, Benthosema glaciale
Spothead lantern fish, Diaphus metopoclampus
White-spotted lantern fish, Diaphus rafinesquii
Chubby flashlightfish, Electrona risso
Jewel lanternfish, Lampanyctus crocodilus
Diamondcheek lanternfish, Lampanyctus intricarius
Rakery beaconlamp, Lampanyctus macdonaldi
Pygmy lanternfish, Lampanyctus pusillus
Cocco's lantern fish, Lobianchia gemellarii
Spotted lanternfish, Myctophum punctatum
Topside lampfish, Notolychnus valdiviae
Lancet fish, Notoscopelus kroyeri
Arctic telescope, Protomyctophum arcticum
Large scale lantern fish, Symbolophorus veranyi
Lampriformes - opahs and allies
Lampridae - opahs
Opah, Lampris guttatus
Regalecidae - oarfish
Oarfish, Regalecus glesne
Trachipteridae - ribbonfish
Dealfish, Trachipterus arcticus
Gadiformes - cod
Lotidae - lings
Cusk, Brosme brosme
Fivebeard rockling, Ciliata mustela
Northern rockling, Ciliata septentrionalis
Four-bearded rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius
Arctic rockling, Gaidropsarus argentatus
Bigeye rockling, Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus
Shore rockling, Gaidropsarus mediterraneus
Three-bearded rockling, Gaidropsarus vulgaris
Burbot, Lota lota
Blue ling, Molva dypterygia
Common ling, Molva molva
Spanish ling, Molva macrophthalma
Gadidae - codfishes
Silvery pout, Gadiculus argenteus
Thor's pout, Gadiculus thori
Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua
Greenland cod, Gadus ogac
Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus
Whiting, Merlangius merlangus
Blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou
Pollock, Pollachius pollachus
Saithe, Pollachius virens
Tadpole fish, Raniceps raninus
Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarcki
Pouting, Trisopterus luscus
Poor cod, Trisopterus minutus
Merlucciidae - hakes
Byrne's hake, Lyconus brachycolus
European hake, Merluccius merluccius
Phycidae - forkbeards
Greater forkbeard, Phycis blennoides
Common forkbeard, Phycis phycis
Red hake, Urophycis chuss
Macrouridae - grenadiers
Hollowsnout grenadier, Coelorinchus caelorhincus
Spearsnouted grenadier, Coelorinchus labiatus
Abyssal grenadier, Coryphaenoides armatus
Short-bearded grenadier, Coryphaenoides brevibarbis
Carapine grenadier, Coryphaenoides carapinus
Günther's grenadier, Coryphaenoides guentheri
Ghostly grenadier, Coryphaenoides leptolepis
Mediterranean grenadier, Coryphaenoides mediterraneus
Deepwater grenadier, Coryphaenoides profundicolus
Rock grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris
Glasshead grenadier, Hymenocephalus italicus
Onion-eye grenadier, Macrourus berglax
Softhead grenadier, Malacocephalus laevis
Common Atlantic grenadier, Nezumia aequalis
Whiptail grenadier, Pseudonezumia flagellicauda
Roughnose grenadier, Trachyrincus murrayi
Roughsnout grenadier, Trachyrincus scabrus
Moridae - codlings
Byrne's codling, Guttigadus latifrons
Slender codling, Halargyreus johnsonii
North Atlantic codling, Lepidion eques
Common mora, Mora moro
Lophiiformes - anglerfish
Lophiidae - goosefish
Blackbellied angler, Lophius budegassa
Monkfish, Lophius piscatorius
Ceratiidae - sea devils
Kroyer's deep-sea anglerfish, Ceratias holboelli
Himantolophidae - footballfish
Atlantic footballfish, Himantolophus groenlandicus
Oneirodidae - dreamers
Can-opener smoothdream, Chaenophryne longiceps
Oneirodes carlsbergi
Bulbous dreamer, Oneirodes eschrichtii
Batrachoidiformes - toadfish
Batrachoididae - toadfish
Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus
Ophidiiformes - pearlfish and cuskeels
Carapidae - pearlfish
Pearlfish, Echiodon drummondii
Aphyonidae - blind cuskeels
Blind cusk eel, Sciadonus galatheae
Ophidiidae - cuskeels
Barbeled snake blenny, Ophidion barbatum
Pudgy cuskeel, Spectrunculus grandis
Bythitidae - brotulas
Allen's brotula, Cataetyx alleni
Koefoed's brotula, Cataetyx laticeps
Viviparous brotula, Thalassobathia pelagica
Mugiliformes - mullet
Mugilidae - mullet
Thicklip grey mullet, Chelon labrosus
Golden grey mullet, Liza aurata
Thinlip mullet, Liza ramada
Flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus
Atheriniformes - sand smelts
Atherinidae - sand smelts
Big-scale sand smelt, Atherina boyeri
Sand smelt, Atherina presbyter
Beloniformes - garfish and allies
Belonidae - garfish
Garfish, Belone belone
Short-beaked garfish, Belone svetovidovi
Scomberesocidae - sauries
Atlantic saury, Scomberesox saurus
Exocoetidae - flyingfish
Mediterranean flyingfish, Cheilopogon heterurus
Black wing flyingfish, Hirundichthys rondeletii
Zeiformes - dories
Zeidae - true dories
John Dory, Zeus faber
Oreosomatidae - oreos
False boarfish, Neocyttus helgae
Cyprinodontiformes - toothcarps
Poeciliidae - live-bearers
Guppy, Poecilia reticulata (introduced)
Beryciformes - alfonsinos and allies
Berycidae - alfonsinos
Alfonsino, Beryx decadactylus
Diretmidae - spinyfins
Silver spinyfin, Diretmus argenteus
Trachichthyidae - slimeheads
Orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus
Silver roughy, Hoplostethus mediterraneus
Melamphaidae - ridgeheads
Crested bigscale, Poromitra crassiceps
Black headed bigscale, Poromitra nigriceps
Bean's bigscale, Scopelogadus beanii
Anoplogastridae - fangtooths
Fangtooth, Anoplogaster cornuta
Gasterosteiformes - sticklebacks and seahorses
Centriscidae - snipefish
Longspine snipefish, Macroramphosus scolopax
Fistulariidae - cornetfish
Red cornetfish, Fistularia petimba
Syngnathidae - pipefish and seahorses
Snake pipefish, Entelurus aequoreus
Long-snouted seahorse, Hippocampus guttulatus
Short-snouted seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus
Common seahorse, Hippocampus ramulosus
Worm pipefish, Nerophis lumbriciformis
Straightnose pipefish, Nerophis ophidion
Greater pipefish, Syngathus acus
Lesser pipefish, Syngnathus rostellatus
Broadnosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle
Gasterosteidae - sticklebacks
Three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus
Smoothtail nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius laevis
Nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius
Fifteen-spined stickleback, Spinachia spinachia
Tetraodontiformes - ocean sunfish and allies
Molidae - ocean sunfish
Ocean sunfish, Mola mola
Slender sunfish, Ranzania laevis
Balistidae - triggerfish
Grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus
Rough triggerfish, Canthidermis maculata
Tetraodontidae - pufferfish
Oceanic puffer, Lagocephalus lagocephalus
Blunthead puffer, Sphoeroides pachygaster
Pleuronectiformes - flatfish
Scophthalmidae - turbots
Fourspotted megrim, Lepidorhombus boscii
Megrim, Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis
Norwegian topknot, Phrynorhombus norvegicus
European turbot, Psetta maxima
Brill, Scophthalmus rhombus
Common topknot, Zeugopterus punctatus
Bloch's topknot, Zeugopterus regius
Pleuronectidae - flounders
Torbay sole, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Long rough dab, Hippoglossoides platessoides
Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Common dab, Limanda limanda
Lemon sole, Microstomus kitt
European flounder, Platichthys flesus
European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa
Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
Soleidae - true soles
Deepwater sole, Bathysolea profundicola
Solenette, Buglossidium luteum
De Brito's sole, Microchirus azevia
Bastard sole, Microchirus theophila
Thick-backed sole, Microchirus variegatus
Sand sole, Pegusa lascaris
Dover sole, Solea solea
Cynoglossidae - tonguefish
Nigerian tonguesole, Cynoglossus browni
Bothidae - scaldfish
Imperial scaldfish, Arnoglossus imperialis
Mediterranean scaldfish, Arnoglossus laterna
Thor's scaldfish, Arnoglossus thori
Scorpaeniformes - scorpionfish and allies
Agonidae - poachers
Pogge, Agonus cataphractus
Scorpaenidae - scorpionfish
Black scorpionfish, Scorpaena porcus
Red scorpionfish, Scorpaena scrofa
Cottidae - sculpins
Atlantic hook-eared sculpin, Artediellus atlanticus
European bullhead, Cottus gobio
Chabot bullhead, Cottus perifretum
Twohorn sculpin, Icelus bucornis
Father lasher, Myoxocephalus scorpius
Long-spined sea scorpion, Taurulus bubalis
Norway bullhead, Taurulus lilljeborgi
Moustache sculpin, Triglops murrayi
Psychrolutidae - fatheads
Polar sculpin, Cottunculus microps
Pallid sculpin, Cottunculus thomsonii
Cyclopteridae - lumpsuckers
Lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus
Liparidae - snailfish
Speckled snailfish, Careproctus aciculipunctatus
Merrett's snailfish, Careproctus merretti
Sea tadpole, Careproctus reinhardti
Common seasnail, Liparis liparis
Montagu's snailfish, Liparis montagui
Deep sea snailfish, Paraliparis abyssorum
Black snailfish, Paraliparis bathybius
Paraliparis bipolaris
Porcupine snailfish, Paraliparis hystrix
Sebastidae - rockfish (seaperch)
Bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus
Rose fish, Sebastes marinus
Deepwater redfish, Sebastes mentella
Norway haddock, Sebastes norvegicus
Red perch, Sebastes viviparus
Spiny scorpionfish, Trachyscorpia cristulata
Dactylopteridae - flying gurnards
Flying gurnard, Dactylopterus volitans
Peristediidae - armoured searobins
African armoured searobin, Peristedion cataphractum
Triglidae - gurnards
Red gurnard, Aspitriglia cuculus
Longfin gurnard, Chelidonichthys obscurus
Grey gurnard, Eutriglia gurnardus
Long-finned gurnard, Lepidotrigla argus
Tub gurnard, Trigla lucerna
Piper gurnard, Trigla lyra
Streaked gurnard, Trigloporus lastoviza
Gobiesociformes - clingfish
Gobiesocidae - clingfish
Small-headed clingfish, Apletodon dentatus
Two-spotted clingfish, Diplecogaster bimaculata
Connemara clingfish, Lepadogaster candolii
Shore clingfish, Lepadogaster lepadogaster
Cornish sucker, Lepadogaster purpurea
Perciformes - perchlike fishes
Bramidae - pomfrets
Atlantic pomfret, Brama brama
Atlantic fanfish, Pterycombus brama
Rough pomfret, Taractes asper
Big-scale pomfret, Taractichthys longipinnis
Stromateidae - butterfish
Silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus
Luvaridae - luvars
Luvar, Luvarus imperialis
Callanthiidae - splendid perch
Parrot seaperch, Callanthias ruber
Carangidae - jacks
Vadigo, Campogramma glaycos
Blue runner, Caranx crysos
Pilotfish, Neucrates ductor
Guinean amberjack, Seriola carpenteri
Greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili
Almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana
Derbio, Trachinotus ovatus
Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus
Atlantic horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus
Centrarchidae - freshwater sunfish
Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (introduced)
Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (introduced)
Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (introduced)
Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu (introduced)
Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (introduced)
Echeneidae - remoras
Common remora, Remora remora
Epigonidae - deepwater cardinalfish
Black cardinal fish, Epigonus telescopus
Moronidae - temperate sea bass
European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax
Spotted seabass, Dicentrarchus punctatus
Striped bass, Morone saxatilis
Mullidae - goatfish
Red mullet, Mullus barbatus
Striped mullet, Mullus surmuletus
Percidae - true perch
Ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernua
European perch, Perca fluviatilis
Walleye, Sander vitreus (introduced)
Zander, Stizostedion lucioperca (introduced)
Polyprionidae - wreckfish
Atlantic wreckfish, Polyprion americanus
Sciaenidae - drums
Meagre, Argyrosomus regius
Canary drum, Umbrina canariensis
Ombrine, Umbrina cirrosa
Sphyraenidae - barracudas (seapike)
European barracuda, Sphyraena sphyraena
Coryphaenidae - dolphinfish
Pompano dolphinfish, Coryphaena equiselis
Serranidae - groupers
Goldblotch grouper, Epinephelus costae
Dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus
Comber, Serranus cabrilla
Sparidae - seabream
Bogue, Boops boops
Common dentex, Dentex dentex
Pink dentex, Dentex gibbosus
Morocco dentex, Dentex maroccanus
White seabream, Diplodus sargus
Saddled seabream, Oblada melanura
Spanish bream, Pagellus acarne
Blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo
Pandora bream, Pagellus erythrinus
Pagre, Pagrus auriga
Blue-spotted bream, Pagrus caeruleostictus
Red porgy, Pagrus pagrus
Salema porgy, Sarpa salpa
Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata
Black sea bream, Spondyliosoma cantharus
Cepolidae - bandfish
Big-eyed red bandfish, Cepola macrophthalma
Red bandfish, Cepola rubescens
Labridae - wrasse
Scale-rayed wrasse, Acantholabrus palloni
Rock cook, Centrolabrus exoletus
Mediterranean rainbow wrasse, Coris julis
Baillon's wrasse, Crenilabrus bailloni
Goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris
Ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta
Cuckoo wrasse, Labrus mixtus
Corkwing wrasse, Symphodus melops
Cichlidae - cichlids (tilapia)
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (introduced)
Redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii (introduced)
Anarhichadidae - wolffish
Northern wolffish, Anarhichas denticulatus
Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus
Spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor
Pholidae - gunnels
Rock gunnel, Pholis gunnellus
Stichaeidae - pricklebacks
Yarrell's blenny, Chirolophis ascanii
Spotted eelpout, Leptoclinus maculatus
Snake blenny, Lumpenus lampretaeformis
Zoarcidae - eelpouts
White eelpout, Lycenchelys alba
Sar's eelpout, Lycenchelys sarsii
Greater eelpout, Lycodes esmarkii
Newfoundland eelpout, Lycodes terraenovae
Vahl's eelpout, Lycodes vahlii
Snubnose eelpout, Pachycara bulbiceps
Pachycara crassiceps
Viviparous eelpout, Zoarces viviparus
Ammodytidae - sand eels
Raitt's sand eel, Ammodytes marinus
Lesser sand eel, Ammodytes tobianus
Sand lance, Gymnammodytes cicerellus
Smooth sand eel, Gymnammodytes semisquamatus
Corbin's sand eel, Hyperoplus immaculatus
Great sandeel, Hyperoplus lanceolatus
Trachinidae - weevers
Lesser weever, Echiichthys vipera
Greater weever, Trachinus draco
Uranoscopidae - stargazers
Northern stargazer, Astroscopus guttatus
Atlantic stargazer, Astroscopus scaber
Blenniidae - typical blennies
Butterfly blenny, Blennius ocellaris
Montagu's blenny, Coryphoblennius galerita
Shanny, Lipophrys pholis
Combtooth blenny, Lipophrys trigloides
Tompot blenny, Parablennius gattorugine
Peacock blenny, Salaria pavo
Tripterygiidae - threefin blennies
Black-faced blenny, Tripterygion delaisi
Callionymidae - dragonets
Common dragonet, Callionymus lyra
Spotted dragonet, Callionymus maculatus
Reticulated dragonet, Callionymus reticulatus
Gobiidae - gobies
Transparent goby, Aphia minuta
Jeffrey's goby, Buenia jeffreysii
Crystal goby, Crystallogobius linearis
Giant goby, Gobius cobitis
Couch's goby, Gobius couchi
Red-mouthed goby, Gobius cruentatus
Steven's goby, Gobius gasteveni
Black goby, Gobius niger
Rock goby, Gobius paganellus
Spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens
Guillet's goby, Lebetus guilleti
Diminutive goby, Lebetus scorpioides
Fries's goby, Leseurigobius friesii
Lozano's goby, Pomatoschistus lozanoi
Common goby, Pomatoschistus microps
Sand goby, Potamoschistus minutus
Norway goby, Pomatoschistus norvegicus
Painted goby, Potamoschistus pictus
Leopard-spotted goby, Thorogobius ephippiatus
Gempylidae - snake mackerels
Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
Black gemfish, Nesiarchus nasutus
Oilfish, Ruvettus pretiosus
Trichiuridae - cutlassfish
Black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo
Silver scabbardfish, Lepidopus caudatus
Largehead hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus
Scombridae - mackerel and tuna
Wahoo, Acanthocybium solanderi
Bullet tuna, Auxis rochei
Frigate tuna, Auxis thazard
Little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus
Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis
Plain bonito, Orcynopsis unicolor
Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda
Atlantic chub mackerel, Scomber colias
Spanish mackerel, Scomber japonicus
Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus
Albacore, Thunnus alalunga
Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares
Bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus
Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus
Xiphiidae - swordfish
Swordfish, Xiphias gladius
Istiophoridae - billfish
Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus albicans
White marlin, Kajikia albidus
Centrolophidae - medusafish
Rudderfish, Centrolophus niger
Barrelfish, Hyperoglyphe perciformis
Cornish blackfish, Schedophilus medusaphaeus
Imperial blackfish, Schedophilus ovalis
Nomeidae - driftfish
Driftfish, Cubiceps gracilis
Man-of-war fish, Nomeus gronovii
Bluefin driftfish, Psenes pellucidus
Pomatomidae - bluefish
Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix
Caproidae - boarfish
Boarfish, Capros aper
See also
List of fish in the River Trent
References
Fauna Britannica, Stefan Buczacki
FishBase online
Fish
Great Britain
Fish
Fish
United Kindom |
4384917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20the%20Dallas%E2%80%93Fort%20Worth%20Metroplex | Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex | The Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex sits above Cretaceous-age strata ranging from ≈145-66 Ma (million years ago). These Cretaceous-aged sediments lie above the eroded Ouachita Mountains and the Fort Worth Basin, which was formed by the Ouachita Orogeny. Going from west to east in the DFW Metroplex and down towards the Gulf of Mexico, the strata get progressively younger. The Cretaceous sediments dip very gently (about 1°) to the east.
Structural and tectonic history of the DFW Metroplex
The geology of the DFW Metroplex consists of gently tilted sediments of mostly Cretaceous age, which also obscures a much older geologic record. Sediments older than Cretaceous can only be found at the surface in the extreme western part of the DFW Metroplex, in the area around Weatherford, Texas. Ancient folded mountains formed by the Ouachita orogeny existed in the eastern part of the Metroplex 300 million years ago. These ancient mountains were reduced by erosion and rifting associated with the opening of the Gulf of Mexico in the Jurassic and then were buried beneath younger Cretaceous sediments. Although the Ouachita Mountain roots are not visible in the DFW Metroplex since they are buried, they can still be recognized through boreholes and other data. In west Texas near Marathon, the mountain range appears on the surface, and is known as the Marathon Uplift. To the north of the DFW Metroplex, the roots of the mountains can be identified in SE Oklahoma as the Arbuckle mountains, heavily eroded from the original vast mountain range.
The Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian-Variscan cordillera, which stretched through central Texas, around Arkansas, up through the Appalachian Mountains and eventually into eastern Europe, occurred when the supercontinents Pangea and Laurussia collided to form Pangea in the late Paleozoic ≈300 Ma. The zone of deformation known as the Ouachitas marks a zone of weakness that was exploited when the Gulf of Mexico opened about 165 Ma, in Jurassic time.
The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Precambrian, specifically the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old, and mark the southern limit of the North American craton. These rocks are mostly buried beneath Phanerozoic sediments, but are exposed in the Llano area, where previous Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks were uplifted and exposed at the surface.
The Fort Worth Basin which lies beneath Cretaceous sediments west of Dallas formed as a foreland basin during the Ouachita orogeny. Horizontal shortening caused flexural isostasy to bend the lithosphere. The bent lithosphere to the west of the Ouachita mountains caused a bowl-shaped depression to form, known as a foreland basin, preserving the Mississippian sediments of the Barnett Shale and other Paleozoic sediments; these sediments mostly formed before the Pangeic collision. Significant deposits of hydrocarbons such as natural gas have economic importance as is seen in formations like the Barnett Shale.
Pangea started to break up during the Triassic ≈225Ma. Rifting affected regions which became the central Atlantic (between North America and Africa) and the Gulf of Mexico at about the same time. This rifting created a divergent plate margin that would play an integral role of the future geologic processes to follow. Rifting, which involves the stretching of pre-existing crust and mantle lithosphere, was initiated by the existence of sufficient horizontal deviatoric tensional stress that broke the lithosphere. Eventually rifting gave way to sea floor spreading in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico in the mid Jurassic, around ≈165 Ma. Sea floor spreading is where new oceanic lithosphere is being created by upwelling of material, unlike rifting where it only involved the stretching of the crust. Convection currents in the sub-lithospheric mantle are the driving mechanisms that caused sea floor spreading to occur. New lithosphere is made when hot material beneath ocean ridges is brought to the surface by these cells. As the new lithosphere moved horizontally away from the ridges, the new crust added to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic caused the continents of North America and South America to move apart. Seafloor spreading in the Gulf of Mexico ceased by the beginning of the Cretaceous and spreading shifted to the proto-Caribbean.
Around 110-85 Ma, there was worldwide oscillatory increases in ocean floor spreading rates. The increase in the amount of basalt being injected into the ocean caused a displacement of water from the ocean basins, which resulted in sea level rise, flooding the coasts of the Texas margin and other bordering continents around the world. The major sea level rise that took place due to an occurrence of an oscillation is known as the Cenomanian transgression, which is the most well known and last major transgression in the Cretaceous. The dispersal of extra magma warmed the water in the ocean, and was a conducive environment for calcareous-shelled organisms, which after death sank to the bottom of the ocean floor creating thick deposits of limestone. In addition to the displacement of water, an increase in injected magma raised CO₂ levels to around 2-6 times the current level. This increase along with the extra production of crust caused global temperatures to rise, which also played an integral role in the future development of different Cretaceous formations. When the sea floor spreading rates slowed around ≈85 Ma, so did the amount of basaltic material being thrown into the ocean which caused the initial water displacement. As seen around the DFW Metroplex, the Cretaceous rocks deposited during this time were directly influenced by increased sea floor spreading rates.
Depositional environment for the rocks of the DFW Metroplex
The DFW Metroplex sprawls across a wide N-S trending belt of outcropping Cretaceous sediments. Fort Worth in the west is neatly built on Early Cretaceous (Comanche Series) and Dallas in the east is built on Late Cretaceous (Gulf Series) sediments. The Cretaceous rocks of the Comanche Series were deposited over a 20 million year interval. The sediments deposited during these 20 million years are bound within a sequence boundary, and are defined by a major regression at the end. The time frame of the Comanche Series span between ≈118-98mya, and are responsible for the deposition of the Trinity, Fredsrickberg, and Washita Groups. These three Groups all lie west of the Balcones Fault Zone, and span from slightly west of Weatherford to the east side of Fort Worth. The Trinity Group is best known for the Glen Rose Formation that lies within it. The 40–200 ft thick beds of the Glen Rose formation are composed of a limestone with alternating units consisting of clay, marl, and sand. The depositional environment of the Glen Rose was a shallow marine to shoreline environment. This shoreline environment would eventually bring notoriety to the Glen Rose since it would eventually preserve dinosaur tracks. This process would occur when living terrestrial creatures would roam about and look for food near the shoreline. As they would do this, they would leave footprints and trackways that would eventually be preserved by mud depositing in and on top of the footprints. Eventually more formations would be deposited on top of the mud layers, and build essentially a 100 million year time capsule of the trace fossil. As time passed, weathering from water and wind caused the overlying sediments to erode and expose the footprints, and hence the reason why dinosaur tracks are present in the Glen Rose Dinosaur Valley State Park.
Cretaceous formations that lie from eastern Fort Worth to east of Dallas are part of the Gulfian Series. Easterly progration of the formations go from west to east which also slowly get younger in age, ranging from ≈97Ma to 66 Ma. The Gulfian Series is known for the Cenomanian-Turonian transgression which deposited the mid-Cretaceous formations in the DFW Metroplex. The Gulfian Series consists of three groups, from oldest to youngest being the Dakota, Colorado and Montana. First of the Gulfian Series is the Woodbine formation which lies in the Dakota Group, and formed in a high energy depositional environment since it is composed mostly of large rounded grain quartz sediments. Present in the Woodbine Formation is marine and terrestrial sediments and fossils, including the last known dinosaurs in this part of Texas, dating back around ≈96mya. The Woodbine ranges in thickness of 175–250 ft, and thickens northward. Terrigenous sediments that eroded from Paleozoic rocks, and weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the Ouachita Mountains in Oklahoma constitute a large part of the Woodbine.
Transgression continued to occur after the deposition of the Woodbine, and created the Colorado Group which first created the Eagle Ford Shale which lies directly beneath west Dallas. The Eagle Ford Shale had sea level depths of around ≈100m or 330 ft, and occurred around 20–50 km from the shore. The depositional environment in the lower beds was low-energy and a slightly anoxic setting. This anoxic setting of the deeper waters in the ocean is a result several factors including increased global levels, higher sea levels, increased organic productivity and decay, Milankovitch cyclicity, and restricted thermohaline currents in the Western Interior Seaway. The lower section of the Eagle Ford consists of organic-rich, pyritic, and fossiliferous marine shale's which marks the maximum flooding surface, or peak of deepest water in its deposition. The different fauna that was present in the Eagle Ford suggests the waters were calm and within the photic zone. A small member of the Eagle Ford that consists of a thin limestone unit between shales is known as the Kamp Ranch. A small regressive highstand occurred to have formed this carbonate layer towards the top of the Eagle Ford, which is known due to the high energy traits it displays such as ripple marks from storm generated waves and interbedded carbonaceous siltstones. The overall thickness of the Eagle Ford Group undivided is around 200–300 feet thick.
Sea level rose even higher in this massive transgressive event, which helped form the 300–500 ft thick Austin Chalk, around ≈89-85mya. The Austin formation consists of recrystallized, fossiliferous, interbedded chalks and marls. Exposures of Austin chalk are mainly seen in quarries, roadcuts, and stream beds where the water eroded the top soil. Austin chalk is the well known white rock that the city of Dallas sits on. Volcanic ashes are present in the Austin chalk, and were deposited by wind from distant erupting volcanoes and erupting igneous intrusions around 86 Ma. These eruptions occurred along a 250 mile long by 50 mile wide belt of submarine volcanoes, which are located in present-day south-central Texas. This belt of volcanoes coincides with the trend of the Balcones Fault zone and is known as the Balcones volcanic province. Of what consisted of these ancient volcanoes is only visible in a few places since most were buried by the Austin and Taylor Groups, and now are in the subsurface. The presence of this volcanism during deposition of the Austin Chalk is correlated with the Laramide orogeny. Sea level rose for conditions to be right for the deposition of the Austin Chalk, which also coincides with the maximum extent of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. The depths of the deposition of the Austin Chalk occurred in ≈250m or 820 ft of water. The Austin Chalk formation is filled with micro-organisms known as coccoliths, and are a product of the warm waters that were displaced from the increased sea-floor spreading at the time.
On top of the Austin Chalk are several different layers of beds known as the Taylor formation. Deposition of the Taylor beds marks the point of eustatic regression which continued until the end of the Cretaceous period. Ozan Marl is the first bed overlying the Austin chalk and can be found underneath the city of Richardson and Garland. The Ozan Marl consists of calcareous micaceous clay with increasing silt and sand towards the top. The environment that hosted the deposition of the Ozan marl was still in a relatively deep marine and low energy environment, but began to see sedimentation dominated by mud since the sea level was falling. The Ozan marl is around 500 ft thick, and marine megafossils can be found. On top of the Ozan marl is two thin beds known as the Wolfe City Sandstone and Pecan Gap Chalk. The Wolfe City Sandstone is known in the city of Rockwall, Texas for its sandstone dikes that protrude into the surface, and gives a surface expression of a wall built of rocks. The very top of the Taylor has a 300-foot section of marls known as the Marlbrook Marl.
The last beds of the Cretaceous, which are also deposited directly over the Taylor formation and found east of Dallas are the Navarro beds. Navarro beds reflect anoxic waters at the time due to the shale present, and are a result of increased volcanic activity in the south-western part of the United States. During the end of deposition of the Taylor formation, the eustatic regression had brought sea-level down to the present day shoreline of the Gulf of Mexico. This worldwide regression marks the slowing of sea-floor spreading and bounds the Gulfian Series in a sequence boundary. In the western part of the country the Laramide Orogeny that was building the Rockies Mountains started to accommodate horizontal shortening by uplift versus the previous folding and thrusting accommodation. Also during this time around 66 mya a major extinction including dinosaurs took place, and is believed to have been caused by a meteorite hitting Mexico off the Yucatan Peninsula. All of these occurrences mark the end of an important time for Texas, especially the DFW Metroplex, and brought in a new Era and Period known respectively as the Cenozoic and Paleogene.
Fossils
The oldest fossils in the DFW metroplex can be collected at Mineral Wells Fossil Park NW of Fort Worth. These fossils include well preserved Pennsylvanian marine fossils such as crinoids and brachiopods, which have been dated to 300 million years old.
Remnants of dinosaurs and Late Cretaceous marine reptiles such as Mosasaur are found. One species of mosasaur was named after the city: Dallasaurus turneri.
Dinosaur Valley State Park is located in Glen Rose Texas off 67 and 144 which is south west of Fort Worth. Dinosaur Valley State Park has some of the world's best preserved dinosaur tracks. The tracks were left by carnivorous theropods and herbivorous sauropods.
Woodbine Formation located between Dallas and Fort Worth consists of marine and terrestrial fossils such as concretions and trace fossils, including the last known dinosaurs in this part of Texas. Directly east of the Woodbine is the Eagle Ford, where fossilized shark teeth, plesiosaurs, crabs, and small marine lizards called Coniasaurus can be found. The northwest quadrant of the I-20 and 408 loop is abundant in shark teeth. Directly east of 408 on Kiest Blvd is a large section of the Eagle Ford Shale outcropping beneath the Austin Chalk, where fossilized shark teeth are often found. Directly beneath Dallas, ammonites are sometimes found, though these are rare. Shark teeth are present and primarily easy to find in condensed zones, along with clam shells (Inoceramus) which may also be found in the Austin Chalk. Although not viewable with the naked eye, Austin Chalk includes millions of coccoliths, or fossilized algae.
Trinity River
The Trinity River has been important in shaping the DFW Metroplex. Dallas was situated at the best ford, downstream from where the Elm Fork joins the main stream, where the river flows southeast over the chalk. This provided a place where travelers need only cross the river once, at a place with relatively firm landings and bottoms. This was the best place to cross the Trinity from the earliest days, best for fordings, ferries, and bridges. During the days of the Republic of Texas, the DFW Metroplex was mostly uninhabited by Europeans, but settlers began to find their way north in the 1840s. The route north naturally followed the low hills and gentle ridges of Austin chalk hills to the river ford that soon became Dallas. The future site of Dallas was selected by John Neely Bryan as the place for his trading post to overlook the ferry that he operated at the crossing.
Dallas was also affected subtly by much younger geologic formations deposited by an older, more vigorous Trinity River. The northern hemisphere Ice age occurred in Pleistocene time, when a continental ice sheet reached as far south as Kansas during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Pleistocene terraces affected the development of Dallas, providing a rich alluvial soil and a perched aquifer, very useful indeed during the early years. Downtown Dallas is built on a series of these terraces, rising subtly eastward from the Trinity river.
Water quality
The DFW Metroplex had an additional, if subtle, geologic advantage. The Trinity is not good for navigation by boats but is great for drinking. Trinity River water is better than either of the larger rivers to the north and south, the Red River and the Brazos River. The larger rivers are longer and flow over salt-bearing Permian sediments, well west of the Trinity headwaters. The Trinity is consequently sweeter water than either the larger Brazos or Red rivers. Life is better and easier near sweet water, and this simple fact helped DFW prosper relative to settlements on the larger rivers to the north and south. Because the Trinity is not suitable for navigation, the Metroplex could not have grown to be a large city until the railroad arrived, which happened early in the Metroplex's history, in the early 1870s. (See: History of Dallas, Texas (1874-1929)) The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex is thus truly a modern metropolitan area, because it could not have grown so large until mechanical transportation systems made the Trinity disadvantage in river navigation insignificant.
References
Twiss R., and E. Moores, (2007), University of California at Davis, Structural Geology, W.H. Freeman and Company, Second Edition.
Nunn J., (1990), Relaxation of Continental Lithosphere: An Explanation for Late Cretaceous Reactivation of the Sabine Uplift of Louisiana-Texas, Tectonics, v. 9, No. 2, 341–359.
McNuluty C., (1966), Nomenclature of Uppermost Eagle Ford Formation in Northeastern Texas, Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologist, v. 50, NO. 2, 375–396.
Halbouty M., and J. Halbouty, (1982), Relationships Between East Texas Field Region and Sabine Uplift in Texas, The American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, v. 66, No. 8, 1042–1054.
Brown C., and R. Pierce, (1962), Palynologic Correlations in Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group, Northeast Texas, Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologist, v. 46, No. 12, 2133–2147.
External links
A Natural History of North Central Texas
Dallas Paleontological Society
Barnett Shale
Barnett Shale Maps
Barnett Shale Oil
USGS realtime data for Texas rivers. Compare conductance data for Brazos, Trinity, and Red rivers
Video – The Mesozic Sedimentary Rocks of Dallas County
Video – The Story Behind the Rocks of Dallas-Fort Worth
Article – Geology of the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex: A Primer
Geology of Dallas
Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex |
4384977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuji%20Fujikawa | Kyuji Fujikawa | is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and the Chicago Cubs and Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Fujikawa pitched in the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics as well as the 2008 Beijing Olympics. A prototypical power pitcher, Fujikawa is said to have one of the most explosive fastballs in all of Japanese professional baseball and is one of Japan's premier relievers.
Early life and high school career
Fujikawa was born in Kōchi, Kōchi, in 1980, making him a member of the so-called Matsuzaka Generation. His name "Kyuji" literally means "baseball kid" in Japanese, and is often used as part of the phrase "Kōkō-kyuji" (高校球児) to refer to a high school baseball player. It was reportedly given to him by his father because he had thrown a no-hitter in a sandlot baseball game the day before Fujikawa was born. He began playing baseball for the Little League team "Kodakasa White Wolf", first as a shortstop, then later as a pitcher.
Fujikawa went on to Kochi Commercial High School, where he both pitched and played right field in the 79th National High School Baseball Championship in his second year (the equivalent of eleventh grade in the United States). His older brother, Junichi, was the team's starting catcher. While his team lost in the second round to Heian High School, Fujikawa clocked in the regional Kochi Tournament and had been regarded as one of the better high school prospects in the prefecture.
Professional career
Hanshin Tigers
Fujikawa was picked in the first round of the by the Hanshin Tigers, one of only four high school pitchers to be selected in the first round (along with Daisuke Matsuzaka, Nagisa Arakaki and Katsutoshi Ishidoh, though Arakaki did not end up signing that year).
Early years: 1999–2003
Fujikawa's rookie season was uneventful, his perhaps most humorous moment of 1999 occurring during Spring training when he was forced to miss part of the team's workouts to attend remedial classes at his high school because his grades had been so poor. It was a unique situation made possible by the fact that the Tigers' Spring training site, Aki, happened to be close to the city of Kochi where Fujikawa's high school was located.
Fujikawa was called up to the ichigun (Japanese equivalent of "major league") team for the first time the following year (2000), coming on in relief in the Tigers' season opener against the BayStars on March 31 in his professional debut. He saw his first start in his fourth season, 2002, taking the mound against the BayStars on July 21 but lasting just four innings (he gave up two runs). He earned his first career win on September 11, holding the Yakult Swallows to one run over eight innings, finishing the season with a 1-5 record and a 3.71 ERA. However, while the Tigers had hoped that he would blossom as a starter and used him exclusively in that role that season, his career numbers up until 2003 were largely unspectacular.
2004
Relegated to the nigun team ("minor league" or "farm team") with a shoulder injury, Fujikawa decided to take the advice of pitching coach Takashi Yamaguchi and rebuild his mechanics from scratch in May 2004. Fujikawa was called up the ichigun team in the second half of the season, eager to live up to pitching coach Kiyooki Nakanishi's expectations that he would be more effective as a middle reliever than as a starter, and appeared in 26 games, striking out 35 in 31 innings with a 2.61 ERA.
2005
The 2005 season was a breakout year in every sense for Fujikawa, who became a setup pitcher for the Tigers along with hard-throwing left-hander Jeff Williams. He, Williams and then-closer Tomoyuki Kubota formed one of the most formidable relief pitching trios in Japan, even earning themselves the nickname JFK ("Jeff", "Fujikawa", "Kubota"). He earned the Central League Most Valuable Player award for the month of June and received the most fan votes for Central League relief pitcher (excluding closers) for the NPB All-Star Game. He recorded his first career save on September 9 against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.
Fujikawa played an integral role in the Tigers' league title that year, striking out 139 in 92 innings for a 13.55 strikeout rate and holding opposing teams to a 1.36 ERA. He set a new NPB record for games pitched in a single season with 79 on September 29 against the Yomiuri Giants (Kazuhisa Inao and Tsuyoshi Kikuchihara were tied for the previous record of 78) and extending it to 80 in his last appearance of the season on October 2. (Kubota holds the current NPB record of 90, established in .) He also led the league with 46 holds, winning the Central League Most Valuable Setup Pitcher award and even garnering MVP consideration (teammate and cleanup hitter Tomoaki Kanemoto eventually won the award).
2006
In 2006, Fujikawa was named to the Japanese national team to play in the inaugural World Baseball Classic. He began the regular season as the Tigers' eighth-inning setup man, but was promoted to closer when Kubota missed playing time due to injury in June. He set a new NPB record for consecutive games pitched without allowing a run on July 5 against the BayStars with 35 (Kiyoshi Toyoda held the previous record) and set a franchise record for most consecutive scoreless innings pitched on July 11 (320-win pitcher Masaaki Koyama held the previous record of 47). His streaks stopped at 38 and 47, respectively, when he gave up a run in a game against the Carp on July 12.
Fujikawa was named to the Central League All-Star team for the second straight year, commenting before the All-Star Series that he wanted to "create a baseball world like the one you see in comic books." He came on in relief in Game 1 (held July 21) at Meiji Jingu Stadium, playfully indicating to then-Seibu Lions slugger Alex Cabrera that he would throw nothing but fastballs by showing him his grip from the mound. He then proceeded to strike out Cabrera (on four pitches, a ball followed by three swing-and-misses) as well as then-Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters first baseman Michihiro Ogasawara (after he fouled off several pitches). In Game 2, held at Sun Marine Stadium Miyazaki on July 23, he again came on in relief, striking out Orix Buffaloes slugger Kazuhiro Kiyohara swinging and causing Kiyohara to remark after the game, "I give up... he was throwing a fireball out there."
That season, the Central League had become a two-way race for the league title between the Tigers and the Chunichi Dragons by July. However, the Tigers struggled after the All-Star break, so much so that the Dragons had built up a nine-game lead in the standings by late August. The Tigers were subject to widespread criticism from their fans when they were swept by the Dragons in a head-to-head three-game series that month. Fujikawa, who had been scratched from the roster since August 12 due to a neck injury, returned to the team on August 27, taking the mound in the eighth inning against the Giants and getting the win. He shed tears in his post-game interview, saying to fans, "Please understand that we players are giving it everything we've got."
Fujikawa appeared in 63 games that year, striking out 122 in 79 innings (for a strikeout rate of 13.84) with a meagre 0.68 ERA. He led the league in holds for the second straight year with 30 despite also recording 17 saves as the closer in the latter half of the season.
2007
Fujikawa was officially appointed the team's closer for the start of the 2007 season. He was consistent throughout the season, making his third consecutive All-Star appearance (striking out two and closing the game for the Central League team in Game 1) and recorded his 100th strikeout of the season on September 7 in a game against the Giants, the first time a pitcher had ever recorded 100 strikeouts as a reliever in three consecutive seasons in Japan. During the Tigers' 10-game win streak in the second half of the season, he pitched in all 10 games, setting a Central League record for most consecutive games pitched and earning two wins and seven saves (with a 1.80 ERA) in that span. Fujikawa recorded his 46th save in the Tigers' last game of the season on October 3, tying the NPB record for saves in a single season and leading the league (along with Dragons closer Hitoki Iwase, who also recorded 46 that year) in that category for the first time. He put up a 5–5 record in 71 appearances with a 1.63 ERA, striking out 115 in 83 innings.
2008
Fujikawa continued to dominate hitters in 2008, setting a franchise record for consecutive save conversions (11) to begin the season and racking up 30 by the All-Star break. He was chosen to the Japanese national team to play in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and named one of the team's three closers (along with Iwase and then-Giants right-hander Koji Uehara). However, Fujikawa gave up the tying run after coming on in the seventh inning of the semi-finals against South Korea, failing to lead the team to a medal.
Fujikawa pitched well after returning to the Tigers despite often being called on to pitch two innings or when the game was tied. He recorded his 100th career save against the BayStars on September 25, finishing the year with an 8–1 record, 38 saves (second to only Giants closer Marc Kroon), 90 strikeouts and a career-best 0.67 ERA in 67 innings (63 appearances).
2009
Fujikawa was named to the national team to play in the World Baseball Classic in 2009, his second time playing in the tournament. However, though he did not allow a run in his four appearances in the first or second rounds, Fujikawa allowed an inordinate number of baserunners and struggled with his fastball velocity. Manager Tatsunori Hara opted to appoint Yu Darvish the closer for the semi-finals and finals instead of Fujikawa, declining to use Fujikawa at all in Japan's last two games of the tournament.
Despite this, Fujikawa found a way to contribute to the team, providing Darvish (who had no prior experience as a closer) advice regarding how a closer was to mentally and physically prepare himself prior to games. He vehemently denied reports by the media that he would no longer play for the national team because he was dissatisfied by the way he was used, saying, "I have never said anything to that effect."
Fujikawa saw limited appearances the first month of the regular season, going 1–0 with two saves and a 1.29 ERA but pitching in only five games in all of April (the Tigers played few games in which they held a small lead in the late innings). He gave up a game-winning home run to 20-year-old shortstop Hayato Sakamoto in a game against the Giants on May 2, incurring his first loss of the year. The Tigers suffered another blow when Fujikawa reported pain in his right elbow and had to be removed from the active roster the following day. Though he returned to the ichigun team on May 13, he was charged with his second loss of the young season when he gave up a game-winning RBI double to Carp first baseman Kenta Kurihara that very day.
Chicago Cubs
On December 2, 2012, Fujikawa agreed to terms on a two-year contract with a vesting option for a third year with the Chicago Cubs.
On April 1, 2013, Fujikawa made his MLB debut. He struggled early on in the season, allowing six earned runs in 6.1 innings pitched. This led to him spending time on the disabled list due to an arm injury. He returned to the Cubs roster on May 10, but on May 27, Fujikawa suffered an elbow injury in the 9th inning in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. An MRI revealed that there was a ruptured UCL in his right elbow, knocking Fujikawa out for the season. He underwent Tommy John surgery on June 11, and missed the start of the 2014 season. Fujikawa made his season debut in August 2014, he made 15 appearances for the Cubs in 2014. His 2015 club option was declined by the Cubs on October 30, 2014.
Texas Rangers
On December 12, 2014, Fujikawa agreed to a one-year deal with the Texas Rangers. He was released on May 22, 2015.
Kochi Fighting Dogs
After being released by the Texas Rangers, Fujikawa's former NPB team the Hanshin Tigers reached out to Fujikawa about a reunion. However he instead chose to pitch for his hometown team, the Kochi Fighting Dogs of the Shikoku Island League.
Return to Hanshin Tigers
On November 14, 2015, Fujikawa agreed to a two-year, 300-million-yen deal to return to the Hanshin Tigers.
On August 31, 2020, Fujikawa announced he would retire at the conclusion of the 2020 season, and next day, he held press conference. He pitched a scoreless inning in his final game on November 10, 2020.
Pitching style
Listed at 6 ft 0 in and 190 lb, Fujikawa is a slender right-handed pitcher with a conventional overhand delivery. He hesitates momentarily after raising his left leg and loading his hips, a trait seen in many Japanese pitchers.
Though he has come to use his respectable repertoire of offspeed pitches more often in recent years, he is best known for his four-seam fastball.
Fastball
Fujikawa's fastball, which usually clocks but tops out at , is often described in Japan using the term "Hi no tama sutorēto" (火の玉ストレート), which literally means "Fireball fastball" but can be loosely translated to "Four-seam fireball". His fastball velocity is down a bit from his peak years, but he will still sit 91-93 mph and touch 95-96 mph on occasion.
While there are other pitchers in both Japanese professional baseball (Kroon, Kubota) and the major leagues that throw harder than Fujikawa on a consistent basis in terms of absolute velocity, Fujikawa's fastball is most notable for the late life at the end of its trajectory (akin to that of Philadelphia Phillies closer Jonathan Papelbon) that makes it appear to "hop" in front of hitters and seem faster than radar gun readings would suggest. That hitters are frequently seen swinging and missing high fastballs by a distance of two to three balls even when they clearly end up caught out of the strike zone is a testament to how much the pitch appears to "jump" at them in front of the plate.
On March 23, 2008, following an exhibition game between the Tigers and the Oakland Athletics held at Tokyo Dome in which he struck out swinging against Fujikawa, then Oakland Athletics outfielder Jeff Fiorentino commented that Fujikawa's fastball was similar in nature to the fastball of (then-teammate) Rich Harden.
Scientific studies
On November 23, 2006, major Japanese television network TV Asahi aired a short documentary on Fujikawa's fastball as part of a series on professional baseball on its popular news program "Hōdō Station" (報道ステーション). Through the use of specialized high speed cameras, it found that while the average four-seam fastball spins 37 times per second during its trajectory to the plate, Fujikawa's fastball spun 45 times per second (2700 rpm), more than either Daisuke Matsuzaka's (37) or Marc Kroon's (41). Moreover, they also found that while the spin axis of the average four-seam fastball is tilted approximately 30 degrees relative to its direction (trajectory) to the plate, the spin axis of Fujikawa's was only five degrees (Matsuzaka's and Kroon's were 10).
According to the principles of the Magnus effect, the faster an object spins and the less it is tilted about its vertical axis, the more lift it will create, causing the ball to travel in a trajectory more closely modeling a straight line than a typical fastball would. The program hypothesized that Fujikawa's fastball, if thrown from an identical release point at exactly the same target, would cross home plate a full higher than the average fastball. They concluded that was one possible explanation for why hitters felt Fujikawa's fastball appeared to "rise" as it approached the plate.
Secondary pitches
In addition to the fastball, Fujikawa also throws an effective forkball as well as a curveball, relying primarily on these two pitches to keep batters off-balance. (He also has a cutter and a changeup that he rarely uses in game situations.) While the overwhelming majority of Fujikawa's pitches were fastballs when he first made a name for himself as a reliever in 2004 to 2006, often going entire innings without throwing a single offspeed pitch, he has since incorporated a larger share of forkballs and curveballs to reduce fatigue and possible injury over time.
Entrance music
It has become customary for "every little thing every precious thing", a song by a Japanese rock band Lindberg, to be played over the public address system when Fujikawa enters home games (including interleague) at Koshien Stadium or Kyocera Dome Osaka. Many Tigers fans can be seen waving their megaphones and thundersticks to the beat of the music and singing along as the song is played. Fujikawa has said that the song has had special meaning for him and his wife since before they got married.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Japan
References
External links
Career statistics - NPB.jp
1980 births
Living people
Arizona League Cubs players
Baseball people from Kōchi Prefecture
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Chicago Cubs players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Hanshin Tigers players
Iowa Cubs players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Kane County Cougars players
Kōchi Fighting Dogs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
National baseball team players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Olympic baseball players for Japan
People from Kōchi, Kōchi
Round Rock Express players
Tennessee Smokies players
Texas Rangers players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players |
4385101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a%20Glogovac | Nebojša Glogovac | Nebojša "Glogi" Glogovac (; 30 August 19699 February 2018) was an award-winning Serbian actor, notable for performances in theater, television and film.
He was a member of the Children's Drama Group of the Serbian Radio and television, and he began his acting career at the Youth Atelier in Pančevo. In 1996, he received a scholarship from the Yugoslav Drama Theater and a role in the play The Great Robbery, directed by Dejan Mijač on the stage of Atelje 212. When he was a child, he appeared in the television show Price iz Nepricave (Stories from Nepricava) in 1981. He had his first film role in 1993 in the short film Rekvijem za jedan san (Requiem for a Dream) in the lead role, and after that the same year in the play Paradise by Petar Zec, where he was also one of the main actors. After drawing attention to his talent, he landed a role in director Gorčin Stojanović's film, Premeditated murder in 1995.
He played the main roles in the films Premeditated murder, Cabaret Balkan, Sky Hook, When I Grow Up, I'll Be a Kangaroo, Klopka, Hadersfild, The Woman with a Broken Nose, The Man Who Defended Gavrilo Princip, Circles,
Ravna Gora and the Constitution. He has been awarded many times for his roles in theater and film, and the Sterija Award, Emperor Constantine in Niš and the Golden Arena in Pula for the best male role stand out.
He died after a short and severe illness, at the Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia in Belgrade, on 9 February 2018.
Biography
Nebojša Glogovac was born on 30 August 1969 in Trebinje in FR Bosnia and Herzegovina to father Milovan and mother Milena Glogovac, and he proudly pointed out that he is Herzegovinian. He moved with his family from Trebinje to Opovo in 1974, and a year and a half later to Pančevo, where Nebojsa's father was ordained a priest in the Church of the Assumption.
Nebojsa spent his first years living in Trebinje in a part of the city called Bregovi. He spent his early childhood playing with children in the yard near the Bey's house. As a child, he wanted to become a policeman, because of the policeman Jovan Bulj, who was his first idol.
During his education at the Jovan Jovanović Zmaj primary school, he also attended the Jovan Bandur Music school, clarinet department. After finishing primary school, he did not have enough qualification points to enter secondary school, so he enrolled in the "Technical School May 23rd" and after half a year he transferred to secondary school. He attended the Uroš Predić Gymnasium in Pancevo, and after the third year he decided to study natural sciences.
After high school he enrolled in psychology studies at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. After two years of studies, he changed his mind and in 1990 he enrolled in acting at the Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts in the class of Professor Vladimir Jevtović. Gorica Popović was the assistant at the entrance exam for the university and Glogovac recited the song "Vragolije" by Branko Radićević. Nataša Ninković, Nela Mihailović, Daniela Kuzmanović, Danijela Ugrenović, Karolina Cimeša, Vojin Ćetković, Sergej Trifunović and Boris Pingović studied together with Glogovac. Class assistants were Varja Đukić and Gordana Marić. During his studies, he played the role of school friend of Slobodan Popadić in the series Bolji život (1987).
While attending high school from 1985 and while studying at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, Glogovac was a member of the Youth Studio in Pančevo, and remained there until 1990, when he enrolled in the Faculty of Dramatic Arts at the persuasion of Milenko Zablaćanski and soon after he became a member of the Yugoslavian Drama Theater. He had his first role "Mušica" in December 1989, and the play was directed by Milenko Zablaćanski, written by Eugène Ionesco. Glogovac played his first professional role in the Pančevo Cultural Center in 1990 in the play Živela sloboda, where he played the role of a German.
When he was twelve years old he became a member of the Children's Drama Group of the Radio Belgrade studio, with , where he stayed for a full six years and played in several plays. In 1981. he first appeared on television, where he had a small role in television series Priče iz Nepričave.
In addition to acting he was a passionate lover of horseback riding, dogs, backgammon, cars and motorcycles, he loved cooking, and in his childhood he practiced handball. He loved to draw, and from his student days until his death he wrote poetry. He was a member of the Association for Galloping Sport of Serbia and the Association of Dramatic Artists of Serbia. He supported Crvena zvezda and was a candidate for a member The assembly of FC Crvena zvezda in the first direct elections 2012. year. Together with his colleague Goran Šušljik he founded the film production company -{Eye to Eye}- whose debut was the movie Hadersfild.
Glogovac was the official promoter of the derby match of the 8th round of the Serbian Super League playoffs in handball between Partizan and Crvena Zvezda, which was played in March 2014, and was of a humanitarian nature, to help those threatened by floods in Serbia in 2014.
In Belgrade he lived on Gundulićev venac, briefly on Bežanijska Kosa, and then on Dorćol.
In addition to acting he taught acting at Theater 78, at the "First Steps" acting school in Belgrade and at the "Mask" acting school.
He acted in a large number of humanitarian plays for children, donated money for the restoration of churches and monasteries, and repeatedly helped his colleagues from the acting stage financially. In 2009, he appeared in a commercial, as part of a campaign promoting the fight against breast cancer. The following year, he cut a lock of his hair as a sign of support for children suffering from cancer and their parents, as part of the Strand of Hope campaign. He participated in the charity campaign WannaGive – Because someone else's happiness is my happiness, organized by UNICEF and Wannabe magazine. He was one of the participants in the "Cherish Serbian language" campaign.
Glogovac's stories about the relationship between man and dog are represented in the books Paw in the Hand and Shine in the Eyes. It is represented in the 2018 books Untold Stories by Croatian director Rajko Grlić and Ne damo svetinje by Serbian poet Slavko Perošević.
Glogovic's role models were the Soviet and Russian actor Innokenty Smoktunovsky and the Serbian actor Milenko Zablaćanski. He repeatedly refused roles in foreign films, those he considered propaganda against the Serbian people, including a role in the film In the Land of Blood and Honey. He also emphasized that he is not interested in a career abroad, where he would play Slovenian pimps and criminals, as well as because he has an established status as an actor in Serbia.
Family
Glogovac originates from Dramiševo, and his family hails from Kosovo and Metohija. They got their surname from the settlement of Glogovac. In the middle of the 19th century, his family migrated to Herzegovina via Montenegro. His ancestors settled in Bratač and Dramiševo, and they all celebrate St. George's Day.
He was born into the family of Priest Milovan from Dramiševo and seamstress Milena Glogovac (née Samardžija) from Nevesinje. After completing primary school, his father entered the "Sveti Sava" seminary in Belgrade in 1962. In 1968, he married Milena, Nebojša's mother. He had a younger sister, Bojana, who is eight years younger and works as a psychologist. During his early childhood, he spent time in the family house of his grandfather Gavrilo and grandmother Darinka in the mountain village of Dramiševo, not far from Nevesinje. Neboja's grandfather Gavrilo was a Chetnik and served ten years in prison in Foča because he chose not to join the partisans and, along with other locals, drove the partisan unit out of the village of Dramiševo.
From 1997 until 2014, Nebojša was married to Mina Glogovac, a painter and assistant professor in the subject of Painting Techniques at the Faculty of Applied Arts in Belgrade. Mina and Nebojša met at the Zvezda nightclub in Belgrade and got married on August 30, 1997, which also happened to be his 28th birthday. He has two children from his marriage with her — Gavrilo, born in 1999, and Miloš, born in 2001. Both of them attended the Fifth Belgrade High School, and in 2020, Miloš entered the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, majoring in film and TV directing.
Two years after the divorce, Glogovac had a third child, a daughter named Sunčica, with his wife Milica Šćepanović, a yoga instructor, and former journalist. They lived in Dorćol. He met Šćepanović after the premiere of the film "Hadersfild," when she, as a journalist, approached him for an interview. Vojin Ćetković is his married godfather and the godfather of his children from his marriage with Mina Glogovac.
Acting career
1987-2000
He started his acting career at the Youth Studio in Pančevo, where he was a member from 1985 until 1990.
In his second year at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, he got a role in the play "The Great Robbery," directed by Dejan Mijač, on the stage of the Atelje 212 theater, which premiered on August 9, 1992. He made his debut at the Yugoslav Drama Theatre in the play "False Emperor Šćepan Mali," in the role of Niko Đurov, on July 24, 1993. This was followed by roles in "Troilus and Cressida," "Cousins from the Best Days," "Parabellum," and many others. Soon after that, he became a scholarship holder in 1996 and a permanent member of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre.
He achieved his first serious television role in 1987 when he appeared in several episodes of the series "Bolji život," where he had a small role as a school friend of Slobodan Popadić. Glogovac appeared on film for the first time in 1993 in the main role of the short film "Requiem for a Dream," directed by Miloj Popović. In the drama "Raj (Heaven)" directed by Petar Zec, which premiered in 1993, he was one of the main actors, in the role of Birimić, a friend of Miloš Crnjanski, played by Tihomir Stanić.
He had a notable role in the play "Dark Night," which premiered in 1993 at the Kult Theater, experienced three hundred performances, became one of the most commercial plays, and was played on tours in the United States and Canada.
In 1994, he got the role of Fadil, a JNA soldier, in Boro Drašković's war drama "Vukovar, jedna priča"
After drawing attention to his talent, he got a role in the film directed by Gorčin Stojanović, "Premeditated Murder" (1995), in which he played the character of Bogdan, wounded in the Bosnian War, who is impatiently waiting for his recovery to return. For this role, he won the award for the best male role, Emperor Constantine, at the Niš Film Festival.
In 1996, he received the Ardalion Award for the role of Vladimir in the play "U potpalublju". He also played a significant role in his career in 1997 in the action drama "Rage", directed by Slobodan Skerlić. In this film, Glogovac got the role of Simke, a young criminal. This was followed by a role in the TV movie "Pokondirena tikva" in 1997, directed by Petar Zec, where Glogovac played the character of Jovan. In 1998, he starred in the TV series "Family Treasure" (1998-2002) in the role of Zlatko Gavrilović, after which he gained great popularity.
On the stage of the Zvezdara Teatar, he played Milan Srećković in the Serbian drama on March 5, 1994. A young man in the theatre piece "Parabellum" by Srđan Koljević premiered on February 18, 1998, and many other roles.
In the short film "Hotel Belgrade" from 1998, he played the character of Igor, and after that, he played in the film "Bure baruta", directed by Goran Paskaljević. In the same year, he played one of the main roles in the movie "Savior," where he portrayed Vera's brother, a raped Serbian woman who spent the war in a prison camp. This was followed by the role of the main character, Marko, in the film "Ranjena zemlja," which takes place in a Belgrade shelter during the NATO bombing of the FRY.
In 2000, he played in the movie "Nebeska udica," where he portrayed the character of Kaya, a young and promising basketball player. At the film festival in Berlin, where the film "Nebeska udica" participated in the main program, critics praised Glogovac's acting, compared him to George Clooney, and called him the Slavic Tom Hanks.
Based on a months-long survey, the daily newspaper Večernje Novosti compiled a list of the best actors and actresses in Serbia in 2000, and Glogovac took the 50th place.
2001-2010
At the beginning of 2001, Glogovac got a role in the movie "Munje!", where he played the role of a corrupt police officer who is prone to soft drugs. In the same year, he played Toma, an ambulance driver, in the movie "Normal People". The following year, he starred in the films "Class of 2002" as Nebojša, the horror film "T.T. Syndrome," where he portrayed the role of Vaki, and in the film "Country of the Dead," directed by Živojin Pavlović and Dinko Tucaković, where Glogovac portrayed the character of Gorazd Kranjac.
At the 38th Film Meetings in Niš in 2003, he was part of the festival jury together with Vojin Ćetković.
In 2004, in the role of the taxi driver Živco, he starred in the film by Radivoj Andrić "When I Grow Up, I'll Be a Kangaroo," a film that won the Motovun Propeller Award at the Motovun Film Festival in the competition "From A to A" (the award for the best film in the region from Austria to Albania) and the Award for the best screenplay at the Film Screenplay Festival in Vrnjačka Banja in 2004. In the following years, he starred in the TV series "Lift" (2002) as officer Prvoslav Gajin and in the series "Basketball Players," where he played the role of coach Žare.
In 2005, he starred in the short film "Wedding" in the role of a mother-in-law, and in 2006, he portrayed doctor Milo Petrović in the film "The Optimists," directed by Goran Paskaljević.
In the crime thriller "Klopka" (2007), Glogovac got the main role as Mladen, a construction engineer who tries in every way to earn money to cure his seriously ill son. The movie is from 2007. In 2008, Klopka received the award for the best screenplay at the Film Screenplay Festival, awards at the festivals in Minsk, Milan, and Liege, and Glogovac received an award for the best male role in the film. In the film drama "Hadersfild," he played the role of Ivan, a former Judoist who went through a series of psychotic episodes and treatment in mental institutions before finally being baptized in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In addition to having one of the main roles in this film, Glogovac was also the film's producer. For this role, he received the "Sloboda" Statuette for the best male role at the Film Festival in Sopot and the "Naisa" Grand Prix, the audience award in Niš, in 2007. For the role of Ivan in the theater play "Hadersfild," which was performed throughout Serbia, in the United States and Canada, Glogovac received the Grand Prix for the best male role in Brčko, the Miloš Žutić Award from the Association of Fine Artists of Serbia, the "David Štrbac" Statuette in Banja Luka, and the Zoran Radmilović Award, the best actor of the Festival for the role of Ivan, in Zaječar.
In 2008, he appeared in the popular TV series "Vratiće se rode" in four episodes, in the role of Bora and Pera's father, and a few months later in the series "My Uncle," as an uncle in 13 episodes. The same year, he also starred in the series "Moj rođak sa sela" in the role of father Milutin, in 15 episodes, as well as in the documentary-feature film by Zdravko Šotra, Principality of Serbia, in the role of Prince Mihailo Obrenović.
In the first Serbian feature-length animated film Technotise: Edit & I, Glogovac lent his voice to the character Eddie. In 2009, he played Boro in the Croatian film "Kenjac," and in 2010, he got the main role in the film "The Woman with a Broken Nose," where he portrayed the character of Gavrilo Bukola, a refugee from Bosnia and Herzegovina who works as a taxi driver in Belgrade. For this role, Glogovac received the award for the best male role at the Cinema City Film Festival in Novi Sad on June 10, 2010 as well as in 2017, he won the main festival prize Grand Prize "Naisa" at the Festival of Actors' Achievements in Film Encounters in Niš. After a series of film and theater roles, Glogovac played policeman Dane in 2010 in the black comedy "72 Days," filmed in a Croatian-Serbian co-production, and then in the film "White White World" (2010) in the role of Zlatan. In the period from 2010 to 2011, he starred in the Bosnian comedy TV series "Lud, zbunjen, normalan" in the role of Grdob. At the end of 2010, he appeared in one episode of the Croatian comedy series "Instructor" as a taxi driver.
Death
After a short but severe battle with lung cancer, Glogovac died at the age of 48, on 9 February 2018, in Belgrade's Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia. He is survived by his second wife and three children.
Selected filmography
Bolji život (1987, TV Series) .... Boba's schoolmate
Raj (a.k.a. Heaven) (International: English title) (1993, TV Movie) – Birimić
Vukovar poste restante (a.k.a. Vukovar) (1994) .... Fadil
Ubistvo s predumišljajem (a.k.a. Premeditated Murder, USA) (1995) .... Bogdan Bilogorac
Do koske (a.k.a. Rage) (1996) .... Simke
Pokondirena tikva (1997, TV Movie) .... Jovan
Porodično blago (1998, TV Series) .... Zlatko Gavrilović
Savior (1998) .... Vera's Brother
Bure baruta (a.k.a. Baril de poudre (France)) (a.k.a. Cabaret Balkan (United States)) (a.k.a. The Powder Keg) (1999) .... The Chain-Smoking Taxi Driver
Hotel Belgrad (1999, Short) .... Igor
Ranjena zemlja (1999) .... Marko
Nebeska udica (a.k.a. Sky Hook (International: English title) (2000) .... Kaja
Normalni ljudi (2001) .... Toma
Munje! (a.k.a. Dudes (International: English title: festival title)) (a.k.a. Thunderbirds (International: English title: festival title)) (2001) .... Pandur
Boomerang (2001) .... Miki
T.T. Sindrom (2002) (a.k.a. T.T. Syndrome (Europe: English title)' .... Vaki
Porodično blago 2 (2001, TV Series) .... Zlatko Gavrilović
Država mrtvih (a.k.a. Janez) (2002) .... Gorazd Kranjc
Kad porastem biću Kengur (2004) .... Žika Živac, taksista
Lift (2004, TV Series) .... Prvoslav Gajin, oficir
Košarkaši (2005, TV Series) .... Žare
Poroka (2005) .... Tašta
Tomorrow Morning (2006) .... Mare
The Optimists (2006) .... Dr Milo Petrović
Klopka (2007) .... Mladen
Hadersfild (a.k.a. Huddersfield) (2007) .... Ivan, the neighbour
Technotise: Edit & I (2009) .... Edi (voice)
Kenjac (2009) .... Boro
Zena sa slomljenim nosem (2010) .... Čamango
72 Days (2010) .... Policajac Dane
White White World (2010) .... Zlatan
When Day Breaks (2012) .... Mališa
Artiljero (2012) .... Zlaja
Circles (2013) .... Nebojša
S/Kidanje (2013) .... Bojan
The Kids from the Marx and Engels Street (2014) .... Tata
Jednaki (2014) .... (segment "Milan")
The Man Who Defended Gavrilo Princip (2014) .... Leo Pfefer
Enklava (2015) .... Vojislav Arsić
Za kralja i otadžbinu (2015) .... Dragoljub Mihailović
Otadžbina (2015) .... Bole / banquet hall owner
The Liberation of Skopje (2016) .... Dušan
The Constitution (2016) .... Vjeko Kralj
Saga o 3 nevina muskarca (2017) .... Damjanov stric
The Books of Knjige: Slucajevi Pravde (2017) .... Bledi Globičic Prokopnik
Nemanjići – rađanje kraljevine (2017, TV Series) .... Vukan Nemanjić
South Wind (2018) .... Golub
Zaspanka za vojnike (2019) .... Seljak
Moj jutarnji smeh (2019) .... Miloš
References
Bibliography
External links
(VIDEO) Šekspirovi monolozi: on Nedeljnik.rs
1969 births
2018 deaths
Serbian male television actors
Serbian male voice actors
People from Trebinje
Serbian male film actors
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Golden Arena winners
Zoran Radmilović Award winners
Miloš Žutić Award winners
Laureates of the Ring of Dobrica |
4385123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATL%20%28film%29 | ATL (film) | ATL is a 2006 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film, and the feature film directorial debut of music video director Chris Robinson. The screenplay was written by Tina Gordon Chism from an original story by Antwone Fisher, and is loosely based on the experiences of the film's producers Dallas Austin and Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins growing up in Atlanta, Georgia (ATL). The film is a coming-of-age tale concerning Rashad, played by Atlanta native and hip hop artist T.I. (credited as Tip Harris) in his film debut, and his friends in their final year in high school and on the verge of adulthood. The film also stars Antwan Andre Patton, more commonly known as Big Boi of the hip hop group OutKast, Evan Ross, Jackie Long, Jason Weaver, Lauren London, and Mykelti Williamson.
ATL was the first feature film for its director and the majority of its cast. Filmed in Atlanta, Georgia in summer 2005, many celebrities from the city make cameo appearances, including Bone Crusher, Jazze Pha, Killer Mike, and Monica. ATL received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances and soundtrack, but criticized the direction and formulaic script. It has since become a cult film among the rap community.
Plot
Rashad Swann is a teen living in Mechanicsville, Atlanta, Georgia with his Uncle George, and his little brother, Ant. He and his brother were raised by George since their parents died in a car accident, and they work with him as part of his custodial company. When not working or finishing his last semester of high school, Rashad spends most of his time with his friends.
Rashad is a talented artist but does not see much of a future in that field as he has become accustomed to working the family business, cleaning offices and building spaces. Benjamin “Esquire” Gordon, Rashad's best friend, goes to Mount Paran Academy, a private school on the opposite side of town from where they live, and has dreams of attending Brinton University, an Ivy League college after senior year. However, he finds out that he will need a letter of recommendation from someone of high stature to better his chances of acceptance at said school.
Unlike Esquire, Rashad attends Mechanicsville High School, on the opposite side of the city. Along with his other two friends, one being Teddy, who is 21 years old and has yet to graduate, and the other being Brooklyn, who's from New York, and always has to constantly remind the group of where he's from. Rashad's younger brother Ant, also attends, Rashad tries his best to keep the promise he made to his parents which was to keep his little brother on the right path, but he usually fails because of Ant's hard-headed nature. Rashad and his friends are a month away from graduating high school and they're all at the same point in their lives, pondering on what's the next step.
While hanging with his friends at a Waffle House, Rashad encounters the mysterious New New along with her friends Veda & Star, twins who have a knack for stealing clothes from the mall. Rashad inquires about what school New New attends since she's only around when the group is hanging out. Rashad and his friends are also a skate crew called “The Ones” at Cascade, a skating rink which they attend every Sunday Night, they're on a quest to win Skate Wars, a skating competition that could secure them bragging rights for the remainder of the Summer. As Brooklyn quits another job, the group goes to the local community swimming pool, and are informed by New New that Big Booty Judy is throwing a party to celebrate their upcoming graduation from High School. While at the pool Ant encounters Marcus’ cousin Austin, who quit school to sell drugs for his cousin, he then introduces Ant to Marcus.
At the graduation party, Rashad and New New make their moves on each other, and after a misstep with Rashad's ex Tonya, they state their attractions toward one another. As Veda & Star get caught by their mother Gayle for stealing clothes at the mall, New New would have to leave the party prematurely as they all come together, but Rashad offers to give her a ride home. As he gives her a ride home in his Chevrolet El Camino they kiss each other. Esquire has since developed a disliking for Rashad's new love interest, considering her and the twins bad company.
Ant becomes more and more involved with Marcus and begins to sell for him. Rashad tries to talk sense into Ant after he skips his history class by showing him the money he's been saving up ever since their parents passing, so Ant can get out of Mechanicsville and have a shot at attending college when he graduates High School. At school, Ant meets up with Jay who inquires about the drugs that Ant is selling, but the youth lies and says he doesn't sell. Ant then informs his friends that he knows Jay is a narc. As Ant is having sex with Tondie in the backseat of a car, he sees Austin getting beat up by Marcus as he was short on some drug money.
At work one day, Esquire meets John Garnett, a millionaire. During a game of golf, the two get to know each other and become friends, with Esquire seeing an opportunity to obtain the letter of recommendation that he so desperately needs. When Esquire goes to Garnett's house to have dinner and receive the letter, he meets his daughter Erin, who turns out to be New-New. Esquire wants to tell Rashad about Erin but is conflicted when Erin says that she will reveal to her father where Esquire is really from, as he lied to Garnett about it while they were playing golf.
Ant becomes reckless and eventually ends up selling drugs to Jay, who tips off the police. Ant is then arrested after the police raid his locker. Marcus bails him out of jail and tells him he will have to put in some overtime to recoup the money and drugs the police took. Ant and Rashad have a fight after the former's arrest and are broken up by Uncle George, who then ends up arguing with Rashad after suggesting that maybe him selling drugs might not be a bad thing.
During what seems to be a normal Sunday night at the skating rink, Erin's lies suddenly catch up with her as her father shows up at Cascade and takes her back home. The next day she drives to Rashad's house to try to explain herself and apologize but Rashad doesn't want to hear anything she has to say, effectively breaking up with her. Feeling betrayed, he then alienates his friends after realizing that Esquire knew about Erin after realizing she was driving the same car sitting in the driveway of John Garnett's house. Esquire, feeling guilty about the way he obtained the letter, decides to return it to Garnett, and reveals the truth about himself much to the chagrin of Garnett. On the Last Sunday Night, Esquire attempts to make peace with Rashad and he, along with the rest of their friends, pleads with him to attend Skate Wars.
Rashad initially refuses the offer, but changes his mind after speaking to Uncle George. Before he can attend he gets a call from Marcus who is looking for Ant, as he failed to check in after he was robbed of the money he was supposed to use to pay off his debt after his arrest. Marcus corners Ant and is about to shoot him but Rashad tracks the two down and after a confrontation Ant is shot in the neck. At the hospital, Rashad and Ant reconnect. Rashad and his friends make peace as well, each going on to succeed in their endeavors.
Teddy finally graduated from High School and opened up his own gold teeth shop called “Gangsta Grillz.” Brooklyn was finally able to secure a long-term job. After a change of heart from John Garnett, Esquire received a “mysterious” Letter of Recommendation to attend Brinton University, the Ivy League school of his dreams. Veda & Star still remained at the skating rink causing trouble every Sunday night. Uncle George let go of the dating sites, went to church, and found a girlfriend. New New was finally able to convince her parents to let her attend Spelman College with Rashad glad she'd still be close to him. After his ordeal with Marcus, Ant finally stopped trying to become a drug dealer and got himself together in school, becoming an honors student. Rashad was able to take his artistic talents and draw for the comics section of the newspaper, realizing his father's prediction of when he'd finally put his skates down.
Cast
T.I. as Rashad Swann, the narrator of the story and director Richard Slade. Chris Robinson had directed Harris' first music video four years prior to the creation of ATL, and was very impressed by his charisma and presence. "But on this film he came to the table, worked so hard and never tried to be T.I.—he became Rashad." On being a part of the film's production, Harris said he felt "it was the most honest representation of my culture and my city ever to be put on screen and the largest production to be ever filmed in Atlanta, so I [feel] somewhat obligated."
Evan Ross as Anton "Ant" Swann, Rashad's younger brother. ATL marks Ross' film debut, which he says actually made his first foray easier, since it was also co-star T.I.'s debut. "It's his first movie too, and that has been good because we’ve been able to find ways of doing it together that has made it a lot easier for each of us."
Lauren London as Erin “New New” Garnett, Rashad's love interest and John Garnett's daughter. The character of New-New was loosely based on R&B group TLC's "T-Boz as a kid," said London. "I talked to her about my character... she explained to me how it was when she was young—the attitude and the flavor. And it's funny, a lot of people say that I act like she used to act at the skating rink.” Director Robinson was impressed by London and "everything from her look, to the fact that she's new. And there's just so much truth in her, and she doesn't know how to lie yet as an actress. It was perfect."
Jackie Long as Benjamin "Esquire" Gordon, Rashad's childhood best friend. The character of Esquire was inspired by a friend of producer Austin's, who worked at a country club but would tell his friends he worked at a hot dog joint. "And you'd think his family had money, but he lived in the projects." Long auditioned a year prior to shooting the film at the director's home in California. "And he was a long shot but he came in and he became that character," said Robinson.
Jason Weaver as Teddy, a close friend of Rashad's. Weaver impressed producer Austin in his previous film Drumline enough to get a role in ATL. The director felt that Weaver, the veteran of the young cast, and his experience would be helpful to the other cast members.
Albert Daniels as Brooklyn Bridges, a New York transplant and another one of Rashad's friends. Robinson had known Daniels since he was a fifteen-year-old production assistant on his music video shoots in New York. "He was an annoying little kid who got fired every time he was a P.A. because he was so inquisitive. But every time they fired him I'd bring him back because I felt like he always had something." Eight years later, Robinson ran into Daniels at a poetry reading in New York City, and told him to audition for the film. Daniels didn't have any money to get to Atlanta where he had to audition, so he hustled money doing poetry in subways, and bought a bus ticket to get there.
Big Boi as Marcus, the drug dealer Ant begins to work for. He serves as the antagonist of the film, as he plans to lure Ant from Rashad for his own profit. The film also marked Big Boi's film debut. As said by director Robinson in reference to Big Boi's performance, "he wasn't the normal kind of a bad guy. He put so much charisma and flavor behind it. We loved it."
Keith David as John Garnett, Erin's father and Esquire's acquaintance. He is unaware of the fact that Esquire is lying about who he really is.
Mykelti Williamson as “Uncle” George Swann, Rashad and Ant's uncle and guardian. George means well but he is very stingy with his snacks so he keeps them locked up in his room or labels them "Property of George". When Rashad and Ant fall out about Ant's drug dealing, George says things to Rashad he doesn't mean but they later make up.
April Clark as Tondie, Ant's girlfriend. At first, she was rude to Ant when he would try to talk to her. After he begins to become more popular, she begins to develop a crush on him and asks him to be her boyfriend.
Khadijah Haqq as Veda, New New's friend and Star's twin sister.
Malika Haqq as Star, New New's friend and Veda's twin sister.
Lonette McKee as Priscilla Garnett, Erin's mother and John Garnett's wife.
Markice Moore as Austin, Ant's friend and Marcus' cousin.
Tae Heckerd as Tonya, Rashad's ex-girlfriend.
Tasha Smith as Gayle, Veda and Star's mother.
Monique "Whyte Chocolate" Harris-Ford as Sexy Pizza Customer.
Buffie Carruth as Big Booty Judy.
Monica as Monica The Waitress
Big Gipp as himself. (Cameo)
Bone Crusher as himself
Killer Mike as himself
Jazze Pha as himself
Soundtrack
The music for ATL was to be released in the form of a soundtrack album, however during the recording process of the soundtrack, the focus shifted towards T.I.'s fourth studio album King; The only songs from the album that appeared in the movie were “What You Know” and “Ride Wit Me”.
Among other songs featured during the film include:
”Git Up, Git Out” by Big Boi and André 3000 (Outkast) along with Goodie Mob's Cee-Lo Green and Big Gipp, from Outkast's 1994 debut album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik.
Lyfe Jennings's “Must Be Nice”.
Aaliyah's “At Your Best (You Are Love)”.
”Georgia” by Ludacris and Field Mob featuring Jamie Foxx, sampling Ray Charles' “Georgia on My Mind”. Foxx was chosen to feature on the song after playing Charles in the 2004 biopic Ray.
Production
ATLs story is loosely based on material by producers Dallas Austin and Tionne Watkins, who set out to describe their experiences growing up on the south side of Atlanta in the early '90s. Watkins and producer Jody Gerson approached James Lassiter with the idea of a story about a skating rink that many involved in the Atlanta music scene had started at, and how all of these people would attend the rink every Sunday night in their teen years.Chris Robinson''', a renowned music video director, was contacted with an offer to direct Austin and Watkins' visualization, and took on his first feature with ATL. The film's producers decided Robinson would be well-suited for the project because of his ability to capture the music-driven aspects of the film, as provided by his experience in the field. They also cited his talent in storytelling. According to producer Austin, "a lot of music video directors can't capture the story, so what we'd do was turn on the directors' tapes, turn down the music and just watch to see if we could find the story. Chris was far and away the best." About making ATL his first feature, Robinson stated that "as a music video director, I'd get a lot of scripts that had to do with really big visual pictures. But I wanted to start off doing something that had heart." After being hired, Robinson traveled to Atlanta and spent time with Austin to try to soak up the vibe and energy of the unique city.
Open auditions were held in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York to comb the crowd for candidates who could compose the film's ensemble cast. Robinson had already decided he wanted relatively unknown actors to perform in the film. Once the cast was assembled, Robinson had his actors converge in Atlanta for six weeks to rehearse the script and familiarize themselves with each other. "All this young black talent out there, all these young black actors who don't get a shot or who have to wait years to get their shot, are getting their shot in this film, and they're bringing it."
Three months prior to the start of production, the actors gathered at Atlanta's Skatetown to begin training for the skating sequences in the film. Some had never been on roller skates before. Vaughn Newton, the actors' skate captain, worked with them rigorously, usually practicing five hours a day. “Lauren and the twins, Malika and Khadijah, adapted very quickly," said Newton. "The guys came along a little slower. Al Be, Jason and Jackie Long developed very fast. T.I. was determined to learn. They were all great students and very supportive of each other.”
In addition to the main cast, Robinson decided to include numerous cameos in the film, generally involving people popular in the Atlanta music scene, a core element of the movie. Music producer Jazze Pha played the skating rink's DJ; Rico Wade, a part of the Atlanta-based production team Organized Noize, who also frequented Jellybeans in the early '90s, made an appearance as well. R&B singer Monica, a protégé of producer Austin's, also plays a Waffle House waitress in the film. A few of the south's most sought after music video models made appearances as well including 'Whyte Chocolate' also known as Monique Harris-Ford. There are also cameos from rappers Bone Crusher, Konkrete, and Killer Mike.
Dallas Austin coordinated the music for the film, which executive producer Timothy M. Bourne says is "all new music that's rooted in the Atlanta vibe." Austin had already produced his first feature with Drumline in 2002, and wanted to be sure ATL would be similarly authentic to the culture of his hometown by using its current hip-hop scene as the story's backdrop. Music in the environment of the rink was the way Austin pitched the film "as a way to make a musical without putting Singin' in the Rain on the screen... without the kids breaking into song. I'm determined to show Hollywood and New York the culture from the South."
Under the working title "Jellybean", the film was shot over a span of six weeks in fifty-two locales throughout the city of Atlanta. Filming took place in the summer, sometimes in temperatures over a hundred degrees, challenging the cast and crew's ability to stay motivated. "A lot of times we had to motivate each other to say 'listen, up your game. Go hard,'" said Robinson. "And sometimes we needed to step back, take a breath, so we could get through."
Design
Chris Robinson and Robb Buono, the film's production designer, decided that the script was composed of two distinct parts—the reality of the teens' lives and the time they spent at the skating rink. According to Buono, "we wanted to look at it [the rink] through rose colored glasses, because when you think back on your memories of that time period—no matter what age you are—you see everything bigger. Our goal was to make that roller skating rink a character that grows as we keep coming back, and each time it's more magical—a Saturday Night Fever-like contrast to the reality of life.” Robinson and Buono chose to shoot at the Cascade Family Skating Rink in Atlanta after visiting and witnessing the energy and excitement of the rink. However, the filmmakers felt Cascade's interior design was too bland and decided it should be redesigned.
Buono chose black and red for the rink's new color palette. Red was used for its intensity and energy, and black was utilized because the rink would appear larger. Additionally, usage of black would contrast more boldly with the red colors. The ceiling above the rink was removed for lighting purposes. The rink floor was also refinished with darker colors to provide better light reflection. Rigging for the lights became an artistic challenge for Buono. Working with the art department, the rigging electrics and the rigging grips, he designed a wagon wheel effect that moved with the motion of the skating and allowed the lights to be programmed, aesthetically lighting both ends of the rink and capturing the action of the skating sequences. The skate rental section, arcade and snack bar were redesigned at the rink as well, so that the areas besides the skating floor wouldn't feel monotonous. “We did every inch of that rink,” said Buono. “The carpet on the walls, painting the ceiling, putting in the lights, painting the snack bar, changing the color of the tables. We used a lot of neon and bold bright colors.”
Release
Box officeATL was released on March 28, 2006, in 1,602 theatres across the U.S. The film grossed at $11,554,404, and ranked third at the box office behind Ice Age: The Meltdown at one and Spike Lee's Inside Man at two; the film's opening weekend was a success. Its second weekend profits were considerably lower, as the film only earned $3,710,215, enough for it to reach seventieth place on the list of widely released films with the biggest weekend drops in the last twenty-six years. The film made less money in the following weekends, and by the end of its theatrical run ATL had accumulated a total of $21,170,563. After the theater take of approximately 50%, ATL earned around half of its production cost, producing a significant loss.
Home video
The film was released in the U.S. on DVD and HD-DVD July 18, 2006. DVD features include a behind-the-scenes featurette, deleted scenes, star T.I.'s music video for his single "What You Know," and the film's theatrical trailer. The film was also released on Blu-ray on November 14, 2006.
Reception
Critical responseATL received generally positive reviews from critics. At Allmovie, the film was given three stars, and critic Derek Armstrong, in a positive review of the film, stated that the film is only an average coming of age story "because some substance must take a backseat to all this beautifully crafted style." Melissa Walters at BlackFilm.com, while believing some of the writing to be clichéd and the story familiar, also called the film "heartfelt, genuine, and enjoyable." Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars in his Chicago Sun-Times review, declaring the film "warm" and praising the screenplay's "unforced, genuine affection for its characters."
IGN.com gave the film a 4/5 rating, naming Robinson's directorial debut "masterful." On Metacritic the film a had a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 reviews. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film averaged a 62% approval rate based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Strong lead performances and catchy musical interludes rescue this coming-of-age story from its formulaic script and uneven direction.".
Ruthe Stein from the San Francisco Chronicle called the film one of the better kind of its genre, praising the performances of the young cast, and the film's star T.I. in particular. At Yahoo! Movies, based on 13 reviews the film has averaged a B− by the critics standards.
Not all reviews of the picture were so enthusiastic. Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly graded the film a B−, saying that while the skating scenes are a blast, the film stumbles when it attempts to be too much for too many audiences. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said he was surprised that with so many untested actors rounding out the main cast, "the most amateurish thing about it is the script." Genzlinger also called the screenplay cliché-marred and predictable, while giving credit to the young actors of the film. He was also critical of Chris Robinson's direction, stating that he "can't stay with a scene long enough to let his actors build momentum." At The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Bob Longino provided a negative review of the movie, pointing it out as "boring, uninteresting, and slow". Longino said that T.I. and Big Boi's performances improved as the film progressed, and that there were a few laugh-out-loud comedic moments in the film.
Accolades
Possible sequel
On January 7, 2015, Chris Robinson posted a teaser poster of the sequel on Instagram with the main cast in it confirming that a sequel is in the works. On March 4, 2015, T.I. confirmed on his Instagram that an ATL 2'' is set to be released. In 2021, after years of being believed to be in development hell, Robinson posted a teaser trailer for the sequel featuring most of the original main cast.
See also
List of hood films
References
External links
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! colspan="3" style="background:#DAA520;" | BET Hip Hop Award
|-
2006 films
American comedy-drama films
2000s high school films
American coming-of-age films
American teen comedy films
American teen romance films
Culture of Atlanta
Films produced by Will Smith
Films scored by Aaron Zigman
Films set in Atlanta
Films shot in Atlanta
Films about drugs
2000s hip hop films
Hood films
Overbrook Entertainment films
Roller skating films
Warner Bros. films
2006 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
African-American films |
4385154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific%20recombinase%20technology | Site-specific recombinase technology | Site-specific recombinase technologies are genome engineering tools that depend on recombinase enzymes to replace targeted sections of DNA.
History
In the late 1980s gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) enabled the transmission of mutations into the mouse germ line, and emerged as a novel option to study the genetic basis of regulatory networks as they exist in the genome. Still, classical gene targeting proved to be limited in several ways as gene functions became irreversibly destroyed by the marker gene that had to be introduced for selecting recombinant ESCs. These early steps led to animals in which the mutation was present in all cells of the body from the beginning leading to complex phenotypes and/or early lethality. There was a clear need for methods to restrict these mutations to specific points in development and specific cell types. This dream became reality when groups in the USA were able to introduce bacteriophage and yeast-derived site-specific recombination (SSR-) systems into mammalian cells as well as into the mouse.
Classification, properties and dedicated applications
Common genetic engineering strategies require a permanent modification of the target genome. To this end great sophistication has to be invested in the design of routes applied for the delivery of transgenes. Although for biotechnological purposes random integration is still common, it may result in unpredictable gene expression due to variable transgene copy numbers, lack of control about integration sites and associated mutations. The molecular requirements in the stem cell field are much more stringent. Here, homologous recombination (HR) can, in principle, provide specificity to the integration process, but for eukaryotes it is compromised by an extremely low efficiency. Although meganucleases, zinc-finger- and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (ZFNs and TALENs) are actual tools supporting HR, it was the availability of site-specific recombinases (SSRs) which triggered the rational construction of cell lines with predictable properties. Nowadays both technologies, HR and SSR can be combined in highly efficient "tag-and-exchange technologies".
Many site-specific recombination systems have been identified to perform these DNA rearrangements for a variety of purposes, but nearly all of these belong to either of two families, tyrosine recombinases (YR) and serine recombinases (SR), depending on their mechanism. These two families can mediate up to three types of DNA rearrangements (integration, excision/resolution, and inversion) along different reaction routes based on their origin and architecture.
The founding member of the YR family is the lambda integrase, encoded by bacteriophage λ, enabling the integration of phage DNA into the bacterial genome. A common feature of this class is a conserved tyrosine nucleophile attacking the scissile DNA-phosphate to form a 3'-phosphotyrosine linkage. Early members of the SR family are closely related resolvase / DNA invertases from the bacterial transposons Tn3 and γδ, which rely on a catalytic serine responsible for attacking the scissile phosphate to form a 5'-phosphoserine linkage. These undisputed facts, however, were compromised by a good deal of confusion at the time other members entered the scene, for instance the YR recombinases Cre and Flp (capable of integration, excision/resolution as well as inversion), which were nevertheless welcomed as new members of the "integrase family". The converse examples are PhiC31 and related SRs, which were originally introduced as resolvase/invertases although, in the absence of auxiliary factors, integration is their only function. Nowadays the standard activity of each enzyme determines its classification reserving the general term "recombinase" for family members which, per se, comprise all three routes, INT, RES and INV:
Our table extends the selection of the conventional SSR systems and groups these according to their performance. All of these enzymes recombine two target sites, which are either identical (subfamily A1) or distinct (phage-derived enzymes in A2, B1 and B2). Whereas for A1 these sites have individual designations ("FRT" in case of Flp-recombinase, loxP for Cre-recombinase), the terms "attP" and "attB" (attachment sites on the phage and bacterial part, respectively) are valid in the other cases. In case of subfamily A1 we have to deal with short (usually 34 bp-) sites consisting of two (near-)identical 13 bp arms (arrows) flanking an 8 bp spacer (the crossover region, indicated by red line doublets). Note that for Flp there is an alternative, 48 bp site available with three arms, each accommodating a Flp unit (a so-called "protomer"). attP- and attB-sites follow similar architectural rules, but here the arms show only partial identity (indicated by the broken lines) and differ in both cases. These features account for relevant differences:
recombination of two identical educt sites leads to product sites with the same composition, although they contain arms from both substrates; these conversions are reversible;
in case of attP x attB recombination crossovers can only occur between these complementary partners in processes that lead to two different products (attP x attB → attR + attL) in an irreversible fashion.
In order to streamline this chapter the following implementations will be focused on two recombinases (Flp and Cre) and just one integrase (PhiC31) since their spectrum covers the tools which, at present, are mostly used for directed genome modifications. This will be done in the framework of the following overview.
Reaction routes
The mode integration/resolution and inversion (INT/RES and INV) depend on the orientation of recombinase target sites (RTS), among these pairs of attP and attB. Section C indicates, in a streamlined fashion, the way recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) can be reached by synchronous double-reciprocal crossovers (rather than integration, followed by resolution).
Tyr-Recombinases are reversible, while the Ser-Integrase is unidirectional. Of note is the way reversible Flp (a Tyr recombinase) integration/resolution is modulated by 48 bp (in place of 34 bp minimal) FRT versions: the extra 13 bp arm serves as a Flp "landing path" contributing to the formation of the synaptic complex, both in the context of Flp-INT and Flp-RMCE functions (see the respective equilibrium situations). While it is barely possible to prevent the (entropy-driven) reversion of integration in section A for Cre and hard to achieve for Flp, RMCE can be completed if the donor plasmid is provided at an excess due to the bimolecular character of both the forward- and the reverse reaction. Posing both FRT sites in an inverse manner will lead to an equilibrium of both orientations for the insert (green arrow). In contrast to Flp, the Ser integrase PhiC31 (bottom representations) leads to unidirectional integration, at least in the absence of an recombinase-directionality (RDF-)factor. Relative to Flp-RMCE, which requires two different ("heterospecific") FRT-spacer mutants, the reaction partner (attB) of the first reacting attP site is hit arbitrarily, such that there is no control over the direction the donor cassette enters the target (cf. the alternative products). Also different from Flp-RMCE, several distinct RMCE targets cannot be mounted in parallel, owing to the lack of heterospecific (non-crossinteracting) attP/attB combinations.
Cre recombinase
Cre recombinase (Cre) is able to recombine specific sequences of DNA without the need for cofactors. The enzyme recognizes 34 base pair DNA sequences called loxP ("locus of crossover in phage P1"). Depending on the orientation of target sites with respect to one another, Cre will integrate/excise or invert DNA sequences. Upon the excision (called "resolution" in case of a circular substrate) of a particular DNA region, normal gene expression is considerably compromised or terminated.
Due to the pronounced resolution activity of Cre, one of its initial applications was the excision of loxP-flanked ("floxed") genes leading to cell-specific gene knockout of such a floxed gene after Cre becomes expressed in the tissue of interest. Current technologies incorporate methods, which allow for both the spatial and temporal control of Cre activity. A common method facilitating the spatial control of genetic alteration involves the selection of a tissue-specific promoter to drive Cre expression. Placement of Cre under control of such a promoter results in localized, tissue-specific expression. As an example, Leone et al. have placed the transcription unit under the control of the regulatory sequences of the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, leading to induced removal of targeted gene sequences in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The specific DNA fragment recognized by Cre remains intact in cells, which do not express the PLP gene; this in turn facilitates empirical observation of the localized effects of genome alterations in the myelin sheath that surround nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Selective Cre expression has been achieved in many other cell types and tissues as well.
In order to control temporal activity of the excision reaction, forms of Cre which take advantage of various ligand binding domains have been developed. One successful strategy for inducing specific temporal Cre activity involves fusing the enzyme with a mutated ligand-binding domain for the human estrogen receptor (ERt). Upon the introduction of tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor antagonist), the Cre-ERt construct is able to penetrate the nucleus and induce targeted mutation. ERt binds tamoxifen with greater affinity than endogenous estrogens, which allows Cre-ERt to remain cytoplasmic in animals untreated with tamoxifen. The temporal control of SSR activity by tamoxifen permits genetic changes to be induced later in embryogenesis and/or in adult tissues. This allows researchers to bypass embryonic lethality while still investigating the function of targeted genes.
Recent extensions of these general concepts led to generating the "Cre-zoo", i.e. collections of hundreds of mouse strains for which defined genes can be deleted by targeted Cre expression.
Flp recombinase
In its natural host (S. cerevisiae) the Flp/FRT system enables replication of a "2μ plasmid" by the inversion of a segment that is flanked by two identical, but oppositely oriented FRT sites ("flippase" activity). This inversion changes the relative orientation of replication forks within the plasmid enabling "rolling circle"—amplification of the circular 2μ entity before the multimeric intermediates are resolved to release multiple monomeric products. Whereas 34 bp minimal FRT sites favor excision/resolution to a similar extent as the analogue loxP sites for Cre, the natural, more extended 48 bp FRT variants enable a higher degree of integration, while overcoming certain promiscuous interactions as described for phage enzymes like Cre- and PhiC31. An additional advantage is the fact, that simple rules can be applied to generate heterospecific FRT sites which undergo crossovers with equal partners but nor with wild type FRTs. These facts have enabled, since 1994, the development and continuous refinements of recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE-)strategies permitting the clean exchange of a target cassette for an incoming donor cassette.
Based on the RMCE technology, a particular resource of pre-characterized ES-strains that lends itself to further elaboration has evolved in the framework of the EUCOMM (European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis) program, based on the now established Cre- and/or Flp-based "FlExing" (Flp-mediated excision/inversion) setups, involving the excision and inversion activities. Initiated in 2005, this project focused first on saturation mutagenesis to enable complete functional annotation of the mouse genome (coordinated by the International Knockout-Mouse Consortium, IKMC) with the ultimate goal to have all protein genes mutated via gene trapping and -targeting in murine ES cells. These efforts mark the top of various "tag-and-exchange" strategies, which are dedicated to tagging a distinct genomic site such that the "tag" can serve as an address to introduce novel (or alter existing) genetic information. The tagging step per se may address certain classes of integration sites by exploiting integration preferences of retroviruses or even site specific integrases like PhiC31, both of which act in an essentially unidirectional fashion.
The traditional, laborious "tag-and-exchange" procedures relied on two successive homologous recombination (HR-)steps, the first one ("HR1") to introduce a tag consisting of a selection marker gene. "HR2" was then used to replace the marker by the "GOI. In the first ("knock-out"-) reaction the gene was tagged with a selectable marker, typically by insertion of a hygtk ([+/-]) cassette providing G418 resistance. In the following "knock-in" step, the tagged genomic sequence was replaced by homologous genomic sequences with certain mutations. Cell clones could then be isolated by their resistance to ganciclovir due to loss of the HSV-tk gene, i.e. ("negative selection"). This conventional two-step tag-and-exchange procedure could be streamlined after the advent of RMCE, which could take over and add efficiency to the knock-in step.
PhiC31 integrase
Without much doubt, Ser integrases are the current tools of choice for integrating transgenes into a restricted number of well-understood genomic acceptor sites that mostly (but not always) mimic the phage attP site in that they attract an attB-containing donor vector. At this time the most prominent member is PhiC31-INT with proven potential in the context of human and mouse genomes.
Contrary to the above Tyr recombinases, PhiC31-INT as such acts in a unidirectional manner, firmly locking in the donor vector at a genomically anchored target. An obvious advantage of this system is that it can rely on unmodified, native attP (acceptor) and attB donor sites. Additional benefits (together with certain complications) may arise from the fact that mouse and human genomes per se contain a limited number of endogenous targets (so called "attP-pseudosites"). Available information suggests that considerable DNA sequence requirements let the integrase recognize fewer sites than retroviral or even transposase-based integration systems opening its career as a superior carrier vehicle for the transport and insertion at a number of well established genomic sites, some of which with so called "safe-harbor" properties.
Exploiting the fact of specific (attP x attB) recombination routes, RMCE becomes possible without requirements for synthetic, heterospecific att-sites. This obvious advantage, however comes at the expense of certain shortcomings, such as lack of control about the kind or directionality of the entering (donor-) cassette. Further restrictions are imposed by the fact that irreversibility does not permit standard multiplexing-RMCE setups including "serial RMCE" reactions, i.e., repeated cassette exchanges at a given genomic locus.
Outlook and perspectives
Annotation of the human and mouse genomes has led to the identification of >20 000 protein-coding genes and >3 000 noncoding RNA genes, which guide the development of the organism from fertilization through embryogenesis to adult life. Although dramatic progress is noted, the relevance of rare gene variants has remained a central topic of research.
As one of the most important platforms for dealing with vertebrate gene functions on a large scale, genome-wide genetic resources of mutant murine ES cells have been established. To this end four international programs aimed at saturation mutagenesis of the mouse genome have been founded in Europe and North America (EUCOMM, KOMP, NorCOMM, and TIGM). Coordinated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKSC) these ES-cell repositories are available for exchange between international research units. Present resources comprise mutations in 11 539 unique genes, 4 414 of these conditional.
The relevant technologies have now reached a level permitting their extension to other mammalian species and to human stem cells, most prominently those with an iPS (induced pluripotent) status.
See also
Site-specific recombination
Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange
Cre recombinase
Cre-Lox recombination
FLP-FRT recombination
Genetic recombination
Homologous recombination
References
External links
http://www.knockoutmouse.org/
Genetic engineering |
4385197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVPT | KVPT | KVPT (channel 18) is a PBS member television station in Fresno, California, United States, owned by Valley Public Television, Inc. Its studios are located on Van Ness Avenue and Calaveras Street in downtown Fresno, and its transmitter is located on Bear Mountain, near Meadow Lakes, California. It is also broadcast in Bakersfield on translator K18HD-D.
The drive to build a public television station in Fresno had lasted nearly 25 years before channel 18 signed on as KMTF in April 1977. After several false starts, an application led by the Fresno County school board and overseen by the school systems of Kings, Madera, Tulare County, and Fresno counties—the station's original namesake—put the station on the air, overcoming delays relating to fundraising and an objection by a Mexican American group. In 1987, ownership of the station was spun off by the school board into a community non-profit organization, today known as Valley Public Television. KMTF changed its call sign to KVPT in 1990; that year, it also moved into its present studios, donated by commercial station KSEE. In 1992, it began broadcasting into Bakersfield. The station had one general manager for its first 26 years of operation, but in the 2010s and early 2020s, KVPT has experienced increased management turnover.
Establishing public television in Fresno
Efforts to start a public TV station on Fresno's educational channel 18 stretched nearly 25 years from the time the station began broadcasting in 1977.
In December 1952, a meeting was held by the Fresno Area Council on Educational Television to discuss possible use of ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 18. A 1953 meeting recommended the creation of a nonprofit corporation to serve as the licensee and apply for construction. No action had been taken by 1955, when the existence of the channel became an issue in the battle over intermixture of VHF and UHF allocations in the city; KJEO-TV recommended the educational reservation be switched from channel 18 to a very high frequency (VHF) channel, while KBID on channel 53 sought to move to the lower channels of 18 or 30.
Educational television plans for Fresno lay fallow until a 1958 attempt by the local chapter of the American Association of University Women, which led to the 1959 formation of the San Joaquin Valley Community Television Association. This group, unlike the prior effort, supported the idea of switching the educational reservation in Fresno to channel 12 if the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moved KFRE-TV from channel 12 to channel 30.
In 1963, the San Joaquin Valley Community Television Association announced possible plans for a fundraising drive to support the construction of a station. The next year, it began planning to raise $200,000 in order to qualify for federal matching grants that would finance construction of channel 18. These efforts gained some steam in late 1964 and early 1965: Fresno State College was authorized to collaborate with the group, allowing it to use the college's TV facilities in lieu of constructing its own studio, and in January 1965, applications were filed with the FCC for a construction permit and with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) for federal money. However, this proposal stalled out because of an inability to raise the necessary cash in the community. School systems outside of Fresno County were indifferent to the educational television project, and business leaders made pledges contingent on starting construction. Federal money was then diverted from educational broadcasting to social priorities and the Vietnam War. A February 13, 1966, headline on the front page of The Fresno Bee read, "ETV Campaign In Valley Appears Lost Cause".
The next effort to activate channel 18 came from Fresno State College. In June 1967, the board of trustees of the California State University system, which governed the college, authorized plans for an educational TV station on the campus; the college then asked the FCC to let it assume the existing channel 18 application from the San Joaquin Valley Community Television Association. However, its plans remained plans because of cutbacks to state funding. In 1971, the associated Fresno State College Foundation rejected a proposal to turn KAIL (channel 53) into an educational station, unsure if it was empowered to run such a venture.
History
Application
The Fresno County Department of Education began a study in late 1972 over the feasibility of expanding its closed-circuit instructional television system. However, the study found that money could be better used by setting up a broadcast station. Ernest Poore, the superintendent of the county school system, then told a meeting of educators in late August that he would recommend the department of education move forward with channel 18 planning. A proposed program schedule featured 66 hours of programming a week, mostly from PBS and local productions. As the application was filed in December 1973, however, concerns were raised about how much control educational groups would have over the station as well as the station's plans to hire minorities.
Another concern over control emerged in early 1974. Unsatisfied by the plans put forth by Fresno County, the superintendent of schools in Tulare County proposed a second public station which would serve Tulare, Kern, Kings, and Madera counties, including Bakersfield. This surprised Poore and the Fresno County group. The proposed channel 43 station also threatened funding, given that changes in priorities at HEW pushed Fresno down the list of possible grantees. Tulare County proposed a different transmitter site for channel 18 which could have meant an extra year's delay in constructing the station. Ultimately, the other counties withdrew their proposal and backed the Fresno channel 18 plan.
HEW accepted the channel 18 funding application in May 1974, but a new group arose in opposition to the plans. The Television Advisory Committee of Mexican Americans (TACOMA) objected to the proposed programming and a lack of Hispanics on the citizens' advisory board. HEW turned down the application at its first opportunity to fund it, in June, because of the TACOMA objection. The school board and TACOMA negotiated through the summer, but TACOMA withdrew from negotiations in early August and accused Poore and others of disregarding their "sincere" efforts. TACOMA and the National Organization for Women (NOW) disapproved of Fresno County's proposed governing board, split between educators and racial minorities; TACOMA's proposal of giving minorities 13 of 23 seats was also rejected by NOW as ignoring women. As a result of the pending objection, HEW passed on funding channel 18 again in September 1974.
Over the first seven months of 1975, however, the various obstacles for the station were cleared. HEW endorsed the proposed board in January 1975; TACOMA's application was dismissed in June at its request, allowing HEW to approve the $430,000 grant; and the FCC awarded a construction permit on July 10. However, the delay of a year at a time of high inflation increased construction costs by $100,000.
Construction
With the construction permit in hand, work began on raising matching funds. One large item was donated. That summer, KFSN-TV moved into a new studio facility and offered to allow channel 18 to move into the old one on L Street. The ability to use the former KFSN-TV studio would also allow channel 18 to be housed separately from the Fresno County education department. Meanwhile, the school board also had to pick call letters. Its first choice of call sign, KFTM, was already assigned in Fort Morgan, Colorado; of the combinations including the four counties involved in operations, only KMTF (Kings, Madera, Tulare, Fresno) was available.
The fundraising campaign officially began in September, though it moved slowly. By March, Poore had told The Bee that donation totals were disappointing, citing conflicts with other charitable fundraising efforts and confusion as to whether channel 18 would be a cable service. However, by the end of April, the fund drive had raised $82,000, a third of the way toward its $250,000 goal. Donations surpassed $100,000 in May, and a 27-hour telethon hosted by commercial station KMPH-TV in June raised another $50,000.
Equipment began to arrive at Bear Mountain in the final months of 1976. The first tranche of equipment had been purchased with part of the HEW grant and local funds. Even though the fund drive still needed to raise $46,000, enough money had been secured to build KMTF, though without the ability to broadcast local programs in color. Colin Dougherty, a former KJEO-TV newsman, was appointed by the school board to be the station's first manager.
Early years
Shortly before noon on April 10, 1977, KMTF officially began broadcasting. The first local program, interview show Studio 18, debuted three days later. With KMTF broadcasting, the station's first pledge drive brought in $60,000; station officials noted that there had been so many false starts for public television in Fresno that many people had shied away from donating until the station was operating.
Channel 18 faced its first operating deficit in 1985 due to increased costs; several layoffs were conducted as well as a special fundraising event. During that time, there were other failures: a $1 million drive for a new building failed, and the station had to pay for associated fundraising costs from its operating fund, and longtime volunteers Shirley and Lex Connolly died in a 1984 plane crash, which Dougherty called "a very down time".
From school board to community
The Fresno County school board in 1987 spun KMTF off into a non-profit organization, KMTF, Inc. The formation of the tax-exempt group allowed channel 18 to remove itself from the jurisdiction of the county's Education Code. Dougherty noted that he could not even provide free coffee to volunteers because it was considered a public gift, while the organizational connection to the school board made some donors reluctant because they believed that local school systems defrayed its expenses. KMTF, Inc. had a nine-member governing board consisting of representatives of each of the four counties in its service area.
Where previous capital fundraising efforts had failed, in January 1988, KMTF received two buildings, one donated and the other leased by Meredith Corporation, then-owner of Fresno commercial station KSEE, which was moving to a new facility. This allowed KMTF to move out of the increasingly cramped L Street building, which had once served as a cheese factory. The city of Fresno then bought the L Street facility and demolished it to provide parking near the Fresno Convention Center. On March 1, 1990, KMTF changed its call letters to KVPT and its corporate name to Valley Public Television, Inc., as part of a campaign to emphasize a more consistent, regional brand.
Station officials first floated the idea of building a translator in Kern County in 1984, when station manager Dougherty met with a Bakersfield group about the idea. However, the station and KCET in Los Angeles presented conflicting proposals, not only for a Bakersfield station but for the purchase of KNXT (channel 49), the Visalia-licensed educational station owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno which the diocese sought to sell at that time. Dougherty saw KCET as rapacious and noted that it "want[ed] to eat the entire state". In 1992, KVPT received federal permission to build a translator on channel 65. That did not end the battle between the two stations, which then each filed to build a full-power station on Bakersfield's channel 39. Bakersfield residents, who historically received KCET on cable, had mixed opinions on whether a Fresno station or a Los Angeles station was more aligned with the interests of the southern San Joaquin Valley. In August 1993, KVPT and KCET jointly agreed to avoid a lengthy comparative hearing process and serve Bakersfield exclusively by translator.
The 1990s were a time of equipment renewal at KVPT, even with budget-tightening measures such as discontinuing a printed program guide and some layoffs. The station had only a handful of local programs, which The Bee columnist Lanny Larson called "visually unappealing" and in need of a refresh. In 1996, to convince donors that it needed to replace equipment, the station aired a special program, Please Stand By, to demonstrate issues with its facilities; after 20 years, a new transmitter was installed in 1997. After it inherited a share of the estate of William Robert Perry, it honored his wish by raffling off a 1961 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud automobile.
Into the digital era
After 26 years as the station's only general manager, Colin Dougherty retired in 2003, estimating he had helped raise some $75 million for channel 18 in its lifetime. 2008 saw the end of one of the station's longest-running local programs, the public affairs show Valley Press; Jim Tucker, who had been its only host since 1989, retired after 675 editions.
To replace the Bakersfield translator on channel 65, which was being removed from television use with the transition from analog to digital broadcasts, KVPT bid on a low-power station on channel 19 in 2000. Pappas Telecasting (owner of KMPH-TV) provided financial support, and a company controlled by Harry J. Pappas—a longtime supporter of the station, dating back to when his KMPH-TV hosted the telethon prior to its first broadcast—purchased the channel 19 construction permit and channel 65 so that KVPT could attempt to acquire channel 39. Due to a dispute over rent payments, Valley Public Television moved to channel 34 in 2004; unable to acquire channel 39, it sued Pappas seeking judgment on a $488,000 promissory note and won favorable judgment in superior court. The present Bakersfield translator, K18HD, was acquired from Michael Mintz in 2007.
KVPT began broadcasting a digital signal on September 1, 2004; by 2007, the station was offering three subchannels, including the Spanish-language V-me. The station shut down its analog signal on February 17, 2009, the original digital transition target date; it continued to broadcast in digital on its pre-transition UHF channel 40, using virtual channel 18. On September 27, 2010, KVPT altered its branding to "Valley PBS". V-me was discontinued in 2017, when the station launched a PBS Kids subchannel.
KVPT relocated its signal from channel 40 to channel 32 in 2018 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.
The 2010s and early 2020s also saw significant management turnover at KVPT. Paula Castadio, who had replaced Dougherty upon his retirement, left in 2014 for a position at Fresno State University. The next CEO, Phil Meyer, lasted just two years. In December 2018, former KSEE and KGPE anchor Jenny Toste was named as Valley PBS's fourth CEO. Seven months later, the board of directors terminated her contract. After Toste resigned, the station hemorrhaged staff through a combination of layoffs and departures amid low morale. The next CEO, Lorenzo Rios, was described by employees as presiding over a "toxic work environment" and military-style management; one employee objected to a contract Rios asked him to sign pledging to carry out "duty to God and country". Rios exited abruptly in April 2021 and was replaced by interim CEO Jeff Aiello. The turnover led former interim CEO and employee Phyllis Brotherton to publish an op-ed in the Visalia Times Delta calling for a course correction at the station. A 2023 audit by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting inspector general found that Valley PBS overstated revenues received from sources beyond the federal government and failed to file required reports, resulting in an overpayment of $214,000 in grants over a two-year period.
Structure and funding
KVPT is led by a 16-member governing board, though some positions have been unfilled in recent years; in August 2021, the board had just six members. In 2022, the station had revenue of $3.95 million; it received $1 million in funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting as well as $2.2 million in nonfederal financial support, primarily from nearly 10,000 contributors.
Local programming
In addition to national educational and cultural programming from PBS, KVPT produces programs about local and regional issues and agricultural topics, including the series Valley's Gold and American Grown: My Job Depends on Ag. There is no regular public affairs program; the station has not produced one since the mid-2010s.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
PBS member stations
VPT
Mass media in Fresno County, California
Mass media in Bakersfield, California
Mass media in Kern County, California
Mass media in Tulare County, California
Television channels and stations established in 1977
1977 establishments in California |
4385443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi%20calling | Wi-Fi calling | Wi-Fi calling refers to mobile phone voice calls and data that are made over IP networks using Wi-Fi, instead of the cell towers provided by cellular networks. Using this feature, compatible handsets are able to route regular cellular calls through a wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) network with broadband Internet, while seamlessly change connections between the two where necessary. This feature makes use of the Generic Access Network (GAN) protocol, also known as Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA).
Essentially, GAN/UMA allows cell phone packets to be forwarded to a network access point over the internet, rather than over-the-air using GSM/GPRS, UMTS or similar. A separate device known as a "GAN Controller" (GANC) receives this data from the Internet and feeds it into the phone network as if it were coming from an antenna on a tower. Calls can be placed from or received to the handset as if it were connected over-the-air directly to the GANC's point of presence; the system is essentially invisible to the network as a whole. This can be useful in locations with poor cell coverage where some other form of internet access is available, especially at the home or office. The system offers seamless handoff, so the user can move from cell to Wi-Fi and back again with the same invisibility that the cell network offers when moving from tower to tower.
Since the GAN system works over the internet, a UMA-capable handset can connect to their service provider from any location with internet access. This is particularly useful for travellers, who can connect to their provider's GANC and make calls into their home service area from anywhere in the world. This is subject to the quality of the internet connection, however, and may not work well over limited bandwidth or long-latency connection. To improve quality of service (QoS) in the home or office, some providers also supply a specially programmed wireless access point that prioritizes UMA packets. Another benefit of Wi-Fi calling is that mobile calls can be made through the internet using the same native calling client; it does not require third-party Voice over IP (VoIP) closed services like WhatsApp or Skype, relying instead on the mobile cellular operator.
Technology
The GAN protocol that extends mobile voice, data and multimedia (IP Multimedia Subsystem/Session Initiation Protocol (IMS/SIP)) applications over IP networks. The latest generation system is named or VoWiFi by a number of handset manufacturers, including Apple and Samsung, a move that is being mirrored by carriers like T-Mobile US and Vodafone. The service is dependent on IMS, IPsec, IWLAN and ePDG.
History
UMA was developed by a group of operator and vendor companies. The initial specifications were published on 2 September 2004. The companies then contributed the specifications to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as part of 3GPP work item "Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces". On 8 April 2005, 3GPP approved specifications for Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces for 3GPP Release 6 and renamed the system to GAN.
But the term GAN is little known outside the 3GPP community, and the term UMA is more common in marketing.
Modes of operation
The original Release 6 GAN specification supported a 2G (A/Gb) connection from the GANC into the mobile core network (MSC/GSN). Today all commercial GAN dual-mode handset deployments are based on a 2G connection and all GAN enabled devices are dual-mode 2G/Wi-Fi. The specification, though, defined support for multimode handset operation. Therefore, 3G/2G/Wi-Fi handsets are supported in the standard. The first 3G/UMA devices were announced in the second half of 2008.
A typical UMA/GAN handset will have four modes of operation:
GERAN-only: uses only cellular networks
GERAN-preferred: uses cellular networks if available, otherwise the 802.11 radio
GAN-preferred: uses an 802.11 connection if an access point is in range, otherwise the cellular network
GAN-only: uses only the 802.11 connection
In all cases, the handset scans for GSM cells when it first turns on, to determine its location area. This allows the carrier to route the call to the nearest GANC, set the correct rate plan, and comply with existing roaming agreements.
At the end of 2007, the GAN specification was enhanced to support 3G (Iu) interfaces from the GANC to the mobile core network (MSC/GSN). This native 3G interface can be used for dual-mode handset as well as 3G femtocell service delivery. The GAN release 8 documentation describes these new capabilities.
Advantages
For carriers:
Instead of erecting expensive base stations to cover dead zones, GAN allows carriers to add coverage using low-cost 802.11 access points. Subscribers at home have very good coverage.
In addition, GAN relieves congestion (meaning that networks can, through GAN, essentially piggyback on other infrastructure) on the GSM or UMTS spectrum by removing common types of calls and routing them to the operator via the relatively low-cost Internet
GAN makes sense for network operators that also offer Internet services. Operators can leverage sales of one to promote the other, and can bill both to each customer.
Some other operators also run networks of 802.11 hotspots, such as T-Mobile. They can leverage these hotspots to create more capacity and provide better coverage in populous areas.
The carrier does not pay for much of the service, the party who provides the Internet and Wi-Fi connection pays for a connection to the Internet, effectively paying the expensive part of routing calls from the subscriber. However, carriers typically do not pass on these savings in the form of lower bills to customers who use Wi-Fi for calls.
For subscribers:
Subscribers do not rely on their operator's ability to roll out towers and coverage, allowing them to fix some types of coverage dead zones (such as in the home or workplace) themselves.
The cheaper rates for 802.11 use, coupled with better coverage at home, make more affordable and practical the use of cellphones instead of land lines.
Using IP over 802.11 eliminates expensive charges when roaming outside a carrier's network.
GAN is currently the only commercial technology available that combines GSM and 802.11 into a service that uses a single number, a single handset, a single set of services and a single phone directory for all calls.
GAN can migrate between IP and cellular coverage and is thus seamless; in contrast, calls via third-party VOIP plus a data phone are dropped when leaving high-volume data coverage.
Disadvantages
Subscribers must upgrade to Wi-Fi/UMA enabled handsets to take advantage of the service.
Calls may be more prone to disconnect when the handset transitions from Wi-Fi to the standard wireless service and vice versa (because the handset moved out or within the Wi-Fi's range). How much this is a problem may vary based on which handset is used.
The UMA may use different frequency that is more prone to some types of interference
Some setup may be required to provide connection settings (such as authentication details) before advantages may be experienced. This may take time for subscribers and require additional support to be provided. The costs of support may be for more than the wireless phone company: network administrators may be asked to help a user enter appropriate settings into a phone (that the network administrator may know little about).
The phones that support multiple signals (both the UMA/Wi-Fi and the type of signal used by the provider's towers) may be more expensive, particularly to manufacture, due to additional circuitry/components required
This uses the resources of the network providing the Wi-Fi signal (and any indirect network that is then utilized when that network is used). Bandwidth is used up. Some types of network traffic (like DNS and IPsec-encrypted) need to be permitted by the network, so a decision to support this may impose some requirement(s) regarding the network's security (firewall) rules.
Using GAN/UMA on a mobile requires the WiFi module to be enabled. This in turn drains the battery faster, and reduces both the talk time and standby time when compared to disabling GAN/UMA (and in turn WiFi).
UMA doesn't work with cellular-based E911 that uses GPS/Assisted GPS. Usually this is addressed by having the subscriber register a fixed primary address with the carrier via mobile settings, a carrier-provided app or website.
No QoS guarantees. The Internet (and by extension most home networks) operates on a best-effort delivery model, so network congestion can interfere with call quality. Usually a problem for the subscriber's home network as gaming, high definition video, or P2P file sharing competes for available bandwidth. Some network equipment can deal with this by enabling QoS for VoIP protocols, however is complicated by the fact most UMA runs over IPsec over UDP which makes the underlying protocols (IMS/SIP) opaque from a network perspective. Handsets can mitigate this by prioritizing the IPsec traffic internally to a different WMM class (such as AC_VO). This also requires rest of the subscriber's network (if it's not wholly integrated as in most home WiFi routers/access-points) knowing how to take such traffic and prioritize it over other bulk/latency-sensitive traffic.
Service deployments
The first service launch was BT with BT Fusion in the autumn of 2005. The service is based on pre-3GPP GAN standard technology. Initially, BT Fusion used UMA over Bluetooth with phones from Motorola. From January 2007, it used UMA over 802.11 with phones from Nokia, Motorola and Samsung and was branded as a "Wi-Fi mobile service". BT has since discontinued the service.
On August 28, 2006, TeliaSonera was the first to launch an 802.11 based UMA service called "Home Free". The service started in Denmark but is no longer offered.
On September 25, 2006 Orange announced its "Unik service", also known as Signal Boost in the UK. However this service is no longer available to new customers in the UK. The announcement, the largest to date, covers more than 60m of Orange's mobile subscribers in the UK, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands.
Cincinnati Bell announced the first UMA deployment in the United States. The service, originally called CB Home Run, allows users to transfer seamlessly from the Cincinnati Bell cellular network to a home wireless network or to Cincinnati Bell's WiFi HotSpots. It has since been rebranded as Fusion WiFi.
This was followed shortly by T-Mobile US on June 27, 2007. T-Mobile's service, originally named "Hotspot Calling", and rebranded to "Wi-Fi Calling" in 2009, allows users to seamlessly transfer from the T-Mobile cellular network to an 802.11x wireless network or T-Mobile HotSpot in the United States.
In Canada, both Fido and Rogers Wireless launched UMA plans under the names UNO and Rogers Home Calling Zone (later rebranded Talkspot, and subsequently rebranded again as Wi-Fi Calling), respectively, on May 6, 2008.
In Australia, GAN has been implemented by Vodafone, Optus and Telstra.
Since 10 April 2015, Wi-Fi Calling has been available for customers of EE in the UK initially on the Nokia Lumia 640 and Samsung Galaxy S6 and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge handsets.
In March 2016, Vodafone Netherlands launched Wi-Fi Calling support along with VoLTE.
Since the Autumn of 2016, Wifi Calling / Voice over Wifi has been available for customers of Telenor Denmark, including the ability to do handover to and from the 4G (VoLTE) network. This is available for several Samsung and Apple handsets.
AT&T and Verizon are going to launch Wi-Fi calling in 2015.
Industry organisation UMA Today tracks all operator activities and handset development.
In September 2015, South African cellular network Cell C launched WiFi Calling on its South African network.
UMA/GAN beyond dual-mode
While UMA is nearly always associated with dual-mode GSM/Wi-Fi services, it is actually a ‘generic’ access network technology that provides a generic method for extending the services and applications in an operator's mobile core (voice, data, IMS) over IP and the public Internet.
GAN defines a secure, managed connection from the mobile core (GANC) to different devices/access points over IP.
Femtocells: The GAN standard is currently used to provide a secure, managed, standardized interface from a femtocell to the mobile core network. Recently Kineto, NEC and Motorola issued a joint proposal to the 3GPP work group studying femtocells (also known as ‘Home Node B's or HNB) to propose GAN as the basis for that standard.
Analog terminal adaptors (ATAs): T-Mobile US once offered a fixed-line VoIP service called @Home. Similar to Vonage, consumers can port their fixed phone number to T-Mobile. Then T-Mobile associates that number with an analog telephone adapter. The consumer plugs the ATA into a home broadband network and begins receiving calls to the fixed number over the IP access network. The service was discontinued in 2010; however, earlier subscribers were "grandfathered" in.
Mobile VoIP client: Consumers have started to use telephony interfaces on their PCs. Applications offer a low-cost, convenient way to access telephony services while traveling. Now mobile operators can offer a similar service with a UMA-enabled mobile VoIP client. Developed by Vitendo, the client provides a mirror interface to a subscriber's existing mobile service. For the mobile operator, services can now be extended to a PC/laptop, and they can give consumers another way to use their mobile service.
Similar technologies
GAN/UMA is not the first system to allow the use of unlicensed spectrum to connect handsets to a GSM network. The GIP/IWP standard for DECT provides similar functionality, but requires a more direct connection to the GSM network from the base station. While dual-mode DECT/GSM phones have appeared, these have generally been functionally cordless phones with a GSM handset built-in (or vice versa, depending on your point of view), rather than phones implementing DECT/GIP, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure to hook DECT base-stations supporting GIP to GSM networks on an ad-hoc basis.
GAN/UMA's ability to use the Internet to provide the "last mile" connection to the GSM network solves the major issue that DECT/GIP has faced. Had GIP emerged as a practical standard, the low power usage of DECT technology when idle would have been an advantage compared to GAN.
There is nothing preventing an operator from deploying micro- and pico-cells that use towers that connect with the home network over the Internet. Several companies have developed femtocell systems that do precisely that, broadcasting a "real" GSM or UMTS signal, bypassing the need for special handsets that require 802.11 technology. In theory, such systems are more universal, and again require lower power than 802.11, but their legality will vary depending on the jurisdiction, and will require the cooperation of the operator. Further, users may be charged at higher cell phone rates, even though they are paying for the DSL or other network that ultimately carries their traffic; in contrast, GAN/UMA providers charge reduced rates when making calls off the providers cellular phone network.
Devices
Apple – iPhone 5C, iPhone 5S, and newer devices with iOS 8 or later.
BlackBerry – Curve 8320, 8520, 8820, Curve 8900, Pearl 8120 and 8220, Bold 9700, Bold 9780, Torch 9800, Blackberry 9105, 9300, Blackberry Bold 9900 with OS 7.1
Google Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P, all Google Pixel phones
HTC – Touch 3G, T-Mobile Shadow 2009, T-Mobile myTouch 4G (sometimes called the myTouch HD), T-Mobile G2 (as of build 1.22.531.8 OTA update), Desire S, Wildfire S, Sensation 4G, Amaze 4G, HTC One, HTC One S
Huawei – U8651T
LG – KE 520, KF 757 (3G), GT505, Optimus One, LG Optimus Me
Motorola – DEFY, Z6w
Nokia – 6300i, 6301, 6301b, 6086, 6136, 7510, E73 Mode, E5, C7 Astound, Lumia 521, Lumia 925, Nokia 1 and other low-cost handsets once WiFi calling is enabled, if necessary via a free third-party 'App'
Sagem – my419X
Samsung – SGH-T339, SGH-T409, SGH-T709, SGH-T739 (Katalyst), T336, P250, P260, P270 (3G), T-Mobile's Galaxy S SGH-T959, Galaxy SII to S5 (VoLTE only), Galaxy S6 and up (VoLTE + Wifi Calling(selected markets))
Sony Ericsson – G705u (3G)
Routers
Linksys WRT54G series#WRT54G-TM, WRTU54G-TM, and WRTU54GV2-TM
Westell – UltraVoice UMA Terminal Adapter with Router
Operating Systems
Android – Starting with Android Oreo, Google has embedded a "Carrier Services" application to provide IMS functionality to the base OS. Other vendors may implement their own IMS application.
See also
IP Multimedia Subsystem
IEEE 802.21
IEEE 802.11r
IEEE 802.11u
MoIP (disambiguation)
VoWLAN
Voice over LTE
References
External links
3GPP GAN Specification 43.318, 3GPP GAN Specification 44.318
3GPP standards
Wi-Fi
Voice over IP |
4385464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20tuner | Electronic tuner | In music, an electronic tuner is a device that detects and displays the pitch of musical notes played on a musical instrument. "Pitch" is the perceived fundamental frequency of a musical note, which is typically measured in Hertz. Simple tuners indicate—typically with an analog needle or dial, LEDs, or an LCD screen—whether a pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. Since the early 2010s, software applications can turn a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer into a tuner. More complex and expensive tuners indicate pitch more precisely. Tuners vary in size from units that fit in a pocket to 19" rack-mount units. Instrument technicians and piano tuners typically use more expensive, accurate tuners.
The simplest tuners detect and display tuning only for a single pitch—often "A" or "E"—or for a small number of pitches, such as the six used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E,A,D,G,B,E). More complex tuners offer chromatic tuning for all 12 pitches of the equally tempered octave. Some electronic tuners offer additional features, such as pitch calibration, temperament options, the sounding of a desired pitch through an amplifier plus speaker, and adjustable "read-time" settings that affect how long the tuner takes to measure the pitch of the note.
Among the most accurate tuning devices, strobe tuners work differently than regular electronic tuners. They are stroboscopes that flicker a light at the same frequency as the note. The light shines on a wheel that spins at a precise speed. The interaction of the light and regularly-spaced marks on the wheel creates a stroboscopic effect that makes the marks for a particular pitch appear to stand still when the pitch is in tune. These can tune instruments and audio devices more accurately than most non-strobe tuners. However, mechanical strobe units are expensive and delicate, and their moving parts require periodic servicing, so they are used mainly in applications that require higher precision, such as by professional instrument makers and repair experts.
Regular types
Regular electronic tuners contain either an input jack for electric instruments (usually a -inch patch cord input), a microphone, or a clip-on sensor (e.g., a piezoelectric pickup) or some combination of these inputs. Pitch detection circuitry drives some type of display (an analog needle, an LCD simulated image of a needle, LED lights, or a spinning translucent disk illuminated by a strobing backlight). Some tuners have an output, or through-put, so the tuner can connect 'in-line' from an electric instrument to an instrument amplifier or mixing console. Small tuners are usually battery powered. Many battery-powered tuners also have a jack for an optional AC power supply.
Most musical instruments generate a fairly complex waveform with multiple related frequency components. The fundamental frequency is the pitch of the note. Additional "harmonics" (also called "partials" or "overtones") give each instrument its characteristic timbre. As well, this waveform changes during the duration of a note. This means that for non-strobe tuners to be accurate, the tuner must process a number of cycles and use the pitch average to drive its display. Background noise from other musicians or harmonic overtones from the musical instrument can impede the electronic tuner from "locking" onto the input frequency. This is why the needle or display on regular electronic tuners tends to waver when a pitch is played. Small movements of the needle, or LED, usually represent a tuning error of 1 cent. The typical accuracy of these types of tuners is around ±3 cents. Some inexpensive LED tuners may drift by as much as ±9 cents.
"Clip-on" tuners typically attach to instruments with a spring-loaded clip that has a built-in contact microphone. Clipped onto a guitar headstock or violin scroll, these sense pitch even in loud environments, for example when other people are tuning.
Some guitar tuners fit into the instrument itself. Typical of these are the Sabine AX3000 and the "NTune" device. The NTune consists of a switching potentiometer, a wiring harness, illuminated plastic display disc, a circuit board and a battery holder. The unit installs in place of an electric guitar's existing volume knob control. The unit functions as a regular volume knob when not in tuner mode. To operate the tuner, the player pulls the volume knob up. The tuner disconnects the guitar's output so the tuning process is not amplified. The lights on the illuminated ring, under the volume knob, indicate the note being tuned. When the note is in tune a green "in tune" indicator light illuminates. After tuning is complete the musician pushes the volume knob back down, disconnecting the tuner from the circuit and re-connecting the pickups to the output jack.
Gibson guitars released a guitar model in 2008 called the Robot Guitar—a customized version of either the Les Paul or SG model. The guitar is fitted with a special tailpiece with in-built sensors that pick up the frequency of the strings. An illuminated control knob selects different tunings. Motorized tuning machines on the headstock automatically tune the guitar. In "intonation" mode, the device displays how much adjustment the bridge requires with a system of flashing LEDs on the control knob.
Regular needle, LCD and LED display tuners
A needle, LCD or regular LED type tuner uses a microprocessor to measure the average period of the waveform. It uses that information to drive the needle or array of lights. When the musician plays a single note, the tuner senses the pitch. The tuner then displays the pitch in relation to the desired pitch, and indicates whether the input pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. With needle displays, the note is in tune when the needle is in a 90° vertical position, with leftward or rightward deviations indicating that the note is flat or sharp, respectively. Tuners with a needle are often supplied with a backlight, so that the display can be read on a darkened stage.
For block LED or LCD display tuners, markings on the readout drift left if the note is flat and right if the note is sharp from the desired pitch. If the input frequency is matched to the desired pitch frequency the LEDs are steady in the middle and an 'in tune' reading is given.
Some LCDs mimic needle tuners with a needle graphic that moves in the same way as a genuine needle tuner. Somewhat misleadingly, many LED displays have a 'strobe mode' that mimics strobe tuners by scrolling the flashing of the LEDs cyclically to simulate the display of a true strobe. However, these are all just display options. The way a regular tuner 'hears' and compares the input note to a desired pitch is exactly the same, with no change in accuracy.
The least expensive models only detect and display a small number of pitches, often those pitches that are required to tune a given instrument (e.g., E, A, D, G, B, E of standard guitar tuning). While this type of tuner is useful for bands that only use stringed instruments such as guitar and electric bass, it is not that useful for tuning brass or woodwind instruments. Tuners at the next price point offer chromatic tuning, the ability to detect and assess all the pitches in the chromatic scale (e.g., C, C, D, D, etc.). Chromatic tuners can be used for B and E brass instruments, such as saxophones and horns. Many models have circuitry that automatically detects which pitch is being played, and then compares it against the correct pitch. Less expensive models require the musician to specify the target pitch via a switch or slider. Most low- and mid-priced electronic tuners only allow tuning to an equal temperament scale.
Electric guitar and bass players who perform concerts may use electronic tuners built into an effects pedal, often called a stomp box. These tuners have a rugged metal or heavy-duty plastic housing and a foot-operated switch to toggle between the tuner and a bypass mode. Professional guitarists may use a more expensive version of the LED tuner mounted in a rack-mount case with a larger range of LEDs for more accurate pitch display. On many electronic tuners, the user can select a different note—useful for, for example, dropping a guitar's tuning to a lower pitch (e.g., Dropped tuning). Many models also let the user select reference pitches other than A440. This is useful to some Baroque musicians who play period instruments at lower reference pitches—such as A=435. Some higher-priced electronic tuners support tuning to a range of different temperaments—a feature useful to some guitarists and harpsichord players.
Some expensive tuners also include an on-board speaker that can sound notes, either to facilitate tuning by ear or to act as a pitch reference point for intonation practice. Some of these tuners also provide an adjustable read time that controls at what time interval the circuitry assesses pitch. The combination of all the above features makes some tuners preferable for tuning instruments in an orchestra. These are sometimes called "orchestral tuners".
Clip-on
A clip-on tuner clips onto an instrument—such as onto the headstock of a guitar or the bell of a trombone. A vibration sensor built into the clip transmits the instrument vibrations to the tuning circuitry. The absence of a microphone makes these tuners immune to background noise, so musicians can tune in noisy environments, including while other musicians are tuning.
Apps
Since the early 2010s, many chromatic and guitar tuner apps are available for Android and iOS smartphones.
Strobe tuners
Strobe tuners (the popular term for stroboscopic tuners) are the most accurate type of tuner . There are three types of strobe tuners: the mechanical rotating disk strobe tuner, an LED array strobe in place of the rotating disk, and "virtual strobe" tuners with LCDs or ones that work on personal computers. A strobe tuner shows the difference between a reference frequency and the musical note being played. Even the slightest difference between the two shows up as a rotating motion in the strobe display. The accuracy of the tuner is only limited by the internal frequency generator. The strobe tuner detects the pitch either from a TRS input jack or a built-in or external microphone connected to the tuner.
The first strobe tuner dates back to 1936 and was originally made by the Conn company; it was called the Stroboconn and was produced for approximately 40 years. However, these strobes are now mainly collector pieces. They had 12 strobe discs, driven by one motor. The gearing between discs was a very close approximation to the 12th root of two ratio. This tuner had an electrically driven temperature-compensated tuning fork; the electrical output of this fork was amplified to run the motor. The fork had sliding weights, an adjustment knob, and a dial to show the position of the weights. These weights permitted setting it to different reference frequencies (such as A4 = 435 Hz), although over a relatively narrow range, perhaps a whole tone. When set at A4 = 440 Hz the tuning fork produced a 55 Hz signal, which drove the four-pole 1650 RPM synchronous motor to which the A disc was mounted. (The other discs were all gear-driven off of this one.) Incoming audio was amplified to feed a long neon tube common to all 12 discs. Wind instrument players and repair people liked this tuner because it needed no adjustment to show different notes. Anyone who had to move this tuner around was less inclined to like it because of its size and weight: two record-player-sized cases of 30-40 pounds each.
The best-known brand in strobe tuner technology is Peterson Tuners who in 1967 marketed their first strobe tuner, the Model 400. Other companies, such as Sonic Research, TC Electronic, and Planet Waves, sell highly accurate LED-based true strobe tuners. Other LED tuners have a 'strobe mode' that emulates the appearance of a strobe. However, the accuracy of these tuners in strobe mode, while sufficient for most tuning, is no better than in any other mode, as they use the same technique as any basic tuner to measure frequency, only displaying it in a way that imitates a strobe tuner.
How it works
Mechanical strobe tuners have a series of lamps or LEDs powered by amplified audio from the instrument; they flash (or strobe) at the same frequency as the input signal. For instance, an 'A' played on a guitar's 6th string at the 5th fret has the frequency of 110 Hz when in tune. An 'A' played on the 1st string at the 5th fret vibrates at 440 Hz. As such, the lamps would flash either 110 or 440 times per second in the above examples. In front of these flashing lights is a motor-driven, translucent printed disc with rings of alternating transparent and opaque sectors.
This disc rotates at a fixed specific speed, set by the user. Each disc rotation speed is set to a particular frequency of the desired note. If the note being played (and making the lamps behind the disc flash) is at exactly the same frequency as the spinning of the disc, then the disc appears to be static from the strobing effect. If the note is out of tune then the pattern appears to be moving as the light flashing and the disc rotation are out of sync from each other. The more out of tune the played note is, the faster the pattern seems to be moving, although in reality it always spins at the same speed for a given note. Many good turntables for vinyl disc records have stroboscopic patterns lit by the incoming AC power (mains). The power frequency, either 50 or 60 Hz, serves as the reference, although commercial power frequency sometimes changes slightly (a few tenths of a percent) with varying load. Unless reference and measured quantity are interchanged, the operating principle is the same; the turntable speed is adjusted to stop drifting of the pattern.
As the disc has multiple bands, each with different spacings, each band can be read for different partials within one note. As such, extremely fine tuning can be obtained, because the user can tune to a particular partial within a given note. This is impossible on regular needle, LCD or LED tuners. The strobe system is about 30 times more accurate than a quality electronic tuner , being accurate to of a cent. Advertisements for the Sonic Research LED strobe claim that it is calibrated to ± 0.0017 cents and guaranteed to maintain an accuracy of ± 0.02 cents or of a cent.
Strobe units can often be calibrated for many tunings and preset temperaments and allow for custom temperament programming, stretched tuning, "sweetened" temperament tunings and Buzz Feiten tuning modifications. Due to their accuracy and ability to display partials even on instruments with a very short "voice" (e.g., notes of short duration), strobe tuners can perform tuning tasks that would be very difficult, if not impossible, for needle-type tuners. For instance, needle/LED display type tuners cannot track the signal to identify a tone of the Caribbean steelpan (often nicknamed the "steeldrum") due to its very short "voice". A tuner needs to be able to detect the first few partials for tuning such an instrument, which means that only a strobe tuner can be used for steelpan tuning. This is also true of the comb teeth used in mechanical musical instruments like Music Boxes and the like. In such cases, a technician has to physically remove metal from the tooth to reach the desired note. The metal teeth only resonate briefly when plucked. Great accuracy is required as once the metal is cut or filed away, the lost material cannot be replaced. As such, the strobe-type tuners are the unit of choice for such tasks. Tuners with an accuracy of better than 0.2 cent are required for guitar intonation tuning.
One of the most expensive strobe tuners is the Peterson Strobe Center, which has twelve separate mechanical strobe displays; one for each pitch of the equally tempered octave. This unit (about US$3,500) can tune multiple notes of a sound or chord, displaying each note's overtone sub-structure simultaneously. This gives an overall picture of tuning within a sound, note or chord that is not possible with most other tuning devices. (The TC Electronic Polytune can display the pitch accuracy of up to six pre-selected notes.) It is often used for tuning complex instruments and sound sources, or difficult-to-tune instruments where the technician requires a very accurate and complete aural picture of an instrument's output. For instance, when tuning musical bells, this model displays several of the bell's partials (hum, second partial, tierce, quint and nominal/naming note) as well as the prime, and each of their partials, on separate displays. The unit is heavy and fragile, and requires a regular maintenance schedule. Each of the twelve displays requires periodic re-calibration. It can be used to teach students about note substructures, which show on the separate strobing displays.
Strobe developments
Mechanical disc strobe tuners are expensive, bulky, delicate, and require periodic maintenance (keeping the motor that spins the disc at the correct speed, replacing the strobing LED backlight, etc.). For many, a mechanical strobe tuner is simply not practical for one or all of the above reasons. To address these issues, in 2001 Peterson Tuners added a line of non-mechanical electronic strobe tuners that have LCD dot-matrix displays mimicking a mechanical strobe disc display, giving a stroboscopic effect. In 2004 Peterson made a model of LCD strobe in a sturdy floor based "stomp box" for live on-stage use. Virtual strobe tuners are as accurate as standard mechanical disc strobe tuners. However, there are limitations to the virtual system compared to the disc strobes. Virtual strobes display fewer bands to read note information, and do not pick up harmonic partials like a disc strobe. Rather, each band on a virtual strobe represents octaves of the fundamental. A disc strobe provides "one band correspondence"—each band displays a particular frequency of the note being played. On the virtual strobe system, each band combines a few close frequencies for easier reading on the LCD. This is still extremely accurate for intoning and tuning most instruments—but, as of this writing, no virtual strobe tuner provides detailed information on partials.
Sonic Research and Planet Waves both released a true-strobe with a bank of LEDs arranged in a circle that gives a strobing effect based upon the frequency of the input note. Both LCD and LED display true strobes do not require mechanical servicing and are much cheaper than the mechanical types. As such, they are a popular option for musicians who want the accuracy of a strobe without the high cost and the maintenance requirements. However, LED strobe displays offer no information about the harmonic structure of a note, unlike LCD types, which do offer four bands of consolidated information.
Peterson released a PC-based virtual strobe tuner in 2008 called "StroboSoft". This computer software package has all the features of a virtual strobe, such as user-programmable temperaments and tunings. To use this tuner, a musician must have a computer next to the instrument to be tuned. An alternative is the PC-based strobe tuner TB Strobe Tuner with fewer functions.
In 2009 Peterson Tuners released a VirtualStrobe tuner as an application add-on for Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch.
As both mechanical and electronic strobes are still more expensive and arguably more difficult to use in order to achieve the desired results than ordinary tuners, their use is usually limited to those whose business it is accurately to intone and tune pianos, harps, and early instruments (such as harpsichords) on a regular basis: luthiers, instrument restorers and technicians – and instrument enthusiasts. These tuners make the intonation process more precise.
Uses
Classical music
In classical music, there is a longstanding tradition to tune "by ear", by adjusting the pitch of instruments to a reference pitch. In an orchestra, the oboe player gives a 440 Hz "A", and the different instrument sections tune to this note. In chamber music, either one of the woodwind players gives an "A", or if none is present, one of the string players, usually the first violinist, bows his or her open "A" string. If an orchestra is accompanying a piano concerto, the first oboist takes the "A" from the piano and then plays this pitch for the rest of the orchestra.
Despite this tradition of tuning by ear, electronic tuners are still widely used in classical music. In orchestras the oboist often uses a high-end electronic tuner to ensure that their "A" is correct. As well, other brass or woodwind players may use electronic tuners to ensure that their instruments are correctly tuned. Classical performers also use tuners off-stage for practice purposes or to check their tuning (or, with the further aid of a speaker, to practice ear training). Electronic tuners are also used in opera orchestras for offstage trumpet effects. In offstage trumpet effects, trumpet players performs a melody from the backstage or from a hallway behind the stage, creating a haunting, muted effect. Since trumpet players cannot hear the orchestra, they cannot know whether or not their notes are in tune with the rest of the ensemble; to resolve this problem, some trumpet players use a high-end, sensitive tuner so that they can monitor the pitch of their notes.
Piano tuners, harp makers and the builders and restorers of early instruments, e.g. harpsichords, use high-end tuners to assist with their tuning and instrument building. Even piano tuners who work mostly "by ear" may use an electronic tuner to tune just a first key on the piano, e. g. the a' to 440 Hz, after which they proceed by means of octaves, approximate fifths and approximate fourths to tune the others. (In the twelve-tone equal temperament system dominant in classical and Western music, all intervals except the octave are slightly "mistuned" or compromised compared to more consonant just intervals.) They may also use electronic tuners to get a very out-of-tune piano roughly in pitch, after which point they tune by ear. Electronic tuning devices for keyboard instruments are for various reasons generally much more complex and therefore expensive than in the case of other widely used instruments.
Popular and folk music
In popular music, amateur and professional bands from styles as varied as country and heavy metal use electronic tuners to ensure that the guitars and electric bass are correctly tuned. In popular music genres such as rock music, there is a great deal of stage volume due to the use of drums and guitar amplifiers, so it can be difficult to tune "by ear". Electronic tuners are helpful aids at jam sessions where a number of players are sharing the stage, because it helps all of the players to have their instruments tuned to the same pitch, even if they have come to the session halfway through. Tuners are helpful with acoustic instruments, because they are more affected by temperature and humidity changes. An acoustic guitar or upright bass that is perfectly in tune backstage can change in pitch under the heat of the stage lights and from the humidity from thousands of audience members.
Tuners are used by guitar technicians who are hired by rock and pop bands to ensure that all of the band's instruments are ready to play at all times. Guitar technicians (often called guitar techs) tune all of the instruments (electric guitars, electric basses, acoustic guitars, mandolins, etc.) before the show, after they are played, and before they are used onstage. Guitar techs also retune instruments throughout the show. Whereas amateur musicians typically use a relatively inexpensive quartz tuner, guitar technicians typically use expensive, high-end tuners such as strobe tuners. Most strobe tuners, counter-intuitively, also use quartz crystal oscillators as time references, although the responses are processed differently by the different units.
Bell tuning
Strobe tuners are used in the tuning of bells, which require accurate tuning of many partials. The removal of metal from various parts of the bell shape is by a tuning lathe, and once too much metal has been removed it cannot be reversed. Hence accurate approach to the desired tuning partial is essential to prevent overshoot.
See also
Microtuner
Synchronization
Tuning fork
Autotune
References
Consumer electronics
Musical instrument parts and accessories |
4385475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Greek%20astronomy | Ancient Greek astronomy | Ancient Greek astronomy is the astronomy written in the Greek language during classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is understood to include the Ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and late antique eras. It is not limited geographically to Greece or to ethnic Greeks, as the Greek language had become the language of scholarship throughout the Hellenistic world following the conquests of Alexander. This phase of Greek astronomy is also known as Hellenistic astronomy, while the pre-Hellenistic phase is known as Classical Greek astronomy. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the Greek and non-Greek astronomers working in the Greek tradition studied at the Museum and the Library of Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt.
The development of astronomy by the Greek and notably Hellenistic astronomers is considered to be a major phase in the history of astronomy. Greek astronomy is characterized by seeking a geometrical model for celestial phenomena. Most of the names of the stars, planets, and constellations of the northern hemisphere are inherited from the terminology of Greek astronomy, which are however indeed derived from the empirical knowledge in Babylonian astronomy, characterized by its theoretical model formulation in terms of algebraic and numerical relations, and to a lesser extent from Egyptian astronomy. In later periods, ancient Greek astronomical works were translated and promulgated in other languages, most notably in Arabic by the astronomers and mathematicians within the various Arab-Muslim empires of the Middle Ages. This is the sole route by which many ancient Greek astronomical works survived and in turn went on to influence later Indian and European astronomy.
Archaic Greek
Both Hesiod and Homer were directly and deeply influenced by the mythologies of Phoenicia and Mesopotamia, thanks to Phoenician sailors and literate Babylonians and Arameans, who went to Lefkandi in Greece during the Orientalizing Period, between c. 750 BCE and c. 630 BCE for maritime commerce and to live and work. The Babylonians and Arameans came from the Levant and North Syria where they were forcibly transported in their hundreds of thousands by the Assyrian army from Babylonia during the reign of the last six Assyrian kings, from 745 BCE to 627 BCE. Hesiod's theogony and cosmogony are the Greek version of two Phoenician myths. The Odyssey of Homer is inspired by the Epopee of Gilgamesh.
In this context it is reasonable to suggest that whatever Homer and Hesiod hinted at in their small contributions comes from the knowledge they acquired from the Oriental people they rubbed shoulder with in Lefkandi, the center of Greek culture at that time. References to identifiable stars and constellations appear in the writings of Homer and Hesiod, the earliest surviving examples of Greek literature. In the oldest European texts, the Iliad and the Odyssey, Homer has noted several astronomical phenomena including solar eclipses. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, Homer refers to the following celestial objects:
the constellation Boötes
the star cluster Hyades
the constellation Orion
the star cluster Pleiades
Sirius, the Dog Star
the constellation Ursa Major
The philosopher Thales is usually credited for kickstarting Greek science. He considered that the universe was made of water and that Earth was a flat island in an infinite ocean. Although this explanation was not widely accepted even then, it was the first attempt to explain the nature of the universe in a way that did not involve mythology or forces beyond human understanding. Many philosophers followed, but they relied on pure thought and intuition, as the scientific method had not been designed yet. Still, they rejected supernatural explanations, all ideas were open to be challenged, debated and eventually discarded for better ones, and no idea shall stand if it contradicted observable facts. They also applied the nascent field of geometry to better understand astronomy.
Anaximander, a student of Thales, realized that the northern sky seems to turn around the North star, which led him to the concept of a Celestial sphere around Earth. And, as the sky seems to vary with latitude, he also considered that Earth's surface may be curved as well. However, he initially thought that Earth was a cylinder rather than a sphere. This later idea was supported by the Pythagoreans, likely because they favored mathematical perfection, and considered the sphere to be a perfectly geometrical figure.
The Planets in Early Greek Astronomy
The term "planet" comes from the Greek term πλανήτης (planētēs), meaning "wanderer", as ancient astronomers noted how certain points of lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. Five extraterrestrial planets can be seen with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the Greek names being Hermes, Aphrodite, Ares, Zeus and Cronus. Sometimes the luminaries, the Sun and Moon, are added to the list of naked eye planets to make a total of seven. Since the planets disappear from time to time when they approach the Sun, careful attention is required to identify all five. Observations of Venus are not straightforward. Early Greek astronomers thought that the evening and morning appearances of Venus represented two different objects, calling it Hesperus ("evening star") when it appeared in the western evening sky and Phosphorus ("light-bringer") when it appeared in the eastern morning sky. They eventually came to recognize that both objects were the same planet. Pythagoras is given credit for this realization.
Eudoxan astronomy
In classical Greece, astronomy was a branch of mathematics; astronomers sought to create geometrical models that could imitate the appearances of celestial motions. This tradition began with the Pythagoreans, who placed astronomy among the four mathematical arts (along with arithmetic, geometry, and music). The study of number comprising the four arts was later called the Quadrivium.
Although he was not a creative mathematician, Plato (427–347 BCE) included the quadrivium as the basis for philosophical education in the Republic. He encouraged a younger mathematician, Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 410 BCE–c. 347 BCE), to develop a system of Greek astronomy. According to a modern historian of science, David Lindberg:
The two-sphere model is a geocentric model that divides the cosmos into two regions, a spherical Earth, central and motionless (the sublunary sphere) and a spherical heavenly realm centered on the Earth, which may contain multiple rotating spheres made of aether.
Plato's main books on cosmology are the Timaeus and the Republic. In them he described the two-sphere model and said there were eight circles or spheres carrying the seven planets and the fixed stars.
According to the "Myth of Er" in the Republic, the cosmos is the Spindle of Necessity, attended by Sirens and spun by the three daughters of the Goddess Necessity known collectively as the Moirai or Fates.
According to a story reported by Simplicius of Cilicia (6th century), Plato posed a question for the Greek mathematicians of his day: "By the assumption of what uniform and orderly motions can the apparent motions of the planets be accounted for?" (quoted in Lloyd 1970, p. 84). Plato proposed that the seemingly chaotic wandering motions of the planets could be explained by combinations of uniform circular motions centered on a spherical Earth, a novel idea in the 4th century.
Eudoxus rose to the challenge by assigning to each planet a set of concentric spheres. By tilting the axes of the spheres, and by assigning each a different period of revolution, he was able to approximate the celestial "appearances." Thus, he was the first to attempt a mathematical description of the motions of the planets. A general idea of the content of On Speeds, his book on the planets, can be gleaned from Aristotle's Metaphysics XII, 8, and a commentary by Simplicius on De caelo, another work by Aristotle. Since all his own works are lost, our knowledge of Eudoxus is obtained from secondary sources. Aratus's poem on astronomy is based on a work of Eudoxus, and possibly also Theodosius of Bithynia's Spherics. They give us an indication of his work in spherical astronomy as well as planetary motions.
Callippus, a Greek astronomer of the 4th century, added seven spheres to Eudoxus' original 27 (in addition to the planetary spheres, Eudoxus included a sphere for the fixed stars). Aristotle described both systems, but insisted on adding "unrolling" spheres between each set of spheres to cancel the motions of the outer set. Aristotle was concerned about the physical nature of the system; without unrollers, the outer motions would be transferred to the inner planets.
Hellenistic astronomy
Planetary models and observational astronomy
The Eudoxan system had several critical flaws. One was its inability to predict motions exactly. Callippus' work may have been an attempt to correct this flaw. A related problem is the inability of his models to explain why planets appear to change speed. A third flaw is its inability to explain changes in the brightness of planets as seen from Earth. Because the spheres are concentric, planets will always remain at the same distance from Earth. This problem was pointed out in Antiquity by Autolycus of Pitane (c. 310 BCE).
Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 BCE–c. 190 BCE) responded by introducing two new mechanisms that allowed a planet to vary its distance and speed: the eccentric deferent and the deferent and epicycle. The deferent is a circle carrying the planet around the Earth. (The word deferent comes from the Greek fero φέρω "to carry"and Latin ferro, ferre, meaning "to carry.") An eccentric deferent is slightly off-center from Earth. In a deferent and epicycle model, the deferent carries a small circle, the epicycle, which carries the planet. The deferent-and-epicycle model can mimic the eccentric model, as shown by Apollonius' theorem. It can also explain retrogradation, which happens when planets appear to reverse their motion through the zodiac for a short time. Modern historians of astronomy have determined that Eudoxus' models could only have approximated retrogradation crudely for some planets, and not at all for others.
In the 2nd century BCE, Hipparchus, aware of the extraordinary accuracy with which Babylonian astronomers could predict the planets' motions, insisted that Greek astronomers achieve similar levels of accuracy. Somehow he had access to Babylonian observations or predictions, and used them to create better geometrical models. For the Sun, he used a simple eccentric model, based on observations of the equinoxes, which explained both changes in the speed of the Sun and differences in the lengths of the seasons. For the Moon, he used a deferent and epicycle model. He could not create accurate models for the remaining planets, and criticized other Greek astronomers for creating inaccurate models.
Hipparchus also compiled a star catalogue. According to Pliny the Elder, he observed a nova (new star). So that later generations could tell whether other stars came to be, perished, moved, or changed in brightness, he recorded the position and brightness of the stars. Ptolemy mentioned the catalogue in connection with Hipparchus' discovery of precession. (Precession of the equinoxes is a slow motion of the place of the equinoxes through the zodiac, caused by the shifting of the Earth's axis). Hipparchus thought it was caused by the motion of the sphere of fixed stars.
Heliocentrism and cosmic scales
In the 3rd century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos proposed an alternate cosmology (arrangement of the universe): a heliocentric model of the Solar System, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus"). His astronomical ideas were not well-received, however, and only a few brief references to them are preserved. We know the name of one follower of Aristarchus: Seleucus of Seleucia.
Aristarchus also wrote a book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which is his only work to have survived. In this work, he calculated the sizes of the Sun and Moon, as well as their distances from the Earth in Earth radii. Shortly afterwards, Eratosthenes calculated the size of the Earth, providing a value for the Earth radii which could be plugged into Aristarchus' calculations. Hipparchus wrote another book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which has not survived. Both Aristarchus and Hipparchus drastically underestimated the distance of the Sun from the Earth.
Astronomy in the Greco-Roman and Late Antique eras
Hipparchus is considered to have been among the most important Greek astronomers, because he introduced the concept of exact prediction into astronomy. He was also the last innovative astronomer before Claudius Ptolemy, a mathematician who worked at Alexandria in Roman Egypt in the 2nd century. Ptolemy's works on astronomy and astrology include the Almagest, the Planetary Hypotheses, and the Tetrabiblos, as well as the Handy Tables, the Canobic Inscription, and other minor works.
Ptolemaic astronomy
The Almagest is one of the most influential books in the history of Western astronomy. In this book, Ptolemy explained how to predict the behavior of the planets, as Hipparchus could not, with the introduction of a new mathematical tool, the equant. The Almagest gave a comprehensive treatment of astronomy, incorporating theorems, models, and observations from many previous mathematicians. This fact may explain its survival, in contrast to more specialized works that were neglected and lost. Ptolemy placed the planets in the order that would remain standard until it was displaced by the heliocentric system and the Tychonic system:
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Fixed stars
The extent of Ptolemy's reliance on the work of other mathematicians, in particular his use of Hipparchus' star catalogue, has been debated since the 19th century. A controversial claim was made by Robert R. Newton in the 1970s. in The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, he argued that Ptolemy faked his observations and falsely claimed the catalogue of Hipparchus as his own work. Newton's theories have not been adopted by most historians of astronomy.
Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria performed a deep examination of the shape and motion of the Earth and celestial bodies. He worked at the museum, or instructional center, school and library of manuscripts in Alexandria. Ptolemy is responsible for a lot of concepts, but one of his most famous works summarizing these concepts is the Almagest, a series of 13 books where he presented his astronomical theories. Ptolemy discussed the idea of epicycles and center of the world. The epicycle center moves at a constant rate in a counter clockwise direction. Once other celestial bodies, such as the planets, were introduced into this system, it became more complex. The models for Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars included the center of the circle, the equant point, the epicycle, and an observer from earth to give perspective. The discovery of this model was that the center of the Mercury and Venus epicycles must always be colinear with the Sun. This assures of bounded elongation. (Bowler, 2010, 48) Bounded elongation is the angular distance of celestial bodies from the center of the universe. Ptolemy's model of the cosmos and his studies landed him an important place in history in the development of modern-day science.
The cosmos was a concept further developed by Ptolemy that included equant circles, however Copernicus model of the universe was simpler. In the Ptolemaic system, the Earth was at the center of the universe with the Moon, the Sun, and five planets circling it. The circle of fixed stars marked the outermost sphere of the universe and beyond that would be the philosophical “aether” realm. The Earth was at the exact center of the cosmos, most likely because people at the time believed the Earth had to be at the center of the universe because of the deductions made by observers in the system. The sphere carrying the Moon is described as the boundary between the corruptible and changing sublunary world and the incorruptible and unchanging heavens above it (Bowler, 2010, 26). The heavens were defined as incorruptible and unchanging based on theology and mythology of the past.
The Almagest introduced the idea of the sphericity of heavens. The assumption is that the sizes and mutual distances of the stars must appear to vary however one supposes the earth to be positioned, yet no such variation occurred (Bowler, 2010, 55), The aether is the area that describes the universe above the terrestrial sphere. This component of the atmosphere is unknown and named by philosophers, though many do not know what lies beyond the realm of what has been seen by human beings. The aether is used to affirm the sphericity of the heavens and this is confirmed by the belief that different shapes have an equal boundary and those with more angles are greater, the circle is greater than all other surfaces, and a sphere greater than all other solids. Therefore, through physical considerations, and heavenly philosophy, there is an assumption that the heavens must be spherical. The Almagest also suggested that the earth was spherical because of similar philosophy. The differences in the hours across the globe are proportional to the distances between the spaces at which they are being observed. Therefore, it can be deduced that the Earth is spherical because of the evenly curving surface and the differences in time that was constant and proportional. In other words, the Earth must be spherical because they change in time-zones across the world occur in a uniform fashion, as with the rotation of a sphere. The observation of eclipses further confirmed these findings because everyone on Earth could see a lunar eclipse, for example, but it would be at different hours.
The Almagest also suggest that the Earth is at the center of the universe. The basis on which this is found is in the fact that six zodiac signs can be seen above Earth, while at the same time the other signs are not visible (Bowler, 2010, 57). The way that we observe the increase and decrease of daylight would be different if the Earth was not at the center of the universe. Though this view later proofed to be invalid, this was a good proponent to the discussion of the design of the universe. Ideas on the universe were later developed and advanced through the works of other philosophers such as Copernicus, who built on ideas through his knowledge of the world and God.
A few mathematicians of Late Antiquity wrote commentaries on the Almagest, including Pappus of Alexandria as well as Theon of Alexandria and his daughter Hypatia. Ptolemaic astronomy became standard in medieval western European and Islamic astronomy until it was displaced by Maraghan, heliocentric and Tychonic systems by the 16th century. However, recently discovered manuscripts reveal that Greek astrologers of Antiquity continued using pre-Ptolemaic methods for their calculations (Aaboe, 2001).
Influence on Indian astronomy
Hellenistic astronomy is known to have been practiced near India in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum from the 3rd century BCE. Various sun-dials, including an equatorial sundial adjusted to the latitude of Ujjain have been found in archaeological excavations there. Numerous interactions with the Mauryan Empire, and the later expansion of the Indo-Greeks into India suggest that some transmission may have happened during that period.
Several Greco-Roman astrological treatises are also known to have been imported into India during the first few centuries of our era. The Yavanajataka ("Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavanesvara during the 2nd century, under the patronage of the Western Satrap Saka king Rudradaman I. Rudradaman's capital at Ujjain "became the Greenwich of Indian astronomers and the Arin of the Arabic and Latin astronomical treatises; for it was he and his successors who encouraged the introduction of Greek horoscopy and astronomy into India."
Later in the 6th century, the Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans"), and the Paulisa Siddhanta (sometimes attributed as the "Doctrine of Paul" or in general the Doctrine of Paulisa muni) were considered as two of the five main astrological treatises, which were compiled by Varahamihira in his Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"). Varahamihira wrote in the Brihat-Samhita: "For, the Greeks are foreigners. This science is well established among them. Although they are revered as sages, how much more so is a twice-born person who knows the astral science."
Sources for Greek astronomy
Many Greek astronomical texts are known only by name, and perhaps by a description or quotations. Some elementary works have survived because they were largely non-mathematical and suitable for use in schools. Books in this class include the Phaenomena of Euclid and two works by Autolycus of Pitane. Three important textbooks, written shortly before Ptolemy's time, were written by Cleomedes, Geminus, and Theon of Smyrna. Books by Roman authors like Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius contain some information on Greek astronomy. The most important primary source is the Almagest, since Ptolemy refers to the work of many of his predecessors (Evans 1998, p. 24).
Famous astronomers of antiquity
In addition to the authors named in the article, the following list of people who worked on mathematical astronomy or cosmology may be of interest.
Aglaonice
Anaxagoras
Archimedes
Archytas
Aristaeus
Aristarchus
Aristyllus
Callippus
Cleostratus
Conon of Samos
Democritus
Empedocles
Hephaestio
Heraclides Ponticus
Hicetas
Hippocrates of Chios
Macrobius
Martianus Capella
Menelaus of Alexandria (Menelaus theorem)
Meton of Athens
Parmenides
Porphyry
Posidonius
Proclus
Thales
Theodosius of Bithynia
See also
Astronomy instruments
Antikythera mechanism
Greek mathematics
History of astronomy
Babylonian influence on Greek astronomy
Notes
References
Bowler, Peter J., and Iwan Rhys Morus. Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2010.
External links
Almagest Planetary Model Animations
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
Greek Astronomy
Greek
Astronomy
Early scientific cosmologies |
4385953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiCam | MultiCam | MultiCam is a camouflage pattern designed for use in a wide range of environments and conditions which was specifically developed and is produced by American company Crye Precision. As a result of the pattern's effectiveness across disparate environments and regions, it has found extensive adoption globally. Variants of it, some unlicensed, are in use with armed forces worldwide, particularly with special operations units.
The pattern is also available for purchase for civilian usage. Derived from the original standard pattern, additional specified variants were developed and later introduced, those are "Arid", "Tropic", "Alpine" and "Black".
History
First unveiled and designed in 2002, MultiCam was designed for the use of the U.S. Army in varied environments, seasons, elevations, and light conditions. It is a seven-color, multi-environment camouflage pattern developed by Crye Precision in conjunction with United States Army Soldier Systems Center.
The pattern was included in the U.S. Army's move to replace the 3-Color Desert and Woodland patterns, but in 2004 lost to the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) that came to be used in the Army Combat Uniform. Nonetheless, it remained in limited use by the U.S. Army special forces in the mid-to-late 2000s in Iraq and Afghanistan. MultiCam was also continually trialed for its "Future Force Warrior" program demonstrations.
MultiCam was officially re-commissioned by the U.S. Army in 2010, replacing UCP for units deploying to fight in the War in Afghanistan, under the designation Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern (OEF-CP). It had already been used by some American special operations units and civilian law enforcement agencies. The U.S. Army discontinued the use of UCP in October 2019.
MultiCam is available for commercial sale to civilians.
A version of MultiCam has been adopted by the armed forces of the United Kingdom as the Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP), replacing their previous DPM camouflage. MTP retains the color palette of MultiCam but incorporates shapes similar to the previous DPM scheme. After using the MultiCam scheme in Afghanistan, Australia has also adopted its own version, combining the pattern of MultiCam with the color palette of its earlier DPCU / Auscam pattern.
On 25 November 2013, Crye Precision unveiled a family of MultiCam variants, which they claim can reduce the visual and near-IR signature of a person operating in different environments. There are four variants from the original MultiCam. First is arid, for users operating in desert environments. Second is tropic, for users operating in dense jungle environments and areas that predominantly consist of lush vegetation that remains relatively unaffected by seasonal changes. Third is alpine, for users operating in snow-covered environments and intended to be used in every area of operation that receives significant snowfall. Last is black that meets the unique requirements of police tactical units operating in high-risk environments and projects a distinctly authoritative presence appropriate for domestic operations.
Appearance
MultiCam has a background of a brown to light tan gradient, overprinted with a dark green, olive green, and lime green gradient and a top layer of opaque dark brown and cream-colored shapes spread throughout the pattern. This allows for the overall appearance to change from predominantly green to predominantly brown in different areas of the fabric, while having smaller shapes to break up the larger background areas.
The MultiCam color scheme in hex triplet is as follows:(i) Cream 524 B8A78B; (ii) Dark Brown 530 48352F; (iii) Tan 525 967860; (iv) Brown 529 6F573F; (v) Dark Green 528 5A613F; (vi) Olive 527 8C7D50; and (vii) Pale Green 526 85755C.
Variants
Australia
Army
On 19 November 2010, after trials by Australian special operations forces, the Australian Defence Force announced that MultiCam will be standard for all regular Australian Army personnel in Afghanistan. MultiCam, it is said, provided "... troops with greater levels of concealment across the range of terrains in Afghanistan – urban, desert and green." Previously, depending upon the terrain, Australian troops had to transition between green and desert colored Australian Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniforms (DPCU or AUSCAM). On 30 May 2011 the Defence Material Organisation announced that they had obtained licence to produce MultiCam in Australia for US$4.7 million and Crye would also design a new uniquely Australian pattern for another US$3.1 million.
The Australian Army decided to standardize MultiCam-patterned uniforms starting in October 2014 called the Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform (AMCU). The Australian derivative retains colour and pattern elements of the previous DPCU pattern. The AMCU is manufactured domestically by Australian Defence Apparel and Pacific Brands Workwear Group and comes in two variations, field and combat, using a tested Australian Multi-Camouflage Pattern that can operate in bush, desert, and jungle conditions. Previous DPCU Uniforms and Australian MultiCam Pattern Operational Combat Uniforms will be worn until all Army personnel have been issued with the AMCU.
Air Force
In 2014 the Royal Australian Air Force began fielding a new MultiCam-based uniform to replace the DPCU, called the General Purpose Uniform (GPU), using the blue-and-grey colours of the RAAF. The uniform is not intended to be used as camouflage in warlike operations or environments.
Navy
In 2015, the Royal Australian Navy began their own testing of a new MultiCam uniform with a blue colourway, calling it the Maritime Multicam Pattern Uniform (MMPU) The new uniform and pattern was intended to replace the Navy's grey-and-green Disruptive Pattern Navy Uniform (DPNU) by 2017. In 2019, the Navy announced that it was fielding a variant of the new AMCU including the design and cut of the uniform itself, and reverting to the grey-and-green colours of the DPNU.
The fabric for the AMCU, MMPU, and GPU are produced in Australia by Bruck Textiles Pty Ltd.
Georgia
A domestic variant of MultiCam is in use with the Georgian Defense Forces as standard issue for all military branches as well as special units of the MIA and State Security. The pattern was adopted initially in 2009, replacing the DWC and MARPAT and since has been produced in a slightly altered version that fits better to the local environment.
Hungary
Indonesia
On 2 March 2022, the Army unveiled their field uniform with a new camo pattern known as "Loreng Angkatan Darat" (Army camo pattern) or "Loreng TNI AD". This camo is a variant of Multicam based on US Army OCP with local DPM color palette. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace the older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present.
New Zealand
The New Zealand Defence Force announced in late 2019 that it would be replacing its local Multi Terrain Pattern camouflage (NZMTP), in use since 2014, with a variant of British Multi-Terrain Pattern. The rollout began in 2020. Prior to this, the New Zealand Special Air Service in Afghanistan wore uniforms in Crye Precision MultiCam.
Poland
A modified version of MultiCam has been adopted by the some of Polish Special Forces. It is named Suez.
Portugal
As part of the Sistemas de Combate do Soldado (Soldiers Combat Systems) project, in 2018, the Portuguese Army started to experiment a new individual equipment system for the dismounted soldiers, which includes a new camouflaged MultiCam-style uniform. This new uniform was tested in the field by units deployed to the Central African Republic, Afghanistan and Iraq. In 2019, the MultiCam-style camouflaged was officially adopted as the Multiterreno (Multi-terrain), becoming the standard field uniform camouflage of the Portuguese Army, gradually replacing the Disruptive Pattern Material pattern.
It was developed in cooperation with the CINAMIL (Research Center for Development and Innovation of the Military Academy).
Romania
In October 2016, a new camouflage meant to replace the old Disruptive Pattern Material was presented by the Romanian Armed Forces. The pattern has a mosaic design and resembles MultiCam. The new camouflage was introduced in 2017. The five-color M2017 camouflage has distinct versions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Regular MultiCam is also used by the Special Forces. These uniforms are made by UF Pro.
Russia
MultiCam has also been adopted by some Russian Spetsnaz units, including FSB Alpha, the SSO, and by the Internal Troops of the MVD. It is reported that Russia makes their own MultiCam camos.
Ukraine
The first use of MultiCam in Ukraine was done by the "Ukrainian Volunteer Battalions": militias and paramilitary groups formed to fight separatists, which were largely self-funded and bought their own equipment.
Ukraine first adopted MultiCam officially for their special forces units as part of a larger NATO training and modernization program, together with a new digital camo for regular units. However, some regular Ukrainian Armed Forces and the National Guard of Ukraine units have been issued MultiCam uniforms as well. Territorial Defense Forces volunteers, are sometimes issued or buy their own MultiCam uniforms. Members of the special police unit Rapid Operational Response Unit (KORD) of the National Police of Ukraine also use MultiCam.
United Kingdom
The colors of the MultiCam pattern were also used in the development of the British armed forces Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP). British forces deployed in Afghanistan used MTP uniforms from March 2010 onwards, with these uniforms replacing all Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) uniforms by 2013. The colors used in Crye's MultiCam technology were determined to be the best performing, across the widest range of environments (by a significant margin) when compared with the two existing DPM designs in use at the time and was subsequently selected as the basis for the new MTP camouflage, combined with the existing DPM base pattern.
In June 2020, the Royal Marines announced the adoption of a new uniform made by Crye which uses the original MultiCam pattern instead of MTP, though the compatibility of the two designs means that items of load carrying equipment produced in MTP continue to be on issue; prior to this, usage of original MultiCam as an issued uniform (as opposed to items privately purchased by individual personnel) was limited to United Kingdom Special Forces units.
United States
MultiCam is currently in use by the U.S. Special Operations Command, and some private military contractors. Several members of the U.S. Army's Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment were also seen wearing MultiCam when followed by ABC News. In 2010, U.S. soldiers deployed to Afghanistan were issued MultiCam versions of the Army Combat Uniform, as the existing Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) was found to be inadequate for the terrain.
In May 2014, the Army selected a pattern similar to MultiCam called Scorpion W2 to replace UCP, naming it the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP). The original Scorpion pattern was jointly developed by Crye Precision and the Army for the Objective Force Warrior program in 2002, and Crye made small adjustments for trademark purposes to create MultiCam. Because Scorpion is similar to MultiCam, the same color Velcro, buttons, and zippers can be reused. OCP resembles MultiCam with muted greens, light beige, and dark brown colors, but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements. On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that OCP would begin being issued in uniforms in summer 2015. Soldiers were allowed to continue wearing uniforms and field equipment patterned in MultiCam until they could acquire OCP, which was allowed until the MultiCam uniforms' wear-out date on 1 October 2018. The U.S. Air Force also subsequently adopted OCP uniforms, starting 2018 with full phase-on April 1, 2021, replacing the previous Airman Battle Uniform.
Some local, state and federal law enforcement agencies also make use of the pattern, including the Drug Enforcement Administration's Foreign-deployed Advisory and Support Teams (FAST) teams operating in Afghanistan as well as the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Special Reaction Team, the Spokane, Washington Police Department, and the Oregon State Police SWAT team.
Users
Current
: Used by parachute units of Special Operation Brigade of the Angolan Army.
: Adopted a variation used by Argentine troops in Patagonia and by some Argentine special forces units.
: Used by Armenian Special Forces and the National Security Service.
:
MultiCam: Currently used by Special Operations Command and Police Tactical Groups.
Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform (derived from MultiCam): Adopted by the Australian Defence Force for general issue from 2014 onwards, replacing the Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform and the Australian MultiCam Pattern Operational Combat Uniform patterns.
: Austrian Special Forces (Jagdkommando) and Austrian troops deployed to Afghanistan
: MultiCam was adopted as standard issue by all components of the Belgian Armed Forces except for the Naval Component in 2022.
Used by the Belize Special Assignment Group.
: Used by the Comando de Operações Táticas of the Federal Police of Brazil.
: Seen in use by Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
: Standard issue uniform of the Marine Corps and the Navy Special Warfare Division. Also used by the Chilean Air Force Commandos. As of 2021 it has been issued in the Chilean Army
: Main combat uniform of the Cypriot National Guard army brunch.
: Standard uniform of the Danish military.
: In use by Egyptian Navy Special Forces.
: In use by Estonian Special Operations Force.
: Used by the Special Operations Command's units.
Seen in use with some members of the Coastal Jaeger Battalion and the Special Jaeger Battalion.
: Standard uniform of the Defense Forces, modified variant produced locally. Issued also to law enforcement and security agencies.
: Used by certain units of the Haitian National Police.
: Used by the Special Duties Unit.
: Used by MARCOS commandos, Garud Commando Force and Paras in jungle operations.
: A Variant of Multicam based on US Army OCP with local DPM color palette Used by Indonesian Army known as Loreng Angkatan Darat. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace the older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present.
: Used by Jordanian special forces units as the M2015 JSOC pattern.
: Operational Camouflage Pattern (based on MultiCam predecessor), Standard issued uniform for all branches replaced U.S. Woodland on 21 November 2017.
: Replacing the woodland pattern with Mutlticam uniforms from Crye for the Maltese military.
: Standard uniform of the Montenegro military. Made by YDS Textiles with a Montenegrin motif in the camo print.
: Korps Commandotroepen (KCT) and the Netherlands Marine Corps used it on tour in Afghanistan. The Dutch-made MultiCam camo is made by NFM Group.
: New Zealand Special Air Service, New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Air Force, For use by the Special Operations Forces (NZSOF) in Afghanistan and Iraq.
: First seen during a parade in October 2020 wearing supposed Multicam clones by the Korean's People Army.
:Norwegian Special Forces-Norwegian Special Operation Forces Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) - Special Operations Command and Marinejegerkommandoen (MJK) - Naval Special Operations Command and 339 Special Operations Aviation Squadron use multicam.
: Crye Precision and commercial clone copies used by numerous Special Forces units in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
: Polish Jednostka Wojskowa GROM, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, Biuro Ochrony Rządu and Jednostka Wojskowa Komandosów units uses "Suez", a slightly modified MultiCam pattern.
: Used by Portuguese Armed Forces (Portuguese Paratroopers, Commandos, Special Operations Troops Centre, NOTP and Special Actions Detachment).
: UF-Pro-made MultiCam uniforms used by Romanian special forces.
: Russia's FSB Alpha Group and Vympel and the MVD's SOBR Group. Russian Special Forces in Syria were also seen using MultiCams. Zaslon forces use them on occasions when needed.
: Used by the RS' Special Anti-Terrorist Unit.
: Used by Special Operations Force and Naval Diving Unit of the Singapore Armed Forces and also by the STAR unit and Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force.
: South Korean UDT/SEAL operators.
: Spanish Army's Special Operations Group and Special Naval Warfare Force personnel.
: Used by the SOG and special forces support units as well as UH-60M crew members.
: Combat Control Team Special Operation Regiment Royal Thai Air Force, Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters's Counter Terrorist Operations Center.
:Seen used by USGN in Raoued operation.
: Used by some units within the Turkish Special Forces.
: Used by various Ukrainian special forces units. Some regular Ukrainian military and National Guard units were also seen wearing MultiCam. Territorial Defense Forces volunteers are sometimes issued or buy their own MultiCam uniforms.
:
MultiCam: Seen in use by United Kingdom Special Forces personnel.
Used by Royal Marines to replace MTP.
Multi-Terrain Pattern (MultiCam coloration but not pattern):British Army and Royal Air Force from 2011 onwards.
:
MultiCam: U.S. Army, U.S. Navy EOD, United States Special Operations Command, and U.S. Air Force.
Hostage Rescue Team
Operational Camouflage Pattern (based on MultiCam predecessor): Adopted by the US Army, Air Force, and Space Force as standard issue.
: Uzbek-made version used by the Uzbek military.
: Adopted Multicam-based designs in 2020. They consist of Trópico multicámara (Tropical Multicam) and the Negro multicámara (Black Multicam) under the El Uniforme Patriota Tiuna Camuflado (Tiuna Patriot Camouflage Uniform).
Future
: A French-developed camouflage inspired by MultiCam, called Bariolage Multi-Environnement (BME), is due to become the standard camouflage pattern of the French Armed Forces from 2024 onwards.
Former
: Worn by Afghan National Army commandos. Known to be used by operators of Crisis Response Unit 222.
: An "all-terrain" MultiCam-influenced pattern camouflage that debuted during the 2015 Victory Day Parade. It was intended to replace Type 07 uniform. Ultimately it was not adopted by PLA.
Others
Known to be used by anti-government forces in Syria, including:
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Al-Nusra Front
Islamic Front
Sham Legion
Turkistan Islamic Party
Ajnad al-Kavkaz
See also
Future Force Warrior
U.S. Army trial patterns
MR-C - seen painted with MultiCam
Soldier Plate Carrier System
References
Bibliography
External links
MultiCamPattern.com
Crye Precision
United States patent, number US D487,848 S for MultiCam
Military Morons review and history of MultiCam
"British Army to get new uniforms – turned down by the US and made in China", The Daily Telegraph, 20 December 2009.
"British Army to get new camouflage uniform, BBC News, 20 December 2009.
"Camo Delays and Assessment Team Gouge, DefenseTech 29 December 2009.
English Translation of Hebrew article on MultiCam
Multicam & Multi Terrain Pattern (MTP) compared
2002 in military history
United States military uniforms
Camouflage patterns
Military camouflage
Products introduced in 2002
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s |
4386087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Baby | Santa Baby | "Santa Baby" is a song performed by American singer Eartha Kitt with Henri René and His Orchestra and originally released in 1953. The song was written by Joan Javits and Philip Springer, who also used the pseudonym Tony Springer in an attempt to speed up the song's publishing process. Lyrically, the song is a tongue-in-cheek look at a Christmas list addressed to Santa Claus by a woman who wants extravagant gifts such as sables, yachts, and decorations from Tiffany.
Music critics gave mixed reviews to the single, with some calling it too suggestive for a holiday-themed song. Springer was initially dissatisfied with "Santa Baby" and called it one of his weakest works. It has since been included on lists of both the best and worst Christmas songs ever written.
In the United States, "Santa Baby" became the best-selling Christmas song of 1953 and found more success, retrospectively, when it entered various component charts by Billboard in the 2000s and 2010s. Elsewhere, it peaked on the record charts in Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. , Kitt's version had sold more than 620,000 copies, having appeared on her self-titled and first extended play in 1954.
"Santa Baby" has been parodied, referenced, and featured in various films and television series. It has also been covered by many artists, such as Madonna, Kylie Minogue, Taylor Swift and Trisha Yearwood. Other musicians, including Ariana Grande and Gwen Stefani, released covers of the song as singles. Many of the cover versions experienced major commercial success, with Minogue's version reaching the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart and selling over 600,000 copies. Madonna's cover has sold 270,000 copies in the United States and was subject to discussion by many music critics, who believed her version revived the popularity of the song. However, Kitt disliked Madonna's association with the track. Grande's cover was released as a duet with Elizabeth Gillies and managed positions on charts in several countries such as Australia, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Michael Bublé's version has been named multiple times as one of the worst Christmas songs ever.
Background
In August 1953, songwriters Philip Springer and Joan Javits were commissioned to write a Christmas song for Eartha Kitt for the upcoming holiday season. The writers had first met in 1950 during Springer's trip to Massachusetts where Javits had sought advice about beginning a career as a songwriter, which he advised against. Their professional relationship resumed three years later when Springer was searching for a new writing partner, he recalled:
I was looking for a new lyric writer, so I asked someone who had a lot of contacts and they suggested Joan Javits, the exact person who I suggested stay out of the industry! She said she was too busy. I asked her if she had ever written a hit and she said hadn’t, so I said, ‘l have. Are you going to tell me that you refuse to write songs with a songwriter who’s done more than you in the business?'
In a 2008 interview, Springer told the interviewer that "Philip and Joan (both ASCAP writers) checked into the song title with the publishers from a company called Trinity Music, owned by BMI. At the time, BMI and ASCAP were entrenched in a 'war,' as Philip described it, so in order to get the song published and settle their differences, they had to create a fictional BMI songwriter who they named Tony Springer."
Recording and release
Kitt recorded the single live with René and his orchestra on October 5, 1953, at a recording studio in New York City. The song was released later that month by RCA Victor in the United States and Canada. To promote the single, the record label purchased page advertisements in Billboard as "1953's Big Christmas Record!" It was pressed as a 7-inch single for wide release, while a promotional 10-inch single was created for airplay. The RCA Victor 7-inch release featured Kitt and René's version of "Under the Bridges of Paris" as the B-side. In the United Kingdom and Denmark, "Santa Baby" was released in 1954 under the label His Master's Voice. On this version, the B-side was Kitt's cover of "Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)". Kitt also performed the song in the 1954 film New Faces, after which it was used as the closing track of the extended play Eartha Kitt.
The single received numerous reissues, including in Italy in 1957 when RCA Italiana released a 7-inch single that was paired with B-side "Thursday's Child". The same label also distributed a four track promotional extended play titled White Christmas that same year, featuring Kitt's version of "Santa Baby" as the second A-side. In 1987, Collectables Records released a limited edition 7 inch single of Kitt's "C'est si bon" (1953) paired with "Santa Baby" on the flip side.
In 1960, Kitt recorded a new studio version of "Santa Baby" for her Kapp album Revisited with Maurice Levine as musical director. The album featured new versions of songs she had recorded earlier with RCA Victor. The Kapp version is faster and shorter by about a minute, with more emphasis on orchestration and no vocal accompaniment.
Composition and lyrics
According to the official sheet music for the song at Musicnotes.com, "Santa Baby" is set in common time with a moderately slow tempo of 84 beats per minute. The key of the song is in D-flat major with Kitt maintaining a relatively consistent vocal range that spans from A♭3 to A♭4 in scientific pitch notation. The song contains chord progressions that follow a D♭-B♭m-E♭-A♭ pattern in the verses and whenever she sings "Santa baby, so hurry down the chimney tonight".
Upon completing the lyrical component of "Santa Baby", Philip Springer expressed his dissatisfaction with its content. During a meeting with a group of music publishers in 1953, Springer warned them: "Gentlemen, this is not really the kind of music that I like to write. I hope it's OK. It's the best I could do."
Critical reception
In a 2019 poll created by Evening Standard, Kitt's version of "Santa Baby" was voted the ninth "most annoying festive song" by British listeners. A 2021 YouGov poll registered it the most annoying Christmas song, irrespective of artist.
Commercial performance
According to Billboard, "Santa Baby" was the best-selling Christmas song of 1953, mostly due to the controversy surrounding it. RCA Victor, Kitt's label at the time, referred to the single as "far more than a seasonal success [...] but a further tribute to Eartha's art – for, as each of us desires, she can make every day of the year seem like Christmas". On the US Billboard Best Selling Singles chart, "Santa Baby" debuted at number 16 before rising to number ten the following week, ultimately peaking at number 4. On November 21, 1953, Billboard reported that the single had sold 200,000 copies, which the magazine called surprising: "Unlike many other Christmas tunes it has broken the deejays' 'We won't play Christmas records in November' sound barrier, and has been getting loads of airtime."
"Santa Baby" entered several of the Billboard charts in the twenty-first century. In 2005, the song had its best week on the Digital Songs chart, reaching number 28 in the month of December. It returned to the chart in December 2007, when it re-entered at number 59. During the week of December 21, 2012, "Santa Baby" peaked at number 11 on Billboards seasonal Holiday Digital Song Sales chart in the United States. In total, the single has spent 101 weeks ranking on the chart. It also reached the similar Holiday Streaming Songs chart where it peaked at number 6. On December 9, 2008, the mastertone recording of "Santa Baby" received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting shipments of 500,000 copies or more. Sony BMG reported that "Santa Baby" is one of the holiday season's most popular ringtones, and that it in addition to six other holiday songs have sold an accumulated 2.3 million units in one year later. The Billboard-published Ringtones chart later listed Kitt's version of the song peaking at number 6 in December 2010. According to the German database Statista, Kitt's version of "Santa Baby" has sold 620,000 copies in the United States as of 2014.
In later years, the track found more success and entered the record charts in several countries other than the United States. According to Springer, the retrospective success of "Santa Baby" was completely unexpected. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, he said: "I ask myself, ‘How come?' I've written so many songs that, to me, musically are much better than 'Santa Baby', and they're not popular. The answer has to be that 'Santa Baby' has a magic that goes beyond a composer's plans." In Canada, the single reached number 42 on the Canadian Hot 100 in 2023. In the United Kingdom, Kitt's version of "Santa Baby" debuted on the UK Singles Chart in 2007, when it hit number 85. It had previously reached number 30 on the accompanying UK Singles Downloads Chart in 2006. The single had its best-performing period during the last week of 2019 when it re-entered the main chart at number 55, its highest peak to date. The British Phonographic Industry later awarded "Santa Baby" a gold certification, signifying certified units of 400,000 copies. In France, the single debuted with a peak of number 92 on December 28, 2013; it dropped to 113 the following week but rose to 96 the week after that, marking its last appearance overall. "Santa Baby" also charted in Germany and Switzerland and positions 73 in 2018 and 94 in 2019, respectively.
Impact and legacy
Following the mixed reception that music critics gave to "Santa Baby" in 1953, Springer and Javits reworked the song completely for the upcoming year. In 1954, Kitt recorded a new holiday song titled "This Year's Santa Baby", featuring new lyrics but identical songwriter credits. The publishing company who handled the song's legal matters promoted the new release by distributing "Santa Baby"-themed apparel, in addition to releasing country pop and children-specific versions of the song.
Rob LeDonne from Billboard called "Santa Baby" one of the "most recognizable non-traditional yuletide recordings" in a piece commemorating its 65th anniversary. In 2019, Kelly O'Sullivan of Country Living ranked "Santa Baby" at number 56 on her list of the "60 Best Christmas Songs".
On August 4, 1989, Billboard released Christmas Greatest Hits 1935-1954, a collection of 10 popular Christmas tracks in the United States, in which "Santa Baby" was included in the track listing. Kitt has since featured "Santa Baby" on several of her compilation albums in her discography. She also reprised the tune for her seventh studio album, Revisited (1960), and her first live album, Eartha Kitt at Tivoli (1962). In later years, it appeared on catalog albums such as Eartha Kitt (1979), At Her Very Best (1981), The Best of Eartha Kitt (1982), Mink Shmink (1989), Eartha-Quake (1993), After Dark (1995), That Seductive Eartha (1996), The Ultimate Collection (1996), Purr-Fect: Greatest Hits (1999), Greatest Hits (2000), Legendary (2001), and Heavenly Eartha (2002).
Track listings and formats
United States and Canada 7" single
"Santa Baby" – 3:22
"Under the Bridges of Paris" – 2:40
United States promotional 10" single
"Santa Baby" – 3:22
"Under the Bridges of Paris" – 2:40
United Kingdom and Denmark 7" single (1954)
"Santa Baby" – 3:22
"Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" – 3:11
Italy 7" single (1957)
"Santa Baby" – 3:22
"Thursday's Child" – 4:00
United States 7" limited edition single (1987)
"C'est si bon" – 3:01
"Santa Baby" – 3:22
Charts
Certifications
Madonna version
Madonna recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" for the 1987 charity album A Very Special Christmas. It was released on November 12, 1987, by A&M Records.
Caroline Framke from the A.V. Club argued that Madonna's version increased the popularity of the song, initiating an "explosion of covers and parodies [to] follow". When asked about his thoughts on Madonna's cover, Phil Springer said he was happy she covered the original Kitt rendition instead of the revised "This Year's Santa Baby" from 1954. Randall Norberts from the Los Angeles Times insisted that "Madonna was the perfect adapter for the song when she recorded it in 1987", comparing the lyrical messages between "Santa Baby" and her 1985 single "Material Girl". After the release of Madonna's "Santa Baby" in 1987, the song became licensed and was used in various theatrical releases and television series, such as Driving Miss Daisy (1989), The Sopranos (1999), and Elf (2003).
Musical structure
In Madonna's version of "Santa Baby", the singer heightened her range by half of an octave in order to "reach the aggressively cutesy 'baby voice' that the song has come to be associated with".
Critical reception
Madonna's cover of "Santa Baby" was met with divided opinions from music critics. The staff at BlackBook gave a positive review, finding Madonna's version to contain "a sense of humor she's long since replaced". According to Framke from the A.V. Club wrote of the song: "There is no Christmas song more polarizing than 'Santa Baby'". She stated that part of the song's commercial appeal stems from its sexual implications and claimed that although Kitt's version contained sensual vocals, Madonna's version is what "cranked the sex appeal up to 11". It was also reported by Framke that Kitt was displeased with Madonna's cover of her single. During a live performance of "Santa Baby" years after Madonna's version was released, Kitt was quoted saying: "I used to have a lot of fun with this song, and then Madonna sang it". In his review for Kansas Pitch, David Cantwell said "Madonna's recording of 'Santa Boy' is so lame that it actually succeeds in making the phrase 'merry Christmas' seem like a contradiction in terms".
Xavier Piedra from Billboard included Madonna's version in an unranked list of the top ten best covers of "Santa Baby". His review stated: "This cover from the legendary pop singer is guaranteed to be stuck in your head, and on your holiday playlist, for days." Paris Close, also a writer for Billboard, included the cover in her list of "15 Songs For an LGBTQ Holiday Kiki" and claimed its sex appeal would be enough to "spice up any occasion".
Chart performance
Many years after its initial release, Madonna's version of "Santa Baby" entered various holiday-centric charts in the United States. On the main Holiday 100 chart, it peaked at number 44 in December 2011 during its fourth and final week. On the Holiday Airplay chart compiled by Billboard, it peaked at number 24 during the week ending December 13, 2003, marking Madonna's first entry on that chart. It spent a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks among the Holiday Airplay chart. In the United States, "Santa Baby" did not enter Billboards Digital Songs chart, but rather the Holiday Digital Song Sales component chart. In 2010, the song peaked at number 46; in total, her cover spent three weeks tallied on the chart. Statista reported in 2014 that Madonna's cover of "Santa Baby" has sold 270,000 copies in the United States.
Charts
Kylie Minogue version
Background and release
Kylie Minogue originally recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" in 2000. It was used as the B-side to her single "Please Stay", from her seventh studio album Light Years (2000), on select physical releases in 2000. A promotional CD single for "Santa Baby" was distributed by Parlophone in the United Kingdom in December 2000, with "Please Stay" as a bonus track. A different promotional CDR was released on August 21, 2003, by Parlophone, in preparation for the upcoming holiday season. Minogue's version of "Santa Baby" was produced by Chong Lim and credited Javits and Phillip Springer as the writers. In November 2010, the cover was included on Minogue's extended play A Kylie Christmas, alongside a newly recorded cover of "Let It Snow". She released a different holiday-themed extended play in Europe titled A Christmas Gift, which featured two tracks from her eleventh studio album Aphrodite (2010) and closed with "Santa Baby".
On November 13, 2015, Minogue released her thirteenth studio album, and first Christmas album, titled Kylie Christmas. Her cover of "Santa Baby" was included in the project's track listing with Steve Anderson, the album's executive producer, being attributed as an additional producer. The A.V. Clubs Caroline Framke compared Minogue's cover to Madonna's, suggesting that they channel similar "inner pin-up girl[s]".
Critical reception
In 2018, Billboards Xavier Piedra listed Minogue's cover in a list of the ten best covers of "Santa Baby", writing: "Kylie Minogue's 'Santa Baby' cover remains very true to the original track. [...] This cover truly is an updated version of the classic that will not disappoint." Piedra also praised Minogue's vocal delivery for embodying the "cheekiness" of Kitt's original version. The Herald Suns Cameron Adams described Minogue's version as an "old school, feel-good festive fave".
Commercial performance
With the inclusion of streaming data in chart tabulations in the late 2010s, Minogue's version of "Santa Baby" attained most of its commercial success nearly two decades after its initial release. It charted in Australia and various European countries. In the former region, Minogue's cover spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart. After the release of A Kylie Christmas, "Santa Baby" debuted at number 85 for the week of December 27, 2010; her cover of "Let It Snow", the other track on A Kylie Christmas, charted closely to "Santa Baby" at number 89. In Germany, "Santa Baby" reached number 60 on the German Singles Chart. It also appeared on the Dutch Single Top 100 chart in the Netherlands, where it peaked at number 68. In Denmark, Minogue's cover did not reach the country's top 40 singles chart, but was issued a Gold certification from International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for shipments of 45,000 copies in that country. On the streaming component chart in Hungary, Minogue's cover of "Santa Baby" hit number 27. In Switzerland and on Sweden's Heatseeker chart, the song peaked at numbers 57 and 10, respectively.
Her cover achieved its highest-peaking position in the United Kingdom during the 2020–2021 Christmas season. On their singles chart, it debuted on the list dated December 16, 2007, at number 93, the same week that Kitt's original version entered at number 85. Minogue's cover later reached number 38 during the week of December 29, 2017, becoming Minogue's fiftieth top 40 entry, collectively. It reached a new peak at number 31 on the chart dated January 1, 2021. Her cover made a second appearance on the chart in 2010 when it was paired as a double A-side single with "Let It Snow"; the dual single charted at number 188 on Christmas Day. As of December 2019, her cover had sold 330,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It went on to receive a Platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry in December 2021, denoting combined sales and shipments figures of 600,000 copies. In Ireland, her cover charted at number 52 in 2017 on the country's official single chart. It reappeared at number 56 the following year, which led Jack White from the Official Charts Company to predict that it would reach the top 50 in Ireland during 2019. It also entered the Ö3 Austria singles chart, peaking at number 67 during the chart dated January 4, 2019. As of 2021, Minogue's version of "Santa Baby" has earned in excess of £417,000 in streaming revenue.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Santa Baby".
Kylie Minogueperformer
Joan Javitswriter
Philip Springerwriter
Chong Limproducer, arranger
Steve Andersonvocal production
Doug Bradyengineer, mixer
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Kellie Pickler version
Background and release
In 2007, American singer Kellie Pickler recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" for the country-themed compilation album, Hear Something Country Christmas. The song was released for digital download and streaming in North and South America on September 18, 2007, through 19 Recordings. Following the album's release, the song was distributed as a promotional CD single in the United States by BNA Records and Sony BMG Nashville in 2007. The CD featured three different radio edit versions of the song, including one with a cold ending. Pickler's cover of "Santa Baby" was produced by Blake Chancey and mastered by Joseph M. Palmaccio at The Place... For Mastering studios in Nashville.
Pickler's version of "Santa Baby" was described as a sultry Christmas song with a "classic arrangement [of] horns". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, her cover is set in the time signature of common time and has a moderately slow tempo of 86 beats per minute. The key of the song is in G major and Pickler's vocal range advances in the chord progression of G–Em–Am–D. Her voice spans one octave, from D4 to D5.
Pickler's cover also made an appearance on the compilation Now That's What I Call a Country Christmas (2009) and the charity album, A Very Special Christmas 7 (2009). Proceeds from the latter album's sales benefitted Special Olympics. In 2010, Pickler was invited to appear as a guest musical act on the inaugural CMA Country Christmas television special. For the appearance, she performed her cover of "Santa Baby" while dressed in a red dress "and matching gloves". A contributor to the Country Music Family website lauded Pickler's performance, calling it enjoyable and fun to watch. They also enjoyed her vocals, writing that she "used the song to display her talents as a vocalist". David Drew from WUBE-FM referred to this performance of "Santa Baby" by Pickler as the song's official music video. On December 15, 2013, Pickler uploaded a promotional audio clip of the song to her Vevo YouTube channel.
Reception
Pickler's cover of "Santa Baby" was frequently labeled a standout by critics. Lea Weatherby from Mic included her version in a playlist of the best country Christmas songs. After listing several other covers of the song, she wrote: "Though Pickler had some pretty big boots to fill, this rendition gives the song the wholesome, southern charm it needed." Eric Cornish from WKDQ liked her cover, calling it hot. Drew also liked the song, finding it to be cute and including it on his annual list of "12 Days of Christmas Music". In 2012, Sterling Whitaker from Taste of Country named Pickler's version as one of the "Top 50 Country Christmas Songs" of all time. He called the song sexy, and sultry, and appreciated the classic-style arrangements.
Pickler's cover of "Santa Baby" reached two Billboard charts in the US. On December 8, 2007, the song debuted at number 49 on the Hot Country Songs chart, becoming the week's second-highest new entry after Taylor Swift's cover of "Last Christmas" (2007), which debuted at number 48. After rising for five weeks, it peaked at number 33 on the issue dated January 5, 2008. The song's performance was replicated exactly on the Country Airplay chart. On both charts, the song spent a total of six weeks appearing. As of December 2014, her version has sold approximately 140,000 digital downloads in the US.
Track listings and formats
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Hear Something Country Christmas and Tidal.
Kellie Picklerperformer
Joan Javitscomposer, lyricist
Phil Springercomposer, lyricist
Tony Springercomposer, lyricist
Blake Chanceyproducer
Joseph M. Palmacciomastering
Charts
Release history
Taylor Swift version
Taylor Swift recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" for her first extended play, The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection (2007).
Reception
Dan MacIntosh from Country Standard Time liked Swift's cover, calling her version "sexy".
Charts
Michael Bublé version
Michael Bublé recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" for his seventh studio album, Christmas (2011). Bublé's version made extensive changes to the lyrics, including saying "Santa Buddy", "Santa Pally" and "Santa Poppy" instead of "Santa Baby".
The cover has been ranked consistently on lists of worst Christmas songs ever made. Richard Evans from Best Life included Bublé's version of "Santa Baby" in his list of "The Most Hated Christmas Songs of All Time", primarily for the changes in lyrics to ensure "everyone knows he is not attracted to Santa". Steve Eighinger listed Bublé's cover as number 6 on his list of the worst Christmas songs ever made.
Composition and structure
According to Musicnotes.com, Bublé's version has a time signature with a 12/8 feel and has a moderately slow tempo of 96 beats per minute. The key of the song is in F major, with Bublé's vocal range spanning from A2 to C4 in scientific pitch notation. The song progresses in the chord progressions of F–F/A–C in the first verses, followed by F-F/A-G-C.
Charts
Certifications
Ariana Grande version
On November 6, 2013, Ariana Grande announced via Twitter she would be releasing new music each week leading up to Christmas. On the fourth and final week she released a cover of "Santa Baby", which features Grande's former Victorious co-star Elizabeth Gillies (credited as Liz Gillies). It was distributed to digital retailers such as Amazon Music on December 10, 2013. It was then placed as the fourth and closing track to her first extended play, Christmas Kisses, which was released the same week.
Critical reception
Grande's version of "Santa Baby" received largely positive reviews from music critics. Jocelyn Vena from MTV enjoyed Grande's take on "Santa Baby", comparing it with Kitt's original version. Carolyn Menyes from Music Times ranked it as the best song on Christmas Kisses, awarding particular praise to its production and Grande and Gillies's chemistry. However, Menyes felt the mix of their vocals together could have been improved. Billboards Piedra described the collaboration as a "fun duet" and an "experience like no other".
Chart performance
Grande's collaboration with Gillies enjoyed commercial success in several countries, reaching number 36 on the Holiday 100 in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Trisha Yearwood version
Background
Trisha Yearwood recorded a cover of "Santa Baby" for her collaborative album with husband Garth Brooks, Christmas Together (2016). The project was first unveiled in mid-October 2016 and was billed as the couple's first collaborative album, consisting of a combination of duets and solo works from both Yearwood and Brooks. "Santa Baby" does not feature a guest performance from Brooks but Yearwood is joined by Tania Hancheroff, Jon Mark Ivey, Shane McConnell, Lisa Silver, and Kira Small who provide backing vocals. Her cover, along with the rest of Christmas Together was released on November 11, 2016, by Gwendolyn Records and Brook's personal label, Pearl Records.
Brooks' long-time collaborator Mark Miller produced the track. Yearwood performed the track along with a cover of "Hard Candy Christmas" for the 2017 Christmas television special CMA Country Christmas.
Reception
Entertainment Tonights Raphael Chestang wrote that "Yearwood shines on 'Santa Baby'", while a staff member at the Associated Press was glad that Yearwood had fun while recording the track. A writer for KNCI provided a positive review of Yearwood's cover, calling it "fun and flirty". MacIntosh from Country Standard Time agreed, lauding her vocals: "Yearwood sounds like a truly sexy hotty". Christopher Bohlsen from Renowned for Sound, on the other hand, panned the track, claiming that "Yearwood makes the mistake of trying to make Christmas sexy". He also compared it unfavorably to her cover of "Hard Candy Christmas" on Christmas Together, calling "Santa Baby" the weaker of the two songs.
In the United States, Yearwood's version of "Santa Baby" was released to adult contemporary radio stations. It reached Billboards weekly Adult Contemporary chart, peaking at number 18 on January 6, 2017. It became her third entry on the chart and second-highest-charting effort after her cover of "Broken" peaked at number 17 in 2016. It also charted on Billboards Country Airplay chart at number 60 during that same week.
Charts
Gwen Stefani version
Development and release
Following the release of her third studio album This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), Gwen Stefani announced in July 2017 that she had plans to release new music by the end of the year. She did not provide further details, but several publications speculated in August 2017 that Stefani's new material would be Christmas-related due to song titles such as "Christmas Eve", "Under the Christmas Lights", and "You Make It Feel Like Christmas" becoming registered on the two music databases, BMI and GEMA. On September 18, 2017, she took to her social media accounts and claimed that she "had something big planned for the holidays", and that more information would follow. The next day, Stefani announced her next studio album, You Make It Feel Like Christmas, as well as the track listing, which revealed a cover of "Santa Baby" as the album's ninth track.
One week prior to the release of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani's cover of "Santa Baby" was released as a promotional single. In the United States, Interscope Records released it for digital download and streaming on September 29, 2017. In Italy, it was released to radio stations on December 8, 2017, as the album's first single in that country. Stefani's version was produced by busbee and Eric Valentine, with Javits, Philip Springer, and Tony Springer (credited as Anthony Fred Springer in the album's liner notes) were listed as the songwriters. Her cover was engineered by Valentine, mixed by Dave Clauss, and Jonathan Sterling served as assistant engineer. Laura Mace, Monet Owens, and Dolly Sparks provided background vocals for the track with arrangements from Grace Potter. Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described the style of Stefani's version as a hybrid of Kitt's original slow rendition and the revised uptempo one. Regarding her decision to cover "Santa Baby" for You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani explained: "I haven't done many covers in my career, but this song feels like a perfect fit. What an extraordinary talent Phil Springer is. Eartha Kitt is so full of personality. This song must have been unbelievably edgy when it came out, and it still is."
"Santa Baby" was performed twice by Stefani during the 2017 holiday season. As part of a promotional campaign for You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani appeared as a guest or performed on various television series in the US. On the November 20, 2017, episode of NBC's Today, Stefani was featured as a guest and performed "Santa Baby", "When I Was a Little Girl", and "Christmas Eve" to the studio audience. For the appearance, she wore a sleeveless white gown adorned by a dangly feather boa and sparkly jewelry. The same day, the taping of her mini concert was posted to Stefani's official YouTube channel and her separate Vevo account. The second time Stefani sang "Christmas Eve", she performed it on her Christmas television special Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, which was broadcast to NBC on December 12, 2017. She performed the song ahead of "Christmas Eve" and wore a sparkly Santa Claus-inspired outfit. Stefani was later joined by a Claus lookalike at the end of the performance. Emily Krauser from Entertainment Tonight enjoyed the outfit, saying that she "absolutely slay-belled the fashion game" during the special. The full video of "Santa Baby" from Stefani's televised special was uploaded to her YouTube channel on December 30, 2017.
Reception
Piedra from Billboard lauded Stefani's cover, stating that it "works perfectly with her incredibly unique voice". He also placed it within an unranked list of the ten best covers of "Santa Baby". David Smyth, a writer for London's Evening Standard, enjoyed Stefani's version "Santa Baby" and highlighted it as one of the stronger offerings on You Make It Feel Like Christmas. Roberts from the Los Angeles Times also approved of this version, calling it a "thoroughly modern take" and containing elements of both Kitt's version and Madonna's cover.
Following its promotional release in the United States, "Santa Baby" entered the Holiday Digital Song Sales chart in the US. On the edition for the week ending October 20, 2017, the song debuted and peaked at number 7, becoming the second-highest new entry from Stefani on that particular chart. Overall, it was her third highest-peaking song and one of sixteen consecutive top 40 hits on the chart. In Canada, Stefani's cover was sent to holiday radio playlists, allowing it to enter the country's Adult Contemporary chart in January 2018. It peaked at number 38, the same week that three other Stefani songs ("You Make It Feel Like Christmas" and her covers of "Jingle Bells" and "White Christmas") were ranked on the chart.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
External links
1953 singles
1953 songs
2010 singles
2011 singles
2013 singles
2015 singles
2016 singles
2017 singles
American Christmas songs
Ariana Grande songs
Christmas novelty songs
Colbie Caillat songs
Comedy songs
Eartha Kitt songs
Elizabeth Gillies songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Interscope Records singles
K. Michelle songs
Kellie Pickler songs
Kylie Minogue songs
LeAnn Rimes songs
Macy Gray songs
Madonna songs
Michael Bublé songs
Obscenity controversies in music
RCA Victor singles
Republic Records singles
RuPaul songs
Songs about Santa Claus
Songs with lyrics by Philip Springer
Sugababes songs
Taylor Swift songs
Trisha Yearwood songs
Versa (band) songs |
4386093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20game%20shows | List of American game shows | The following is a list of game shows in the United States. Ongoing shows are in bold type.
General game and quiz shows
#
1 vs. 100 (2006–2008, 2010–2011)
2 Minute Drill (2000–2001)
3 for the Money (1975)
10 Seconds (1993–1994)
20Q (2009)
25 Words or Less (2019–present; began as a test run in 2018)
50 Grand Slam (1976)
100 Grand (1963)
100% (1999)
101 Ways to Leave a Game Show (2011)
500 Questions (2015–2016)
$1,000 Reward (1950)
The $10,000 Pyramid (1973–1976; began as a 1973 pilot called Cash on the Line)
The $20,000 Pyramid (1976–1980)
The $25,000 Pyramid (1974–1979, 1982–1987, 1988)
The $50,000 Pyramid (1981)
The $100,000 Pyramid (1985–1988, 1991, 2016–present)
Pyramid (2002–2004)
The Pyramid (2012)
The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime (1986–1987)
A
About Faces (1960–1961)
Across the Board (1959)
Add a Line (1949)
Adivinelo con Señas (1988–1990; Spanish-language game show)
All About Faces (1971–1972)
All About the Opposite Sex (1990)
All-Star Blitz (1985)
All Star Secrets (1979)
Almost Anything Goes (1975–1976; page links to British version, which mentions the American one in detail)
All-Star Anything Goes (1977–1978)
The Almost Impossible Gameshow (2016)
Alumni Fun (1963–1966)
The Amazing American (1940)
America Says (2018–present)
The American Bible Challenge (2012–2014)
American Gladiators (Syndicated, 1989–1996)
American Gladiators (NBC, 2008)
Americana (1947–1949)
American Ninja Warrior (2009–present)
Amne$ia (2008)
Animal Crack-Ups (1987–1989, 1990)
Answer Yes or No (1950)
Anybody Can Play (1958)
Anyone Can Win (1953)
Anything for Money (1984–1985)
Anything You Can Do (1971–1974)
Are You a Genius? (1942–1943)
Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (2007–2009, 2009–2011, 2015, 2019)
The Art Ford Show (1951)
The Art Linkletter Show (1963)
The Ask-It Basket (1939–1941)
Auction Quiz (1941–1942)
Auction-Aire (1949–1950)
Awake: The Million Dollar Game (2019)
B
Baby Game (1968)
Balance Your Budget (1952–1953)
Balderdash (2004–2005)
Bank on the Stars (1953–1954)
Bargain Hunters (1987)
The Baron and the Bee (1953–1954)
Battle Dome (1999–2001)
Battle of the Ages (1952)
Battle of the Ages (2019; unrelated to above)
Battle of the Network Stars (1976–1985, 1988, 2003, 2017)
Battle of the Sexes (1938–1943)
Battlestars (1981–1982) and its revival, The New Battlestars (1983)
Beach Clash (1994–1995)
Beat Shazam (2017–present)
Beat the Band (1940–1941, 1943–1944)
Beat the Clock (1950–1961, 1969–1974, 1979–1980, 2002–2003)
Beat the Geeks (2001–2002)
Beat the Odds (1968–1969; also an unsold 1975 pilot hosted by Chuck Henry)
Ben Bernie's Musical Quiz (1938–1940)
The Better Half (1942–1950)
The Better Sex (1977–1978)
Bid 'N' Buy (1958)
Big Fan (2017)
The Big Game (1958)
The Big Moment (1999)
The Big Payoff (1951–1959, 1962)
The Big Showdown (1974–1975)
The Big Surprise (1955–1957)
Binge Thinking (2016)
Black Card Revoked (2018)
Blackout (1988)
Blade Warriors (1994–1995)
Blank Check (1975)
Blankety Blanks (1975)
Blockbusters (1980–1982, 1987)
Boardwalk and Baseball's Super Bowl of Sports Trivia (1988–1989)
Bobcat's Big Ass Show (1998)
Boggle: The Interactive Game (1994)
Boom! (2015)
Born Lucky (1992–1993)
Bowling for Dollars (circa 1970s; many local versions)
Bowling Headliners (1948–1950)
Braingames (1983, 1984–1985; pilot, five episodes, and a "Best Of" special)
Brain Games (2019–present, had previously been an educational series with no game show elements from 2011 to 2016)
Brains and Brawn (1958)
Break the Bank (1945–1957)
Break the Bank (1976–1977)
Break the Bank (1985–1986)
Broadway to Hollywood (1949–1954; also called Headline Clues and Broadway to Hollywood Headline Clues)
Broke Ass Game Show (2015–2016)
Bruce Forsyth's Hot Streak (1986; began as a 1983 pilot titled Party Line with Gene Rayburn hosting)
Bullseye (1980–1982; called Celebrity Bullseye beginning in December 1981)
Bumper Stumpers (1987–1990)
C
Caesars Challenge (1993–1994)
Call My Bluff (1965)
Calling All Detectives (1945, c.1947–1950)
Camouflage (ABC, 1961–1962; Syndicated, 1980)
Camouflage (GSN, 2007)
Can Do (1956)
Candy Crush (2017)
Candy Land (2020–present)
Card Sharks (1978–1981, 1986–1989, 2001, 2019–2021)
The Carnation Family Party (1938, 1942, 1950–1951)
Cash and Carry (1946–1947; first "network" television game show)
Cash Cab (New York) (2005–2012; 2017–2020)
Cash Cab: After Dark (2007)
Cash Cab: Chicago (2011)
Catch Me if You Can (1948)
Hit the Jackpot (1948–1949, 1950)
Catchphrase (1985–1986; also an unsold 2006 pilot titled All-New Catch Phrase)
CBS Television Quiz (1941–1942)
Celebrity Billiards (1967–1968)
Celebrity Bowling (1969, 1971–1978, 1987–1988, 2008)
The Celebrity Game (1964–1965; also an unsold 1968 pilot hosted by Bert Parks)
Celebity Golf (1960–1961)
Celebrity Lanes (1961–1962)
Celebrity Name Game (2014–2017)
Celebrity Sweepstakes (1974–1977)
Celebrity Tennis (1973–1974)
Chain Letter (1966)
Chain Reaction (1980, 1986–1991, 2006–2007, 2015–2016, 2021–present)
The Chair (2002)
The Chamber (2002)
Chance for Romance (1958)
Chance of a Lifetime (1949–1952)
Charade Quiz (1947–1949)
Charge Account (1960–1962; also known as Jan Murray's Charge Account)
The Chase (2013–2015, 2021–present)
The Cheap Show (1978–1979)
Child Support (2018)
Child's Play (1982–1983)
Dame la Pista (2008; Spanish version)
Choose Up Sides (1940–1941)
Cinderella Inc. (1946–1947)
Clash! (1990–1991)
Vs. (1999)
College Bowl (CBS/NBC/Syndicated; 1953–1955, 1959–1970, 1978–1979, 1984, 2021–present; 1970s and 1980s versions were specials)
College Bowl (Disney Channel; 1987)
Honda Campus All-Star Challenge (1990–1995; continues to be held)
College Mad House (1989–1990; college version of Fun House)
Come Closer (1954)
Comedy of Errors (1949–1952)
Common Knowledge (2019–2021)
Concentration (1958–1978)
Classic Concentration (1987–1991)
Coronet Quick Quiz (1944–1945)
Correction Please (1943–1944, 1945)
Couch Potatoes (1989)
County Fair (1945–1950, 1958–1959)
Cram (2003)
Crossword (1966; two unsold pilots hosted by George Fenneman)
The Cross-Wits (1975–1980) and its revival, The New Cross Wits (1986–1987)
Merv Griffin's Crosswords (2007–2008)
The Cube (2021–present; began as a 2010 unsold pilot hosted by Neil Patrick Harris)
D
Daily Dilemmas (1946–1948)
Dance Machine (2008)
Darts for Dough (1940s)
Deal or No Deal (NBC, 2005–2009)
Vas o No Vas (2006–2007; Spanish version)
Deal or No Deal (Syndicated, 2008–2010)
Deal or No Deal (CNBC, 2018–2019)
Dealer's Choice (1974–1975)
Debt (1996–1998)
Detect and Collect (1945–1946)
The Diamond Head Game (1975)
Dirty Rotten Cheater (2003)
Distraction (2005–2006)
Divided (2017–2018)
Do You Trust Your Wife? (1956–1957)
Who Do You Trust? (1957–1963; called Do You Trust Your Wife? until 1958)
Dr. I.Q. (1939–1950, 1953–1954, 1958–1959)
Dr. I.Q., Jr. (1941, 1948–1949; spinoff with children playing, as well as a 1953 unsold pilot)
Dog Eat Dog (2002–2003)
Dollar a Second (1953–1956, 1957; also a 1981 pilot hosted by Bob Eubanks)
Don Adams' Screen Test (1975–1976)
Don't (2020)
Don't Forget the Lyrics! (Fox, 2007–2009, 2022–present)
Don't Forget the Lyrics! (Syndicated, 2010–2011)
Dotto (1958; aired on CBS daytime and NBC primetime)
Double Dare (CBS, 1976–1977)
Double Exposure (1961)
Double or Nothing (1940–1954)
Dough Re Mi (1958–1960)
Downfall (2010)
Draw Me a Laugh (1949)
Draw to Win (1952)
Dream Girl of '67 (1966–1967)
Dream Girl USA (1986–1987)
Dream House (1968–1970, 1983–1984)
Duel (2007–2008)
Dueling for Playmates (1983–1988)
E
Earn Your Vacation (1949–1950, 1954)
Ellen's Game of Games (2017–2021)
Emogenius (2017)
Estate of Panic (2008)
Every Second Counts (1984–1985)
Everybody Wins (1948)
Everybody's Talking (1967)
Hollywood's Talking (1973)
Everything Goes (1981–1988)
Everything's Relative (1965; also an unsold 1980 pilot hosted by Jim Peck)
Exit (2013)
Extreme Dodgeball (2004–2005)
Eye Guess (1966–1969)
F
The Face Is Familiar (1966)
Face the Facts (1961)
Face the Music (1980–1981)
Face to Face (1946–1947)
Family Feud (1976–1985, 1988–1995, 1999–present)
Celebrity Family Feud (1978–1984, 2008, 2015–present; first version was a sporadic series of primetime specials)
¿Qué Dice La Gente? (2006–2008; Spanish version)
100 Latinos Dijeron (2013–present; Spanish version)
The Family Game (1967)
Family Game Fight! (2021–present)
Family Secrets (1993)
Fandango (1983–1989)
Fast Draw (1968)
Feather Your Nest (1954–1956)
The Final Straw (2022)
Finders Keepers (1944–1945)
Fish Pond (1944)
Floor is Lava (2020–present)
Follow the Leader (1953)
For Love or Money (1958–1959)
Fractured Phrases (1965)
Free 4 All (1994)
Freedom Rings (1953)
Friend or Foe? (2002–2003)
The Fun Factory (1976)
Fun For All (1952–1953)
Fun in Print (1940)
Funny You Should Ask (1968–1969)
Funny You Should Ask (2017–present)
G
Gambit (1972–1976) and its revival, Las Vegas Gambit (1980–1981)
Catch 21 (2008–2011, 2019–2020)
Gamble on Love (1954)
Time Will Tell (1954)
The Game Game (1969–1970)
The Game of Life (2011–2012)
The Game Plane (2014–2015)
Game Show in My Head (2009)
Game of Talents (2021)
Gameshow Marathon (2006)
Geeks Who Drink (2015)
General Electric Guest House (1951)
The Generation Gap (1969)
My Generation (1998)
Generation Gap (2022–present)
Genius Junior (2018)
Get a Clue (2020-2021)
Get Rich Quick (1948)
Get the Message (1964)
Give and Take (1944–1945, 1951–1953)
Give-n-Take (1975)
Glamour Girl (1953–1954)
Go! (1983–1984)
Go for the House (1948–1949)
Go Lucky (1951)
Golf for Swingers (1972)
Good Listening (1943)
Grand Slam (1946–1953)
Grand Slam (2007; unrelated to above)
Grandstand (1988–1989)
The Great Day (1952–1953)
Great Getaway Game (1990–1991)
Greed (1999–2000)
The Grudge Match (1991–1992)
Guess Again (1951)
Guess What (1952)
Guess Where? (1939–1940)
The Guinness Game (1979–1980)
H
Haggis Baggis (1958–1959)
Have a Heart (1955)
He Said, She Said (1969–1970)
Tattletales (1974–1978, 1982–1984)
About Last Night (2022)
Head Games (2009)
Headline Chasers (1985–1986)
Heart's Desire (1946–1948)
Hellevator (2015–2016)
Hey Yahoo! (2023-present)
Hidden Agenda (2010)
High Finance (1956)
High Rollers (1974–1976, 1978–1980, 1987–1988)
History IQ (2000–2001)
Hit Man (1983)
Hold Everything! (1990)
Hold It Please (1949)
Hold That Camera (1950; changed from a game show to a variety series shortly into the run)
Hold That Note (1957)
Hole in the Wall (2008–2009, 2010–2012)
Holey Moley (2019–present)
Hollywood Calling (1949–1950)
Hollywood Connection (1977–1978; pilot taped in 1975)
The Hollywood Game (1992; began as a 1991 pilot hosted by Peter Allen)
Hollywood Game Night (2013–2020)
Hollywood Jackpot (1946–1947)
Hollywood Squares (1966–1981, 1986–1989, 1998–2004)
Storybook Squares (1976–1977)
Hip Hop Squares (2012, 2017–2019)
Nashville Squares (2019)
Home Run Derby (1960, 2003–2004)
Home Shopping Game (1987)
The Honeymoon Race (1967)
Hot Ones: The Game Show (2020)
Hot Potato (1984)
How Do You Rate? (1958)
How Much Is Enough? (2008)
How'm I Doin'? (1942)
How's Your Mother-in-Law? (1967–1968)
Hurl! (2008)
The Hustler (2021)
I
I Can See Your Voice (2020–present)
I Can't Believe You Said That (1998–1999)
I'd Do Anything (2002–2005)
Identify (1949)
Identity (2006–2007)
Idiot Savants (1996–1997)
Idiotest (2014–2017)
I'll Bet (1965)
It's Your Bet (1969–1973)
I'll Buy That (1953–1954)
Inquizition (1998–2001)
Instant Recall (2010)
It Could Be You (1956–1961)
It Takes Two (1969–1970, 1997)
It's About Time (1954)
It's Academic (1961–present)
It's Anybody's Guess (1977)
It's a PCOVCAK (2014)
It's in the Bag (WABD/NBC; 1950–1951, 1952)
It's Up to You (1939)
It's Worth What? (2011)
It's Your Chance of a Lifetime (2000)
It's Your Move (1967)
IWitness (2017)
J–K
Jackpot! (1974–1975, 1985–1988, 1989–1990; also two 1977 pilots titled The Riddlers and a 1984 pilot hosted by Nipsey Russell)
Hollywood Showdown (2000–2001)
Jackpot Bowling (1959–1961)
Jay Stewart's Fun Fair (1949, 1950–1951)
Jeopardy! (1964–1975, 1978–1979, 1984–present)
Super Jeopardy! (1990)
Rock & Roll Jeopardy! (1998–2001)
Sports Jeopardy! (2014–2016)
Celebrity Jeopardy! (2022–present)
Joe Garagiola's Memory Game (1971)
The Joker's Wild (1971, 1972–1975, 1977–1986, 1990–1991, 2017–2019)
Judge for Yourself (1953–1954)
Jumble: The Interactive Game (1994)
Just Men! (1983)
Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge (1939–1950) and its revival, College of Musical Knowledge (1954)
Keep It in the Family (1957–1958)
Keep Talking (1958–1960)
Kelly's Courthouse (1944)
Killer Karaoke (2012–2014)
King of the Mountain (1990; one-off FOX special, American version of Takeshi's Castle)
Storm the Castle (1993; one-off CBS special)
Knights and Warriors (1992–1993)
Knockout (1977–1978)
The Krypton Factor (1981)
Kwik Witz (1995, 1996–1999; 1995 version was a "pilot season")
L
Ladies Be Seated (1943–1950)
Ladies Before Gentlemen (1951)
Ladies Fair (1950, 1951–1954)
The Last Word (1989–1990)
Late Night Liars (2010)
Lawyer Q (1947)
Legends of the Hidden Temple (2021)
Let's Ask America (2012–2015)
Let's Bowl (circa 1998, 2001–2002)
Let's Go Back (1991–1993)
Let's Make a Deal / Let’s Make a Deal Primetime (1963–1977, 1980–1981, 1984–1986, 1990–1991, 2003, 2009–present)
Big Deal (1996)
Trato Hecho (2005; Spanish version)
Let's Play Reporter (1943)
Let's Play Post Office (1965–1966)
Let's Talk Hollywood (1948)
Liars (1995)
Liar's Club (1969, 1976–1979, 1988–1989)
Lie Detectors (2015)
Life Begins at Eighty (1950–1956; spinoff of Juvenile Jury)
Life with Linkletter (1950–1952)
Lingo (1987–1988, 2002–2007, 2011, 2023–present)
Lip Service (1992–1994)
Lotería Loca (2023–present)
Love Me, Love Me Not (1986–1987)
M
Made in America (1964)
The Magnificent Marble Machine (1975–1976)
Majority Rules (1996–1997)
Make a Face (1961)
Make Me Laugh (1958, 1979–1980, 1996–1998)
Make That Spare (1960–1964, 1988)
Mall Masters (2001)
Master Minds (2019–present; titled Best Ever Trivia Show in Season 1)
Match Game (1962–1969, 1973–1979, 1979–1982, 1990–1991, 1998–1999, 2016–2021)
Match Game PM (1975–1981)
Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (1983–1984)
Matches 'n Mates (1967–1968)
Meet Your Match (1949–1950, 1952–1953)
Melody Puzzles (1937–1938)
Mental Samurai (2019–2021)
Midnight Money Madness (2006)
Midway (1952)
Million Dollar Mile (2019)
Million Dollar Mind Game (2011)
Million Dollar Money Drop (2010–2011)
The Million Second Quiz (2013)
Mind of a Man (2014)
Mindreaders (1979–1980)
Minute to Win It (2010–2011, 2013–2014)
The Misery Index (2019–2021)
Missus Goes a Shopping (1941–1948)
This is the Missus (1948–1951)
Mr. Adam and Mrs. Eve (1942–1943)
The Moment of Truth (2008)
Money Hungry (2021–present)
The Money Maze (1974–1975; pilot titled The Moneymaze)
Monopoly (1990)
Monopoly Millionaires' Club (2015–2016)
Mother Knows Best (1949–1950)
Mother's Day (1958–1959)
The Movie Game (1969–1972)
Movieland Quiz (1948)
Murder Will Out (1945–1946)
Music Bingo (1958–1960)
Musical Chairs (CBS, 1975)
My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad (2008)
My GamesFever (2006–2007)
My Kind of Town (2005)
Mystery File (1950–1951)
QED (1951)
N–O
Name Droppers (1969–1970)
Name That Movie (1949)
Name That Tune (1952–1959, 1970–1971, 1974–1981, 1984–1985, 2021–present)
Name That Video (2001)
Name the Place (1939)
National Bingo Night (2007)
Bingo America (2008–2009)
National Lampoon's Funny Money (2003)
The Neighbors (1975–1976)
Nitro! (1995)
Noah Webster Says (1942–1943, 1945)
Now You See It (1974–1975, 1989; also a 1985 pilot hosted by Jack Clark)
Number Please (1961)
Números Rojos (2000; Spanish-language game show)
The Object Is... (1963–1964)
Oblivious (2002–2004)
Oh My Word (1965–1967) and its revival, Take My Word For It! (1982–1983)
Okay, Mother (1948–1951)
On the Beat (2001)
On the Cover (2004–2005)
On Your Account (1953–1956)
On Your Way (1953–1954; became a variety show later in its run)
One Minute Please (1954–1955)
P
Paging the Judge (1953–1954)
Pantomime Quiz (1947–1959)
Stump the Stars (1962–1963, 1964, 1969–1970)
Celebrity Charades (1979, 2005)
Paranoia (2000)
The Parent Game (1972–1973)
Wait 'til You Have Kids! (1996–1997)
Party Line (1947)
Pass the Buck (1978)
Password (1961–1967, 1971–1975; called Password All-Stars from 1974 to 1975; 2022–present)
Password Plus (1979–1982)
Super Password (1984–1989)
Million Dollar Password (2008–2009)
Pawnography (2014–2015)
Pay Cards! (1968–1969) and its revival, Super Pay Cards! (1981–1982)
Pay It Off (2009–2010)
Payroll Party (1952)
PDQ (1965–1969)
Baffle (1973–1974; called All-Star Baffle toward the end of the run)
Penny to a Million (1955)
People are Funny (1942–1960, 1984; radio-only until 1954, TV-only from 1960)
People Puzzler (2021–present)
People Will Talk (1963)
The People's Rally (1938–1939)
The Perfect Match (ESPN, 1994)
Personality Puzzle (1953; began as a prime time special)
Person, Place or Thing (2022–present)
The Phrase That Pays (1953–1955)
Pick a Date (1949–1950)
Pictionary (Adults, 1997–1998, 2022–present)
Picture This (1963)
Pitfall (1981–1982)
Place the Face (1953–1955)
Play for a Billion (2003)
Play the Game (1946, 1948)
Play the Percentages (1980)
Play Your Hunch (1958–1963)
Play2Win (2006–2007)
PlayCafe (2007–2008; originally called LiveFire until October 2007)
PlayMania (2006–2007)
100 Winners (2007)
Quiznation (2007)
Plugged (2002–2007)
The Pop 'N Rocker Game (1983–1984)
Pop Quiz Hotshot (2015)
Pot o' Gold (1939–1941, 1946–1947)
Power of 10 (2007–2008)
Pressure Cooker (1998)
The Price Is Right (NBC/ABC, 1956–1965)
The Price Is Right (CBS, 1972–present)
The (Nighttime) Price Is Right (Syndicated; 1972–1980, 1985–1986)
The New Price Is Right (1994–1995)
The Price Is Right at Night (2019–present)
Prime Games (1994–1997)
Pro-Fan (1977)
Professor Quiz (1936–1941, 1946–1948; broadcasting's first true quiz show)
Professor Yes 'n' No (1953)
Public Prosecutor (1951)
Q–R
Queen for a Day (1945–1964, 1969–1970; radio-only until 1948, TV-only from 1957)
Quick as a Flash (1944–1951, 1953–1954; radio-only through 1951)
Quick on the Draw (1952)
Quicksilver (1939–1940)
Quicksilver (1994–1995; unrelated to above)
Quixie Doodles (1939–1941)
The Quiz Kids Challenge (1990; loosely based on Quiz Kids)
The Quiz of Two Cities (1944–1947)
Quizzer's Baseball (1941)
Raid the Cage (2023–present)
Random Acts of Comedy (1999–2001)
Rate Your Mate (1950–1951)
Reach for the Stars (1967)
Ready... Set... Cook! (1995–2001)
The Rebus Game (1965)
Red Benson's Movie Matinee (1946–1947, 1948–1949)
The Reel Game (1971)
The Reel-to-Reel Picture Show (1998)
Remember This? (1996–1997)
Remember this Date (1950–1951)
RFD America (1947–1948, 1949)
Remote Control (1987–1990)
Repo Games (2011–2012)
Rhyme and Reason (1975–1976)
The Rich List (2006) and its revival, The Money List (2009)
Rodeo Drive (1990; began as a 1981 pilot for CBS with Peter Tomarken hosting)
Rumor Has It (1993)
RuPaul's Drag Race (2009–present)
RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars (2012–present)
Russian Roulette (2002–2003)
S
Sábado Gigante (1962–2015; Spanish-language game show, moved to Miami in 1985)
Sale of the Century (1969–1974, 1983–1989)
Temptation (Syndicated, 2007–2008)
Sandblast (1994–1996)
Save to Win (2016–2017)
Say It with Acting (1951–1952)
Say When!! (1961–1965)
Scattergories (1993)
Scrabble (1984–1990, 1993)
Scramby Amby (1943–1945, 1946–1947; only broadcast on the West Coast until 1944)
Second Chance (NBC Radio, 1953–1955)
Second Chance (ABC-TV, 1977)
Press Your Luck (1983–1986, 2019–present)
Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck (2002–2003)
Second Honeymoon (1987–1988)
Separation Anxiety (2016)
Set for Life (2007)
Seven Keys (1960–1965; KTLA-only from 1960 to 1961 and 1964 to 1965)
Sex Wars (2000–2001)
Shoot for the Stars (1977; filmed two pilots in 1976 called Shoot the Works)
Double Talk (1986; called Celebrity Double Talk towards the end of the run)
Shop 'til You Drop (1991–1994, 1996–1998, 2000–2002, 2003–2005)
Shopper's Casino (1987)
The Shopping Game (circa 1982)
Shopping Spree (1996–1998)
Show Me the Money (2006)
Show Us Your Wits (2009)
Showdown (1966)
Showoffs (1975)
Body Language (1984–1986)
Shuffle: The Interactive Game (1994)
Silent Library (2009–2011)
Sing for Your Dough (1942)
Sing for Your Supper (1949)
Sing It Again (1948–1951)
The Singing Bee (2007, 2009–2012)
Singo (1944)
Small Talk (1996–1997)
The Smarter Sex (1995)
Smush (2001)
Snap Decision (2017–2019)
Snap Judgment (1967–1969; adapted Passwords format in late 1968)
So You Think You Know Music (1939–1941, 1945–1946)
South of Wilshire (2016)
Sparring Partners (1949)
Spend a Million (1954–1955)
Spin-Off (1975)
Spin the Picture (1949–1950)
Spin the Wheel (2019)
Spin to Win (1949)
Split Personality (1959–1960)
Split Second (1972–1975, 1986–1987,2023-present)
Sports Challenge (1971–1979)
Sports Snapshot! (1993)
Star Games (1985–1986)
Starcade (1982–1984)
Starface (2006)
Stop or Go (1944–1945)
Stop That Villan (1944)
Stop the Music (1949–1956)
Street Smarts (2000–2005)
Strike It Rich (CBS/NBC, 1947–1958; radio-only until 1951, TV-only from 1957)
Strike It Rich (Syndicated, 1986–1987; called The All-New Strike It Rich in-show)
Strip Poker (1999–2000)
Studio 7 (2004)
Stump the Schwab (2004–2006)
Stumpers! (1976)
Super Bingo (1967)
Super Ghost (1952–1953)
Supermarket Sweep (1965–1967, 1990–1995, 2000–2003, 2020–2022)
Surprise Package (1950)
T
Taboo (2002)
Tag the Gag (1951)
Take a Card (1943)
Take a Chance (1950)
Take a Number (1948–1955)
Take the Cake (2007)
Take It or Leave It (1940–1952; renamed The $64 Question in 1950)
The $64,000 Question (1955–1958) and its spin-off, The $64,000 Challenge (1956–1958)
The $128,000 Question (1976–1978)
Take It All (2012)
Take Two (1963)
Talent Jackpot (1949)
Talk About (1989–1990)
Temptation (KTLA/ABC; circa 1960–1962, 1967–1968)
Texaco Star National Academic Championship (1989–1994)
Thanks to the Yanks (1942–1944)
The Bob Hawk Show (1943–1953)
That **** Quiz Show (1982)
That's My Dog (1991–1995)
That's My Jam (2022–present)
That's the Question (2006–2008)
There's One in Every Family (1952–1953)
They're Off (1949)
Think Twice (1994)
This Amazing America (1940)
Three for the Money (1948)
Three on a Match (1971–1974)
Tic-Tac-Dough (1956–1959, 1978–1986, 1990–1991)
Time Machine (1985)
Time's a Wastin (1948)
Beat the Clock (c. 1949; unrelated to above)
The Titan Games (2019–2020)
Title Tales (1940)
To Say the Least (1977–1978)
TKO: Total Knock Out (2018)
Top Card (1989–1993)
Top Dollar (1958–1959)
Total Blackout (2012–2013)
Trashed (1994)
Treasure Hunt starring Jan Murray (1956–1959)
The New Treasure Hunt (1973–1977, 1981–1982; latter version was simply called Treasure Hunt)
Treasure Isle (1967–1968)
Triple Threat (1988–1989, 1992–1993; latter version was called BET's Triple Threat)
Trivia Track (1997–1998)
Trivia Trap (1984–1985)
Trivia Unwrapped (2003–2005)
Trivial Pursuit: The Interactive Game (1993)
ESPN Trivial Pursuit (2004)
Trivial Pursuit: America Plays (2008–2009)
True or False (1938–1943, 1948–1949, 1950–1951, 1953–1956)
Trump Card (1990–1991)
Truth or Consequences (1940–1975, 1977–1978, 1987–1988; radio-only until 1950 [except for a one-time experimental TV broadcast]; TV only from 1956)
Try and Do It (1948)
Tug of Words (2021–present)
Turn It Up! (1990)
TV Land's Ultimate Fan Search (1999–2000)
TV Powww (circa 1980s; many local versions)
Twenty-One (1956–1958, 2000; also a 1982 pilot hosted by Jim Lange)
Two for the Money (1952–1957)
U–V
Ultimate Fan League (1998)
Ultimate Tag (2020)
Uncle Jim's Question Bee (1936–1941)
Uno Nunca Sabe (1988–1990)
Up To Paar (1952)
USA Gonzo Games (1991–1992)
Video Village (1960–1962)
The Video Game (1984–1985)
W
Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! (1998–present; radio series aired on NPR)
Walk a Mile (1952–1954)
The Wall (2016–present)
Weakest Link (2001–2003, 2020–present)
webRIOT (1999)
Wedding Day (1981)
Wedding Party (1968)
What Do You Have in Common? (1954)
(Guess) What Happened? (1951)
What Makes You Tick? (1948–1949, 1950–1951)
What Would You Have Done? (1940)
What's My Name? (1938–1949)
”What’s My Line” (1950-1967)
What's the Name of That Song? (1943–1948)
What's This Song? (1964–1965)
Win With the Stars (1968–1969)
What's Your Bid? (1953)
The Wheel (2022–present)
Wheel of Fortune (1952–1953)
Wheel of Fortune (NBC/CBS; 1975–1991; began as a 1973 pilot called Shopper's Bazaar hosted by Chuck Woolery, then a pair of 1974 pilots hosted by Edd Byrnes)
Wheel of Fortune (Syndicated, 1983–present)
Celebrity Wheel of Fortune (2021–present)
Whew! (1979–1980; called Celebrity Whew! beginning in November 1979)
Which is Which? (1944–1945)
Whiz Quiz (1948)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1999–2002, 2002–2019, 2020–2021)
Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire (2004)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 10th-Anniversary Celebration (2009)
The Who, What, or Where Game (1969–1974)
The Challengers (1990–1991)
Who-Dun-It? (1948)
Whodunnit? (1979)
Whose Line Is It Anyway? (1999–2004, 2005–2007, 2013–present; continuation of the British version)
Drew Carey's Green Screen Show (2004, 2005)
Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza (2011)
Trust Us with Your Life (2012; currently on hiatus)
Who Knows You Best (2000)
Who's Still Standing? (2011–2012)
Wild West Showdown (1994–1995)
Win Ben Stein's Money (1997–2003)
Win, Lose or Draw (1987–1990)
Win with a Winner (1958)
Window Shopping (1962)
Wingo (1958)
Winner Take All (1946–1952)
Winning Lines (2000)
Winning Streak (1974–1975)
Winsanity (2016–2018)
WinTuition (2002–2004)
Wipeout (Syndicated, 1988–1989)
Wipeout (ABC, 2008–2014)
Wipeout (TBS, 2021–present)
The Wizard of Odds (1973–1974)
Word for Word (1963–1964)
Wordplay (1986–1987)
Words and Music (1970–1971)
Y
Yahtzee (1988)
You Bet Your Life (1947–1961, 1980–1981, 1992–1993, 2021–present; radio-only until 1950, TV-only from 1960)
Tell It to Groucho (1962)
You Deserve It (2011)
You Don't Know Jack (2001)
You Don't Say! (1963–1969, 1975, 1978–1979; began as a local series on KTLA in 1962, hosted by Jack Barry)
Your Lucky Clue (1952)
Your Number's Up (1985)
Your Surprise Package (1961–1962)
Your Surprise Store (1952)
You're On Your Own (1956–1957)
You're the Expert (1951)
Yours for a Song (1961–1963)
Youth vs. Age (1939–1940)
Panel games
#–H
The $1.98 Beauty Show (1978–1980)
3rd Degree (1989–1990)
@midnight (2013–2017)
The Ad-Libbers (1951)
Are You Positive (1952)
Author, Author (1939–1940)
Back That Fact (1953)
Can You Top This? (1940–1954, 1970)
The Cliché Club (1950)
Down You Go (1951–1956; one of the few shows to air on the then-four major broadcast networks [ABC, CBS, DuMont, NBC])
The Eyes Have It (CBS, 1948–1949; also called Stop, Look and Listen and Riddle Me This during its run)
Celebrity Time (1949–1952)
The Eyes Have It (NBC, 1948–1949)
General Electric Guest House (1951)
The Gong Show (1976–1980, 1988–1989, 2017–2018)
Extreme Gong (1998–1999)
The Gong Show with Dave Attell (2008)
Happy Hour (1999)
High-Low (1957)
I–O
Information Please (1938–1948, 1952)
It Pays to Be Ignorant (1942–1950, 1951, 1973–1974)
It's News to Me (1951–1953, 1954)
I've Got a Secret (1952–1967, 1972–1973, 1976, 2000–2003, 2006)
Laugh Line (1959)
Let's See (1955)
Let's Talk Hollywood (1948)
Letters to Laugh-In (1969)
Life Begins at Eighty (1950–1956; spinoff of Juvenile Jury)
Lucky Partners (1958)
Majority Rules (1949–1950)
Make the Connection (1955)
Masquerade Party (1952–1960, 1974–1975)
Missing Links (1963–1964)
The Movie Masters (1989–1990)
Musical Chairs (NBC, 1953–1955)
The Name's the Same (1951–1955)
The News Hole (1994)
No Relation (1996)
On the Spot (2014–TBD)
One in a Million (1967)
One Minute Please (1954–1955)
P–S
Personality (1967–1969)
QED (1951)
Quizzing the News (1948–1949)
Relatively Speaking (1988–1989)
Riddle Me This (1948–1949)
Says You! (1988)
So You Think You Got Troubles?! (1982–1983)
S.R.O. (1953)
Stop Me If You've Heard This One (1939–1940, 1947–1949)
T–Y
Tag the Gag (1951)
Take a Good Look (1959–1961)
Take a Guess (1953)
Think Fast (ABC, 1949–1950)
To Tell the Truth (1956–1968, 1969–1978, 1980–1981, 1990–1991, 2000–2002, 2016–present)
You Lie Like a Dog (2000; Animal Planet version of To Tell The Truth)
Transatlantic Quiz (1944–1945)
Twenty Questions (1946–1955; also a 1975 pilot hosted by Jack Clark)
Wanna Bet? (2008)
We Interrupt This Week (1978–1979)
We Take Your Word (1950–1951)
What in the World? (1951–1955)
What's Going On (1954)
What's It For? (1957–1958)
What's My Line? (1950–1967, 1968–1975)
What's the Story (1951–1955)
Where Have You Been? (1954–1955)
Where Was I? (1952–1953)
Who Said That? (1948–1954, 1955)
Who's the Boss? (1954)
Who Pays? (1959)
Who's There (1952)
Who's Whose (1951)
Why? (1953)
With This Ring (1951)
Without Prejudice? (2007)
Would I Lie to You? (2022–present)
Your First Impression (1962–1964; began as a 1961 pilot called First Impressions)
You're in the Picture (1961)
You're Putting Me On (1969)
Dating/relationship
#–B
3's a Crowd (1979–1980) and its revival, All-New 3's a Crowd (2000–2002)
The 5th Wheel (2001–2004)
12 Corazones (2004–2017)
12 Corazones: Rumbo al Altar (2006–2012)
12 Dates of Christmas (2020–present)
90 Day Fiancé: Love Games (2020–present; competitive spinoff of 90 Day Fiancé)
Age of Love (2007)
The Amateur's Guide to Love (1972)
Anniversary Game (1969–1970)
Anything for Love (2003)
Are You the One? (2014–present)
Are You the One: All-Star Challenge (2017–present)
Average Joe (2003–2005)
The Bachelor (2002–present)
The Bachelorette (2003–2005, 2008–present)
Bachelor Pad (2010–2012)
Bachelor in Paradise (2014–present)
The Bachelor Winter Games (2018)
Baggage (2010–2012)
Bedroom Buddies (1992)
Bedtime Stories (1979)
The Big Date (1996–1997)
Big Man on Campus (2004–2005)
The Bill Gwinn Show (1951–1952)
The Blame Game (1999–2000)
Blind Date (1943–1946, 1949–1951, 1952)
Your Big Moment (1953)
Blind Date (Syndicated/Bravo; 1999–2006, 2019–present)
The Boot (2008)
Boy Meets Boy (2003)
Bridal Bootcamp (2010)
Bride and Groom (1945–1950, 1951–1954, 1957–1958)
Burt Luddin's Love Buffet (1999–2001)
Bzzz! (1996–1997)
C–E
Catching Kelce (2016)
CelebriDate (2011–2012)
Chains of Love (2001)
Chance for Romance (1958)
Change of Heart (1998–2003)
The Choice (2012)
The Cougar (2009)
The Courtship (2022–present)
Coupled (2016)
Crush (2000)
Cupid (2003)
Date My Mom (2004–2006)
Date Plate (2003–2004)
Dating Factory (2006)
The Dating Game and The New Dating Game (1965–1973, 1973–1974, 1978–1980, 1986–1989, 1996–1999)
Dating in the Dark (2009–2010)
Dating Naked (2014–2016)
Disaster Date (2009–2011)
DisMissed (2001)
Driven to Love (2016–2017)
ElimiDate (2001–2006)
ElimiDate Deluxe (2001)
Ex on the Beach (2018–present)
Ex-treme Dating (2002–2004)
Excused (2011–2013)
Exposed (2006–2007)
F–G
Fake-A-Date (2004)
Farmer Wants a Wife (2008)
Finding Prince Charming (2016)
Fire Island (2017)
First Dates (2017)
Flavor of Love (2006–2008)
I Love New York (2007–2008)
Real Chance of Love (2008–2009)
Flirty Dancing (2019–2020)
For Love or Money (2003–2004)
For the Love of Ray J (2009–2010)
Four Weddings (2009–2014)
Foursome (2006–2011)
Frank The Entertainer...In A Basement Affair (2010)
Friends or Lovers (2000)
Game of Clones (2019)
The Game of Dating (2017)
Gay, Straight or Taken? (2007)
Get the Hook-Up (2004)
Girl Meets Cowboy (2007)
H–K
Hell Date (2007–2008)
Here Come the Newlyweds (2008–2009)
Honeymoon in New York (1945–1947)
The Hook Up (2013)
Hot Seat (1976)
I Wanna Date a Race Car Driver (2004)
I Wanna Marry "Harry" (2014)
Infatuation (1992–1993)
Is She Really Going Out with Him? (2009–2010)
It Pays To Be Married (1953–1955)
It Takes a Church (2014–2015)
Joe Millionaire (2003, 2022)
The Joe Schmo Show (2003–2004, 2013)
Kiss and Make Up (1946)
L–M
Labor of Love (2020)
The Last Resort (2002–2003)
The Littlest Groom (2004)
Love at First Sight (1992)
Love Between the Sexes (1992–1993)
Love Connection (1983–1994, 1998–1999, 2017–2018)
Love Cruise (2001)
The Love Experts (1978–1979)
Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too (2010–2013, spinoff of Bad Girls Club)
Love in the Wild (2011–2012)
Love is Blind (2020–present)
Love Island (2019–present)
Love Story (1955–1956)
Love Triangle (2011)
Lover or Loser (2000–2001)
The Man (2012–2013)
Married by America (2003)
Match Made in Heaven (2015–2016)
Match Mistress (2008)
The Match Off (2010)
Matchmaker (1987–1988)
Meet My Folks (2002–2003)
Meet or Delete (2006–2007)
Mr. Personality (2003)
Momma's Boys (2008–2009)
More to Love (2009)
Moving In (2010)
My Antonio (2009)
My Own (2006–2007)
N–R
Next (2005–2008)
The Newlywed Game and The New Newlywed Game (1966–1974, 1977–1980, 1984, 1985–1989, 1997–1999, 2009–2013)
Night Games (1991–1992)
Ochocinco: The Ultimate Catch (2010)
Outback Jack (2004)
Paradise Hotel (2003, 2008)
Forever Eden (2004)
Parental Control (2005–2010)
The Perfect Match (1967–1968)
Perfect Match (1986; unrelated to above)
A Perfect Score (1992)
Perfect Score (2013; unrelated to above)
Personals (1991–1992)
The Pickup Artist (2007–2008)
Playboy's Love & Sex Test (1992–1994)
The Player (2004)
Playing It Straight (2004)
The Proposal (2018)
Ready for Love (2013)
Rendez-View (2001–2002)
Rock of Love with Bret Michaels (2007–2009)
Daisy of Love (2009)
Megan Wants a Millionaire (2009)
Room Raiders (2003–2009)
S–Y
Score (2005–2007)
Second Honeymoon (1948–1950; began as a test run on WAAT in 1947)
Seducing Cindy (2010)
She's Got Game (2015)
Shipmates (2001–2003)
A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila (2007–2008)
That's Amore! (2008)
A Double Shot at Love (2008–2009; third season of A Shot at Love)
Singled Out (1995–1998)
Star Dates (2002–2003)
Straight to the Heart (1989)
Street Match (1993)
Studs (1991–1993)
Swaps (1995–1996)
Sweet Home Alabama (2011–2014)
Sweethearts (1988–1989)
TailDaters (2002–2003)
Take Me Out (2012)
Temptation Island (2001, 2003)
That's Amore (1992–1993)
Three Blind Dates (1996–1997)
Too Hot to Handle (2020–present)
Tough Love (2009–2013)
Transamerican Love Story (2008)
Two in Love (1954)
The Ultimate Love Test (2004)
Wanna Come In? (2004–2005)
Wedding Party (1968)
When Spicy Meets Sweet (2008)
Who Wants to Date a Comedian? (2011–TBD)
Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire? (2000; one-off special)
Who Wants to Marry My Dad? (2003–2004)
A Wicked Offer (2015)
With This Ring (1951)
The X Effect (2006–2008)
You Rock, Let's Roll (2008)
Kids and teens
A–C
Adventure Camp (2003, 2008)
Animal Planet Zooventure (1997–1998)
Baby Races (1993–1994)
Beat the Clock (2018–2019)
Best Friend's Date (2004–2005)
Bet on Your Baby (2013–2014)
Bible Bowl (1970s–1980s)
BrainRush (2009)
Brains & Brawn (1993)
BrainSurge (2009–2011; became Family BrainSurge in 2011)
Campus Hoopla (1946–1947)
Choose Up Sides (1953, 1956)
Click (1997–1999)
Contraption (1983–1988, 1989)
D–E
Dance Revolution (2006–2007)
Design Squad (2007–2009)
Discovery Kids Zap It! (1998–2000)
Do You Know? (1963–1964)
The Dr. Fad Show (1988–1994)
Dr. I.Q. Jr. (1941, 1948–1949; children's version of Dr. I.Q.; also a 1953 pilot)
Double Dare (Nickelodeon, 1986–1990, 2018–2019)
Super Sloppy Double Dare (1987, 1989)
Family Double Dare (1988, 1990–1993)
Super Special Double Dare (1992)
Double Dare 2000 (2000)
Double Up (1992; children's variant on The Dating Game)
Endurance (2002–2008)
F–H
Family Challenge (1995–1997; renamed The New Family Challenge for Season 2)
Family Game Night (2010–2014)
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (2006–2010)
Figure It Out (1997–1998, 2012–2013)
Figure It Out: Family Style (1998)
Figure It Out: Wild Style (1999)
Finders Keepers (1987–1989)
Fort Boyard: Ultimate Challenge (2011–2012)
Fun House (1988–1991)
Funny Boners (1954–1955; children's version of Truth or Consequences)
The Game of Life (2011–2012)
Game Parade (1942–1943)
Get the Picture (1991)
Giant Step (1956–1957)
Girls v. Boys (2003–2005)
Gladiators 2000 (1994–1996; children's version of American Gladiators)
Go For It! TV (2001, 2002)
Grand-Prix All Star Show (1982–1983)
Great Pretenders (1999–2001)
Hail the Champ (1952–1953)
I–M
I'm Telling! (1987–1988)
It's a Hit (1957)
Jep! (1998–1999; children's version of Jeopardy!)
Joker! Joker! Joker! (1979–1981; children's version of The Joker's Wild)
Junior Almost Anything Goes (1976–1977)
Junior Junction (1946–1952)
The Junior Pyramid (1979; one-week children's version of The $20,000 Pyramid)
All-Star Junior Pyramid (1979; ABC primetime special)
Junior Partner Pyramid (1979; six-week daytime version)
Celebrity Junior Pyramid (1979; one-week event directly following the Junior Partner era)
Juvenile Jury (1947–1954, 1970–1971, 1983–1984, 1989–1991)
Keep It Spotless (2018)
Kids on the Move (1998–2000)
The Krypton Factor (1990–1991)
Legends of the Hidden Temple (1993–1995, 2021-2022)
Mad Libs (1998–1999)
Make a Face (1962)
Make the Grade (1989–1991)
The March of Games (1938–1941)
Masters of the Maze (1994–1996)
Maximum Drive (1994)
Moolah Beach (2001)
N–R
Nick Arcade (1992–1993; Season 1 taped in December 1991)
Nick or Treat! (1985–2002)
Nickelodeon Guts (1992–1994)
Global Guts (1995)
My Family's Got Guts (2008–2009)
The Noise (2017–2018)
Off the Wall (1998–1999)
On Your Mark (1961)
Peer Pressure (1997–1998; reran as Pressure 2 from 1999 to 2000)
Pressure 1 (1999–2000; mostly unrelated to Pressure 2)
Pick Your Brain (1993–1994)
Pictionary (1989)
Pictureka! (2010–2011)
The Pop 'N Rocker Game (1983–1984)
Puttin' on the Kids (1986–1987; children's version of Puttin' on the Hits)
Quiz Kids (1940–1953, 1956, 1978, 1981–1982; radio-only until 1949, TV-only from 1953)
Runaround (1972–1973)
S–V
Scaredy Camp (2002–2003)
Scrabble Showdown (2011–2012)
Scramble (1993–1994)
Secrets of the Cryptkeeper's Haunted House (1996–1997)
Skedaddle (1988)
Slime Time (1988; usually paired with Treasure Mall during its run)
Slime Time Live (2000–2003)
Sponk! (2001–2003; children's version of Whose Line Is It Anyway?)
Storybook Squares (1969; children's version of Hollywood Squares)
Teen Win, Lose or Draw (1989–1992)
Think Fast (Nickelodeon, 1989–1991)
Thousand Dollar Bee (2004–2007)
Tooned In (2021)
Treasure Mall (1988; usually paired with Slime Time during its run)
Video Power (1991–1992; had previously been a live-action/cartoon hybrid with no game show elements from 1990 to 1991)
Video Village Jr. (1961–1962; children's version of Video Village)
Shenanigans (1964–1965)
Virtual Memory (2000–2011)
W–Y
Way Out Games (1976–1977)
Webheads (2014)
What Would You Do? (1991–1993)
Wheel 2000 (1997–1998; children's version of Wheel of Fortune)
Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1995)
Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (1996–1998)
Wild & Crazy Kids (1990–1992, 2002)
Wild Animal Games (1995–1996)
WOW: The CatholicTV Challenge (2004–2007, 2008–present)
You're On! (1998–1999)
Reality television
#–A
13: Fear is Real (2009)
30 Seconds to Fame (2002–2003)
72 Hours (2013)
Alter Ego (2021–present)
The Amazing Race (2001–present)
American Inventor (2006–2007)
American Tarzan (2016)
America's Best Dance Crew (2008–2012, 2015)
America's Funniest Home Videos (1989–present)
America's Funniest People (1990–1994)
The Planet's Funniest Animals (1999–2008)
Funniest Pets & People (2006–2008)
The Apprentice (2004–2007, 2010)
The Apprentice: Martha Stewart (2005)
The Celebrity Apprentice (2008–2010, 2011–2017)
The Ultimate Merger (2010–2011)
B–C
Battle of the Bods (2007–2009)
Beat the Chefs (2012)
Beauty and the Geek (2005–2008)
The Benefactor (2004)
Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris (2015)
The Big Big Show (2015–present)
Big Brother (2000–present)
Celebrity Big Brother 1 (2018–present)
The Biggest Loser (2004–2016, 2020)
Billion Dollar Buyer (2016–2018)
Boot Camp (2001)
Bridalplasty (2010–2011)
Bullrun (2007–2010)
By Popular Demand (1950)
Cannonball Run 2001 (2001)
Caroline & Friends (2018)
Castaways (2018)
Catch It Keep It (2009)
The Challenge (1998–present; formerly Real World/Road Rules Challenge)
Chance of a Lifetime (1952–1956)
The Code Room (2004–2006)
Combat Missions (2002)
The Contender (2005–2009)
Culinary Genius (2017–present)
D–H
Dance 360 (2004–2005)
Dance Fever (Syndicated, 1979–1987)
Dance Fever (ABC Family, 2003)
Dancing with the Stars (2005–present)
Dancing with the Stars: Juniors (2018)
Dance War: Bruno vs. Carrie Ann (2008)
Domino Masters (2022–present)
Drop the Mic (2017–2019)
Escape the Night (2016–2019)
Fake Off (2014–2015)
Fame (2004)
Family Food Fight (2019)
The Family (2003)
Fantasy (1982–1983)
Fear Factor (2001–2006, 2011–2012, 2017–2018)
Food Network Star (2005–2018)
Games People Play (1980–1981)
Gana la Verde (2004–2005; Spanish-language game show)
The Girl in My Life (1973–1974)
The Greatest Man on Earth (1952–1953)
Guilty or Innocent (1984)
Guinness World Records Primetime (1998–2001)
Hip Hop Hold 'Em (2006)
I–N
I Bet You (2007–2008; third season recorded, but not aired)
I Survived a Japanese Game Show (2008–2009)
I'd Do Anything (2004)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (2003, 2009)
King of the Jungle (2003–2004)
Lip Sync Battle (2015–present)
Live Like a Millionaire (1950–1953)
Lost (2001)
Mad Mad House (2004)
Making It (2018–2021)
The Masked Dancer (2020–2021)
The Masked Singer (2019–present)
MasterChef (2010–present)
MasterChef Junior (2013–present)
Model Citizens (2004)
The Mole (2001–2004, 2008, 2022; changed to Celebrity Mole from 2003 to 2004)
Murder in Small Town X (2001)
My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance (2004)
My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss (2004)
The Next Great Champ (2005)
Next Level Chef (2022–present)
O–S
The Original Amateur Hour (1948–1954, 1955–1957, 1959–1970, 1992)
Pirate Master (2004)
Pussycat Dolls Present (2007–2008)
Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll (2007)
Pussycat Dolls Present: Girlicious (2008)
Puttin' on the Hits (1984–1988)
Puttin' on the Kids (1986–1987)
Rat in the Kitchen (2022–present)
The Real Gilligan's Island (2004–2005)
Reality Bites Back (2008)
Road Rules (1995–2004, 2007)
The Runner (2016)
RuPaul's Drag Race (2009–present)
RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars (2012–present)
Scared Famous (2017–present)
Shear Genius (2007–2010)
Siberia (2013)
Skin Wars (2014–2016)
Skin Wars: Fresh Paint (2015, 2016)
Solitary (2006–2010)
Songs for Sale (1950–1952)
Star Search (1983–1995, 2003–2004)
Superstar USA (2004)
Survivor (2000–present)
The Swan (2004)
T–Y
Talent Jackpot (1949)
The Talent Shop (1951–1952)
Top Shot (2010–2013)
Treasure Hunters (2006)
The Ultimate Fighter (2005–present)
The Ultimate Surfer (2021)
Unan1mous (2006)
Under One Roof (2002)
Wanna Bet? (2008)
Who Wants to Be a Superhero? (2006–2007)
Who Wants to Be Governor of California: The Debating Game (2003; one-off GSN special)
Whodunnit? (2013)
The Will (2005)
Work of Art: The Next Great Artist (2010–2011)
World of Dance (2017–2021)
The World's Best (2019)
The World's Funniest Moments (2008–present)
The X Factor (2011–2013)
You Write the Songs (1986–1987)
Your All-American College Show (1968–1970)
Your Big Break (1999–2001)
Shows local to a particular state
Note: See List of televised academic student quiz programs for a listing of televised local student quiz bowl game shows.
California
America's Low Budget Superstar (2006)
Beat the Genius (1955–1959)
Beat the Odds (1961–1963)
The Big Spin (1985–2009)
By the Numbers (1962–1963)
Claim to Fame (c. Late 1980s)
Copycat (1963–1964)
Jackpot Bingo (1985–1990)
Lucky Pair (1969–1971)
Make Me a Millionaire (2009–2010)
You've Got To Be Kidding (1987–1988)
Zoom (1962)
Florida
Flamingo Fortune (1995–1999)
Hawaii
Jan Ken Po! (1990s)
Illinois
$100,000 Fortune Hunt (1989–1994)
Beer Money! (2008, 2014–present, "Gas Money 2012–2013")
Game On! (2016–present)
Illinois Instant Riches (1994–1998)
Illinois' Luckiest (1998–2000)
Let's Face It (1967–1968)
Indiana
Hoosier Know It Alls (1997–1998)
Hoosier Millionaire (1989–2005; also a 2014 "25th-Anniversary" special)
Louisiana
N.O. It Alls (1993–1996)
We Play Baton Rouge (1982–1983)
Maryland
High Stakes (circa 1976)
Kids Baffle (1981–1987)
Shadow Stumpers (1949–1956)
Massachusetts
Bonus Bonanza (1995–1998)
Candlepin bowling (1958–1996)
Pocket Money (2009)
Sox Appeal (2007–2008)
Michigan
Fame and Fortune (1989–1991)
Megabucks Giveaway (1991–1996)
Road To Riches (1996–2000)
Make Me Rich (2009–2012)
Minnesota
21 Cards (2009)
Missouri
D. B.'s Delight (1977–1988)
Fun & Fortune (1996–2002)
Nebraska
The Council of Bluffs (1989; aired on WOWT, the NBC affiliate in Omaha)
New York
Beer Money! (2008–TBD)
Bingo at Home (1958)
Know Your New York (1947–1948)
Long Island Challenge (1990s-2000s)
NY Wired (1997–1999; originally had a "flagship station" of WNBC, which changed to WNYW for the second and final season)
Public Prosecutor (1951–1952)
Sense and Nonsense (1951–1954; aired on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays)
Steampipe Alley (1988–1993)
Teletruth (1940s)
You Be the Judge (1946–TBD)
North Carolina
Sqrambled Scuares (circa 1999, 2002–2011; called Scrambled Squares until circa 2006)
Ohio
Across the Board (1977; pilot aired live for the interactive Warner QUBE)
Cash Explosion (1987–2006, 2007–present; named Cash Explosion Double Play from 1989 to 2009)
Flippo's Screen Test (1980; live game show for the interactive Warner QUBE)
How Do You Like Your Eggs? (1977; four pilots aired live for the interactive Warner QUBE)
Make Me Famous, Make Me Rich (2006–2007; replaced Cash Explosion, which in turn replaced it a year later)
Oklahoma
The Oklahoma Lottery Game Show (2007–2009)
Oregon
The Money Game (1988–1990)
Oregon Lottery Live (1990)
On the Spot! (1984–1988)
The On the Spot! High School Challenge (1985–1987)
Pennsylvania
Philly Pheud (2013–TBD; localized version of Family Feud)
The Pennsylvania Game (1996–2006)
South Carolina
Sqrambled Scuares (2012–2017)
Tennessee
Spellround (1960s)
Texas
Family Knows Best (2012–2014)
Yuck Game Show (2005–present)
Virginia
Klassroom Kwiz WDBJ/Channel 7 (1964–1979, 1993–1996)
Washington
The Great American Game (1970s)
Wisconsin
The Bowling Game (1975–1993; a continuation of Bowling for Dollars)
Wisconsin Lottery Moneygame (1989–2002)
Super Moneygame (2002–2003)
Powerball Lottery states
Powerball: The Game Show (2000–2002)
Powerball Instant Millionaire (2002–2004)
References
Game shows, US
American |
4387043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20gravitational%20theory | History of gravitational theory | In physics, theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass. There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times. The first extant sources discussing such theories are found in ancient Greek philosophy. This work was furthered through the Middle Ages by Indian, Islamic, and European scientists, before gaining great strides during the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution—culminating in the formulation of Newton's law of gravity. This was superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in the early 20th century.
Greek philosopher Aristotle () found that objects immersed in a medium tend to fall at speeds proportional to their weight. Vitruvius () understood that objects fall based on their specific gravity. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus modified the Aristotelian concept of gravity with the theory of impetus. In the 7th century, Indian astronomer Brahmagupta spoke of gravity as an attractive force. In the 14th century, European philosophers Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony—who were influenced by certain Islamic scholars—developed the theory of impetus and linked it to the acceleration and mass of objects. Albert also developed a law of proportion regarding the relationship between the speed of an object in free fall and the time elapsed.
Italians of the 16th century found that objects in free fall tend to accelerate equally. In 1632, Galileo Galilei put forth the basic principle of relativity. The existence of the gravitational constant was explored by various researchers from the mid-17th century, helping Isaac Newton formulate his law of universal gravitation. Newton's classical mechanics were superseded in the early 20th century, when Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity. The hypothetical force carrier of gravity remains an outlier in the search for a theory of everything, for which various models of quantum gravity are candidates.
Antiquity
The Ionian Greek philosopher Heraclitus () used the word logos ('word') to describe a kind of law which keeps the cosmos in harmony, moving all objects, including the stars, winds, and waves.
In the 4th century BCE, Greek philosopher Aristotle taught that there is no effect or motion without a cause. The cause of the downward natural motion of heavy bodies, such as the element earth and water, was related to their nature (gravity), which caused them to move downward toward the center of the (geocentric) universe. For this reason Aristotle supported a spherical Earth, since "every portion of earth has weight until it reaches the centre, and the jostling of parts greater and smaller would bring about not a waved surface, but rather compression and convergence of part and part until the centre is reached". On the other hand, light bodies such as the element fire and air, were moved by their nature (levity) upward toward the celestial sphere of the Moon. In his Physics, Aristotle correctly asserted that objects immersed in a medium tend to fall at speeds proportional to their weight and inversely proportional to the density of the medium.
Greek philosopher Strato of Lampsacus (c. 335 – c. 269 BCE) rejected the Aristotelian belief of "natural places" in exchange for a mechanical view in which objects do not gain weight as they fall, instead arguing that the greater impact was due to an increase in speed. Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BCE) viewed weight as an inherent property of atoms which influences their movement.
Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BCE) theorized Earth's rotation around its own axis and the orbit of Earth around the Sun in a heliocentric cosmology. Seleucus of Seleucia (c. 190 – c. 150 BCE) supported his cosmology and also described gravitational effects of the Moon on the tidal range.
The 3rd-century-BCE Greek physicist Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE) discovered the centre of mass of a triangle. He also postulated that if the centres of gravity of two equal weights was not the same, it would be located in the middle of the line that joins them. In On Floating Bodies, Archimedes claimed that for any object submerged in a fluid there is an equivalent upward buoyant force to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object's volume. The fluids described by Archimedes are not self-gravitating, since he assumes that "any fluid at rest is the surface of a sphere whose centre is the same as that of the Earth".
Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (c.190 – c. 120 BCE) also rejected Aristotelian physics and followed Strato in adopting some form of theory of impetus to explain motion. The poem De rerum natura by Lucretius (c. 99 – c. 55 BCE) asserts that more massive bodies fall faster in a medium because the latter resists less, but in a vacuum fall with equal speed. Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius (c. 85 – c. 15 BCE) contends in his De architectura that gravity is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its 'nature' (cf. specific gravity):
If the quicksilver is poured into a vessel, and a stone weighing one hundred pounds is laid upon it, the stone swims on the surface, and cannot depress the liquid, nor break through, nor separate it. If we remove the hundred pound weight, and put on a scruple of gold, it will not swim, but will sink to the bottom of its own accord. Hence, it is undeniable that the gravity of a substance depends not on the amount of its weight, but on its nature.
Greek philosopher Plutarch () attested the existence of roman astronomers who rejected aristotelian physics, "even contemplating theories of inertia and universal gravitation", and suggested that gravitational attraction was not unique to the Earth. The gravitational effects of the Moon on the tides were noticed by Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 CE) in his Naturalis Historia and Claudius Ptolemy (100 – c. 170 CE) in his Tetrabiblos.
In the 6th century CE, the Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by incorporating a causative force which diminishes over time. In his commentary on Aristotle's Physics that "if one lets fall simultaneously from the same height two bodies differing greatly in weight, one will find that the ratio of the times of their motion does not correspond to the ratios of their weights, but the difference in time is a very small one".
Indian subcontinent
The Indian mathematician/astronomer Brahmagupta (c. 598c. 668 CE) first described gravity as an attractive force, using the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)" to describe it:
The earth on all its sides is the same; all people on the earth stand upright, and all heavy things fall down to the earth by a law of nature, for it is the nature of the earth to attract and to keep things, as it is the nature of water to flow ... If a thing wants to go deeper down than the earth, let it try. The earth is the only low thing, and seeds always return to it, in whatever direction you may throw them away, and never rise upwards from the earth.
Another famous Indian mathematician and astronomer Bhaskaracharya II (c. 1114c. 1185) describes gravity as an inherent attractive property of Earth in the section Golādhyāyah (On Spherics) of his treatise Siddhānta Shiromani:
The property of attraction is inherent in the Earth. By this property the Earth attracts any unsupported heavy thing towards it: The thing appears to be falling but it is in a state of being drawn to Earth. ... It is manifest from this that ... people situated at distances of a fourth part of the circumference [of earth] from us or in the opposite hemisphere, cannot by any means fall downwards [in space].
Islamic world
In the 11th century CE, Persian polymath Ibn Sina (Avicenna) agreed with Philoponus' theory that "the moved object acquires an inclination from the mover" as an explanation for projectile motion. Ibn Sina then published his own theory of impetus in The Book of Healing (c. 1020). Unlike Philoponus, who believed that it was a temporary virtue that would decline even in a vacuum, Ibn Sina viewed it as a persistent, requiring external forces such as air resistance to dissipate it. Ibn Sina made distinction between 'force' and 'inclination' (mayl), and argued that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. He concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. The Iraqi polymath Ibn al-Haytham describes gravity as a force in which heavier body moves towards the centre of the earth.He also describes the force of gravity will only move towards the direction of the centre of the earth not in different directions.
Another 11th-century Persian polymath, Al-Biruni, proposed that heavenly bodies have mass, weight, and gravity, just like the Earth. He criticized both Aristotle and Ibn Sina for holding the view that only the Earth has these properties. The 12th-century scholar Al-Khazini suggested that the gravity an object contains varies depending on its distance from the centre of the universe (referring to the centre of the Earth). Al-Biruni and Al-Khazini studied the theory of the centre of gravity, and generalized and applied it to three-dimensional bodies. They also founded the theory of ponderable lever, and created the science of gravity. Fine experimental methods were also developed for determining the specific gravity or specific weight of objects, based the theory of balances and weighing.
In the 12th century, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī adopted and modified Ibn Sina's theory on projectile motion. In his Kitab al-Mu'tabar, Abu'l-Barakat stated that the mover imparts a violent inclination (mayl qasri) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover. According to Shlomo Pines, al-Baghdādī's theory of motion was "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."
European Renaissance
14th century
Jean Buridan, the Oxford Calculators, Albert of Saxony
In the 14th century, both the French philosopher Jean Buridan and the Oxford Calculators (the Merton School) of the Merton College of Oxford rejected the Aristotelian concept of gravity. They attributed the motion of objects to an impetus (akin to momentum), which varies according to velocity and mass; Buridan was influenced in this by Ibn Sina's Book of Healing. Buridan and the philosopher Albert of Saxony (c. 1320–1390) adopted Abu'l-Barakat's theory that the acceleration of a falling body is a result of its increasing impetus. Influenced by Buridan, Albert developed a law of proportion regarding the relationship between the speed of an object in free fall and the time elapsed. He also theorized that mountains and valleys are caused by erosion—displacing the Earth's centre of gravity.
Uniform and difform motion
The roots of Domingo de Soto's expression uniform difform motion [uniformly accelerated motion] lies in the Oxford Calculators terms "uniform" motion and "difform" motion. "Uniform" motion was used differently then than it would be now. "Uniform" motion might have referred both to constant speed and to motion in which all parts of a body are moving at equal speed. Apparently, the Calculators did not illustrate the different types of motion with real-world examples. John of Holland at the University of Prague, illustrated uniform motion with what would later be called uniform velocity, but also with a falling stone (all parts moving at the same speed), and with a sphere in uniform rotation. He did, however, make distinctions between different kinds of "uniform" motion. Difform motion was exemplified by walking at increasing speed.
Mean speed theorem
Also in the 14th century, the Merton School developed the mean speed theorem; a uniformly accelerated body starting from rest travels the same distance as a body with uniform speed whose speed is half the final velocity of the accelerated body. Written as a modern equation:
However, since small time intervals could not be measured, the relationship between time and distance was not so evident as the equation suggests. More generally; equations, which were not widely used until after Galileo's time, imply a clarity that was not there.
The mean speed theorem was proved by Nicole Oresme (c. 1323–1382) and would be influential in later gravitational equations.
15th–17th century
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) made drawings recording the acceleration of falling objects. He wrote that the "mother and origin of gravity" is energy. He describes two pairs of physical powers which stem from a metaphysical origin and have an effect on everything: abundance of force and motion, and gravity and resistance. He associates gravity with the 'cold' classical elements, water and earth, and calls its energy infinite. In Codex Arundel, Leonardo recorded that if a water-pouring vase moves transversally (sideways), simulating the trajectory of a vertically falling object, it produces a right triangle with equal leg length, composed of falling material that forms the hypotenuse and the vase trajectory forming one of the legs. On the hypotenuse, Leonardo noted the equivalence of the two orthogonal motions, one effected by gravity and the other proposed by the experimenter.
Nicolaus Copernicus
By 1514, Nicolaus Copernicus had written an outline of his heliocentric model, in which he stated that Earth's centre is the centre of both its rotation and the orbit of the Moon.
Petrus Apianus
In 1533, German humanist Petrus Apianus described the exertion of gravity:
Since it is apparent that in the descent [along the arc] there is more impediment acquired, it is clear that gravity is diminished on this account. But because this comes about by reason of the position of heavy bodies, let it be called a positional gravity [i.e. gravitas secundum situm]
Italian investigators
By 1544, according to Benedetto Varchi, the experiments of at least two Italians, Francesco Beato, a Dominican philosopher at Pisa, and Luca Ghini, a physician and botanist from Bologna, had dispelled the Aristotelian claim that objects fall at speeds proportional to their weight.
Domingo de Soto
In 1551, Domingo de Soto theorized that objects in free fall accelerate uniformly in his book Physicorum Aristotelis quaestiones. This idea was subsequently explored in more detail by Galileo Galilei, who derived his kinematics from the 14th-century Merton College and Jean Buridan, and possibly De Soto as well.
Simon Stevin
In 1585, Flemish polymath Simon Stevin performed a demonstration for Jan Cornets de Groot, a local politician in the Dutch city of Delft. Stevin dropped two lead balls from the Nieuwe Kerk in that city. From the sound of the impacts, Stevin deduced that the balls had fallen at the same speed. The result was published in 1586.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo successfully applied mathematics to the acceleration of falling objects, correctly hypothesizing in a 1604 letter to Paolo Sarpi that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed.
Written with modern symbols:
The result was published in Two New Sciences in 1638. In the same book, Galileo suggested that the slight variance of speed of falling objects of different mass was due to air resistance, and that objects would fall completely uniformly in a vacuum. The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Italian Jesuits Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also made a calculation of the gravity of Earth by recording the oscillations of a pendulum.
Johannes Kepler
In his Astronomia nova (1609), Johannes Kepler proposed an attractive force of limited radius between any "kindred" bodies:
Gravity is a mutual corporeal disposition among kindred bodies to unite or join together; thus the earth attracts a stone much more than the stone seeks the earth. (The magnetic faculty is another example of this sort).... If two stones were set near one another in some place in the world outside the sphere of influence of a third kindred body, these stones, like two magnetic bodies, would come together in an intermediate place, each approaching the other by a space proportional to the bulk [moles] of the other....
Evangelista Torricelli
A disciple of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli reiterated Aristotle's model involving a gravitational centre, adding his view that a system can only be in equilibrium when the common centre itself is unable to fall.
European Enlightenment
The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Francesco Maria Grimaldi and Giovanni Battista Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also made a calculation of the gravity of Earth constant by recording the oscillations of a pendulum.
Mechanical explanations
In 1644, René Descartes proposed that no empty space can exist and that a continuum of matter causes every motion to be curvilinear. Thus, centrifugal force thrusts relatively light matter away from the central vortices of celestial bodies, lowering density locally and thereby creating centripetal pressure. Utilizing aspects of this theory, between 1669 and 1690, Christiaan Huygens designed a mathematical vortex model. In one of his proofs, he shows that the distance elapsed by an object dropped from a spinning wheel will increase proportionally to the square of the wheel's rotation time. In 1671, Robert Hooke speculated that gravitation is the result of bodies emitting waves in the aether. Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (1690) and Georges-Louis Le Sage (1748) proposed a corpuscular model using some sort of screening or shadowing mechanism. In 1784, Le Sage posited that gravity could be a result of the collision of atoms, and in the early 19th century, he expanded Daniel Bernoulli's theory of corpuscular pressure to the universe as a whole. A similar model was later created by Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928), who used electromagnetic radiation instead of corpuscles.
English mathematician Isaac Newton utilized Descartes' argument that curvilinear motion constrains inertia, and in 1675, argued that aether streams attract all bodies to one another. Newton (1717) and Leonhard Euler (1760) proposed a model in which the aether loses density near mass, leading to a net force acting on bodies. Further mechanical explanations of gravitation (including Le Sage's theory) were created between 1650 and 1900 to explain Newton's theory, but mechanistic models eventually fell out of favor because most of them lead to an unacceptable amount of drag (air resistance), which was not observed. Others violate the energy conservation law and are incompatible with modern thermodynamics.
'Weight' before Newton
Before Newton, 'weight' had the double meaning 'amount' and 'heaviness'.
Mass as distinct from weight
In 1686, Newton gave the concept of mass its name. In the first paragraph of Principia, Newton defined quantity of matter as “density and bulk conjunctly”, and mass as quantity of matter.
Newton's law of universal gravitation
In 1679, Robert Hooke wrote to Isaac Newton of his hypothesis concerning orbital motion, which partly depends on an inverse-square force. In 1684, both Hooke and Newton told Edmond Halley that they had proven the inverse-square law of planetary motion, in January and August, respectively. While Hooke refused to produce his proofs, Newton was prompted to compose De motu corporum in gyrum ('On the motion of bodies in an orbit'), in which he mathematically derives Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In 1687, with Halley's support (and to Hooke's dismay), Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which hypothesizes the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. In his own words:I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centres about which they revolve; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth; and found them to answer pretty nearly.
Newton's original formula was:
where the symbol means "is proportional to". To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation, there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them – the gravitational constant. Newton would need an accurate measure of this constant to prove his inverse-square law. Reasonably accurate measurements were not available in until the Cavendish experiment by Henry Cavendish in 1797.
In Newton's theory (rewritten using more modern mathematics) the density of mass generates a scalar field, the gravitational potential in joules per kilogram, by
Using the Nabla operator for the gradient and divergence (partial derivatives), this can be conveniently written as:
This scalar field governs the motion of a free-falling particle by:
At distance r from an isolated mass M, the scalar field is
The Principia sold out quickly, inspiring Newton to publish a second edition in 1713.
However the theory of gravity itself was not accepted quickly.
The theory of gravity faced two barriers. First scientists like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz complained that it relied on action at a distance, that the mechanism of gravity was "invisible, intangible, and not mechanical". The French philosopher Voltaire countered these concerns, ultimately writing his own book to explain aspects of it to French readers in 1738, which helped to popularize Newton's theory.
Second, detailed comparisons with astronomical data were not initially favorable. Among the most conspicuous issue was the so-called great inequality of Jupiter and Saturn. Comparisons of ancient astronomical observations to those of the early 1700's implied that the orbit of Saturn was increasing in diameter while that of Jupiter was decreasing. Ultimately this meant Saturn would exit the Solar System and Jupiter would collide with other planets or the Sun. The problem was tackled first by Leonhard Euler in 1748, then Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1763, by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1773. Each effort improved the mathematical treatment until the issue was resolved by Laplace in 1784 approximately 100 years after Newton's first publication on gravity. Laplace showed that the changes were periodic but with immensely long periods beyond any existing measurements.
Successes such the solution to the great inequality of Jupiter and Saturn mystery accumulated.
In 1755, Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant published a cosmological manuscript based on Newtonian principles, in which he develops an early version of the nebular hypothesis.
Edmond Halley proposed that similar looking objects appearing every 76 years was in fact a single comet. The appearance of the comet in 1759, now named after him, within a month of predictions based on Newton's gravity greatly improved scientific opinion of the theory.
Newton's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted by the actions of the other planets. Calculations by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier both predicted the general position of the planet. In 1846, Le Verrier sent his position to Johann Gottfried Galle, asking him to verify it. The same night, Galle spotted Neptune near the position Le Verrier had predicted.
Not every comparison was successful. By the end of the 19th century, Le Verrier showed that the orbit of Mercury could not be accounted for entirely under Newtonian gravity, and all searches for another perturbing body (such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury) were fruitless. Even so, Newton's theory is thought to be exceptionally accurate in the limit of weak gravitational fields and low speeds.
At the end of the 19th century, many tried to combine Newton's force law with the established laws of electrodynamics (like those of Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Bernhard Riemann) in order to explain the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury. In 1890, Maurice Lévy succeeded in doing so by combining the laws of Weber and Riemann, whereby the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. In another attempt, Paul Gerber (1898) succeeded in deriving the correct formula for the perihelion shift (which was identical to the formula later used by Albert Einstein). These hypotheses were rejected because of the outdated laws they were based on, being superseded by those of James Clerk Maxwell.
Modern era
In 1900, Hendrik Lorentz tried to explain gravity on the basis of his ether theory and Maxwell's equations. He assumed, like Ottaviano Fabrizio Mossotti and Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, that the attraction of opposite charged particles is stronger than the repulsion of equal charged particles. The resulting net force is exactly what is known as universal gravitation, in which the speed of gravity is that of light. Lorentz calculated that the value for the perihelion advance of Mercury was much too low.
In the late 19th century, Lord Kelvin pondered the possibility of a theory of everything. He proposed that every body pulsates, which might be an explanation of gravitation and electric charges. His ideas were largely mechanistic and required the existence of the aether, which the Michelson–Morley experiment failed to detect in 1887. This, combined with Mach's principle, led to gravitational models which feature action at a distance.
Albert Einstein developed his revolutionary theory of relativity in papers published in 1905 and 1915; these account for the perihelion precession of Mercury. In 1914, Gunnar Nordström attempted to unify gravity and electromagnetism in his theory of five-dimensional gravitation. General relativity was proven in 1919, when Arthur Eddington observed gravitational lensing around a solar eclipse, matching Einstein's equations. This resulted in Einstein's theory superseding Newtonian physics. Thereafter, German mathematician Theodor Kaluza promoted the idea of general relativity with a fifth dimension, which in 1921 Swedish physicist Oskar Klein gave a physical interpretation of in a prototypical string theory, a possible model of quantum gravity and potential theory of everything.
Einstein's field equations include a cosmological constant to account for the alleged staticity of the universe. However, Edwin Hubble observed in 1929 that the universe appears to be expanding. By the 1930s, Paul Dirac developed the hypothesis that gravitation should slowly and steadily decrease over the course of the history of the universe. Alan Guth and Alexei Starobinsky proposed in 1980 that cosmic inflation in the very early universe could have been driven by a negative pressure field, a concept later coined 'dark energy'—found in 2013 to have composed around 68.3% of the early universe.
In 1922, Jacobus Kapteyn proposed the existence of dark matter, an unseen force that moves stars in galaxies at higher velocities than gravity alone accounts for. It was found in 2013 to have comprised 26.8% of the early universe. Along with dark energy, dark matter is an outlier in Einstein's relativity, and an explanation for its apparent effects is a requirement for a successful theory of everything.
In 1957, Hermann Bondi proposed that negative gravitational mass (combined with negative inertial mass) would comply with the strong equivalence principle of general relativity and Newton's laws of motion. Bondi's proof yielded singularity-free solutions for the relativity equations.
Early theories of gravity attempted to explain planetary orbits (Newton) and more complicated orbits (e.g. Lagrange). Then came unsuccessful attempts to combine gravity and either wave or corpuscular theories of gravity. The whole landscape of physics was changed with the discovery of Lorentz transformations, and this led to attempts to reconcile it with gravity. At the same time, experimental physicists started testing the foundations of gravity and relativity—Lorentz invariance, the gravitational deflection of light, the Eötvös experiment. These considerations led to and past the development of general relativity.
Einstein (1905, 1908, 1912)
In 1905, Albert Einstein published a series of papers in which he established the special theory of relativity and the fact that mass and energy are equivalent. In 1907, in what he described as "the happiest thought of my life", Einstein realized that someone who is in free fall experiences no gravitational field. In other words, gravitation is exactly equivalent to acceleration.
Einstein's two-part publication in 1912 (and before in 1908) is really only important for historical reasons. By then he knew of the gravitational redshift and the deflection of light. He had realized that Lorentz transformations are not generally applicable, but retained them. The theory states that the speed of light is constant in free space but varies in the presence of matter. The theory was only expected to hold when the source of the gravitational field is stationary. It includes the principle of least action:
where is the Minkowski metric, and there is a summation from 1 to 4 over indices and .
Einstein and Grossmann includes Riemannian geometry and tensor calculus.
The equations of electrodynamics exactly match those of general relativity. The equation
is not in general relativity. It expresses the stress–energy tensor as a function of the matter density.
Lorentz-invariant models (1905–1910)
Based on the principle of relativity, Henri Poincaré (1905, 1906), Hermann Minkowski (1908), and Arnold Sommerfeld (1910) tried to modify Newton's theory and to establish a Lorentz invariant gravitational law, in which the speed of gravity is that of light. As in Lorentz's model, the value for the perihelion advance of Mercury was much too low.
Abraham (1912)
Meanwhile, Max Abraham developed an alternative model of gravity in which the speed of light depends on the gravitational field strength and so is variable almost everywhere. Abraham's 1914 review of gravitation models is said to be excellent, but his own model was poor.
Nordström (1912)
The first approach of Nordström (1912) was to retain the Minkowski metric and a constant value of but to let mass depend on the gravitational field strength . Allowing this field strength to satisfy
where is rest mass energy and is the d'Alembertian,
where is the mass when gravitational potential vanishes and,
where is the four-velocity and the dot is a differential with respect to time.
The second approach of Nordström (1913) is remembered as the first logically consistent relativistic field theory of gravitation ever formulated. (notation from Pais not Nordström):
where is a scalar field,
This theory is Lorentz invariant, satisfies the conservation laws, correctly reduces to the Newtonian limit and satisfies the weak equivalence principle.
Einstein and Fokker (1914)
This theory is Einstein's first treatment of gravitation in which general covariance is strictly obeyed. Writing:
they relate Einstein–Grossmann to Nordström. They also state:
That is, the trace of the stress energy tensor is proportional to the curvature of space.
Between 1911 and 1915, Einstein developed the idea that gravitation is equivalent to acceleration, initially stated as the equivalence principle, into his general theory of relativity, which fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into the four-dimensional fabric of spacetime. However, it does not unify gravity with quanta—individual particles of energy, which Einstein himself had postulated the existence of in 1905.
General relativity
In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of to a force. The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle, which equates free fall with inertial motion. The issue that this creates is that free-falling objects can accelerate with respect to each other. To deal with this difficulty, Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. More specifically, Einstein and David Hilbert discovered the field equations of general relativity, which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime. These field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear, differential equations. The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime, which describes its geometry. The geodesic paths of spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor.
Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include:
The Schwarzschild solution, which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetrical non-rotating uncharged massive object. For objects with radii smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, this solution generates a black hole with a central singularity.
The Reissner–Nordström solution, in which the central object has an electrical charge. For charges with a geometrized length less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object, this solution produces black holes with an event horizon surrounding a Cauchy horizon.
The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects. This solution also produces black holes with multiple horizons.
The cosmological Robertson–Walker solution, which predicts the expansion of the universe.
General relativity has enjoyed much success because its predictions (not called for by older theories of gravity) have been regularly confirmed. For example:
General relativity accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury.
Gravitational lensing was first confirmed in 1919, and has more recently been strongly confirmed through the use of a quasar which passes behind the Sun as seen from the Earth.
The expansion of the universe (predicted by the Robertson–Walker metric) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials has been confirmed by the Pound–Rebka experiment, the Hafele–Keating experiment, and the GPS.
The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals.
Gravitational radiation has been indirectly confirmed through studies of binary pulsars such as PSR 1913+16.
In 2015, the LIGO experiments directly detected gravitational radiation from two colliding black holes, making this the first direct observation of both gravitational waves and black holes.
It is believed that neutron star mergers (since detected in 2017) and black hole formation may also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation.
Quantum gravity
Several decades after the discovery of general relativity, it was realized that it cannot be the complete theory of gravity because it is incompatible with quantum mechanics. Later it was understood that it is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces. In this framework, the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons, in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons. This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit, but only at the linearized level and postulating that the conditions for the applicability of Ehrenfest theorem holds, which is not always the case. Moreover, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length.
See also
Anti-gravity
History of physics
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
(Reprinted from "The enigma of Domingo de Soto: Uniformiter difformis and falling bodies in late medieval physics". (1968). Isis, 59(4), 384–401).
(Reprinted from White, K. (Ed.). (1997). Hispanic philosophy in the age of discovery. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 29. Catholic University of America Press).
Theories of gravity
History of physics |
4387541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannu%20Bhandari | Mannu Bhandari | Mannu Bhandari Yadav (3 April 1931 – 15 November 2021) was an Indian author, screenplay writer, teacher, and playwright. Primarily known for her two Hindi novels, Aap Ka Bunty (Your Bunty) and Mahabhoj (Feast), Bhandari also wrote over 150 short stories, several other novels, screenplays for television and film, and adaptations for theater. She was a pioneer of the Nayi Kahani movement in Hindi literature, which focused on the aspirations of the emerging Indian middle class, and her own work is notable for its depiction of the inner lives of middle class working and educated women. Her work tackles themes of family, relationships, gender equality, and caste discrimination in India.
Bhandari's writing has been extensively adapted for film and stage, including productions for Doordarshan (India's public broadcast service), the BBC, and National School of Drama in India. Her work has been widely translated into other Indian languages from Hindi, as well as French, German and English. She received numerous awards in India for her work, including the Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan and the Vyas Samman. She was one of the most notable writers in 21st century Hindi literature, with the Indian Express describing her as a "doyenne of the Hindi literary world," after her death.
Biography
Early life
Bhandari was born on 3 April 1931, in Bhanpura, Madhya Pradesh and grew up largely in Ajmer, Rajasthan, where her father Sukhsampat Rai Bhandari, was a freedom fighter, social reformer and producer of the first English to Hindi and English to Marathi dictionaries. While he was engaged in social reform as part of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist institution, according to Bhandari he frequently denigrated her for her dark complexion. She was the youngest of five children (two brothers, three sisters).
Education and teaching career
Bhandari was initially educated in Ajmer, and graduated from Calcutta University in West Bengal. She went on to earn an M.A. degree in Hindi language and literature, at Banaras Hindu University. As a student she was active politically and in 1946, helped organize a strike after two of her colleagues were dismissed for being involved with Subhash Chandra Bose's Indian National Army. Bhandari initially worked as a lecturer in Hindi in Calcutta, teaching first at Ballygunge Shiksha Sadan, a primary and secondary school, and later at Kolkata’s Rani Birla College 1961-1965. After moving to Delhi with her husband, she became a lecturer in Hindi literature at Miranda House College, University of Delhi. From 1992-1994 she chaired a honorary directorship at Ujjain’s Premchand Srijanpith, in Vikram University
Family
Bhandari married Hindi author and editor Rajendra Yadav. They met in Calcutta (now Kolkata), while Bhandari was studying at Calcutta University. Bhandari and Yadav lived in Tollygunge in Kolkata until 1964, when they moved to Delhi. They lived in Delhi thereafter, and had one child, a daughter named Rachana. Bhandari and Yadav separated in the 1980s, but never divorced, remaining friends until Yadav's death in 2013.
Death
Bhandari died on 15 November 2021 at the age of 90 in Gurgaon, India.
Writing
Fiction and non-fiction
Bhandari's first publication was a short story titled 'Main Har Gayi' ('I Have Been Defeated') in 1957, in the Hindi Kahaani magazine. This story was later adapted to a highly popular and successful play and was performed all over the nation, including at the (Bharat Rang Mahotsav) (National Theatre Festival), in New Delhi.She followed it with a novel, Ek Inch Muskaan (One Inch Smile) in 1961, co-authored with her husband, Rajendra Yadav. Ek Inch Muskaan was an experimental novel, narrating the story of a marriage between a man and woman, with Yadav and Bhandari writing for each character in alternate chapters. The plot was devised by Bhandari, and the title, by Yadav. The book was initially serialised in a Hindi magazine, Gyanoday, and was republished as a book in 1991. Bhandari had continued to write short stories for Hindi magazines during this period, and she followed the success of Ek Inch Muskaan with four collections of short stories, which were published between 1961 and 1970.
In 1971, Bhandari published her second book, and first solo novel, titled Aap Ka Bunty (Your Bunty). It portrayed the collapse of a marriage through the eyes of a nine-year old child, the titular Bunty, whose parents ultimately divorce and remarry other people. Bhandari took up residence temporarily at the Miranda House College in Delhi, to complete the novel. The book was initially serialised in Dharmayug, a Hindi magazine, and immediately attracted a wide readership, resulting in Bhandari receiving large amounts of fan letters and reader comments with each chapter's publication. Published to great acclaim, the novel has been described as a 'milestone and a turning point in Hindi literature', and was subsequently translated widely, including into French, Bengali, and English.
In 1979, Bhandari published her third novel, Mahabhoj. The novel was based on the massacre of Dalits in Belchhi, Bihar, in which 11 persons belonging to Dalit and Scheduled Caste communities were captured, bound, murdered, and their corpses burned, by a private militia of 'upper' caste landlords in 1977, who then feasted beside the pyre while it burned. The incident garnered widespread public attention, including personal attention from India's then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. Mahabhoj, meaning 'banquet' presented a fictionalised retelling of this incident, through the eyes of Bisu, a young Dalit man who was traumatized by previous massacres and attacks on marginalized Dalit communities. Bisu's attempt to investigate and hold accountable the perpetrators of these crimes results in his death, and the intimidation and massacre of his entire village, in the novel. Taking place amidst an electoral campaign, the novel was praised for its understanding of Dalit marginalization and political vulnerability. The novel was a commercial success, running into 31 editions as of 2021.
Bhandari continued to write short stories through her career, publishing in Hindi magazines as well as in Indian Literature, and the Journal of South Asian Literature. Bhandari published several more collections of these stories in Hindi, including Ek Plate Sailab (1962), Teen Nigahon Ki Ek Tasvir, Yahi Sach Hai, Trishanku and Sampoorna Kahaniyan.
In 2007, she published an autobiography, Ek Kahaani Yeh Bhi, describing her life, political activism, writing, and marriage.
Film, television, and stage
Bhandari's works have been frequently adapted for production in film, television, and on stage.
In 1974, a story by Bhandari titled, Yehi Sach Hai (This is the Truth) was adapted into a film by Basu Chatterjee, called Rajnigandha. Bhandari's story was about a young woman, recording her feelings about her past and present lovers, in a diary, in an attempt to choose between them. The film adaptation remained largely faithful to Bhandari's story, with some minor changes. Bhandari continued to collaborate with Chatterjee over the next few years, writing screenplays for a television serial titled Rajani. Rajani was broadcast on India's public service broadcaster, Doordarshan, and was an account of a housewife who engaged in social and political reform movements. An episode written by Bhandari, about the plight of taxi drivers, gained wide public attention, in particular. Bhandari also adapted a story by Bengali writer Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, for a film that Chatterjee made, titled Swami, in 1977, but disagreed publicly with Chatterjee's decision to have the heroine of the story fall at her husband's feet at the end of the film, rather than be embraced by him. In 1979, Chatterjee adapted another of Bhandari's stories into the film, Jeena Yahan, which received critical acclaim.
Following the critical and commercial success of her novel, Mahabhoj, Bhandari adapted the book for the stage. It was staged by Amal Allana for the National School of Drama in Delhi, in a production that was also commercially successful, critically acclaimed, and ran for several years. Bhandari also wrote a very successful play, titled Bina Deevaron Ke Ghar (A House Without Walls). Productions of Mahabhoj have been staged in other languages as well, including Nepali,
Critical reception
Bhandari's writing can be situated within the early stages of the Nayi Kahani movement, a Hindi literary movement in the 1950s and 1960s that focused on the aspirations and problems of the educated middle class in post-Independent, post-colonial India. The movement included several of Bhandari's contemporaries, such as her husband, the author Rajendra Yadav, as well as authors like Nirmal Verma, Bhisham Sahni, Kamleshwar. These writers reflected society in newly-independent India, as it came to terms with rapid industrialization and urbanization and wrote in a markedly realistic style, in opposition to the prevailing romantic forms of Hindi literature. Writers like Rajendra Yadav, Mohan Rakesh and Kamleshwar used the format of short stories, giving the movement the name of Nayi Kahani or New Stories; Bhandari followed this pattern, but wrote novels as well.
Women writers, such as Bhandari, and Krishna Sobti, in particular, navigated the conflicts arising from the transition of women moving from domestic roles to participation in education and employment outside the home, often depicting the tension between tradition and modernity, the desire for economic independence, and individual autonomy. Critic and writer R.S. Singh has noted on an assessment of Bhandari's oeuvre that her "...forte is the middle-class woman seeking emancipation from social and moral conservatism in order to develop her personality on an equal footing with man's, and thus make her existence meaningfully significant." Writer and critic Mrinal Pande wrote that Bhandari's work depicted "...reflect the strange tensions between spent old systems that continue to dominate middle-class India and the emerging new cluster of ideas,"praising her work for having an honest approach to these conflicts.
Bhandari's style has been characterised by critics as marked with disregard for formal structure. This “shilpaheenata” (formlessness), according to writer Kuldeep Kumar, enabled Bhandari to focus on her skills in simple and direct narration. Her portrayal of female characters, use of irony, and symbolism have won critical acclaim. Her short stories frequently employed satire, especially when addressing political themes, such as the functioning of India's legal system, or wealth and poverty.
Awards
Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan (Uttar Pradesh Hindi Institute) for Mahabhoj 1980-1981
Bhartiya Bhasha Parishad (Indian Language Council), Kolkata, 1982
Kala-Kunj Samman (award), New Delhi, 1982
Bhartiya Sanskrit Sansad Katha Samaroh ( Indian Sanskrit narrative function), Kolkata, 1983
Bihar Rajya Bhasha Parishad (Bihar State Language Council), 1991
Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi, 2001–02
Maharashtra Rajya Hindi Sahitya Akademi (Maharashtra State Hindi Literature Akademi), 2004
Hindi Academy, Dilli Shalaka Samman, 2006–07
Madhya Pradesh Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (Madhya Pradesh Hindi Literature Conference), Bhavbhuti Alankaran, 2006–07
K. K. Birla Foundation presented her with the 18th Vyas Samman for her work, Ek Kahani Yeh Bhi, an autobiographical novel.
Bibliography
Fiction
Ek Inch Muskaan (1962) (co-authored with Rajendra Yadav)
Aapka Bunty (1971)
Mahabhoj (1979)
Anthologies of short stories
Mai Haar Gai (1957)
Ek Plaite Sailab (1962)
Yahi Such Hai (1966)
Tin Nigahonki Ek Tasvir (1959)
Trishanku (1978)
Meri Priya Kahaniya (1973)
Pratinidhi Kahaniya (1986)
Srestha Kahaniya (1979)
Sampurna Kahaniya (2008)
Plays
Bina Deevaron Ke Ghar (1966)
Mahabhoj: Dramatisations (1981)
Bina Divaron Ka Ghar (1965)
Pratishodh tatha Anya Ekanki (1987)
Screenplay
Katha-Patkatha (2003)
Autobiography
Ek Kahaani Yeh Bhi: (2007)
Children's literature
Aankhon Dekha Jhooth (Anthology of Stories)
Aasmata (Fiction)
Kala (Fiction)
Translations and adaptations
Adaptations
Bhandari has been closely involved in several film, television, and stage adaptations of her works. However, her work has also been adapted by others for production. In 2017, a classical Kathak dance performance of her story, 'Trishanku' earned critical acclaim for her daughter, the choreographer and dancer Rachna Yadav, and for music composers, the Gundecha brothers. Her stories have been included in the Hindi curriculum for schools, set by the National Council of Educational Research and Training.
In 1986, Bhandari sold the rights to her second novel, Aap Ka Bunty and it was subsequently adapted for a film produced by Dharmendra Goyal and directed by Sisir Mishra. The film, Samay ki Dhara, starred Shabana Azmi, Shatrughan Sinha, Tina Munim and Vinod Mehra. Bhandari subsequently sued the filmmakers, Kala Vikas Pictures Pvt Ltd, on the grounds that the adaptation distorted her novel and consequently violated Section 57 of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957. The judgment in this case, Manu Bhandari v. Kala Vikas Motion Pictures Ltd is a landmark decision in Indian copyright law that clarified the scope of an author's moral rights under Indian copyright law. The Court held in favor of Bhandari, but she and the producers ultimately settled out of court.
Her play, Bina Deevaron Ke Ghar has been staged in Gwalior, Mumbai, and Delhi, in productions in Hindi. Marathi adaptations of her works have been staged in Goa, by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, and a Kannada translation of Mahabhoj, by Dr. Tippeswami and directed by B.V. Karant, was also staged.
In addition, Vipin Natkarni directed and translated the story Aapka Bunty which was highly praised. It earned itself a 'best story' award from the Maharashtra government and twenty-three other awards. Basu Chatterjee's directed film Trishanku was translated into Bengali and made into a feature film.
A number of films for television were created by adapting Bhandari's writing. These include:
Telefilm based on Akeli story, shown on Delhi Doordarshan Channel
Rajendra Nath adapted Trishanku into a telefilm for Delhi Doordarshan
Yusuf Khan adapted Nasha into a telefilm for Lucknow Doordarshan
Rani Maa ka Chabutara was adapted into a telefilm by Vibha Sharma for Bhopal Doordarshan
Asamyik Mrityu was adapted into a telefilm for Delhi Doordarshan by Manju Singh
Mahabhoj story was adapted into a telefilm by William Ash for BBC London
Translations
Bhandari wrote in Hindi, but her work has been frequently translated to Indian and foreign languages, including Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, Manipuri, French, German, Hungarian and English. A select list of translations includes:
Plays and fiction
Ek Inch Muskaan, translated into Kannada (H.S. Parvathi)
Aapka Bunty translated into Marathi (Indumati Shevde), Gujarati (Niranjan Sattavala), Tamil (Charu Ratnam), Kannada (H.S. Parvathi), Bengali (Renuka Vishvaas), Odiya (Saudamini Bhuyan), English (Jairatan, Sunita Jain), Japanese (translation directed by Hashimoto)
Mahabhoj translated into Marathi (Padmakar Joshi), Bengali (Ravindranath Ghosh), Gujarati (Girish Solanki), English (Richard Williams, Ruth Vanita), French (Nicole Balbeer)
Mahabhoj (play) translated into Marathi (Arvind Deshpande - Sangeet Natak Akademi, Goa) and Kannada
Compilations of stories
Nine stories compiled under the name Ek Tee, translated into Marathi (Shubha Chitnis)
Three compilations of nine stories from Satya, five stories from Uttung, and nine stories from Trishanku translated into Marathi (Chandrakant Bhonjal)
Ten stories translated and compiled in Bengali (Gauri )
Ten Stories translated and compiled in Manipuri (Meghchand)
Compilation of five translated stories into English - The Dusk of Life translation (Neelam Bhandari)
Compilation of eight stories into the language of Tajikistan (Meherunissa)
Yahi Sach Hai translated into German and Japanese (Barbara Bomhoff)
Rani Maa Ka Chabutra translated into French (Annie Montaut), Spanish (Alvaro Enterria)
Nai Naukari translated into French (Kiran Chaudhary)
Shaayad translated into Hungarian (Eva Aradi)
Chashme translated into Dutch (Rob Van Dijk, Reinder Boverhuis, Irma Van Dam)
Trishanku translated into German (Rosmarie Rauter), English (Charles Dent), English (Nancy Stork, Newhouse)
Stri Subodhini translated into English (Nancy Stork-Newhouse)
See also
List of Indian writers
References
External links
1931 births
2021 deaths
Hindi-language writers
University of Calcutta alumni
Banaras Hindu University alumni
Women writers from Rajasthan
Novelists from Rajasthan
20th-century Indian women writers
Indian women novelists
20th-century Indian novelists
Hindi-language screenwriters
Screenwriters from Rajasthan
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian women screenwriters
Screenwriters from Madhya Pradesh
Novelists from Madhya Pradesh
Women writers from Madhya Pradesh
People from Mandsaur district
People from Ajmer
Indian intellectual property law |
4387617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit%E2%80%93drug%20interactions | Grapefruit–drug interactions | Some fruit juices and fruits can interact with numerous drugs, in many cases causing adverse effects. The effect is most studied with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, but similar effects have been observed with certain other citrus fruits.
The effect was first discovered accidentally in 1991, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit juice to hide the taste of the ethanol. A 2005 medical review advised patients to avoid all citrus juices until further research clarifies the risks. It was reported in 2008 that similar effects had been observed with apple juice.
One whole grapefruit, or a small glass () of grapefruit juice, can cause drug overdose toxicity. Fruit consumed three days before the medicine can still have an effect. The relative risks of different types of citrus fruit have not been systematically studied. Affected drugs typically have an auxiliary label saying "Do not take with grapefruit" on the container, and the interaction is elaborated upon in the package insert. People are also advised to ask their physician or pharmacist about drug interactions.
The effects are caused by furanocoumarins (and, to a lesser extent, flavonoids). These chemicals inhibit key drug metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). CYP3A4 is a metabolizing enzyme for almost 50% of drugs, and is found in the liver and small intestinal epithelial cells. As a result, many drugs are affected. Inhibition of enzymes can have two different effects, depending on whether the drug is either
metabolized by the enzyme to an inactive metabolite, or
activated by the enzyme to an active metabolite.
In the first instance, inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes results in elevated concentrations of an active drug in the body, which may cause adverse effects. Conversely, if the medication is a prodrug, it needs to be metabolised to be converted to the active drug. Compromising its metabolism lowers concentrations of the active drug, reducing its therapeutic effect, and risking therapeutic failure.
Low drug concentrations can also be caused when the fruit suppresses drug absorption from the intestine.
History
The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989 by a group led by pharmacologist David Bailey. Their first published clinical report on grapefruit drug interactions was in 1991.
Polyphenols
Citrus fruits may contain various polyphenols, including naringin and furanocoumarins, such as bergamottin, dihydroxybergamottin, and bergapten. Grapefruit, Seville oranges, and bergamot contain naringin. Furanocoumarins may have a stronger effect than naringin.
Mechanism
Organic derivatives of furanocoumarin interfere with liver and intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 and may be responsible for the effects of grapefruit on the enzyme. Cytochrome isoforms affected by grapefruit components also include CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. Drugs metabolized by these enzymes may have interactions with citrus chemicals.
When drugs are taken orally, they enter the gut lumen to be absorbed in the small intestine and sometimes, in the stomach. In order for drugs to be absorbed, they must pass through the epithelial cells that line the lumen wall before they can enter the hepatic portal circulation to be distributed systemically in blood circulation. Drugs are metabolized by drug-specific metabolizing enzymes in the epithelial cells. Metabolizing enzymes transform these drugs into metabolites. The primary purpose for drug metabolism is to detoxify, inactivate, solubilize and eliminate these drugs. As a result, the amount of the drug in its original form that reaches systemic circulation is reduced due to this first-pass metabolism.
Many drugs are impacted by consumption of citrus juice. When the metabolizing enzyme is inhibited, less of the drug will be metabolized by it in the epithelial cells. This interaction is particularly dangerous when the drug in question has a low therapeutic index, so that a small increase in blood concentration can be the difference between therapeutic effect and toxicity. Citrus juice inhibits the enzyme only within the intestines if consumed in small amounts. When larger amounts are consumed they may also inhibit the enzyme in the liver. The hepatic enzyme inhibition may cause an additional increase in potency and a prolonged metabolic half-life (prolonged metabolic half-life for all ways of drug administration). The degree of the effect varies widely between individuals and between samples of juice, and therefore cannot be accounted for a priori.
Another mechanism of interaction is possibly through the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 localized in the brush border of the enterocytes.
Duration and timing
Metabolism interactions
Grapefruit–drug interactions that affect the pre-systemic metabolism (i.e., the metabolism that occurs before the drug enters the blood) of drugs have a different duration of action than interactions that work by other mechanisms, such as on absorption, discussed below.
The interaction is greatest when the juice is ingested with the drug or up to 4 hours before the drug.
The location of the inhibition occurs in the lining of the intestines, not within the liver. The effects last because grapefruit-mediated inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes, like CYP3A4, is irreversible; that is, once the grapefruit has "broken" the enzyme, the intestinal cells must produce more of the enzyme to restore their capacity to metabolize drugs that the enzyme is used to metabolize. It takes around 24 hours to regain 50% of the cell's baseline enzyme activity and it can take 72 hours for the enzyme activity to completely return to baseline. For this reason, simply separating citrus consumption and medications taken daily does not avoid the drug interaction.
Absorption interactions
For medications that interact due to inhibition of OATP (organic anion-transporting polypeptides), a relative short period of time is needed to avoid this interaction, and a 4-hour interval between grapefruit consumption and the medication should suffice. For drugs recently sold on the market, drugs have information pages (monographs) that provide information on any potential interaction between a medication and grapefruit juice. Because there is a growing number of medications that are known to interact with citrus, patients should consult a pharmacist or physician before consuming citrus while taking their medications.
Affected fruit
Grapefruit is not the only citrus fruit that can interact with medications. One medical review advised patients to avoid all citrus.
There are three ways to test if a fruit interacts with drugs:
Test a drug–fruit combination in humans
Test a fruit chemically for the presence of the interacting polyphenol compounds
Test a fruit genetically for the genes needed to make the interacting polyphenol compounds
The first approach involves risk to trial volunteers. The first and second approaches have another problem: the same fruit cultivar could be tested twice with different results. Depending on growing and processing conditions, concentrations of the interacting polyphenol compounds can vary dramatically. The third approach is hampered by a paucity of knowledge of the genes in question.
Citrus genetics and interactions
A descendant of citrus cultivars that cannot produce the problematic polyphenol compounds would presumably also lack the genes to produce them. Many citrus cultivars are hybrids of a small number of ancestral species, which have now been fully genetically sequenced.
Many traditional citrus groups, such as true sweet oranges and lemons, seem to be bud sports, mutant descendants of a single hybrid ancestor. In theory, cultivars in a bud sport group would be either all safe or all problematic. Nonetheless, new citrus varieties arriving on the market are increasingly likely to be sexually created hybrids, not asexually created sports.
The ancestry of a hybrid cultivar may not be known. Even if it is known, it is not possible to be certain that a cultivar will not interact with drugs on the basis of taxonomy, as it is not known which ancestors lack the capacity to make the problematic polyphenol compounds. Nonetheless, many of the citrus cultivars known to be problematic seem to be closely related.
Ancestral species
Pomelo (the Asian fruit that was crossed with an orange to produce grapefruit) contains high amounts of furanocoumarin derivatives. Grapefruit relatives and other varieties of pomelo have variable amounts of furanocoumarin.
The Dancy cultivar has a small amount of pomelo ancestry, but is genetically close to a non-hybrid true mandarin (unlike most commercial mandarins, which may have much more extensive hybridization). Eight Dancy fruits, all picked at one time from one tree, have been blended and tested for furanocoumarins; none were detectable.
No citron or papeda seems to have been tested.
Hybrid cultivars
Both sweet oranges and bitter oranges are mandarin-pomelo hybrids. Bitter oranges (such as the Seville oranges often used in marmalade) can interfere with drugs including etoposide, a chemotherapy drug, some beta blocker drugs used to treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine, taken by transplant patients to prevent rejection of their new organs. Evidence on sweet oranges is more mixed.
Tests on some tangelos (hybrids of mandarins/tangerines and pomelo or grapefruit) have not shown significant amounts of furanocoumarin; these studies were also conducted on eight fruit all picked at one time from one tree.
Common lemons are the product of orange/citron hybridization, and hence have pomelo ancestry, and although Key limes are papeda/citron hybrids, the more commercially prevalent Persian limes and similar varieties are crosses of the Key lime with lemons, and hence likewise have pomelo ancestry. These limes can also inhibit drug metabolism. Other less-common citrus species also referred to as lemons or limes are genetically distinct from the more common varieties, with different proportions of pomelo ancestry.
Inaccurate labeling
Marketing classifications often do not correspond to taxonomic ones. The "Ambersweet" cultivar is classified and sold as an orange, but does not descend from the same common ancestor as sweet oranges; it has grapefruit, orange, and mandarin ancestry. Fruits are often sold as mandarin, tangerine, or satsuma (which may be synonyms). Fruit sold under these names include many that are, like Sunbursts and Murcotts, hybrids with grapefruit ancestry. The diversity of fruits called limes is remarkable; some, like the Spanish lime and Wild lime, are not even citrus fruit.
In some countries, citrus fruit must be labelled with the name of a registered cultivar. Juice is often not so labelled. Some medical literature also names the cultivar tested.
Other fruit and vegetables
The discovery that flavonoids are responsible for some interactions make it plausible that other fruit and vegetables are affected.
Apple juice
Apple juice, especially commercially produced products, interferes with the action of OATPs. This interference can decrease the absorption of a variety of commonly used medications, including beta blockers like atenolol, antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, and antihistamines like montelukast.
Apple juice has been implicated in interfering with etoposide, a chemotherapy drug, and cyclosporine, taken by transplant patients to prevent rejection of their new organs.
Pomegranate juice
Pomegranate juice inhibits the action of the drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. , however, the currently available literature does not appear to indicate a clinically relevant impact of pomegranate juice on drugs that are metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.
Affected drugs
Researchers have identified over 85 drugs with which grapefruit is known to have an adverse reaction. According to a review done by the Canadian Medical Association, there is an increase in the number of potential drugs that can interact with grapefruit juice, and of the number of fruit types that can interact with those drugs. From 2008 to 2012, the number of drugs known to potentially interact with grapefruit, with risk of harmful or even dangerous effects (gastrointestinal bleeding, nephrotoxicity), increased from 17 to 43.
Traits
The interaction between citrus and medication depends on the individual drug, and not the class of the drug. Drugs that interact usually share three common features: they are taken orally, normally only a small amount enters systemic blood circulation, and they are metabolized by CYP3A4. The effects on the CYP3A4 in the liver could in principle cause interactions with non-oral drugs, and non-CYP3A4-mediated effects also exist.
Cytochrome isoforms affected by grapefruit components include CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. Drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes may have interactions with components of grapefruit.
An easy way to tell if a medication may be affected by grapefruit juice is by researching whether another known CYP3A4 inhibitor drug is already contraindicated with the active drug of the medication in question. Examples of such known CYP3A4 inhibitors include cisapride (Propulsid), erythromycin, itraconazole (Sporanox), ketoconazole (Nizoral), and mibefradil (Posicor).
Incomplete list of affected drugs
By enzyme
Drugs that interact with grapefruit compounds at CYP3A4 include
benzodiazepines: triazolam (Halcion), orally administered midazolam (Versed), orally administered nitrazepam (Mogodon), diazepam (Valium), clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax) and quazepam (Doral, Dormalin)
ritonavir (Norvir): Inhibition of CYP3A4 prevents the metabolism of protease inhibitors such as ritonavir.
sertraline (Zoloft and Lustral)
verapamil (Covera-HS, Calan, Verelan, and Isoptin)
Drugs that interact with grapefruit compounds at CYP1A2 include
caffeine
Drugs that interact with grapefruit compounds at CYP2D6 include
dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
dextroamphetamine (75%)/ levoamphetamine (25%) (Adderall)
dextromethamphetamine (Desoxyn)
Research has been done on the interaction between amphetamines and CYP2D6 enzyme, and researchers concluded that some parts of substrate molecules contribute to the binding of the enzyme.
Other interactions
Additional drugs found to be affected by grapefruit juice include, but are not limited to
Some statins, including atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Mevacor), and simvastatin (Zocor, Simlup, Simcor, Simvacor)
In contrast, pravastatin (Pravachol), fluvastatin (Lescol), and rosuvastatin (Crestor) are unaffected by grapefruit.
Anti-arrhythmics including amiodarone (Cordarone), dronedarone (Multaq), quinidine (Quinidex, Cardioquin, Quinora), disopyramide (Norpace), propafenone (Rythmol) and carvedilol (Coreg)
Amlodipine: Grapefruit increases the available amount of the drug in the blood stream, leading to an unpredictable increase in antihypertensive effects.
Anti-migraine drugs ergotamine (Cafergot, Ergomar), amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep, Vanatrip) and nimodipine (Nimotop)
Erectile dysfunction drugs sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis) and vardenafil (Levitra)
Acetaminophen/paracetamol (Tylenol) concentrations were found to be increased in murine blood by white and pink grapefruit juice, with the white juice acting faster. "The bioavailability of paracetamol was significantly reduced following multiple GFJ administration" in mice and rats. This suggests that repeated intake of grapefruit juice reduces the efficacy and bioavailability of acetaminophen/paracetamol in comparison with a single dose of grapefruit juice, which conversely increases the efficacy and bioavailability of acetaminophen/paracetamol.
Anthelmintics: Used for treating certain parasitic infections; includes praziquantel
Buprenorphine: Metabolized into norbuprenorphine by CYP3A4
Buspirone (Buspar): Grapefruit juice increased peak and AUC plasma concentrations of buspirone 4.3- and 9.2-fold, respectively, in a randomized, 2-phase, ten-subject crossover study.
Codeine is a prodrug that produces its analgesic properties following metabolism to morphine entirely by CYP2D6.
Ciclosporin (cyclosporine, Neoral): Blood levels of ciclosporin are increased if taken with grapefruit juice, orange juice, or apple juice. A plausible mechanism involves the combined inhibition of enteric CYP3A4 and MDR1, which potentially leads to serious adverse events (e.g., nephrotoxicity). Blood levels of tacrolimus (Prograf) can also be equally affected for the same reason as ciclosporin, as both drugs are calcineurin inhibitors.
Dihydropyridines including felodipine (Plendil), nicardipine (Cardene), nifedipine, nisoldipine (Sular) and nitrendipine (Bayotensin)
Erlotinib (Tarceva)
Exemestane, aromasin, and by extension all estrogen-like compounds and aromatase inhibitors that mimic estrogen in function will be increased in effect, causing increased estrogen retention and increased drug retention.
Etoposide interferes with grapefruit, orange, and apple juices.
Fexofenadine (Allegra) concentrations are decreased rather than increased as is the case with most grapefruit–drug interactions.
Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Faverin, Fevarin and Dumyrox)
Imatinib (Gleevec): Although no formal studies with imatinib and grapefruit juice have been conducted, the fact that grapefruit juice is a known inhibitor of the CYP 3A4 suggests that co-administration may lead to increased imatinib plasma concentrations. Likewise, although no formal studies were conducted, co-administration of imatinib with another specific type of citrus juice called Seville orange juice (SOJ) may lead to increased imatinib plasma concentrations via inhibition of the CYP3A isoenzymes. Seville orange juice is not usually consumed as a juice because of its sour taste, but it is found in marmalade and other jams. Seville orange juice has been reported to be a possible inhibitor of CYP3A enzymes without affecting MDR1 when taken concomitantly with ciclosporin.
Ketamine: After drinking 200 mL of grapefruit juice daily for five days, the overall absorption of orally ingested ketamine was three-fold compared to a control group of a clinical trial. The peak blood ketamine concentration was over two-fold.
Levothyroxine (Eltroxin, Levoxyl, Synthroid): "Grapefruit juice may slightly delay the absorption of levothyroxine, but it seems to have only a minor effect on its bioavailability."
Losartan (Cozaar)
Methadone: Inhibits the metabolism of methadone and raises serum levels.
Omeprazole (Losec, Prilosec)
Oxycodone: grapefruit juice enhances the exposure to oral oxycodone. And a randomized, controlled trial 12 healthy volunteers ingested 200 mL of either grapefruit juice or water three times daily for five days. On the fourth day 10 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride were administered orally. Analgesic and behavioral effects were reported for 12 hours and plasma samples were analyzed for oxycodone metabolites for 48 hours. Grapefruit juice and increased the mean area under the oxycodone concentration-time curve (AUC(0-∞)) by 1.7 fold, the peak plasma concentration by 1.5-fold and the half-life of oxycodone by 1.2-fold as compared to water. The metabolite-to-parent ratios of noroxycodone and noroxymorphone decreased by 44% and 45% respectively. Oxymorphone AUC(0-∞) increased by 1.6-fold but the metabolite-to-parent ratio remained unchanged.
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex): Tamoxifen is metabolized by CYP2D6 into its active metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Grapefruit juice may potentially reduce the effectiveness of tamoxifen.
Trazodone (Desyrel): Little or no interaction with grapefruit juice.
Verapamil (Calan SR, Covera HS, Isoptin SR, Verelan): atrioventricular conduction disorders.
Warfarin (coumadin)
Zolpidem (Ambien): Little or no interaction with grapefruit juice
References
Pharmacokinetics
Drugs affected by grapefruit
Grapefruit
Furanocoumarins |
4387773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur | Udaipur | Udaipur (Hindi: , ) (ISO 15919: Udayapura) is a city and municipal corporation in Udaipur district of the state of Rajasthan, India.It is also known as the 'City of Lakes' and serves as the administrative headquarters of Udaipur district. It is the historic capital of the kingdom of Mewar in the former Rajputana Agency. It was founded in 1559 by Udai Singh II of the Sisodia clan of Rajputs, when he shifted his capital from the city of Chittorgarh to Udaipur after Chittorgarh was besieged by Akbar. It remained as the capital city till 1818 when it became a British princely state, and thereafter the Mewar province became a part of Rajasthan when India gained independence in 1947.
The city is located in the southernmost part of Rajasthan, near the Gujarat border. It is surrounded by the Aravali Range, which separates it from the Thar Desert. It is placed almost in the middle of two major Indian metro cities, around 660 km from Delhi and 800 km from Mumbai. Besides, connectivity with Gujarat ports provide Udaipur a strategic geographical advantage. Udaipur is well connected with nearby cities and states by means of road, rail and air transportation facilities. The city is served by the Maharana Pratap Airport. Common languages spoken include Hindi, English and Rajasthani (Mewari).
Dubbed "the most romantic spot on the continent of India" by British administrator James Tod, Udaipur is a tourist destination and is known for its history, culture, scenic locations and the Rajput-era palaces. It has seven lakes surrounding the city. Five of the major lakes, namely Fateh Sagar Lake, Lake Pichola, Swaroop Sagar Lake, Rangsagar, and Doodh Talai Lake, have been included under the restoration project of the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) of the Government of India. Besides lakes, Udaipur is also known for its historic forts and palaces, museums, galleries, natural locations and gardens, architectural temples, as well as traditional fairs, festivals and structures. Due to the several lakes present here, it is sometimes dubbed "Venice of the East". Udaipur economy is primarily driven by tourism, though minerals, marble processing, chemical manufacturing and development, electronic manufacturing and the handicraft industry are also contributors. Udaipur hosts several state and regional public offices, including offices of Director of Mines and Geology, Commissioner of Excise, Commissioner of Tribal Area Development, Hindustan Zinc Limited, and Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited. Besides, Udaipur is rising as educational hub as well, with 5 Universities, 14 colleges and more than 160 high schools. Udaipur is home to IIM Udaipur, the fifth best management institution in the country according to NIRF ranking released by the MHRD.
History
Prehistoric Era
The Ahar River bank was inhabited in about 2000 BCE. There are footprints of two different civilizations, which provides claims about earliest inhabitants of the Ahar culture: the first ones are the Bhil/Bheels, the indigenous tribes originated at this place, and are still residing in the area in large numbers. The second footprints were of Rajputs, who once entered the enclosed valley, and then continued to live in this place for centuries.
Establishment as a city
Udaipur was founded in 1559, by Maharana Udai Singh II in the fertile circular Girwa Valley to the southwest of Nagda, on the Banas River. The city was established as the new capital of the Mewar kingdom. This area already had a thriving trading town, Ayad, which had served as the capital of Mewar in the 10th through 12th centuries. The Girwa region was thus already well known to Chittaud rulers who moved to it whenever the vulnerable tableland Chittaurgarh was threatened with enemy attacks. Rana Udai Singh II, in the wake of 16th-century emergence of artillery warfare, decided during his exile at Kumbhalgarh to move his capital to a more secure location. Ayad was flood-prone, hence he chose the ridge east of Pichola Lake to start his new capital city, where he came upon a hermit while hunting in the foothills of the Aravalli Range. In the myth, the hermit blessed the king and guided him to build a palace on the spot, assuring him it would be well protected. Udai Singh II consequently established a residence on the site. In November 1567, the Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Chittor. To protect his territory from attack, Rana Udai Singh built a six-kilometre-long city wall, with seven gates, namely Surajpole, Chandpole, Udiapole, Hathipole, Ambapole, Brahmpole, Delhi Gate, and Kishanpole. The area within these walls and gates is still known as the old city or the walled city.
In September 1576, Akbar himself arrived at Udaipur and remained there for 6 months until May 1577. In 1615, Rana Amar Singh accepted vassalship to Mughal rule under Emperor Jahangir and Udaipur remained the capital of the state, which became a princely state of British India in 1818. Being a mountainous region and unsuitable for heavily armoured Mughal horses, Udaipur remained safe from Mughal influence despite much pressure. At present, Maharana Mahendra Singh Mewar is the 76th custodian of the Mewar dynasty.
Geography
Jharmar Kotra national geological monument
Jharmar Kotra Stromatolite Fossil Park at Jharmar Kotra south-east of Udaipur has been declared the National Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.
Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba Mineralised belt
Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba Mineralised belt nearby, consisting of gossan, has been declared the National Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.
Topography
Udaipur is located at . The city covers an area of and lies at an altitude of above sea level. It is located in the southern region of Rajasthan, near the Gujarat border. The city lies southwest of the state capital, Jaipur and northeast from Ahmedabad.
Udaipur with its lakes lies on the south slope of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan. The northern part of the district consists generally of elevated plateaus, while the eastern part has vast stretches of fertile plains. The southern part is covered with rocks, Hills and dense Forest. There are two important passages in the Aravali ranges viz. Desuri Nal and Saoke which serves as a link between Udaipur and Jodhpur District.
The lakes of the city being interconnected form a lake system which supports and sustains the groundwater recharge, water availability for drinking, agriculture, industries and is a source of employment through tourism. The lake system has three main lakes in its upper catchment area, six lakes within its municipal boundary and one lake in the downstream. The Udaipur lake system, arising out of the river Berach (Banas Basin) and its tributaries, is an integral component of the upper Berach basin. The upper Berach basin is a part of the Gangetic river system, wherein the river Berach meets river Ganga through the rivers Banas, Chambal and Yamuna.
The Udaipur Lake System can be divided into the following categories:
Upper lakes: Lake Badi, Chhota Madar and Bada Madar
City Lakes: Lake Pichola, Fateh Sagar Lake, Swaroop Sagar Lake, Rang Sagar, Kumharia Talab, Goverdhan Sagar.
Downstream Lake: Udaisagar Lake
River: Ayad River
Climate
Udaipur city has a hot semi-arid climate. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon and winter respectively, dominate the city of Udaipur. Being located in the desert lands of Rajasthan, the climate and weather of Udaipur is usually hot. The summer season runs from mid-March to June and touches temperature ranging from to in the months of March to June. Monsoons arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms. With its greenery and lakes, the city is one of the top monsoon destinations of the country. The winter season prevails from the month of October till the month of March. Humidity, which prevails during monsoons, diminishes at the arrival of winters. The city observes pleasant sunny days and enjoyable cool nights with the temperature ranging from to .
Udaipur's monsoon and winter climates are the most appealing time to visit. Tourists arrive in large numbers, anytime between mid-September to late March or early April. Even in January, the coldest month, the days are bright, sunny and warm with maximum temperature around . Mornings, evenings and nights are cold.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the total population of Udaipur city was 451,100. Including suburbs outside the city limits the population was 474,531. As per the data, the male population of the city was 233,959 and the female population was 217,141 in 2011. The total population for the age group of 0–6 years old was 47,932. The sex-ratio of the city was 928. The child sex-ratio (0–6 years of age) was 866.
As per the estimated 2019 population data, the total population of Udaipur is 662,992. In recent years, the population growth of Udaipur has increased amazingly due to its weather, relaxing environment and wonderful places to visit nearby.
Udaipur has an average effective literacy rate of 90.43 percent, as compared to the national average of 74.04 percent: male literacy rate being 95.41 percent while the female literacy rate being 85.08 percent.
Hindi and Mewari are the major languages spoken in Udaipur. Marwari, Wagdi, Urdu and Gujarati are some others which are in use in the city.
Hinduism is the major religion followed in the city, with 72.9% of the city's population being Hindu. Muslims come second at 15.6%. The city also has a large Jain community. Jains makes about 10% of the population of Udaipur, as compared to the national average of 0.37%.
Government
Udaipur is governed by the Udaipur Municipal Corporation. The corporation has 70 municipal wards and Govind Singh Tak is the mayor. The city had a city council that was converted into a municipal corporation in 2013.
Recently, an all-woman police patrol team was deployed in Udaipur. The initiative, taken by the Rajasthan government, is aimed at ensuring the security of women from eve-teasers, and for the general safety of the public, especially tourists. The team is fully equipped with arms, security equipment, first aid and other amenities besides motorcycles for patrolling the city.
Udaipur has its own constituency for representation in the Lok Sabha. The current representative of Udaipur is Arjunlal Meena of the BJP.
Economy
Udaipur has a diversified economic base. The major contributions to the city's economy come from tourism, agriculture and mineral industries. The handicraft and cottage industry sectors play an important part in contributing to the growing economy. The city has also been included under the Smart Cities mission initiated by the Government of India, and is selected in the list of first 20 cities to be developed as smart cities. In the 2001 census of India, 36% of Udaipur resident was reported to be meaningfully employed.
Handicrafts
Udaipur is well known for handicrafts such as paintings, marble articles, silver arts and terracotta. The Shilpgram is a platform where regional handicraft and hand-loom products are developed. Craft bazaars are organised by the Shilpgram, with an aim to encourage the regional arts and crafts, the handicraft and hand-loom works.
Tourism
Udaipur, with its lakes, and historic palaces and architecture, is a major destination for tourists, both domestic and foreign nationals visiting the state. Over 1.4 million tourists visited Udaipur in 2016. With numerous hotels to serve visiting tourists, Udaipur is home to some of the country's most popular luxury hotels and resorts. The Oberoi Udaivilas has been ranked as the world's number 1 hotel in 2015. The Taj Lake Palace and the Leela Palace Udaipur are also amongst the most expensive hotels in the country. With various other renowned hotel chains present in the city, the tourism sector has been a fairly large contributor to the economic growth and fame of Udaipur.
Metals and Minerals industries
Udaipur district is particularly rich in mineral resources as a large variety of important minerals are found here. Copper, lead, zinc and silver, industrial minerals like phosphate, asbestos, calcite, limestone, Talc (soapstone), barites, wollastonite and marble are the major driving resources behind the industries based in the city. Marble is exclusively mined, processed and exported from here around the world. The marble industry is well set and established with proper infrastructure and technological support for mining and processing. It is the largest sector giving employment to many people in the city and the immigrants from nearby areas.
Udaipur is also home to the world's second largest Zinc producer, Hindustan Zinc.
Electronics design and manufacturing
Udaipur is host to medium and large enterprises designing and manufacturing electronic instruments, control panels, sensitive metering technology and LED lamps. The electrical and electronics industry in Udaipur employs over 6,000 people. These businesses are Tempsens, Pyrotech and Secure Meters Ltd. Secure Meter Limited is one of the major meter manufacturers across the globe.
Agriculture
Agriculture as in most other parts of the country, remains a leading sector in the city's economy. The Major crops of the area are Maize and Jowar in Kharif season and Wheat and Mustard in the Rabi season. Pulses, groundnut and vegetables like brinjals,tomato,bottlegaurd are some of the major food products grown in the city. The Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, along with its affiliated institutions, has been working towards identifying, designing, preparing and adapting new techniques in the field of production technology for agricultural development since its establishment.
Tourism
List
Culture
Udaipur has a rich cultural heritage from the past e.g. lakes, temples, huge forts, and palaces. The city has kept a balance between preserving the rituals and traditions of the past while keeping up with the modern advancements and changes in lifestyle{citation needed}. Like any other place in the state of Rajasthan, folk dance and music have an important place in adding to the city's cultural richness. The dynamic and vibrant dances of Bhavai, Ghoomar, Kachchhi Ghodi, Kalbeliya, and Terahtaali add a sparkle to the rich cultural heritage of Udaipur.
Ghoomar dance is a part of the Hindu culture of the Mewar Region of Rajasthan. This is a community dance for women and performed on auspicious occasions where the ladies move in circles.
Kalbelia, one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, is performed by the Kalbeliya snake charmers' community with the Sapera dancers wearing long, black skirts embroidered with silver ribbons.
Bhavai dance consists of veiled women dancers balancing up to seven or nine brass pitchers as they pirouette and then swaying with the soles of their feet on the top of a glass or on the edge of the sword.
Kachchhi Ghodi dance is performed on dummy horses where men in elaborate costumes ride the decorated dummy horses. Holding swords, these dancers move to the beating of drums and fifes.
Following a lineage of traditions and religious significance, the various dances complement the fairs and festivals held in the city. The music consists mainly of the use of morchang, naad, tanpura, and sarangi, among many other instruments.
Miniature paintings are amongst the most famous paintings developed under the patronage of the rulers of Rajasthan. The simplest among these are done on walls, and through folk in style, they nevertheless have some of the flavors of frescoes one sees in the old palaces. The tradition of painting the wall of houses with scenes from mythological and chivalric tales has been prevalent in Rajasthan for the past many centuries {citation needed}. The people of the city make use of such wall paintings for decorations during wedding celebrations. Noted amongst the miniature style of paintings are particularly the Pichvais, which are those made on cloth, and phad, made on cloth scroll in a folk style.
The Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal is a cultural institution based in the city. The institute with its museum is a platform that displays a collection of Rajasthani culture. Offering an insight into the lifestyle of the royal era in Udaipur, the museum has a collection of dresses, tribal jewelry, turbans, dolls, masks, musical instruments, paintings, and puppets. With various cultural events including folk song and dance performances, theatre and puppetry, the institute highlights the different social stigmas, thereby proving to be a powerful education tool for the masses.
Festivals
Gangaur Festival
Gangaur is one of the most important local Hindu festivals in Rajasthan. In some form or the other it is celebrated all over Rajasthan. "gan" is a synonym for Shiva and "Gauri" or "gaur" stands for Hindu Goddess Parvati, the wife of Shiva. Gangaur celebrates the marriage and is a symbol of conjugal and marital happiness.
It is celebrated in the month of Chaitra (March–April), the first month of the Hindu calendar. This month marks the end of winter and the onset of spring.
This festival is celebrated by women, who worship clay idols of "Gan" & "Gauri" in their houses. These idols are worshiped by the girls who seek the blessings of Gan and Gauri for a good husband, while the married women pray for the good health and long life of their husbands.
On the eve of the Gangaur festival, women decorate their palms and fingers with henna.
Udaipur has a Ghat named after Gangaur. Gangaur Ghat or Gangori Ghat is situated on the waterfront of Lake Pichola. This ghat serves as a location for the celebration of some festivals, including the Gangaur festival. The idols of Gan and Gauri are immersed in the Lake Pichola from this ghat.
A traditional procession of Gangaur starts from the City Palace which passes through the city. The procession is headed by old palanquins, chariots, bullock carts, and performance by folk artists.
Shilpgram Utsav
Shilpgram, a crafts village 3 km west of Lake Fateh Sagar, has displays of traditional houses from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Goa, and Maharashtra. There are also demonstrations by musicians, dancers, or artisans from these states. The 10-day festival organized here is a treat for the visitor to an array of exquisite art and craft. One of the important objectives of the Shilpgram festival is in the sphere of increasing awareness and knowledge of rural life and crafts, specifically, for the younger generation. Special emphasis is laid on workshops for children on arts, crafts, theatre, and music.
Hariyali Amavasya
Hariyali Amavasya (new moon day of the Sawan / Shravan month) marks the beginning of the monsoons and greenery. It arrives three days before the famous Hartalika Teej (Shravan Shukla Tritiya). People worship God Shiva for abundant rains and good agricultural season. Melas and fests are arranged in several places in the city.
Jagannath Rath Yatra
In Udaipur, the third biggest Ratha-Yatra is organized on the auspicious day of Ashadh Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) Dwitiya according to Indian Vikram Samvat. On this cultural day of summer solstice theme, June 21 of every year, the journey of the Hindu god Jagannath to aunt's house is started. The presiding Hindu gods of the temple Jagannath (Krishna), Balabhadra (Balarama) and their sister Subhadra are taken through the streets in decorated wooden chariots, which are made annually. The Chariot of Hindu god Jagannath, called Nandighosha, has 16 wheels and is covered in red and yellow.
For many Hindus, the sanctity of the festival is that a touch of the chariot or pulling ropes is considered to give the results of several pious actions or penance for ages.
Jal-Jhulni Ekadashi
According to the Hindu calendar, Gyaras, or Ekadashi is basically, the 11th day of each waxing (Shukla paksha ) and waning moon (Krishna paksha). This Ekadashi, known as Jal-Jhulni Gyaras, or Jal-Jhulni Ekadashi, like all other festivals, is celebrated with enthusiasm.
Udaipur in popular culture
Udaipur was voted the Best City in the World in 2009 by the Travel + Leisure magazine, and is now amongst the favourite wedding destinations for Indian as well as foreign nationals. The city is a blend of sights, sounds and experiences, which have made it one of the top destinations for weddings and celebrations.
Movies and Television
Udaipur is mentioned under the spelling Oodeypore in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as the birthplace of Bagheera, the fictional panther in the king's Menagerie.
Because of its scenic locations, Udaipur has been the shooting location for many Hollywood and Bollywood movies. Indian sections of the James Bond film Octopussy were filmed in the city, the Lake Palace, and the Monsoon Palace. The nearby desert was the backdrop of the remarkable rescue of Octopussy (Maud Adams) by Bond (Roger Moore). Some scenes from the British television series The Jewel in the Crown were also filmed in Udaipur. The Disney channel film, The Cheetah Girls One World, was shot in Udaipur in January 2008. Some of the other non-Indian movies and TV shows filmed in Udaipur include: Darjeeling Limited, Opening Night, Heat and Dust, Indische Ring, Inside Octopussy, James Bond in India, The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, Gandhi, and The Fall. Jag Mandir, a documentary film directed for television by Werner Herzog in 1991, was also filmed in the city.
Udaipur has been a location for a number of Bollywood movies. Some of them shot here include: Dhadak, Guide, Mera Saaya, Phool Bane Angaray, Kachche Dhaage, Mera Gaon Mera Desh, Jalmahal, Yaadein, Return of the thief of the bagdad, Eklavya: The Royal Guard, Dhamaal, Jis Desh Mei Ganga Rehta Hai, Chalo Ishq Ladaaye, Fiza, Gaddaar, Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke, Khuda Gawah, Kundan, Nandini, Saajan Ka Ghar, Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Pataakha, Mirzya, Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela, Prem Ratan Dhan Payo, Love Aaj Kal, Angrezi Medium. Udaipur is also the setting of various Television series like Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Rakhi Ka Swayamwar and Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap.
Events
Udaipur is a destination for organising various national and international cultural events. Recently, Udaipur hosted the first edition of India's first World Music Festival, a two-day festival held on 13 and 14 February 2016. Performances were made by artists and musicians from more than 12 countries, including Spain, Ghana, Venezuela, Italy, France as well as India.
Udaipur is also the host for the Udaipur Lake Festival, a cultural event organized by the Udaipur Municipal Corporation. In this festival, Musical programs, adventure sports, jungle safari, bird watching, light and sound shows, art fair etc. are held around the lakes during the three to four day period.
Udaipur is also the host city for the first ASEAN Art camp being organised by the union ministry of external affairs from September 21–29. There are total of 10 countries included and are taking part in the event: Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and India. This 10-day long art camp acts as a platform for cultural and artistic exchange among the participating countries.
Transport
Udaipur is well connected to the major cities of India by land, rail, and air.
Air
Maharana Pratap Airport, is a small domestic airport situated in a satellite town about 20 kilometres from Udaipur. Daily flights connect Udaipur with Jaipur, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Aurangabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Surat and Varanasi . Air India, Vistara, IndiGo and Spice Jet are operational at present.
Rail
Udaipur City railway station and Rana Pratap Nagar railway station are two railway stations in Udaipur. Through them, Udaipur has direct train connectivity on the broad gauge network to most of the major cities in Rajasthan and the rest of India such as Mysuru, Bengaluru, Khajuraho, Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Chittorgarh, Ajmer, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ratlam, Patliputra, Indore, Ujjain, Mumbai, Surat, Vadodara, Gwalior and Agra and a broad gauge conversion is completed in October 2022 for Ahmedabad.
Luxurious trains, The Palace on Wheels, Royal Rajasthan on Wheels, Maharaja Express and The Indian Maharaja have Udaipur as the scheduled stop on their itinerary. Trains connecting Udaipur with the Capital of India, Delhi include the Mewar Express and Chetak Express.
Road
The city lies on the intersection point of East West Corridor, Golden Quadrilateral, National Highway (NH) 76 and National Highway (NH) 8, midway between Delhi and Mumbai, located around 700 kilometres from either city. The East West Corridor which starts from Porbandar and ends at Silchar is intersecting the Golden Quadrilateral and shares the common space from Udaipur to Chittor. The roads in this part of the country are paved and fit for private vehicles. One can either drive from Jaipur (around 6 hours), Ahmedabad (4½ hours) or Surat (9 hours) on NH 8 or Golden Quadrilateral, from Kota (3 hours - EW Corridor or NH 76). Udaipur City Bus Depot has lines running for the majority of other destinations in Rajasthan and farther north and west towards Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Apart from Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC), there are numerous private operators and companies providing bus services to and from the other cities.
Local transport
Unmetered taxis, private taxi, radio taxi, auto rickshaws, and regular city bus services are available in the city. Since 2015 Uber and Ola cab services are available.
Places nearby
Apart from the local attractions within the city, there are several charming places to see around Udaipur.
Sports
Popular sports include cricket, football, hockey, tennis, chess, badminton, archery, etc.
Stadiums
Gandhi Ground is the main sports venue for various events, like athletics, basketball, field hockey, football, Kho Kho and volleyball. Luv Kush Indoor Stadium is generally used for the indoor sports especially Badminton and TT. Maharana Bhupal Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium used for organising matches of football, cricket and other sports. For Encouraging Sports in the city and even for encouraging International Sports in the city, a step has been put forward by establishing 'Khel Gaon (village)'or Maharana Pratap Khel Gaon in Chitrakoot Nagar. It will be committed to 12 sports namely like Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, Handball, Archery, Rifle shooting, Judo – Karate, Boxing, Swimming, Squash.
Udaipur International Cricket Stadium is a proposed cricket stadium in Udaipur. In 2013, after a dispute between Rajasthan State Sports Council and Rajasthan Cricket Association over the availability of Sawai Mansingh Stadium during the Indian Premier League, the RCA decided to have plans of having their own stadium. RCA has gained land in Udaipur with 9.67 acres from the Udaipur Improvement Trust on a 99-year lease and stadium will have a capacity of 35,000.
Cricket
Udaipur has several cricket clubs and is home to many state-level players. Ashok Menaria of Udaipur has represented India in U-19 world cup. Ashok Menaria and Dishant Yagnik of the city have played in IPL for Rajasthan Royals. Rajasthan Royals is a team name of one of the IPL Teams.
Chess
Chess is a popular game in the city among both young and senior players. Udaipur has over 120 International FIDE rated chess players. Players from Udaipur have Represented Rajasthan several times in different Nationals such as Arena Grandmaster Chandrajeet Rajawat. Chandrajeet Rajawat has also won Rajasthan State Championship over seven times in different categories. Udaipur also has top FIDE rated players of Rajasthan recognized by AICF. Udaipur is also a favourite destination for chess players. With many international chess events throughout the year, bringing more than 1500 players each year from all over the world to compete.
Water Sports
The city's lakes provide an opportunity for water sports. The nearby Jaisamand Lake, situated about 56 km from the city, is equipped with water sports facilities with a range of different boats available. Kayaking and Canoeing Sports Camps have also been started at the Fateh Sagar Lake. The city also hosted the 2012 National Kayaking and Canoeing Championship with Fateh Sagar Lake serving as the venue.
Powerlifting
The Asian Powerlifting Championships 2016, organised by Indian Powerlifting Federation, and sanctioned by Asian Powerlifting Federation and International Powerlifting Federation, was held in Udaipur from 7 June 2016 to 12 June 2016. The city also served as the venue for the Asian Powerlifting Championships in 2012.
Education
Udaipur is home to various government, deemed and private universities. Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology and Rajiv Gandhi Tribal University are the major government universities in the city while J.R.N. Rajasthan Vidyapeeth is a deemed university and Pacific University, Bhupal Nobles University and SPSU are amongst leading private universities of repute. The Indian Institute of Management Udaipur, established in 2011, also resides in the city.
Media
Newspapers in Udaipur include Hindi dailies Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Bhaskar, Navbharat Times, Apranha Times and Pratahkal. The Times of India, The Economic Times, The Hindustan Times, The Hindu are the English language newspapers circulated in the city.
The national, state-owned All India Radio is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM bands (101.9 MHz) in the city. Also broadcast in the city there are four private local FM stations: Radio City FM (91.9 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz) and Radio Tadka (95 MHz). The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel besides the mainstay channels.
The city is switching over to digitalisation of cable TV as per the third phase of the digitalisation programme by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
See also
Chittorgarh
Maharana Pratap
Udaipur district
Udaipur division
Tourist Attractions in Udaipur
History of Udaipur
Mahakaleshwar Temple Udaipur
Tehsils of Udaipur:
Girwa
Vallabhnagar
Mavli
Jhadol
Kotra
References
Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Importance of aquatic avifauna in southern Rajasthan, India. Pg. 159–183. (In: Rawat., M. & Dookia, S. (eds.) Biodiversity of Aquatic Resources, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2012) (978-81-7035-789-6)
Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Aquatic Avifauna: Its Importance for Wetland conservation in Rajasthan, India. Pg. 179–190. (In: Mathur, S. M.; Shrivastava, V. K. & Purohit, R. C. (eds.) Conservation of Lakes and Water Resources Management strategies, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, 2011) (978-81-7906-263-0) Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2011). Aquatic avifauna of Aravalli Hills Rajasthan, India. pp. 145–167 (In Gupta, V. K. & Verma, A. K. (eds.) Animal Diversity, Natural History and Conservation Vol. I, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2011) ()
Sharma, K. K. & Mehra, S. P. (2007). Need of studies on anuran in habitats of southern Rajasthan. Frogleg 13: 12–16.
Islam, M. Z. & Rahmani, A. R. (2004). Important Bird Areas of India: Priority Sites for Conservation. Indian Bird Conservation Network: Bombay Natural History Society and BirdLife International (UK). Pp. xviii + 1133. ()
External links
Udaipur District Govt website
Udaipur city Portal
Udaipur News website
Official website
Smart cities in India
Cities and towns in Udaipur district
Former capital cities in India
Populated places established in 1559
1559 establishments in Asia
Former capitals of Mewar |
4387889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20valley | Tunnel valley | A tunnel valley is a U-shaped valley originally cut under the glacial ice near the margin of continental ice sheets such as that now covering Antarctica and formerly covering portions of all continents during past glacial ages. They can be as long as , wide, and deep.
Tunnel valleys were formed by subglacial erosion by water and served as subglacial drainage pathways carrying large volumes of meltwater. Their cross-sections often exhibit steep-sided flanks similar to fjord walls. They presently appear as dry valleys, lakes, seabed depressions, and as areas filled with sediment. If they are filled with sediment, their lower layers are filled primarily with glacial, glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine sediment, supplemented by upper layers of temperate infill. They can be found in areas formerly covered by glacial ice sheets including Africa, Asia, North America, Europe, Australia and offshore in the North Sea, the Atlantic and in waters near Antarctica.
Tunnel valleys appear in the technical literature under several terms, including tunnel channels, subglacial valleys, iceways, snake coils and linear incisions.
Significance
Tunnel valleys play a role in identifying oil-rich areas in Arabia and North Africa. The Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian materials there contain a roughly thick, carbon-rich layer of black shale. Approximately 30% of the world's oil is found in these shale deposits. Although the origin of these deposits is still under study, it has been established that the shale routinely overlies glacial and glacio-marine sediment deposited ~445 million years before the present by the Hirnantian glaciation. The shale has been linked to glacial meltwater nutrient enrichment of the shallow marine environment. Hence the presence of tunnel valleys is an indicator of the presence of oil in these areas.
Tunnel valleys represent a substantial fraction of all meltwater drainage from glaciers. Meltwater drainage influences the flow of glacial ice, which is important in understanding of the duration of glacial–interglacial periods, and aids in identifying glacial cyclicity, a problem that is important to palaeoenvironmental investigations.
Tunnel valleys are typically eroded into bedrock and filled with glacial debris of varying sizes. This configuration makes them excellent at capturing and storing water. Hence they serve an important role as aquifers across much of Northern Europe, Canada and the United States. Examples include Oak Ridges Moraine Aquifer, Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Mahomet Aquifer, the Saginaw Lobe Aquifer, and the Corning Aquifer.
Characteristics
Buried, open and partially filled
Tunnel valleys have been observed as open valleys and as partially or totally buried valleys. If buried they may be partially or totally filled with glacial outwash or other debris. The valleys may be incised in bedrock, sand, silt, or clay.
A part of a tunnel valley may go uphill: water can flow uphill if it is under pressure in an enclosed pipe: for example in Doggerland (submerged land which is now part of the bed of the North Sea) are some infilled tunnel valleys that flowed from north to south across the hollow of the Outer Silver Pit.
Dimensions
They vary in channel depth and width; Danish examples run from wide and from deep. They vary in depth along their course, exhibiting overdeepening; overdeepened sections cut into bedrock and typically are significantly deeper than either upstream or downstream sections of the same tunnel valley. They have steep sides which are frequently asymmetric.
Tunnel valleys frequently include relatively straight individual segments parallel to and independent of one another. Tunnel valley courses may be periodically interrupted; the interruption may include a stretch of elevated esker, indicating the channel ran through ice for a distance. The below-grade sections typically run in length; in some cases the sections form a larger pattern of an interrupted channel composed of strings of depressions which can extend from .
Structure
The upstream portion – that section furthest into the glacier – consists of a branching system forming a network, similar to the anastomostic branching patterns of the upper reaches of a river (as contrasted with dendritic patterns). They typically exhibit the largest cross-sectional area in the center of the course and terminate over a relatively short distance in elevated outwash fans at the ice-margin.
Tunnel valleys are found to cross the regional gradient – as a result they may be crosscut by modern stream networks. In one example, tributaries of the Kalamazoo River cut at nearly right angles across buried tunnel channel filled with ice and debris. They frequently terminate at a recessional moraine. Tunnel valleys from successive glaciations may crosscut one another.
Tunnel valleys frequently run along roughly parallel courses. They originate in and run through regions which include clear evidence of glacial erosion through abrasion and may exhibit striations and roche moutonnée. Depositional forms such as terminal moraines and outwash fans are found at their terminal end. In Michigan tunnel valley channels have been observed to diverge slightly with an average spacing between the channels of and a standard deviation of .
Tunnel valley channels often start or stop abruptly. They have convex-up longitudinal profiles. They are often occupied by elongated lakes of underfit streams. They frequently show signs of subsequent depositions such as eskers.
Evidence of erosion mechanisms
Evidence suggests that erosion in a tunnel valley is primarily the result of water flow. They erode by meltwater, which it has been argued, episodically drains in repeated jökulhlaups from subglacial lakes and reservoirs; examples of such motion have been observed in Antarctica. Although there is evidence of ice erosion such as linear striations in the bedrock, these are observed only in the widest valleys, and are believed to have played a secondary role.
The subglacial layout of valley tunnels is predominantly oriented parallel to glacial ice flow lines – essentially they stretch from areas of thicker sheet ice toward areas of thinner sheet ice. They can exhibit reverse gradients, which result when pressurized meltwater flows over obstacles such as ridges or hills along the glacier bed.
Tunnel valleys can be formed under extremely thick glacial ice – examples have been observed on the bottom of Lake Superior and in the oceans offshore in Antarctica. The course of a tunnel valley typically runs from thickest glacial ice to the glacier margin; as a result the glacial ice pressurizes the water such that it runs uphill toward its end.
Formation of tunnel valleys
Although there is agreement on the role of meltwater in creation of tunnel valleys, several theories are still under consideration for the role of that meltwater:
Steady state theory – Boulton and Hindmarsh propose a steady state theory. They suggest tunnel valleys form in unconsolidated sediment when meltwater flows under pressure through an initially narrow subglacial conduit. With progressive removal of sediment by meltwater, ice deforms under its own weight into the cavity to create a tunnel valley through a positive feedback mechanism.
Jökulhlaup driven erosion – Piotrowski argues that ice sheets may, in some instances, be cold-based; that is they contact land that is frozen (permafrost) and they freeze to the permafrost. Meltwater builds up behind this frozen ice terminus until it generates sufficient pressure to lift the ice and break the bond, with a catastrophic meltwater release such as is seen with the Icelandic jökulhlaup. As a consequence of this jökulhlaup a tunnel valley is formed.
Upglacier erosion – Wingfield proposes that tunnel valleys form gradually, with the valley head cutting progressively back toward the source up-glacier during deglaciation.
Periodic outbursts of subglacial water have been observed moving subglacial water between subglacial lakes beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Satellite data recorded a subglacial discharge totaling traveling ~ over a period of less than a year. As the flow subsided, the weight of ice closed the tunnel and sealed the lake again. The water flow was modeled satisfactorily with channeling in ice and in sediment. The analytic model shows that over some regions, the ice-bedrock geometry included sections which would have frozen, blocking off flow, unless erosion of the sedimentary substrate was the means of creating a channel and sustaining the discharge. Hence, combining this data and analysis with Icelandic jökulhlaup observations, there is experimental evidence that some form of the jökulhlaup hypothesis with features of the steady state model is correct.
Common features of tunnel valley theories
Subglacial meltwater flow is common to all theories; hence a key to understanding channel formation is an understanding of subglacial meltwater flow. Meltwater may be produced on the glacier surface (supraglacially), below the glacier (basally) or both. Meltwater may flow either supraglacially or basally as well; the signatures of supraglacial and basal water flow differ with the passage zone. Supraglacial flow is similar to stream flow in all surface environments – water flows from higher areas to lower areas under the influence of gravity. Basal flow exhibits significant differences. In basal flow the water, either produced by melting at the base or drawn downward from the surface by gravity, collects at the base of the glacier in ponds and lakes in a pocket overlain by hundreds of meters of ice. If there is no surface drainage path, water from surface melting will flow downward and collect in crevices in the ice, while water from basal melting will collect under the glacier; either source will form a subglacial lake. The hydraulic head of the water collected in a basal lake will increase as water drains through the ice until the pressure grows high enough to either develop a path through the ice or to float the ice above it.
Steady state theory
Sources of water and water drainage routes through and below temperate and sub-polar glaciers are reasonably well understood and provide a basis for understanding tunnel valleys. For these glaciers, supraglacial water ponds or moves in rivers across the surface of the glacier until it drops down a vertical crevice (a moulin) in the glacier. There it joins subglacial water created by geothermal heat; some portion of the water drains into aquifers below the glacier. Excess subglacial water that cannot drain through sediment or impermeable bedrock as groundwater, moves either through channels eroded into the bed of sediment below the glacier (called Nye channels) or through channels upward into the glacial ice (called Rothlisberger channels), eventually flowing out at the ice margin. On the simplest level, the tunnel valley can be considered a larger-scale version of these phenomena.
Tunnel valleys or tunnel channels are produced by meltwater flows beneath glacial ice. Tunnel valleys are often buried or partially buried by sediment accumulation during periods of ice advance and retreat.
Although attractive since it scales up the Nye channel formation which has been observed in sediments, a weakness of the steady state theory is that it requires that tunnel valleys be excavated in unconsolidated sediment, in which meltwater is initially forced through an initially narrow subglacial conduit. With progressive sediment erosion by the meltwater, ice deforms under its own weight into the cavity to creating an ever-larger tunnel valley. However the steady state theory appears not to account for erosion into bedrock, which has been extensively observed.
Jökulhlaup driven erosion
There is evidence that meltwater discharges are episodic. This can result because as water continues to collect, more ice is lifted, and the water moves outward in a growing under-ice lake. Areas where the ice is most easily lifted (i.e., areas with thinner overlying ice sheets) are lifted first. Hence the water may move up the terrain underlying the glacier if it moves toward areas of lower overlying ice. As water collects, additional ice is lifted until a release path is created.
If no preexisting channel is present, the water is initially released in a broad-front jökulhlaup which can have a flow front that is tens of kilometers wide, spreading out in a thin front. As the flow continues, it tends to erode the underlying materials and the overlying ice, creating a channel even as the reduced pressure allows most of the glacial ice to settle back to the underlying surface, sealing off the broad front release and channelizing the flow. The direction of the channel is defined primarily by the overlying ice thickness and secondarily by the gradient of the underlying earth, and may be observed to “run uphill” as the pressure of the ice forces the water to areas of lower ice coverage until it emerges at a glacial face. Hence the configuration of the various tunnel valleys formed by a specific glaciation provide a general mapping of the glacier thickness when the tunnel valleys were formed, particularly if the original surface relief under the glacier was limited.
Analyses by Piotrowski demonstrate that the annual production of water from one typical catchment of would normally drain through its associated tunnel valley in less than 48 hours. The debris found in tunnels and at the mouth of tunnels tends to be coarse rocks and boulders – this is indicative of high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment. This erosive environment is consistent with creation of tunnels over deep and wide, as have been observed in the Antarctic. Piotrowski's model predicts a cycle as follows:
Meltwater is produced as a result of geothermal heating from below. Surface ablation water is not considered as it would be minimal at the glacial maximum and evidence indicates that surface water does not penetrate more than into a glacier.
Meltwater initially drains through subglacial aquifers.
When the hydraulic transmissivity of the substratum is exceeded, subglacial meltwater accumulates in basins.
Water accumulates sufficiently to open the ice blockage in the tunnel valley which accumulated after the last discharge.
The tunnel valley discharges the meltwater excess – turbulent flow melts out or erodes the excess ice as well as eroding the valley floor.
As the water level drops, the pressure decreases until the tunnel valleys again close with ice and water flow ceases.
Post-erosion infill processes
Tunnel valleys have similar characteristics, irrespective of whether they are formed on land or in a submerged environment. This is because they are formed by high pressure water under a thick ice sheet – in a submerged environment they still have sufficient pressure to erode tunnel valleys into configurations comparable to those generated on land.
Tunnel valleys may remain open, partially filled or filled, as a function of the glacial recession. The filled configuration is significant because filled tunnel valleys become excellent reservoirs for either water (aquifer) or for oil. This results since relatively coarse-grained sandstones are located on the valley floors and valley margins and valley floor because the coarser-grained sediments settle out more easily and accumulate preferentially in the flowing water common to the tunnel valley fill stages.
The subglacial tunnel valley networks originally formed near the ice margin. Tunnel valleys are likely to fill with sediment as the result of meltwater release during glacial recession. Tunnel valleys fill in two main ways. In the first instance, debris carried by flow settles out and accumulates in the tunnel valley. Subsequently, once the ice has retreated sufficiently, marine deposits may be laid down, depending on the water depth at the ice front.
The tunnel valley sedimentary record is controlled by meltwater release flow rates and sediment burdens during glacial recession. The sediment found in the tunnel valley provides insight into whether it was laid down in a tidal environment, a transitional environment, or an essentially dry environment with good drainage. In the glaciomarine environment, glacially-related deposits are interbedded with to those similar to those on non-glaciated tidal areas; the tidal environment will show undertow dominated fans. The transitional environment is characterized by both mixed marine and fresh water life in a delta environment. In an essentially dry environment, the glacial flow carries sediment which accumulates much as it would in any stream bed.
Large-scale structure
Ice flow within glaciers results from an increase in the surface slope of the glacier, which result from geographic features combined with an imbalance between the amounts of ice accumulated through precipitation and lost through ablation. The increased gradient increases the shear stress on a glacier until it begins to flow. The flow velocity and deformation are also affected by the slope of the ice, the ice thickness and temperature.
Punkari identified that continental ice sheets typically flow in fan-shaped lobes, which converge from separate sources and move at differing speeds. Lobes are separated by interlobate zones, which have thinner ice coverage. Water collects in this interlobate area. The hydraulic head (pressure) is lower in areas of thinner ice; hence subglacial water tends to converge on the interlobate joint. The separate lobes move at different speeds, generating friction at the ice boundary; the heat released melts ice to release additional water. The surface of the interlobate area is crevassed, allowing surface meltwater, which runs down the ice surface to the lower area, to penetrate into the ice. As a result, the ice-flow patterns and the debris accumulation are different in interlobate zones. Specifically, tunnel valleys and eskers indicate water flow toward the interlobate zones, which are elevated as the result of debris carried and deposited there.
Geographic distribution
Glacially formed tunnel valleys have been identified on every continent.
Africa
Tunnel valleys associated with the Late Ordovician glaciation have been observed in north African countries, including Libya. These large-scale channel-fill sandstone bodies (tunnel valleys) are a striking sedimentological feature of the glacially related deposits on the old North Gondwanaland margin. They range from in depth, and wide. The tunnel valleys are incised into the bedrock and can be traced for in length. In one example, in Mauritania, in the western Sahara, Late Ordovician siliciclastic glacial features and deposits on the North Gondwana continental shelf include incised channels identified as tunnel valleys. The filled tunnel valley are several kilometers long and several hundred meters wide. Reconstructions conclude that these structures were located in glacier ice-margin regions; the cross-sections of the valleys are comparable to those confirmed to have formed glacially, the valleys end in outwash fans similar to tunnel valleys, and the infill is post-glacial typical of that observed for tunnel valleys.
In southern Africa a Permo-Carboniferous tunnel valley system has been identified in northern Cape Province, South Africa.
Antarctica
The active formation of tunnel valleys is observed in the present period beneath the Antarctic ice.
Asia
During the late Ordovician, eastern Gondwana was covered with ice sheets. As a consequence, Jordan and Saudi Arabia exhibit regionally-extensive filled tunnel valley structures.
Australia
Open-pit gold mines near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, expose an extensive network of glacially-eroded valleys filled with tillite and shale cut below the Late Paleozoic Pilbara ice sheet.
Europe
Tunnel valleys and related glacial impacts have been identified in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Northern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. They have been studied in detail in Denmark, north Germany and north Poland where the thick ice sheet of the Weichsel and earlier Glaciations, having flowed down from the mountains of Scandinavia, began to rise up the north-European slope, driven by the altitude of the glacial ice accumulation over Scandinavia. Their alignment indicates the direction of ice flow at the time of their formation. They are found extensively in the United Kingdom with several examples reported from Cheshire for example. They are also to be found under the North Sea.
Examples of lakes formed in tunnel valleys include the Ruppiner See (a lake in Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg), the Werbellinsee, and the Schwielochsee, all in Germany.
North America
Okanagan Lake is a large, deep ribbon lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia which formed in a tunnel valley from the Okanogan lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The lake is long, between wide, and has a surface area of . Northern Idaho and Montana show evidence of tunnel valley formation under the Purcell lobe and the Flathead Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Tunnel valleys in southeast Alberta form an interconnected, anabranching network comprising Sage Creek, the Lost River and the Milk River and generally drain southeast.
Tunnel valleys have been observed in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan at the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Examples of bedrock tunnel valleys in Minnesota include River Warren Falls and several valleys which lie deep beneath till deposited by the glaciers which created them, but can be traced in many places by the Chain of Lakes in Minneapolis and lakes and dry valleys in St. Paul.
The Kawartha lakes of Ontario formed in the Late Wisconsinan glacial period. Ice melt from the Niagara Escarpment flowed through tunnel valleys beneath the ice expanded to form a west-to-east passage between the main Laurentide Ice Sheet and a mass of ice in the Lake Ontario basin.
Cedar Creek Canyon is a tunnel valley located in Allen County, Indiana. It is a very straight, narrow gorge about deep that contains part of the lower segment of Cedar Creek, the largest tributary of the St. Joseph River.
In the Laurentian Channel offshore eastern Canada, numerous tunnel valleys have been identified originating from the submerged valley of the St. Lawrence River, which is also of glacial origin. Seismic reflection profiles of the fill of tunnel valleys suggest that they are of various ages, with the youngest dating from shortly after the Late Glacial Maximum. They result from erosion by sub-glacial water crossing the eastern Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia. They originate from the Laurentian Channel south of the Cabot Strait. Additionally, seismic profiles show deeply buried post-Miocene channels, some of which lie below modern sea level, cutting across the eastern part of the outer Laurentian Channel which have also tentatively been determined to be tunnel valleys. Seismic profiles have also mapped large tunnel valleys on Banquereau Bank and Sable Island Bank.
South America
The Perito Moreno Glacier is located in the southern Southern Patagonian Ice Field, terminating in Lake Argentino. It divides Lake Argentino into the Los Témpanos channel, and the Rico branch, blocking the channel and forming an ice dam. Lake Argentino periodically breaks through in outburst floods with drainage initially through a tunnel with subsequent roof collapse to form an open channel.
Temporal distribution
There have been five known ice ages in the Earth's history; the Earth is experiencing the Quaternary Ice Age during the present time. Tunnel valleys formed during four of the five have been identified.
See also
Ledoyom
Moulin (geomorphology)
Snake coils (geology)
References
Glaciology
Glacial landforms
Geography terminology
Valleys
Glacial erosion landforms |
4387991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202000 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2000 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2000.
1–100
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1)
The M62 Motorway (New Junction 8 and Widening Junction 8 to 9) Connecting Roads Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2)
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Scotland) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 4)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 5)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Croydon Tramlink Class CR4000 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 6)
The Retailers' Records for Veterinary Medicinal Products Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 7)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Sefton) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 8)
The Children (Performances) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 10)
The Community Care (Direct Payments) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 11)
The Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) (Revocation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 12)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 22)
The A40 Trunk Road (Park Royal Slip Roads) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 38)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 51)
The Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 52 (C. 1)])
The Television Broadcasting Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 54)
The Social Security Amendment (Education Maintenance Allowance) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 55)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 57)
The Cremation (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 58)
The Llanelli (North Dock) Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 62)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 63)
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 89)
The Health Act 1999 (Supplementary, Consequential etc. Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 90)
The Food Standards Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 92 (C. 2))
101–200
The Nursery Education (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 107)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 108)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 109)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 119)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 121)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 122)
The Health Service Medicines (Control of Pricesof Branded Medicines) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 123)
The Health Service Medicines (Price Control Appeals) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 124)
The Tax Credits (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 127)
The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 128)
The Trade Marks Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 136)
The Trade Marks (Fees) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 137)
The Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 138)
The Public Order (Prescribed Forms) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 155)
The Telecommunications (Data Protection and Privacy) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 157)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (WTI Telecom (UK) Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 162)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Vine Telecom Networks Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 163)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 168 (C. 3)])
The Inheritance Tax (Settled Property Income Yield) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 174)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 175)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 176)
The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988(Firearms Consultative Committee) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 177)
The Health Authorities Act 1995 (Rectification of Transitional Arrangements) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 179)
The Infant Class Sizes (Admission and Standard Numbers) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 180)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 181)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (LTS Rail Class 357 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 182)
The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 183 (C.4)])
The Data Protection (Corporate Finance Exemption) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 184)
The Data Protection (Conditions under Paragraph 3 of Part II of Schedule 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 185)
The Data Protection (Functions of Designated Authority) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 186)
The Data Protection (Fees under section 19(7)) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 187)
The Data Protection (Notification and Notification Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 188)
The Data Protection Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 189)
The Data Protection (International Co-operation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 190)
The Data Protection (Subject Access) (Fees and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 191)
The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 192)
201–300
The Agriculture (Closure of Grant Schemes) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 205)
The Data Protection Tribunal (National Security Appeals) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 206)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 207)
The Greater London Authority Elections Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 208)
The Hillingdon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 209)
The South Manchester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 210)
The Daventry and South Northamptonshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 211)
The National Health Service Trusts (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 212)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 213)
The Major Precepting Authorities (Excessive Budget Requirements—Payments) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 214)
The Powers of Attorney (Welsh Language Forms) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 215)
The Trustee Delegation Act 1999 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 216 (C. 5)])
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 217 (C. 6)])
The Central Derby Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 218)
The North East Lincolnshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 219)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 220)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 221 (L.1)])
The Defamation Act 1996 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 222 (C.7)])
The Newark and Sherwood Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 223)
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 224)
The Meat (Enhanced Enforcement Powers) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 225)
The Mansfield District Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 226)
The Contaminated Land (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 227)
The Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 237)
The Kent and Sussex Weald and the Mid Kent Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 238)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 239)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 240)
The General Osteopathic Council (Professional Conduct Committee) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 241)
The General Osteopathic Council (Health Committee) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 242)
The General Osteopathic Council (Health Committee) (Appeals) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 243)
The National Park Authorities Levies (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 244 (W. 2))
Rheoliadau Ardollau Awdurdodau'r Parciau Cenedlaethol (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 244 (Cy. 2))
The Gas Act 1995 (Standards of Performance) (Extension of Period) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 245)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) (No. 3) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 Revocation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 246)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route (Bus Priority) Experimental Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 247)
The Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 250)
The Judicial Committee (Osteopaths Rules) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 251)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 252)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 253 (W. 5)])
The Nelson and West Merton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 254)
The Poole Bay Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 255)
The Poole Central and North Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 256)
The Southampton East Healthcare Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 257)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 258)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2000/01) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 259)
The Competition Act 1998 (Concurrency) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 260)
The Competition Commission Appeal Tribunal Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 261)
The Competition Act 1998 (Small Agreements and Conduct of Minor Significance) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 262)
The Competition Act 1998 (Notification of Excluded Agreements and Appealable Decisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 263)
The Immigration (Regularisation Period for Overstayers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 265)
The Value Added Tax (Deemed Supply of Goods) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 266)
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities and Administration Arrangements) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 267)
The North Peterborough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 283)
The South Peterborough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 284)
The Tendring Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 285)
The Fenland Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 286)
The Epping Forest Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 287)
The Special Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 288)
The Enduring Powers of Attorney (Welsh Language Prescribed Form) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 289)
The Consumer Credit (Credit Reference Agency) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 290)
The Consumer Credit (Conduct of Business) (Credit References) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 291)
The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc.) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 292)
The Competition Act 1998 (Director's rules) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 293)
The Education (Exclusion from School) (Prescribed Periods) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 294)
The Education (Pupil Information) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 297)
The Oxfordshire County Council (Buscot Footbridge) Scheme 1999 Confirmation Instrument 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 298)
The Water Undertakers (Rateable Values) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 299 (W.6))
Gorchymyn Ymgymerwyr Dŵ r (Gwerthoedd Ardrethol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 299 (Cy.6))
The Crime and Disorder Strategies (Prescribed Descriptions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 300)
301–400
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 301)
The Southend on Sea Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 307)
The Greater London Authority (Elections and Acceptance of Office) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 308)
The Competition Act 1998 (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 309)
The Competition Act 1998 (Land and Vertical Agreements Exclusion) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 310)
The Competition Act 1998 (Transitional, Consequential and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 311)
The London Borough of Bexley (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 312)
The London Borough of Havering (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 313)
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 314)
The London Borough of Wandsworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 315)
The London Borough of Harrow (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 316)
The London Borough of Hounslow (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 317)
The London Borough of Merton (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 318)
The London Borough of Lambeth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 319)
The London Borough of Barnet (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 333)
The London Borough of Ealing (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 334)
The London Borough of Redbridge (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 335)
The London Borough of Waltham Forest (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 336)
The Local Government Best Value (Exemption) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 339)
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 16 and Saving Provision) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 340 (C. 8)])
The Judicial Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 342)
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 343)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 344 (C. 9)])
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 346)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 349 (W. 7))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Blaenoriaeth Arwystlon) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 349 (Cy. 7))
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 350 (W. 8))
Rheoliadau Tatws sy'n Deillio o'r Aifft (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 350 (Cy. 8))
The BG plc (Rateable Value) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No 352 (W. 10))
Gorchymyn BG plc (Gwerth Ardrethol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 352 (Cy. 10))
The Contracting Out (Functions in Relation to Petroleum Royalty Payments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 353)
The Phoenix College (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 354)
The North Riding College Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 355)
The Food (Peanuts from Egypt) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 375)
The Weighing Equipment (Filling and Discontinuous Totalising Automatic Weighing Machines) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 387)
The Weighing Equipment (Automatic Gravimetric Filling Instruments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 388)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 396 (C.10))
401–500
The Grants to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 402)
The South Essex Mental Health and Community Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 406)
The Southend Community Care Services and the Thameside Community Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 407)
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 408)
The Valuation Tribunals (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 409)
The United Lincolnshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 410)
The Grantham and District Hospital, the Lincoln and Louth and the Pilgrim Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 411)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Hackney Carriages and Private Hire Vehicles) (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 412)
The Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 413)
The Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Education) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 414)
The Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Social Work) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 415)
The Data Protection (Crown Appointments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 416)
The Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 417)
The Data Protection (Designated Codes of Practice) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 418)
The Data Protection (Miscellaneous Subject Access Exemptions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 419)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 420 (C. 11)])
The Tax Credits Schemes Amendment (Education Maintenance Allowance) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 421)
The North West Shropshire Education Action Zone (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 422)
The South of England Virtual Education Action Zone (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 423)
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 424)
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 425)
The Channel Tunnel (Alcoholic Liquor and Tobacco Products) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 426)
The Greater London Authority Elections (No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 427)
Knowsley Industrial Park (Rail Terminal) Order 1999 (S.I. 2000 No. 428)
The Land Registration Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 429)
The Land Registration (District Registries) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 430)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 431)
The Greater London Authority (Disqualification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 432)
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 433)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 434)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Measures for the Recovery of the Stock of Cod) (Irish Sea) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 435)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 440)
The Community Legal Service (Costs) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 441)
The Legal Services Commission (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 442)
The Education (Grants) (Royal Ballet School) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 443)
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 451)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 452)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 464 (C. 12)])
The Croydon Tramlink (Penalty Fares) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 476)
The Water and Sewerage (Conservation, Access and Recreation) (Code of Practice) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 477)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 478)
The Community Health Councils Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.479 (W.20))
Rheoliadau Cynghorau Iechyd Cymuned Diwygio (Cymru)2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 479 (Cy.20))
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 480)
The Colours in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 481)
The Merchant Shipping (Vessels in Commercial Use for Sport or Pleasure) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 482)
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 483)
The Merchant Shipping (Safe Manning, Hours of Work and Watchkeeping) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 484)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 485)
The Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) No. 14 Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 486)
501–600
The Council Tax (Reduction Scheme) and (Demand Notices Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 501 (W.21))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Cynllun Gostyngiadau) a (Darpariaethau Trosiannol Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 501 (Cy.21))
The Teachers' Pensions (Employers' Supplementary Contributions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 502)
The Value Added Tax (Drugs, Medicines, Aids for the Handicapped and Charities Etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 503)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 516)
The Water Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 519)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Unoccupied Property) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 520)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 521)
The East London and The City Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 522)
The National Health Service (Professions Supplementary to Medicine) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 523)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (North Western Trains Class 175/0 and Class 175/1 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 524)
The Central Rating Lists (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 525)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 526)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating and Miscellaneous Increases Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 527)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 528)
The A406 Trunk Road (Gunnersbury Avenue, Hounslow) Red Route (Prescribed Route) Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 529)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 530)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 531)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations 1989 (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 532)
The Housing Benefit (Permitted Totals) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 533)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 534)
The East and North Hertfordshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 535)
The East Hertfordshire and the North Hertfordshire National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 536)
The Council Tax (Liability for Owners) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 537)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 538)
The Town and Country Planning (Blight Provisions) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 539)
The Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 540)
The Asylum Support Appeals (Procedure) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 541)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Levy) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 542)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hillingdon) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 554)
The Railtrack plc (Rateable Value) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 555 (W.22))
Gorchymyn Railtrack plc (Gwerth Ardrethol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 555 (Cy.22))
The Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 576)
The Food (Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 587)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 588)
The Local Government (Grants from Structural Funds) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 589)
The Social Security (Incapacity) Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 590)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telemonde Networks Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 591)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 592)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 593)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 594)
The National Health Service Trusts and Primary Care Trusts (Pharmaceutical Services Remuneration—Special Arrangement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 595)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 596)
The Gaming Clubs (Bankers' Games) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 597)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 598)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 599)
The Income Tax (Charge to Tax) (Payments out of Surplus Funds) (Relevant Rate) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 600)
601–700
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 601)
The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 602)
The National Health Service Supplies Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 603)
The Health Education Authority (Abolition) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 604)
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme and Compensation for Premature Retirement) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 605)
The National Health Service (Injury Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 606)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 607)
The Special Trustees for the Former United Sheffield Hospitals (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 608)
The Sheffield Health Authority (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 609)
The Special Trustees for the Royal Throat, Nose & Ear Hospital and the Special Trustees for the Royal Free Hospital (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 610)
The Special Trustees for the University College London Hospitals and the Special Trustees for the Middlesex Hospital (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 611)
The Special Trustees of the General Infirmary at Leeds and the Leeds St James's University Hospital Special Trustees (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 612)
The Special Trustees for the Hammersmith and Acton Hospitals, the Special Trustees for the Charing Cross and West London Hospitals and the Special Trustees for the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 613)
The Special Trustees for Guy's Hospital and the Special Trustees for St Thomas' Hospital (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 614)
The Special Trustees for the United Bristol Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 615)
The Avon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 616)
NHS Bodies and Local Authorities Partnership Arrangements Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 617)
The National Health Service (Payments by Local Authorities to NHS Bodies) (Prescribed Functions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 618)
The National Health Service Pension Scheme (Additional Voluntary Contributions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 619)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 620)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 621)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 622)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 623)
The Injuries in War (Shore Employments) Compensation (Amendment) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 626)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 627)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 629 (C. 13)])
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 630)
The Air Passenger Duty and Other Indirect Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 631)
The Finance Act 1999, Part VII, (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 632 (C.14)])
The Interest on Repayments of Customs Duty (Applicable Period) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 633)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 634)
The Banking Act 1987 (Exempt Transactions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 635)
The Social Security (Immigration and Asylum) Consequential Amendments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 636)
The Social Security (Payments to Reduce Under-occupation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 637)
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 638)
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 639 (L.2)])
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 640 (L.3)])
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 641 (L.4)])
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 642 (L.5)])
The Licensed Conveyancers (Compensation for Inadequate Professional Services) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 643)
The Solicitors (Compensation for Inadequate Professional Services) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 644)
The Excise Goods (Export Shops) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 645)
The Welfare of Animals (Transport) (Electronic Route Plans Pilot Schemes) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 646)
The Buying Agency Trading Fund (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 648)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Accounts and Audit) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 655)
The Food Standards Act 1999 (Transitional and Consequential Provisions and Savings) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 656)
The Community Health Councils (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 657)
The Avon and Western Wiltshire Mental Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 658)
The Special Health Authorities (Duty of Quality) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 660)
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities) (Prescribing Incentive Schemes) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 661)
The Commission for Health Improvement (Functions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 662)
The Teachers (Compensation for Redundancy and Premature Retirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 664)
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 665)
The Teachers' Superannuation (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 666)
The Social Security Benefit (Computation of Earnings) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 667)
The Building Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 668)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 669)
The Insurance (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 670)
The Pensions Increase (Scottish Parliamentary Pension Scheme) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 671)
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 672)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 673)
The Friendly Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 674)
The Petty Sessions Areas (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 675)
The Magistrates' Courts Committee Areas (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 676)
The Justices of the Peace (Commission Areas) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 677)
The Social Security (Approved Work) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 678)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 679)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 681)
The Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 682)
The Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Exemptions for Disabled Persons) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 683)
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Code of Practice) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 684)
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants and Sale of Transporters) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 685)
The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Greater London Authority) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 686)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Designation of Receipts) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 687)
The Social Security (Maternity Allowance) (Earnings) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 688)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 689)
The Social Security (Maternity Allowance) (Work Abroad) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 690)
The Social Security (Maternity Allowance) (Work Abroad) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 691)
The Conditional Fee Agreements Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 692)
The Access to Justice (Membership Organisations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 693)
The Health Act 1999 (Supplementary, Consequential etc. Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 694)
The Primary Care Trusts (Functions) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 695)
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 696)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 697)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 698)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Bristol) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 699)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 700)
701–800
The Homelessness (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 701)
The Allocation of Housing (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 702)
The Education Standards Fund (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 703)
The Asylum Support Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 704)
The Immigration (Eligibility for Assistance) (Scotland and Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 705)
The Persons subject to Immigration Control (Housing Authority Accommodation and Homelessness) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 706)
The Airports (Designation) (Removal and Disposal of Vehicles) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 707)
The Council Tax (Liability of Owners) (Amendment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 715 (S. 1)])
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 717 (W. 24 ))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Newid Cyfrifiadau Angenrheidiol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 717 (Cy. 24 ))
The Revenue Support Grant (Specified Bodies) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 718 (W.25))
Rheoliadau Grant Cynnal Refeniw (Cyrff Penodedig) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 718 (Cy.25))
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.719 (W.26))
Rheoliadau Hadau (Ffioedd) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 719 (Cy.26))
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 720)
The Employment Zones Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 721)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (District of Shepway) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 722)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 723)
The Social Security Amendment (Employment Zones) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 724)
The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 726)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 727)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 728)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 729)
The Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 730)
The Data Protection Tribunal (National Security Appeals) (Telecommunications) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 731)
The West Hertfordshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 732)
The Mount Vernon and Watford Hospitals and the St. Albans and Hemel Hempstead National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 733)
The Road Traffic Reduction Act 1997 (Commencement) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 735 (c. 15)])
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3)Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 736)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 737)
The European Communities (Designation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 738)
The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 739)
The Films Co-Production Agreements (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 740)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 741)
The Appropriation (Northern Ireland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 742 (N.I. 1)])
The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 (Guernsey) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 743)
The Census Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 744)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 745)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities) (Forestry Commissioners) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 746)
The Social Security Contributions (Notional Payment of Primary Class 1 Contribution) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 747)
The Social Security Contributions (Notional Payment of Primary Class 1 Contribution) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 748)
The Personal and Occupational Pension Schemes (Incentive Payments) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 749)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Payment and Recovery of Remaining Balances)Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 750)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 755)
The Films (Modification of the Definitionof British Film) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 756)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 757)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 758)
The Charitable Deductions (Approved Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 759)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 760)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 761)
The Genetically Modified and Novel Foods (Labelling) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 768)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 769)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 770)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 774 (C.16)])
The Marketing Authorisations for Veterinary Medicinal Products Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 776)
The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 777)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hillingdon and Hounslow) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 778)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 779 (C. 17)])
The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 780)
The London Borough of Croydon (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 781)
The London Borough of Hackney (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 782)
The London Borough of Haringey (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 783)
The London Borough of Islington (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 784)
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 785)
The London Borough of Southwark(Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 786)
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 787)
The City of Westminster (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 788)
The Greater London Authority Elections (Expenses) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 789)
The Meat Products (Hygiene) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 790)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 791)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 792 (W. 29))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Newid Rhestri ac Apelau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 792 (Cy. 29))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 793 (W. 30))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 793 (Cy. 30))
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 794)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 795)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 796)
The Commission for Health Improvement (Functions) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 797)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 798)
The Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 799)
The Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 800 (C. 18))
801–900
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4 and Adaptation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 801 (C. 19)])
The Value Added Tax (Fund-Raising Events by Charities and Other Qualifying Bodies) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 802)
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 803)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 804)
The Value Added Tax (Charities and Aids for the Handicapped) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 805)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 806)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 807)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 808)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 809)
The Income Tax (Cash Equivalents of Car Fuel Benefits) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 810)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Consideration for Fuel) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 811)
The Community Legal Service (Scope) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 822)
The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 823)
The Community Legal Service (Cost Protection) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 824)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2000/2001) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.825 (W.31))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyllid Cyfalaf) (Cyfradd y Gostyngiad ar gyfer 2000/2001) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 825 (Cy.31))
The Greater London Authority Election (Early Voting) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 826)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 827)
The Agricultural or Forestry Tractors and Tractor Components (Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 828)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1999 Experimental Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 830)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 831)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 832)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Penalties) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 833)
The Education (Education Standards Grants) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 834 (W. 32))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Grantiau Safonau Addysg) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 834 (Cy. 32))
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Continuance) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 835)
The Merchant Shipping (Training and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 836)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 837)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 838)
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 840)
The Stockport Acute Services and the Stockport Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 841)
The Stockport National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 842)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 843)
Charities (Boxmoor Estate, Hemel Hempstead) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 844)
The Medical Food (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 845)
The Phoenix National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 846)
The Andover District Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 847)
The Relevant Functions (Payments to Authorities) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 848)
The Trafford Park Railway Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 849)
The M11 Motorway (Junction 5–4, Redbridge) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 854)
The Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 859)
The University College London Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 860)
The Hammersmith Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 861)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Transitional Capital Finance Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 862)
The Action for Education and Employment South East Sheffield Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 863)
The Derby North East Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 864)
The Bristol Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 865)
The North Stockton Community Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 866)
The Great Yarmouth Achievement Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 867)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 868)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 869)
The Health Service Medicines(Price Control Appeals) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 870)
The A4 Trunk Road (Great West Road and Boston Park Road, Hounslow) (Prohibition of Traffic Movements) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 871)
The A4 Trunk Road (Great West Road and Boston Manor Road, Hounslow) (Prohibition of Traffic Movements) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 872)
The A4 Trunk Road (Great West Road and Riverbank Way, Hounslow) (Prescribed Routes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 873)
The Lobsters and Crawfish (Prohibition of Fishing and Landing) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 874)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 875 (C. 20)])
The South Peterborough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 876)
The North Peterborough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 877)
The Milk Development Council (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 878)
Disability Rights Commission (Time Limits) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 879)
The Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 880 (C. 21)])
The Charities (Corporation of the Hall of Arts and Sciences) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 891)
The Corporation Tax (Instalment Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 892)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 893)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 895)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 896)
The Social Security (Work-focused Interviews) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 897)
The Contracting Out (Functions relating to Social Security) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 898)
The Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 899)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 900)
901–1000
The Structural Funds (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 906)
The Teachers' Pensions (Contributable Salary) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.907)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 908 (W. 39))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Darpariaethau Amrywiol) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 908 (Cy. 39 ))
The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 909)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment No. 2) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 910)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 911 (W. 40))
Rheoliadau Ariannu Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 911 (Cy. 40))
The Immigration (Passenger Information) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 912)
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 913)
The Control of Misleading Advertisements (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 914)
The Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988, Section 559(4A), Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 921)
The Finance Act 1995, Section 139(3), (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 922 (C.22)])
The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 923)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 924 (C.24)])
The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 928)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 929)
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Butchers' Shops) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 930)
The Tax Credits Up-rating Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 931)
The Weighing Equipment (Non-automatic Weighing Machines) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 932)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 933)
The Greenwich Park (Vehicle Parking) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 934)
The Public Finance and Accountability (Scotland) Act 2000 (Transfer of NAO Staff etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 935 (S. 2)])
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 936)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 937 (L. 6)])
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 938 (L. 7)])
The County Court Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 939 (L.8)])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 940 (L. 9)])
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 941)
The London Government (Various Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 942)
The A249 Trunk Road (Bobbing Junction) (Detrunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 943)
Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 944)
The Income Tax (Electronic Communications) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 945)
The Gas Industry (Rateable Values) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 946)
The Electricity Supply Industry (Rateable Values) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 947)
The Docks and Harbours (Rateable Values) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 948 (W. 41))
Gorchymyn Dociau a Harbyrau (Gwerthoedd Ardrethol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 948 (Cy. 41))
The Railways (Rateable Values) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 949)
The Water Undertakers (Rateable Values)(England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 950)
The Docks and Harbours (Rateable Values) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 951)
The Energy from Waste Plants (Rateable Values) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 952)
The Tetrachloroethylene in Olive Oil (Revocation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 960)
The Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 961)
The Public Record Office (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 964)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 965)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 966)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 967)
Official Listing of Securities (Change of Competent Authority) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 968)
The Northumbrian Water and Essex and Suffolk Water (Amendment of Local Enactments Etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 969)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 970 (C. 24)])
The Policyholders Protection Act 1997 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 971 (C. 25)])
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 972 (W. 42))
Rheoliadau Cwotâu Cynhyrchion Llaeth (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 972 (Cy. 42))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 973 (W. 43))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 973 (Cy. 43 ))
The Pencoed College (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 974 (W. 44))
Gorchymyn Coleg Pencoed (Diddymu) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 974 (Cy. 44 ))
The Rates and Precepts (Final Adjustments) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 975 (W.45))
Gorchymyn Ardrethi a Phraeseptau (Addasiadau Terfynol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 975 (Cy.45))
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Measures for the Recovery of the Stock of Cod)(Irish Sea) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 976 (W. 46 ))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau ar gyfer Adfer y Stoc Penfreision) (Môr Iwerddon) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 976 (Cy. 46 ))
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 977 (W. 47 ))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd Deintyddol) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 977 (Cy. 47 ))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 978 (W. 48 ))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 978 (Cy. 48 ))
The Income-related Benefits and Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 979)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road, Hillingdon) (Prohibition of U-Turns) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 980)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road, Hillingdon) (Bus Lane) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 981)
The Local Authorities (Discretionary Expenditure Limits) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 990 (W. 51))
Gorchymyn Awdurdodau Lleol (Terfynau Gwariant Dewisol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 990 (Cy. 51))
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Property etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.991)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 992 (W. 52))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyllid Cyfalaf) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 992 (Cy. 52))
The Blackpool, Wyre and Fylde Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 993)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 994)
The Financial Assistance For Industry (Increase of Limit) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 995)
The Health Act 1999 (Fund-holding Practices) (Transfer of Assets, Savings, Rights and Liabilities and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 999 (W. 56))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd 1999 (Practisiau Deiliad-cronfa) (Trosglwyddo Asedau, Arbedion, Hawliau a Rhwymedigaethau a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2000. (S.I. 2000 Rhif 999 (Cy.56))
Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1000)
1001–1100
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1001)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1005)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1012)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Citizens' Band and Amateur Apparatus) (Various Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1013)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Cordless Telephone Apparatus) (Restriction and Marking) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1014)
The Commission for Health Improvement (Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1015 (W. 57))
Rheoliadau'r Comisiwn Gwella Iechyd (Swyddogaethau) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1015 (Cy. 57))
The Consular Fees (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1017)
The Westminster Education Action Zone Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1022)
The Council Tax (Liability for Owners) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1024 (W. 60))
Rheoliadau Treth Gyngor (Atebolrwydd Perchnogion i Dalu) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1024 (Cy. 60))
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1025 (W. 61))
Gorchymyn Treth Gyngor (Anheddau Esempt) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1025 (Cy. 61))
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1026 (W.62) (C.26))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd 1999 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1026 (Cy.62)(C.26))
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1027)
The Local Government (Best Value) (Exemption) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1029 (W. 64))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Gwerth Gorau) (Eithrio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1029 (Cy. 64))
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1030 (W. 65))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Dangosyddion Perfformiad Gwerth Gorau) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1030 (Cy. 65))
The Yorkshire Water and York Waterworks (Amendment of Local Enactments Etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1031)
The Greater London Authority (Limitation of Salaries) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1032)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance, Approved Investments and Contracts) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1033)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1034 (C. 27)])
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities and Administration Arrangements)(Wales) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1035 (W. 66))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Swyddogaethau Awdurdodau Iechyd a Threfniadau Gweinyddu) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1035 (Cy. 66))
The Persons Subject to Immigration Control (Housing Authority Accommodation) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1036 (W. 67))
Gorchymyn Personau sy'n Ddarostyngedig i Reolaeth Fewnfudo (Llety Awdurdodau Tai) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1036 (Cy. 67))
The General Osteopathic Council (Restoration to the Register of Conditionally Registered Osteopaths) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1037)
The General Osteopathic Council (Application for Registration and Fees) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1038)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1039 (W. 68))
Rheoliadau'r Cynllun Effeithlonrwydd Ynni Cartref (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1039 (Cy. 68))
The Greater London Authority Elections (No. 2) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1040)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1041 (C. 28)])
The London Government (Continuity of Employment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1042)
The Environmental Protection (Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and other Dangerous Substances) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1043)
The Woolwich Ferry Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1044)
The Transport for London (Preliminary Arrangements) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1045)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1046)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1047 (C. 29)])
The Pensions on Divorce etc. (Provision of Information) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1048)
The Pensions on Divorce etc. (Charging) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1049)
The Divorce etc. (Notification and Treatment of Pensions) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1050 (S.4)])
The Pensions on Divorce etc. (Pension Sharing) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1051 (S.5)])
The Pension Sharing (Valuation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1052)
The Pension Sharing (Implementation and Discharge of Liability) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1053)
The Pension Sharing (Pension Credit Benefit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1054)
The Pension Sharing (Safeguarded Rights) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1055)
The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1059)
The GLA Roads (Supplementary Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1064)
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1065 (C. 30)])
The Food Standards Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1066 (C.31)])
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1070)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Destination of Appeals) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1071 (L. 10)])
The Petroleum Revenue Tax (Nomination Scheme for Disposals and Appropriations) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1072)
The A421 Trunk Road (Marsh Leys Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1073)
The A421 Trunk Road (Marsh Leys Improvement) (Trunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1074)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1075 (W.69))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau Rheoli'r Gymuned) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1075 (Cy.69))
The Bro Morgannwg National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1076 (W. 70 ))
Gorchymyn Diwygio Gorchymyn Ymddiriedolaeth Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol Bro Morgannwg (Sefydlu) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1076 (Cy. 70 ))
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1077)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1078 (W. 71))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau Cymunedol ar gyfer Monitro â Lloeren) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1078 (Cy. 71))
The Homelessness (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1079 (W. 72))
Rheoliadau Digartrefedd (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1079 (Cy. 72))
The Allocation of Housing (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1080 (W. 73))
Rheoliadau Dyrannu Tai (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1080 (Cy. 73))
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Conservation Measures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1081)
The Social Security (National Insurance Number Information: Exemption) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1082)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Sharing of Pensions on Divorce or Annulment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1085)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Small Self-administered Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1086)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Excepted Provisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1087)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1088)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1089)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1090)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1091)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1092)
The Finance Act 1999, Schedule 10, Paragraph 18, (First and Second Appointed Days) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1093 (C. 32)])
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5 and Appointment of Reconstitution Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1094 (C. 33)])
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 6 and Preliminary Arrangements for the Metropolitan Police Authority) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1095 (C. 34)])
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1096 (W. 74))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau Cymunedol ynghylch Cwotâu a Physgota gan Drydydd Gwledydd) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1096 (Cy. 74))
The Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1097 (W. 75))
Rheoliadau Prisio ar gyfer Ardrethu (Peiriannau a Pheirianwaith) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1097 (Cy. 75))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Physical Education) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1098 (W. 76))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Addysg Gorfforol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1098 (Cy. 76))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Science) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1099 (W. 77))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Gwyddoniaeth) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1099 (Cy. 77))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Mathematics) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1100 (W. 78))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Mathemateg) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1100 (Cy. 78))
1101–1200
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Welsh) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1101 (W. 79))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Cymraeg) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1101 (Cy. 79))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities)(Adaptation of Functions etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1102)
The Carriage of Goods by Sea (Parties to Convention) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1103)
The Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1104)
The Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1105)
The United Nations (Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1106)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1107)
The Football Spectators (Corresponding Offences in Belgium) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1108)
The Football Spectators (Corresponding Offences in the Netherlands) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1109)
The Equality (Disability, etc.) (Northern Ireland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1110 (N.I. 2)])
The Airports Act 1986 (Jersey) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1111)
The Deep Sea Mining (Temporary Provisions) Act 1981 (Isle of Man) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1112)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities) (British Wool Marketing Board) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1113)
The Patents (Convention Countries) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1114)
The Designs (Convention Countries) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1115)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1116 (C. 35)])
The GLA Roads Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1117)
The Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1118)
The European Communities (Lawyer's Practice) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1119)
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1120)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1121)
The Gas Act 1986 (General Restrictions on Disclosure of Information) (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1122)
The Divorce etc. (Pensions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1123)
The M1–A1 Link (A63 Trunk Road Elongated Junction) (Connecting Roads) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1136)
The M1–A1 Link (Belle Isle to Bramham Crossroads Section And Connecting Roads) Scheme 1994 (Variation) (No. 2) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1137)
The A63 Trunk Road (Selby Road Junction) Order 1994 (Variation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1138)
The National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1139)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1140)
The A316 Trunk Road (Richmond) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1141)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1142 (W.80))
Gorchymyn Ymddiriedolaethau Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Cyfalaf Cychwynnol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1142 (Cy.80))
The Transport for London (Reserved Services) (Croydon Tramlink and Docklands Light Railway) Exception Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1143)
The Railways (Alternative Closure Procedure) (Croydon Tramlink) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1144)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1145 (W.81))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Symiau at Anghenion Personol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1145 (Cy.81))
The Foundation Subject (Amendment) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1146)
The Welsh Development Agency (Financial Limit) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1147 (W.82))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Datblygu Cymru (Terfyn Ariannol) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1147 (Cy.82))
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1149)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1150)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1151)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1152)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Art) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1153 (W.84))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Celf) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1153 (Cy.84))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in English) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1154 (W.85))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Saesneg) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1154 (Cy.85))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1155 (W.86))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Daearyddiaeth) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1155 (Cy.86))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1156 (W.87))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Hanes) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1156 (Cy.87))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Modern Foreign Languages) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1157 (W.88))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Ieithoedd Tramor Modern) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1157 (Cy.88))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Music) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1158 (W.89))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Cerddoriaeth) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1158 (Cy.89))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Technology) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1159 (W.90))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Targedau Cyrhaeddiad a Rhaglenni Astudio mewn Technoleg) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1159 (Cy.90))
The Youth Justice Board for England and Wales Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1160)
The Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1161)
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 Experimental Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1162)
The Electricity Supply Industry (Rateable Values) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1163 (W. 91))
Gorchymyn y Diwydiant Cyflenwi Trydan (Gwerthoedd Ardrethol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1163 (Cy. 91))
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Greater London Authority etc.) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1164)
The Blackburn with Darwen Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1167)
The Trafford South Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1168)
The Town and Country Planning (Blight Provisions) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1169 (W. 94 ))
Gorchymyn Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Darpariaethau Malltod) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1169 (Cy. 94 ))
The St Clears-Pembroke Dock Trunk Road (A477) (Sageston-Redberth Bypass) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1172 (W.95))
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Sanclêr-Doc Penfro (A477) (Ffordd Osgoi Sageston-Redberth) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1172 (Cy.95))
The Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1173 (C. 37)])
The London Development Agency (Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1174)
The Conditional Access (Unauthorised Decoders) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1175)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment No. 2) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1177)
The Railways (Inverness Station) (Exemptions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1178)
1201–1300
The Dairy Products (Hygiene) (Charges) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1209)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1210)
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1211)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1212)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1213)
The GLA Roads Designation (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1230)
The Insurance Companies (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1231)
The Food (Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (Revocation) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1232)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (Revocation) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1233)
The Undersized Whiting (Revocation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1234)
The Crab Claws (Prohibition of Landing)(Revocation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1235)
The London Borough of Lewisham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1236)
The A205 Trunk Road (Southwark) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1237)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1238)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1239)
The East Riding Health Authority (Change of Name) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1240)
The County Durham Health Authority (Change of Name) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1241)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1242)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Barking and Dagenham) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1256)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Barnet) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1257)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Bexley) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1258)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Brent) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1259)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Bromley) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1260)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Camden) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1261)
The GLA Side Roads (City of London) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1262)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Croydon) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1263)
The Local Government (Best Value) (Reviews and Performance Plans) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1271 (W.97))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Gwerth Gorau) (Adolygiadau a Chynlluniau Perfformiad) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1271 (Cy.97))
The London Cab Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1276)
The Employment Zones (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1279)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1280)
The General Osteopathic Council (Recognition of Qualifications) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1281)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1282 (c. 38)])
The Dolgellau to South of Birkenhead Trunk Road (A494) (Improvement at Tafarn y Gelyn) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1283 (W. 98 ))
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Dolgellau-Man i'r de o Birkenhead (A494) (Gwelliant yn Nhafarn y Gelyn) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif. 1283 (W. 98 ))
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1285)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Ealing) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1286)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Enfield) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1287)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Greenwich) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1288)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Hackney) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1289)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1290)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Haringey) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1291)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Havering) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1292)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Hillingdon) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1293)
The Drinking Water (Undertakings) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1297)
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1298)
The Employment Tribunals Act (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1299)
The Trade Union Recognition (Method of Collective Bargaining) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1300)
1301–1400
The Employment Zones (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1305)
Recognition and Derecognition Ballots (Qualified Persons) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1306)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Hounslow) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1307)
The GLA Side Roads (Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1308)
The GLA Side Roads (Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1309)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Lewisham) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1310)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Newham) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1311)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Lambeth) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1312)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Merton) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1313)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Oil and Chemical Pollution of Fish) (No. 2) Order 1993 (Revocation) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1314)
The In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1315)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1317 (L. 11)])
The A458 Trunk Road (Shelton Traffic Lights To Churncote Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1320)
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1323 (W.101))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Y Diwrnod Ysgol a'r Flwyddyn Ysgol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1323 (Cy.101))
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1324)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1325)
The Children (Protection at Work) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1333)
The Merchant Shipping (Survey and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1334)
The Merchant Shipping (Load Line) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1335)
The Employment Tribunals Act (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2000 (Revocation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1336)
The Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (Application of Conciliation Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1337)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1338 (C. 39)])
The Montserrat Constitution (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1339)
The Pitcairn (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1340)
The Pitcairn Court of Appeal Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1341)
The United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1342)
The Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment)Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1343)
The Medical (Professional Performance) Act 1995 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1344 (c. 40)])
The Civil Aviation (Investigation of Air Accidents and Incidents) (Jersey) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1345)
The Air Navigation (Jersey) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1346)
The Flags (Northern Ireland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1347 (N.I. 3)])
The Licensed Victuallers' National Homes (Charter Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1348)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (The Chiltern Railway Company Limited Class 168/1 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1349)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 To B4031 Improvement—Ardley Interchange) (Trunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1350)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 to B4031 Improvement—Ardley Interchange Slip Roads) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1351)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 to B4031 Improvement Slip Roads) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1352)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 to B4031 Improvement—Ardley Interchange) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1353)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 to B4031 Improvement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1354)
The A43 Trunk Road (M40 to B4031 Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1355)
The Devon County Council (Yeo Bridge Barnstaple) Scheme 1999 Confirmation Instrument 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1356)
The Mid-Sussex National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1362)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1365)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1366)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds and Prohibition on Investment) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1367)
The Medicines (Aristolochia and Mu Tong etc.) (Temporary Prohibition) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1368)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1369)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1370)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Islington) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1371)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Redbridge) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1372)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Richmond upon Thames) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1373)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Southwark) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1374)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Sutton) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1375)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Tower Hamlets) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1376)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Waltham Forest) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1377)
The GLA Side Roads (London Borough of Wandsworth) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1378)
The GLA Side Roads (City of Westminster) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1379)
The Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation) (Keeping of Records) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1380)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1381)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1382 (c. 41)])
The College of Guidance Studies Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1383)
The Hertsmere Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1384)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1396)
The African Development Fund (Eighth Replenishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1397)
The African Development Bank (Further Subscription to Capital Stock) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1398)
The International Development Association (Twelfth Replenishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1399)}
1401–1500
The Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1401)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1402)
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1403)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1404)
The A41 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (No. 2) Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1405)
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Further Subscription to Capital Stock) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1406)
Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1407)
The Burma (Sale, Supply and Export of Goods) (Penalties) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1408)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1409)
The Local Government (Early Termination of Employment) (Discretionary Compensation)(England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1410)
The National Minimum Wage (Increase in Development Rate for Young Workers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1411)
The Barking, Havering and Redbridge Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1413)
The Whipps Cross Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1414)
The North East London Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1415)
The BHB Community Health Care, the Forest Healthcare, the Havering Hospitals and the Redbridge Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1416)
The District of Bridgnorth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1417)
The Borough of Oswestry (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1418)
The District of North Shropshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1419)
The District of South Shropshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1420)
The National Savings Bank (Investment Deposits) (Limits) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1421)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1422 (W.102))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau ac Offer) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1422 (Cy.102))
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1425)
The Commission Areas (Thames Valley) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1429)
The Companies Act 1985 (Audit Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1430)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1431)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1432)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1433)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1434)
The Greater London Authority (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1435)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Central Trains Class 170/5 and Class 170/6 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1441)
The Greater London (Penalty Fares) (Croydon Tramlink Designation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1442)
The Employment Code of Practice (Access to Workers during Recognition and Derecognition Ballots) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1443)
The Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1444)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Restoration of Devolved Government) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1445)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1446)
The General Teaching Council for England (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1447)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modification of Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1458)
The Protection of Children Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1459 (C.42)])
The Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1460)
The Regulation of Bus Services in Greater London (Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1462)
The Amalgamation of the Lower Alde and Middle Alde Internal Drainage Districts Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1463)
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1464)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1465)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1471)
The Burma (Freezing of Funds) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1472)
The Census Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1473)
The Metropolitan Police (Capital Finance) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1474)
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1481 (L. 12)])
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1482)
The Social Security (Benefits for Widows and Widowers) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1483)
The London Transport Users' Committee (Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1484)
The Borough of Southend-on-Sea (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1487)
The Motor Cycles (Protective Helmets) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1488)
The Motor Cycles (Eye Protectors) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1489)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1490)
The Town and Country Planning (London Spatial Development Strategy) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1491)
The Housing Grants (Additional Purposes) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1492)
The Town and Country Planning (Mayor of London) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1493)
1601–1700
The Undersized Spider Crabs Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1502)
The Undersized Lobsters Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1503)
The London Regional Transport (Transitional Modifications) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1504)
The Development Commission (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1505)
The Transport for London (Transitional Provisions) (Croydon Tramlink) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1506)
The Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1507)
The Highway Litter Clearance and Cleaning (Transfer Of Responsibility) (A13 Trunk Road) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1508)
The Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1509)
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1510)
The Highways (Traffic Calming) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1511)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1515)
The Exchange of Securities (General) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1516)
The Value Added Tax (Protective Helmets) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1517)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1541)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1542)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1544 (L.13)])
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1545 (L. 14)])
The County Court Fees (Amendment No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1546 (L. 15)])
The Greater London Highways and Road Traffic (Various Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1547)
The Transport for London (Specified Activities) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1548)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Consequential Amendments) (Police) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1549)
The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1551)
The GLA Roads and Side Roads (Transfer of Property etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1552)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Consequential Amendments of Subordinate Legislation) (Fire etc. Authority) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1553)
The Building Regulations (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1554)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1555)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1556)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1557)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1558)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1559)
The Patents (Convention Countries) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1560)
The Designs (Convention Countries) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1561)
The Air Navigation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1562)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1563)
The M62 and M1 Motorways (Lofthouse Link Roads) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1565)
The A501 Trunk Road (Camden, Islington and Westminster) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1566)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1587 (c. 43)])
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1588)
The M61 Motorway (Kearsley Spur) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1593)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Modern Foreign Languages) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1595)
The Social Security and Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1596)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Music) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1597)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Mathematics) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1598)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Design and Technology) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1599)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Science) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1600)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Information and Communication Technology) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1601)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Art and Design) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1602)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Target and Programmes of Study in Citizenship) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1603)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in English) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1604)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1605)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1606)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Physical Education) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1607)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency and Prevention of Terrorism Provisions) (Continuance) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1608)
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (England) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1618)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) Regulations Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1619)
The Education (School Teacher Appraisal) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1620)
The United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1621)
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Discount) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1622)
The Merchant Shipping (Formal Investigations) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1623)
The Town and Country Planning (Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1624)
The Town and Country Planning Appeals (Determination by Inspectors) (Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1625)
The Town and Country Planning (Hearings Procedure) (England) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1626)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (England) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1627)
The Town and Country Planning (Appeals) (Written Representations Procedure) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1628)
The Charities (Royal Medical Foundation of Epsom College) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1639)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1640)
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1641)
The A501 Trunk Road (Westminster) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1642)
The A3220 Trunk Road (Hammersmith & Fulham) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1643)
The A40 Trunk Road (Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1644)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1645)
The Explosive Substances (Hazard Information) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1646)
The A13 Trunk Road (Tower Hamlets) Red Route Traffic Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1647)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 7, Transitional Provisions and Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1648 (c. 44)])
The London Cab Order 1934 (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1666)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1667)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Nickel) (Safety) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1668)
The East London and The City Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1669)
The A316 Trunk Road (Hanworth Road, Country Way and Great Chertsey Road, Hounslow and Spelthorne) (Speed Limits) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1671)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1672)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1673)
The Railways (Interoperability) (Notified Bodies) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1674)
The Borough of North Warwickshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1675)
The Borough of Rugby (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1676)
The District of Warwick (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1677)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1678)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1679)
The Local Authority (Stocks and Bonds) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1680)
The Government Stock (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1681)
The Uncertificated Securities (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1682)
The Merchant Shipping (Fees)(Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1683)
The Rutland Sixth Form College, Oakham (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1684)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) and Medicated Feedingstuffs (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1686)
The Friendly Societies (Insurance Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1700)
1701–1800
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1707 (W. 114))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1707 (Cy. 114))
The National Health Service (Choice of Medical Practitioner) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1708 (W.115))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Dewis Ymarferydd Meddygol) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1708 (Cy.115))
The British Wool Marketing Scheme (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1709)
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1710 (W.116))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adleoli (Ffurflenni Cais) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1710 (Cy.116))
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Satellite Operator Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1711)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Regional Public Access Mobile Radio Operator Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1712)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1713)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Mobile Data Operator Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1714)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Paging Operator Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1715)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1717 (W. 117))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Datganiadau Alldro) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1717 (Cy. 117))
The West Norfolk Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1718)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Reading)Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1719)
The Local Government Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1724 (c. 45)])
The Borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1725)
The General Betting Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1726)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1728)
The Financial Services and Markets (Transitional Provisions) (Designated Date for Certain Self-Regulating Organisations) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1734)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars and Welsh Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1735 (W. 119 ))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Ffurflen a Manylion Rhagnodedig a Ffurflen a Manylion Cymraeg) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1735 (Cy. 119 ))
The Time Off for Public Duties Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1737)
The Dairy Products (Hygiene) (Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1738 (W.121))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Llaeth (Hylendid) (Taliadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1738 (Cy.121))
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1739)
The Herefordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1748)
The Herefordshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1749)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1750)
The Hendon College (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1751)
The London Local Authorities (Charges for Stopping Up Orders) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1752)
The Health Service Medicines (Control of Prices of Specified Generic Medicines) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1763)
The London Borough of Bromley (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1764)
The London Borough of Camden (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1765)
The London Borough of Hillingdon (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1766)
The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1767)
The London Borough of Newham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1768)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (ScotRail Class 170/4 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1769)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Anglia Railways Class 170/2 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1770)
The Royal Navy Terms of Service (Ratings) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1771)
The Royal Marines Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1772)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1773)
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1775)
The Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1776)
The Education (Nutritional Standards for School Lunches) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1777)
The Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Exemptions for Disabled Persons) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1785 (W. 122 ))
Rheoliadau Gorchmynion Traffig Awdurdodau Lleol (Esemptiadau ar gyfer Personau Anabl)(Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1785 (Cy. 122 ))
The Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1786 (W. 123))
Rheoliadau Personau Anabl (Bathodynnau ar gyfer Cerbydau Modur)(Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1786 (Cy. 123 ))
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Designation of Public Authorities) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1787)
The Seed Potatoes (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1788)
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1789)
The Vegetable Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1790)
The Beet Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1791)
The Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1792)
The Cereal Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1793)
The Prison (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1794)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1795)
The A406 Trunk Road (Hanger Lane and Woodville Gardens, Ealing) (Prohibition of Right Turn) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1796)
The Consumer Credit (Advertisements and Content of Quotations) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1797)
Electronic Communications Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1798 (C. 46)])
The Colours in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1799 (W.124))
Rheoliadau Lliwiau mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1799 (Cy.124))
The M1 Motorway (Junction 15) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1800)
1801–1900
The Legal Aid (Notification of Very High Cost Cases) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1801)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1802)
The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1803)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1804)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1805)
The College of Care and Early Education (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1806)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1807)
The Charities (Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1808)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1809)
The Relevant Functions (Payments to Authorities) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1810)
The M621 Motorway (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1811)
The Transfer of Functions (Agriculture and Fisheries) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1812)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1813)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1814)
The International Seabed Authority (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1815)
The Pitcairn (Appeals to Privy Council) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1816)
The European Court of Human Rights (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1817)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1818)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1819)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1820)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1821)
The Sierra Leone (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1822)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Republic of Korea) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1823)
The Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1824)
The Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1825)
The Exempt Charities Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1826)
The Attorney General's Salary Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1827)
The Employment Relations (Offshore Employment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1828)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) (Variation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1829)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1830)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1831)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1836)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1837)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1838)
The Eritrea and Ethiopia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1839)
The Sierra Leone (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1840)
The Medical Act 1983 (Medical Education) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1841)
The Water and Sewerage Undertakers (Inset Appointments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1842)
The Sea Fishing (North-East Atlantic Control Measures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1843)
The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1844)
The London Borough of Enfield (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1845)
The London Borough of Brent (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1846)
The London Borough of Sutton (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1847)
The Education (School Government) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1848)
The Special Immigration Appeals Commission (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1849)
The Merchant Shipping (EPIRB Registration) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1850)
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1851 (C. 47)])
The Data Protection (Designated Codes of Practice) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1864)
The Data Protection (Miscellaneous Subject Access Exemptions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1865)
The Medical Food (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1866 (W.125))
Rheoliadau Bwyd Meddygol (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1866 (Cy.125))
The Education (Transition to New Framework) (New Schools, Groups and Miscellaneous) Regulations 1999 (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1867 (W.126))
Rheoliadau (Diwygio) Rheoliadau Addysg (Trawsnewid i'r Fframwaith Newydd) (Ysgolion Newydd, Grwpiau ac Amrywiol) 1999 (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1867 (Cy.126))
The Community Care (Direct Payments) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1868 (W.127))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Gofal Cymunedol (Taliadau Uniongyrchol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1868 (Cy.127))
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1870)
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (UK Depositary Interests in Foreign Securities) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1871)
The Magistrates' Courts (Extradition) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1872)
The Youth Courts and Family Proceedings Courts (Constitution) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1873)
The Inner London Youth Courts (Selection of Chairmen) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1874)
The Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1875)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1876)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1877)
The Criminal Justice Act 1993 (Extension of Group A Offences) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1878)
The Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1879)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1880)
The General Medical Council (Legal Assessors) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1881)
The Foundation Subject (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1882 (W.129))
Gorchymyn Pwnc Sylfaen (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1882 (Cy.129))
The Watchet Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1884)
The Meat Products (Hygiene) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1885 (W. 131 ))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Cig (Hylendid) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1885 (Cy. 131 ))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1887 (W. 133 ))
Rheoliadau Diwygio (Rhif 3) y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1887 (Cy. 133 ))
Disability Rights Commission (Expenses) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1888 (S. 6))
1901–2000
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1917)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1918)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1919)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1920 (C.48)])
The Borough Council of Stockton-on-Tees (River Tees Bridge) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2000, (S.I. 2000 No 1921)
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1922)
The Insider Dealing (Securities and Regulated Markets) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1923)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Reviews of Sentencing) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1924)
The Genetically Modified and Novel Foods (Labelling) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1925 (W. 134 ))
Rheoliadau Bwydydd an Addaswyd yn Enetig a Bwydydd Newydd (Labelu) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1925 (Cy. 134 ))
The Social Security (Work-focused Interviews for Lone Parents) and Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1926)
The Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1927)
The Pipe-line Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1928)
The Legal Aid (Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1929)
The Legal Aid (Prescribed Panels) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1930)
The Gas (Third Party Access and Accounts) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1937)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1938 (W. 136 ))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1938 (Cy. 136 ))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1939 (W.137))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Mân Dreuliau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1939 (Cy.137))
The Air Quality (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1940 (W. 138 ))
Rheoliadau Ansawdd Aer (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1940 (Cy. 138 ))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1941 (W.139))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Ychwanegol) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1941 (Cy.139))
The Airedale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1942)
The Bradford South and West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1943)
The North Bradford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1944)
The Bradford City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1945)
The Television Licences (Disclosure of Information) Act 2000 (Prescription of Information) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1955)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1960)
The Doncaster Central Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1961)
The Bexley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1962)
The Housing (Service Charge Loans) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1963)
The North Manchester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1964)
The Central Manchester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1965)
The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Appointed Day No. 10) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1968 (C. 49)])
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1969 (C. 50)])
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1970)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1971)
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1972)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1973)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1974)
The Horticultural Development Council (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1975)
The London Borough of Greenwich (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1977)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Joint Claims) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1978)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1979 (W. 140 ))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1979 (Cy. 140 ))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Modern Foreign Languages) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1980 (W. 141 ))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Y Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Ieithoedd Tramor Modern) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1980 (Cy. 141 ))
The Social Security Amendment (Students) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1981)
The Social Security (Joint Claims: Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1982)
The Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 Statutory Sum Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1983)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1984)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1985 (C. 51)])
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 18) (Scotland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1986 (C. 52) (S. 7)])
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1987)
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1988)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1989)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1992 (W. 144 ))
Rheoliadau Diwygio (Rhif 2) y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 1992 (Cy. 144 ))
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Allowances for Children) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1993)
The Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1994)
The Air Navigation (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 1995)
2001–2100
The Finance Act 1999, Section 59(3)(b), (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2004 (C.53)])
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2008)
The Public Contracts (Works, Services and Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2009)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2012)
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2013)
The North Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2014)
The Milton Keynes Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2015)
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Amendment of Section 10) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2024)
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2025)
The Community Charges, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Enforcement) (Magistrates' Courts) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2026)
The Sheep and Goats Identification (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2027)
The Social Security (Therapeutic Earnings Limits) Amendments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2028)
The Undersized Edible Crabs Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2029)
The Changing of School Session Times (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2030 (W. 143 ))
Rheoliadau Newid Amserau Sesiynau Ysgolion (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2030 (Cy. 143 ))
The Competition Act 1998 (Consequential and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2031)
The General Medical Council (Voluntary Erasure and Restoration) Regulations Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2033)
The General Medical Council (the Professional Conduct Committee, the General Health Committee and theCommittee on Professional Performance) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2034)
The Criminal Appeal (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2036)
The Patents Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2037)
The Assisted Areas Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2038)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2039)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2040)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2041 (W. 147 ))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Symiau y Gellir eu Codi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2041 (Cy. 147 ))
The Sunderland West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2042)
The Dartford, Gravesham and Swanley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2043)
The Birmingham Specialist Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2044)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2045)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2046)
The Faculty Jurisdiction Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2047)
The Faculty Jurisdiction (Care of Places of Worship) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2048)
The Parochial Fees Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2049)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Connex South Eastern Class 375 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2050)
The General Medical Council (Fitness to Practise Committees) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2051)
The General Medical Council (Constitution of Interim Orders Committee) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2052)
The General Medical Council (Interim Orders Committee) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2053)
The General Medical Council (Interim Orders Committee) (Transitional Provisions) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2054)
The Brucellosis (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2055)
The Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2056)
The Local Education Authority (Post-Compulsory Education Awards) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2057)
The Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2058)
The District of Stratford on Avon (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2059)
The Greater London Authority (Protected Information) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2060)
The Donations to Charity by Individuals (Appropriate Declarations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2074)
The Individual Savings Account (Insurance Companies) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2075)
The Individual Learning Accounts (Separate Employers Under the Crown) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2076)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 7) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2077)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 7) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2078)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2079)
The Income Tax (Benefits in Kind) (Exemption for Welfare Counselling) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2080)
The Research and Development (Prescribed Activities) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2081)
The Finance Act 2000, Section 108(3), (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2082 (C.54)])
The Charitable Deductions (Approved Schemes) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2083)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 6) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2084)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2085)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 6) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2086)
The Export and Investment Guarantees (Limit on Foreign Currency Commitments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2087)
The Supply of New Cars Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2088)
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Excluded Business) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2089)
The Employee Share Ownership Plans (Partnership Shares—Notice of Effects on Benefits, Statutory Sick Pay and Statutory Maternity Pay) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2090)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2091 (c. 55)])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 4) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2092 (L.16)])
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2093 (L. 17)])
The Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2094)
2101–2200
The Portsmouth (Tall Ships Berths) Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2103)
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Compliance) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2104)
The Foreign Package Holidays (Tour Operators and Travel Agents) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2110)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2111)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2112)
The Education (Grants) (Music, Ballet and Choir Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2113)
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2114 (C.56)])
The Education (Grants) (Wells Cathedral School) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2115)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2116)
The Learning and Skills Council for England (Interim Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2117)
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2118)
The Evaluation of Active Substances for Pesticides (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2119)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Tonbridge and Malling) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2120)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Temporary Exceptions for Individual Pupils) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2121)
The Education (School Government) (Terms of Reference) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2122)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2123)
The Melton Mowbray College (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2124)
The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2125 (C. 57)])
The Football Spectators (Prescription) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2126)
The Football (Disorder) (Legal Advice and Assistance) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2127)
The Transport for London (Disposal of Lots Road Power Station) (Consent) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2128)
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2129)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2140)
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2141)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2142)
The Further Education Funding Council for England (Supplementary Functions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2143)
The Education (Grants) (Dance and Drama) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2144)
Wiltshire College (Incorporation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2145)
The Individual Learning Accounts (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2146)
The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2147)
The Code of Conduct (Magistrates' Courts Committees and Selection Panels) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2148)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2149)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Tolls Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2150)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2151)
The Burry Port Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2152)
The Torbay Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2154)
The Bournemouth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2155)
The South Hams and West Devon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2156)
The North Dorset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2157)
The Carrick Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2158)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Bolton) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2169)
The Training Programmes (Cessation of Funding) (Prescribed Actions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2170)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment No. 3) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2171)
The Kingsway: Camden's College (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2172)
The Wiltshire College (Government) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.2173)
Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2174)
The General Teaching Council for England (Additional Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2175)
The General Teaching Council for England (Registration of Teachers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2176)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2187 (C. 58)])
The Overseas Life Assurance Fund (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2188)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 3) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2189)
The Transport and Works (Applications and Objections Procedure) (England and Wales) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2190)
The Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2192)
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training Pilot Scheme) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2193)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2194)
The Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (England Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.2195)
The Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2196)
The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2197)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2198)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2199 (C.59))
2201–2300
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 8) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2207)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 8) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2208)
The Fugitive Offenders (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2210)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2211)
The Land Registration (Conduct of Business) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2212)
The Land Registration (Hearings Procedure) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2213)
The Land Registration (No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2214)
The Meat (Disease Control) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2215)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2225 (C. 60)])
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2226)
The Legal Aid Act 1988 (Modification) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2227)
The Courts-Martial Appeal (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2228 (L.18)])
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment and Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2229)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Conservation Measures) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2230 (W. 148))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau Cadwraeth y Gymuned) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2230 (Cy. 148 ))
The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (GLA Side Roads Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2237)
The Commission Areas (North Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2238)
The Social Security Amendment (Bereavement Benefits) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2239)
The Education (Grants) (Dance and Drama) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2240)
The Employment Code of Practice (Industrial Action Ballots and Notice to Employers) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2241)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2242 (C. 61)])
The Immigration (Removal Directions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2243)
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (One-Stop Procedure) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2244)
The Asylum (Designated Safe Third Countries) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2245)
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Notices) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2246)
The Employment Code of Practice (Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2247)
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2250)
The Portsmouth (Millennium Waterbus Landing Stages) Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2251)
The Audit Commission Act 1998 (Publication of Information as to Standards of Performance) (Variation) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2253)
The Food Irradiation Provisions (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2254)
The Milford Haven Port Authority Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2255)
The Meat (Disease Control) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2257 (W. 150 ))
Rheoliadau Cig (Rheoli Clefydau) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2257 (Cy. 150 ))
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2264)
The General Chiropractic Council (Appeals Against Decisions of the Registrar) Rules Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2265)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2266)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2267 (L.19))
2301–2400
The Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Customer Service Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2301)
The Tonnage Tax Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2303)
The Fees for Inquiries (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2307)
The County Court Fees (Amendment No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2310 (L. 20)])
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Examination in Public) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2311)
The West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2312)
The Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2313)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Establishment of Schemes under Trusts) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2314)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Relief at Source) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2315)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Information Powers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2316)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Establishment of Schemes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2317)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Concurrent Membership) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2318)
The Finance Act 1998, Section 96(4),(Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2319 (C. 62)])
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2320)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2321)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2322)
The School Teachers' Remuneration Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2324)
The Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2326)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2327)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2328)
The Football (Offences) (Designation of Football Matches) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2329)
The Education (Grants for Disabled Postgraduate Students) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2330)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2331)
The Education Standards Fund (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2332)
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Procedure) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2333 (L. 21)])
The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2334)
The Sheep and Goats Identification (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2335 (W. 152))
Rheoliadau Adnabod Defaid a Geifr (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2335 (Cy. 152))
The Social Security (Payments on account, Overpayments and Recovery) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2336)
The Protection of Children Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2337 (C. 63)])
The Birmingham North East Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2338)
The Greater Yardley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2339)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2340)
The National Health Service (Clinical Negligence Scheme) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2341)
The National Health Service (Property Expenses Scheme) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2342)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 9) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2343)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 9) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2344)
The Armed Forces Discipline Act 2000 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2366 (C.64)])
The Naval Custody Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2367)
The Army Custody Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2368)
The Air Force Custody Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2369)
The Summary Appeal Court (Navy) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2370)
The Summary Appeal Court (Army) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2371)
The Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2372)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Navy) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2373)
The Courts-Martial (Army) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2374)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2375)
The Administration of Oaths (Summary Appeal Court) (Navy) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2376)
The Administration of Oaths (Summary Appeal Court) (Army) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2377)
The Administration of Oaths (Summary Appeal Court) (Air Force) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2378)
The Reserve Forces Act 1996 (Reserve Associations) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2379)
The Construction (Design and Management) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2380)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2381)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2382 (L. 22 )])
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2383)
The Children (Performances) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2384)
The National Health Service (Liabilities to Third Parties Scheme) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2385)
The Medicines (Data Sheets for Veterinary Drugs) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2386)
The West Suffolk Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2387)
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2388 (C. 65)])
The King's Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2389)
The Harbour Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2391)
The Morecambe Bay Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2392)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2393)
The Swine Fever (Movement Restriction Areas) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2394)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (The Chiltern Railway Company Limited Class 168/1 Vehicles) Exemption (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2397)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2398)
2401–2500
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2408)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Interception and Disclosure of Messages) (Designation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2409)
The Telecommunications (Services for Disabled Persons) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2410)
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2412 (C. 67)])
The Companies (Welsh Language Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2413)])
Rheoliadau (Diwygio) (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) Cwmnïau 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2413))
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Prescription of Offices, Ranks and Positions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2417)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Authorisations Extending to Scotland) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2418)
Education (Restriction of Employment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2419)
Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2420 (C. 66)])
The Non-Domestic Rating (Telecommunications Apparatus) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2421)
The Social Security (Students and Income-related Benefits) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2422)
The Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2423 (C.68)])
The Electricity (Class Exemptions from the Requirement for a Licence) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2424)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Ashford) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2430)
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2431)
The Protection of Children (Child Care Organisations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2432)
The National Health Service Litigation Authority (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2433)
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2434)
The Ashworth, Broadmoor and Rampton Hospital Authorities (Functions and Membership) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2435)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 6, Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2444 (C.69)])
The Immigration (Variation of Leave) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2445)
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2446)
The Energy Act 1976 (Reserve Powers) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2449)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2459)
The Swine Fever (Movement Restriction Areas) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2460)
The Time Off for Public Duties (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2463)
The Feeding Stuffs Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2481)
The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2482)
The Community Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles) (Temporary Exception) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2483)
The Motor Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2484)
The County of Cumbria (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2485)
The County of Cheshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2486)
The County of Hertfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2487)
The County of Lincolnshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2488)
The County of Northamptonshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2489)
The County of Northumberland (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2490)
The County of Somerset (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2491)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2492 (W. 159 ))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau Aelodau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2492 (Cy. 159 ))
The GLA Roads and Side Roads (Transfer of Property etc.) (Modification) (College Farm, Finchley) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2493)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2494)
2501–2600
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2522)
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2523)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 1) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2524)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2526)
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2530)
The Building Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2531)
The Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2532)
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) (No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2533)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (District of York) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2534)
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) (No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2535)
The Protection of Children (Access to Lists) (Prescribed Individuals) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2537)
The National Council for Education and Training for Wales (Interim Functions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2539 (W. 162))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Cenedlaethol Cymru dros Addysg a Hyfforddiant (Swyddogaethau Interim) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2539 (Cy.162))
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No.1) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No.2540 (W.163) (C.70))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dysgu a Medrau 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2540 (Cy.163) (C.70))
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2543 (C. 71)])
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2544 (C. 72)])
The Social Security Amendment (Capital Limitsand Earnings Disregards) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2545)
The Road Traffic (Owner Liability) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2546)
The North Hampshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2547)
The Children (Protection at Work) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2548)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Definitions of Unit Trust Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2549)
The Capital Gains Tax (Definition of Unit Trust Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2550)
The Income Tax (Definition of Unit Trust Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2551)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2552)
The Herefordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2553)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Training) Amendment Rules Approval Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2554)
The Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances for Ships Other Than Ships of Classes III to VI(A)) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2558)
The Learning and Skills Act (Commencement No. 2 and Savings) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2559 (C. 73)])
The Teacher Training Incentive (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2560 (W. 169 ))
Rheoliadau Cymhellion Hyfforddi Athrawon (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2560 (Cy. 169 ))
The West London Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2562)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Notification of Authorisations etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2563)
The Merger Reference (Interbrew SA and Bass PLC) (Interim Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2566)
The Integrated Administration and Control System (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2573)
The South Manchester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2576)
The Great Central Railway (East Leake Branch, etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2585)
The District of Craven (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2599)
The District of Hambleton (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2600)
2601–2700
The Borough of Harrogate (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2601)
The District of Richmondshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2602)
The District of Ryedale (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2603)
The Borough of Scarborough (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2604)
The District of Selby (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2605)
The Isle of Wight (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2606)
The GLA Roads (Continuity of Orders etc.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2615)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 6) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2618)
Protection of Children Act Tribunal Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2619)
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2620)
The Social Security Amendment (Enhanced Disability Premium) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2629)
The Hartlepool Water (Amendment of Local Enactments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2630)
The North Surrey Water (Amendment of Local Enactments) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2631)
The Prison (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2641)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) (No. 3) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2642)
The A66 Trunk Road (Sadberge Grade Separated Junction, Slip Road) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2649)
The Community Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles) (Temporary Exception) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2658)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2659 (W. 172 ))
Rheoliadau Deunydd Risg Penodedig (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2659 (Cy. 172 ))
The A30 Trunk Road (Honiton to Exeter Improvement) (Detrunking) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2660)
The A30 Trunk Road (Honiton to Exeter Improvement) (Trunking Part of A3015) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2661)
The Milton Keynes Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2662)
The Aylesbury Vale Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2663)
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2665)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2666 (C. 74)])
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2670)
The Commission Areas (Devon and Cornwall) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2671)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2672)
The Finance Act 2000, section 5, (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2674 (C. 75)])
The Liquid and Gaseous Fuel (Designated Filling Stations and Fuel Depots) (No. 5) (Revocation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2676)
The Medicines (Exemptions for Merchants in Veterinary Drugs) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2686)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ships on Domestic Voyages) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2687)
The Railways (Safety Case) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2688)
The Lowestoft Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2689)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2690)
The Pension Sharing (Consequential and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2691)
The Personal Pension Schemes (Payments by Employers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2692)
The Sharing of State Scheme Rights (Provision of Information and Valuation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2693)
The A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2694)
The A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Neatscourt Roundabout and Bridge) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2695)
The A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (Slip Roads) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2696)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2698 (C. 76)])
The Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception of Communications) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2699)}
2701–2800
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2704)
The M65 Motorway (Junction 1A) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2705)
The Assured and Protected Tenancies (Lettings to Students) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2706)
The Essex County Council (Mayrose Bridge) Scheme 1999 Confirmation Instrument 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2707)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2710)
The Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) No. 15 Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2711)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2724)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Source Records) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2725)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2726)
The Electricity from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources Saving Arrangements Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2727)
The Chippenham, Lackham and Trowbridge Colleges (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2728)
The Education Transfer Council (Winding up) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2729)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2730)
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Registration Fee) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2735)
The Social Security (Contracting-out and Qualifying Earnings Factor and Revision of Relevant Pensions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2736)
The Distress for Rent (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2737 (L.23)])
The Civil Courts (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2738)
The Immigration Services Tribunal Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2739)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2740 (C. 77)])
The East Gloucestershire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2741)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry and Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2742)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 10) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2743)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 10) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2744)
The County Council of Norfolk (Construction of Old Barge Yard Foot/Cycle Bridge, Norwich) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2745)
The County Council of Norfolk (Construction of Cannon Wharf Foot/Cycle Bridge, Norwich) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2746)
Children's Homes Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2764)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2765)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2766)
The Ecclesiastical Offices (Age Limit) (Channel Islands) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2767)
The Carriage by Air and Road Act 1979 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2768 (C. 78)])
The Landmines Act 1998 (Guernsey) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2769)
The Landmines Act 1998 (Isle of Man) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2770)
The Consumer Protection Act 1987 (Product Liability) (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2771)
The Fixed Penalty Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2792)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Juveniles) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2793)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Cancellation of Authorisations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2794)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 (England) and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2795 (C.79)])
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2800 (C. 80))
2801–2900
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2801)
The Gaming (Small Charges) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2802)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2803)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Financial Administration) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2810)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2811)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2812)
The Harlow Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2820)
The Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2821 (C. 81)])
The Judicial Committee (Chiropractors Rules) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2822)
The Amalgamation of the Alford, Louth and Skegness District Internal Drainage Districts Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2823)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2824)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2825)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Merseyside Transport Limited) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2826)
The Genetically Modified Organisms(Contained Use) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2831)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment No. 3)Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2832)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2836 (C. 82)])
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2846)
The Cribbs Causeway—Easton-in-Gordano Special Roads Scheme 1964 (Variation) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2847)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2849 (C. 83)])
The Local Authorities (Proposals for Alternative Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2850)
The Local Authorities (Arrangements for the Discharge of Functions) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2851)
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2852)
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2853)
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2854)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation(i-21 Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2855)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Pacific Gateway Exchange (UK) Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2856)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Alpha Telecom (UK) Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2857)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Sonera UK Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2858)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (M3COM (UK) Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2859)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Formus Communications-UK Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2860)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Redstone Network Services Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2861)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Louis Dreyfus Communications S.A.) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2862)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (CommsTec Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2863)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2864)
The General Chiropractic Council (Functions of Legal Assessors) Rules Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2865)
The General Chiropractic Council (Functions of Medical Assessors) Rules Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2866)
The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2867)
The Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2868)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2870)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Bedfordshire) (Borough of Bedford) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2871)
The Education (Foundation Body) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2872)
The Orders for the Delivery of Documents (Procedure) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2875)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions (Persons Abroad: Benefits for Widows and Widowers) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2876)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (General) (Modification and Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2883)
The Recreation Grounds (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2884)
The Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2885)
The Walsgrave Hospitals National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2886)
The Highways Noise Payments and Movable Homes (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2887)
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) (England) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2890)
The Child Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2891)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) and Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2897)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2899)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2900)
2901–3000
The Education (Restriction of Employment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2906 (W. 186 ))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cyfyngu Cyflogaeth) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2906 (Cy. 186 ))
The Rural Development Grants (Agriculture and Forestry) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2907)
The Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2908)
The Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2909)
The Social Security Amendment (Employment Zones) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2910)
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) (England) (No. 2) Scheme 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2911)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2912)
The Broadcasting (Limit in relation to Provision of Digital Programme Services) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2913)
The Sharing of State Scheme Rights (Provision of Information and Valuation) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2914)
The General Chiropractic Council (Investigating Committee) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2916)
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2917 (C. 84)])
The Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2918 (L.24)])
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2944 (C. 85)])
The Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment No. 2) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2945)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2948 (W. 189 ) (C. 86 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol 2000 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2948 (Cy. 189 ) (C. 86 ))
The Royal Parks and Other Open Spaces (Park Trading) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2949)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No.2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2950 (C. 87)])
The Banking Consolidation Directive (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2952)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 170/3 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2953)
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2954)
The Museums and Galleries Act 1992 (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2955)
The Utilities Act 2000 (Supply of Information) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2956)
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2957 (C. 88)])
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9, and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2958 (C.89)])
The Home Energy Efficiency Schemes (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2959 (W. 190 ))
Rheoliadau'r Cynlluniau Effeithlonrwydd Ynni Cartref (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2959 (Cy. 190 ))
The Community Drivers' Hours (Tankers) (Temporary Exception) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2960)
The National Clinical Assessment Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2961)
The National Clinical Assessment Authority Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2962)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2963)
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2974 (C. 90)])
The Pension Sharing (Contracting-out) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2975)
The Cattle (Identification of Older Animals)Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2976)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2977)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 4) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2978)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 4) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2979)
The Submarine Pipelines (Designated Owners) (Revocation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2980)
The Yugoslavia (Prohibition of Flights) (No. 2) (Revocation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2981)
The Isle of Wight Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2982)
The Judicial Pensions (Implementation of Pension Credits) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2983)
The Judicial Pensions (Specification of Alternative Scheme) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2984)
The Judicial Pensions Act 1981 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2985)
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2986)
The Crown Court (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2987 (L. 25)])
The Collective Conditional Fee Agreements Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2988)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2989 (C.91)])
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Taxis) (Carrying of Guide Dogs etc.) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2990)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No.3) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2991 (W. 191)(C. 92))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd 1999(Cychwyn Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2991 (Cy. 191)(C. 92))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.1) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2992 (W. 192 ) (C. 93 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2992 (Cy. 192 ) (C. 93 ))
The National Health Service Bodies and Local Authorities Partnership Arrangements (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2993 (W. 193 ))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Partneriaeth Cyrff Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol ac Awdurdodau Lleol (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 2993 (Cy. 193 ))
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2994 (C.94)])
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (Jiway Limited) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2995)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2996)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Temporary Increase) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2997)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modifications) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 2998)
3001–3100
The Local Government Pension Scheme(Pension Sharing on Divorce) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3025)
The Education (Exclusion from School) (Prescribed Periods) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3026 (W. 194))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwahardd o'r Ysgol) (Cyfnodau Rhagnodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3026 (Cy. 194))
The School Government (Terms of Reference)(Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3027 (W. 195))
Rheoliadau Llywodraethu Ysgolion (Cylch Gwaith) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3027 (Cy. 195))
The Teachers' Pensions (Sharing of Pensions on Divorce or Annulment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3028)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3029)
Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3030)
The Medicines (Products for Human Use—Fees) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3031)
The Sheriffs' Pensions (Scotland) Act 1961 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3032 (S. 8)])
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 18) (England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3033 (C. 95)])
The Medical Act 1983 (Approved Medical Practices and Conditions of Residence) and National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3040)
The Medical Act 1983 (Provisional Registration) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3041)
The Energy Crops Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3042)
The Rural Enterprise Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3043)
The England Rural Development Programme (Enforcement) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3044)
The Vocational Training Grants (Agriculture and Forestry) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3045)
The Agricultural Processing and Marketing Grants Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3046)
The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3047)
The Countryside Stewardship Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3048)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage I) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3049)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage II) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3050)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage III) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3051)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage IV) Designation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3052)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3053)
The Commission Areas (Avon and Somerset) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3054)
The Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Electronic Communications) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3056)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3057)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3058)
The Aviation Security and Piracy (Overseas Territories) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3059)
The Anguilla, Montserrat and Virgin Islands (Supreme Court) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3060)
The Carriage by Air (Parties to Protocol No. 4 of Montreal, 1975) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3061)
The Continental Shelf (Designation of Areas) (Consolidation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3062)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Japan) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3063)
The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3064)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3075 (C. 96)])
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3080)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3085)
The Highways Noise Payments and Movable Homes (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3086)
The Education (Grants for Disabled Postgraduate Students) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3087)
The Pension Sharing (Excepted Schemes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3088)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3089)
The Commission Areas (Dyfed Powys) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3096)
The Batteries and Accumulators (Containing Dangerous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3097)
The Charities (The Rochester Bridge Trust) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3098)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3099 (C. 97))
3101–3200
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions)(No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3106)
The Land Registration (Conduct of Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3108)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment)Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3109)
The Savings Certificates (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3110)
The Policyholders Protection Act 1997 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3111 (C. 98)])
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3112)
The Road Transport (Passenger Vehicles Cabotage) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3114)
The Community Drivers' Hours (Tankers) (Temporary Exception) (Revocation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3115)
The National Health Service Trusts (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Amendment Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3116)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3118 (W. 197 ))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) Diwygio (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3118 (Cy. 197 ))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3119 (W. 198 ))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) Diwygio (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3119 (Cy. 198 ))
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit) Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3120)
The Children's Commissioner for Wales (Appointment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3121 (W. 199 ))
Rheoliadau Comisiynydd Plant Cymru (Penodi) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3121 (Cy. 199 ))
The Teachers (Compulsory Registration) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3122 (W. 200 ))
Rheoliadau Athrawon (Cofrestru Gorfodol) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3122 (Cy. 200 ))
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3123 (W. 201 ))
Rheoliadau Cwotâu Cynhyrchion Llaeth (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3123 (Cy. 201 ))
The Doncaster Royal Infirmary and Montagu Hospital and the Bassetlaw Hospital and Community Services National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3124)
The Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3125)
The Slaughter Premium Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3126)
The Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Modulation) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3127)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3128)
The Plymouth City Council Act 1987 (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3132)
The Tax Credits (New Deal Pilot Consequential Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3133)
The Social Security (New Deal Pilot) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3134)
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3144 (C. 99)])
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 8 and Consequential Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3145 (C. 100)])
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) (Operators' Licences) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3146)
The Firearms (Variation of Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3148)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3156 (W. 205 ))
Rheoliadau Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Tanwyddau Awdurdodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3156 (Cy. 205 ))
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment)(No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3157)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Designer Rate Tax Provisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3158)
The North East London Education Association (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3159)
The Education (Grants) (Purcell School) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3160)
The Education (Inner London Education Authority) (Property Transfer) (Modification) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3161)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3162)
The Insurance Brokers Registration Council (Registration and Enrolment) (Amendment) Rules Approval Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3163)
The Reporting of Suspicious Marriages and Registration of Marriages (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3164)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3165)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3166 (C. 101)])
The Parsonages Measure Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3171)
The Child Support (Variations) (Modification of Statutory Provisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3173)
The Child Support (Temporary Compensation Payment Scheme) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3174)
The Harwich Haven Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3175)
The Social Security (Child Maintenance Premium and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3176)
The Child Support (Voluntary Payments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3177)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Video recording of interviews)Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3179)
The War Pensions Committees Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3180)
The Social Security (Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3181)
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Registration) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3182)
The Registered Parties (Non-constituent and Non-affiliated Organisations) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3183)
The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3184)
The Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3185)
The Child Support (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3186)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3187)
The Social Security (Disclosure of State Pension Information) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3188)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3189)
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) No. 2 Regulations) Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3194)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3195)
The International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3196)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3197)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Republic of Ireland Schemes Exemption) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3198)
The Transport and Works (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3199)
3201–3300
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemptions) (No. 4) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3206)
The Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3207)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3208)
The Education (New Procedures for Property Transfers) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3209)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Second Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3212)
The Beer and Cider and Perry (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3213)
The General Chiropractic Council (Health Appeal Tribunal) Rules Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3214)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3215)
The Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel etc.) (INF Code) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3216)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 170/3 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3217)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (The Chiltern Railway Company Limited Class 168/1 Vehicles) Exemption (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3218)
The Walford College, Shropshire (Dissolution) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3219)
The Social Fund (Recovery by Deductions from Benefits)Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3223)
The Road Vehicles (Authorised Weight) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3224)
The Land Registration (No. 3) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3225)
The Transport Tribunal Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3226)
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3227)
The Corporation Tax (Simplified Arrangements for Group Relief) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3228)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3229 (C. 102)])
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3230 (W. 213 ) (C. 103 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dysgu a Medrau 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3230 (Cy. 213 ) (C. 103 ))
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3231)
The Reporting of Suspicious Marriages (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3232 (S. 9)])
The Reporting of Suspicious Marriages (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3233)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3235)
The Non-automatic Weighing Instruments Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3236)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounts) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3237)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3238)
The Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3239)
The Caribbean Territories (Control of Gold, Securities, Payments and Credits: Kuwait and Republic of Iraq) Revocation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3240)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3241)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3242)
The United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3243)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3244)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3245)
The Air Navigation (Jersey) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3246)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Norway) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3247)
The Double Taxation Relief (Shipping Transport) (Hong Kong) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3248)
The Census (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3249)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3250)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities) (Adaptation of Functions etc.) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3251)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3252)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3253)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3254)
The Social Security (Australia) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3255)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3256)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Agreement between the European Community and its Member States and the Swiss Confederation on the Free Movement of Persons) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3269)
The Derelict Land Clearance Area (Reading) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3270)
The Control of Gold, Securities, Payments and Credits(Republic of Iraq) (Revocation) Directions 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3271)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Access to Information) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3272)
The Post Office Users' National Council (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3273 (C. 116)])
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Reduced Pollution) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3274)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval of Reduced Pollution Adaptations) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3275)
The Civil Aviation (Joint Financing) (Third Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3276)
The Enforcement of Warrants (Disclosure of Information) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3277)
The Magistrates' Courts Warrants (Specification of Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3278)
The Approval of Enforcement Agencies Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3279)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3280 (C. 104)])
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) RegulationsOrder of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3282)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3283 (C.107)])
The Prosecution of Offences (Custody Time Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3284)
The District of Bassetlaw (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3285)
The General Chiropractic Council (Professional Conduct Committee) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3290)
The General Chiropractic Council (Health Committee) Rules Order of Council 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3291)
The Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Modulation) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3294 (W. 216 ))
Rheoliadau Cynlluniau Cymorth y Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Modwleiddio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3294 (Cy. 216 ))
The District of Ashfield (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3295)
The Borough of Broxtowe (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3296)
The Borough of Gedling (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3297)
The District of Mansfield (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3298)
The District of Newark and Sherwood (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3299)
The City of Nottingham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3300)
3301–3400
The Borough of Rushcliffe (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3301)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3302 (C.105)])
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3303 (C.106)])
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3304)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Service of Prosecution Evidence) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3305)
The Street Works (Sharing of Costs of Works) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3314)
The Exchange Gains and Losses (Miscellaneous Modifications) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3315)
The Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3316 (C.108)])
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Trafford) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3317)
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3318)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3319)
The Sport and Arts Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3320)
The Coffee Extracts and Chicory Extracts (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3323)
The Open-Ended Investment Companies (Investment Companies with Variable Capital) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3324)
The Companies (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3325)
The East Manchester Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3326)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3327)
The Withernsea and Southern Holderness Rural Achievement Education Action Zone (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3328)
The Education Standards Fund (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3329)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Dividends, etc.) (Revocations) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3330)
The Football Spectators (Designation of Football Matches in England and Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3331)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3332)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3335 (C. 109)])
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Joint Claims: Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3336)
The Newham Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3337)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3338)
The Cattle (Identification of Older Animals) (Wales) Regulations 12000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3339 (W. 217 ))
Rheoliadau Gwartheg (Adnabod Anifeiliaid Hŷn) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3339 (Cy. 217 ))
The Mink Keeping (Wales) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3340 (W. 218))
Gorchymyn Cadw Mincod (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3340 (Cy. 218))
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Butchers' Shops) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3341 (W. 219 ))
Rheoliadau Diogelwch Bwyd (Hylendid Bwyd yn Gyffredinol) (Siopau Cigyddion) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3341 (Cy. 219 ))
The Local Probation Boards (Appointment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3342)
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3343 (C. 110)])
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (TyCom Networks (UK) Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3344)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (FPL Telecom Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3345)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Atlas Communications (UK) Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3346)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cable & Wireless HKT Pacific (UK) Ltd) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3347)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Central North Sea Fibre Telecommunications Company Limited) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3348)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3349 (C.111)])
The Finance Act 2000, Schedule 6 Part V, (Appointed Day) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3350 (C.113)])
The Census (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3351)
The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3352)
The Consular Fees Act 1980 (Fees) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3353)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3354 (C.112)])
The Millennium Commission (Substitution of a Later Date) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3355)
The Apportionment of Money in the National Lottery Distribution Fund Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3356)
The Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3357)
The Environmental Protection (Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and other Dangerous Substances) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3359)
The Indictments (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3360 (L. 26)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Amendment) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3361 (L. 27)])
The Crown Court (Amendment) (No. 3) Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3362 (L. 28)])
The Borough of Rugby (Electoral Changes) (No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3363)
The District of South Shropshire (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3364)
The Borough of Taunton Deane (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3365)
The Borough of Waverley (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3366)
The Education (School Teacher Appraisal) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3369)
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3370)
The Young Offender Institution Rules 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3371)
The Deregulation (Sunday Dancing) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3372)
The Companies Act 1985 (Electronic Communications) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3373)
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Membership, Committee and Procedure) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3374)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3375)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3376 (C.114)])
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) (No. 3) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3377)
The Fresh Meat (Beef Controls) (No. 2) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3378)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3379 (C. 115)])
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3381)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3382 (W. 220 ))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3382 (Cy. 220 ))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Telecommunications Apparatus) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3383 (W. 221 ))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Offer Telathrebu) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3383 (Cy. 221))
The Individual Learning Accounts (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3384 (W. 222 ))
Rheoliadau Cyfrifon Dysgu Unigol (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3384 (Cy. 222 ))
The London Transport Pension Arrangements Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3386)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3387 (W. 224))
Rheoliadau Deunydd Risg Penodedig (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3387 (Cy. 224))
The Fresh Meat (Beef Controls) (No.2) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3388 (W.225))
Rheoliadau Cig Ffres (Dulliau Rheoli Cig Eidion) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2000 (S.I. 2000 Rhif 3388 (Cy. 225))
The Tor Bay Harbour Revision Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3389)
3401–3500
The Mink Keeping (England) Order 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3402)
The European Economic Interest Grouping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000 No. 3412)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4387992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202001 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2001 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2001. There is 2280 items listed here, out of a total of 2285
Statutory Instruments
1–100
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (District of Dover) Order 2001 SI 2001/1
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/6
The Climate Change Levy (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/7
The Post Office Company (Nomination and Appointed Day) Order 2001 SI 2001/8
The Fishing Vessels (Code of Practice for the Safety of Small Fishing Vessels) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/9
The General Osteopathic Council (Election of Members and Chairman of Council) Rules Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/15
The Norfolk and Norwich Health Care National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/16
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply, Sale and Export of Petroleum and Petroleum Products) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/17
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/18
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/19
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/20
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/21
The Social Security Amendment (Capital Disregards) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/22
The General Teaching Council for England (Registration of Teachers) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/23
The Authorisation of Works (Listed Buildings) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/24
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/25
The South Staffordshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/44
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/45
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/46
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Funding) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/47
The Council for Licensed Conveyancers (Disciplinary Powers) Order 2001 SI 2001/48
The Trustee Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/49
The First Community Health, the Foundation and the Premier Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/51
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/52
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/53
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Health and Safety at Work) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/54
The Units of Measurement Regulations 2001 SI 2001/55
The Income Tax (Electronic Communications) (Incentive Payments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/56
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/57
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/58
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/59
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/60
The Whipps Cross Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/65
The Wyre Forest Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/66
The Burntwood, Lichfield and Tamworth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/67
The Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/80
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/81
The Registration of Political Parties (Prohibited Words and Expressions) Order 2001 SI 2001/82
The Registration of Political Parties (Fees) Order 2001 SI 2001/83
The Holders of Hereditary Peerages (Overseas Electors) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/84
The Weights and Measures (Metrication Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/85
The Companies (Unregistered Companies) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/86
The Graduated Vehicle Excise Duty (Prescribed Types of Fuel) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/93
The North East Lincolnshire and the Scunthorpe and Goole Hospitals National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/96
The Central Sheffield University Hospitals and the Northern General Hospital National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/97
101–200
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/103
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/104
The Charities (Most Honourable and Loyal Society of Ancient Britons (known as St. David's School)) Order 2001 SI 2001/106
The Proscribed Organisations (Applications for Deproscription) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/107
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/114
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 3) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/115
The Representation of the People Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/116
The Personal Pension Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Permitted Investments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/117
The Personal Pension Schemes (Conversion of Retirement Benefits Schemes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/118
The Personal Pension Schemes (Transfer Payments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/119
The Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission (Human Rights Act Proceedings) Rules 2001 SI 2001/127
The Chesterfield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/128
The Gedling Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/129
The Amber Valley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/130
The North Sheffield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/131
The North Lincolnshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/132
The North Eastern Derbyshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/133
The Melton, Rutland and Harborough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/134
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Bar Practising Certificates) Order 2001 SI 2001/135
The Leicester City West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/136
The Doncaster East Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/137
The Doncaster West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/138
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement2 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/139
The Children's Homes Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/140
The Merchant Shipping (Mandatory Surveys for Ro-Ro Ferry and High Speed Passenger Craft) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/152
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/153
The United Lincolnshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/154
The Child Support (Maintenance Calculations and Special Cases) Regulations 2000 SI 2001/155
The Child Support (Variations) Regulations 2000 SI 2001/156
The Child Support (Maintenance Calculation Procedure) Regulations 2000 SI 2001/157
The Child Support (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/158
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice on Audio Recording of Interviews) Order 2001 SI 2001/159
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase (No.2) Order 2000 SI 2001/160
The Child Support (Information, Evidence and Disclosure and Maintenance Arrangements and Jurisdiction) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 SI 2001/161
The Child Support (Collection and Enforcement and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2000 SI 2001/162
The South Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/163
The Magistrates' Courts (Civilian Enforcement Officers) Rules 2001 SI 2001/164
The Magistrates' Courts (Children and Young Persons) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/165
The Magistrates' Courts (Forms) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/166
The Magistrates' Courts (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/167
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement 6 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/168
The Trustees for the Central Sheffield University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/169
The Special Trustees for King's College Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/170
The Special Trustees for St George's Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/171
The Trustees for the Northern General Hospital National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/172
The Special Trustees for Newcastle University Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/173
The Greater Derby Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/174
The Eastern Leicester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/175
The Ashfield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/176
The Rushcliffe Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/177
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/178
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Scope) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/179
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Somerset) (District of Taunton Deane) Order 2001 SI 2001/180
The Nottingham City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/181
The Sheffield West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/182
The Sheffield South West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/183
The South East Sheffield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/184
The Erewash Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/185
The Bassetlaw Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/186
The Broxtowe & Hucknall Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/187
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/188
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice on Audio Recording of Interviews) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/189
The St George's Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/190
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/191
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Crown Servants and Regulators) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/192
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/193
The Magistrates' Courts (Detention and Forfeiture of Terrorist Cash) Rules 2001 SI 2001/194
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Second General System) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/200
201–300
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement 1) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/203
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment 1) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/204
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/205
The Statutory Maternity Pay (General) and Statutory Sick Pay (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/206
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating (No. 2) Order 2000 SI 2001/207
The Additional Pension (First Appointed Year) Order 2001 SI 2001/208
The Education (Designated Institutions) Order 2001 SI 2001/209
The Education Standards Fund 2000 (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/210
The Solihull Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/211
The Solihull Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/212
The Newcastle, North Tyneside and Northumberland Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/213
The Newcastle City Health and the Northumberland Mental Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/214
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/216
The British Railways Board (Reduction of Membership) Order 2001 SI 2001/217
The Strategic Rail Authority (Licence Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/218
The Major Precepting Authorities (Excessive Budget Requirements—Payments) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/219
The Lincoln District Healthcare and the South Lincolnshire Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/220
The Lincolnshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/221
The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Commencement 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/222
The Broadcasting (Limit on the Holding of Licences to Provide Television Multiplex Services) Order 2001 SI 2001/223
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Ashton Moss Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/224
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/236
The Employment Tribunals (Increase of Maximum Deposit) Order 2001 SI 2001/237
The Detention Centre Rules 2001 SI 2001/238
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement 9) Order 2001 SI 2001/239
The Detention Centre (Specified Diseases) Order 2001 SI 2001/240
The Immigration (Suspension of Detainee Custody Officer Certificate) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/241
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 4)Order 2001 SI 2001/242
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/243
The Bromley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/248
The Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/249
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Connex South Eastern Class 375 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/250
The Pig Industry Restructuring (Capital Grant) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/251
The Pig Industry Restructuring (Non-Capital Grant) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/252
The Finance Act 1989, Section 178(1), (Appointed Day) Order 2001 SI 2001/253
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/254
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (The London Stock Exchange) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/255
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/256
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (England and Wales) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/257
The Company and Business Names (Chamber of Commerce, Etc.) Act 1999 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/258
The Company and Business Names (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/259
The Charities (Exception from Registration) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/260
The Employment Zones (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/261
The Strategic Rail Authority (Capital Allowances) Order 2001 SI 2001/262
The Vale of Aylesbury Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/268
The Hertfordshire Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/269
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/270
The Avon and Western Wiltshire Mental Health Care National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2001 SI 2001/271
The City and Hackney Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/272
The Lincolnshire South West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/273
The West Lincolnshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/274
The School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/275
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/276
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (ScotRail Class 334 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/277
The Teddington, Twickenham and Hamptons Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/278
The Kingston Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/279
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Application to Rail Freight) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/280
The Sheep Annual Premium (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/281
The Hastings and St Leonards Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/282
The Bexhill and Rother Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/283
The South West Kent Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/284
The Maidstone and Malling Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/285
The Northamptonshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/286
The Air Traffic Services (Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/287
The Special Trustees for the Former United Birmingham Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/288
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/289
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 2 (England) and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/290
301–400
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/306
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/307
The Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Revocation) Order 2001 SI 2001/308
The Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/309
The European Communities (Matrimonial Jurisdiction and Judgments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/310
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants and Sale of Transporters) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/311
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Codeof Practice for Rail Freight) Order 2001 SI 2001/312
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/313
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/314
The Merger Report (Interbrew SA and Bass PLC) (Interim Provision) Order 2001 SI 2001/318
The Competition Act 1998 (Public Transport Ticketing Schemes Block Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/319
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/320
The Transport Act 2000 (Designation of Companies) Order 2001 SI 2001/321
The South West Dorset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/322
The Berkshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/323
The North Essex Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/324
The Exeter Primary Care Trust Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/325
The East Berkshire National Health Service Trust for People with Learning Disabilities and the West Berkshire Priority Care Service National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/326
The University Hospital Birmingham National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/327
The Barnet Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/328
The Haringey Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/329
The East Hampshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/331
The Mid-Sussex Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/332
The Buckinghamshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/333
The Aylesbury Vale Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/334
The South Wiltshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/335
The Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/336
The Education (The Arts Institute at Bournemouth Further Education Corporation) (Transfer to the Higher Education Sector) Order 2001 SI 2001/337
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 2 ) Order 2001 SI 2001/340
The Representation of the People (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/341
The Feeding Stuffs (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/343
The Chingford, Wanstead and Woodford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/344
The North Cheshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/345
The Slough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/346
The Wokingham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/347
The Barking and Dagenham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/348
The Walthamstow, Leyton and Leytonstone Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/349
The Newham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/350
The Reading Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/351
The Redbridge Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/352
The Civil Aviation (Publication of Directions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/353
The Aerodromes (Designation) (Chargeable Air Services) Order 2001 SI 2001/354
The Pension Sharing (Excepted Schemes) Order 2001 SI 2001/358
The Commission for the New Towns (Transfer of Undertaking and Functions) (Tees Barrage) Order 2001 SI 2001/361
The Community Charges, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Enforcement) (Magistrates' Courts) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/362
The Watford and Three Rivers Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/364
The Welwyn Hatfield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/365
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/366
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/367
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/368
The Luton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/369
The Uttlesford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/370
The South East Hertfordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/371
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/380
The Bedford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/381
The Dacorum Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/382
The Great Yarmouth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/383
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2001/02) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/384
The Norwich Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/385
The St. Albans and Harpenden Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/386
The Thurrock Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/387
The Basildon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/388
The Bedfordshire Heartlands Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/389
The Royston, Buntingford and Bishop's Stortford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/390
The Investment Trusts (Approval of Accounting Methods for Creditor Relationships) Order 2001 SI 2001/391
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/392
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) Channel Islands) Order 2001 SI 2001/393
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2001 SI 2001/394
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/395
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2001 SI 2001/396
The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/397
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Land) Order 2001 SI 2001/398
The Civil Aviation (Chargeable Air Services) (Records) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/399
The Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/400
401–500
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice on the Exercise of Police Powers) (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/401
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice on Video Recording of Interviews) (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/402
The Income Tax (Manufactured Overseas Dividends) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/403
The Income Tax (Building Societies) (Dividends and Interest) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/404
The Income Tax (Interest Payments) (Information Powers) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/405
The Income Tax (Deposit-takers) (Interest Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/406
The Social Security (Reciprocal Agreements) Order 2001 SI 2001/407
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Posthumous Appeals) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/408
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/409
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/410
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/411
The United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/412
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (The Convention on Mutual Assistance and Co-operation between Customs Administrations (Naples II)) Order 2001 SI 2001/413
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/414
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/415
The Port of Tyne Harbour Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/416
The Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/417
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/418
The War Pensions (Mercantile Marine) (Amendment) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/419
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 2001 SI 2001/420
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/421
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/422
The Tir Gofal (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/423
The Organic Farming Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/424
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice for Authorised Officers) Order 2001 SI 2001/425
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Carding) Order 2001 SI 2001/426
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice for Examining Officers) Order 2001 SI 2001/427
The Terrorism (Interviews) (Scotland) Order 2001 SI 2001/428
The National Park Authorities Levies (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/429
The Organic Products Regulations 2001 SI 2001/430
The England Rural Development Programme (Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/431
The Organic Farming (England Rural Development Programme) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/432
The A614 Nottingham to Bawtry Trunk Road (Longdale Lane Junction Improvement) Order 2001 SI 2001/433
The M5 Motorway (Junction 12 Improvement Slip Roads) Order 2001 SI 2001/434
The Local Education Authority—School Relations Code of Practice Order 2001 SI 2001/435
The Stockport Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/436
The Bootle and Litherland Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/437
The Heywood and Middleton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/438
The Bebington and West Wirral Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/439
The Trafford North Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/440
The Carers (Services) and Direct Payments (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/441
The Disabled Children (Direct Payments) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/442
The Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission (Procedure) Rules 2001 SI 2001/443
The Criminal Justice Acts 1987 and 1991 (Notice of Transfer) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/444
The Companies (EU Political Expenditure) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/445
The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Disapplication of Part IV for Northern Ireland Parties, etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/446
The Restriction on Pithing (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/447
The Isles of Scilly (Health) Order 2001 SI 2001/448
The A10 London–Cambridge–King's Lynn Trunk Road (A47 King's Lynn to A14 Milton, Cambridgeshire) Detrunking Order 2001 SI 2001/449
The A134 Thetford to Tottenhill Trunk Road (A11 Thetford Bypass to A10 Tottenhill) Detrunking Order 2001 SI 2001/450
The A10 London–Cambridge–King's Lynn Trunk Road (M11 Junction 11 to A505 Royston Hertfordshire) Detrunking Order 2001 SI 2001/451
The Justices' Chief Executives (Accounts) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/463
The Plymouth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/465
The Mid Devon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/466
The Teignbridge Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/467
The East Devon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/468
The Mendip Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/469
The West Wiltshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/470
The Somerset Coast Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/471
The North Devon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/472
The Bath and North East Somerset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/473
The South and East Dorset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/474
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/475
The Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2001 SI 2001/476
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2001 SI 2001/477
The Parent Governor Representatives (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/478
The Climate Change Levy (Combined Heat and Power Stations) Exemption Certificate Regulations 2001 SI 2001/486
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/487
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/488
The North East Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/489
The Oxford City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/490
The Cherwell Vale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/491
The Transport Act 2000 (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/492
The Civil Aviation (Chargeable Air Services) (Detention and Sale of Aircraft) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/493
The Civil Aviation (Chargeable Air Services) (Detention and Sale of Aircraft for Eurocontrol) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/494
The Financing of Maintained Schools (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/495
The Tir Mynydd (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/496
Representation of the People (Scotland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/497
The Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/498
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Mainline Class 170/1 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/499
The North Tees Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/500
501–600
The Yorkshire Wolds and Coast Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/501
The Eastern Hull Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/502
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/503
The Wakefield West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/504
The North Tyneside Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/505
The Eastern Wakefield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/506
The Carlisle and District Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/507
The Selby and York Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/508
The West Hull Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/509
The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (Commencement 1) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/510
The East Yorkshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/511
The West Cumbria Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/512
The Newcastle Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/513
The Eden Valley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/514
The Hartlepool Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/515
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/516
The Social Security Amendment (Joint Claims) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/518
The Salford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/519
The Southport and Formby Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/520
The Chorley and South Ribble Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/521
The West Lancashire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/522
The South East Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/523
The Newbury and Community Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/524
The South West Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/525
The Enfield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/526
The Havering Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/527
The Greenwich Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/528
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/534
The Representation of the People (Variation of Limits of Candidates' Election Expenses) Order 2001 SI 2001/535
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Professional Conduct) (Amendment) Rules 2001 Approval Order 2001 SI 2001/536
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Extended Payments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/537
The Social Security (Invalid Care Allowance) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/538
The Colchester Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/539
The Isles of Scilly (Primary Care) Order 2001 SI 2001/540
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/541
The Royal Air Force Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/542
The Huntingdonshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/543
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 SI 2001/544
Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/559
The Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/560
The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/561
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/562
The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/563
The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/566
The Tax Credits (Claims and Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/567
The Tax Credits (Claims and Payments) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/568
The Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/569
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/570
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/571
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/572
The Social Security (Credits and Incapacity Benefit) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/573
The Mid-Hampshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/574
The North Hertfordshire and Stevenage Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/575
The Leicestershire (Recovery of Expenses) Order 2001 SI 2001/595
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/596
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 3) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/597
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Electricity Industry Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/598
The Measuring Equipment (Capacity Measures) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/599
The Special Educational Needs Tribunal Regulations 2001 SI 2001/600
601–700
The New Forest Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/601
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Provision of Court-houses etc.) Regulation 2001 SI 2001/603
The Highways Noise Payments (Movable Homes) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/604
The Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Electronic Communications) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/605
The Local Education Authority (Behaviour Support Plans) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/606
The Homeless Persons (Priority Need) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/607
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/608
The Petty Sessions Areas (Divisions and Names) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/609
The Magistrates' Courts (Amendment 2) Rules 2001 SI 2001/610
The Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/611
The Local Government (Magistrates' Courts etc.) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/612
The Criminal Appeal (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/613
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/614
The Magistrates' Courts (Transfer of Justices' Clerks' Functions) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 2001 SI 2001/615
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/616
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/617
Access to Justice Act 1999 (Transfer of Justices' Clerks' Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/618
The Land Registration Rules 2001 SI 2001/619
The Postal Services Commission (Register) Order 2001 SI 2001/620
The Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/627
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/628
The Drivers' Hours (Goods Vehicles) (Milk Collection) (Temporary Exemption) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/629
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/630
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2001 SI 2001/631
The Income Tax (Cash Equivalents of Car Fuel Benefits) Order 2001 SI 2001/635
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2001 SI 2001/636
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 2001 SI 2001/637
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2001 SI 2001/638
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 2001 SI 2001/639
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/640
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/641
The Pig Industry Restructuring Grant (Wales) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/643
The European Communities (Lawyer's Practice) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/644
The Solicitors' Incorporated Practices (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/645
The Amalgamation of the Denge and Southbrooks, Pett, Romney Marsh Levels, Rother and Walland Marsh Internal Drainage Districts Order 2000 SI 2001/646
The Amalgamation of the South Gloucestershire and West Gloucestershire Internal Drainage Districts Order 2000 SI 2001/647
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Consequential Modifications to Local Enactments 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/648
The Sea Fish (Specified Sea Areas) (Regulation of Nets and Other Fishing Gear) Order 2001 SI 2001/649
The Prohibition of Fishing with Multiple Trawls Order 2001 SI 2001/650
The Disabled Facilities Grants and Home Repair Assistance (Maximum Amounts) (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/651
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/652
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement 3 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/654
The Carlisle Hospitals, the North Lakeland Healthcare and the West Cumbria Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/655
The North Cumbria Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/656
The South Gloucestershire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/657
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/658
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/659
The European Communities (Matrimonial Jurisdiction and Judgments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/660
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/661
The Climate Change Agreements (Eligible Facilities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/662
The Contaminated Land (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/663
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2001 SI 2001/664
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/665
The Norfolk (Coroners' Districts) Order 2001 SI 2001/666
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/677
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/680
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (England and Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/686
The Transport for London (Bus Lanes) Order 2001 SI 2001/690
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/691
The Education (Schools and Further and Higher Education) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/692
The Petty Sessions Areas (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/694
The Magistrates' Courts Committee Areas (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/695
The Justices of the Peace (Commission Areas) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/696
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Provision of Grants) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/697
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Conduct of Litigation and Exercise of Rights of Audience) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/698
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Membership, Committee and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/699
701–800
The M11 London–Cambridge Motorway (Redbridge–Stump Cross Section) Scheme 1970 (Revocation) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/701
The M11 Motorway (Junction 8) Connecting Roads Scheme 2001 SI 2001/702
The Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/703
The Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/704
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/705
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/706
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/707
The North and East Devon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/708
The Special Trustees for the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/709
The Special Trustees for the Royal London Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/710
The Special Trustees for St. Bartholomew's Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/711
The Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2001 SI 2001/712
The National Treatment Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2001 SI 2001/713
The Rampton Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001 SI 2001/714
The National Treatment Agency Regulations 2001 SI 2001/715
The Calderdale Healthcare and the Huddersfield Health Care Services National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/716
The Calderdale and Huddersfield National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/717
The Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/718
The Wigan and Leigh Health Services and the Wrightington Hospital National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/719
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2001 SI 2001/720
The Income Support (General) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/721
The Local Authorities (Companies) (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/722
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance, Approved Investments and Contracts—Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/723
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards Order 2001 SI 2001/724
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/725
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales and Scotland) Order 2001 SI 2001/726
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/727
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 2001 SI 2001/728
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/729
The Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/730
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 3) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/731
The Value Added Tax (Protective Helmets) Order 2001 SI 2001/732
The Inner London Court Staff Pensions Order 2001 SI 2001/733
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Accounts and Audit) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/734
The Value Added Tax (Business Gifts of Small Value) Order 2001 SI 2001/735
The Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order 2001 SI 2001/736
The Central Rating Lists (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/737
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/739
The Health Authorities (Establishment and Abolition) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/740
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/742
The Retained Organs Commission (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2001 SI 2001/743
The Protection of Children (Access to Lists) (Prescribed Individuals) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/744
The Primary Care Trusts (Functions) (England) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/745
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/746
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities and Administration Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/747
The Retained Organs Commission Regulations 2001 SI 2001/748
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/749
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/750
Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/751
The Value Added Tax (Passenger Vehicles) Order 2001 SI 2001/753
The Value Added Tax (Vehicles Designed or Adapted for Handicapped Persons) Order 2001 SI 2001/754
The Transport Act 2000 (Extinguishment of Loans) (Civil Aviation Authority) Order 2001 SI 2001/755
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Investment by Devolved Administrations) (Public-Private Partnership Business) Order 2001 SI 2001/756
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/757
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/758
The Value Added Tax (Electronic Communications) (Incentives) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/759
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/760
The Insolvency Fees (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/761
The Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/762
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/763
The Insolvent Companies (Reports on Conduct of Directors) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/764
The Insolvent Companies (Disqualification of Unfit Directors) Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/765
The Insolvency Act 2000 (Commencement 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/766
The Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/767
The Insolvent Companies (Reports on Conduct of Directors) (Scotland) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/768
The Social Security (Crediting and Treatment of Contributions, and National Insurance Numbers) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/769
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Miscellaneous) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/770
The Oxfordshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/771
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/772
The Blood Tests (Evidence of Paternity) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/773
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/774
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/775
The Magistrates' Courts (Blood Tests) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/776
The Family Law Reform Act 1987 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/777
The Family Proceedings Courts (Family Law Act 1986) Rules 2001 SI 2001/778
The Legal Aid Board (Abolition) Order 2001 SI 2001/779
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/780
The West Oxfordshire College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/781
The Education (Publication of Draft Proposals and Orders) (Further Education Corporations) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/782
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Schools) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/783
The Portsmouth City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/784
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Metro T69 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/785
The Local Probation Boards (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/786
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Plymouth) Order 2001 SI 2001/787
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/788
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/789
The County of Cumbria (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/790
The Special Trustees for the Former United Birmingham Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property) Revocation Order 2001 SI 2001/791
The Special Trustees for the Former United Birmingham Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property)2 Order 2001 SI 2001/792
The National Health Service Appointments Commission (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2001 SI 2001/793
The National Health Service Appointments Commission Regulations 2001 SI 2001/794
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/795
The Education Maintenance Allowance and School Access Funds (England) Grants Regulations 2001 SI 2001/797
The School Organisation Proposals by the Learning and Skills Council for England Regulations 2001 SI 2001/798
The Post–16 Education and Training Inspection Regulations 2001 SI 2001/799
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training Pilot Scheme) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/800
801–900
The A638 Trunk Road (North of Doncaster, St Mary's To Redhouse) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/801
The Air Passenger Duty (Designated Region of the United Kingdom) Order 2001 SI 2001/808
The Air Passenger Duty (Connected Flights) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/809
The Capital Allowances (Corresponding Northern Ireland Grants) Order 2001 SI 2001/810
The Credit Unions (Increase in Limits on Deposits by persons too young to be members and of Periods for the Repayment of Loans) Order 2001 SI 2001/811
The Insurance (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/812
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/813
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/814
The Building Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/815
The Friendly Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/816
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/817
The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/818
The Adoption (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/819
The Magistrates' Courts (Adoption) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/820
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/821
The Community Legal Service (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/822
The Community Legal Service (Cost Protection) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/823
The Court of Protection Rules 2001 SI 2001/824
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) Rules 2001 SI 2001/825
The Education Standards Fund (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/826
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/827
The Local Education Authority (Behaviour Support) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/828
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/829
The Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/830
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/831
The Education (Pupil Records) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/832
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/833
The Broadmoor Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001 SI 2001/834
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/835
The Air Passenger Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/836
The Aircraft Operators (Accounts and Records) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/837
The Climate Change Levy (General) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/838
The Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/846
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/847
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/848
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Wiltshire) (District of Salisbury) Order 2001 SI 2001/849
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Approved Premises) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/850
Public Order, Northern Ireland The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Accounts and Audit) Order 1998 SI 2001/851
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Accounts and Audit) Order 2001 SI 2001/852
The Transport Act 2000 (Civil Aviation Authority Pension Scheme) Order 2001 SI 2001/853
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) Order 2001 SI 2001/855
The Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/856
The Legal Services Commission (Disclosure of Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/857
The National Savings Bank (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/858
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/859
The Extensification Payment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/864
The Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/865
The Redundancy Payments (Continuity of Employment in Local Government, etc.) (Modification) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/866
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (One-Stop Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/867
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Notices) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/868
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/869
The Education (Amount to Follow Permanently Excluded Pupil) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/870
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/871
The European Social Fund (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/872
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Commencement 3 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/878
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/879
The Biocidal Products Regulations 2001 SI 2001/880
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/886
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/887
The North Cumbria Mental Health and Learning Disabilities National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/888
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/889
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/890
The Education (Education Standards Grants) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/891
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/892
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 3) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/893
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Salford) Order 2001 SI 2001/894
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Registration Rules) (Amendment) Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/896
901–1000
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/907
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/908
The Local Government Best Value (Exclusion of Non-commercial Considerations) Order 2001 SI 2001/909
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2001 SI 2001/910
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/911
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement 7, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2001 SI 2001/916
The Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/917
The Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/918
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/919
The Deregulation (Sunday Licensing) Order 2001 SI 2001/920
The Licensing (Special Hours Certificates) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/921
The Buying Agency Trading Fund (Amendment) (Change of Name) Order 2001 SI 2001/922
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 2001 ( SI 2001/923
The Fixed Penalty (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/926
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Forms) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/927
The Billericay, Brentwood and Wickford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/928
The Maldon and South Chelmsford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/929
The North Hampshire, Loddon Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/930
The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/931
The City and Hackney Community Services, the Newham Community Health Services and the Tower Hamlets Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/932
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement10, and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/933
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/934
The Pig Industry Development Scheme 2000 (Confirmation) Order 2001 SI 2001/935
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Immobilisation, Removal and Disposal of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/936
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/937
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Perpetuities and Contracting-out) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/943
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/944
The A650 Trunk Road (Drighlington Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/945
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/946
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2001 SI 2001/947
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2001 SI 2001/948
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2001 SI 2001/949
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/950
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/951
The Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (Enforcement of Scottish Confiscation Orders in England and Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/953
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/954
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2001 SI 2001/955
The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/956
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/957
The Maximum Number of Judges (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/958
The Sea Fish (Conservation) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/959
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/960
The European Communities (Designation) Order 2001 SI 2001/961
The European Convention on Extradition Order 2001 SI 2001/962
The EUTELSAT (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/963
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Definition of Unit Trust Scheme and Open-ended Investment Company) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/964
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits (Northern Ireland) Act 1992 (Modification of Section 10(7)) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/965
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (Modification of Section 10(7)) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/966
The Companies (Disqualification Orders) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/967
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/968
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Fees) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/969
New Deal (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/970
The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/971
The Birmingham (Kitts Green and Shard End) Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/972
The Bristol Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/973
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/974
The Milk and Milk Products (Pupils in Educational Establishments) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/994
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Recognition Requirements for Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/995
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Prescribed Markets and Qualifying Investments) Order 2001 SI 2001/996
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Members of the Forces) (Joint Claims: Consequential Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2001 SI 2001/998
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Accounts and Audit) Order (No. 2) 2001 SI 2001/999
The Epicentre LEAP Ellesmere Port Cheshire Education Action Zone (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1000
1001–1100
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/1001
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Decisions and Appeals) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1002
The Local Authorities (Changing Executive Arrangements and Alternative Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1003
The Social Security (Contributions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1004
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1005
The Injuries in War (Shore Employments) Compensation (Amendment) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/1015
The Borough of Rushmoor (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1016
The District of East Hampshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1017
The Borough of Test Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1018
The Borough of Basingstoke and Deane (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1019
The Borough of Fareham (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1020
The Borough of Eastleigh (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1021
The Borough of Gosport (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1022
The District of Hart (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1023
The City of Southampton (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1024
The Borough of Havant (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1025
The District of New Forest (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1026
The City of Portsmouth (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1027
The City of Winchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1028
The Social Security Amendment (New Deal) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1029
The Education (Nursery Education Training Grant) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1030
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Additional Rights of Appeal) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1031
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Late Appeals) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1032
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1033
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1034
The Local Probation Boards (Appointments and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1035
The National Care Standards Commission (Membership and Procedure) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1042
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1043
The British Waterways Board (Limit for Borrowing) Order 2001 SI 2001/1054
The Notification of New Substances (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1055
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001 SI 2001/1057
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes) (Exemptions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1060
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/1061
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1062
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1066
The National Health Service (Professions Supplementary to Medicine) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1075
The Community Charges, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Enforcement) (Magistrates' Courts) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1076
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Counsel in Family Proceedings) Order 2001 SI 2001/1077
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1078
The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1079
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1080
The Income Tax (Electronic Communications) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1081
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1082
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 4) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1083
National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1084
The Social Security (Inherited SERPS) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1085
The Portsmouth Harbour (Gunwharf Quays) (Millennium Tower) Order 2001 SI 2001/1086
Limited Liability Partnerships Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1090
The Offshore Combustion Installations (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1091
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1095
The Licensing (Amendment of Various Rules) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1096
The Police Act 1997 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/1097
The Order Prescribing Forms under the Licensing Act 1902 (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1098
The Isles of Scilly (Sale of Intoxicating Liquor) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1099
1101–1200
The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1107
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1108
The Education (Pupil Registration) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1109
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1110
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1111
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1112
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1113
The Fees for Certificates of Arrest and Surrender of Deserters and Absentees (Army and Air Force) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1115
The Certificates of Arrest and Surrender (Royal Navy) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1116
The Fisheries and Aquaculture Structures (Grants) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1117
The Social Security Amendment (Capital Disregards and Recovery of Benefits) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1118
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2001 SI 2001/1120
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 2001 SI 2001/1121
The Capital Gains Tax (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 2001 SI 2001/1122
The Income Tax (Car Benefits) (Reduction of Value of Appropriate Percentage) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1123
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (No. 3) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1124
The Road Vehicles (Authorised Weight) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1125
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Designation of Public Authorities for the Purposes of Intrusive Surveillance) Order 2001 SI 2001/1126
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1127
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1128
The Housing Benefit (Permitted Totals) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1129
The Council Tax Benefit (Permitted Totals) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1130
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/1131
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) Order 2001 SI 2001/1135
The Climate Change Levy (Electricity and Gas) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1136
The Climate Change Levy (Solid Fuel) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1137
The Climate Change Levy (Use as Fuel) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1138
The Climate Change Agreements (Energy-intensive Installations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1139
The Climate Change Levy (Combined Heat and Power Stations) Prescribed Conditions and Efficiency Percentages Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1140
The Tax Credits Up-rating Order 2001 SI 2001/1141
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1142
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1143
The Criminal Defence Service (General) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1144
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Commencement 4 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1148
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Consequential Modifications 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/1149
The National Health Service Trusts (Cardiff and Vale National Health Service Trust) (Originating Capital) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1153
The Tir Mynydd (Cross-border Holdings) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1154
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Underlying Tax on Dividends and Dual Resident Companies) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1156
The Prison Service (Pay Review Body) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1161
The A43 Trunk Road (M1 Junction 15A Enhancement) Order 2001 SI 2001/1162
The Double Taxation Relief (Surrender of Relievable Tax Within a Group) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1163
The A12 London–Great Yarmouth Trunk Road (A12/A14 Seven Hills Roundabout to South of Bascule Bridge) Detrunking Order 2001 SI 2001/1164
The Defence Aviation Repair Agency Trading Fund Order 2001 SI 2001/1165
The A140 North of Ipswich to Norwich Trunk Road (A14 Coddenham to A47 Norwich Southern Bypass) Detrunking Order 2001 SI 2001/1166
The Discretionary Financial Assistance Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1167
The Criminal Defence Service (Representation Order Appeals) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1168
The Criminal Defence Service (Choice in Very High Cost Cases) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1169
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1170
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1171
The West of Cornwall Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1175
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1176
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by Way of Business) Order 2001 SI 2001/1177
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1178
The Land Registration Fees Order 2001 SI 2001/1179
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1180
The Legal Advice and Assistance at Police Stations (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1181
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1182
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (England and Wales) (Amendment 2) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1183
The European Parliamentary Elections (Franchise of Relevant Citizens of the Union) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1184
The ACAS Arbitration Scheme (England and Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1185
The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1186
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/1187
The Employment Protection (Continuity of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1188
The Social Security (Claims and Information and Work-focused Interviews for Lone Parents) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1189
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1190
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 4) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1191
The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1192
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 4) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1193
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Registration) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1194
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement 8 and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1195
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1196
The King's Mill Centre for Health Care Services National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1197
The West Hampshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1198
The Merger (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1199
The Fossil Fuel Levy (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1200
1201–1300
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/1201
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1202
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1203
The Elections (Welsh Forms) Order 2001 SI 2001/1204
The Weighing Equipment (Beltweighers) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1208
The Further Education Teachers' Qualifications (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1209
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 5) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1210
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/1211
The Education (Pupil Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1212
The General Teaching Council for England (Additional Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1214
The Education Act 1997 (Commencement 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1215
The Human Rights Act (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1216
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Appointed Representatives) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1217
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Pensions Compensation Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1218
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement 11) Order 2001 SI 2001/1219
The Suffolk (Coroners' Districts) Order 2001 SI 2001/1220
The Nottingham Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1221
The Road Traffic (Owner Liability) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1222
The Nottingham Healthcare and the Central Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1223
The South Buckinghamshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1224
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Designated Professional Bodies) Order 2001 SI 2001/1226
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Professions) (Non-Exempt Activities) Order 2001 SI 2001/1227
The Open-Ended Investment Companies Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1228
The Measuring Equipment (Cold-water Meters) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1229
The North and East Devon Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1230
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1231
The Food Irradiation Provisions (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1232
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No.4) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1234
The Social Security (Widow's Benefit and Retirement Pensions) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1235
The Child Support (Civil Imprisonment) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1236
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 4) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1241
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1242
The Plymouth Community Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1244
The Exeter and District Community Health Service National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1245
The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Trading Fund Order 2001 SI 2001/1246
The Dorset Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1247
The Bath and West Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1248
The Essex and Herts Community, the Mid Essex Community and Mental Health, and the North East Essex Mental Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1249
The Norwich Community Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1250
The Adoption of Children from Overseas Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1251
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/1252
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1254
The Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1255
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1256
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) Order 2001 SI 2001/1257
The Camden and Islington Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1258
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1261
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1263
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Decisions and Appeals) (Transitional and Savings) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1264
The Social Security Pensions (Home Responsibilities) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1265
The Teachers (Compulsory Registration) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1266
The General Teaching Council for England (Registration of Teachers) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1267
The General Teaching Council for England (Disciplinary Functions) Regulations 2001 ( SI 2001/1268
Education (Restriction of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1269
The General Teaching Council for England (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1270
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1271
The Adoption of Children from Overseas (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1272
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1273
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement 3 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1274
The Disabled Facilities Grants and Home Repair Assistance (Maximum Amounts) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1275
The Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (Commencement 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/1279
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1280
The Street Works (Charges for Unreasonably Prolonged Occupation of the Highway) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1281
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1282
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Dissolution of the Insurance Brokers Registration Council) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1283
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1284
Education (Teacher Training Hardship Grants) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1285
The Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1286
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2001/2002) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1287
The Horizon and the West Herts Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1288
The Mancunian Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1289
The Bay Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1290
The Northampton Community Healthcare and the Rockingham Forest National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1291
The Transport Act 2000 (Designation of Transferee) Order 2001 SI 2001/1292
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1293
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Designation of Public Authorities) Order 2001 SI 2001/1294
The Justices and Justices' Clerks (Costs) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1296
The Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1298
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1299
The National Health Service (Penalty Charge) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1300
1301–1400
The Housing (Preservation of Right to Buy) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1301
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1302
The Restriction on Pithing (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1303
The General Commissioners of Income Tax (Costs) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1304
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1305
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1310
The Ravensbourne Priority Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1313
The Weights and Measures (Intoxicating Liquor) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1322
The Additional Pension and Social Security Pensions (Home Responsibilities) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1323
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1324
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1325
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Scotland) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1326
The Electoral Commission (Limit on Public Awareness Expenditure) Order 2001 SI 2001/1329
The Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1330
The Barnet Community Healthcare, the Enfield Community Care and the Haringey Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1331
The Slaughter Premium (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1332
The Tax Credits (New Deal Consequential Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1333
The Tax Credits (New Deal Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1334
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2001 SI 2001/1335
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1337
The South Wales Sea Fisheries District (Variation) 2001 SI 2001/1338
The Education (Adjudicators Inquiry Procedure etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1339
The Bretton Hall Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1340
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1344
The Non-Domestic Rating (Public Houses and Petrol Filling Stations) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1345
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1346
The Leeds Supertram (Extension) Order 2001 SI 2001/1347
The Leeds Supertram (Land Acquisition and Road Works) Order 2001 SI 2001/1348
The Financial Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1349
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 5) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1350
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1351
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1352
The Greater London Road Traffic (Various Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1353
The Social Security (Minimum Contributions to Appropriate Personal Pension Schemes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1354
The Social Security (Reduced Rates of Class 1 Contributions, and Rebates) (Money Purchase Contracted-out Schemes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1355
The Social Security (Reduced Rates of Class 1 Contributions) (Salary Related Contracted-out Schemes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1356
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1357
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1358
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) and (Dental Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1359
The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1360
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1361
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1362
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1366
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Trafford Park) Order 2001 SI 2001/1367
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Mumps Surface Crossing) Order 2001 SI 2001/1368
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Land Acquisition) Order 2001 SI 2001/1369
Suckler Cow Premium Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1370
The Financial Services (EEA Passport Rights) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1376
The Waddeton Fishery Order 2001 SI 2001/1380
The Shellfish (Specification of Crustaceans) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1381
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1385
The Enforcement of Road Traffic Debts (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1386
The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1387
The Civil Procedure (Amendment 2) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1388
The Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) 16 Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1389
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (England) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1390
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1391
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1392
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part V Exemption: Eligible Voluntary Bodies and Relevant Employers) Order 2001 SI 2001/1393
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/1394
The Social Security (Breach of Community Order) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1395
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) 2001 SI 2001/1396
National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1397
The Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1399
The Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2001 SI 2001/1400
1401–1500
The Relevant Authorities (General Principles) Order 2001 SI 2001/1401
The Southend on Sea Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1402
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part V Exemption: Educational Institutions and Health Sector Bodies) Order 2001 SI 2001/1403
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiatives) Order 2001 SI 2001/1404
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1405
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment)(Wales)(No.5) Order 2001 SI 2001/1406
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/1407
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1408
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1409
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement 2) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1410
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement) (No. 2) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1411
The Patents (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1412
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Service of Notices) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1420
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of Scope of Act and Meaning of Collective Investment Scheme) Order 2001 SI 2001/1421
The Stop Now Orders (E.C. Directive) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1422
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1423
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Disciplinary Functions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1424
The Inner London Court Staff Pensions (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1425
The Transportable Pressure Vessels Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1426
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Southend-on-Sea) Order 2001 SI 2001/1427
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme and Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Pension Sharing) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1428
The Education (School Day and School Year) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1429
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1434
The Greenwich Healthcare National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1435
The Immigration (Restrictions on Employment) (Code of Practice) Order 2001 SI 2001/1436
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1437
The Ancient Monuments (Applications for Scheduled Monument Consent) (Welsh Forms and Particulars) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1438
The Valuation Tribunals (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1439
The Coffee Extracts and Chicory Extracts (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1440
The District of Cannock Chase (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1442
The Borough of East Staffordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1443
The District of Lichfield (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1444
The Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1445
The District of South Staffordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1446
The Borough of Stafford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1447
The District of Staffordshire Moorlands (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1448
The City of Stoke-on-Trent (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1449
The Borough of Tamworth (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/1450
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Stratford Station and Subsidiary Works) Order 2001 SI 2001/1451
The Civil Aviation Act 1982 (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/1452
The European Convention on Extradition (Fiscal Offences) Order 2001 SI 2001/1453
The Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) Order 2001 SI 2001/1454
The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1455
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modification of Schedule 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/1456
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1459
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1460
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement 8) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1461
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement) (No. 2) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1471
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2001 (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1476
The A15 Trunk Road (North of the M180 Motorway Junction 5 including the Link Road to the A63 Trunk Road) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/1477
The Waste (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1478
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1481
The Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (England) (Consequential Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1494
The Thurrock and Basildon College (Incorporation) Order 2001 SI 2001/1497
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/1498
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1499
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1500
1501–1600
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Discount) Order 2001 SI 2001/1501
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1502
The Prescribed Waste (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1506
The Thurrock and Basildon College (Government) Regulations 2001 ( SI 2001/1507
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat and Meat Products) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1508
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment)(Wales)(No.6) Order 2001 SI 2001/1509
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat and Meat Products) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1512
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Emergency Licences) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1513
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/1514
The Rendering (Fluid Treatment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1515
The A361 Trunk Road (Southam Road) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/1516
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Modification of Enactments and Further Provisions) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1517
The A423 Trunk Road (Ryton-on-Dunsmore Roundabout to the A361 Southam Road/A422 Hennef Way Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/1518
The Armed Forces Act 1996 (Commencement 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/1519
The Royal Marines Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1520
The Royal Navy Terms of Service (Ratings) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1521
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1531
The Rowley Regis College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1532
The St Austell College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1533
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Rules) Order 2001 SI 2001/1534
The Hillingdon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1535
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 6) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1536
The South Tees Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1537
The Lowestoft Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1538
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Emergency Licences) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1539
The National Health Service (Payments by Local Authorities to Health Authorities) (Prescribed Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1543
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1544
The A45 Trunk Road (Packington Crossroads Junction Improvement Slip Roads) Order 2001 SI 2001/1545
The Kingston upon Hull City Council (Millennium Bridge) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2001 SI 2001/1546
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1547
The Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1553
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2001 SI 2001/1587
1601–1700
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Decisions and Appeals and Discretionary Financial Assistance) (Consequential Amendments and Revocations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1605
The Southern Derbyshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1606
The Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Nuclear Installations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1607
The Community Health Services, Southern Derbyshire National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1612
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2001 SI 2001/1622
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Air Curtain Incinerators) (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1623
The Southampton East Healthcare Primary Care Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1624
The North Mersey Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1625
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1627
The Elections Act 2001 (Supplemental Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1630
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) Order 2001 SI 2001/1631
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/1637
The Merchant Shipping(Miscellaneous Amendments)Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1638
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation Convention) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1639
The Products of Animal Origin (Import and Export) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1640
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment 3) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1642
The BSE Monitoring (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1644
The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Order 2001 SI 2001/1645
The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Order 2001 SI 2001/1646
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1648
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1649
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1650
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/1651
The Vaccine Damage Payments (Specified Disease) Order 2001 SI 2001/1652
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/1655
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1656
The Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Prisons) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1657
The Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1659
The Products of Animal Origin (Import and Export) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1660
The Teddington Memorial Hospital and Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1663
The Kingston and District Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1664
The Halton General Hospital and the Warrington Hospital National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1665
The Salford Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1666
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1669
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1677
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities) (General Dental Services Incentive Schemes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1678
The Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1690
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1691
The Representation of the People (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1700
1701–1800
The Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for use Outdoors Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1701
The Veterinary Surgeons (Examination of Commonwealth and Foreign Candidates) Regulations Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/1703
The Animal By-Products (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/1704
The Sex Offenders (Notification Requirements) (Prescribed Police Stations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1708
The Agricultural or Forestry Tractors and Tractor Components (Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1710
The Social Security (Breach of Community Order) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1711
The Tobacco Products Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1712
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2001 (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1730
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1734
The Animal By-Products (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1735
The Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 2001 SI 2001/1736
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1739
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1740
The National Patient Safety Agency Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1742
The National Patient Safety Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1743
The General Social Care Council (Appointments and Procedure) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1744
The National Blood Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1745
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1746
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Great Western Trains Company Class 180 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/1747
The Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1748
The Representation of the People (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1749
The Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1750
The Insolvency Act 2000 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1751
The Dismissal Procedures Agreement Designation (Electrical Contracting Industry) Order 1991 Revocation Order 2001 SI 2001/1752
The Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1754
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement6)Order 2001 SI 2001/1756
The General Insurance Reserves (Tax) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1757
The Railways (Closure Provisions) (Exemptions) (St. Pancras) Order 2001 SI 2001/1768
The Civil Procedure (Amendment 3) Rules 2001 SI 2001/1769
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1771
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 7) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1772
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy)Order 2001 SI 2001/1773
The Elections Act 2001 (Supplemental Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1774
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1775
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement 4 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1780
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1781
The Utilities Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1782
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Compensation Scheme: Electing Participants) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1783
The Education (Nutritional Standards for School Lunches) (Wales)Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1784
The Income Support and Jobseeker's Allowance (Amounts for Persons in Residential Care and Nursing Homes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1785
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1786
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1787
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1788
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (District of Three Rivers) Order 2001 SI 2001/1789
1801–1900
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1801
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1802
The Highways Noise Payments and Movable Homes (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1803
The Wildlife and Countryside (Isles of Scilly) Order 2001 SI 2001/1805
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1810
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1811
The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1812
The Retained Organs Commission (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1813
The Road Traffic Offenders (Additional Offences and Prescribed Devices) Order 2001 SI 2001/1814
The Drug Abstinence Order (Responsible Officer) Order 2001 SI 2001/1815
The Criminal Justice (Specified Class A Drugs) Order 2001 SI 2001/1816
The Social Security Contributions (Share Options) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1817
The Social Security Contributions (Deferred Payments and Interest) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1818
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulations Relating to Money Laundering) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1819
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1820
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) (Miscellaneous) Order 2001 SI 2001/1821
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1822
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/1823
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1825
The Building Societies (Restricted Transactions) Order 2001 SI 2001/1826
Child Minding and Day Care (Disqualification) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1827
The Day Care and Child Minding (National Standards) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1828
Child Minding and Day Care (Applications for Registration) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1829
Child Minding and Day Care (Certificates of Registration) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1830
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1831
The Medicines (Aristolochia and Mu Tong etc.) (Prohibition) Order 2001 SI 2001/1841
The Sex Offenders (Notice Requirements) (Foreign Travel) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1846
The Sex Offenders Act 1997 (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/1853
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Dartford) Order 2001 SI 2001/1855
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Northamptonshire) (Borough of Northampton) Order 2001 SI 2001/1856
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Information by Prescribed Persons) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1857
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Competition Information) (Specification of Enactment etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/1858
The Residential Accommodation (Relevant Premises, Ordinary Residence and Exemptions) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1859
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/1862
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1864
The Employment Zones (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1865
The Financial Investigations (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/1866
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/1867
The Advisory Centre on WTO Law (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2001 SI 2001/1868
The Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/1869
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No.7) Order 2001 SI 2001/1874
The Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1877
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 6) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1884
Child Minding and Day Care (Registration and Annual Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1886
The Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1887
The Mersey Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/1888
The North Sefton & West Lancashire Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1889
The Central Manchester Healthcare and the Manchester Children's Hospitals National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1895
The Road Traffic (Vehicle Testing) Act 1999 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/1896
1901–2000
The Rotherham Priority Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1910
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2001 SI 2001/1914
The Winchester and Eastleigh Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1915
The Southampton Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1916
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 7) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1936
The Daventry and South Northamptonshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1937
The Uttlesford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/1938
The Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/1975
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 7) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1983
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1984
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement 11) Order 2001 SI 2001/1985
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 7) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1986
The Education (Extension of Careers Education) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/1987
The A45 (A508 Queen Eleanor Roundabout to the A14) (Trunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/1988
The A508 (M1 Junction 15 To A45 Queen Eleanor Roundabout) (Trunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/1989
2001–2100
The Crab Claws (Prohibition of Landing) (Revocation) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2018
The Undersized Whiting (Revocation) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2019
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement Order 5 and Transitional Provision) Order 2001 SI 2001/2028
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement 9) Order 2001 SI 2001/2030
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 7 (England) and Transitional, Transitory and Savings Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2041
The A417 Trunk Road (Cirencester Bypass–Hare Bushes Service Area) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2053
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/2068
The Education (Publication of Draft Proposals and Orders) (Further Education Corporations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2069
The Housing Grants (Additional Purposes) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2070
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2071
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2072
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2073
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Amendment of Schedule 18) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2086
2101–2200
The A6 Trunk Road (Bedford to Luton) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2101
The A6 Trunk Road (South of Kettering to the A45) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2102
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2124
The Designs (Convention Countries) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2125
The Patents (Convention Countries) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2126
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application outside Great Britain) Order 2001 SI 2001/2127
The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/2128
The A43 Trunk Road (M1 Junction 15A to A16 Stamford) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2130
The A428 Trunk Road (Northampton To East Of Bedford) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2131
The A421 (M1 Junction 13 Roundabout, Husborne Crawley, Bedfordshire) (Trunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2132
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2133
The Care Council for Wales (Appointment, Membership and Procedure) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2136
The A15 Norman Cross to Grimsby Trunk Road (Tillbridge Lane Junction Improvement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2143
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2161
The Cowes Harbour (Constitution) Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/2183
The Fowey Harbour Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/2184
The Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2001 SI 2001/2185
The Carers (Services) and Direct Payments (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2186
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2187
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2188
The Children (Leaving Care) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2189
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement3) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2190
The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2191
The Disabled Children (Direct Payments) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2192
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2193
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 8) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2194
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2195
The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (Commencement 1) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2196
The Contaminated Land (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2197
The Meat (Enhanced Enforcement Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2198
2201–2300
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2212
The A249 Trunk Road (Neatscourt Roundabout to Queenborough Improvement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2213
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2216
The Special Educational Needs And Disability Act 2001 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/2217
The Special Educational Needs (Provision of Information by Local Education Authorities) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2218
The Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2219
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2220
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 6) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2221
The Central Rating List (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2222
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/2223
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/2232
The Community Order (Electronic Monitoring of Requirements) (Responsible Officer) Order 2001 SI 2001/2233
The Curfew Order and Curfew Requirement (Responsible Officer) Order 2001 SI 2001/2234
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 8) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2235
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/2236
The Local Authorities (Executive and Alternative Arrangements) (Modification of Enactments and Other Provisions) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2237
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/2238
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2253
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Modification) Order 2001 SI 2001/2254
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Designated Date for The Securities and Futures Authority) Order 2001 SI 2001/2255
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Rights of Action) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2256
The Parental Responsibility Agreement (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2262
The Education (School Government) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2263
The Railway Pensions (Designation, Substitution and Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2264
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2265
The Motor Vehicles (Third Party Risks) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2266
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Tradepoint) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2267
The Education (Designated Institutions) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2268
The Justices' Clerks (Qualifications of Assistants) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/2269
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Brighton & Hove) Order 2001 SI 2001/2272
The Commission for Local Administration in Wales and Local Commissioner in Wales (Functions and Expenses) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2275
The Conduct of Members (Principles) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2276
The Local Authorities (Proposals for Executive Arrangements) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2277
The Code of Conduct (Non-Qualifying Local Government Employees) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2278
The Standards Committees (Grant of Dispensations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2279
The Code of Conduct (Qualifying Local Government Employees) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2280
Local Government Investigations (Functions of Monitoring Officers and Standards Committees)(Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2281
The Standards Committees (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2283
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2284
The Road User Charging (Charges and Penalty Charges) (London) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2285
The Local Commissioner in Wales (Standards Investigations) Order 2001 SI 2001/2286
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Discharge of Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2287
The Adjudications by Case Tribunals and Interim Case Tribunals (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2288
The Conduct of Members (Model Code of Conduct) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2289
Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Decisions, Documents and Meetings) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2290
The Local Authorities Executive Arrangements (Functions and Responsibilities) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2291
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2292
Local Authorities (Proposals for Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2293
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2294
The Social Security Amendment (Volunteers) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2296
The Education (Grants for Disabled Postgraduate Students) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2300
2301–2400
The Damages (Personal Injury) Order 2001 SI 2001/2301
The Prescribed Waste (Wales) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2302
The Trunk Road Charging Schemes (Bridges and Tunnels) (England) Procedure Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2303
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Commencement) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2304
The Value Added Tax (Conversion of Buildings) Order 2001 SI 2001/2305
The Road User Charging (Enforcement and Adjudication) (London) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2313
The Air Quality Limit Values Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2315
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement 13) Order 2001 SI 2001/2316
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2317
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Scotland) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2318
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2319
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Ombudsman Scheme and Complaints Scheme) Order 2001 SI 2001/2326
The Social Security Amendment (Discretionary Housing Payments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2333
The Discretionary Housing Payments (Grants) Order 2001 SI 2001/2340
The Plant Health (England) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2342
The Merchant Shipping (Port State Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2349
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/2350
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement and Saving Provision) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2351
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 4) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2354
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2355
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2356
Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2357
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2358
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2359
The BSE Monitoring (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2360
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Meaning of Policy and Policyholder) Order 2001 SI 2001/2361
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 4 and Transitional Provision) Order 2001 SI 2001/2364
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2372
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2001 SI 2001/2373
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Prohibition of Vaccination) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2374
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Control of Vaccination) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2375
The Processed Animal Protein (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2376
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2377
The Broadcasting (Subtitling) Order 2001 SI 2001/2378
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Enforcement of Fines, Forfeiture and Reparation Orders) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2379
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes Constituted in Other EEA States) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2383
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment 2) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2384
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment 2) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2385
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment 2) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2386
2401–2500
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2403
The North Middlesex Hospital National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2001 SI 2001/2407
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2412
The A5 London to Holyhead Trunk Road (Nutts Lane Junction Improvement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2416
The Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2417
The Utilities Contracts (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2418
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2419
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2420
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No. 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2421
The Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) 17 Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2422
The NCS Service Authority (Budget Statement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2427
The NCIS Service Authority (Budget Statement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2428
The Borough of Ribble Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2429
The Borough of Rossendale (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2430
The Borough of South Ribble (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2431
The District of West Lancashire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2432
The Borough of Wyre (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2433
The District of Uttlesford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2434
The District of Tendring (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2435
The District of Maldon (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2436
The District of Harlow (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2437
The Borough of Colchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2438
The Borough of Chelmsford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2439
The Borough of Castle Point (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2440
The Borough of Brentwood (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2441
The District of Braintree (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2442
The District of Basildon (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2443
The District of Epping Forest (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2444
The Agricultural Processing and Marketing Grant (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2446
The Thurrock College and Basildon College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/2447
The Civil Aviation Authority (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2448
The Cider and Perry (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2449
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2468
The Borough of Hyndburn (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2469
The City of Lancaster (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2470
The Borough of Pendle (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2471
The Borough of Preston (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2472
The Borough of Burnley (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2473
The Borough of Chorley (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2474
The Borough of Fylde (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2475
The Financial Services and Markets Tribunal Rules 2001 SI 2001/2476
The Plant Protection Products (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2477
The Scotland Act 1998 (Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001) Order 2001 SI 2001/2478
The Auditor General for Wales (Transfer of Functions) (General Teaching Council for Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2479
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Tape-recording of Interviews) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2480
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2486
The Telecommunications (Licence Modifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2495
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2496
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2497
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2498
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2499
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2500
2501–2600
The Inspection of Education and Training (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2501
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 9) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2502
The Beef Special Premium Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2503
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement5 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2504
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Elements of Crimes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2505
The National Lottery (Licence Fees) Order 2001 SI 2001/2506
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Variation of Threshold Conditions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2507
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Appointed Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2508
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consultation with Competent Authorities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2509
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Gaming Contracts) Order 2001 SI 2001/2510
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (EEA Passport Rights) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2511
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Reviews of Pensions Business) Order 2001 SI 2001/2512
The Police (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/2513
The Employment Zones (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2521
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2528
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 9) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2529
The Commission Areas (Sussex) Order 2001 SI 2001/2530
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2533
The Teacher Training Incentive (Further Education) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2536
The Agricultural Subsidies (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2537
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement6) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2538
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 7) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2539
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 7) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2540
The Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) Order 2001 SI 2001/2541
The B1525 (Formerly A16) Trunk Road (Market Deeping/Deeping St. James) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2543
The Local Authorities (Elected Mayors) (Elections, Terms of Office and Casual Vacancies) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2544
The Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order 2001 SI 2001/2550
The Batteries and Accumulators (Containing Dangerous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2551
The Stockport (Parish) Order 2001 SI 2001/2553
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2555
The Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2556
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2557
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2558
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Reservations and Declarations) Order 2001 SI 2001/2559
The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations (Immunities and Privileges of UNESCO) Order 2001 SI 2001/2560
The Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work (Transfer Scheme) Order 2001 SI 2001/2561
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2562
The United Nations (International Tribunal) (Former Yugoslavia) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2563
The Life Sentences (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 SI 2001/2564
The Life Sentences (Northern Ireland Consequential Amendments) Order 2001 SI 2001/2565
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2566
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Hague Convention Countries) (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2567
The Secretaries of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions and for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Order 2001 SI 2001/2568
The Kent (Coroners' Districts) Order 2001 SI 2001/2570
The Bermuda Constitution (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2579
The Rating (Former Agricultural Premises and Rural Shops) Act 2001 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/2580
The Foreign Package Holidays (Tour Operators and Travel Agents) Order 2001 SI 2001/2581
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (FirstMark Carrier Services (UK) Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2582
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Nextlink UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2583
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (GTS Network (Ireland) Ltd) Order 2001 SI 2001/2584
The Non-Domestic Rating (Former Agricultural Premises) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2585
The Non-Domestic Rating (Stud Farms) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2586
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Communications by Auditors) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2587
The Immigration (Leave to Enter) Order 2001 SI 2001/2590
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2598
The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections) Order 2001 SI 2001/2599
The Magistrates' Courts (International Criminal Court) (Forms) Rules 2001 SI 2001/2600
2601–2700
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2601
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Isle of Wight Cable & Telephone Company Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2602
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Fibreway Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2603
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (ntl Group Ltd) Order 2001 SI 2001/2604
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Energis Local Access Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2605
The Telecommunication Meters (Approval Fees) (BABT) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2606
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Williams Communications UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2607
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Carrier 1 UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2608
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Broadnet UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2609
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Universal Access UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2610
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Verizon Global Solutions U.K. Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/2611
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (England) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2612
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2613
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement 1) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2614
The National Savings Stock Register (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2616
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Mutual Societies) Order 2001 SI 2001/2617
The Welfare Reform and Pensions (Persons Abroad: Benefits for Widows and Widowers) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2618
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/2619
The Greater London Authority (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2001 SI 2001/2620
The Education (Teacher Training Hardship Grants) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2621
Education (Teacher Training Bursaries) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2622
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 9) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2623
The District of Rochford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/2624
The County Council of Hampshire (Norris Bridge Gyratory—Norris Bridge, Pyestock) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2001 SI 2001/2625
The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2626
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2627
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.9) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2628
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2629
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2630
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2631
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/2632
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2633
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Insolvency) (Definition of Insurer) Order 2001 SI 2001/2634
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Law Applicable to Contracts of Insurance) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2635
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Authorised Persons etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/2636
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Controllers) Order 2001 SI 2001/2637
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Controllers) (Exemption) Order 2001 SI 2001/2638
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Own-initiative Power) (Overseas Regulators) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2639
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2640
The Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2642
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Drug Testing of Persons in Police Detention) (Prescribed Persons) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2645
The Football (Disorder) (Duration of Powers) Order 2001 SI 2001/2646
The Asian Development Bank (Seventh Replenishment of the Asian Development Fund) Order 2001 SI 2001/2648
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) (Pension Sharing) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2649
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2650
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Civil Remedies, Discipline, Criminal Offences etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/2657
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) (Miscellaneous) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2659
The Sex Discrimination (Indirect Discrimination and Burden of Proof) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2660
The A564 Trunk Road (Stoke-Derby Route) (Derby Southern Bypass, Derby Spur and Junctions) (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2661
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2662
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement 9 and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2663
The Sub-Post Office Start-Up Capital Subsidy Scheme Order 2001 SI 2001/2664
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2001 SI 2001/2665
The Parochial Fees Order 2001 SI 2001/2666
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2001 SI 2001/2671
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2672
The King's Lynn Conservancy Board (Constitution) Harbour Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/2675
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2676
The Change of Category of Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2678
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2679
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2680
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2681
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2682
The Air Quality Limit Values (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2683
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/2684
The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2685
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority Levy (Variation) Scheme (Approval) Order 2001 SI 2001/2687
The A428 Trunk Road (Cambourne Development Trunk Road and Slip Roads) Order 2001 SI 2001/2688
The A428 Trunk Road (Cambourne Development Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/2689
2701–2800
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement 4) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2705
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2706
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2708
The Education (Foundation Body) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2709
The Social Security (Literacy etc. Skills Training Pilot) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2710
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2711
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2712
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 2001 SI 2001/2717
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2718
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2719
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2720
The Personal Portfolio Bonds (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2724
Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2725
The Overseas Insurers (Tax Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2726
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2727
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2732
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (No. 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/2734
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 9) Order 2001 SI 2001/2735
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2741
Education (Grants) (Music, Ballet and Choir Schools) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2743
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2744
The Day Care and Child Minding (Inspections) (Prescribed Matters) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2745
The Day Care and Child Minding (Functions of Local Authorities: Information, Advice and Training) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2746
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (England) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2747
The Transport (Scotland) Act 2001 (Conditions attached to PSV Operator's Licence and Competition Test for Exercise of Bus Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2748
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2750
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2751
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2763
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/2771
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 2001 SI 2001/2777
The Unsolicited Goods and Services Act 1971 (Electronic Communications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2778
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No.4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2779
The Processed Animal Protein (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2780
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2781
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 7) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2782
The Children's Commissioner for Wales Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/2783
The Children's Commissioner for Wales Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2787
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement1) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2788
The A10 Trunk Road (Wadesmill, High Cross and Colliers End Bypass) Supplementary (No. 2) Slip Road Order 2001 SI 2001/2790
The Civil Procedure (Amendment 4) Rules 2001 SI 2001/2792
The Road User Charging And Workplace Parking Levy (Classes Of Motor Vehicles) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2793
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2794
The Licensed Conveyancers' Discipline and Appeals Committee (Procedure) Rules Approval Order 2001 SI 2001/2797
The Sussex Downs College (Incorporation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2798
The Sussex Downs College (Government) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2799
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2800
2801–2900
The Right to Time Off for Study or Training Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2801
The Education (Pupil Registration) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2802
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement1) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2804
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2807
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2809
The Relevant Authorities (Standards Committee) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2812
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 9) Order 2001 SI 2001/2813
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/2814
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (Borough of Barrow-in-Furness) Order 2001 SI 2001/2818
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Bournemouth) Order 2001 SI 2001/2819
The Poole Harbour Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/2820
The Local Authorities (Alcohol Consumption in Designated Public Places) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2831
Patient Information Advisory Group (Establishment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2836
Education (School Teacher Appraisal) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2855
Breaking the Cycle Bridgwater Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2856
The Education (Grants etc.) (Dance and Drama) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2857
The North Somerset Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2001 SI 2001/2858
The Education (Grants) (Royal Ballet School) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2859
The Hackney Education Action Zone (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2860
The Education (Grants) (Yehudi Menuhin School) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2861
The Blackburn with Darwen Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2862
The Next Step North East Lincolnshire Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2863
The Salford and Trafford Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2864
The East Middlesbrough Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2865
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England) (Transfers) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2866
The Herefordshire Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2867
The New Addington Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2868
The Leicester (South and West) Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2869
The Railtrack (Shortlands Junction) Order 2001 SI 2001/2870
The CfBT/Lambeth Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2871
The Barnsley Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2872
The Newham Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/2873
The Children (Leaving Care) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2874
The Newcastle Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2001 SI 2001/2876
The Learning and Skills Council for England (Supplementary Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2877
The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (Commencement 1) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/2878
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax to Museums and Galleries) Order 2001 SI 2001/2879
The Free Zone (Southampton) Designation Order 2001 SI 2001/2880
The Free Zone (Liverpool) Designation Order 2001 SI 2001/2881
The Free Zone (Prestwick Airport) Designation Order 2001 SI 2001/2882
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Birmingham) Order 2001 SI 2001/2883
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Suspension of Devolved Government) Order 2001 SI 2001/2884
The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2885
The Amalgamation of the Buckingham and River Ouzel Internal Drainage Districts Order 2001 SI 2001/2886
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Electronic Communications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2887
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) and (Misuse of Drugs) (Electronic Communications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2888
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) (Electronic Communications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2889
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Electronic Communications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2890
The Higher Education Funding Council for England (Supplementary Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2891
The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2892
The Education (Student Support) (Dance and Drama) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2893
The Education (Grant) (Financial Support for Students) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2894
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Restoration of Devolved Government) Order 2001 SI 2001/2895
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2896
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2897
The Shena Simon College, Manchester (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/2898
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/2899
2901–3000
The Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Nuclear Installations) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2904
The National Assembly for Wales (Elections: Nomination Papers) (Welsh Form) Order 2001 SI 2001/2914
The New Deal (Lone Parents) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2915
The EC Competition Law (Articles 84 and 85)Enforcement Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2916
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Welsh Language Forms) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2917
The Social Security (Medical Evidence) and Statutory Maternity Pay (Medical Evidence) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2931
The City of Salford (Castlefield Bridge) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument 2001 SI 2001/2932
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2944
The Control of Pollution (Oil Storage) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2954
The Public Offers of Securities (Exemptions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2955
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Official Listing of Securities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2956
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Official Listing of Securities) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/2957
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Offers of Securities) Order 2001 SI 2001/2958
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) (Amendment 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2959
The Tyne Tunnel (Revision of Tolls and Traffic Classification) Order 2001 SI 2001/2960
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/2962
The Local Elections (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2963
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Pre-Commencement Modifications) Order 2001 SI 2001/2966
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions, Repeals and Savings) (Financial Services Compensation Scheme) Order 2001 SI 2001/2967
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Treatment of Assets of Insurers on Winding Up) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2968
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2973
The Radiation (Emergency Preparedness and Public Information) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2975
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/2977
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/2978
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2979
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Allowances for Children and Young Persons) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2980
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/2981
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/2982
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2983
The Swanage Harbour Revision Order 2001 SI 2001/2984
The Foster Placement (Children) and Adoption Agencies Amendment (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2992
The Competition Act 1998 (Section 11 Exemption) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2993
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No.11) Order 2001 SI 2001/2994
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/2995
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/2996
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2997
3001–3100
The Common Agricultural Policy (Paying Agencies: Competent Authority and Co-ordinating Body) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3020
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3021
The Excise Duty Points (Duty Suspended Movements of Excise Goods) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3022
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3023
The Local Authorities (Companies) (Amendment 2) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3042
The General Optical Council (Membership) Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/3057
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Oldham) Order 2001 SI 2001/3058
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Stoke-on-Trent) Order 2001 SI 2001/3059
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales)(No.3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3064
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3065
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3066
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation) (Disregarding of Resources) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3067
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation) (Additional Payments) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3068
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation) (Relevant Contributions) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3069
The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (Commencement 2 and Consequential Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3070
The Education (Fast Track Bursaries and Grants) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3071
The Value Added Tax Tribunals (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3073
The Children (Leaving Care) Social Security Benefits Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3074
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Civil Remedies, Discipline, Criminal Offences etc.) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3083
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Gibraltar) Order 2001 SI 2001/3084
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 8) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3085
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 8) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3086
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3087
The General Betting Duty Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3088
The Finance Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/3089
3101–3200
The Organic Farming (England Rural Development Programme) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3139
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 12) Order 2001 SI 2001/3140
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3141
The Energy Information and Energy Efficiency (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3142
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 11) Order 2001 SI 2001/3145
The Special Waste (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3148
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3150
The Lewes Tertiary College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3153
Eastbourne College of Arts and Technology (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3154
The Housing Act 1996 (Commencement 13) Order 2001 SI 2001/3164
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3166
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 2) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3167
The Waste (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3189
The Wireless Telegraphy (Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Licences) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3193
The Potatoes Originating in Germany (Notification) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3194
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage II) Designation (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3195
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage III) Designation (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3196
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage IV) Designation (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3197
The Common Agricultural Policy (Protection of Community Arrangements) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3198
3201–3300
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order 2001 SI 2001/3202
The Southampton Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3203
The A556 Trunk Road (Plumley Moor Road Junction Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3206
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Scotland) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3207
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3208
The Merchant Shipping (Domestic Passenger Ships) (Safety Management Code) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3209
The Social Security (Jobcentre Plus Interviews) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3210
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement 20 and Saving Provision) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3211
The Brooke House Sixth Form College (Incorporation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3212
The Brooke House Sixth Form College (Government) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3213
The Data Protection (Notification and Notification Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3214
The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/3215
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3219
The Data Protection (Subject Access) (Fees and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3223
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Suspension of Devolved Government) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3230
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Restoration of Devolved Government) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3231
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Application to Rail Freight) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3232
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Code of Practice for Freight Shuttle Wagons) Order 2001 SI 2001/3233
The Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement1) Order 2001 SI 2001/3234
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/3243
The Accounts and Audit (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3244
The Bracknell Forest Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3245
The Windsor, Ascot and Maidenhead Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3246
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement 1) Order 2001 SI 2001/3251
The Social Security (Notification of Change of Circumstances) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3252
The Disability Discrimination (Providers of Services) (Adjustment of Premises) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3253
The Working Time (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3256
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Electronic Communications) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3257
The Southern Norfolk Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3258
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2) (Amendment 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3260
The Electricity (Unmetered Supply) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3263
The Utilities Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3264
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3265
The Utilities Act 2000 (Commencement 6 and Transitional Provisions ) Order 2001 SI 2001/3266
The Gas (Connection Charges) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3267
The Electricity from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources Saving Arrangements (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3268
The Electricity from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources (Scotland) Saving Arrangements Order 2001 SI 2001/3269
The Electricity (Class Exemptions from the Requirement for a Licence) Order 2001 SI 2001/3270
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 9) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3283
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 9) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3284
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (Amendment) (No. 7) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3285
The Fossil Fuel Levy (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3286
The Railway Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3291
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3293
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 3) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3294
The Chiltern and South Bucks Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3295
The Wycombe Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3296
The Rushmoor and Hart Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3297
The Excise Duty (Payments in Case of Error or Delay) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3299
The Finance Act 2001 (Commencement 2 and Saving Provision) Order 2001 SI 2001/3300
3301–3400
The Access to the Countryside (Maps in Draft Form) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3301
The Energy Efficiency (Ballasts for Fluorescent Lighting) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3316
Quality Partnership Schemes (Existing Facilities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3317
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3322
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3323
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3330
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 8) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3331
The Building (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3335
The Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3336
The Air Passenger Duty and Other Indirect Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3337
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Controllers) (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3338
The Food Industry Development (Amendment) (England) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/3339
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3340
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3341
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/3342
The Motor Vehicles (Access to Driver Licensing Records) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3343
The Curfew Order and Curfew Requirement (Responsible Officer) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3344
The Curfew Condition (Responsible Officer) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3345
The Community Order (Electronic Monitoring of Requirements) (Responsible Officer) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3346
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/3347
The Railway Administration Order Rules 2001 SI 2001/3352
The Gas (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3353
The Electricity (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3354
The Borough of Darlington (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3357
The District of East Riding (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3358
The Borough of North Lincolnshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3359
The City of Kingston upon Hull (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3360
The Borough of North East Lincolnshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3361
The City of York (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3362
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) (Channel Islands) Order 2001 SI 2001/3363
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) (Isle of Man) Order 2001 SI 2001/3364
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 SI 2001/3365
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/3366
The Civil Aviation Act 1982 (Overseas Territories) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3367
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3368
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Interim Permissions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3374
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3375
The Local Authorities (Standing Orders) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3384
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement 8) Order 2001 SI 2001/3385
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No.3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3386
The Feeding Stuffs and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3389
The Fishing Vessels (Decommissioning) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/3390
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (District of Herefordshire) Order 2001 SI 2001/3397
The Poultry Meat, Farmed Game Bird Meat and Rabbit Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3399
3401–3500
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3401
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) Order 2001 SI 2001/3411
The Mid-Norfolk Railway Order 2001 SI 2001/3413
The Electricity Act 1989 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3419
The Electricity Council (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3420
The Central Electricity Generating Board (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3421
The Land Registration (District Registries) Order 2001 SI 2001/3424
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3425
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (North Western Trains Class 175/0 and Class 175/1 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/3434
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/3435
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/3436
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3437
The Litigants in Person (Costs and Expenses) (Magistrates' Courts) Order 2001 SI 2001/3438
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Official Listing of Securities) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3439
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation) (Additional Payments and Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3441
The Colours in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3442
The Children (Protection from Offenders) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3443
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3444
The Education (City Academies) Order 2001 SI 2001/3445
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3446
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 10) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3451
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Export of Vehicles) (Disinfection of Tyres) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3452
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) Order 2001 SI 2001/3453
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 9) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3454
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (England) (Consolidation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3455
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments 9) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3456
The Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty) Order 2001 SI 2001/3457
The Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties) Order 2001 SI 2001/3458
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 10) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3459
The Feeding Stuffs and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3461
The Public Record Office (Fees) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3462
The Burnley, Pendle and Rossendale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3463
The Fylde Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3464
The Social Security Amendment (Capital Disregards) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3481
The City of Derby (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3482
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3486
The Wyre Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3487
The Ashton, Leigh and Wigan Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3488
The Hyndburn and Ribble Valley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3489
The Central Liverpool Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3490
The Preston Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3491
The South Liverpool Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3492
The North Liverpool Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3493
The Drug Abstinence Order (Responsible Officer) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3494
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3495
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3496
The British Nationality Act 1981 (Amendment of Schedule 6) Order 2001 SI 2001/3497
The Consular Fees (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3498
The Landmines Act 1998 (Overseas Territories) Order 2001 SI 2001/3499
The Transfer of Functions (Miscellaneous) Order 2001 SI 2001/3500
3501–3600
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Designation of Reciprocating Countries) Order 2001 SI 2001/3501
The Ministerial and other Salaries Order 2001 SI 2001/3502
The Transfer of Functions (Fishery Harbours) Order 2001 SI 2001/3503
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3504
The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3505
The Transfer of Functions (War Pensions etc.) Order 2001 SI 2001/3506
The Milk Marketing Board (Residuary Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3507
The Community Drivers' Hours (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Temporary Exception) (No. 2)(Amendment 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3508
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No.10) (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3509
The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3510
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 10) (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3511
The Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and Emissions Information) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3523
The A1 Trunk Road (A645 Slip Roads and A162 Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3524
The Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3525
The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3526
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement 7) Order 2001 SI 2001/3538
The Contracting Out of Functions (Tribunal Staff) Order 2001 SI 2001/3539
The Local Government Elections (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3540
The Potatoes Originating in Germany, Notification (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3541
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Law Applicable to Contracts of Insurance) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3542
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3544
The Special Waste (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3545
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3546
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3554
The Borough of Swale (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3555
The District of Thanet (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3556
The District of Sevenoaks (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3557
The District of Shepway (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3558
The Borough of Tunbridge Wells (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3559
The Borough of Dartford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3560
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3561
The Family Health Services Appeal Authority (Change of Name) Order 2001 SI 2001/3562
The Borough of Ashford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3563
The City of Canterbury (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3564
The Road Traffic (Designation of Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (City of Carlisle) Order 2001 SI 2001/3565
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3574
The Local Authorities (Model Code of Conduct) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3575
The Parish Councils (Model Code of Conduct) Order 2001 SI 2001/3576
The National Park and Broads Authorities (Model Code of Conduct) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3577
The Police Authorities (Model Code of Conduct) Order 2001 SI 2001/3578
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Dissolution of the Board of Banking Supervision) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3582
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No.11) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3584
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Designation of Landfill Directive) Order 2001 SI 2001/3585
The Borough of Maidstone (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3586
The Borough of Gravesham (Electoral Changes)Order 2001 SI 2001/3587
The District of Dover (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3588
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 11) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3589
The Animals and Animal Products (Examination for Residues and Maximum Residue Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3590
The Bankruptcy (Financial Services and Markets Act 2000) (Scotland) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3591
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Partly Completed Procedures) Order 2001 SI 2001/3592
3601–3700
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement 10) Order 2001 SI 2001/3603
The A596 Trunk Road (Northside Junction, Workington) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3604
The A596 Trunk Road (Northside Junction, Workington) Order 2001 SI 2001/3605
The Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3606
The Leeds West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3609
The Leeds North East Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3610
The A557 Trunk Road (M62 Junction 7 To Queensway) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3611
The Tonbridge and Malling (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3615
Postal Services Act 2000 (Disclosure of Information) Order 2001 SI 2001/3617
The Local Government Overseas Assistance (London Pensions Fund Authority) Order 2001 SI 2001/3618
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 4) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3619
The East Leeds Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3620
The Homerton Hospital National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2001 SI 2001/3621
The South Leeds Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3622
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Exemption) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3623
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3624
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Control of Business Transfers) (Requirements on Applicants) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3625
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Control of Transfers of Business Done at Lloyd's) Order 2001 SI 2001/3626
The South Hampshire Rapid Transit Order 2001 SI 2001/3627
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3628
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Taxes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3629
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3630
Education (City Academies) (Subject Areas) Order 2001 SI 2001/3631
The Financial Services and Markets Tribunal (Legal Assistance) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3632
The Financial Services and Markets Tribunal (Legal Assistance Scheme—Costs) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3633
The Bankruptcy (Financial Services and Markets Act 2000) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3634
The Insurers (Winding Up) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3635
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Business Transfers) Order 2001 SI 2001/3639
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Savings, Modifications and Consequential Provisions) (Rehabilitation of Offenders) (Scotland) Order 2001 SI 2001/3640
The Money Laundering Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3641
The Electricity Act 1989 (Requirement of Consent for Offshore Wind and Water Driven Generating Stations) (England and Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3642
The Finance Act 1996, Section 167, (Appointed Day) Order 2001 SI 2001/3643
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3644
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Misleading Statements and Practices) Order 2001 SI 2001/3645
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Information Requirements and Investigations) Order 2001 SI 2001/3646
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments and Savings) (Industrial Assurance) Order 2001 SI 2001/3647
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Confidential Information) (Bank of England) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3648
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments and Repeals) Order 2001 SI 2001/3649
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3650
The Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3651
The Beet Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3658
The High Peak and Dales Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3659
The Leeds North West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3660
The Blackpool Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3661
The Bolton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3662
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3663
The Cereal Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3664
The Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3665
The Seed Potatoes (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3666
The Vegetable Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3667
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/3668
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3669
The Continental Shelf (Designation of Areas) Order 2001 SI 2001/3670
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (European School) Order 2001 SI 2001/3671
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization) Order 2001 SI 2001/3672
The European Communities (Immunities and Privileges of the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization) Order 2001 SI 2001/3673
The European Communities (Privileges of the European School) Order 2001 SI 2001/3674
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Amendment of Enactment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3675
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3676
The Friendly Societies Act 1992 (Industrial Assurance) (Channel Islands) Order 2001 SI 2001/3677
The Registered Designs (Isle of Man) Order 2001 SI 2001/3678
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3679
The Abolition of the Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce (Consequential Provisions)(Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3680
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Prescribed Markets and Qualifying Investments) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3681
The London Underground (East London Line Extension) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3682
The Controlled Drugs (Substances Useful for Manufacture) (Intra-Community Trade) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3683
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 12) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3684
The Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce (Abolition) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3686
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3689
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3690
The Firemen's Pension Scheme (Pension Sharing) Order 2001 SI 2001/3691
The Contracting Out (Administrative and Other Court Staff) Order 2001 SI 2001/3698
3701–3800
The National Institutions Measure 1998 (Amendment) Resolution 2001 SI 2001/3701
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 12) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3705
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 12) Order 2001 SI 2001/3706
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/3707
The Education (Schools and Further and Higher Education) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3708
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) (Wales) Scheme 2001 SI 2001/3709
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Schools) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3710
The Parent Governor Representatives and Church Representatives (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3711
The Mental Health Act 1983 (Remedial) Order 2001 SI 2001/3712
The Greater London Authority (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3719
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3721
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 13) Order 2001 SI 2001/3722
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment 6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3728
The Friendly Societies Act 1974 (Seal of the Financial Services Authority) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3729
The General Medical Council (Professional Performance) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/3730
The Local Authorities (Approved Investments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3731
The Pennine Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Tameside and Glossop Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3733
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Technical Advisory Board) Order 2001 SI 2001/3734
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3735
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3736
Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3737
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 6) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3738
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3739
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Supplementary List) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3740
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No.6) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3741
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3742
The Family Health Services Appeal Authority (Primary Care Act) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3743
The Abolition of the NHS Tribunal (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3744
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3745
The Variation of Stamp Duties Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3746
The Stamp Duty (Disadvantaged Areas) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3747
The Finance Act 2001, Section 92(8), (Specified Day) Order 2001 SI 2001/3748
The Sheep and Goats Spongiform Encephalopathy (England and Wales) (Compensation) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3749
The Family Health Services Appeal Authority (Procedure) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3750
Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3751
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 5) Order 2001 SI 2001/3752
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3753
The Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3754
The Uncertificated Securities Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3755
The Accounts and Audit (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3760
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3761
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels)(Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3762
The M25 Motorway (Junctions 10 to 16) (Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3763
The Mandatory Travel Concessions (Reimbursement Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3764
The Travel Concessions (Extension of Entitlement) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3765
The Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3766
The Social Security Amendment (Residential Care and Nursing Homes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3767
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Scope of Permission Notices) Order 2001 SI 2001/3771
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3773
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stage II) Designation (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3774
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3775
The Preserved Rights (Transfer of Responsibilities to Local Authorities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3776
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3777
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3778
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (UK Depositary Interests in Foreign Securities) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3779
The Education (School Attendance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3785
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (No. 2) 2001 (England) Regulations SI 2001/3786
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3787
The Care Trusts (Applications and Consultation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3788
The Greater London Authority Elections (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3789
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/3790
The Health Service Medicines (Information on the Prices of Specified Generic Medicines) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3798
The Enterprise Management Incentives (Gross Asset Requirement) Order 2001 SI 2001/3799
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) (Amendment 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3800
3801–3900
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3801
The Farm Enterprise Grant and Farm Improvement Grant (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3806
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 1) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3807
The Derby College (Incorporation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3808
The Ealing Tertiary College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3809
The Derby College (Government) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3810
The South Wales Sea Fisheries Committee (Levies) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3811
The Community Legal Service (Cost Protection) (Amendment 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3812
The A49 Trunk Road in Cheshire (County of Shropshire Border to the Borough of Warrington Border) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3813
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3814
The Education Development Plans (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3815
The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3816
The A54 Trunk Road in Cheshire (A51 Tarvin Roundabout to A54/A556 Junction) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3817
The A51 Trunk Road in Cheshire (A51/A41 Junction to A51/A49 Tarporley Roundabout and A51/A49 Junction (Four Lanes End) to A51/A500 Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3818
The A41 Trunk Road in Cheshire (No Man's Heath Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3819
The A41 Trunk Road in Cheshire (County of Shropshire Border to the A41/A51 Junction) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3820
The Staffordshire Moorlands Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3821
The A49 Trunk Road (County of Cheshire Border and Borough of Warrington Border to the A49/M56 Roundabout at Stretton) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3822
The Dudley South Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3823
The A41 Trunk Road (Birkenhead (Wirral) to M53 Motorway) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3824
The Dudley Beacon and Castle Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3825
The A556 Trunk Road in Cheshire (A556/A54 Junction to M6 Motorway) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3826
The A500 Trunk Road in Cheshire (A500/A51 Roundabout to the A500 Cheerbrook Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2001 SI 2001/3827
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3828
The Newcastle-under-Lyme Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3829
The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3830
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3831
The Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3832
The Soundwell College, Bristol (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/3833
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3834
The Ealing Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3835
The East Basildon Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3836
The Birmingham (Kitts Green and Shard End) Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3837
The North Southwark Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3838
The Leigh Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3839
The Kingston upon Hull (Bransholme Area) Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3840
The East Brighton Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3841
The Halifax Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3842
The North East Sheffield Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3843
The Plymouth Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3844
The Thetford Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3845
The South Tyneside Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3846
The Birmingham (Aston and Nechells) Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3847
The Nottingham (Bulwell) Education Action Zone (Extension and Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3848
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3849
The Hounslow Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3850
The Hammersmith and Fulham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3851
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 9 (England) and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3852
Fur Farming (Compensation Scheme) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3853
Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2001 SI 2001/3854
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3860
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 13) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3861
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 13) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3865
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Sprintlink UK Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/3866
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (SSE Telecommunications Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/3867
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Midlands Electricity PLC) Order 2001 SI 2001/3868
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Alpha Telecom Communications Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/3869
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Eigernet Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/3870
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (LETel Limited) Order 2001 SI 2001/3871
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2001 SI 2001/3872
The Double Taxation Relief (Surrender of Relievable Tax Within a Group) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3873
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) (No. 3) Order 2001 SI 2001/3874
The District of Forest of Dean (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3880
The Borough of Tewkesbury (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3881
The Borough of Cheltenham (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3882
The District of Stroud (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3883
The City of Gloucester (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3884
The District of Cotswold (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3885
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2001 SI 2001/3886
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3887
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Consequential Amendments) (Police Ranks) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3888
The District of Waveney (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3889
The Borough of Ipswich (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3890
The District of Mid Suffolk (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3891
The District of Suffolk Coastal (Electoral Changes)Order 2001 SI 2001/3892
The District of Forest Heath (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3893
The District of Babergh (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3894
The Borough of St Edmundsbury (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/3895
The Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3896
The Rural Development Grants (Agriculture and Forestry) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3897
The Plant Protection Products (Payments) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3898
The Rural Development Grants (Local Communities) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3899
The England Rural Development Programme (Project Variations) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3900
3901–4000
The Education (External Qualifications) (Description of Tests) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3901
The Public Trustee (Notices Affecting Land) (Title on Death) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3902
The Slaughter Premium (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3906
The Education (Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales) (Conferment of Function) Order 2001 SI 2001/3907
The Drivers' Hours (Goods Vehicles) (Milk Collection) (Temporary Exemption) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3908
The Colours in Food (Amendment)(Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3909
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3910
The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3911
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) Order 2000 Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3912
The Electricity from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources (Locational Flexibility) Order 2001 SI 2001/3914
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3915
The Non-Domestic Rating (Designation of Rural Areas) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3916
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order 2001 SI 2001/3917
The High Court of Justiciary (Proceedings in the Netherlands) (United Nations) (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3918
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/3919
The United Nations (International Tribunal) (Rwanda) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3920
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2001 SI 2001/3921
The Visiting Forces Act (Application to Bermuda) Order 2001 SI 2001/3922
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3923
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) Order 2001 SI 2001/3924
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Lithuania) Order 2001 SI 2001/3925
The Dentists Act 1984 (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3926
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Enforcement of External Orders) Order 2001 SI 2001/3927
The Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments (Authentic Instruments and Court Settlements) Order 2001 SI 2001/3928
The Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Order 2001 SI 2001/3929
The Landmines Act 1998 (Jersey) Order 2001 SI 2001/3930
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3931
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2001 SI 2001/3932
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Modification) Order 2001 SI 2001/3933
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 4) Order 2001 SI 2001/3934
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and the European Community and its Member States (The Cotonou Agreement)) Order 2001 SI 2001/3935
The Repatriation of Prisoners Act 1984 (Isle of Man) Order 2001 SI 2001/3936
The Regulatory Reform (Special Occasions Licensing) Order 2001 SI 2001/3937
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3938
The Local Elections (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) Order 2001 SI 2001/3941
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/3942
The Education (Special Educational Needs Code of Practice) (Appointed Day) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/3943
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3944
The Protection of the Euro against Counterfeiting Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3948
The Registered Designs Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3949
The Registered Designs (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3950
The Registered Designs (Fees) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/3951
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Croydon Tramlink Class CR4000 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/3952
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (ScotRail Class 170/4 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/3953
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/3954
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (C2C Class 357/0 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001 SI 2001/3955
The Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for use Outdoors (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3958
The Northern Ireland (Date of Next Assembly Poll) Order 2001 SI 2001/3959
The BSE Monitoring (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3960
The Local Authorities (Arrangements for the Discharge of Functions) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3961
The Local Government Commission for England (Transfer of Functions) Order 2001 SI 2001/3962
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment (No. 7) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3963
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3964
The Care Homes Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3965
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Uncultivated Land and Semi-natural Areas) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3966
The Children's Homes Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3967
The Private and Voluntary Health Care (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3968
The National Care Standards Commission (Registration) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3969
The Gaming Machines (Maximum Prizes) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3970
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/3971
The Return of Cultural Objects (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3972
The Friendly Societies (Provisional Repayments for Exempt Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3973
The Individual Savings Account (Insurance Companies) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3974
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3975
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3980
The Goods Vehicles (Enforcement Powers) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3981
The Special Educational Needs Tribunal (Time Limits) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3982
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 2001 SI 2001/3984
The Preserved Rights (Transfer of Responsibilities to Local Authorities) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3985
The Countryside Stewardship (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3991
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement 2) (Wales) Order 2001 SI 2001/3992
General Teaching Council for England (Deduction of Fees) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3993
The Education Standards Fund (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3994
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3996
The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) Order 2001 SI 2001/3997
The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3998
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3999
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4000
4001–4100
The Countryside Access (Draft Maps) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4001
The Countryside Access (Local Access Forums) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4002
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4003
The Radioactive Substances (Clocks and Watches) (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4005
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4006
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4007
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4008
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 13) Order 2001 SI 2001/4009
The Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4010
The Electricity and Gas (Energy Efficiency Obligations) Order 2001 SI 2001/4011
The Crown Court (Amendment) ( 3) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4012
The Magistrates' Courts (Detention and Forfeiture of Terrorist Cash) (No. 2) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4013
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4014
The Civil Procedure (Amendment 5) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4015
The Civil Procedure (Amendment 6) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4016
The Charities (The Bridge House Estates) Order 2001 SI 2001/4017
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Commencement 1 and Consequential Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/4019
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4020
The Lottery Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4021
The Social Security (Loss of Benefit) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4022
The Social Security Contributions (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4023
The Referrals to the Special Commissioners Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4024
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4025
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4026
The Aggregates Levy (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4027
The Amusement Machine Licence Duty (Medium-prize Machines) Order 2001 SI 2001/4028
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (England) (No. 14) Order 2001 SI 2001/4029
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4030
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (No. 3) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4031
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment 2)Order 2001 SI 2001/4032
The Finance Act 2001, section 24 and Schedule 4, (Appointed Day) Order 2001 SI 2001/4033
The Amusements with Prizes (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2001 SI 2001/4034
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/4035
The Disabled Facilities Grants and Home Repair Assistance (Maximum Amounts) (Amendment 2) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/4036
The Coventry Technical College (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/4037
The River Thames (Hungerford Footbridges) (Variation) Order 2001 SI 2001/4038
The Insurers (Winding Up) (Scotland) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4040
The Transport Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2001 SI 2001/4041
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4043
The National Treatment Agency (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4044
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4045
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 14) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4046
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 14) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4047
The BSE Monitoring (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4048
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement 12) Order 2001 SI 2001/4049
The Transport Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2001 SI 2001/4050
The Driving Licences (Disqualification until Test Passed) (Prescribed Offence) Order 2001 SI 2001/4051
The District of Lewes (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4052
The District of Wealden (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4053
The District of Rother (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4054
The City of Brighton and Hove (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4055
The Borough of Hastings (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4056
The Borough of Eastbourne (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4057
The Public Records Act 1958 (Admissibility of Electronic Copies of Public Records) Order 2001 SI 2001/4058
The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (Commencement 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/4059
The Street Works (Charges for Occupation of the Highway) (England) Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4060
The Local Authorities (Contracting Out of Highway Functions) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/4061
The Borough of Milton Keynes (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4062
The City of Oxford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4063
The District of Vale of White Horse (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4064
The District of Cherwell (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4065
The Borough of Bedford (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4066
The District of Mid Bedfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4067
The District of South Bedfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2001 SI 2001/4068
The Burnley (Parish) Order 2001 (SI 2001/4069)
The Warwick (Parish) Order 2001 (SI 2001/4070)
4101–4200
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Commencement 2) (Scotland) Order 2001 SI 2001/4104
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2001 SI 2001/4111
The Amalgamation of the Holmewood and Stilton and Yaxley Internal Drainage Districts Order 2001 SI 2001/4114
The Amalgamation of the Whittlesey and Whittlesey Fifth Internal Drainage Districts Order 2001 SI 2001/4115
The Lowestoft Primary Care Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4116
The Southern Norfolk Primary Care Trust (Establishment) (Amendment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4117
The Lancashire Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Guild Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust and the North Sefton and the West Lancashire Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/4118
The Gloucestershire Hospitals and the Gloucestershire Partnership National Health Service Trusts (Establishment) and the East Gloucestershire National Health Service Trust, the Gloucestershire Royal National Health Service Trust and the Severn National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/4119
The 5 Boroughs Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Warrington Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2001 SI 2001/4120
The A47 Trunk Road (Hardwick Roundabout) Order 2001 SI 2001/4121
The Castle Point and Rochford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4122
The Ipswich Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4125
The Central Suffolk Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4126
The Suffolk West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4127
The Cambridge City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4128
The Broadland Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4129
The Chelmsford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4130
The North Norfolk Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4131
The Hinckley and Bosworth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4132
The Barnsley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4133
The South Leicestershire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4134
The East Lincolnshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4135
The Charnwood and North West Leicestershire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4136
The Derbyshire Dales and South Derbyshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4137
The Rotherham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4138
The Bristol South and West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4139
The Taunton Deane Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4140
The West Gloucestershire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4141
The Central Cornwall Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4142
The North and East Cornwall Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4143
The Cheltenham and Tewkesbury Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4144
The Cotswold and Vale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4145
The Bristol North Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4146
The South Somerset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4147
The Suffolk Coastal Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2001 SI 2001/4148
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement 7) (England) Order 2001 SI 2001/4149
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement 10 (England) and Transitional, Savings and Amendment Provisions) Order 2001 SI 2001/4150
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
References
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4388005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202003 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2003 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom made in 2003.
1–100
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1 (C. 1))
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2 (C. 2))
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 4 (W.2))
Gorchymyn Daliadau Amaethyddol (Unedau Cynhyrchu) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 4 (Cy.2))
The Revenue Support Grant (Specified Bodies) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 5)
The Suppression of Terrorism Act 1978 (Designation of Countries) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 6)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 23)
The Value Added Tax (Health and Welfare) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 24)
The Prohibition of Keeping or Release of Live Fish (Specified Species) (Amendment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 25)
The National Health Service (Out of Hours Provision of Personal Medical Services and Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 26)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 27)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 28)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 29)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 30)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 31)
The Access to the Countryside (Provisional and Conclusive Maps) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 32)
The Electronic Communications (Universal Service) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 33)
The Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) (Information Centre and Compensation Body) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 37)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 43)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 44)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 45)
The Public Contracts (Works, Services and Supply) and Utilities Contracts (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 46)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Exemption) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 47)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 48)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 49)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 50)
The Education (Further Education Institutions Information) (England) (Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 51)
The Supply of Beer (Loan Ties, Licensed Premises and Wholesale Prices) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 52)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 11) (England) Order 2002 (S.I. 2003 No. 53 (C. 3))
The Housing (Right to Acquire and Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 54 (W.5))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Gaffael a Hawl i Brynu) (Ardaloedd Gwledig Dynodedig a Rhanbarthau Dynodedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 54 (Cy.5))
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Designation of Public Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 55)
The Seeds (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Wales) 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 56 (W.6))
Rheoliadau Hadau (Diwygiadau Amrywiol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 56 (Cy.6))
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Welsh Language Forms) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 61)
Rheoliadau (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) Partneriaethau Atebolrwydd Cyfyngedig 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 61)
The Companies (Welsh Language Forms) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 62)
Rheoliadau (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) Cwmnïau 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 62)
The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 63)
The Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 64)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 74)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (Sponsorship) Transitional Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 77)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Appeals under Part 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 82)
The State Pension Credit Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 83 (C.4 )])
The Finance Act 2002, Section 57(3) and (4)(a), (Appointed Day Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 88 (C. 5)])
The A64 Trunk Road (Whinmoor Roundabout to County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 89)
The A6120 Trunk Road (Weetwood Roundabout to Junction 46 of the M1) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 90)
The A660 Trunk Road (Boundary of The City of Bradford And Leeds City to Weetwood Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 91)
The Crown Office Fees Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 92)
The A596 Trunk Road (Lillyhall to Thursby) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 93)
The A595 Trunk Road (Carlisle City Boundary to Thursby) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 94)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (District of Bath and North East Somerset) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 95)
The Community Investment Tax Relief (Accreditation of Community Development Finance Institutions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 96)
101–200
The ABRO Trading Fund (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 105)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 106)
The Education (Teachers’ Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 107)
The Road User Charging (Enforcement and Adjudication) (London) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 108)
The Road User Charging (Charges and Penalty Charges) (London) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 109)
The Road User Charging and Workplace Parking Levy (Net Proceeds) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 110)
The A3 Trunk Road (Thursley Junction Slip Roads) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 111)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (England and Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 114)
The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) (Extension) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 115)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Welsh Language) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 117)
The Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 118)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 120 (C. 6)])
The Scottish Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 122 (S. 1)])
The Tax Credits (Interest Rate) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 123)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No.4 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 124 (C. 7)])
The A167 Trunk Road (Junction 59 of the A1(M) to junction 63 of the A1(M)) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 125)
The A1079 Trunk Road (County Boundary to Dunswell Drain) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 126)
The A614 Trunk Road (Longs Corner to Junction 37 of the M62) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 127)
The A63 Trunk Road (County Boundary to Longs Corner) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 128)
The Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 129)
The Bluetongue Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 130)
The Countryside Access (Dedication of Land as Access Land) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 135 (W.9))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Cyflwyno Tir fel Tir Mynediad) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 135 (Cy.9))
The Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 136)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records)(Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 137)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) and (Dental Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 138 (W.10))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) a (Ffioedd Deintyddol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 138 (Cy.10))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) and (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 139 (W.11))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) a (Gwasanaethau Fferyllol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 139 (Cy.11))
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 140 (W.12))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau a Safonau Iechyd Athrawon) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 140 (Cy.12))
The Countryside Access (Exclusion or Restriction of Access) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 142 (W.14))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Gwahardd neu Gyfyngu Mynediad) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 142 (Cy.14))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 143 (W.15))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 143 (Cy.15))
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Discharge of Functions) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 147 (W.17))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth) (Cyflawni Swyddogaethau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 147 (Cy.17))
The Local Health Boards (Establishment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 148 (W.18))
Gorchymyn Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Sefydlu) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 148 (Cy.18))
The Local Health Boards (Constitution, Membership and Procedures) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 149 (W.19))
Rheoliadau Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Cyfansoddiad, Aelodaeth a Gweithdrefnau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 149 (Cy.19))
The Local Health Boards (Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 150 (W.20))
Rheoliadau'r Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Swyddogaethau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 150 (Cy.20))
The Sheep Annual Premium (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 151 (W.21))
Rheoliadau Premiwm Blynyddol Defaid (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 151 (Cy.21))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 10) and Transitional Provisions (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 152 (W.22) (C.8))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 10) a Darpariaethau Trosiannol (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 152 (Cy.22) (C.8))
The Local Authorities Executive Arrangements (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 153 (W.23))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth Awdurdodau Lleol (Swyddogaethau a Chyfrifoldebau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 153 (Cy.23))
The Health, Social Care and Well-being Strategies (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 154 (W.24))
Rheoliadau Strategaethau Iechyd, Gofal Cymdeithasol a Llesiant (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 154 (Cy.24))
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 155 (W.25))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Amgen) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 155 (Cy.25))
The District of Broadland (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 157)
The District of Bromsgrove (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 158)
The Borough of Middlesbrough (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 159)
The District of North Norfolk (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 160)
The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 161)
The Borough of Redcar and Cleveland (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 162)
The Education (School Admissions Code of Practice and School Admission Appeals Code of Practice) (Appointed Day) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.163)
The Water Resources (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 164)
The Land Registration Fees Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 165)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 166)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No.2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 167 (W.27))
Gorchymyn Adnabod a Symud Defaid a Geifr (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 167 (Cy.27))
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No.2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 168 (W.28))
Gorchymyn Rheoli Clefydau (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 168 (Cy.28))
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 169 (W.29))
Gorchymyn Crynoadau Anifeiliaid (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 169 (Cy.29))
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 170 (W.30))
Gorchymyn Moch (Cofnodion, Adnabod a Symud) (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 170 (Cy.30))
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Failure to Disclose Money Laundering: Specified Training) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 171)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (References to Financial Investigators) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 172)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Crown Servants) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 173)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Application of Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 174)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Financial Threshold for Civil Recovery) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 175)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 181 (W.39) (C.9))
Gorchymyn Deddf Mabwysiadu a Phlant 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 181 (Cy.31) (C.9))
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 182)
The Adoption (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 183 (L. 1)])
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 184 (L. 2)])
The Non-Contentious Probate (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 185 (L. 3)])
The Divorce (Religious Marriages) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 186 (C. 10)])
The Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts) (Open University) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 187)
The Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts and Cable Programmes) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 188)
The Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 189 (C.18)])
The Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 190)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 192 (C. 11)])
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 193)
The Child Support (Applications: Prescribed Date) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.194)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 195)
201–300
The Weights and Measures (Standards Amendment)Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 214)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement No. 10) (Scotland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 215 (C.12) (S.2)])
The East Sussex Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Eastbourne Hospitals National Health Service Trust and Hastings and Rother National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2002 (S.I. 2003 No. 216)
Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order ofCouncil 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 219)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 222)
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 225)
The Vehicles Crime (Registration of Registration Plate Suppliers) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 228)
The Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 229)
The Air Passenger Duty and Other Indirect Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 230)
The Social Security (Child Maintenance Premium and Miscellaneous Amendments) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 231)
The Long Residential Tenancies (Principal Forms) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 233 (W.33))
Rheoliadau Tenantiaethau Preswyl Hir (Prif Ffurflenni) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 233 (Cy.33))
The National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (Increase of Endowment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 235)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 236)
The Fostering Services (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 237 (W.35))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Maethu (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 237 (Cy.35))
The Allocation of Housing (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 239 (W.36))
Rheoliadau Dyrannu Tai (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 239 (Cy.36))
The Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 241)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2003/04) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 248)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 249 (C.13)])
The National Health Service (General Dental Services Supplementary List) and (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 250)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (Borough of Christchurch) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 251)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 252)
Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 253)
Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 254)
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 255)
The Regulatory Reform (Credit Unions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 256)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) (Amendment and Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 258 (C. 15)])
The Regulatory Reform (Assured Periodic Tenancies) (Rent Increases) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 259)
The Assured Tenancies and Agricultural Occupancies (Forms) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 260)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 270)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 271)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 272 (C. 16)])
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.273 (C.17)])
The Income and Corporation Taxes (Electronic Communications) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 282)
The National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 284)
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 285)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 286)
The Education (Pupil Referral Units) (Appeals Against Permanent Exclusion) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 287 (W.39))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Unedau Cyfeirio Disgyblion) (Apelau yn erbyn Gwaharddiadau Parhaol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 287 (Cy.39))
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 288 (C. 14)])
The Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 289)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Recovery from Pension Schemes) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 291)
The Trunk Road Charging Schemes (Bridges and Tunnels) (Keeping of Accounts) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 298)
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 299)
The Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 300 (W.42))
Rheoliadau Traffig Ffyrdd (Allyriadau Cerbydau) (Cosbau Penodedig) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 300 (Cy.42))
301–400
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 301 (W.43))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 301 (Cy.43))
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 302 (W.44))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau ac Eitemau Plastig mewn Cysylltiad â Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 302 (Cy.44))
The Credit Unions Act 1979 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 306 (C.19)])
The Assured Tenancies and Agricultural Occupancies (Forms) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 307 (W.46))
Rheoliadau Tenantiaethau Sicr a Meddianaethau Amaethyddol Sicr (Ffurflenni) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 307 (Cy.46))
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 308)
The District of Rutland (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 322)
The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 323)
The Social Security Pensions (Low Earnings Threshold) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 324)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (State Pension Credit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 325)
The Bluetongue (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 326 (W.47))
Gorchymyn y Tafod Glas (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 326 (Cy.47))
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 328)
The Rating Lists (Valuation Date) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 329)
The Electronic Communications (Market Analysis) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 330)
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 331 (L.4)])
The Child Minding and Day Care (Suspension of Registration) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 332)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5, Transitional Provisions, Savings and Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 333 (C. 20)])
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Investigations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Code of Practice) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 334)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Disclosure of Information) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 335)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Exemptions from Civil Recovery) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 336)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No.13) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 346 (C. 21)])
The Child Support (Transitional Provision)(Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 347)
School Governance (Constitution) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 348)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 354)
The Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 362 (C. 22)])
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 363)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 364 (L. 5)])
Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.17 (England) and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 365 (C. 23)])
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 366 (C. 24)])
The Voluntary Adoption Agencies and the Adoption Agencies (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 367)
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Adoption Agencies) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 368)
National Care Standards Commission (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 369)
The Local Authority Adoption Service (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 370)
The Consistent Financial Reporting (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 373)
Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 375 (L. 6)])
The Education (Residential Trips)(Prescribed Tax Credits) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 381)
The Education (School Lunches) (Prescribed Requirements) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 382)
The Education (Free School Lunches) (Prescribed Tax Credits) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 383)
Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 385)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 389 (W.51))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Cyfansoddiad) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 389 (Cy.51))
The Town and Country Planning (Referrals and Appeals) (Written Representations Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 390 (W.52))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Atgyfeiriadau ac Apelau) (Gweithdrefn Sylwadau Ysgrifenedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 390 (Cy.52))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Foundation Stage Early Learning Goals) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 391)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 392 (C. 25)])
The Traffic Signs (Amendment) General Directions 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 393)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement Notices and Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 394 (W.53))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Hysbysiadau Gorfodi ac Apelau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 394 (Cy.53))
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Written Representations Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 395 (W.54))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Gorfodi) (Gweithdrefn Sylwadau Ysgrifenedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 395 (Cy.54))
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 396 (C. 26)])
The Wireless Telegraphy (Public Fixed Wireless Access Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 397)
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 398 (W.55))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Refferenda) (Deisebau a Chyfarwyddiadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 398 (Cy.55))
The Movement of Animals (Restrictions) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 399 (W.56))
Gorchymyn Symud Anifeiliaid (Cyfyngiadau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 399 (Cy.56))
The Social Security (Work-focused Interviews for Lone Parents) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.400)
401–500
The Nuclear Industries Security Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 403)
The Building Societies Act 1986 (Electronic Communications) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 404)
The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.405)
The M4 Motorway Slip Road (Junction 44, Lon-Las) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 406 (W.57))
Cynllun Fordd Ymuno Traffordd yr M4 (Cyffordd 44, Lô n-Las) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 406 (Cy.57))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 407 (S. 3)])
The European Convention on Extradition (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 408)
The Scottish Parliament (Disqualification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 409 (S. 4)])
The Strategic Investment and Regeneration of Sites (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 410 (N.I. 1)])
The Agricultural Subsidies (Appeals) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 411 (W.58))
Rheoliadau Cymorthdaliadau Amaethyddol (Apelau) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 411 (Cy.58))
The Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 412 (N.I. 2)])
The Marriage (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 413 (N.I. 3)])
The Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 414 (W.59))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 414 (Cy.59))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 415 (S. 5)])
The Prohibition of Keeping or Release of Live Fish (Specified Species) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 416 (W.60))
Gorchymyn Gwahardd Cadw neu Ollwng Pysgod Byw (Rhywogaethau Penodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 416 (Cy.60))
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 417 (N.I. 4)])
The Audit and Accountability (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 418 (N.I. 5)])
The Energy (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 419 (N.I. 6)])
The Budget (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 420 (N.I. 7)])
The Crown Court (Confiscation, Restraint and Receivership) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 421 (L. 7)])
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 422 (L.8)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 423 (L. 9)])
The Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 424 (N.I. 12)])
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Investigations in different parts of the United Kingdom) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 425)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 426)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Continuance of Part VII) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 427)
The Criminal Appeal (Confiscation, Restraint and Receivership) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 428 (L. 10)])
The Biocidal Products (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 429)
The Planning (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 430 (N.I. 8)])
The Health and Personal Social Services (Quality, Improvement and Regulation) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 431 (N.I. 9)])
The European Communities (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 432)
The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 433)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 434)
Access to Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 435 (N.I. 10)])
The European Convention on Extradition (Fiscal Offences) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 436)
The National Assembly for Wales (Disqualification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 437)
The Public Records (Designation of Bodies) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 438)
The Commissioner for Children and Young People (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 439 (N.I. 11)])
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 453)
The Social Security (Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 455)
The Bermuda Constitution (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 456)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Transfer of Staff) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.457)
The Proceeds of Crime Act (Appeals under Part 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 458)
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Designated Professional Body) (Fee) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 460)
The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 461)
The Tax Credits (Approval of Home Child Care Providers) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 463)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 464)
The Aggregates Levy (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 465)
The Aggregates Levy (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 466)
The Customs (Presentation of Goods for Export) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 467)
The Education (Additional Functions of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 469)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.470)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.471)
The Payments to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 472)
The Local Health Boards (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 473 (W.63))
Gorchymyn y Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Trosglwyddo Eiddo, Hawliau a Rhwymedigaethau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 473 (Cy.63))
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 474)
The Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 475)
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 478)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 481 (W.67))
Gorchymyn Crynoadau Anifeiliaid (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 481 (Cy.67))
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 482 (W.68))
Gorchymyn Cludo Anifeiliaid (Glanhau a Diheintio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 482 (Cy.68))
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 483 (W.69))
Gorchymyn Rheoli Clefydau (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 483 (Cy.69))
The Cross-Border Payments in Euro Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 488)
The Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 489)
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 490)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administration) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 492)
The Child Benefit (General) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 493)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administrative Arrangements) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 494)
The Guardian's Allowance (General) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 495)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 496)
The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Functions) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 497)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Limits on Discount) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 498)
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (Application of Parts 12ZA and 12ZB to Adoptions from Overseas) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 499)
The Statutory Paternity Pay (Adoption) and Statutory Adoption Pay (Adoptions from Overseas) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 500)
501–600
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.11) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 501 (W.70) (C.27))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 11) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 501 (Cy.70) (C.27))
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 502)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Disciplinary Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 503 (W.71))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Disgyblu) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 503 (Cy.71))
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 504)
The Health Protection Agency (Yr Asiantaeth Diogelu Iechyd) (Establishment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 505)
The Health Protection Agency (Yr Asiantaeth Diogelu Iechyd) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 506)
The School Organisation Proposals by the Learning and Skills Council for England Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 507)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 508)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales and Scotland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 509)
The Oxford and Cherwell College (Incorporation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 510)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 511)
The Patents Act 1977 (Electronic Communications) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 512)
The Patents (Electronic Communications) (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 513)
The Oxford and Cherwell College (Government) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 514)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment No. 2) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 515)
The Rugby College of Further Education (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 516)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 517)
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 518)
The Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 519)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 520)
The Social Security (Credits) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 521)
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 522 (W.72))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Gweinyddu a Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 522 (Cy.72))
The Education (Governors' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 523)
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 524)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 525 (W.73) (C.28))
Gorchymyn Deddf Diwygio'r Heddlu 2002 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 525 (Cy.73) (C.28))
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 526)
The Police Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 527)
The Police (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 528)
The Tir Gofal (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 529 (W.74))
Rheoliadau Tir Gofal (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 529 (Cy.74))
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 530)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) (Amendment of Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 531 (C. 29)])
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 532)
The Accounts and Audit Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 533)
The Care Homes (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 534)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 535)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry and Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 536)
The Education Act 2002 (Academies) (Consequential Amendments) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 537)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 538 (W.75))
Rheoliadau Ariannu Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 538 (Cy.75))
The British Nationality (British Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 539)
The British Nationality (Hong Kong) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 540)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 541)
The Education (Supply of Information) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 542 (W.76))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cyflenwi Gwybodaeth) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 542 (Cy.76))
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 543 (W.77))
Rheoliadau (Trefniadau Ymsefydlu ar gyfer Athrawon Ysgol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 543 (Cy.77))
The Westminster Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 544)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 545)
Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 547)
The British Nationality (General) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 548)
The Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 549)
The Registered Designs Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 550)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 551)
The Water Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 552)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 553)
The South of England Virtual Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 554)
The Great Yarmouth Achievement Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 555)
The Derby North East Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 556)
The North Stockton Community Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 557)
The Action for Education and Employment South East Sheffield Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 558)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 559 (W.79))
Gorchymyn Pysgota Môr (Gorfodi Mesurau Rheoli'r Gymuned) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 559 (Cy.79))
The North West Shropshire Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 560)
The Bristol Education Action Zone (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 561)
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones)(England) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 562)
The Railways (Safety Case) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 579)
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 580 (C. 30)])
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 582)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 585)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 586)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 595)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 596)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 600)
601–700
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 601)
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Hexachloroethane) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 602)
The Finance Act 2002, section 123, (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 603 (C.31)])
The Climate Change Levy (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 604)
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 605)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 606 (C.32)])
The Shellfish (Specified Sea Area) (Prohibition of Fishing Methods) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 607 (W.81))
Gorchymyn Pysgod Cregyn (Ardal Fôr Benodedig) (Gwahardd Dulliau Pysgota) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 607 (Cy.81))
The Social Security (Earnings Factor) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 608)
The Misuse of Drugs (Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 611)
The Immigration Control (Provision of Facilities at Ports) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 612)
The Wolverhampton Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 613)
The Doncaster and South Humber Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 614)
The Local Health Partnerships National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 615)
The Mid Essex Hospital Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 616)
The Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Northern Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust and South Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 617)
The Salisbury Health care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 618)
The Southwark Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 619)
The Surrey and Sussex Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 620)
The Surrey Hampshire Borders National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 621)
The University College London Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 622)
The Winchester and Eastleigh Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 623)
The Bath and North East Somerset Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 624)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices(Fees Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 625)
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 626)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 627)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 628)
The NHS Bodies and Local Authorities Partnership Arrangements (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 629)
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme, Injury Benefits and Compensation for Premature Retirement) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 631)
The South Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 632)
The Northern Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 633)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (District of Maldon) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 634)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (District of Basildon) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 635)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 636)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 637)
The Magistrates' Courts (Detention and Forfeiture of Cash) (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 638 (L. 11)])
The Crown Court (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 639)
The Commission Areas (Greater London) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 640)
The Commission Areas (South Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 641)
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 642)
The Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 643)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 644)
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 645 (L. 12)])
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 646 (L. 13)])
The Supreme Court (Review of Taxation in Criminal Cases) Fees (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 647 (L. 14)])
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 648 (L.15)])
The Community Legal Service (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 649)
The Community Legal Service (Financial)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 650)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 651)
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Procedure) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 652 (L. 16)])
The Tax Credits (Immigration) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 653)
The Tax Credits (Residence) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 654)
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) (Transitional and Saving Provisions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 655)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 656)
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 657)
The Immigration (Notices) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 658)
The Social Security (Maternity Allowance) (Earnings) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 659)
The Plant Protection Products (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 660)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 661)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Plans and Reviews (Amendment) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 662)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 663)
The Awards for All (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 664)
The Climate Change Levy (Use as Fuel) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 665)
The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 666)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 671)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 672)
The Council Tax (Discount Disregards) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 673 (W.83))
Gorchymyn Treth Gyngor (Diystyru Gostyngiad) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 673 (Cy.83))
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 681)
The Education Act 2002 (School Meals) (Consequential Amendments) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 689)
Public Trustee (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 690)
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Continuance in force of sections 21 to 23) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 691)
The Tax Credits (Official Error) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 692)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000(Disclosure of Confidential Information)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 693)
The ACAS (Flexible Working) Arbitration Scheme (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 694)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 696)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 697)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 698)
The National Health Service (Amendments Relating to Prescribing by Nurses and Pharmacists etc.) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 699)
The International Development Association (Thirteenth Replenishment) Order 2002 (S.I. 2003 No. 700)
701–800
The Working Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 701)
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 702)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Codes B to E) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 703)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(Codes of Practice) (Modifications to Codes C and D)(Certain Police Areas) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 704)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Code E) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 705)
The Revenue Support Grant (Specified Bodies) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 706 (W.85))
Rheoliadau Grant Cynnal Refeniw (Cyrff Penodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 706 (Cy.85))
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 707 (C. 33)])
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 708 (C.34)])
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 709 (C. 35)])
The Local Authority Adoption Service and Miscellaneous Amendments (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 710 (W.86))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Mabwysiadu Awdurdodau Lleol a Diwygiadau Amrywiol (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 710 (Cy.86))
The District of South Cambridgeshire (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 711)
The Disability Discrimination (Blind and Partially Sighted Persons) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 712)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 713 (W.87) (C.36))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 4) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 713 (Cy.87) (C.36))
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 714)
The Working Tax Credit (Payment by Employers) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 715)
The Grinling Gibbons Primary School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 716)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 717 (L. 17)])
The County Court Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 718 (L. 18)])
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 719 (L. 19)])
The Court Funds (Amendment No.2) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 720 (L. 20)])
The Creosote (Prohibition on Use and Marketing) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 721)
The Equal Pay (Questions and Replies) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 722)
The Tax Credits (Claims and Notifications and Payments by the Board) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 723)
The A660 Trunk Road (Burley Hall Roundabout to City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 724)
The A65 Trunk Road (Burley Hall Roundabout to City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 725)
The A19 Trunk Road (Rawcliffe Roundabout to City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 726)
The A1079 Trunk Road (Grimston Bar Interchange to City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 727)
The A19 Trunk Road (County Boundary to Fulford Interchange) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 728)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Functions Relating to Health) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 731)
The Tax Credits (Definition and Calculation of Income) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 732)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) Amendment (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 733)
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits (Northern Ireland) Act 1992 (Modifications for Her Majesty's Forces and Incapacity Benefit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 735)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 736)
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (Modifications for Her Majesty's Forces and Incapacity Benefit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 737)
The Child Tax Credit (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 738)
The Tax Credits (Polygamous Marriages) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 742)
Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales (Accounts, Audit and Reports) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 749)
The Energy Information (Household Air Conditioners) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 750)
The Energy Information (Household Electric Ovens) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 751)
The Medicated Feedingstuffs (Amendment) (Scotland, England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 752)
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 753)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 754 (C. 37)])
The Asylum Support (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 755)
The Tribunals and Inquiries (Road User Charging Adjudicators) (London) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 756)
The Anglian Water Parks Byelaws (Extension) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 757)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No.13) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 758 (C. 38)])
The Bolton, Salford and Trafford Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Mental Health Services of Salford National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 759)
The Community Health Sheffield National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 760)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Isles of Scilly) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 761)
The Community Care, Services for Carers and Children's Services (Direct Payments) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 762)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 765 (C.39)])
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 766 (C. 40)])
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Consequential and Transitory Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 767)
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 768)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 769)
The Income-related Benefits and Jobseeker's Allowance (Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 770)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ships on Domestic Voyages) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 771)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 772)
The Performances (Reciprocal Protection) (Convention Countries and Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 773)
The Copyright (Application to Other Countries) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 774)
The Maximum Number of Judges Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 775)
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (United States of America) (Variation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 776)
The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 777)
The Common Investment (Closure of High Yield Fund) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 778)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 780 (W.91))
Rheoliadau Trwyddedu Rheoli Gwastraff (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 780 (Cy.91))
The Residential Family Centres (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 781 (W.92))
Rheoliadau Canolfannau Preswyl i Deuluoedd (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 781 (Cy.92))
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 782 (W.93))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 782 (Cy.93))
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 783 (W.94))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Fferyllol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 783 (Cy.94))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 784 (W.95))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 784 (Cy.95))
Air Force Act 1955 (Part 1) Regulations 2001 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 786)
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 788)
The Norfolk and Norwich Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 791)
The North Staffordshire Hospital National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 792)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 800)
801–900
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Fast Track Procedure) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 801 (L. 21)])
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Limits of Discount) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 803 (W.97))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Terfynau'r Disgownt) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 803 (Cy.97))
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No.4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 808 (C. 43)])
The A638 Trunk Road (South of Doncaster) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 809)
The Carlisle (Parishes Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 810)
The Wyre (Parishes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 811)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 812)
The Health Authorities (Transfer of Functions, Staff, Property, Rights and Liabilities and Abolition) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 813 (W.98))
Gorchymyn Awdurdodau Iechyd (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau, Staff, Eiddo, Hawliau a Rhwymedigaethau a Diddymu) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 813 (Cy.98))
The Health Authorities (Transfer of Functions, Staff, Property, Rights and Liabilities and Abolition) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 814 (W.99))
Gorchymyn Awdurdodau Iechyd (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau, Staff, Eiddo, Hawliau a Rhwymedigaethau a Diddymu) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 814 (Cy.99))
The Powys Local Health Board (Additional Functions) (Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 815 (W.100))
Rheoliadau Bwrdd Iechyd Lleol Powys (Swyddogaethau Ychwanegol) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 815 (Cy.100))
The Local Health Boards (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 816 (W.101))
Rheoliadau'r Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Swyddogaethau) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 816 (Cy.101))
The Powys Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 817 (W.102))
Gorchymyn Ymddiriedolaeth Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol Gofal Iechyd Powys (Diddymu) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 817 (Cy.102))
The Local Health Boards (Transfer of Staff) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 818 (W.103))
Gorchymyn y Byrddau Iechyd Lleol (Trosglwyddo Staff) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 818 (Cy.103))
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 828)
The Grants to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 829)
The Police (Revocation of Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 830)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 832 (W.104))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 832 (Cy.104))
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 833 (C. 45)])
The Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 834)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 835)
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 837 (W.106))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 837 (Cy.106))
The Entry Level Agri-Environment Scheme (Pilot) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 838)
The Public Lending Right (Increase of Limit) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.839)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 840)
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 841)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 842)
The Retirement Benefit Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 843)
The Black Country Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 844)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.845)
The Gas (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 847)
The Electricity (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 848)
The Financial Assistance For Industry (Increase of Limit) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 849)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 12) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 850 (C. 46)])
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 851)
The Road Traffic Act 1991 (Special Parking Areas) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 859)
The Education (Remission of Charges Relating to Residential Trips) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 860 (W.107))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Peidio â Chodi Tâl sy'n Ymwneud â Theithiau Preswyl) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 860 (Cy.107))
The Climate Change Levy (Combined Heat and Power Stations) Prescribed Conditions and Efficiency Percentages (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 861)
The Value Added Tax (Place of Supply of Services) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 862)
The Value Added Tax (Reverse Charge) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 863)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (Amendment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 864)
The Brighton Health Care National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 866)
The National Health Service Trusts (Dissolutions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 868)
The Public Records Office (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 871)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 873 (W.109))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Datganiadau Alldro) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 873 (Cy.109))
The Education (Free School Lunches) (Prescribed Tax Credits) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 879 (W.110))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Ciniawau Ysgol Rhad ac am Ddim) (Credydau Treth Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 879 (Cy.110))
The Education (School Lunches) (Prescribed Requirement) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 880 (W.111))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Ciniawau Ysgol) (Gofyniad Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 880 (Cy.111))
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 892 (W.112))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Symiau at Anghenion Personol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 892 (Cy.112))
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development and Childcare Plans) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 893 (W.113))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Addysg Feithrin a Chynlluniau Datblygu Blynyddoedd Cynnar a Gofal Plant) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 893 (Cy.113))
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2003/2004) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 894 (W.114))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyllid Cyfalaf) (Cyfradd y Disgownt ar gyfer 2003/2004) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 894 (Cy.114))
The Local Authorities (Allowances for Members of Community Councils) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 895 (W.115))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau i Aelodau Cynghorau Cymuned) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 895 (Cy.115))
The Fostering Services (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 896 (W.116))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Maethu (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 896 (Cy.116))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 897 (W.117))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 897 (Cy.117))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Slough) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 898)
901–1000
The Local Authorities (Charges for Specified Welfare Services) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 907)
The Horticultural Development Council (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 908)
The Apple and Pear Research Council (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 909)
The M62 Motorway (Rawcliffe to Balkholme Section) Connecting Roads Scheme 1971 (Variation) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 913)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 914)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 915 (W.118))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyllid Cyfalaf) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 915 (Cy.118))
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Decisions and Appeals) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 916)
The Prosecution of Offences (Youth Courts Time Limits) (Revocation and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 917)
The Individual Learning Accounts Wales Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 918 (W.119))
Rheoliadau Cyfrifon Dysgu Unigol Cymru 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 918 (Cy.119))
The Employment Rights Act 1996 (Application of Section 80B to Adoptions from Overseas) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 920)
The Paternity and Adoption Leave (Adoption from Overseas) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 921)
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation)(Additional Payments, Relevant Contributions and Assessment of Resources)(Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 931 (W.121))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Llety Preswyl) (Taliadau Ychwanegol, Cyfraniadau Perthnasol ac Asesu Adnoddau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 931 (Cy.121))
The Basic Curriculum for Wales (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 932 (W.122))
Gorchymyn y Cwricwlwm Sylfaenol ar gyfer Cymru (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 932 (W.122))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.18) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 933 (C. 47)])
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Powers of Seizure) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 934)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 935 (C. 48)])
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 16) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 936 (C. 49)])
The Social Security (Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit) (Consequential Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 937)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 938)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 939 (W.123) (C.50))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 5) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 939 (Cy.123) (C.50))
The Regulatory Reform (Housing Management Agreements) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 940)
The Vehicle and Operator Services Agency Trading Fund Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 942)
The Bus Service Operators Grant (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 943 (W.124))
Rheoliadau Grant Gweithredwyr Gwasanaethau Bysiau (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 943 (Cy.124))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Utilities) (Rateable Value) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 944 (W.125))
Gorchymyn Ardrethu Annomestig (Cyfleustodau) (Gwerth Ardrethol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 944 (Cy.125))
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 945 (W.126))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd Amrywiol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 945 (Cy.126))
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No.2) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 946 (W.127))
Gorchymyn Adnabod a Symud Defaid a Geifr (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 946 (Cy.127))
The Care Homes (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 947 (W.128))
Rheoliadau Cartrefi Gofal (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 947 (Cy.128))
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Designation of Council Directive on Solvent Emissions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 948)
The Town and Country Planning (Electronic Communications) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 956)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 962 (C. 51)])
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 963)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 964)
The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 965)
The State Pension Credit Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 966 (C.52 )])
The Special Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 968)
The National Assistance (Residential Accommodation) (Disregarding of Resources) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 969 (W.131))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Llety Preswyl) (Diystyru Adnoddau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 969 (Cy.131))
The Asylum (Designated States) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 970)
The European Parliamentary Election Petition (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 971 (L. 22)])
The Election Petition (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 972 (L. 23)])
The Administration of the Rent Officer Service (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 973 (W.132))
Gorchymyn Gweinyddu Gwasanaeth y Swyddogion Rhenti (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 973 (Cy.132))
The Preserved Counties (Amendment to Boundaries) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 974 (W.133))
Gorchymyn Siroedd Wedi'u Cadw (Newid Ffiniau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 974 (Cy.133))
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 975 (W.134))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 975 (Cy.134))
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 976 (W.135))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion sy'n Deillio o Anifeiliaid (Mewnforion Trydydd Gwledydd) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 976 (Cy.135))
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 978)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Summarised Accounts of Special Health Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 983)
The District of Adur (Scheme for Elections of Specified Council) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 984)
General Teaching Council for England (Deduction of Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 985)
The Regulatory Reform (Schemes under Section 129 of the Housing Act 1988) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 986)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 989 (W.138))
Rheoliadau Porthiant (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 989 (Cy.138))
The Leasehold Reform (Collective Enfranchisement) (Counter-notices) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 990 (W.139))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Lesddaliad (Rhyddfreinio ar y Cyd) (Gwrth-hysbysiadau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 990 (Cy.139))
The Leasehold Reform (Notices) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 991 (W.140))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Lesddaliad (Hysbysiadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 991 (Cy.140))
The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 992 (W.141))
Rheoliadau Deddf Trwyddedu Sŵau 1981 (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 992 (Cy.141))
Commission For Health Improvement (Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 993 (W.142))
Rheoliadau'r Comisiwn Gwella Iechyd (Swyddogaethau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 993 (Cy.142))
The Commons Registration (General) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 994 (W.143))
Rheoliadau Cofrestru Tir Comin (Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 994 (Cy.143))
1001–1100
The Care Homes (Wales) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1004 (W.144))
Rheoliadau Cartrefi Gofal (Cymru) (Diwygio Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1004 (Cy.144))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1005 (W.145))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1005 (Cy.145))
Education (Pupil Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1006)
The A339 Trunk Road (West Berkshire/Hampshire County Boundary at Knights Bridge, near Bishops Green to south of the A30 Blackdam Roundabout)(Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1007)
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1008)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Consequential and Incidental Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1016)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1017)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1018)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1019)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1021)
The Local Government Pension Scheme and Discretionary Compensation (Local Authority Members in England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1022)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1026)
The Common Investment (Closure of High Yield Fund) (Amendment) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1027)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1028 (C. 53)])
The Town and Country Planning (Prescription of County Matters) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1033)
The Special Immigration Appeals Commission (Procedure) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1034)
The Public Airport Companies (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1035)
The Bus Service Operators Grant (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1036)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1037)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 2 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1038)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1039)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) (Amendment of Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1040 (C. 54)])
The New School (Admissions) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1041)
The Social Security and Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1050)
The Fee for Initial Assessment of Active Substances for Pesticides Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1052)
The Surface Waters (Fishlife) (Classification) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1053)
The Value Added Tax (Supply of Services) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1055)
The Stamp Duty (Disadvantaged Areas) (Application of Exemptions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1056)
The Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1057)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1058)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1059)
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1060)
The A14/U3124 Trimley Entry Slip Road (Levington Link Road) Trunking Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1061)
The East Sussex Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Eastbourne Hospitals National Health Service Trust and Hastings and Rother National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1063)
The Redbridge Primary Care Trust (Establishment)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1064)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1065)
The Primary Care Trusts (Dissolutions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1066)
The Waltham Forest Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1067)
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit) (Her Majesty's Forces) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1068)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1069)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1073)
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1074)
The Network Rail (West Coast Main Line) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1075)
The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Trading Fund Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1076)
The National Patient Safety Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1077)
Diseases of Poultry (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1078)
The Diseases of Poultry (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1079 (W.148))
Gorchymyn Clefydau Dofednod (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1079 (Cy.148))
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1080)
The General Dental Council (Constitution of Committees) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1081)
The Ammonium Nitrate Materials (High Nitrogen Content) Safety Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1082)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1083)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (General Medical Services) and (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1084)
The Premium Savings Bonds (Amendment)Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1085)
The Borough of Hartlepool (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1088)
The Borough of Warrington (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1089)
The Borough of Weymouth and Portland (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1090)
The Borough of Thurrock (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1091)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1092)
Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1093)
The Department of Transport (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1094)
The Road Traffic (Vehicle Testing) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1095 (C. 55)])
The Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1096)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1099)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Code of Practice on Video Recording of Interviews) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1100)
1101–1200
The Pedal Bicycles (Safety) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1101)
The Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding Up) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1102)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Region) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1105)
The Fishing Vessels (EC Directive on Harmonised Safety Regime) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1112)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1113)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1114)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No.5 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1115 (C.56)])
The Companies (Acquisition of Own Shares)(Treasury Shares) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1116)
The Road Transport (International Passenger Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1118)
The Food (Pistachios from Iran) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1119 (W.150))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Cnau Pistasio o Iran) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1119 (Cy.150))
The A45 Trunk Road (A45/A46 Stonebridge Highway Island, Coventry to the A45/A452 Stonebridge Island) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1120)
The Social Security (Removal of Residential Allowance and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1121)
The A6514 Trunk Road (A52 to A60)(Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1122)
The A60 Trunk Road (Woodthorpe Drive, Sherwood to Leapool) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1123)
The A34 Trunk Road (A34/A500 Talke Roundabout, Staffordshire to the A5011 Linley Road, Staffordshire) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1124)
The A614 Trunk Road (Ollerton to Apleyhead) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1139)
The A405 North Orbital Trunk Road (A41 North Western Avenue to M1 Junction 6) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1140)
The A41 Trunk Road (Two Waters) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1141)
The A41 London to Birkenhead Trunk Road (Hertfordshire) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1142)
The A1001 Trunk Road (A1(M) Junction 2 to Junction 4) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1143)
The A414 North Orbital Trunk Road (M10/A414 Park Street Roundabout to A1(M) Junction 3) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1144)
The A405 North Orbital Trunk Road (M25 Junction 21A to M10/A414 Park Street Roundabout (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1145)
The Housing (Right to Acquire and Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1147 (W.155))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Gaffael a Hawl i Brynu) (Ardaloedd Gwledig Dynodedig a Rhanbarthau Dynodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1147 (Cy.155))
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1153)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1155)
The Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) (Variation of Specified Documents) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1156)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1157)
The A420 Trunk Road (Botley Roundabout Oxford to the Oxfordshire County/Swindon Unitary Authority Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1158)
The A40 Trunk Road (Wolvercote Roundabout Oxford to the Oxfordshire/Gloucestershire County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1159)
The A420 Trunk Road (Merlin Way Roundabout Swindon to the Swindon Unitary Authority/Oxfordshire County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1160)
Adoption (Bringing Children into the United Kingdom) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1173)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.)(Examination in Public) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1179)
The Electricity and Gas (Energy Efficiency Obligations) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1180)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) (Designated Countries and Territories) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1181)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1182)
The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1183 (C. 57)])
Education (Prohibition from Teaching or Working with Children) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1184)
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1185)
The General Teaching Council for England (Disciplinary Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1186)
The Social Security and Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1189)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1190 (C. 58)])
The Employment Protection Code of Practice (Time Off) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1191)
The Statutory Paternity Pay (Adoption) and Statutory Adoption Pay (Adoptions from Overseas) (Administration) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1192)
The Statutory Paternity Pay (Adoption) and Statutory Adoption Pay (Adoptions from Overseas)(Persons Abroad and Mariners) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1193)
The Statutory Paternity Pay (Adoption) and Statutory Adoption Pay (Adoptions from Overseas) (No. 2) Regulation 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1194)
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1195)
The Community Care (Delayed Discharges etc.) Act (Qualifying Services) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1196)
The A339 Trunk Road (B4640 Swan Roundabout to West Berkshire/Hampshire County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1199)
The Education (Additional Secondary School Proposals) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1200)
1201–1300
The Education (School Organisation Plans) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1201)
The A339 Trunk Road (B4640 County Boundary (R. Enborne) to A339 Swan Roundabout and A339 Swan Roundabout to A34/A339 Junction) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1204)
The Health Professions Council (Practice Committees) (Constitution) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1209)
The Carers and Disabled Children (Vouchers) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1216)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1229)
The Pilotage (Recognition of Qualifications and Experience) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1230)
The Organic Farming (England Rural Development Programme) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1235)
The Magistrates' Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1236 (L. 24)])
The Marriages Validity (Harrogate District Hospital) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1237)
The Bathing Waters (Classification) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1238)
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees (Amendment)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1239 (L.25)])
The Conditional Fee Agreements (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1240)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1241 (C.59)])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1242 (L.26)])
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1243)
The Extradition (Safety of Maritime Navigation) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1244)
The Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1245)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1246)
The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1247 (N.I. 13)])
The Merchant Shipping (Categorisation of Registries of Relevant British Possessions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1248)
The Patents Act 1977 (Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1249)
The General and Specialist Medical Practice (Education, Training and Qualifications) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1250)
The Extradition (Torture) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1251)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Jersey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1252)
The Fixed Penalty Offences Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1253)
The Fixed Penalty (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1254)
The Registration of Foreign Adoptions Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1255)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1256)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Redcar and Cleveland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1261)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Buckinghamshire)(District of Aylesbury Vale) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1262)
The Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1265)
The Town and Country Planning (Inquiries Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1266)
The Town and Country Planning Appeals (Determination by Inspectors) (Inquiries Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1267)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Hearings Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1268)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Inquiries Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1269)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Determination by Inspectors) (Inquiries Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1270)
The Town and Country Planning (Hearings Procedure) (Wales) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1271)
The York Health Services National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1276)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1277)
Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1279)
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1280)
The Regulatory Reform (Sugar Beet Research and Education) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1281)
The Commonwealth Development Corporation (Exempt Period) (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1282)
The North Birmingham College (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1293)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Communications by Actuaries) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1294)
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis), the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) and the Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1296)
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1297)
1301–1400
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1311)
Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1312)
The A1237 Trunk Road (Rawcliffe Roundabout to Hopgrove Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1313)
The Motor Vehicle Tyres (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1316)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000(Audit of Health Service Bodies) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1324)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Rights of Access of Comptroller and Auditor General) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1325)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Audit of Public Bodies) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1326)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Foundation Stage Profile Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1327)
The Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1328)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1329 (L. 27)])
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (England) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1336)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1337)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (State Pension Credit) (Abolition of Benefit Periods) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1338)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1339 (C. 67)])
The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order 2002 (Transitory Provisions) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1340)
The General Medical Council (Voluntary Erasure and Restoration following Voluntary Erasure) Regulations Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1341)
The General Medical Council (Restoration and Registration Fees Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1342)
The General Medical Council Fitness to Practise Committees and Review Board for Overseas Qualified Practitioners (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1343)
The General Medical Council (Constitution of Fitness to Practise Committees) (Transitional Arrangements) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1344)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1347)
The Adoption Support Services (Local Authorities) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1348)
Fines (Deductions from Income Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1360)
The Income Tax (Exemption of Minor Benefits) (Increase in Sums of Money) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1361)
The Air Navigation (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1365)
The Insolvent Companies (Disqualification of Unfit Directors) Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1367)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Super-complaints to Regulators) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1368)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Merger Prenotification) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1369)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Merger Fees and Determination of Turnover) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1370)
The Competition Commission (Penalties) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1371)
The Competition Appeal Tribunal Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1372)
The OFT Registers of Undertakings and Orders (Available Hours) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1373)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Community Infringements Specified UK Laws) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1374)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Request for Consultation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1375)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Notice to OFT of Intended Prosecution Specified Enactments, Revocation and Transitional Provision) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1376)
The School Governance (Procedures) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1377)
The Tax Credits (Employer Penalty Appeals) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1382)
The Food Supplements (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1387)
The A1041 Trunk Road (540m South of Abbots Road to 240m Southwest of The Centre of Carlton New Bridge) (Detrunking) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1388)
The A65 Trunk Road (Thorlby Roundabout to North Yorkshire/City of Bradford Boundary) (Detrunking) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1389)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3, Transitional and Transitory Provisions and Savings)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1397 (C. 60)])
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Consequential and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1398)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Designated Enforcers: Criteria for Designation, Designation of Public Bodies as Designated Enforcers and Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1399)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 9 Restrictions on Disclosure of Information) (Amendment and Specification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1400)
1401–1500
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1401 (C. 61)])
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1402 (C. 62)])
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1414 (W.166))
Gorchymyn Rheoli Clefydau (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1414 (Cy.166 ))
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (Sponsorship) Transitional (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1415)
The European Parliament (United Kingdom Representatives) Pensions (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1416)
The Land Registration Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1417)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1418)
The Education (Additional Secondary School Proposals) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1421)
The A19 Trunk Road (North Yorkshire/City of York Boundary to A19/A63 Junction) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1423)
The A19 Trunk Road (North Yorkshire/City of York Boundary to A19/A168 Roundabout) (Detrunking)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1424)
The A64 Trunk Road (City of Leeds/North Yorkshire County Boundary to A64/A1 Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1425)
The A629 Trunk Road (Thorlby Roundabout to Snaygill Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1426)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1428)
The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Transportable Pressure Vessels (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1431)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1432)
The Income Tax (Exemption of Minor Benefits) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1434)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Furness Railway Trust North London Coach) Exemption Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1436)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) (Administrative Receivership and Capital Market Arrangements) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1468)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1469 (C. 63)])
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1470 (W.172))
Gorchymyn Cludo Anifeiliaid (Glanhau a Diheintio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1470 (Cy.172))
The Tobacco Products (Descriptions of Products) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1471)
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 13 (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1472 (C.64)])
The Insurance Mediation Directive (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1473)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Misleading Statements and Practices) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1474)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1475)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1476)
The Contaminants in Food (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1478)
The Highways, Crime Prevention etc.(Special Extinguishment and Special Diversion Orders) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1479)
The Animal By-Products Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1482)
The Local Authorities (Code of Conduct) (Local Determination) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1483)
The Animal By-Products (Identification) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1484)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1485)
The Canterbury and Thanet Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1496)
The National Health Service (Functions of Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts and Administration Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1497)
The Royal Hospital of St. Bartholomew, the Royal London Hospital and London Chest Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1499)
The Epsom and St. Helier National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1500)
1501–1600
The Haringey Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1501)
The Immigration Control (Charges) (Basic Service) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1502)
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1503)
The Creosote (Prohibition on Use and Marketing)(No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1511)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1512)
The Gaming Clubs (Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1513)
The Cayman Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1515)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1516)
The Copyright (Bermuda) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1517)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1518)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1519)
The Health Service Commissioner for England (Health Protection Agency (Yr Asiantaeth Diogelu Iechyd)) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1520)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1521)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1522)
The Tobacco Products (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1523)
The Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1535)
The Football Spectators (Seating) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1541)
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Consequential Modifications to Local Enactments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1542)
The Regulatory Reform (British Waterways Board) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1545)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1554)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Iraq and Kuwait Sanctions) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1555)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Agreement establishing an association between the European Community and its Member States and the Republic of Chile) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1556)
The Local and European Parliamentary Elections (Registration of Citizens of Accession States) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1557)
New Schools (General) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1558)
The Prohibition of Fishing with Multiple Trawls Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1559)
The Sea Fish (Specified Sea Areas) (Regulation of Nets and Other Fishing Gear) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1560)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Great Eastern Railway Class 360 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1562)
The Specified Sugar Products (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1563)
The Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1564)
The Value Added Tax (Finance) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1568)
The Value Added Tax (Finance) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1569)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1570)
The Health Professions (Parts of and Entries in the Register) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1571)
The Health Professions Council (Registration and Fees) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1572)
The Health Professions Council (Screeners) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1573)
The Health Professions Council (Investigating Committee) Procedure Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1574)
The Health Professions Council (Conduct and Competence Committee) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1575)
The Health Professions Council (Health Committee) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1576)
The Health Professions Council (Functions of Assessors) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1577)
Health Professions Order 2001 (Legal Assessors) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1578)
The Health Professions Council (Registration Appeals) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1579)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1580 (C.65)])
The State Pension Credit (Decisions and Appeals-Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1581)
The Commission for Health Improvement (Functions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1587)
The Education (Grants for Disabled Postgraduate Students) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1588)
The Social Security (Back to Work Bonus and Lone Parent Run-on) (Amendment and Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1589)
The Health Professions Order 2001 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1590)
The Access to the Countryside (Correction of Provisional and Conclusive Maps) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1591)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Protection of Legitimate Interests) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1592)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Domestic Infringements) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1593)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Supply of Services) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1594)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Anticipated Mergers) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1595)
The Condensed Milk and Dried Milk (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1596)
The Fuel-testing Pilot Projects (Methanol Project) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1597)
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1598)
The A500 Trunk Road (Stoke Pathfinder Project) Detrunking Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1599)
The M2 Junction 2 to A228 Link Road (Trunking)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1600)
1601–1700
The A500 Trunk Road (Stoke Pathfinder Project) and Slip Roads Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1601)
The Release of Short-Term Prisoners on Licence (Amendment of Requisite Period) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1602)
The Referral Orders (Amendment of Referral Conditions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1605)
The Rycotewood College, Oxford College of Further Education and North Oxfordshire College and School of Art (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1610)
The Merrist Wood College (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1611)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Commencement No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1612 (C. 66)])
The Transport for London (Reserved Services) (London Underground Limited) Exception Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1613)
The Croydon Tramlink (Penalty Fares) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1614)
The Transport for London (Consequential Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1615)
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1616)
The Strategic Health Authorities (Consultation on Changes) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1617)
The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc.) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1618)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1626)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1632)
The Uncertificated Securities (Amendment) (Eligible Debt Securities) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1633)
The Adoption of Children from Overseas (Wales)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1634 (W.176))
Rheoliadau Mabwysiadu Plant o Wledydd Tramor (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1634 (Cy.176))
The Fish Labelling (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1635 (W.177))
Rheoliadau Labelu Pysgod (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1635 (Cy.177))
The Merchant Shipping (Port State Control) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1636)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1637)
The Magistrates' Courts (Forfeiture of Political Donations) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1645 (L. 28)])
The Crown Court (Forfeiture of Political Donations) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1646 (L. 29)])
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1647)
The Aycliffe Instrument of Management (Variation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1649)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Functions Relating to Health) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1650)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (Seamen Recruited Abroad) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1651)
The Income Tax (Professional Fees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1652)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1653)
The Equal Pay Act 1970 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1656)
The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1657)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Estates) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1658)
The Cocoa and Chocolate Products (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1659)
The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1660)
The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1661)
The Education (School Teachers' Qualifications) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1662)
The Education (Specified Work and Registration) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1663)
The Crown Court (Amendment) (No. 3) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1664 (L. 30)])
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1666 (C.68)])
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No.6 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1667 (C. 69)])
The Contracting Out (Administration of the Teachers' Pensions Scheme) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1668)
The Norton College (Change to School Session Times) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1671)
The Broadcasting (Independent Productions) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1672)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1673)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Exemption) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1675)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000(Financial Promotion) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1676)
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis), the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) and the Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1677 (W.180))
Rheoliadau Porthiant (Samplu a Dadansoddi), Porthiant (Gorfodi) a Phorthiant (Sefydliadau a Chyfryngwyr) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1677 (Cy.180))
The Unlicensed Medicinal Products for Human Use (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies) (Safety) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1680)
The Working Time (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1684)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Festiniog Railway Company Vehicle Number 122) Exemption Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1687)
The Charities (The Shrubbery) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1688)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 13) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1689 (C.70)])
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1690)
The Release of Short-Term Prisoners on Licence (Repeal of Age Restriction) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1691)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1692)
The International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1693)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1694 (C.71)])
The Railways (Rail Passengers’ Council and Rail Passengers’ Committees) (Exemptions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1695)
The Merseyrail Electrics Network Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1696)
The Medical Devices (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1697)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1698)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1699)
The Health Professions Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1700)
1701–1800
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1701)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) and (General Dental Services Supplementary List) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1702)
The Care Homes (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1703)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 444 and Class 450 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1704)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1705)
The Home Loss Payments (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1706)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1707)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1708)
The Education (School Teachers' Prescribed Qualifications, etc.) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1709)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1710)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1711)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1712)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1713 (W.181))
Rheoliadau Melysyddion mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1713 (Cy.181))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement)(Local Lists) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1714 (W.182))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Casglu a Gorfodi) (Rhestri Lleol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1714 (Cy.182))
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1715 (W.183))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Gweinyddu a Gorfodi) (Diwygio Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1715 (Cy.183))
The Community Care Plans (Disapplication) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1716)
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1717 (W.184))
Rheoliadau Deddf Addysg 2002 (Darpariaethau Trosiannol a Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1717 (Cy.184))
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1718 (W.185) (C.72))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1718 (Cy.185) (C.72))
The Food Supplements (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1719 (W.186))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1719 (Cy.186))
The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1720 (W.187))
Rheoliadau Diogelu'r Amgylchedd (Dyletswydd Gofal) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1720 (Cy.187))
The Contaminants in Food (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1721 (W.188))
Rheoliadau Halogion mewn Bwyd (Cymru) 2002 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1721 (Cy.188))
The Food (Brazil Nuts) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1722)
The Animal Gatherings (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1723)
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (England) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1724)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1725 (C.73)])
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1726 (W.189))
Rheoliadau Lles Anifeiliaid a Ffermir (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1726 (Cy.189))
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Transfer Values and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1727)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1728)
The Disease Control (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1729)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1730)
The Social Security (Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit) (Consequential Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1731)
The Education (School Organisation Plans) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1732 (W.190))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cynlluniau Trefniadaeth Ysgolion) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1732 (Cy.190))
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1733)
The Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1734)
The Asylum Support Appeals (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1735)
The Collagen and Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1736)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1737)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Practice Committees) (Interim Constitution) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1738)
The African Development Fund (Ninth Replenishment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1739)
The Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1740)
The Civil Aviation (Air Travel Organisers' Licensing)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1741)
The Aerodromes (Noise Restrictions) (Rules and Procedures) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1742)
The A57 Trunk Road (Markham Moor to Lincoln) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1743)
The Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1744)
The Charitable Deductions (Approved Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1745)
The Electricity and Gas (Modification of Standard Conditions of Licences) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1746)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1747 (C.74)])
The State Pension Credit Act 2002 (Commencement No.5) and Appointed Day Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1766 (C.75 )])
The Social Security Pensions (Home Responsibilities) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1767)
The Food Safety (Ships and Aircraft) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1774 (W.191))
Gorchymyn Diogelwch Bwyd (Llongau ac Awyrennau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1774 (Cy.191))
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1776 (W.192))
Rheoliadau'r Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Gwin) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1776 (Cy.192))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1779 (W.193))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Mân Dreuliau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1779 (Cy.193))
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1787)
The Urban Waste Water Treatment (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1788)
1801–1900
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Port Waste Reception Facilities) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1809)
The Burma (Freezing of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1810)
The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1811)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1812)
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1813)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Reduced Pollution) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1814)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1815)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1816)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1817)
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1818)
The National Treatment Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1827)
The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1828)
The Double Taxation Relief (Surrender of Relievable Tax Within a Group) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1829)
The Income Tax (Authorised Unit Trusts) (Interest Distributions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1830)
The Open-ended Investment Companies (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1831)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) (Administrative Receivership and Urban Regeneration etc.) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1832)
The Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Amendment (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1844 (W.196))
Gorchymyn Diogelu Anifeiliaid (Anesthetyddion) Diwygio (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1844 (Cy.196))
The Care Homes (Adult Placements) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1845)
The Horticultural Produce (Community Grading Rules) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1846)
The Coast Protection (Notices) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1847 (W.197))
Rheoliadau Diogelu'r Arfordir (Hysbysiadau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1847 (Cy.197))
The Air Quality (Ozone) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1848 (W.198))
Rheoliadau Ansawdd Aer (Osôn) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif . 1848 (Cy.198)])
The Animal By-Products (Identification) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1849 (W.199))
Rheoliadau Sgil-gynhyrchion Anifeiliaid (Adnabod) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1849 (Cy.199))
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1850 (W.200))
Rheoliadau Porthiant, Porthiant (Samplu a Dadansoddi) a Phorthiant (Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1850 (Cy.200))
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1851 (W.201))
Gorchymyn Iechyd Planhigion (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 1851 Rhif (Cy.201)])
The Action Programme for Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1852 (W. 202))
Rheoliadau'r Rhaglen Weithredu ar gyfer Parthau Perygl Nitradau (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1852 (Cy. 202))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1853 (W.203))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Blaenoriaeth Arwystlon) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1853 (Cy.203))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1854 (W.204))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1854 (Cy.204))
The Prohibition of Fishing with Multiple Trawls (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1855 (W.205))
Gorchymyn Gwahardd Pysgota â Threillrwydi Lluosog (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1855 (Cy.205))
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1856 (W.206))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Colli Cartref (Symiau Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1856 (Cy.206))
The Enforcement of Road Traffic Debts (Certificated Bailiffs) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1857 (L.31)])
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1858 (L.32)])
The Life Assurance (Apportionment of Receipts of Participating Funds) (Applicable Percentage) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1860)
The Corporation Tax (Treatment of Unrelieved Surplus Advance Corporation Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1861)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 15) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1862 (C.76)])
The Suppression of Terrorism Act 1978 (Designation of Countries) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1863)
The Welfare Food (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1864)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1865)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1866)
The Radioactive Material (Road Transport) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1867)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1868)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1869)
The Extradition (Designated Commonwealth Countries) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1870)
The Consular Fees Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No 1871)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1872)
The European Convention on Extradition (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1873)
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (Modification of Section 4A) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1874)
The Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1875)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1876)
The Merchant Shipping (Confirmation of Legislation) (Falkland Islands) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1877)
The European Convention on Extradition (Fiscal Offences) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1878)
The Judicial Committee (General Appellate Jurisdiction) Rules (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1879)
The Judicial Committee (Devolution Issues) Rules (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1880)
The Exempt Charities Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1881)
The Freedom of Information (Additional Public Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1882)
The Freedom of Information (Removal of References to Public Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1883)
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits (Northern Ireland) Act 1992 (Modification of Section 4A) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1884)
The Budget (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1885 (N.I. 14)])
The Social Security (Jobcentre Plus Interviews for Partners) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1886)
The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1887)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1888)
The Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1889)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1890)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Database Protection Agreement between the United Kingdom on behalf of the Isle of Man and the European Community) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1891)
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (Scotland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1892 (S. 6)])
The Food Safety (Ships and Aircraft) (England and Scotland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1895)
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1899)
The Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1900 (C. 77))
1901–2000
The Advanced Television Services Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1901)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Limitation of Number of Licences) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1902)
The Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1903)
The Electronic Communications (Universal Service) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1904)
The Greater London Authority Elections (Election Addresses) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1907)
The Contracting Out (Functions in relation to the Management of Crown Lands) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1908)
The Horserace Betting Levy (Bookmakers' Committee) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1909)
The Education (Independent School Standards) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1910)
Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1911 (C.78)])
The London Regional Transport (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1913)
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits)(No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1914)
The Coast Protection (Variation of Excluded Waters) (River Teifi) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1915 (W.209))
Rheoliadau Diogelu'r Arfordir (Amrywio'r Dyfroedd an Eithrir) (Afon Teifi) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1915 (Cy.209))
School Governance (Constitution and Procedures) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1916)
Education (Teacher Student Loans) (Repayment etc.) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1917)
The Official Secrets Act 1989 (Prescription) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1918)
The Asylum (Designated States) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1919)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1920 (C. 79)])
The Annual Parents' Meetings (Exemptions) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1921)
The Timeshare Act 1992 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1922)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1923)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(Borough of Swindon) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1924)
The Education (Independent School Inspection Fees and Publication) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1926)
The Parochial Fees Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1932)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1933)
The Education (Provision of Information by Independent Schools) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.1934)
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1935 (C.80)])
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1936)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Supplementary, Consequential etc. Provisions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1937)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1938)
The Food (Hot Chilli and Hot Chilli Products) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1940)
The Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1941)
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1942)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administration) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1945)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1946)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1953)
The Food (Pistachios from Iran) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1956)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1957)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1958)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (Single Vehicle Approval) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1959)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (Single Vehicle Approval) (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1960)
The Marriages (Approved Premises) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1961)
The School Governance (Collaboration) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1962)
School Staffing (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1963)
The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1964)
The Federation of Schools (Community Schools, Community Special Schools, Voluntary Controlled Schools and Maintained Nursery Schools) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1965)
The Disease Control (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1966 (W.211))
Gorchymyn Rheoli Clefydau (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1966 (Cy.211))
The Animal Gatherings (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1967 (W. 212))
Gorchymyn Crynoadau Anifeiliaid (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1967 (Cy.212))
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1968 (W. 213))
Gorchymyn Cludo Anifeiliaid (Glanhau a Diheintio) (Cymru) (Rhif 3) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1968 (Cy.213))
Education (School Performance Targets) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1970)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment)(No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1976 (W.215))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 1976 (Cy.215))
The Borough of Sefton (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1977)
The A27 Trunk Road (Cophall Roundabout) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1978)
The Borough of St Helens (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1979)
The Borough of Wirral (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1980)
The Walsall Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1983)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Middlesbrough) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1984)
The Transport Act 1968 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1985 (C. 81)])
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1986 (C.82)])
The Service Charges (Consultation Requirements) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1987)
The Right to Manage (Prescribed Particulars and Forms) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1988)
The Leasehold Reform (Enfranchisement and Extension) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1989)
The Leasehold Reform (Collective Enfranchisement and Lease Renewal) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1990)
The A1 Trunk Road (Denwick Interchange Slip Roads) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1991)
The Day Care (Application to Schools) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1992)
The Public Interest Disclosure (Prescribed Persons) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1993)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1994)
The Child Minding and Day Care (Applications for Registration) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1995)
The Day Care and Child Minding (National Standards) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1996)
The Finance Act 2003, Schedule 22, Paragraph 3(1) (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1997 (C.83)])
The Road Vehicles (Authorisation of Special Types) (General) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1998)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 1999)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Transitional Period) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2000)
2001–2100
The Merchant Shipping (Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2002)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment)(No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2003)
The Access to the Countryside (Dedication of Land) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2004)
The Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease (Biosecurity Guidance and Disease Control (Slaughter) Protocol) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2035)
The Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease (Contingency Planning) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2036)
The Independent Schools (Employment of Teachers in Schools with a Religious Character) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2037)
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.2038)
The Education Act 2002 (School Teachers) (Consequential Amendments, etc.) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2039)
The Land Registration (Proper Office) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2040)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Function Relating to Employment and Training) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2041)
The Mental Health (Correspondence of Patients, Patient Advocacy and Liaison Services) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2042)
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2043)
The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Functions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2044)
The Education Act 2002 (Modification and Transitional Provisions) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2045)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (England) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2047)
The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2048)
The School Companies (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2049)
The Collective Investment Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2066)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes etc.) (Exemptions) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2067)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2069)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No.7 and Transitional Provision) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2071 (C. 84)])
The Food (Peanuts from Egypt) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2074)
The Meat Products (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2075)
The Capital Allowances (Environmentally Beneficial Plant and Machinery) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2076)
The Children Act 1989, Section 17(12) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2077)
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (virt-x Exchange Limited) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2078)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2079)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2080)
The Insurance Companies (Calculation of Profits: Policy Holders' Tax) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2082)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2085)
The Land Registration Fee Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2092)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2093 (C.85)])
The Land Registry Trading Fund (Extension and Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2094)
The Insolvency Act 1986, Section 72A (Appointed Date) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2095)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Insolvency) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2096)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Prescribed Part) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2097)
Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Fees)(England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2098)
Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Procedure) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2099)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2100 (C. 86))
2101–2200
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administration) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2106)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administration) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2107)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Consequential Amendments) (Prescribed Part) (Scotland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2108 (S. 7)])
The Insolvency (Scotland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2109 (S. 8)])
The Measuring Equipment (Liquid Fuel and Lubricants) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2110)
The Insolvency (Scotland) Amendment Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2111 (S. 9)])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 4) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2113 (L. 33)])
The Land Registration (Referral to the Adjudicator to HM Land Registry) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2114)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2119)
The RTM Companies (Memorandum and Articles of Association) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2120)
The Air Quality Limit Values Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2121)
The Patients' Forums (Membership and Procedure) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2123)
The Patients' Forums (Functions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2124)
The Federation of Schools (Community Schools, Community Special Schools, Voluntary Controlled Schools and Maintained Nursery Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2133)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Administration Orders Relating to Insurers) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2134)
Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2135)
The Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2136)
The Distress for Rent (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2141 (L. 34)])
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2148)
The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic and District Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2149)
The University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2150)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2151)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (Borough of Copeland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2152)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Peterborough) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2153)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2154)
The Communications Act 2003 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2155)
The Borough of Knowsley (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2156)
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (Fifth Replenishment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2157)
The Bexley Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) and (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2168)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2169)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Child Tax Credit) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2170)
The Adjudicator to Her Majesty's Land Registry (Practice and Procedure) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2171)
The Finance Act 1995, Section 127(12) (Designated Transactions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2172)
The Finance Act 2003, Schedule 26, Paragraph 3(3) (Designated Transactions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2173)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2174)
The State Pension Credit (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2175)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Scallops) (England) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2185)
The M6 Toll (Collection of Tolls) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2186)
The M6 Toll Wide Load Routes (Speed Limit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2187)
The M6 Toll (Speed Limit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2188)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2190)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2192)
2201–2300
The A1 Trunk Road (Long Bennington (Southbound Slip Road) and Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2206)
The A6 Trunk Road (Bedford to the A45) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2207)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2208)
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2209)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Local Lists) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2210)
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2211)
The Honey (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2243)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 13) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2245 (C. 87)])
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2246 (C. 88)])
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2247)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2249)
The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 (Directions for the Purposes of Defence or National Security) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2250 (S. 10)])
The Mental Health Review Tribunals (Regions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2251)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2252)
The Price Marking (Food and Drink Services) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2253)
The Food (Brazil Nuts) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2254 (W.224))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Cnau Brasil) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2254 (Cy.224))
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval and Approval Marks) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2258)
The Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2259)
The Commons Registration (General) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2260)
The Sheep Annual Premium and Suckler Cow Premium Quotas Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2261)
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2262)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2263)
The Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2264)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Reviews of Sentencing) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2267)
The Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2268 (C. 89)])
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Service Charges, Insurance or Appointment of Managers Applications) (Revocation and Saving) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2269)
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Fees) (Revocation and Saving) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2270)
The Armed Forces (Review of Search and Seizure) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2272)
The Armed Forces (Entry, Search and Seizure) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2273)
The State Pension Credit (Transitional and Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2274)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (State Pension Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2275)
The Delayed Discharges (Mental Health Care) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2276)
The Delayed Discharges (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2277)
The Scottish Parliamentary Standards Commissioner Act 2002 (Power to Call for Witnesses and Documents) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2278 (S. 11)])
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2279)
The Community Care (Delayed Discharges etc.) Act 2003 (Commencement No.1) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2280 (C. 90)])
The Land Registration (Acting Chief Land Registrar) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2281)
The Food (Pistachios from Iran) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2288 (W.227))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Cnau Pistasio o Iran) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2288 (Cy.227))
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2292 (W.228))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Ffigys, Cnau Cyll a Chnau Pistasio o Dwrci) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2292 (Cy.228))
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2299 (W.229))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Prysgnau o Tsieina) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2299 (Cy.229))
2301–2400
The Royal Air Force Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2305)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2306)
The Enrichment Technology Company Limited (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2310)
The Urenco Enrichment Company Limited (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2311)
The Enrichment Technology UK Limited (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2312)
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2313)
The Religious Character of Schools (Designation Procedure) (Independent Schools) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2314)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Armed Forces) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2315)
The Goods Infringing Intellectual Property Rights (Customs) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2316)
The Medicines (Child Safety) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2317)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2318)
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2320)
The Medicines for Human Use (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2321)
The National Health Service Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2322)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Domiciliary Care Agencies and Nurses Agencies) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2323)
The Social Security (Third Party Deductions and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2325)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (Borough of Dacorum) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2326)
The Kimberley Process (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2327)
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2328)
The Classical Swine Fever (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2329)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) (Insolvency) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2332)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (Borough of Allerdale) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2334)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2335)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (Borough of Test Valley) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2336)
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (England) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2338)
The Taxation of Benefits under Government Pilot Schemes (Return to Work Credit and Employment Retention and Advancement Schemes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2339)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 6) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2340)
The Land Registration (Acting Adjudicator) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2342)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2343)
The West Midlands Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2344)
The Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2345)
The Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Princess Royal Hospital National Health Service Trust and the Royal Shrewsbury Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2346)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2377 (C. 91)])
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2378)
The Income Support (General) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2379)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2380)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2381)
The National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2382)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Remote Reviews of Detention) (Specified Police Stations) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2397)
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Local Housing Allowance) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2398)
The Housing Benefit (General) (Local Housing Allowance) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2399)
2401–2500
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Bristol Harbour Railway Vehicle Number DB978121) Exemption Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2408)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2420)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2421)
The A259 Trunk Road, (Brenzett to M20 Junction 13, Folkestone) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2423)
The A292 (Hythe Road, Ashford) (Trunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2424)
The A2070 (Brenzett to M20 Junction 10, Ashford) and B2067 (Ashford Road, Link Road) (Trunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2425)
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2426)
The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Lifespan Health Care Cambridge National Health Service Trust and the North West Anglia Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2427)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2428)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 3)Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2429)
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2430)
The Land Registration Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) (No 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2431)
The Royal Cornwall Hospitals and West Cornwall Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2434)
The Protection from Eviction (Excluded Licences) (Royal British Legion Industries Ltd) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2436)
The Local Government (Gratuities) (Members of County Councils and County Borough Councils) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2437)
The Employment Zones Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2438)
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2439)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (District of Harlow) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2440)
The Park College (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2442)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2447)
The Education (Information About Post-16 Individual Pupils) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2453 (W.237))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Ddisgyblion Ôl-16 Unigol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2453 (Cy.237))
The Weighing Equipment (Automatic Rail-weighbridges) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2454)
The Food (Hot Chilli and Hot Chilli Products) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2455 (W.238))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Tsilis Poeth a Chynhyrchion Tsilis Poeth) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2455 (Cy.238))
The Classical Swine Fever (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2456 (W.239))
Gorchymyn Clwy Clasurol y Moch (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2456 (Cy.239))
The Management of Health and Safety at Work and Fire Precautions (Workplace) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2457)
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2458 (W.240))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau Athrawon a Safonau Iechyd) (Diwygiad Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2458 (Cy.240))
The A1 Trunk Road (North Brunton Interchange Slip Road) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2460)
The Registered Health Care Profession (Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2461)
The Registered Health Care Profession (Designation No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2462)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Visual Recording of Interviews) (Certain Police Areas) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2463)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2494)
The Income Tax (Incentive Payments for Voluntary Electronic Communication of PAYE Returns) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2495)
The Protection of Wrecks (RMS Titanic) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2496)
The Finance Act 2003, Section 168 (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2497 (C.92)])
The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2498)
The Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2499 (C. 93)])
The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) (Extension) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2500)
2501–2600
The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2501)
The Local Land Charges (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2502)
The Bingo Duty Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2503)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2504)
The City of Liverpool (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2505)
The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2506)
The City of Coventry (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2507)
The Borough of Solihull (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2508)
The City of Wolverhampton (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2509)
The Borough of Sandwell (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2510)
The Borough of Walsall (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2511)
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2512)
The Fal and Helford (Prohibition of Scallop Dredging) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2513)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (State Pension Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2526)
The Nurses Agencies (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2527 (W.242))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Nyrsys (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2527 (Cy.242))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.12) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2528 (W.243) (C.95))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 12) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2528 (Cy.243) (C.95))
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2529 (W.244))
Rheoliadau Hadau Planhigion Olew a Ffibr (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2529 (Cy.244))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources)(Amendment No. 2)(Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2530 (W.245))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygiad Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2530 (Cy.245))
The Disability Discrimination (Prescribed Periods for Accessibility Strategies and Plans for Schools) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2531 (W.246))
Rheoliadau Gwahaniaethu ar Sail Anabledd (Cyfnodau Rhagnodedig ar gyfer Strategaethau a Chynlluniau Hygyrchedd ar gyfer Ysgolion) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2531 (Cy.246))
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2532 (W.247) (C.94))
Gorchymyn Deddf Anghenion Addysgol Arbennig ac Anabledd 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2532 (Cy.247) (C.94))
The Designation of Schools having a Religious Character (England) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2552)
The Electronic Communications Code (Conditions and Restrictions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2553)
The Dissolution of the Independent Broadcasting Authority Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2554)
The Adoption Agencies (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2555)
The Port of London Authority Harbour Revision Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2556)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2558)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution Compensation Limits) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2559)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2561 (W.250))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2561 (Cy.250))
The Electricity (Guarantees of Origin of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2562)
The Pipelines Safety (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2563)
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (No. 3) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2564)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2571 (C.96)])
The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2573)
The Teignmouth Harbour Revision Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2574)
The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2577)
The Timeshare (Cancellation Information) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2579)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 9 Restrictions on Disclosure of Information) (Amendment and Specification) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2580)
The Double Taxation Relief (Manufactured Overseas Dividends) (Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2581)
The Income Tax (Manufactured Overseas Dividends) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2582)
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2589)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Counsel in Family Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2590)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2591)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2592)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2593 (C. 98)])
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2594)
The Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2595)
The Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2596)
The Police Appeals Tribunals (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2597)
The National Crime Squad (Senior Police Members) (Appeals) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2598)
The Police (Conduct) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2599)
The Police (Efficiency) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2600)
2601–2700
The National Crime Squad (Dispensation from Requirement to Investigate Complaints) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2601)
The Police (Complaints) (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2602)
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2603 (C.97)])
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Electronic Communications) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2604)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2605)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2613)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2614)
The M62 Motorway (City of Liverpool) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2615)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2616)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2617 (S. 12)])
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (Israel) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2618)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Canada) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2619)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Mauritius) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2620)
The Vienna Document 1999 (Privileges and Immunities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2621)
The Finance Act 2002, section 126, (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2622 (C. 99)])
The Pensions Increase (Pension Schemes for David Calvert-Smith) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2623)
The National Health Service (Amendments concerning Supplementary and Independent Nurse Prescribing) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2624 (W.252))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Diwygiadau ynghylch Rhagnodi gan Nyrsys Atodol ac Annibynnol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2624 (Cy.252))
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment No.3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2626)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2627)
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2628)
The Export Control Act 2002 (Commencement & Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2629 (C. 100)])
European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2630)
The General Betting Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2631)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2632)
The Climate Change Levy (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2633)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2634)
The End-of-Life Vehicles Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2635)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2636)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2640)
The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2642)
The National Health Service (Personal Medical Services) (Services List) and the (General Medical Services Supplementary List) and (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2644)
The Education (Extension of Careers Education) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2645)
The Northern Ireland (Monitoring Commission etc.) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2646 (c 101 )])
The Food (Provisions relating to Labelling) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2647)
The Brent Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2649)
The Creosote (Prohibition on Use and Marketing)(No. 2) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2650)
The Health (Wales) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2660 (W.256)(C.102))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd (Cymru) 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2660 (Cy.256)(C.102))
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2661 (W.257))
Gorchymyn Bwyd (Coed Anis o Drydydd Gwledydd) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) (Dirymu) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2661 (Cy.257))
The Portsmouth City Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2662)
The City and Hackney Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2663)
The Bournemouth Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2664)
The Fishing Vessels (Decommissioning) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2669)
The Local Authorities (Allowances for Members of County and County Borough Councils) (Past Service Awards) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2676 (W.258))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau i Aelodau Cynghorau Sir a Chynghorau Bwrdeistref Sirol) (Dyfarndaliadau am Wasanaeth a Roddwyd) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2676 (Cy.258))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Blackpool) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2677)
The Co-operatives and Community Benefit Societies Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2678 (C. 103)])
The Newport (South Wales) Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2679)
The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2681 (c. 104)])
The Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2682)
The Building (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2692)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2693)
Education (Revocation of Spent Provisions) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2694)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2695)
The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections and Periodsof Suspension) Act 2003 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2696)
The Northern Ireland (Date of Next Assembly Poll)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2697)
2701–2800
The Contracting Out (Local Education Authority Functions) (England) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2704)
Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2707)
The Child Minding and Day Care (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2708 (W.259))
Rheoliadau Gwarchod Plant a Gofal Dydd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2708 (Cy.259))
The Registration of Social Care and Independent Health Care (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2709 (W.260))
Rheoliadau Cofrestru Gofal Cymdeithasol a Gofal Iechyd Annibynnol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2709 (Cy.260))
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2710 (c. 105)])
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Wirral) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2711)
The Electronic Communications (Networks and Services) (Penalties) (Rules for Calculation of Turnover) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2712)
The Access to the Countryside (Exclusions and Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2713)
The Non-resident Insurance Companies Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2714)
The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Transfer to OFCOM) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2715)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2716)
The Police Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2717)
The Petroleum Revenue Tax (Electronic Communications) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2718)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2719)
The A14 Trunk Road (Rookery Crossroads Grade Separated Junction Slip Roads) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2720)
The A47 Trunk Road (Thorney Bypass) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2721)
The A47 Trunk Road (Thorney Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2722)
The A14 Trunk Road (Rookery Crossroads Grade Separated Junction) (Prohibition of Use of Gaps in Central Reservation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2723)
The Lancaster Port Commission Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2724)
The School Staffing (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2725)
The Pig Industry Restructuring Grant (Wales) (Variation) Scheme 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2726 (W.261))
Cynllun Grantiau Ailstrwythuro'r Diwydiant Moch (Cymru) (Amrywio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2726 (Cy.261))
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2727 (W.262))
Gorchymyn Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Lleoedd Tân Esempt) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2727 (Cy.262))
The Burma (Sale, Supply and Export of Goods) (Penalties) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2742)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2743)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2747)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2748)
The Designation of Schools having a Religious Character (England) (No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2749)
The Advanced Television Services (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2750)
The Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Primary Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2751)
The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections and Periods of Suspension) Act 2003 (Consequential Modifications No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2752)
The Lincolnshire (Coroners' Districts) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2753)
The Animal By-Products (Identification) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2754 (W.265))
Rheoliadau Sgil-gynhyrchion Anifeiliaid (Adnabod) (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2754 (Cy.265))
The Kava-kava in Food (Wales) (Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2755 (W.266))
Rheoliadau Cafa-cafa mewn Bwyd (Cymru) (Dirymu) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2755 (Cy.266))
The Animal By-Products (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2756 (W.267))
Rheoliadau Sgil-gynhyrchion Anifeiliaid (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2756 (Cy.267))
The Value Added Tax Tribunals (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2757)
The Channel Tunnel (Alcoholic Liquor and Tobacco Products) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2758)
The Export of Objects of Cultural Interest (Control) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2759)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Land Tax (Variation of the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2760)
The Weighing Equipment (Automatic Catchweighing Instruments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2761)
The Motor Vehicle Tyres (Safety) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2762)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No.2) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2763 (W.268))
Gorchymyn Moch (Cofnodion, Adnabod a Symud) (Mesurau Dros Dro) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2763 (Cy.268))
Export of Goods, Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2764)
The Trade in Goods (Control) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2765)
The Coventry Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2766)
The Borough of Dudley (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2767)
The City of Birmingham (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2769)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Pensions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2770)
The National Lottery (Licence Fees) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2771)
The NHSU (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2772)
The NHSU Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2773)
The A5 Trunk Road (Weeford-Fazeley Improvement) (De-trunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2774)
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Qualifying Judicial Offices) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2775)
The A5 Trunk Road (Weeford-Fazeley Improvement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2776)
The A38 Trunk Road (Weeford) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2777)
The A63 Trunk Road (Melton Grade Separated Junction And Slip Roads) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2778)
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2779)
The Horse Passports (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2780)
Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2799)
The Social Security (Electronic Communications) (Carer's Allowance) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2800)
2801–2900
The A64 Trunk Road (Top Lane Link Road/A1036 Eastbound Exit Slip Road (Part) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2801)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2815)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Land Tax (Variation of the Finance Act 2003) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2816)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2817)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2818)
The Organic Products (Imports from Third Countries) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2821)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2822)
The National Police Records (Recordable Offences) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2823)
The National Health Service (Improved Access, Quality Information Preparation and Violent Patients Schemes) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2824)
The A45 Trunk Road (A45/A445 Ryton-on-Dunsmore Junction Improvement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2825)
The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2827)
The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2828)
The Lynn Offshore Wind Farm Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2829)
The Norfolk Offshore Wind Farm Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2830)
The Inner Dowsing Offshore Wind Farm Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2831)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2834)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Administration) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2837)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2838)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2839 (L. 35)])
Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2840 (L. 36)])
The Merchant Shipping (Merchant Navy Reserve) (Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2861)
The General Insurance Reserves (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2862)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services etc.) (Patients' Forums) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2863)
The Code of Practice on Equal Pay Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2865)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2867)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Land Tax (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2868)
The New Opportunities Fund (Increase in Membership) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2869)
National Savings Bank (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2895)
The Thurrock Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2896)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Appointment of the Implementation Date) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2899 (C. 106)])
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Guernsey)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2900)
2901–3000
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 4)Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2901)
The Employment (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2902 (N.I. 15)])
The Road Traffic (Driving Disqualifications) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2903 (N.I. 16)])
The Partnerships etc. (Removal of Twenty Member Limit) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2904 (N.I. 17)])
The Air Navigation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2905)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Didsbury) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2907)
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2908)
The Schools Forums (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2909 (W.275))
Rheoliadau Fforymau Ysgolion (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2909 (Cy.275))
The Food (Peanuts from Egypt) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2910 (W.276))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Pysgnau o'r Aifft) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2910 (Cy.276))
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.2912)
The African Swine Fever (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2913)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Amendment of Schedule 5 to the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2914)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2915)
The Judicial Pensions (Election against Benefits) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2916)
The Leeds City Council (Skelton Footbridge) Scheme 2003 Confirmation Instrument 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2917)
The Reading College and School of Arts and Design (Dissolution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2918)
Veterinary Surgeons' Qualifications (European Recognition) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2919)
The Consular Fees (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2920)
The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2921)
The Transfer of Functions (European Parliamentary Pay and Pensions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2922)
The Local Government Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2938 (C. 107)])
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.2939)
The Plymouth Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2944)
The Lands Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2945)
Education (Amendment of the Curriculum Requirements for Fourth Key Stage) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2946)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Examination in Public) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2948)
The Pig Carcase (Grading) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2949)
The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2950)
The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection) Regulations (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2951)
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2957)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 7) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2958)
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2959 (W.277))
Rheoliadau Deddf Addysg 2002 (Darpariaethau Trosiannol a Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2959 (Cy.277))
The Family Proceedings Courts (Constitution) (Greater London) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2960 (L. 37)])
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2961 (W.278) (C.108))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2961 (Cy.278) (C.108))
The Education (Admission Forums) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2962 (W.279))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Fforymau Derbyn) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2962 (Cy.279))
The Local Authorities (Allowances for Members of County and County Borough Councils) (Pensions) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2963 (W.280))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau i Aelodau Cynghorau Sir a Chynghorau Bwrdeistref Sirol) (Pensiynau) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 2963 (Cy.280))
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2981)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2982)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2983)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) (Channel Islands and Isle of Man) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2984)
The Finance Act 2003, Part 3, (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2985 (C.109)])
The Sustainable Energy Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2986 (C. 110)])
The Sustainable Energy (CHP Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2987)
The Food (Brazil Nuts) (Emergency Control) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.2988)
The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2989)
The A41 London to Birkenhead Trunk Road (Buckinghamshire) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2990)
The A41 London to Birkenhead Trunk Road (Hertfordshire) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2991)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2992 (C.111)])
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2993 (C. 112)])
The Department for Transport (Driver Licensing and Vehicle Registration Fees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2994)
The A41 London to Birkenhead Trunk Road (Oxfordshire) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 2995)
3001–3100
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3002)
The Collagen and Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3003)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3004)
The Secure Training Centre (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3005)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3006)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3007)
The Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3011)
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3012)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3023)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3027)
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) (Transitional and Saving Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3028)
The New Northern Ireland Assembly Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3029)
The Building (Repeal of Provisions of Local Acts) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3030)
The Companies (Acquisition of Own Shares) (Treasury Shares) No. 2 Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3031)
The Millennium Commission (Reduction in Membership) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3033)
The Local Government Act 2003 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3034 (W.282) (C.113))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol 2003 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3034 (Cy.282) (C.113))
The Shrimp Fishing Nets (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3035 (W.283))
Gorchymyn Rhwydi Pysgota Perdys (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3035 (Cy.283))
The South Wales Sea Fisheries District (Variation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3036 (W.284))
Gorchymyn Ardal Pysgodfeydd Môr De Cymru (Amrywio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3036 (Cy.284))
The Cocoa and Chocolate Products (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3037 (W.285))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Coco a Siocled (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3037 (Cy.285))
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3038)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3039)
The Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3041 (W.286))
Rheoliadau Suddoedd Ffrwythau a Neithdarau Ffrwythau (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3041 (Cy.286))
The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3042 (W.287))
Rheoliadau Dŵ r Mwynol Naturiol, Dŵ r Ffynnon a Dŵ r Yfed wedi'i Botelu (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3042 (Cy.287))
The Finance Act 2002, section 24, (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3043 (C. 114)])
The Honey (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3044 (W.288))
Rheoliadau Mêl (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3044 (Cy.288))
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3045)
The Council Tax (Valuation Bands) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3046 (W.289))
Gorchymyn y Dreth Gyngor (Bandiau Prisio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3046 (Cy.289))
The Specified Sugar Products (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3047 (W.290))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Siwgr Penodedig (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3047 (Cy.290))
The Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3048)
The Merchant Shipping (Working Time: Inland Waterways) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3049)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Electronic Communications) (England) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3052)
The Condensed Milk and Dried Milk (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3053 (W.291))
Rheoliadau Llaeth Cyddwys a Llaeth Sych (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3053 (Cy.291))
The Nurses Agencies (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3054 (W.292))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Nyrsys (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3054 (Cy.292))
The City of Westminster (Paddington Station LTVA General Arrangement Bishops Bridge North Bridge) Scheme 2001 Confirmation Instrument 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3056)
The NHS Professionals Special Health Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3059)
The NHS Professionals Special Health Authority Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3060)
The Health (Wales) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3064 (W.293)(C.115))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd (Cymru) 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3064 (Cy.293)(C.115))
The South Wales Sea Fisheries Committee (Levies) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3072 (W.294))
Rheoliadau Pwyllgor Pysgodfeydd Môr De Cymru (Ardollau) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3072 (Cy.294))
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3073)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Business in the Regulated Sector and Supervisory Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3074)
The Money Laundering Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3075)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Business in the Regulated Sector and Supervisory Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3076)
The Finance Act 2003, Section 195 and Schedule 40 (Appointed Day) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.3077 (C.116)])
The Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3078)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3079 (C.117)])
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3081)
Local Education Authority (Behaviour Support Plans) (Exception) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3082)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3083 (C. 118)])
The Fireworks Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3084 (C. 119)])
The Fireworks Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3085)
The Finance Act 2002, Section 19 (Appointed Days etc.) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.3086 (C.120)])
The City of Wakefield (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3087)
The Borough of Calderdale (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3088)
The City of Leeds (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3089)
The Borough of Barnsley (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3090)
The Borough of Kirklees (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3091)
The Mutual Assistance Provisions Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3092)
Communications Act 2003 (Amendment of the Medicines (Monitoring of Advertising) Regulations 1994) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3093)
The Education (Teacher Training Bursaries) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3094)
Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Deceased Fathers) Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3095 (C. 121)])
The Regulatory Reform (Business Tenancies) (England and Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3096)
The Sefton (Parishes) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3098)
The Registration of Establishments (Laying Hens) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3100)
3101–3200
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3101)
The Export (Penalty) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3102)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Commencement and Savings) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3103 (C. 122)])
The Wireless Telegraphy (Interception and Disclosure of Messages) (Designation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3104)
The Dental Auxiliaries (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3105)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Police Powers) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3106)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Police Powers) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3107)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3108)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Part 1 Designated Authorities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3109)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3110)
Education (Head Teachers' Qualifications) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3111)
The Customs (Contravention of a Relevant Rule) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3113)
The National Assembly for Wales (Returning Officers' Charges) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3117 (W.295))
Gorchymyn Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru (Taliadau Swyddogion Canlyniadau) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3117 (Cy.295))
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3118 (W.296))
Rheoliadau Cyllidebau AALl, Cyllidebau Ysgolion a Chyllidebau Ysgolion Unigol (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3118 (Cy.296))
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3119 (W.297))
Rheoliadau Porthiant, Porthiant (Samplu a Dadansoddi) a Phorthiant (Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3119 (Cy.297))
The Jam and Similar Products (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3120)
The Council Tax (Chargeable Dwellings, Exempt Dwellings and Discount Disregards) (Amendment) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3121)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Private Hire Vehicles) (Carriage of Guide Dogs etc.) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3122)
The Private Hire Vehicles (Carriage of Guide Dogs etc.) Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3123 (C. 123)])
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3124 (W.298))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cyrff sy'n Cael eu Cydnabod) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3124 (Cy.298))
The Council Tax (Liability for Owners) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3125)
The Northern Ireland (Monitoring Commission etc.) Act 2003 (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3126)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3130)
THE STATISTICS OF TRADE (CUSTOMS AND EXCISE) (AMENDMENT) REGULATIONS 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3131)
The Powys (Llanbadarn Fynydd, Llanbister and Abbey Cwmhir) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3132 (W.299))
Gorchymyn Powys (Llanbadarn Fynydd, Llanbister ac Abaty Cwm-hir) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3132 (Cy.299))
The Building and Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.3133)
The Denbighshire (Rhuddlan, Rhyl, Dyserth and Prestatyn) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3134 (W.300))
Gorchymyn Sir Ddinbych (Rhuddlan, y Rhyl, Dyserth a Phrestatyn) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3134 (Cy.300))
The Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) (New Rate of Interest) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3135)
The Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) (Rate of Interest) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3136)
The Cardiff (Llandaff North, Whitchurch, Llanishen, Lisvane, Ely and St. Fagans Communities) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3137 (W.301))
Gorchymyn Caerdydd (Cymunedau Ystum Taf, yr Eglwys Newydd, Llanisien, Llys-Faen, Trelái a Sain Ffagan) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3137 (Cy.301))
The Education (Health Standards) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3139)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3140 (C. 124)])
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3141)
The Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) and Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3142 (C. 125)])
The Income and Corporation Taxes (Electronic Certificates of Deduction of Tax and Tax Credit) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3143)
The Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3144)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3145)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3146)
The A59 Trunk Road (Preston-Skipton) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3147)
The European Qualifications (Health Care Professions) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3148)
The A565 Trunk Road (Bootle-Southport) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3149)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Multiple Offences) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3150)
The A646 Trunk Road (Halifax-M65) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3151)
The A565 Trunk Road (Southport-South of Preston) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3152)
The A570 Trunk Road (North of St. Helens-M58) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3153)
The A679 Trunk Road (Halifax-Burnley) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3154)
The A580 Trunk Road (Liverpool-Salford) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3155)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3156 (C. 126)])
The British Nationality (Fees) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3157)
The British Nationality (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3158)
The British Nationality (British Overseas Territories) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3159)
The A421 Trunk Road (Great Barford Bypass) Detrunking Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3162)
The A421 Trunk Road (Great Barford Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3163)
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3170)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Directed Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3171)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Communications Data) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3172)
The Retention of Communications Data (Extension of Initial Period) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3173)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Intrusive Surveillance) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3174)
The Retention of Communications Data (Code of Practice) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3175)
The Channel Four Television Corporation (Borrowing Limit) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3176)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3177)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3179)
The Enterprise Act 2002 and Media Mergers (Consequential Amendments) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3180)
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) (Amendment) (England) (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3181)
The Communications Act 2003 (Consequential Amendments No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3182)
The Control of Misleading Advertisements (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3183)
The Register of Fines Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3184)
The Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3188)
The North East London Strategic Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3189)
The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Membership) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3190)
The Transfer of Functions (Children, Young People and Families) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3191)
The Broadcasting (Guernsey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3192)
The Broadcasting (Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3193)
The Criminal Justice (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3194 (N.I. 18)])
The Communications (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3195)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Jersey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3196)
The Communications (Jersey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3197)
The Communications (Isle of Man) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3198)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Australia) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3199)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income)(Chile) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3200)
3201–3300
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3201)
The Food Benefit Schemes (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3202 (N.I. 19)])
The Broadcasting (Jersey) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3203)
The European Communities (Enforcement of Community Judgments) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3204)
The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3205)
The Child Support (Information, Evidence and Disclosure) Amendment Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3206)
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3207)
The Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3208)
The Social Security (Notification of Change of Circumstances) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3209)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3211 (W.304))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3211 (Cy.304))
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part V Exemption: Relevant Employers) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3214)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3215)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 6) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3220)
Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3222 (C. 127)])
The Adoption Agencies (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3223 (W.306))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Mabwysiadu (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3223 (Cy.306))
The Cornwall (Coroners' Districts) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3224)
The Central Rating List (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3225 (W.307))
Rheoliadau Rhestr Ardrethu Canolog (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3225 (Cy.307))
The Financial Collateral Arrangements (No.2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3226)
The Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Maintained Schools) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3227 (W.308))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwahardd Disgyblion ac Apelau) (Ysgolion a Gynhelir) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3227 (Cy.308))
The Firearms (Removal to Northern Ireland) (Revocation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3228)
The Collagen and Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3229 (W.309))
Rheoliadau Colagen a Gelatin (Masnach o fewn y Gymuned) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3229 (Cy.309))
The Independent Schools (Provision of Information) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3230 (W.310))
Rheoliadau Ysgolion Annibynnol (Darparu Gwybodaeth) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3230 (Cy.310))
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3231 (W.311))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Y Diwrnod Ysgol a'r Flwyddyn Ysgol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3231 (Cy.311))
The Independent Schools (Publication of Inspection Reports) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3232 (W.312))
Rheoliadau Ysgolion Annibynnol (Cyhoeddi Adroddiadau Arolygu) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3232 (Cy.312))
The Independent Schools (Religious Character of Schools) (Designation Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3233 (W.313))
Rheoliadau Ysgolion Annibynnol (Cymeriad Crefyddol Ysgolion) (Gweithdrefn Ddynodi) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3233 (Cy.313))
The Independent School Standards (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3234 (W.314))
Rheoliadau Safonau Ysgol Annibynnol (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3234 (Cy.314))
The Wildlife and Countryside (Registration, Ringing and Marking of Certain Captive Birds) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3235 (W.315))
Rheoliadau Bywyd Gwyllt a Chefn Gwlad (Cofrestru, Modrwyo a Marcio Adar Caeth Penodol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3235 (Cy.315))
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3236 (W.316))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Fferyllol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3236 (Cy.316))
The Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3237 (W.317))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Ddisgyblion Unigol) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3237 (Cy.317))
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3238 (W.318))
Rheoliadau Rhwymedigaethau Cyfrifoldeb Cynhyrchwyr (Gwastraff Deunydd Pacio) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3238 (Cy.318))
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3239 (W.319))
The Tax Credits (Claims and Notifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3240)
The Plant Protection Products Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3241)
The Water Environment (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3242)
The Water Environment (Water Framework Directive) (Northumbria River Basin District) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3245)
The Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Pupil Referral Units) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3246 (W.321))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwahardd Disgyblion ac Apelau) (Unedau Cyfeirio Disgyblion) (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3246 (Cy.321))
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3247)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Commencement and Savings) (Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3258 (C. 128)])
The St Aidan's CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3259)
The A414 Trunk Road (Beechtrees to Buncefield Roundabout) Order 2004 (S.I. 2003 No. 3260)
The M1 Motorway London to Yorkshire (Widening 6A to 10 Connecting Roads) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2003 No. 3261)
The Jarrow Cross CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3262)
The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3272)
The African Swine Fever (Wales) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3273 (W.323))
Gorchymyn Clwy Affricanaidd y Moch (Cymru) 2003 (S.I. 2003 Rhif 3273 (Cy.323))
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Dangerous Substances) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3274)
The Regulatory Reform (Gaming Machines) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3275)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3276)
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3277)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3278)
The Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (Membership) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3279)
The Education (Student Fees and Support) (Switzerland) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3280)
The Telephone Number Exclusion (Domain Names and Internet Addresses) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3281)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3282 (C.129)])
The Intermittent Custody (Transitory Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3283)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3284)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3285)
The Air Navigation (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.3286)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Amendment of Schedule 4 to the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3293)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3294)
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3295)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales)(Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3296)
The Reporting of Savings Income Information Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No.3297)
The New Forest (Confirmation of the Byelaws of the Verderers of the New Forest) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3298)
The Media Ownership (Local Radio and Appointed News Provider) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3299)
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3300 (C. 130))
3301–3400
The Prison (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3301)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Evaluation and Statistical Studies) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3308)
The Animal Test Certificates (Revocation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3309)
The Controls on Certain Azo Dyes and Blue Colourant Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3310)
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3311)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Commencement and Savings) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3312 (C. 131)])
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3313)
The Road Vehicles (Brake Linings Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3314)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (No. 2) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3318)
The Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3319)
The Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3326)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.3) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3328)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Designation of Part 1 Territories) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3333)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Designation of Part 2 Territories) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3334)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Part 3 Designation) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3335)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Police Powers: Codes of Practice) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3336)
The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Licence Conditions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3337)
The Watford and South of St Albans–Redbourn–Kidney Wood, Luton (Special Road Scheme 1957) (Park Street to Beechtrees Partial Revocation) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2003 No. 3339)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5 and Amendment) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3340 (C. 132)])
The United Utilities Water plc (Ullswater) (Drought) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3341)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) Regulations Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3342)
The Local Government Best Value (Exemption) (England) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3343)
The Conditional Fee Agreements (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3344)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3345 (C. 133)])
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 1) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3346 (C. 134 )])
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3357 (C. 135)])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 5) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3361 (L. 38)])
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3362)
The Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3363)
The Alconbury Airfield (Rail Facilities and Connection to East Coast Main Line) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3364)
The Family Proceedings Courts (Constitution) (Amendment) Rules 2003 (S.I. 2003 No. 3367 (L39))
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4388006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202004 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2004 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2004.
1–100
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (References to Financial Investigators) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 8)
The Bus Service Operators Grant (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 9)
The Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 10)
The Scallop Fishing Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 12)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Bedfordshire) (Districts of Mid-Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 13)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Abolition of Benefit Periods) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 14)
The Companies Act 1985 (Accounts of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Audit Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 16)
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 17)
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 18)
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 19)
The Health Development Agency Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 20)
The Family Health Services Appeal Authority Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 21)
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.24 (C.1 )])
The Health Authorities (Establishment and Abolition) (England) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 37)
The Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 38)
The Naval Discipline Act 1957 (Remedial) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 66)
The General Dental Council (Constitution of Committees) Amendment Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2004 No. 67)
The General Dental Council Continuing Professional Development Committee (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2003 (S.I. 2004 No. 68)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 70 (W.6))
Rheoliadau Trwyddedu Rheoli Gwastraff (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 70 (Cy.6))
The Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 71 (W.7))
Gorchymyn Cynlluniau Iaith Gymraeg (Cyrff Cyhoeddus) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 71 (Cy.7))
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 72)
The Motor Vehicle (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 73)
The Portsmouth Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 75)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 76)
The Aviation Safety Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 77)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Modifications to Codes C and D) (Certain Police Areas) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 78)
The London — Fishguard Trunk Road (A40) (Heol Draw Improvement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 79 (W.9))
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Llundain — Abergwaun (A40) (Gwelliant Heol Draw) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 79 (Cy.9))
The Recreation Grounds (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 80)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2 and Saving Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 81 (C.2)])
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 82)
The Northern Ireland (Monitoring Commission etc.) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 83 (C.3)])
The Social Security (Child Maintenance Premium) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 98)
The Water Environment (Water Framework Directive) (Solway Tweed River Basin District) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 99)
The Mink Keeping (Prohibition) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 100)
101–200
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 101)
The Price Marking Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 102)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 6) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 103 (W.10) (C.6))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 6) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 103 (Cy.10) (C.6))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(County of Carmarthenshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 104 (W.11))
Gorchymyn Traffig Ffyrdd (Ardal Barcio a Ganiateir ac Ardal Barcio Arbennig)(Sir Gaerfyrddin) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 104 (Cy.11))
The Organic Farming Scheme (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 105 (W.12))
Rheoliadau'r Cynllun Ffermio Organig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 105 (Cy.12))
The Pig Carcase (Grading) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 106 (W.13))
Rheoliadau (Graddio) Carcasau Moch (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 106 (Cy.13))
The Solvent Emissions (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 107)
Hadleigh Junior School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 108)
The Countryside Stewardship (Amendment)Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 114)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Stages I–IV) Designation (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 115)
The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Programme and Electronic Monitoring Requirements) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 117)
The Crime and Disorder Strategies (Prescribed Descriptions) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 118)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 119 (C.4)])
The City of Sheffield (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 120)
The Borough of Doncaster (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 121)
The City of Bradford (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 122)
The Borough of Rotherham (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 123)
The Borough of Oldham (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 124)
The Borough of Rochdale (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 125)
The City of Salford (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 126)
The Borough of Tameside (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 127)
The Borough of Barnsley (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 128)
The Cableway Installations Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 129)
Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 130 (C.5)])
The Food (Hot Chilli and Hot Chilli Products) (Emergency Control) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 142)
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiative) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 143)
The Coal Industry Act 1994 (Commencement No.7) and Dissolution of the British Coal Corporation Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 144 (C.6)])
The Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 145)
The Christ's College Guildford (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 146)
The Animals and Animal Products (Examination for Residues and Maximum Residue Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 147)
The Blyth Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 148)
The Wycliffe C of E Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 150)
The Disability Discrimination (Employment Field) (Leasehold Premises) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 153)
The Council Tax Benefit (Abolition of Restrictions) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 154)
The Betting and Gaming Duties Act 1981 (Bingo Prize Limit) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 155)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Conditions for the Lawful Interception of Persons outside the United Kingdom) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 157)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Designation of an International Agreement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 158)
The Charities (Alexandra Park and Palace) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 160)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 161)
The Conduct of Members (Model Code of Conduct) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 163 (W.18))
Gorchymyn Ymddygiad Aelodau (Cod Ymddygiad Enghreifftiol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 163 (Cy.18))
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 173)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 174 (C. 7)])
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 175)
The Fines Collection Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 176)
The M11 Motorway (Junction 4 Northbound, Redbridge) (Speed Limit) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 180)
The Education (Penalty Notices) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 181)
The Education (Parenting Orders) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 182)
The Magistrates' Courts (Special Measures Directions) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 184 (L. 1)])
The Crown Court (Special Measures Directions and Directions Prohibiting Cross-examination)(Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 185 (L. 2)])
The Integrated Administration and Control System (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 189)
The Independent Review of Determinations (Adoption) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 190)
201–300
The Burnley (Parishes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 214)
The General Medical Council (Suspension and Removal of Members from Office) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 215)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Appointed Day of Poll) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 217)
The Local Government (Ordinary Day of Election) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 218 (W.22))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Diwrnod Arferol Etholiad) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 218 (Cy.22))
The Domiciliary Care Agencies (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 219 (W.23))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Gofal Cartref (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 219 (Cy.23))
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 220)
The Democratic Republic of Congo (Financing and Financial Assistance and Technical Advice, Assistance and Training) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 221)
The Local Elections (Ordinary Day of Election 2004) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 222)
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 223)
The Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 224)
The Local Authorities (Mayoral Elections) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 225)
The Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 226)
The Greater London Authority Elections (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 227)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 238)
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 241 (C. 8)])
The Private Hire Vehicles (London) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 242)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 243)
The Carriers' Liability (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 244)
The Food (Emergency Control) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 245 (W.24))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Rheolaeth Frys) (Diwygiadau Amrywiol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 245 (Cy.24))
The Sentencing Guidelines Council (Supplementary Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 246)
The Magistrates' Courts (Parenting Orders) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 247 (L.3)])
The Vehicular Access Across Common and Other Land (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 248 (W.25))
The Food (Provisions relating to Labelling) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 249 (W.26))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Darpariaethau sy'n ymwneud â Labelu) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 249 (Cy.26))
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Revised Code of Practice for Vehicles) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 250)
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Level of Penalty: Revised Code of Practice) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 251)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 252 (W.27) (C.9))
Gorchymyn Deddf Mabwysiadu a Phlant 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 5) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 252 (Cy.27) (C.9))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 253 (W.28))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 253 (Cy.28))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 254 (W.29))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Ffurflen a Manylion Rhagnodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 254 (Cy.29))
The Private Security Industry (Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 255)
Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Modern Foreign Languages in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 256)
The Transport for London (Larcombe Close) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 257)
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 258)
General Optical Council (Disciplinary Committee (Constitution) Amendment Rules) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 259)
Education (National Curriculum) (Modern Foreign Languages) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 260)
Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Design and Technology in respect of the First, Second and Third Key Stages) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 261)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 262)
The Social Security Pensions (Low Earnings Threshold) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 263)
Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 264)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 265)
The Common Investment Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 266)
The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 286 (C.10)])
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 287 (C. 11)])
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 288 (C. 12)])
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 289 (C. 13)])
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (State Pension Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 290)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 291)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 292 (C. 14)])
The European Parliamentary Elections Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 293)
The Representation of the People (Combination of Polls) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 294)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 299 (C. 15 )])
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 300)
301–400
The Driving Licences (Exchangeable Licences) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 301)
The Merchant Shipping (High Speed Craft) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 302)
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 303)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Common Electoral Principles) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 304)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 305)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions)(Channel Islands) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 306)
The Communications (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 307)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Jersey) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 308)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Isle of Man) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 309)
The Betting and Gaming (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 310 (N.I. 1)])
The Primary Medical Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 311 (N.I. 2)])
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 312)
The Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 313 (W.31))
Rheoliadau Fformwla Fabanod a Fformwla Ddilynol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 313 (Cy.31))
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 314 (W.32))
Rheoliadau Bwydydd Proses sydd wedi'u Seilio ar Rawn a Bwydydd Babanod ar gyfer Babanod a Phlant Ifanc (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 314 (Cy.32))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 315 (W.33) (C.16))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 4) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 315 (Cy.33) (C.16))
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 316)
The Removal of Obstructions from Highways (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 317 (W.34))
Rheoliadau Codi Rhwystrau oddi ar Briffyrdd (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 317 (Cy.34))
The Trade in Controlled Goods (Embargoed Destinations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 318)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Extended Payments (Severe Disablement Allowance and Incapacity Benefit)]) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 319)
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 320 (C. 17)])
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 343)
Commissions for Local Administration (Extension of Jurisdiction) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 344)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 345)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Lebanon) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 346)
The Liberia (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 347)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 348)
The Sudan (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 349)
The Petroleum Licensing (Exploration and Production) (Seaward and Landward Areas) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 352)
The Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding Up) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 353)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 354)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 355)
The Borough of Bolton (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 356)
The Borough of Bury (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 357)
The Borough of South Tyneside (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 358)
The City of Manchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 359)
The Borough of Stockport (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 360)
The Borough of Gateshead (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 361)
The City of Sunderland (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 362)
The City of Newcastle upon Tyne (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 363)
The Borough of North Tyneside (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 364)
The Borough of Wigan (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No 365)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Combined Region and Campaign Expenditure) (United Kingdom and Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 366)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 367)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 368)
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Ord1er 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 369)
The Removal of Obstructions from Highways (Notices etc.) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 370)
The Controls On Pentabromodiphenyl Ether And Octabromodiphenyl Ether Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 371)
The Tax Credits (Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 372)
The Sudan (Technical Assistance and Financing and Financial Assistance) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 373)
The General Drainage Charges (Anglian Region) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 388)
The Network Rail (West Coast Main Line) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 389)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 390)
The Food (Hot Chilli and Hot Chilli Products) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 392 (W.40))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Tsilis Poeth a Chynhyrchion Tsilis Poeth) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Diwygio)(Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 392 (Cy.40))
The Consistent Financial Reporting (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 393)
The Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 398)
The High Court Enforcement Officers Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 400)
401–500
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 401 (C. 18 )])
The Education (Pupil Exclusions) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 402)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding Up and Deficiency on Winding Up etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 403)
The Public Order (Prescribed Forms) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 416)
The Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 417)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 418)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Recovery of Cash in Summary Proceedings: Minimum Amount) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.420)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 421)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Continuance of Part VII) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 431)
The Liberia (Technical Assistance and Financing and Financial Assistance) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 432)
The General Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 433)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Unauthorised Part B Processes) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 434)
The St. Mary's National Health Service Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 435)
The Special Trustees for St. Mary's Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 436)
The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 437)
The Capital Gains Tax (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 438)
The Urban Regeneration Companies (Tax) (Designation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 439)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 440)
School Budget Shares (Prescribed Purposes) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 444)
The M11 London-Cambridge Motorway (Redbridge-Stump Cross Section) Scheme 1970 (Revocation) Scheme 2001 Revocation Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 445)
The M11 London to Cambridge Motorway (Stansted Airport Spur Roads and Connecting Roads at Birchanger) Scheme 1985 Revocation Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 446)
The Schools Forums (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 447)
The M11 Motorway (Thremhall Avenue Connecting Roads) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 448)
The A66 Trunk Road (Darlington Eastern Transport Corridor) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 449)
School Governance (Constitution, Procedures and New Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 450)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 451 (W.42))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Addasu Cyfrifiadau Gofynnol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 451 (Cy.42))
The Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 452 (W.43))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Dosbarthau Rhagnodedig ar Anheddau) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 452 (Cy.43))
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Appointed Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 453)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Complaints Relating to General Insurance and Mortgages) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 454)
The Kava-kava in Food (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 455)
Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 456)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 459)
The Council Tax (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 460 (W.45))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 460 (Cy.45))
The Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) (Temporary Use in Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 462)
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application to Environmentally Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 463)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 464)
The North West Surrey Mental Health National Health Service Partnership Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 465)
The West Sussex Health and Social Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 466)
The Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 467)
The West Kent National Health Service and Social Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 468)
The Cheshire and Wirral Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Wirral and West Cheshire Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 469)
The Regulatory Reform (Sunday Trading) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 470)
The Kingston Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 471)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No 472)
The Insolvency Practitioners (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 473)
The Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 474)
The Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 475)
The Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 476)
The General Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 477 (W.47))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 478 (W.48))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 480 (W.49) (C.19))
The Fire Services (Appointments and Promotion) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 481)
The Valuation Tribunals (Amendment) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 482)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.19) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 484 (C.20)])
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services)(Public Bodies)(England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 485)
The Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 487)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 488)
501–600
The School Governance (Transition from an Interim Executive Board) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 530)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 531)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 532)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Consequential, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 533)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 534)
The Cumbria (Coroners' Districts) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 535)
The Berkshire (Coroners' Districts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 536)
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 537)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Bedfordshire) (Districts of Mid-Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 538)
The Public Benefit Corporation (Register of Members) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 539)
The Patients' Forums and Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 540)
The North Essex Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 541)
The Wolverhampton City Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 542)
The Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.543)
Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) and Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 545 (C.21)])
The Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding Up) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 546)
The Insolvency Proceedings (Monetary Limits) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 547)
The Education (Individual Pupil Information) (Prescribed Persons) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 549 (W.53))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Ddisgyblion Unigol) (Personau Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 549 (Cy.53))
The Health Professions Wales (Transfer of Staff, Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 550 (W.54))
Gorchymyn Proffesiynau Iechyd Cymru (Trosglwyddo Staff, Eiddo, Hawliau a Rhwymedigaethau) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 550 (Cy.54))
The Health Professions Wales (Establishment, Membership, Constitution and Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 551 (W.55))
Gorchymyn Proffesiynau Iechyd Cymru (Sefydlu, Aelodaeth, Cyfansoddiad a Swyddogaethau) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 551 (Cy.55))
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 552)
The Jam and Similar Products (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 553 (W.56))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Jam a Chynhyrchion Tebyg (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 553 (Cy.56))
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 554 (W.57))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd Amrywiol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 554 (Cy.57))
The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Explanation and Co-operation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 555)
The Accounts and Audit (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 556)
The Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (Explanation, Statements of Action and Co-operation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 557)
The Pensions Increase (Valuation Tribunal Service) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 558)
The Zimbabwe (Sale, Supply, Export, Technical Assistance, Financing and Financial Assistance and Shipment of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 559)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 560)
The General Social Care Council (Description of Persons to be Treated as Social Care Workers) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 561)
The General Social Care Council (Registration) (Description of Social Care Workers) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 562)
The Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 563)
The Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 564 (C. 22)])
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 565)
Asylum Support (Interim Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 566)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 567)
The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 568)
The NHS Direct (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 569)
The NHS Direct Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 570)
The Education (Hazardous Equipment and Materials) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 571)
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 572)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 573)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Supply of Information) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 574)
The Taxation of Benefits under Government Pilot Schemes (Working Neighbourhoods Pilot and In Work Credit) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 575)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 576)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 577)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 578)
The Travel Documents (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 579)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 580)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 581)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 582)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 583)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 584)
The National Health Service (Performers Lists) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 585)
The Tower Hamlets Housing Action Trust (Dissolution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 586)
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 587)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 588)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 589)
The Common Agricultural Policy Non-IACS Support Schemes (Appeals) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 590)
The Kingston-upon-Hull City Council (School Meals) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 592)
The Insolvency Proceedings (Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 593)
The Tribunals and Inquiries (Dairy Produce Quota Tribunal) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 594)
The Land Registration Fee Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 595)
The Blood Tests (Evidence of Paternity) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 596)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 597)
The Criminal Defence Service (Choice in Very High Cost Cases)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 598)
601–700
The Service Subsidy Agreements (Tendering) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 609)
The Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 610)
The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 614)
The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Children's Rights Director) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 615)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Foundation Stage Profile Assessment Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 622)
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 623)
The National Health Service (Personal Medical Services Agreements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 627)
National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Prescription of Drugs etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 629)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 636 (C.23)])
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 639)
The Wildlife and Countryside (Registration and Ringing of Certain Captive Birds) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 640)
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 641 (C.24)])
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 642)
The Police (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 643)
The Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 644)
The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 645)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 646)
The State Pension Credit (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 647)
The NHS Professionals Special Health Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 648)
The Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (Addition of Substances for Specific Nutritional Purposes) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 649)
The Ministry of Defence Police Appeal Tribunals Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 652)
The Ministry of Defence Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 653)
The Ministry of Defence Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 654)
The Architects (Professional Conduct Committee) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 655)
The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 656)
The Blackburn with Darwen (Maintained Nursery School Governance) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 657)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 658)
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget and the Financing of Maintained Schools (No. 2) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 659)
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Staff Conduct) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 660)
The Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 661)
The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 662)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) and (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 663)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection and Commission for Social Care Inspection) (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.664)
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme and Injury Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 665)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 666)
The NHS Pensions Agency (Asiantaeth Pensiynau'r GIG) (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 667)
The NHS Pensions Agency (Asiantaeth Pensiynau'r GIG) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 668)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 669 (W.62) (C.25))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cyfunddaliad a Diwygio Cyfraith Lesddaliad 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 2 ac Arbedion) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 669 (Cy.62) (C.25))
The Leasehold Reform (Collective Enfranchisement and Lease Renewal) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 670 (W.63))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Cyfraith Lesddaliad (Rhyddfreinio ar y Cyd ac Adnewyddu Lesddaliad) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 670 (Cy.63))
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 671)
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Forces Maintained Otherwise than by Police Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 672)
The High Court Enforcement Officers (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 673)
The Recovery of Duties and Taxes Etc. Due in Other Member States (Corresponding UK Claims, Procedure and Supplementary) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 674)
The RTM Companies (Memorandum and Articles of Association) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 675 (W.64))
Rheoliadau Cwmnïau RTM (Memorandwm ac Erthyglau Cymdeithasu) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 675 (Cy.64))
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 676)
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Service Charges, Insurance or Appointment of Managers Applications) (Revocation and Saving) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 677 (W.65))
Gorchymyn Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio Lesddaliadau (Taliadau Gwasanaeth, Yswiriant neu Geisiadau am Benodi Rheolwyr) (Dirymu ac Arbed) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 677 (Cy.65))
The Right to Manage (Prescribed Particulars and Forms) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 678 (W.66))
Rheoliadau'r Hawl i Reoli (Manylion a Ffurf Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 678 (Cy.66))
The Inspection of Youth Support Services in Wales Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 679 (W.67))
Rheoliadau Arolygu Gwasanaethau Cymorth Ieuenctid Cymru 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 679 (Cy.67))
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Fees) (Revocation and Saving) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 680 (W.68))
Gorchymyn Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio Lesddaliadau (Ffioedd) (Dirymu ac Arbed) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 680 (Cy.68))
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 681 (W.69))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio Lesddaliadau (Gweithdrefn) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 681 (Cy.69))
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 683 (W.71))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio Lesddaliadau (Ffioedd) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 683 (Cy.71))
The Service Charges (Consultation Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 684 (W.72))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Gwasanaeth (Gofynion Ymgynghori) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 684 (Cy.72))
The Common Agricultural Policy Non-IACS Support Schemes (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 685 (W.73))
Rheoliadau Cynlluniau Cymorth y Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin nad ydynt yn rhai IACS (Apelau) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 685 (Cy.73))
The Kimberley Process (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 686)
The Finance Act 2002 Section 140 (Appointed Day) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 689 (C.27)])
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 690 (C. 26)])
The Awards for All (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 691)
The Communications (Television Licensing) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 692)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 9 Restrictions on Disclosure of Information) (Specification) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 693)
The Evaluation of Active Substances for Pesticides (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 694)
The Fees for Assessment of Active Substances (Third Stage Review) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 695)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Supplementary and Consequential Provision) (NHS Foundation Trusts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 696)
Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) and Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 697 (C.28)])
The Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 698)
The Leasehold Reform (Enfranchisement and Extension) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 699 (W.74))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Lesddaliad (Rhyddfreinio ac Estyn) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 699 (Cy.74))
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 700 (C. 30)])
701–800
The Water Industry (Prescribed Conditions) (Undertakers Wholly or Mainly in Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 701 (W.75))
The Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 702 (N.I. 3)])
The Rates (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 703 (N.I. 4)])
The Prison (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 704 (N.I. 5)])
The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 705)
The European Communities (Designation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 706)
The Budget (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 707 (N.I. 6)])
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 708)
The Care Council for Wales (Specification of Student Social Workers) (Registration) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 709 (W.76))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Gofal Cymru (Pennu Gweithwyr Cymdeithasol o dan Hyfforddiant) (Cofrestru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 709 (Cy.76))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Extension of Meaning of Social Care Worker) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 711 (W.78))
Rheoliadau Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Ehangu Ystyr Gweithiwr Gofal Cymdeithasol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 711 (Cy.78))
The Research and Development (Prescribed Activities) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 712)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 713)
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Isle of Man) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 714)
The Communications (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 715)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Jersey) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 716)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) (Amendment) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 717)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Isle of Man) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 718)
The Advocacy Services and Representations Procedure (Children) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 719)
The Borough of Trafford (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 720)
The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 721)
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 723)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 724)
The Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 726)
The Children (Leaving Care) Social Security Benefits (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 747)
The Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 750)
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Continuance in force of sections 21 to 23) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 751)
The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 752)
The ACAS Arbitration Scheme (Great Britain) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 753)
The Compromise Agreements (Description of Person) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 754)
The Immigration (Restrictions on Employment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 755)
The Civil Aviation (Working Time) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 756)
The Docklands Light Railway (Woolwich Arsenal Extension) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 757)
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 758)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 759 (C. 29 )])
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements and Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 760)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 761)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 762)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 763)
The SS Osmund and Andrew RC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 764)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (Point of Sale) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 765)
The West Hampshire National Health Service Trust (Change of Name and Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 766)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 767)
The General Betting Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 768)
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 769)
The Social Security (Contributions, Categorisation of Earners and Intermediaries) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 770)
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 771)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 772)
The Retirement Benefit Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 773)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 774)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 775)
The Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 776)
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 777)
The Value Added Tax (Buildings and Land) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 778)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 779)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 780 (C. 31)])
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 781)
The Inspection of Education and Training (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 783 (W.80))
Rheoliadau Arolygu Addysg a Hyfforddiant (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 783 (Cy.80))
The Education (School Inspection) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 784 (W.81))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Arolygu Ysgolion) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 784 (Cy.81))
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 785 (W.82))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Gweinyddu a Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 785 (Cy.82))
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 786 (C.32)])
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 787)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 798 (C. 33)])
The Public Trustee (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 799)
The Recovery of Agricultural Levies Due in Other Member States Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 800)
801–900
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Designated Professional Body) (Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 801)
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Registration Fee) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 802)
The Library Advisory Council for Wales Abolition and Consequential Amendments Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 803 (W.83))
Gorchymyn Diddymu Cyngor Ymgynghorol Llyfrgelloedd Cymru a Diwygiadau Canlyniadol 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 803 (Cy.83))
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (Wandsworth) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 804)
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Investigatory Powers) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 815)
The Zimbabwe (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 816)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 822)
The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 827 (C. 34)])
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 828)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.829 (C.35)])
Controlled Drugs (Substances Useful for Manufacture) (Intra-Community Trade) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 850)
The Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 851)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 853)
The Warwickshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 864)
The General Medical Services and Personal Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 865)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 866 (C. 36)])
The Social Security (Basic Skills Training Pilot) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 867)
The Social Security (Intensive Activity Period 50 to 59 Pilot) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 868)
The Social Security (Intensive Activity Period 50 to 59 Pilot)(No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 869)
The Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 870 (W.85))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cynnal Refferenda) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 870 (Cy.85))
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 871 (W.86))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 871 (Cy.86))
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 872 (W.87))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Trefniadau Ymsefydlu ar gyfer Athrawon Ysgol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 872 (Cy.87))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 2) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 873 (W.88) (C.37))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Iechyd Cymunedol a Safonau) 2003 Cychwyn (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 873 (Cy.88) (C.37))
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 874 (C.38)])
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Prescribed Police Stations) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 875)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 889)
901–1000
The Woking Area Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 904)
Community Health Councils Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 905 (W.89))
Rheoliadau Cynghorau Iechyd Cymuned 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 905 (Cy.89))
The Primary Medical Services (Sale of Goodwill and Restrictions on Sub-contracting) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 906)
The Welsh Development Agency (Derelict Land) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 907 (W.90))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Datblygu Cymru (Tir Diffaith) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 907 (Cy.90))
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 908 (W.91))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cynigion Trefniadaeth Ysgolion) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 908 (Cy.91))
The Litter and Dog Fouling (Fixed Penalty) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 909 (W.92))
Gorchymyn Sbwriel a Baeddu gan Gwn (Cosb Benodedig) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 909 (Cy.92))
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 910 (W.93)(C.39))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dŵr 2003 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 910 (Cy.93) (C.39))
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 911 (W.94))
Rheoliadau Cwotâu Cynnyrch Llaeth (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 911 (Cy.94))
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 912 (W.95) (C.40))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 4 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 912 (Cy.95) (C.40))
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 913 (C.41)])
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (District of Mole Valley) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 914)
The Railway Safety Accreditation SchemeRegulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 915)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Modification of Local Enactments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 916)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 917)
The Education (Penalty Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 920)
The Coroners (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 921)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 922)
The Paternity and Adoption Leave (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 923)
The Renewables Obligation (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 924)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (Weekly Rates) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 925)
The Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 926)
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 927)
The Local Government Pension Scheme and Discretionary Compensation (Members of County and County Borough Councils in Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 928)
The Merchant Shipping (Gas Carriers) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 929)
The Merchant Shipping (Dangerous or Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 930)
The Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) (New Rate of Interest) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 931)
The Milton Keynes (Urban Area and Planning Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 932)
The Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 933)
The Employment Zones (Allocation to Contractors) Pilot Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 934)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8) (Designation of the Financial Services Authority as a Designated Enforcer) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No 935)
The National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) and (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 936)
The Freedom of Information (Additional Public Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 938)
The Tax Credits Up-rating Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 941)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 942)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance Up-rating (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 943)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 944)
The Communications Act 2003 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 945)
The Trade Marks (Proof of Use, etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 946)
The Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 947)
The Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 948)
The Community Trade Mark (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 949)
The NHS Professionals Special Health Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Revocation and Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 951)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions, Repeals and Savings) (Financial Services Compensation Scheme) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 952)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Designation of Receipts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 953)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Mainline Class 222 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 954)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (CrossCountry Trains Class 220 and Class 221) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 955)
The Local Government in Scotland Act 2003 (Destination of Fixed Penalties in Scotland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 956 (S. 1)])
The Primary Medical Services (Scotland) Act 2004 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 957 (S. 2)])
The Sunday Working (Scotland) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 958 (C. 42)])
The Social Security (Working Neighbourhoods) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 959)
The Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 960)
The Social Security (Income-Related Benefits Self-Employment Route Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 963)
The Milk Development Council (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 964)
The Transport for London (White City) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 965)
The Good Laboratory Practice (Codification Amendments Etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 994)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 996 (W.104))
Gorchymyn Moch (Cofnodion, Adnabod a Symud) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 996 (Cy.104))
The Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No.1) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 999 (W.105) (C.43))
Gorchymyn Deddf Ymddygiad Gwrthgymdeithasol 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 999 (Cy.105) (C.43))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1000 (W.106))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Darpariaethau Amrywiol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1000 (Cy.106))
1001–1100
The Stratford-on-Avon (Parishes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1001)
The Customs and Excise Duties (Travellers' Allowances and Personal Reliefs)(New Member States) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1002)
The Excise Duty Points (Etc.)(New Member States) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1003)
The Channel Tunnel (Alcoholic Liquor and Tobacco Products)(Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1004)
The Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, Part 2 (Notices) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1005)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) (Revocation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1006)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1007)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1008)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No.2) (Amendment No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1009 (C. 44)])
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1010 (W.107))
The Adoption Support Services (Local Authorities) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1011 (W.108))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Cymorth Mabwysiadu (Awdurdodau Lleol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1011 (Cy.108))
The Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (Addition of Substances for Specific Nutritional Purposes) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1012 (W.109))
Rheoliadau Bwyd at Ddefnydd Maethol Neilltuol (Ychwanegu Sylweddau at Ddibenion Maethol Penodol) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1012 (Cy.109))
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) and the Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Local Lists) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1013 (W.110))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Gweinyddu a Gorfodi) ac Ardrethu Annomestig (Casglu a Gorfodi) (Rhestri Lleol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1013 (Cy.110))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1014 (W.111))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1014 (Cy.111))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 13) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1015 (W.112) (C.45))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 13) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1015 (Cy.112) (C.45))
The General Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions (Wales) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1016 (W.113))
The Primary Medical Services (Sale of Goodwill and Restrictions on Sub-contracting) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1017 (W.114))
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services etc.), (Repeatable Prescriptions) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1018 (W.115))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Fferyllol etc.) (Presgripsiynau Amlroddadwy) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1018 (Cy.115))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1019 (W.116) (C.46))
The National Health Service (Performers Lists) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1020 (W.117))
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1021 (W.118))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Prescription of Drugs Etc.) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1022 (W.119))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1023 (W.120))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1023 (Cy.120))
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements)(Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1024 (W.121))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Symiau at Anghenion Personol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1024 (Cy.121))
The Education (School Performance Information) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1025 (W.122))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Berfformiad Ysgolion) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1025 (Cy.122))
The Education (Pupil Information) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1026 (W.123))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Ddisgyblion) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1026 (Cy.123))
The Football Spectators (European Championship Control Period) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1029)
Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1030)
The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1031)
The Value Added Tax Tribunals (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1032)
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Supreme Court Act 1981) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1033)
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Designation of Prosecuting Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1034)
The European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1035 (C.47)])
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) and Medicated Feedingstuffs (Amendment) (England, Scotland and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1036)
The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Trading Fund Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1037)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1038)
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1039)
The Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England and Wales) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1040)
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England and Wales) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1041)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) and (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1042 (W.124))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) a (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1042 (Cy.124))
The Employment Zones (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1043)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1044)
The Credit Institutions (Reorganisation and Winding up) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1045)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (England and Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1046)
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1047 (L. 4)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Crime (International Co-operation)]) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1048 (L.5)])
The Trade in Controlled Goods (Embargoed Destinations) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1049)
The Export of Goods, Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1050)
The Magistrates' Courts (Foreign Travel Orders) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1051)
The Magistrates' Courts (Notification Orders) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1052)
The Magistrates' Courts (Risk of Sexual Harm Orders) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1053)
The Magistrates' Courts (Sexual Offences Prevention Orders) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1054)
The Community Legal Service (Scope) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1055)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1056)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Amendment of Part 4 of the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1069)
The Insolvency (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1070)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1071)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Exemptions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1072)
The Borough of Rochdale (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1073)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1075)
The Education (Modifications to Requirements for Pupil Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1076)
The Competition Act 1998 (Concurrency) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1077)
The Competition Act 1998 (Appealable Decisions and Revocation of Notification of Excluded Agreements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1078)
The EC Merger Control (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1079)
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Elements of Crimes) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1080)
The Independent Review of Determinations (Adoption) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1081)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1082)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1091)
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1092)
1101–1200
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1104 (C. 48 )])
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1105)
The Anglian Water Parks Byelaws (Extension) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1106)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ships on Domestic Voyages) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1107)
The Agricultural Statistics (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1109 (N.I. 7)])
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1110)
The Overseas Territories (Zimbabwe) (Restrictive Measures) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1111)
The Liberia (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1112)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1113)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Jersey) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1114)
The Broadcasting and Communications (Isle of Man) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1115)
The Communications (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1116)
The European Communities (Services of Lawyers) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1117)
The Health Service Commissioner for England (Special Health Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1119)
The Liberia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1120)
The International Joint Investigation Teams (International Agreement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1127)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Foreign Surveillance Operations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1128)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1138)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding Up) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1140)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1141)
The Food (Jelly Confectionery) (Emergency Control) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1151)
The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials Fees Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1157)
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1158)
The Plant Protection Products (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1159)
The St Luke's Catholic Sixth Form College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1160)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1161)
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No.1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1163 (C.49 )])
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 and Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1164)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1165)
The Disability Discrimination (Questions and Replies) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1168)
The St Margaret's Anfield Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1169)
The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1175)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1176)
The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) (Extension) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1178)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1179)
The Packaging (Essential Requirements) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1188)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1189)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1190)
The Yeovil Schools (School Day and School Year Regulations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1191)
The Courts Boards Areas Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1192)
The Courts Boards (Appointments and Procedure) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1193)
The King's College London Act 1978 (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1194)
The Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1195)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No.2) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1196)
1201–1300
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1201 (C. 50 )])
The Animal Gatherings (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1202)
The Sustainable Energy Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1203 (C.51)])
The Returning Officers (Parliamentary Constituencies) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1204)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Seaton Tramway Tramcars 9, 10 and 11) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1205)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Amendment of Part 4 of the Finance Act 2003) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1206)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1214)
Education (National Curriculum)(Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Science in respect of the First, Second Third and Fourth Key Stages)(England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1217)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1218 (W.133))
Gorchymyn Daliadau Amaethyddol (Unedau Cynhyrchu) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1218 (Cy.133))
The Accession (Immigration and Worker Registration) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1219)
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Travel Notification Requirements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1220)
The Cableway Installations (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1230)
The Town and Country Planning (London Borough of Camden) Special Development Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1231)
The Social Security (Habitual Residence) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1232)
The Local Elections (Communities) (Welsh Forms) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1233)
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Welsh Forms) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1234)
The Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1235)
The Immigration (European Economic Area) and Accession (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1236)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1237)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1239)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Administration) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1240)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1241)
The Nuclear Safeguards Act Commencement (No.1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1242 (C.52)])
The Tax Credits (Residence) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1243)
The Child Benefit (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1244)
The European Parliament (Number of MEPs) (United Kingdom and Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1245)
The European Parliament (Disqualification) (United Kingdom and Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1246)
The Nuclear Safeguards (Notification) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1255)
The EC/Swiss Air Transport Agreement (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1256)
The Burma (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1257)
Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1258)
The Competition Act 1998 (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1259)
The Competition Act 1998 (Land Agreements Exclusion and Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1260)
The Competition Act 1998 and Other Enactments (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1261)
The Food (Jelly Confectionery) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1262 (W.134))
The Liberia (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1264)
The Food (Emergency Control) (England) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1265)
The Merchant Shipping (Updating of References to Maritime Conventions) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1266)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No 1267)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Modification of Local Enactments) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1268)
The Nurses Agencies (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1269)
The Cash Ratio Deposits (Value Bands and Ratios) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1270)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1271)
The Mental Health (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1272 (N.I. 8)])
The Merchant Shipping (Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1273)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (New Zealand) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1274)
The Traffic Signs (Amendment) General Directions 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1275)
The Working Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1276)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (Specialist Tobacconists) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1277)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Guildford) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1278)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1279)
The Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (Liverpool Landing Stage Extension) Harbour Revision Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1280)
The Recreation Grounds (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1281)
The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1282)
The European Communities (Designation) (No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1283)
The Merchant Shipping (Confirmation of Legislation and Repeals) (Jersey) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1284)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Reigate and Banstead) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1285)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1286)
The Nuclear Safeguards (Jersey) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1288)
The Nuclear Safeguards (Isle of Man) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1289)
The Nuclear Safeguards (Guernsey) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1290)
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1291)
The Crown Court (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1292 (L. 6)])
The Criminal Appeal (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1293 (L.7 )])
The Beer from Small Breweries (Extension of Reduced Rates of Excise Duty) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1296)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts)(Amendment)(England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1297)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) (Great Britain and Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1298)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Local Returning Officers' Charges) (Great Britain and Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1299)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1300)
1301–1400
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1301)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South Eastern Trains Class 376) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1302)
The Courts Boards Areas (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1303)
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1304)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Wigan) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1305)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1306 (L. 8)])
Greenwich Park, Hyde Park and The Regent's Park (Vehicle Parking) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1307)
Royal Parks and Other Open Spaces (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1308)
The Adventure Activities Licensing Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1309)
The Valuation Tribunals (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1312 (W.138))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1312 (Cy.138))
The Asylum Support (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1313)
The Care Homes (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1314 (W.139))
Rheoliadau Cartrefi Gofal (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1314 (Cy.139))
The Burma (Sale, Supply, Export, Technical Assistance, Financing and Financial Assistance and Shipment of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1315)
The Seed Potatoes (Fees) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1316)
The Beef Carcase (Classification) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1317)
Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1318 (C. 53)])
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1319 (C. 54)])
The Adventure Activities (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1359)
The Income Tax (Professional Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1360)
The Social Security (Crediting and Treatment of Contributions, and National Insurance Numbers) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1361)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1362)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Appeals) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1363)
The Fireworks (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1372)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Welsh Forms) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1373)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Common Electoral Principles) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1374)
The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1375)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1376 (C. 55 )])
The Education (Individual Pupil Information) (Prescribed Persons) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1377)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1378)
The National Health Service Bodies and Local Authority Partnership Arrangements (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1390 (W.140))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Partneriaeth Cyrff Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol ac Awdurdodau Lleol (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1390 (Cy.140))
The Natural History Museum (Authorised Repositories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1392)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1393)
The Meat Products (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1396 (W.141))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Cig (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1396 (Cy.141))
The Horse Passports (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1397)
1401–1500
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1402)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1403 (C.56)])
The Plant Health (Export Certification) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1404)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1405)
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1406)
The Fines Collection (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1407)
The Prisoner Custody Officers (Searching of Prisoners) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1408)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1409)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Hull Trains Class 170/3) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1410)
The Isles of Scilly (Functions) (Review and Scrutiny of Health Services) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1412)
The Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) (Amendment No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1413)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Evaluation and Statistical Studies) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1414)
The European Parliamentary Election Petition (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1415 (L. 9)])
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Summarised Accounts of Special Health Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1416)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1417)
The Air Carrier Liability Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1418)
The Review of Children's Cases (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1419)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1425)
The Bridlington Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1426)
The Local Authority (Overview and Scrutiny Committees Health Scrutiny Functions) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1427)
The Disability Discrimination (Providers of Services) (Adjustment of Premises) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1429)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1430 (W.144))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion sy'n Tarddu o Anifeiliaid (Mewnforion Trydydd Gwledydd) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1430 (Cy.144))
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1431 (C. 57)])
The Registration of Establishments (Laying Hens) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1432 (W.145))
Rheoliadau Cofrestru Sefydliadau (Ieir Dodwy) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1432 (Cy.145))
The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1433 (W.146))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd Ymwelwyr Tramor) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1433 (Cy.146))
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1434 (W.147))
Gorchymyn Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Gweithdrefn Datblygu Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1434 (Cy.147))
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1441)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1445)
The Advocacy Services and Representations Procedure (Children) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1448 (W.148))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Eirioli a Gweithdrefn Sylwadau (Plant) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1448 (Cy.148))
The Review of Children's Cases (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1449 (W.149))
Rheoliadau Adolygu Achosion Plant (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1449 (Cy.149))
The Child Trust Funds Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1450)
The Polish Potatoes (Notification) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1452)
The Recreational Craft Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1464)
The Building (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1465)
The Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1466)
The Energy Information (Household Refrigerators and Freezers) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1468)
The Merchant Shipping (Hours of Work) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1469)
The Goods Infringing Intellectual Property Rights (Customs) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1473)
The Medicines (Advertising) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1480)
The Consumer Credit (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1481)
The Consumer Credit (Agreements) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1482)
The Consumer Credit (Early Settlement) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1483)
The Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1484)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1485)
The Government Stock (Consequential and Transitional Provision) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1486)
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981(England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1487)
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 204 (S.I. 2004 No. 1488 (W.153)(C.58))
Gorchymyn Deddf Gwastraff a Masnachu Allyriannau 2003 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1488 (Cy.153) (C.58))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1489 (W.154) (C.59))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 5) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1489 (Cy.154) (C.59))
The Landfill Allowances Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1490 (W.155))
Rheoliadau'r Cynllun Lwfansau Tirlenwi (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1490 (Cy.155))
The Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1491)
Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) and Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1492 (C. 60 )])
The Education (Prohibition from Teaching or Working with Children) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1493)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1494)
The Ship and Port Facility (Security) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1495)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1496)
The Trade Marks Act 1994 (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1497)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions)(Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1498)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Agreement on Enlargement of the European Economic Area) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1499)
The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1500 (N.I. 9)])
1501–1600
The Criminal Justice (Evidence) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1501 (N.I. 10)])
Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3 and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1502 (C.61)])
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Remote Reviews of Detention) (Specified Police Stations) (Revocation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1503)
The Veterinary Surgery (Artificial Insemination of Mares) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1504)
The Pig Carcase (Grading) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1505)
The Shoreham Port Authority Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1506)
The Local Elections (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1508 (W.157))
Gorchymyn Etholiadau Lleol (Datganiad Derbyn Swydd) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1508 (Cy.157))
The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1509 (W.158))
Rheoliadau Dŵr Mwynol Naturiol, Dŵr Ffynnon a Dŵr Yfed wedi'i Botelu (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1509 (Cy.158))
The Conduct of Members (Model Code of Conduct) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1510 (W.159))
Gorchymyn Ymddygiad Aelodau (Cod Ymddygiad Enghreifftiol) (Cymru) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1510 (Cy.159))
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Disclosure of Donor Information) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1511)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1512)
The Designation of Schools having a Religious Character (England) (No 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1513)
The Justices of the Peace (Size and Chairmanship of Bench) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1514)
Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Primary Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1515)
The Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Secondary Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1516)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Bodies Designated to make Super-complaints) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1517)
The TSE (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1518)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1519)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1520)
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1521(C. 62 )])
The British Transport Police (Police Services Agreement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1522)
The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1572 (C.63 )])
The British Transport Police (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1573)
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1574)
The Local Government (Whole Authority Analyses and Improvement Plans) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1575 (W.161))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Dadansoddiadau Awdurdodau Cyfan a Chynlluniau Gwella) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1575 (Cy.161))
The School Organisation Proposals by the National Council for Education and Training for Wales Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1576 (W.162))
Rheoliadau Cynigion ar Drefniadaeth Ysgolion gan Gyngor Cenedlaethol Cymru dros Addysg a Hyfforddiant 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1576 (Cy.162))
The Daventry Tertiary College (Dissolution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1598)
1601–1700
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1602)
The Organic Products Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1604)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1605 (W.164))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau a Chyfarpar) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1605 (Cy.164))
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) (Wales) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1606 (W.165))
Cynllun Grantiau Gwastraff Fferm (Parthau Perygl Nitradau) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1606 (Cy.165))
The Dyfed Powys Health Authority and Gwent Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1607 (W.166))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Iechyd Dyfed Powys ac Awdurdod Iechyd Gwent (Trosglwyddo Eiddo Ymddiriedolaeth) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1607 (Cy.166))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Denbighshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1608 (W.167))
Gorchymyn Traffig Ffyrdd (Ardal Barcio a Ganiateir ac Ardal Barcio Arbennig) (Sir Ddinbych) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1608 (Cy.167))
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (Complaints Relating to General Insurance and Mortgages) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1609)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1610)
The Government Stock Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1611)
The Local Health Partnerships National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1624)
The Newham Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1625)
The Norfolk Mental Health Care National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1626)
The Secure Tenancies (Notices) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1627)
The European Communities (Lawyer's Practice) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1628)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4 and Saving Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1629(C. 64 )])
The Bradford City Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1630)
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts)(England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1631)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1632)
The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1633)
The Freedom of Information (Removal of References to Public Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1641)
The London Thames Gateway Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1642)
The Greenwich Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1643)
The Transport for London (Arlington Street) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1651)
Broadcasting (Original Productions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1652)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fees) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1654)
The Back to Work Bonus (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1655)
The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1656 (W.170))
Rheoliadau Asesiadau Amgylcheddol o Gynlluniau a Rhaglenni (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1656 (Cy.170))
The Amalgamation of the West of Ouse, Gaywood, Magdalen, Marshland Smeeth and Fen, and Wingland Internal Drainage Districts Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1657)
The Education (Grants For Disabled Postgraduate Students) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1658)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1659 (W.171))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1659 (Cy.171))
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1660)
The Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and Emissions Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1661)
The Government Stock (Consequential and Transitional Provision) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1662)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1675)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1676)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1677)
The Medicines (Standard Provisions for Licences and Certificates) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1678)
The Demoted Tenancies (Review of Decisions)(England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1679)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Disciplinary Committee) (Procedure and Evidence) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1680)
The Rother Valley College (Dissolution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1681)
The Redundancy Payments (Continuity of Employment in Local Government, etc.) (Modification) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1682)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Conditional Cautions: Code of Practice) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1683)
The Plant Health (Export Certification) (Forestry) (Great Britain) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1684)
The Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1697)
1701–1800
The Local Authorities (Categorisation) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1704)
The Local Government (Best Value Authorities) (Power to Trade) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1705)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1706)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1707 (C. 65 )])
The Social Security (Students and Income-related Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1708)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax to Museums and Galleries) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1709)
The Liberia (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1710)
The Pensions Increase (Civil Service Injury Benefits Scheme) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1711)
The Davies Lane Infant School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1712)
The Fishing Vessels (Working Time: Sea-fishermen) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1713)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Audit of Health Service Bodies) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1714)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Audit of Public Bodies) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1715)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Examination in Public) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1716)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provision) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1717 (C. 66 )])
The Bishop of Winchester Comprehensive (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1725)
The British Nationality (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1726)
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1727)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1728 (W.172) (C.67))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 5) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1728 (Cy.172) (C.67))
The Education (School Teachers' Qualifications) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1729 (W.173))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau Athrawon Ysgol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1729 (Cy.173))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 14) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1730 (W.174) (C.68))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 14) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1730 (Cy.174) (C.68))
The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order 2002 (Saving Provision) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1731)
The Children (Leaving Care) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1732 (W.175))
Rheoliadau Plant (Ymadael â Gofal) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1732 (Cy.175))
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1733 (W.176))
Rheoliadau Deddf Bywyd Gwyllt a Chefn Gwlad 1981 (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1733 (Cy.176))
The Designation of Schools Having A Religious Character and Amendments (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1734 (W.177))
Gorchymyn Dynodi Ysgolion Sydd â Chymeriad Crefyddol a Diwygiadau (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1734 (Cy.177))
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1735 (W.178))
Rheoliadau Adroddiadau Blynyddol Llywodraethwyr Ysgol (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1735 (Cy.178))
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1736 (W.179))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth Ysgolion) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1736 (Cy.179))
Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1737)
Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1738 (C.69)])
Licensing Act 2003 (First appointed day and personal licences transitional period) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1739)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1740)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1741 (W.180))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1741 (Cy.180))
The Wales Centre for Health (Constitution, Membership and Procedures ) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1742 (W.181))
Rheoliadau Canolfan Iechyd Cymru (Cyfansoddiad, Aelodaeth a Gweithdrefnau) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1742 (Cy.181))
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1743 (W.182))
Rheoliadau Deddf Addysg 2002 (Darpariaethau Trosiannol a Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1743 (Cy.182))
The Education (Specified Work and Registration) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1744 (W.183))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwaith Penodedig a Chofrestru) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1744 (Cy.183))
The School Teachers (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1745 (W.184))
Rheoliadau Athrawon Ysgol (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1745 (Cy.184))
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1746)
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Designation of Prosecuting Authorities) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1747)
The Community Care, Services for Carers and Children's Services (Direct Payments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1748 (W.185))
Rheoliadau Gofal Cymunedol, Gwasanaethau ar gyfer Gofalwyr a Gwasanaethau Plant (Taliadau Uniongyrchol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1748 (Cy.185))
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1749 (W.186))
Rheoliadau Porthiant, Porthiant (Samplu a Dadansoddi), a Phorthiant (Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1749 (Cy.186))
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 7) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1754 (W.187) (C.70))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 7) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1754 (Cy.187) (C.70))
The Transport Act 2000 (Consequential Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1755)
The Adult Placement Schemes (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1756 (W.188))
Rheoliadau Cynlluniau Lleoli Oedolion (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1756 (Cy.188))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 20) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1757 (C.71 )])
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1758 (W.189))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Colli Cartref (Symiau Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1758 (Cy.189))
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1759)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1760)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1761)
The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1762)
Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (Legal Assessors) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1763)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Midwives) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1764)
Nurses and Midwives (Parts of and Entries in the Register) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1765)
European Nursing and Midwifery Qualifications Designation Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1766)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Education, Registration and Registration Appeals) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1767)
The National Health Service (Complaints) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1768)
The Justification of Practices Involving Ionising Radiation Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1769)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Establishments and Agencies) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1770)
The Health Act 1999 (Consequential Amendments) (Nursing and Midwifery) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1771)
The General Medical Services (Transitional Measure Relating to Non-Clinical Partners) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1772)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1773)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1776)
The Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (Establishment of Conservation Board) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1777)
The Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (Establishment of Conservation Board) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1778)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2000 (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1779)
The New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1780 (C.72)])
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1792)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Modern Foreign Languages in respect of the Third Key Stage) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1793)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Design and Technology in respect of the First, Second and Third Key Stages) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1794)
The West Midlands (Coroners' Districts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1799)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Science in respect of the First, Second Third and Fourth Key Stages) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1800)
1801–1900
The A59 Trunk Road (Liverpool–Preston) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1801)
The Approval of Codes of Management Practice (Residential Property)(England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1802)
The Animal Gatherings (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1803 (W.191))
Gorchymyn Crynoadau Anifeiliaid (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1803 (Cy.191))
The Food (Emergency Control) (Wales) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1804 (W.192))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) (Diwygiadau Amrywiol) (Rhif 2) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1804 (Cy.192))
The Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Wales) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1805 (W.193))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwahardd Disgyblion ac Apelau) (Cymru) (Diwygiadau Amrywiol) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1805 (Cy.193))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1806 (W.194))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Blaenoriaeth Arwystlon) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1806 (Cy.194))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1807 (W.195))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Mân Dreuliau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1807 (Cy.195))
The Building (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1808)
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1809 (W.196))
Rheoliadau Gweithfeydd Stryd (Ffioedd Archwilio) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1809 (Cy.196))
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1810)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1811)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1812 (W.197))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1812 (Cy.197))
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1813 (W.198) (C.73))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cynllunio a Phrynu Gorfodol 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1813 (Cy.198) (C.73))
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.1 and Transitional Provision) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1814 (W.199) (C.74))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cynllunio a Phrynu Gorfodol 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 1 a Darpariaeth Drosiannol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1814 (Cy.199) (C.74))
The Local Authorities (Elected Mayors) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1815)
The Controls on Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1816)
The Eden Valley Railway Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1817)
The Uranium Enrichment Technology (Prohibition on Disclosure) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1818)
The Thalidomide Children's Trust (Application of Section 329AA of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1819)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1821)
The Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1822 (S. 3)])
The Scottish Public Services Ombudsman Act 2002 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1823 (S. 4)])
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (Brandsharing) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1824)
The General Medical Services (Transitional Measure Relating to Non-Clinical Partners) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1825 (W.201))
Gorchymyn y Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol (Mesur Trosiannol sy'n Ymwneud â Phartneriaid Anghlinigol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1825 (Cy.201))
The Welsh Development Agency (Financial Limit) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1826 (W.202))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Datblygu Cymru (Terfyn Ariannol) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1826 (Cy.202))
The Bus Service Operators Grant (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1827 (W.203))
Rheoliadau Grant Gweithredwyr Gwasanaeth Bysiau (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 1827 (Cy.203))
The Commonhold Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1829)
THE COMMONHOLD (LAND REGISTRATION) RULES 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1830)
The Fireworks Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1831 (C. 75)])
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1832 (C. 76)])
The Land Registration Fee (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1833)
The Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1834)
The Magistrates' Courts Warrants (Specification of Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1835)
The Fireworks Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1836)
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1848)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No.15) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1859 (C.77)])
The Health Act 1999 (Consequential Amendments) (Nursing and Midwifery) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1860 (S.5 )])
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1861)
The Financial Conglomerates and Other Financial Groups Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1862)
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Prescribed Descriptions of Arrangements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1863)
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Information) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1864)
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Promoters and Prescribed Circumstances) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1865)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1866 (C. 78 )])
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1867 (C. 79)])
The Independent Review of Determinations (Hague Convention Adoptions and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1868)
The Social Security (Income Support and Jobseeker's Allowance) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1869)
Freedom of Information (Additional Public Authorities) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1870)
The Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1871)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1872)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1873)
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1874 (C. 80 )])
The Public Service Vehicles (Operators' Licences) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1876)
The General Chiropractic Council (Continuing Professional Development) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1877)
The Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1878)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1879)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1880)
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1881)
The Road Transport (International Passenger Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1882)
The Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1883)
The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1884)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1885)
The General Teaching Council for England (Additional Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1886)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1887)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1888)
The Church Representation Rules (Amendment) Resolution 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1889)
The Parochial Fees Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1890)
Immigration and Asylum Appeals (Fast Track Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1891 (L. 10)])
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1892)
The A6 Trunk Road (South of Leicester to A14) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1893)
The A6 Trunk Road (Leicester to M1 Motorway) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1894)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Functions Relating to Health) (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1895 (S.6)])
The Motor Vehicles (Evidence of Test Certificates) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1896)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Repeals) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1897)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Amendment to Designations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1898)
The Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1899)
1901–2000
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.1907)
The Council Tax Limitation (England) (Maximum Amounts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1908)
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1909 (C.81)])
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Specification of Particularly Serious Crimes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1910)
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1911)
The Firemen's Pension Scheme (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1912)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1927)
The Value Added Tax (Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1929)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1930)
The Value Added Tax (Groups: eligibility) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1931)
The Student Fees (Amounts) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1932)
The Value Added Tax (Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes) (Designations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1933)
The Finance Act 2004, section 19(1) and Schedule 2, (Appointed Day) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1934 (C. 82)])
The General Teaching Council for England (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1935)
The Landfill (Scheme Year and Maximum Landfill Amount) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1936)
The Summary Appeal Courts (Warrant Officers) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1937)
The Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1938 (C. 83 )])
The Regulatory Reform (Museum of London) (Location of Premises) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1939)
The Companies (Disqualification Orders) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1940)
The Insolvency Act 2000 (Company Directors Disqualification Undertakings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1941)
The Finance Act 2004, section 291, (Appointed Day) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1942 (C. 84)])
The National Insurance Contributions and Statutory Payments Act 2004 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1943 (C. 85 )])
The Community Radio Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1944)
The Finance Act 2004, Section 85, (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1945 (C. 86 )])
The Stansted Airport Aircraft Movement Limit (Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1946)
The European Qualifications (Health and Social Care Professions and Accession of New Member States) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1947)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1948)
The Summary Appeal Court (Navy) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1949)
The Summary Appeal Court (Army) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1950)
The Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1951)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Designation of Public Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1957)
The Single European Sky (National Supervisory Authority) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1958)
The Aggregates Levy (Northern Ireland Tax Credit) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1959)
The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1960 (S.7)])
The Regional Assembly and Local Government Referendums (Expenses Limits for Permitted Participants) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1961)
The Regional Assembly and Local Government Referendums Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1962 )
The Regional Assembly and Local Government Referendums (Date of Referendums, Referendum Question and Explanatory Material) (North East Region) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1963)
The Fur Farming (Compensation Scheme) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1964)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1965)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1970)
The Beis Yaakov High School for Girls, Salford (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1971)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Extension of the Application of Part 2 to Adult Placement Schemes) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1972)
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1973 (C. 87)])
The Air Carrier Liability (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1974)
The Contracting Out (Functions relating to Broadcast Advertising) and Specification of Relevant Functions Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1975)
The Hovercraft (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1976)
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment)Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1977)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1978)
The Burma (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1979)
The Sudan (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1980)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1981)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1982)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1983)
The European Communities (Designation)(No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1984)
The Maximum Number of Judges (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1985)
The Institution of Chemical Engineers (Charter Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1986)
The Age-Related Payments (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1987 (N.I. 11)])
The Anti-social Behaviour (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1988 (N.I. 12)])
The Solicitors (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1989 (N.I. 13)])
The Vehicle Testing (Temporary Exemptions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1990 (N.I. 14)])
The Criminal Justice (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1991 (N.I. 15)])
The Motor Vehicles (International Circulation) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1992)
The Dangerous Wild Animals (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1993 (N.I. 16)])
The Licensing (Indoor Arenas) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1994 (N.I. 17)])
The Exempt Charities Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1995)
The Budget (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 1996 (N.I. 18)])
2001–2100
The Transport and Works (Inquiries Procedure) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2018)
The Cannington College (Dissolution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2024)
The A4097 Trunk Road (M42 Junction 9, Dunton Interchange to M6 Toll Slip Road, Warwickshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2027)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Lancashire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2028)
The Cayman Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2029)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2030 (S. 8)])
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2031)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2032)
The Health Professions (Operating Department Practitioners and Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2033)
The Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2034)
The Courts Act 2003 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2035)
The Sovereign Base Areas (Judicial Authorities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2036)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, and the Republic of Croatia) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2037)
The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2038)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Scallops) (Irish Sea) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2040)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2041)
The School Governance (Federations) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2042)
The Gas (Third Party Access) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2043)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Further Consequential and Saving Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2044)
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2045)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No.2) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2046)
The Fylde (Parish) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2047)
The Other Fuel Substitutes (Rates of Excise Duty etc.) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2062)
The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2063)
The Excise Warehousing (Energy Products) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2064)
The Biofuels and Other Fuel Substitutes (Payment of Excise Duties etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2065)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6 and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2066 (C.88)])
The Competition Appeal Tribunal (Amendment and Communications Act Appeals) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2068)
The Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2069)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Extension of Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2070)
The Adult Placement Schemes (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2071)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No.2) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2072 (L. 11 )])
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2073)
The A47 Trunk Road (Leicester to A1) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2088)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2089)
The Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2093)
The Capital Allowances (Environmentally Beneficial Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2094)
The Financial Services (Distance Marketing) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2095)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2096)
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2097 (C. 89 )])
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2098 (L. 12 )])
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2099)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2100 (L. 13 )])
2101–2200
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Student Accommodation) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2101)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2102)
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2103 (L. 14 )])
The Regional Assembly and Local Government Referendums (Counting Officers' Charges) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2105)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval and Approval Marks) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2106)
The British Nationality (General) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2109)
The Merchant Shipping (Vessel Traffic Monitoring and Reporting Requirements) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2110)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of East Sussex) (District of Lewes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2111)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Scallops) (Irish Sea) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2123)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2141)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2142)
The Veterinary Surgeons (Registration Appeals) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2143)
The Food Safety (Act of Accession concerning the Czech Republic and other States) (Consequential Amendments) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2145)
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2146)
The National Clinical Assessment Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2147)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2149)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 460 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2150)
The Merchant Shipping (Additional Safety Measures for Bulk Carriers) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2151)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2152)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2154)
The A696/A68 Trunk Road (Prestwick Road End to Carter Bar) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2155)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2167 (C. 90 )])
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2168 (C. 91 )])
The Fishing Vessels (Safety Training) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2169)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 13) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2171 (C.92 )])
The Exclusion Order (Monitoring of Offenders) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2172)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2173 (C. 93 )])
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2174)
The Street Works (Charges for Occupation of the Highway) (England) (Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2175)
The Patents Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2177 (C. 94 )])
The Agricultural Wages (Abolition of Permits to Incapacitated Persons) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2178)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Hull Trains Class 222) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2180)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Enforcement Undertakings and Orders) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2181)
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2184 (C. 95 )])
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2185 (C. 96 )])
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2186)
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Reviewed Case Referral) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2187)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (Borough of Eastleigh) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2188)
The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2189)
The Associated British Ports (Immingham Outer Harbour) Harbour Revision Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2190)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2191 (C. 97 )])
The Hertfordshire (Coroners' Districts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2192)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Warwickshire) (District of Stratford on Avon) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2193)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (Tendring, Rochford, Uttlesford, Braintree and Castle Point) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2194)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No.7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2195 (C. 98 )])
The Discharge of Fines by Unpaid Work (Prescribed Hourly Sum) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2196)
The Discharge of Fines by Unpaid Work (Issue of Summons) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2197)
The Discharge of Fines by Unpaid Work (Pilot Schemes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2198)
The Venture Capital Trust (Winding up and Mergers) (Tax) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2199)
The Overseas Life Insurance Companies Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2200)
2201–2300
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26, Parts 2 and 9 (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2201)
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.2, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2202(C.99)])
The Town and Country Planning (Regional Planning) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2203)
The Town and Country Planning (Local Development) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2204)
The Town and Country Planning (Transitional Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2205)
The Town and Country Planning (Initial Regional Spatial Strategy)(England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2206)
The Town and Country Planning (Regions)(National Parks)(England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2207)
The Town and Country Planning (Regional Planning Guidance as Revision of Regional Spatial Strategy) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2208)
The Town and Country Planning (Regional Spatial Strategies) (Examinations in Public)(Remuneration and Allowances)(England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2209)
The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2210)
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2211)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (City and District of St Albans) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2212)
The Coal Mining Subsidence (Subsidence Adviser) (Revocation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2241)
The Energy Act 2004 (Designation of System Operator) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2242)
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2243)
The Social Security (Quarterly Work-focused Interviews for Certain Lone Parents) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2244)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2245 (W.209))
Rheoliadau Tatws sy'n Tarddu o'r Aifft (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2245 (Cy.209))
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2246)
The Distraint by Authorised Officers (Fees, Costs and Charges) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2247)
The Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) (Amendment No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2248)
The Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (England and Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2250)
The Minibus and Other Section 19 Permit Buses (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2251)
The Community Bus (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2252)
The Review of Children's Cases (Amendment No.2 and Transitional Arrangements) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2253)
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2255)
The Insurance Companies (Taxation of Reinsurance Business) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2257)
The Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances For Ships Other Than Ships of Classes III to VI(A)) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2259)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Blackburn with Darwen) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2260)
The Primary Medical Services (Scotland) Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2261)
The Religious Character of Schools (Designation Procedure) (Independent Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2262)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Worcestershire) (District of Wychavon) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2263)
The Social Security (Retirement Pensions) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2283)
The Disability Discrimination Codes of Practice (Employment and Trade Organisations) Revocation Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2300)
2301–2400
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2301)
The Disability Discrimination Codes of Practice (Employment and Occupation, and Trade Organisations and Qualifications Bodies) Appointed Day Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2302)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2303)
The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (Commencement) (England and Scotland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2304(C.100)])
The Fire and Rescue Services (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2305)
The Firefighters' Pension Scheme (England and Scotland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2306)
Local Government (Best Value Authorities) (Power to Trade) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2307)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2308)
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2309)
The Finance Act 2004, Sections 38 to 40 and 45 and Schedule 6 (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2310)
The Welfare Food (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2311)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Insolvency) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2312)
The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2325)
The European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2326)
The Social Security (Housing Benefit, Council Tax Benefit, State Pension Credit and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2327)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2328)
The Discretionary Housing Payments (Grants) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2329)
The Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Modulation) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2330)
The Trade Marks (International Registrations Designating the European Community, etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2332)
The ACAS (Flexible Working) Arbitration Scheme (Great Britain) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2333)
The Genetically Modified Animal Feed (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2334)
The Genetically Modified Food (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2335)
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2351)
The Equal Pay Act 1970 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2352)
The Premium Savings Bonds (Amendment etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2353)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2354)
The Town and Country Planning (London Borough of Camden) Special Development (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2355)
The Employment Code of Practice (Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2356)
The Regulatory Reform (Patents) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2357)
The Patents (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2358)
The Regulatory Reform (Local Commissioner for Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2359)
Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2360 (C.101)])
The Licensing Act 2003 (Licensing statement period) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2362)
The Non Commercial Movement of Pet Animals (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2363)
The Rabies (Importation of Dogs, Cats and Other Mammals) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2364)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2365)
The Traffic Management Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2380 (C.102)])
The Beet Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2385)
The Cereal Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2386)
The Fodder Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2387)
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2388)
The Vegetable Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2389)
The Seed (Registration, Licensing and Enforcement) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2390)
The Aintree Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2391)
The London Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2394)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2395)
The Community Health Sheffield National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2397)
2401–2500
The Chemical Weapons (Notification) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2406)
The European Public Limited-Liability Company (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2407)
The Costs in Criminal Cases (General)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2408)
The Football Spectators (Prescription) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2409)
The Football (Offences) (Designation of Football Matches) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2410)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2411)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Traceability and Labelling) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2412)
The Care Standards Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 (Amendment of Miscellaneous Regulations) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2414 (W.222))
Rheoliadau Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 a Deddf Plant 1989 (Diwygio Rheoliadau Amrywiol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2414 (Cy.222))
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2415)
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2416)
The Parliamentary Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2417)
The European Parliamentary (United Kingdom Representatives) Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions Scheme) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2418)
The Magistrates' Courts (Reports Relating to Adult Witnesses) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2419 (L. 15)])
The Crown Court (Reports Relating to Adult Witnesses) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2420 (L. 16)])
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Extension of Exceptions relating to Recognised Exchanges) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2421)
The Child Trust Funds Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2422 (C.103)])
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cambridgeshire) (City of Cambridge) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2424)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 10) (England and Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2428 (C. 104)])
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Prescribed Descriptions of Arrangements) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2429)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2430)
The Business Improvement Districts (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2443)
The Wigan Borough Council (Henhurst Canal Bridge) Scheme 2003 Confirmation Instrument 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2447)
The Fishing Boats (Satellite-Tracking Devices) (England) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2467)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) (Amendment No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2468)
The Teignmouth Quays Harbour Revision Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2469)
The Student Fees (Approved Plans) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2473)
The All Saints' Catholic Voluntary Aided Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2474)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2475)
The Bishop Ridley Church of England V A Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2476)
The Kirkdale St Lawrence CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2477)
The Trinity Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2478)
2501–2600
The Corporation Tax (Notice of Coming within Charge — Information) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2502)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2505)
The Schools Budget Shares (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2506 (W.224))
Rheoliadau Cyfrannau Cyllideb Ysgolion (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2506 (Cy.224))
The Education (LEA Financial Schemes) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2507 (W.225))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cynlluniau Ariannol AALl) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2507 (Cy.225))
The Compromise Agreements (Description of Person) Order 2004 (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2515)
The Working Time Regulations 1998 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2516)
The Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2517)
The Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2518)
The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2519)
The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2520)
The Education Act 1996 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2521)
Health Professions (Parts of and Entries in the Register) (Amendment) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2522)
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2523 (C. 105)])
The Health Professions Council (Registration and Fees) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2524)
The Health Professions Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2525)
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2526)
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2528 (C. 106)])
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2536)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2539)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Amendment) and Police Reform Act 2002 (Modification) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2540)
The Electricity (Applications for Licences, Modification of an Area and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2541)
The Gas (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2542)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Estates) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2543)
The Local Authorities (Allowances for Members of Fire Authorities) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2555 (W.227))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau i Aelodau Awdurdodau Tân) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2555 (Cy.227))
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Prescribed Documents) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2556)
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No.2 and Savings) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2557 (W.228) (C.107))
Gorchymyn Deddf Ymddygiad Gwrthgymdeithasol 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 2 ac Arbed) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2557 (Cy.228) (C.107))
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2558 (W.229))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2558 (Cy.229))
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2559)
The Export of Goods, Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) (Amendment No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2561)
The M25 Motorway (M25 Junction 2 Improvement) (M25 to A282 Section and Connecting Road) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2562)
The A2/A282 Trunk Roads (M25 Junction 2 Improvement) Slip Roads Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2563)
The St Michael's Church of England High School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2564)
The Ainsdale Hope Church of England High School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2565)
The Employment Relations Act 2004 (Commencement No.1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2566 (C. 108)])
The Fal and Helford (Prohibition of Scallop Dredging) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2567)
The Finance Act 2004, Section 294 (Appointed Day) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2571 (C. 109)])
The Offshore Funds Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2572)
Local Government (Best Value Authorities) (Power to Trade) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2573)
The Liberia (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2574)
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2575 (C.110)])
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2576)
The Goods Vehicles (Evidence of Test Certificates) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2577)
The Channel Tunnel (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2589)
The Plant Health (Phytophthora ramorum) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2590)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2591 (C. 111 )])
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2592)
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2593 (C.112)])
The Compulsory Purchase of Land (Written Representations Procedure) (Ministers) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2594)
The Compulsory Purchase of Land (Prescribed Forms) (Ministers) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2595)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2596)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2598)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2599 (W.232))
Rheoliadau'r Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Gwin) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2599 (Cy.232))
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2600)
2601–2700
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2601)
The Marketing of Fruit Plant Material (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2603)
The Horticultural Produce (Community Grading Rules) (England and Wales) (Revocation) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2604)
The Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2605)
The Northamptonshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2606)
The General Medical Council (Fitness to Practise) (Disqualifying Decisions and Determinations by Regulatory Bodies) Procedure Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2607)
The General Medical Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2608)
The General Medical Council (Voluntary Erasure and Restoration following Voluntary Erasure) Regulations Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2609)
The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order 2002 (Transitional Provision) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2610)
The General Medical Council (Constitution of Panels and Investigation Committee) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2611)
The General Medical Council (Restoration following Administrative Erasure) Regulations Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2612)
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Promoters, Prescribed Circumstances and Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2613)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (TransitionalProvisions) (Mortgages) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2615)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Runnymede) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2616)
The Local Authorities (Code of Conduct) (Local Determination) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2617)
The Standards Board for England (Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2618)
The Consumer Credit (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2619)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2620)
The Companies (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2621)
The Exemption From Tax For Certain Interest Payments Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2622)
The A66 Trunk Road (Temple Sowerby Bypass and Improvements at Winderwath) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2623)
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2624 (C.113)])
The General Medical Council (Legal Assessors) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2625)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2626 (C. 114 )])
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Consequential Provisions – Appointments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2627)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2640)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2641)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2642)
The European Economic Interest Grouping (Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2643)
The Police Federation (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2660)
The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2661)
The Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Modulation)(Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2662 (W.233))
Rheoliadau Cynlluniau Cymorth y Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Modwleiddio) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2662 (Cy.233))
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2663)
The Energy-Saving Items (Deductions for Expenditure etc.) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2664)
The Service Charges (Consultation Requirements) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2665)
The A5195 Trunk Road (Birmingham Northern Relief Road Link Road) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2666)
The Renewable Energy Zone (Designation of Area) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2668)
The Pitcairn Court of Appeal (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2669)
The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2670)
The Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2671)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2672)
The Cayman Islands (Constitution) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2673)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2674)
The A435 Trunk Road (Alcester to Gorcott Hill) De-Trunking Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2675)
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2676)
The District of Staffordshire Moorlands (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2677)
The Borough of West Devon (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2678)
The A435 Trunk Road (Studley Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2679)
The Child Trust Funds (Insurance Companies) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2680)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2681)
The Public Service Vehicles (Traffic Regulation Conditions) (England and Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2682)
The New Relationship with Schools (Governors' Annual Report) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2683)
The Road Traffic (Special Parking Area) (GLA Roads and GLA Side Roads) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2684)
The Albion Junior School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2685)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Scallops) (Irish Sea) (Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2686)
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2688)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Appeals) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2689)
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources of Indictees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2690)
The A4 London to Bristol Trunk Road (Colnbrook Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2691)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Transboundary Movements) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2692)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2693)
The National Health Service (Primary Medical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2694)
The Disqualification from Caring for Children (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2695 (W.235))
Rheoliadau Datgymhwyso rhag Gofalu am Blant (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2695 (Cy.235))
The Solent European Marine Site (Prohibition of Method of Dredging) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2696)
The Polish Potatoes (Notification) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2697 (W.236 ))
Gorchymyn Tatws o Wlad Pwyl (Hysbysu) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2697 (Cy.236))
The Farnsfield St Michael's Church of England Primary (Voluntary Aided) School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2698)
2701–2800
The Compulsory Purchase of Land (Written Representations Procedure) (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2730 (W.237))
Rheoliadau Prynu Tir yn Orfodol (Gweithdrefn Sylwadau Ysgrifenedig) (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2730 (Cy.237))
The Food Safety (Act of Accession concerning the Czech Republic and other States) (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2731 (W.238))
Rheoliadau Diogelwch Bwyd (Deddf Ymaelodi ynghylch y Weriniaeth Tsiec a Gwladwriaethau Eraill) (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2731 (Cy.238))
The Compulsory Purchase of Land (Prescribed Forms) (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2732 (W.239))
Rheoliadau Prynu Tir yn Orfodol (Ffurfiau Rhagnodedig) (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2732 (Cy.239))
The Education (Health Standards) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2733 (W.240))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Safonau Iechyd) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2733 (Cy.240))
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2734 (W.241))
Rheoliadau Bwydydd Anifeiliaid (Samplu a Dadansoddi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2734 (Cy.241))
The TSE (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2735 (W.242))
Rheoliadau TSE (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2735 (Cy.242))
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2736 (W.243))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Ffioedd am Geisiadau a Cheisiadau Tybiedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2736 (Cy.243))
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2737)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Stakeholder Products) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2738)
The Export Control (Libya Embargo) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2741)
The Free Zone (Port of Sheerness) Designation Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2742)
The Government Stock (Consequential and Transitional Provision) (No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2744)
The Neath Port Talbot and Powys (Cwmtwrch) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2746 (W.244))
Gorchymyn Castell-nedd Port Talbot a Phowys (Cwm-twrch) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2746 (Cy.244))
The Powys (Brecon and Llanfrynach Communities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2747 (W.245))
Gorchymyn Powys (Cymunedau Aberhonddu a Llanfrynach) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2747 (Cy.245))
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment No. 3) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2748)
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2750)
The Competition Act 1998 (Office of Fair Trading's Rules) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2751)
The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) (No 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2752)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2753)
The A66 Trunk Road (Temple Sowerby Bypass and Improvements at Winderwath) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2754)
The Legal Services Ombudsman (Extension of Remit) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2757)
The Legal Services Complaints Commissioner (Maximum Penalty) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2758)
The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2759 (C. 115 )])
The Medicines (Vaccination Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2779)
The Veterinary Surgery (Vaccination Against Foot-And-Mouth Disease) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2780)
The Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2781 (C.116 )])
The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2782)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2783)
2801–2900
The New Relationship with Schools (Governors' Annual Report) (No 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2810)
The County of Derbyshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2811)
The County of Devon (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2812)
The County of Essex (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2813)
The County of Gloucestershire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2814)
The County of Kent (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2815)
The County of Nottinghamshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2816)
The County of Shropshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2817)
The County of Staffordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2818)
The County of Surrey (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2819)
The County of Warwickshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2820)
The County of Wiltshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2821)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2822 (C.117)])
The Finance Act 2003, Section 212, (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2823 (C.118)])
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2824)
The Social Security (Housing Costs Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2825)
The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2857 (C.119)])
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2858)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2871)
The Immigration (Assisting Unlawful Immigration) (Section 25 List of Schengen Acquis States) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2877)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2878 (W.248))
Gorchymyn Awdurdodau Lleol (Nwyddau a Gwasanaethau) (Cyrff Cyhoeddus) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2878 (Cy.248))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2879 (W.249))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2879 (Cy.249))
The Care Council for Wales (Specification of Social Care Workers) (Registration) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2880 (W.250))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Gofal Cymru (Pennu Gweithwyr Gofal Cymdeithasol) (Cofrestru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2880 (Cy.250))
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seed (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2881 (W.251))
The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2882)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ships on Domestic Voyages) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2883)
The Merchant Shipping (Ro-Ro Passenger Ships) (Stability) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2884)
The Salmonella in Laying Flocks (Survey Powers) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2885)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2886)
The Air Quality Limit Values (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2888)
The Fines (Deductions from Income Support)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2889)
The A45 Trunk Road (M1 Junction 16 Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2890)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2891)
The Swinford Hospital (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2892)
The 5 Boroughs Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Warrington Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2893)
The Brighton Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2894)
The Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Princess Royal Hospital National Health Service Trust and the Royal Shrewsbury Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2895)
The Warwickshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2896)
The South Essex Mental Health and Community Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2897)
The Mersey Regional Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2898)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2899)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2900)
2901–3000
A63 Trunk Road (M1 Junction with A63 Selby Road to A1 Milford Lodge) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2901)
The Controls on Certain Azo Dyes and Blue Colourant (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2913)
The National Curriculum (Key Stage 2 Assessment Arrangements) (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2914 (W.253))
Rheoliadau'r Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol (Trefniadau Asesu Cyfnod Allweddol 2) (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2914 (Cy.253))
The National Curriculum (Key Stage 2 Assessment Arrangements) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2915 (W.254))
Gorchymyn y Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol (Trefniadau Asesu Cyfnod Allweddol 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2915 (Cy.254))
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2916 (W.255) (C.120))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dŵr 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2916 (Cy.255) (C.120))
The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2917 (W.256) (C.121))
Gorchymyn Deddf y Gwasanaethau Tân ac Achub 2004 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2917 (Cy.256) (C.121))
The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (Firefighters' Pension Scheme) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2918 (W.257))
Gorchymyn Deddf y Gwasanaethau Tân ac Achub 2004 (Cynllun Pensiwn y Dynion Tân) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2918 (Cy.257))
The Single Payment Scheme and Miscellaneous Direct Support Schemes (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2919 (W.258))
Rheoliadau Cynllun y Taliad Sengl ac Amrywiol Gynlluniau Cymorth Uniongyrchol (Apelau) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2919 (Cy.258))
The Council Tax (Liability for Owners) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2920 (W.259))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Atebolrwydd Perchenogion) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2920 (Cy.259))
The Council Tax (Chargeable Dwellings, Exempt Dwellings and Discount Disregards) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2921 (W.260))
Gorchymyn y Dreth Gyngor (Anheddau Taladwy, Anheddau Esempt a Diystyru Gostyngiadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 2921 (Cy.260))
The Fixed Penalty Offences Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2922)
The Service Charges (Consultation Requirements) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2939)
The Companies Act 1985 (International Accounting Standards and Other Accounting Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2947)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2948)
The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2949)
The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2950 (C.122 )])
The Probate Services (Approved Body) Complaints Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2951)
The Electricity (Applications for Licences, Modifications of an Area and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2952)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modification of Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2980 (S.9)])
The Gas (Applications for Licences and Extensions and Restrictions of Licences) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2983)
The Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2984)
The Non-Contentious Probate (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2985 (L.17)])
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2986)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection and Commission for Social Care Inspection) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.2987)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2988)
The Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2989)
The Food Safety Act 1990 (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2990)
The Crown Court (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2991 (L. 18)])
The Criminal Appeal (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2992 (L. 19 )])
The Magistrates' Courts (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2993 (L. 20)])
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2996)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 16) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2997 (C. 123)])
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2998 (C. 124)])
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 2999 (C. 125 )])
3001–3100
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3009)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3022 (W.261))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3022 (Cy.261))
The Landfill (Maximum Landfill Amount)(Northern Ireland) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3027)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3028)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Minimum Funding Requirement and Actuarial Valuations) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3031)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3033 (C.126)])
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3037)
The Primary Medical Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3038)
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3039)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3040)
Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution and General Provisions) (Isle of Man) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3041)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Gibraltar) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3042)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3043)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3044)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3052)
The Scarweather Sands Offshore Wind Farm Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3054 (W.263))
Gorchymyn Fferm Wynt ar y Môr Cefnenni Tywod Scarweather 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3054 (Cy.263))
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3055)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No.5 and Saving and Transitional Provision) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3056 (C.127)])
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3057)
The M1 Motorway (Markham Road and Erin Road, Staveley, Derbyshire) Connecting Roads Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3058)
The Contaminants in Food (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3062)
The Employment Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3078 (N.I. 19)])
The Roads (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3079 (N.I. 20)])
The Financial Assistance for Young Farmers (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3080 (N.I. 21)])
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3081)
The Local Authorities (Indemnities for Members and Officers) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3082)
The Value Added Tax (Insurance) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3083)
The Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3084)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3085)
The Rights of Re-entry and Forfeiture (Prescribed Sum and Period) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3086)
The Income Tax (Exemption of Minor Benefits) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3087)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3088 (C.128)])
The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3089 (S.10)])
The Feeding Stuffs, the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3091 (W.265))
Rheoliadau Porthiant, Porthiant (Samplu a Dadansoddi) a Phorthiant (Gorfodi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3091 (Cy.265))
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3092 (W.266))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Amgen) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3092 (Cy.266))
The Local Authorities Executive Arrangements (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3093 (W.267))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth Awdurdodau Lleol (Swyddogaethau a Chyfrifoldebau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3093 (Cy.267))
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) and Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3094 (W.268))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyfrifo Sylfaen Treth Gyngor) a'r Dreth Gyngor (Dosbarthau Rhagnodedig ar Anheddau) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3094 (Cy.268))
The Education (Listed Bodies) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3095 (W.269))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cyrff sy'n Cael eu Rhestru) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3095 (Cy.269))
The Landlord and Tenant (Notice of Rent) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3096)
The Leasehold Houses (Notice of Insurance Cover) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3097)
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Procedure) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3098)
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds and Economic Resources of Indictees) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3099)
The Burma (Prohibition on Financing) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3100)
3101–3200
The Export of Goods, Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3101)
The Trade in Goods (Control) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3102)
The Trade in Controlled Goods (Embargoed Destinations) (Overseas Territories) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3103)
The Finance Act 2004, section 22(2), (Appointed Day) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3104 (C. 129)])
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3105)
The Borough of Basingstoke and Deane (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3106)
The Watford and South of St Albans – Redbourn – Kidney Wood, Luton (Special Road Scheme 1957) (Park Street to Beechtrees Partial Revocation) Scheme 2004 Revocation Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3107)
The Tyne Metropolitan College (Incorporation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3108)
The Tyne Metropolitan College (Government) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3109)
The Traffic Management Act 2004 (Commencement No.2) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3110 (C.130)])
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3113)
The Family Proceedings Fees Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3114 (L. 21)])
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3120 (L. 22)])
The Civil Proceedings Fees Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3121 (L. 23)])
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3122 (C. 131)])
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 8, Savings and Consequential Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3123 (C. 132)])
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Administration) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3124)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3125)
The Preston Dock Railway Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No 3126)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3127)
Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variation) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3128)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3129 (L. 24 )])
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3130)
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3131)
The Local Government Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3132 (C.133)])
The A50 Trunk Road (Queensway Roundabout to Heron Cross Roundabout) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3133)
The Child Minding and Day Care (Disclosure Functions) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3136)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Records) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3137)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 (Commencement No.7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3138 (C.134)])
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 444 and Class 450 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3139)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3140)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3141 (C.135 )])
The Council Tax (Transitional Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3142 (W.270))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Trefniadau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3142 (Cy.270))
The Council Tax (Demand Notices) (Transitional Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3143 (W.271))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Trefniadau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3143 (Cy.271))
The Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No.1 and Transitional Provision) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3144 (W.272) (C.136))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg Uwch 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 1 a Darpariaeth Drosiannol) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3144 (Cy.272) (C.136))
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Repeal and Revocation) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3145)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Unoccupied Property) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3146)
The Value Added Tax (Imported Gas and Electricity) Relief Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3147)
The Value Added Tax (Place of Supply of Goods) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3148)
The Value Added Tax (Reverse Charge) (Gas and Electricity) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3149)
The Value Added Tax (Removal of Gas and Electricity) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3150)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Stud Farms) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3151)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Former Agricultural Premises) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3152)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3153)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Spectrum Trading) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3154)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Register) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3155)
The Town and Country Planning (Electronic Communications) (Wales) (No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3156 (W.273))
The Town and Country Planning (Electronic Communications) (Wales) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3157 (W.274))
Gorchymyn Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Cyfathrebu Electronig) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3157 (Cy.274))
The Local Authorities (Changing Executive Arrangements and Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3158 (W.275))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Newid Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth a Threfniadau Amgen) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3158 (Cy.275))
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3159)
The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3160)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3161)
The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Bioethanol) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3162)
The Anglian Regional Flood Defence Committee (Abolition) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3163)
The Wessex Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3164)
The Southern Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3165)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amendment of Minimum Age) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3166)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3167)
The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3168)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Form of Penalty Notice) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3169)
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (Sixth Replenishment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3170)
The Immigration (Exemption from Control) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3171)
The Town and Country Planning (Electronic Communications) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3172)
The A590 Trunk Road (High and Low Newton Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3173)
The A590 Trunk Road (Whitestone to Cartmel Lane) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3174)
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No.1) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3181 (C.137)])
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No.3192 (C.138)])
The Marketing Authorisations for Veterinary Medicinal Products (Revocation of Confidentiality Provision) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3193)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross Compliance) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3196)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3197)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South Central Class 377/4) Exemption Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3198)
The Building Societies (Accounts and Related Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3199)
The Building Societies Act 1986 (Modification of the Lending Limit and Funding Limit Calculations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3200)
3201–3300
The Recreational Craft (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3201)
The Water Mergers (Modification of Enactments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3202)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3203 (C.139)])
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Merger Fees and Determination of Turnover) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3204)
The Patents Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2 and Consequential, etc. and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3205 (C. 140)])
The Water Mergers (Determination of Turnover) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3206)
The Mutual Assistance Provisions Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3207)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Land Transaction Returns) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3208)
The A 52 Trunk Road (Dunkirk Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3209)
The Building (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3210)
The Local Authorities (Categorisation) (England) (No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3211)
The Landfill Allowances and Trading Scheme (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3212)
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Phytophthora ramorum) (Great Britain) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3213)
The Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods)(Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3214)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Prescription of Drugs etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3215)
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3216)
The Fire and Rescue Services (National Framework) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3217)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3218)
The Insurance Accounts Directive (Lloyd's Syndicate and Aggregate Accounts) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3219)
The Genetically Modified Food (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3220 (W.276))
Rheoliadau Bwyd an Addaswyd yn Enetig (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3220 (Cy.276))
The Genetically Modified Animal Feed (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3221 (W. 277))
Rheoliadau Bwyd Anifeiliaid an Addaswyd yn Enetig (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3221 (Cy.277))
The Goods Vehicle Operators (Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3222)
The Public Service Vehicle Operators (Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3223)
The Medicines (Marketing Authorisations and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3224)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (Scotland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3225 (S.11)])
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3226)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) Amendment (Revocation) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3227)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3230 (C. 141 )])
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3231)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3232 (W.280))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3232 (Cy.280))
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3233 (C.142)])
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3234)
The Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3235 (C.143)])
The Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3236)
The Consumer Credit (Enforcement, Default and Termination Notices) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3237)
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) (Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3238 (W.281) (C.144))
Gorchymyn Deddf Ymddygiad Gwrthgymdeithasol 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3238 (Cy.281) (C.144))
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Elements of Crimes) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3239)
The High Hedges (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3240 (W.282))
Rheoliadau Gwrychoedd neu Berthi Uchel (Apelau) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3240 (CY.282))
The High Hedges (Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3241 (W.283))
Rheoliadau Gwrychoedd neu Berthi Uchel (Ffioedd) (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3241 (Cy.283))
The Joint Municipal Waste Management Strategies (Disapplication of Duties) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3242)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3243)
The Freedom of Information and Data Protection (Appropriate Limit and Fees) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3244)
The County of Bedfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3245)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (District of North Hertfordshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3246)
The County of East Sussex (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3247)
The County of Hampshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3248)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3249)
The County of Dorset (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3250)
The County of Oxfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3251)
The County of Suffolk (Electoral Changes) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3252)
The District of Chiltern (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3253)
The Feeding Stuffs (Safety Requirements for Feed for Food–Producing Animals) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3254)
The Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3255 (C.145)])
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3256)
The Co-operatives and Community Benefit Societies Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3257 (C. 146)])
The Motorways Traffic (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3258)
The Exchange Gains and Losses (Bringing into Account Gains or Losses) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3259)
The Insurance Companies (Reserves) (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3260)
The Motorways Traffic (Scotland) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3261 (S.12)])
The Fireworks (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3262)
The Immigration (Claimant's Credibility) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3263)
The Education (Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986: Amendments to Disqualification Provisions) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3264)
The Public Interest Disclosure (Prescribed Persons) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3265)
The Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3266)
The Finance Act 2000, Schedule 20 (Definition of Small or Medium-Sized Enterprise) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3267)
The Finance Act 2004, Section 53 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3268 (C. 147 )])
The Finance Act 2004, Sections 38 to 45 and Schedule 6 (Consequential Amendment of Enactments No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3269)
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26, Parts 2 and 9 (Amendment No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3270)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Change Of Accounting Practice) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3271)
The Overseas Insurers (Tax Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3272)
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Compliance) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3273)
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Excluded Business) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3274)
The Overseas Life Assurance Fund (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3275)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) and Connected Provisions Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3276)
The OGCbuying.solutions Trading Fund (Appropriation of Additional Assets and Liabilities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3277)
The Controls On Pentabromodiphenyl Ether And Octabromodiphenyl Ether (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3278)
The General Food Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3279)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross Compliance) (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3280 (W.284))
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Commencement No.1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3281 (C. 148)])
The Suspension of Day Care Providers and Child Minders (Wales) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3282 (W.285))
Rheoliadau Atal Dros Dro Ddarparwyr Gofal Dydd a Gwarchodwyr Plant (Cymru) 2004 (S.I. 2004 Rhif 3282 (Cy.285))
The Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3283 (C. 149)])
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3284)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3298)
3301–3400
The Access to the Countryside (Means of Access, Appeals) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3305)
The Communications Act 2003 (Commencement No.3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3309 (C. 150)])
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (District of East Hertfordshire) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3310)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Small Business Rate Relief) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3315)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3316)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3317)
The Health Professions Council (Election Scheme) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3318)
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) (England and Wales) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3319 (C. 151)])
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1) (Great Britain) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3320 (C.152)])
The Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 (Commencement No. 2) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3321 (C.153)])
The Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 (Commencement) and Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No 18) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3322(C.154)])
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3323)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Functions Exercisable in or as Regards Scotland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3324 (S.13)])
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Georgia) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3325)
The Financial Provisions (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3326 (N.I. 22)])
The Agriculture (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3327 (N.I. 23)])
The European Communities (Designation) (No.7) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3328)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3329 (S.14)])
The European Communities (Immunities and Privileges of the European Police Office) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3330)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (European Police Office) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3331)
The Agency for International Trade Information and Co-operation (Legal Capacities) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3332)
The Burma (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3333)
The European Police College (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3334)
The Patents (Convention Countries) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3335)
The Designs (Convention Countries) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3336)
The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Environmental Standards) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3337)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3338 ( C.155 )])
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (References to Financial Investigators) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3339)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3340)
The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3341)
The Employment Relations Act 2004 (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3342 (C.156 )])
The Value Added Tax (Food) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3343)
The Food with Added Phytosterols or Phytostanols (Labelling) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3344)
The Criminal Defence Service (Choice in Very High Cost Cases) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3345)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Categories of Offences) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3346)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Change Of Accounting Practice) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3347)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3348)
The Biofuel (Labelling) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3349)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3350 (C.157)])
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Transitional Provisions) (General Insurance Intermediaries) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3351)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Designated Professional Bodies) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3352)
The Faith Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3353)
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3354)
The Freedom of Information (Removal and Relaxation of Statutory Prohibitions on Disclosure of Information) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3363)
The Freedom of Information (Time for Compliance with Request) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3364)
The National Health Service (Appointment of Consultants) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3365)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Bodies Designated to make Super-complaints) (Amendment) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3366)
The Plant Health (Phytophthora kernovii Management Zone) (England) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3367)
The Social Security, Child Support and Tax Credits (Decisions and Appeals) Amendment Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3368)
The Child Trust Funds Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3369 (C. 158)])
The West Northamptonshire Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3370)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) (Amendment No. 4) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3371)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3372)
The Education (Provision of Information by Independent Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3373)
The Education (Independent School Standards) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3374)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3375 (L. 25)])
The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3376 (L. 26)])
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3377)
The Electronic Commerce Directive (Financial Services and Markets) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3378)
The Life Assurance Consolidation Directive (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3379)
The Building Societies Act 1986 (International Accounting Standards and Other Accounting Amendments) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3380)
The A5036 Trunk Road (M57 Switch Island Junction Improvements) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3381)
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3382)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment Scheme (Set-aside) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3385)
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3386)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (England) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3387)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3388)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3389)
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3390)
The Environmental Information Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3391)
The Electricity and Gas (Energy Efficiency Obligations) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3392)
The South-west Territorial Waters (Prohibition of Pair Trawling) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3397)
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3398 (C.159)])
The Falmouth Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3400)
3401–3500
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3409)
The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (Members – Removal from Office) Rules Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3410)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3414)
The High Court (Distribution of Business) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3418 (L. 27 )])
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 4) Rules 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3419(L. 28 )])
The Abolition of the Houghton and Wyton Internal Drainage District Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3423)
The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3426)
The M62 Motorway (Junction 21 Improvements) (Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3431)
The M62 Motorway (Junction 21 Improvements and Connecting Road) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3432)
The North of Worsley—West of Moss Moor Motorway Connecting Roads (No. 3) Special Roads Scheme 1966 (Variation) Scheme 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3433)
The A1033 Trunk Road (Hedon Road) (Trunking and Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3434)
The A63 Trunk Road (Barlby Junction to Bridge Farm) (Detrunking) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3435)
The A63 Trunk Road (Osgodby Bypass) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3436)
The Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 (Commencement No.2) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3448 (C.160)])
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment) (Amendment No. 2) Rules Order of Council 2004 (S.I. 2004 No. 3459)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4388009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201998 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1998 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1998.
1–100
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1)
The National Health Service (Proposals for Pilot Schemes) and (Miscellaneous Amendments) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No.4 (S.1)])
The National Health Service (Vocational Training for General Medical Practice) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 5 (S.2)])
The River Tweed (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 6 (S.3)])
The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route (Banned Turns) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 8)
The Beef Carcase (Classification) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 12)
The A501 Trunk Road (Euston Road, Camden) Red Route (Prescribed Routes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 15)
The Chester to Holyhead Trunk Road (A55) (Bryngwran to Holyhead) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 16)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 19)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 20)
The Lands Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 22)
The Prison (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 23)
The A1400 Trunk Road (Redbridge) Red Route (Prohibited Turn) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 24)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 25)
The A12 Trunk Road (Redbridge) (No. 1) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 26)
The Financial Markets and Insolvency (Ecu Contracts) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 27)
The A12 Trunk Road (Redbridge) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 29)
The A1400 Trunk Road (Redbridge) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 30)
The Employment Protection Code of Practice (Disciplinary Practice and Procedures) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 44)
The Employment Protection Code of Practice (Disclosure of Information) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 45)
The Employment Protection Code of Practice (Time Off) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 46)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) (Rural Rate Relief) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 47)
The Local Government Changes (Rent Act Registration Areas) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 54)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 55)
The A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 56)
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 57)
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 58)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 59)
The Insurance Premium Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 60)
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 61)
The Revenue Traders (Accounts and Records) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 62)
The Aircraft Operators (Accounts and Records) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 63)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 71)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) (Wales) (Partial Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 72)
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 73)
The A41 Trunk Road (Westminster) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 76)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Experimental Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 77)
The A501 Trunk Road (Camden and Westminster) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 78)
The Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 79)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 80)
The Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 81)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) Partial Revocation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 82 (S.4)])
The London Docklands Development Corporation (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 83)
The Urban Development Corporations in England (Planning Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 84)
The Urban Development Corporations in England (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) (Commission for the New Towns) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 85)
The Education (Direct Grant Schools) (Revocation) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 86)
The Rating Lists (Valuation Date) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 93)
101–200
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 104)
The Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 105)
The Approval of Codes of Management Practice(Residential Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 106)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 107)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 108)
The National Crime Squad (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 109)
The NCIS (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 110)
The Temporary Traffic Signs (Prescribed Bodies) (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 111)
The Haverfordwest to Milford Haven Trunk Road (A4076) (Victoria Bridge, Milford Haven Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 112)
The Deregulation (Licence Transfers) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 114)
The Licensing (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 115)
The Recreational Craft (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 116)
The London Borough of Lambeth (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 118)
The Local Government Finance (New Parishes) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 119)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Harlow District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 120)
The Birmingham Northern Relief Road and Connecting Roads Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 121)
The A5 Trunk Road (Churchbridge Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 122)
The M42 Motorway (Dunton Diversion) Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 123)
The Birmingham Northern Relief Road Toll Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 124)
The M6 Motorway (Saredon and Packington Diversions) Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 125)
The A5 Trunk Road (Churchbridge Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 126)
The A5 Trunk Road (Wall Island Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 127)
The A34 Trunk Road (Churchbridge) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 128)
The A5148 Trunk Road (Wall Island Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 129)
The A34 Trunk Road (Churchbridge) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 130)
The A5195 Trunk Road (Birmingham Northern Relief Road Link Road) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 131)
The Housing Accommodation and Homelessness (Persons subject to Immigration Control) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 139)
The Land Registration (District Registries) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 140)
The Bread and Flour Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 141)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) (Rural Rate Relief) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 155)
The Hyde-Clarendon College (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 156)
The Prevention of Water Pollution (Loch Turret) (Extension of Period of Byelaws) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 157 (S.5)])
The Housing Revenue Account General Fund Contribution Limits (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 158 (S. 6)])
The Non-Domestic Rate (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 159 (S.7)])
The Knives (Forfeited Property) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 161)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 162)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (KDD Europe Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 163)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (The Phone Company) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 164)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (HighwayOne Corporation Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 165)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Frontel Communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 166)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (IDT Global Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 167)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Teleport (Northern Ireland) Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 168)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (AXS Telecom (UK) Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 169)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Izenkom Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 170)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Skylight Holdings Incorporated) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 171)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Eurobell (Holdings) Plc) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 172)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (GT UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 173)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Internet Network Services Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 174)
The Doncaster Royal Infirmary and Montagu Hospital National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 175)
The Isle of Wight Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 176)
The Lincoln District Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 177)
The North and East Devon Health Authority (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 178)
The A205 Trunk Road (Southwark) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 179)
The A23 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route (Prohibition of Traffic) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 180)
The Broadcasting Act 1996 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 188 (C. 1)])
The Broadcasting (Percentage of National Radio Multiplex Revenue) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 189)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import And Export) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 190)
The Pre-Sentence Report Disclosure (Prescription of Prosecutors) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 191)
The Local Government (Discretionary Payments and Injury Benefits) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 192 (S. 8)])
The Frenchay Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 193)
201–300
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 201)
The Excise Duty Point (External and Internal Community Transit Procedure) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 202)
The Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts and Cable Programmes) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 203)
The A3 Trunk Road (Kingston and Wandsworth) (Temporary 30 mph Speed Restriction) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 204)
The Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 205)
The Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 206)
The Sole, etc. (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Variation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 207)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 208)
The Merchant Shipping (Compulsory Insurance: Ships Receiving Trans-shipped Fish) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 209)
The Education (Student Loans) Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 210 (C.2)])
The Education (Student Loans) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 211)
The Building Societies (Transfer of Business) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 212)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 213)
The Local Government Changes for England (Council Tax) (Transitional Reduction) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 214)
The Contracting Out (Functions in relation to the Management of Crown Lands) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 215)
The Police (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 216)
The New Deal (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 217)
The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 218)
The Surface Waters (Dangerous Substances) (Classification) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 250 (S.9)])
The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 251 (S.10)])
The Scottish Legal Services Ombudsman and Commissioner for Local Administration in Scotland Act 1997 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 252 (C. 3) (S.11)])
Visiting Forces and International Headquarters (Application of Law) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 253)
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 254)
The Brunei (Appeals) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 255)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 256)
The Consular Fees Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 257)
The Education (Student Loans) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 258 (N.I. 1)])
The European Convention on Extradition Order 1990 (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 259)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution and General Provisions) (Guernsey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 260)
Museums and Galleries (Northern Ireland) Order 1997 (S.I. 1998 No. 261 (N.I. 2)])
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 262)
The Social Security (Contributions and Industrial Injuries) (Canada) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 263)
The Trial of the Pyx (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 264)
The Housing (Change of Landlord) (Payment of Disposal Cost by Instalments) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 265)
The Council Tax Reduction Scheme (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 266)
The Council Tax (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 267)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota Measures) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 268)
The Third Country Fishing (Enforcement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 269)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 270)
The Veterinary Surgeons (Examination of Commonwealth and Foreign Candidates) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 271)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 272)
The Road Traffic (Special Parking Area) (Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 273)
The Transport and Works Act 1992 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 274 (C. 4)])
The A406 Trunk Road (Hanger Lane and Ashbourne Road, Ealing) (Prohibition of Right-turn) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 275)
The Children (Protection at Work) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 276)
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitional Provision) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 277 (C. 5)])
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 278)
The Chester Waterworks Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 281)
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings and Discount Disregards) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 291)
The National Heritage Act 1997 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 292 (C.6)])
The London Docklands Development Corporation (Alteration of Designated Areas) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 293)
The Council Tax (Discount Disregards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 294)
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 295)
301–400
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 308)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 310)
The Finance Act 1989, section 178(1), (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 311 (C. 7)])
The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 (Code of Practice) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 312)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 (Silent Video Recording of Interviews) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 313)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Oil and Chemical Pollution of Fish) Order 1997 (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 314 (S.12)])
The Church Representation Rules (Amendment) Resolution 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 319)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 320)
The Chichester Priority Care Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 321)
The Leeds Community and Mental Health Services Teaching National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 322)
The Northallerton Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 323)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Harlow District Council and North Hertfordshire District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 325)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Luton Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 326)
The Cardiff to Glan Conwy Trunk Road (A470) (Ty Nant to North of Maentwrog Road Station Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 329)
The Council Tax (Discounts) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 340 (S.15)])
The Council Tax (Discounts) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 341 (S.16)])
The Plant Health (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 349)
The Police Act 1997 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 354 (C.8)])
The Devon (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 355)
The Cheshire (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 356)
The Essex (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 357)
The Kent (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 358)
The Hereford and Worcester (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 359)
The Lancashire (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 360)
The Nottinghamshire (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 361)
The Peterborough (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 362)
The Shropshire (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 363)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Transitional Provisions) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 364 (S. 13)])
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 366 (S.14)])
The A40 Trunk Road (Western Avenue, Ealing) (Speed Limits) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 367)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 371)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 381)
The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 382)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 383)
The A4 Trunk Road (Colnbrook By-Pass, Tarmac Way And Stanwell Moor Road, Hillingdon) (Prohibition Of U-Turn) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 384)
The A4 Trunk Road (Colnbrook By-Pass, Hillingdon) (50 mph Speed Limit) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 385)
The Education Act 1997 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 386 (C.9)])
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road and Hatch Lane, Hillingdon) (Prohibition of U-Turn) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 387)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road and Newport Road, Hillingdon) (Prohibition of U-turn) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 388)
The Surface Waters (Dangerous Substances) (Classification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 389)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 390)
The Education (Grant-maintained and Grant-maintained Special Schools) (Finance) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 391)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 392)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 393)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 394)
The Public Order (Prescribed Forms) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 395)
401–500
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 406)
The Social Security (Incapacity for Work) (General) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 407)
The Police Information Technology Organisation (Additional Bodies) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 411)
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (Approval of Independent Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 417)
The Essex County Council (Boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 442)
The Cambridgeshire County Council (City of Peterborough) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 443)
The Hereford and Worcester (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 444)
The Lancashire County Council (Boroughs of Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 445)
The Cheshire County Council (Boroughs of Halton and Warrington) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 446)
The Nottinghamshire County Council (City of Nottingham) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 447)
The Shropshire County Council (District of The Wrekin) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 448)
The Kent County Council (Borough of Gillingham and City of Rochester upon Medway) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 449)
The Berkshire County Council (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 450)
The Devon County Council (City of Plymouth and Borough of Torbay) (Staff Transfer) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 451)
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 452)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 453)
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 454)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 455)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 456)
The London Docklands Development Corporation (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) (Lee Valley Regional Park Authority) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 458)
The Department of Transport (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 459)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 460)
The Criminal Justice Act 1991 (Notice of Transfer) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 461)
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 462)
The Specified Animal Pathogens Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 463)
The Local Government Reorganisation (Amendment of Coroners Act 1988) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 465)
The Berkshire (Coroners) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 466)
The Highway Litter Clearance and Cleaning (Transfer of Responsibility) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 467)
The Sugar Beet (Research and Education) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 468)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Fund Payments) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 469)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 470)
The Special Trustees for Westminster and Roehampton Hospitals (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 471)
The Secure Training Centre Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 472)
The Secure Training Centres (Escorts) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 473)
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Suspension of Custody Officer Certificate) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 474)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 490)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 491)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital Debt) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 492)
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 493)
The Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 494)
The Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 495)
The Area Tourist Boards Amending Scheme (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 496 (S.17)])
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 497)
The National Assistance (Sums forPersonal Requirements) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 498)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 499)
The Shropshire's Community and Mental Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 500)
501–600
The Surrey Hampshire Borders National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 501)
The Dissolution of the North Downs Community Health National Health Service Trust and the Heathlands Mental Health National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 502)
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 503)
The Building Societies (Accounts and Related Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 504)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telegroup UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 505)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Sonic Telecommunications International Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 506)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Primetec (UK) Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 507)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (LCI Telecom UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 508)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecom Ireland Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 509)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Easynet Group Plc) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 510)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Atlantic Telecommunications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 511)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Esprit Telecom UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 512)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (North American Gateway Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 513)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (TGC UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 514)
The Shropshire's Community Health Service National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 515)
The Dissolution of the South Warwickshire Health Care National Health Service Trust and the South Warwickshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 516)
The South Warwickshire Combined Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 517)
The Shropshire's Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 518)
The Non-Domestic Rates (Levying) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 519 (S.18)])
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 520)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 521)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 522)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 523)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 524)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Code of Conduct) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 525)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Procedural Rules) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 526)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Guidelines) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 527)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 528)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 1998/99) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 529)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 530)
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 531)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 532)
The Local Authorities (Direct Labour Organisations) (Competition) (Insolvency) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 537)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 538)
The Rhondda Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 539)
The Glan-y-Môr National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 540)
The Glan Hafren National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 541)
The Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 543)
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Hexachloroethane) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 545)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 556)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 557)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 558)
The Local Government (Discretionary Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 559)
The Finance Act 1997 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 560 (C. 10)])
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 561 (S.19)])
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 562)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 563)
The National Health Service (Remuneration and Conditions of Service) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 564)
The Disability Discrimination (Repeal of section 17 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Disabled Persons (Employment) Act, 1944) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 565)
The Housing Benefit (Permitted Totals) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 566)
The A59 Trunk Road (A56 Junction Improvement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 567)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (Environment Agency) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 568)
The London Docklands Development Corporation (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) (Urban Regeneration Agency) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 569)
The Teesside Development Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 570)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 571)
The Road Vehicles Registration Fee Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 572)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Tunbridge Wells Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 573)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 574)
The Road Traffic (Special Parking Areas) (The London Borough of Wandsworth) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 575)
The Sunderland and Tyne Riverside Enterprise Zones (Designation of Enterprise Zone Authorities) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 576)
The Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 577)
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 578)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 579)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 580)
The Injuries in War (Shore Employments) Compensation (Amendment) Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 581)
The Charter Trustees (Hereford) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 582)
The Combined Probation Areas (Leicestershire and Rutland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 584)
The Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 585)
The Suspension from Work on Maternity Grounds (Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 587)
The Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 599)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Levy and Register) (Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 600)
601–700
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 602)
The Forestry (Exceptions from Restrictions of Felling) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 603)
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 11) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 604 (C.11)])
The Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 605)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 606)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 607)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 608)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 609 (S.20)])
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 610 (S.21)])
The Police Grant (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 611 (S.22)])
The Insurance (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 612)
The Museums and Galleries Act 1992 (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 613)
The Local Government Changes for England (Education) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 614)
The Adopted Persons (Contact Register) (Fees) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 615)
The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 616)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 618)
The A136 Trunk Road (Station Road, Parkeston) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 630)
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 631 (C.12)])
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities) (Prescribing Incentive Schemes) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 632)
The Water Services Charges (Billing and Collection) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 634 (S.25)])
The Domestic Sewerage Charges (Reduction) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 635 (S.26)])
The NCIS (Discipline) (Senior Police Members) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 636)
The National Crime Squad (Discipline) (Senior Police Members) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 637)
The National Crime Squad (Complaints) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 638)
The National Crime Squad (Senior Police Members) (Appeals) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 639)
The NCIS (Senior Police Members) (Appeals) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 640)
The NCIS (Complaints) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 641)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 642 (S.23)])
The Births, Deaths, Marriages and Divorces (Fees) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 643 (S.24)])
The Local Education Authority (Behaviour Support Plans) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 644)
The National Health Service (Pilot Schemes: Miscellaneous Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 646)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Basildon, Derwentside and Salisbury District Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No.647)
The Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Exclusion Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 648)
The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 649)
The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act (England and Wales) (Commencement No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 650 (C. 13)])
The Surrey and Sussex Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 651)
The Dissolution of the Surrey Heartlands National Health Service Trust and the East Surrey Priority Care National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 652)
The Surrey Oaklands National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 653)
The London Traffic Control System (Transfer) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 654)
The Nursery Education (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 655)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 656)
The National Health Service (Service Committees and Tribunal) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 657 (S. 27)])
The National Health Service (Fund-holding Practices) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 658 (S.28)])
The National Health Service (Choice of Medical Practitioner) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 659 (S.29)])
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 660 (S.30)])
The Nursing Homes Registration (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 661 (S.31)])
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 662)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 663)
The Civil Legal Aid (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 664)
The National Health Service (Pilot Schemes: Part II Practitioners) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 665)
The National Health Service Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 666)
The National Health Service (Injury Benefits) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 667)
The National Health Service (Choice of Medical Practitioner) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 668)
The National Health Service (Vocational Training for General Medical Practice) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 669)
The North Wales Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 670)
The Mid Glamorgan Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 671)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 672)
The Friendly Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 673)
The National Health Service (Service Committees and Tribunal) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 674)
The Building Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 675)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 676)
The West Wales Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 677)
The Welsh Ambulance Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 678)
The South and East Wales Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 679)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 680)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 681)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 682)
The Porthmadog Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 683)
The River Ewe Salmon Fishery District (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 684 (S. 32)])
The Broadcasting Digital Terrestrial Sound (Technical Service) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 685)
The Construction Contracts (Scotland) Exclusion Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 686 (S.33)])
The Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 687 (S.34)])
The Valuation and Rating (Exempted Classes) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 688 (S.35)])
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 691)
The Dissolution of the Crawley Horsham National Health Service Trust and the East Surrey Healthcare National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 692)
The National Health Service (Fund-holding Amendment Regulations 1998 Practices) (S.I. 1998 No. 693)
The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 694 (C.14)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Maidstone Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 695)
701–800
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 717 (C.15)])
The Teachers' Superannuation (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 718 (S.36)])
The Teachers (Compensation for Premature Retirement and Redundancy) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 719 (S.37)])
The Wireless Telegraphy (Control of Interference from Videosenders) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 722)
The Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Modification and Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 723)
The Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 724 (S.38)])
The Civil Legal Aid (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 725 (S.39)])
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 726)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 727)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Small Self-administered Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 728)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Excepted Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 729)
The European Communities (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 745)
The Greater London Authority (Referendum Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 746)
Appropriation (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 747 (N.I. 3)])
The Civil Aviation Act 1982 (Jersey) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 748)
Financial Provisions (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 749 (N.I. 4)])
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 750)
The United Reformed Church Acts 1972 and 1981 (Jersey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 751)
The Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (Enforcement of Northern Ireland Orders) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 752 (S.42)])
The Air Navigation (Third Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 753)
The Northwick Park and St. Mark's National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 754)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 755)
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 756)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 757)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexationof Earnings Cap) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 758)
The Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 759)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 760)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 761)
The Value Added Tax (Supply of Services) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 762)
The Value Added Tax (Place of Supply of Services) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 763)
The Value Added Tax (Sport, Sports Competitions and Physical Education) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 764)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 765)
The Social Security Amendment (Lone Parents) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 766)
The Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) (Amendment) (Hazardous Waste Incineration) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 767)
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Partial Continuance) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 768)
The Urban Development Corporations in England (Area and Constitution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 769)
The Llandough Hospital and Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 770)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital Debt) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 771)
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitional Provisions) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 781 (S. 40) (C. 16)])
The Combined Probation Areas (Hertfordshire) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 782)
The Dissolution of the Royal Brompton Hospital National Health Service Trust and the Harefield Hospital National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 783)
The Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 784)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Consideration for Fuel) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 788)
The Education (New Grant-maintained Schools) (Finance) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 798)
The Education (Grant-maintained and Grant-maintained Special Schools) (Finance) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 799)
The Dissolution of the Ashford Hospital National Health Service Trust and the St. Peter's Hospital National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 800)
801–900
The Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 801)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Day of By-election) (Yorkshire South Constituency) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 802)
The London Docklands Development Corporation (Transfer of Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 803)
The Hairmyres and Stonehouse Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 804 (S.41)])
The Thames Gateway National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 805)
The Horton General Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 806)
The Dissolution of the North Kent Healthcare National Health Service Trust and the Thameslink Healthcare Services National Health Service Trust Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 807)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 808)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 809)
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 810)
The European Primary and Specialist Dental Qualifications Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 811)
The Walsgrave Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 812)
The Rugby National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 813)
The North Warwickshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 814)
The Lancaster Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 815)
The Morecambe Bay Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 816)
The Lancaster Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 817)
The Westmorland Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 818)
The South Cumbria Community and Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 819)
The Furness Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 820)
The Bay Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 821)
The Community Health Care: North Durham National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 822)
The Bishop Auckland Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 823)
The Gateshead Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 824)
The Cheviot and Wansbeck, North Tyneside Health Care, and Northumberland Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 825)
The Gateshead Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 826)
The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 827)
The South Durham National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 828)
The Durham County Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 829)
The North Durham Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 830)
The Freeman Group of Hospitals and the Royal Victoria Infirmary and Associated Hospitals National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 831)
The South Durham Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 832)
The Darlington Memorial Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 833)
The Gateshead Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 834)
The North Durham Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 835)
The Northumbria Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 836)
The Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 837)
The United Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 838)
The St. James and Seacroft University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 839)
The Canterbury and Thanet Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 845)
The South Kent Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 846)
The Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 848)
The Derbyshire Royal Infirmary National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 849)
The Derby City General Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 850)
The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Appointed Day No. 8) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 851 (C. 17)])
The Video Recordings (Labelling) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 852)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 865)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) (No.2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 866)
The London Borough of Haringey (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 867)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 868)
The Cattle Identification Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 871)
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 872 (C.18)])
The Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 873 (S.43)])
The Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 874 (S.44)])
The Education (Listed Bodies) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 876)
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 877)
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedules 5 and 8) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 878)
The Agriculture Act 1986 (Commencement No. 6)Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 879 (C. 19)])
The Education (Publication of Local Education Authority Inspection Reports) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 880)
The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Variation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 881)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 882)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route (Prohibition of Traffic) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 883)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 884)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment) (Miscellaneous) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 890 (S.45)])
The Police Grant (No. 2) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 891 (S.46)])
The Mines (Notice of Abandonment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 892)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 893)
The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (Scotland) (Commencement No. 5) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 894 (C. 20) (S.47)])
The Lewisham and Guy's Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 895)
The Lincolnshire Ambulance and Health Transport Service National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 896)
The Special Trustees for University College Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 897)
The Local Government Staff Commission (England) (Winding Up) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 898)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 899)
The Legal Aid (Mediation in Family Matters) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 900)
901–1000
The Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings General (Amendment) Directions 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 901)
The Residential Care Homes and the Nursing Homes and Mental Nursing Homes (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 902)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 903)
The Northamptonshire County Council (A45 Nene Valley Way Widening) (Bridge Over The River Nene) Scheme 1997 Confirmation Instrument 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 904)
The Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 911)
The Monklands and Bellshill Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) (Change of Name and Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 922 (S.48)])
The Conservation of Seals (Common Seals) (Shetland Islands Area) Order 1991 Revocation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 923 (S. 49)])
The Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 924)
The Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 925)
The Law Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 926 (S.50)])
The Fishing Vessels (Life-Saving Appliances) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 927)
The Fishing Vessels (Safety Provisions) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 928)
The Merchant Shipping (Crew Accommodation) (Fishing Vessels) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 929)
The Fossil Fuel Levy Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 930 (C.21)])
The Legal Services Ombudsman (Jurisdiction) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 935)
The A41 Trunk Road (Westminster) Red Route (No. 2) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 938)
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 939)
The Social Security (Minimum Contributions to Appropriate Personal Pension Schemes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 944)
The Social Security (Reduced Rates of Class 1 Contributions, and Rebates) (Money Purchase Contracted-out Schemes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 945)
The Railways (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 947 (S.51)])
The Local Authorities (Transport Charges) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 948)
The Urban Development Corporations in England (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 953)
The Fertilisers (Mammalian Meat and Bone Meal) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 954)
The Fertilisers (Mammalian Meat and Bone Meal) (Conditions of Manufacture) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 955)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Notice of Processions) (Exceptions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 956)
The Lifespan Health Care Cambridge National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 957)
The Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 961)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 962)
The Road Traffic Act 1991 (Commencement No. 15 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 967 (C.22)])
The Offshore Petroleum Production and Pipe-lines (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 968)
The Criminal Legal Aid (Scotland) (Prescribed Proceedings) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 969 (S.52)])
The Civil Legal Aid (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 970 (S.53)])
The Advice and Assistance (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 971 (S.54)])
The Advice and Assistance (Assistance by Way of Representation) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 972 (S.55)])
The East London and The City Health Authority (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 977)
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 978)
The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 979)
The Exmouth Docks Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 980)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.2) (Fees of Shorthand Writers) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 993 (S.56)])
The Food Safety (Fishery Products and Live Shellfish) (Hygiene) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 994)
The Road Vehicles Registration Fee (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 995)
The Consumer Credit (Increase of Monetary Limits) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 996)
The Consumer Credit (Further Increase of Monetary Amounts) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 997)
The Consumer Credit (Realisation of Pawn) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 998)
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Shorthand Writers in the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 999 (S.57)])
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1000)
1001–1100
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1001)
The National Crime Squad Service Authority (Standing Orders) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1002)
The National Crime Squad Service Authority (Members' Interests) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1003)
The Housing Accommodation and Homelessness (Persons subject to Immigration Control) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1004)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1005)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1006)
The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1007)
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1008)
The Public Entertainments Licences (Drug Misuse) Act 1997 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1009 (C.24)])
The Firemen's Pension Scheme (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1010)
The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection: Small Ships) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1011)
The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection: Large Ships) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1012)
The Fishing Vessels (Certification of Deck Officers and Engineer Officers) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1013)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1014)
The Channel Tunnel (Carriers' Liability) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1015)
The Port of Birkenhead Harbour Empowerment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1016)
The General Osteopathic Council (Transitional Period) (Application for Registration and Fees) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1018)
The General Osteopathic Council (Constitution and Procedure) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1019)
The General Osteopathic Council (Conditional Registration) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1020)
The Plants Breeders' Rights (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1021)
The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1022)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Information Notices) (Extension to European Community Plant Variety Rights) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1023)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Information Notices) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1024)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Farm Saved Seed) (Specification of Species and Groups) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1025)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Farm Saved Seed) (Specified Information) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1026)
The Plant Breeders' Rights Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1027)
The Plant Varieties Act 1997 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1028 (C.23)])
The Road Works (Inspection Fees) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1029 (S.58)])
The London Cab Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1043)
The Medicines (Exemptions for Merchants in Veterinary Drugs) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1044)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1045)
The Medicated Feedingstuffs Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1046)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1047)
The Medicated Feedingstuffs and Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1048)
The Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1049)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation Convention) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1056)
The Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) (Fourth Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1058)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Partnership and Co-Operation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and Georgia) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1059)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Partnership and Co-operation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Armenia) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1060)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Partnership and Co-operation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Azerbaijan) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1061)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Europe Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, and the Republic of Slovenia) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1062)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Partnership and Co-operation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Uzbekistan) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1063)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Dependent Territories) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1064)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1065)
The Hong Kong (Overseas Public Servants) (Pension Supplements) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1066)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Pitcairn) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1067)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Sovereign Base Areas) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1068)
The Activity Centres (Young Persons' Safety) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1069 (N.I. 5)])
The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 (Jersey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1070)
The Family Homes and Domestic Violence (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1071 (N.I. 6)])
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1072)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1073)
The Road Traffic (New Drivers) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1074 (N.I. 7)])
The United Nations Personnel (Guernsey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1075)
The Institute of Legal Executives Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1077)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1078)
The Local Government Finance (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1082 (S.59)])
The Revenue Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1083 (S.60))
1101–1200
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Professional Conduct) (Amendment) Rules 1998 Approval Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1103)
The Special Trustees for the Middlesex Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1104)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1105)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Cycle Lane) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1106)
The London Borough of Haringey (A10 Trunk Road) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1107)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Welsh Form and Particulars) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1113)
The A420 Trunk Road (Majors Road Junction) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1114)
The Bank of England Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1120 (C.25)])
The Plant Health (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1121)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route (Prescribed Routes and Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1122)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1123)
The Newport–Shrewsbury Trunk Road A4042 (Croes-y-Mwyalch Roundabout to Woodlands Roundabout) De-Trunking Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1124)
The A205 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1125)
Northern Ireland Negotiations (Referendum) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1126)
Northern Ireland (Entry to Negotiations, etc.) Act 1996 (Cessation of Section 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1127)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1128)
The Bank of England Act 1998 (Consequential Amendments of Subordinate Legislation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1129)
The Cash Ratio Deposits (Eligible Liabilities) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1130)
The Apple and Pear Orchard Grubbing Up Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1131)
The Road Traffic (Special Parking Area) (London Borough of Sutton) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1134)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1135)
The National Health Service (Pilot Schemes—Health Service Bodies) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1136)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1137)
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1138 (C.26)])
The Penrhos Point Mussel Fishery Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1146)
The Academic Awards and Distinctions (Queen Margaret College) (Scotland) Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1148 (S.61)])
The International Development Association (Eleventh Replenishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1149)
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1150)
The London Borough of Wandsworth (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1151)
The Aviation Security (Air Cargo Agents) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1152)
The Merchant Shipping (Dangerous or Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1153)
The Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1165)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1166)
The Textile Products (Indications of Fibre Content) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1169)
The Coventry Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1170)
The Bromley Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1171)
The Rotherham Priority Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1172)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1173)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1174)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Merseyside) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1175)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (West Midlands) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1176)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1177)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1178)
The Special Trustees for the Royal Hospital of St. Bartholomew (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1186)
The Black Country Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1187)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1188)
The Mental Health Review Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1189)
The Local Land Charges (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1190)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1191)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (London Boroughs of Hillingdon and Hounslow, and Daventry and Horsham District Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1193)
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1194)
The Cod (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1195)
The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1196 (S. 62)])
The Insurance Companies (Loan Relationships) (Election for Accruals Basis) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1200)
1201–1300
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (England and Wales) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1201)
The Action Programme for Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1202)
The Consumer Credit Licensing (Appeals) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1203)
The A65 Trunk Road (Manor Park Improvement) Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1206)
The A65 Trunk Road (Denton Bridge to Black Bull Farm) (Detrunking) Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1207)
The Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1208)
The Bristol City Docks Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1209)
The Sussex Sea Fisheries District (Constitution of Committee and Expenses) (Variation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1210)
The Devon Sea Fisheries District (Variation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1211)
The Kent and Essex Sea Fisheries District (Variation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1212)
The Cumbria Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1213)
The Peterhead Harbours Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1215 (S. 63)])
The Education (Grants to Aided and Special Agreement Schools) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1216)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Immobilisation, Removal and Disposal of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1217)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1218)
The Judicial Pensions (Contributions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1219)
The Education (Individual Performance Information) (Prescribed Bodies and Persons) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1220)
Scrabster (Forward Supply Base) Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1221 (S. 64)])
The Education (Partnership Grant) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1222)
The A1089 and the A126 Trunk Roads (Tilbury) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1223)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1224)
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Scotland) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1225 (S.65)])
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1226 (S.66)])
The Oxford Radcliffe Hospital National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1227)
The Seed Potatoes (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1228)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1229)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Northumberland County Council and Suffolk Coastal District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1237)
The Local Government Pension Scheme Regulations 1997 (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1238)
The Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Modification) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1239)
The Broadcasting (Local Delivery Services) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1240)
The Hovercraft (Application of Enactments)(Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1256)
The Hovercraft (Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (Amendment)) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1257)
The Merchant Shipping (Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1258)
The European Communities (Enforcement of Community Judgments) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1259)
The Turks and Caicos Islands (Territorial Sea) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1260)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Cayman Islands) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1261)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Montserrat) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1262)
The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Saint Helena) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1263)
The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 (Guernsey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1264)
The Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1265 (N.I. 8)])
The Football Spectators (Corresponding Offences in France) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1266)
The United Nations Personnel (Jersey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1267)
The Visiting Forces (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1268)
The Cash Ratio Deposits (Value Bands and Ratios) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1269)
The Bank of England (Information Powers) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1270)
The Restriction on Agreements and Conduct (Specified Domestic Electrical Goods) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1271)
The Yorkshire Ouse (Pilotage Powers) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1272)
The A3 Trunk Road (Kingston upon Thames, Merton and Elmbridge) (50 m.p.h. Speed Limit) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1273)
The Social Security Amendment (New Deal) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1274)
The Right to Purchase (Prescribed Persons) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1275 (S.67)])
The Razor Shells, Trough Shells and Carpet Shells (Specified Sea Area) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1276)
The Food (Cheese) (Emergency Control) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1277)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1278)
The Enfield Community Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1280)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1281)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1282 (C.27)])
The Food (Cheese) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1284)
The Oxfordshire Mental Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1285)
The Northern Ireland Referendum (Counting Officer's Charges) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1286)
The New Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1287)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Merseyside) Amalgamation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1293)
The Value Added Tax (Osteopaths) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1294)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (England) Designation Orders (Revocation of Specified Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1295)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (West Penwith) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1296)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (South Downs) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1297)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Somerset Levels and Moors) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1298)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (The Broads) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1299)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Pennine Dales) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1300)
1301–1400
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Lake District) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1301)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Exmoor) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1302)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Peak) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1303)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Kent Marshes) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1304)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (South West Peak) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1305)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Breckland) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1306)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Avon Valley) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1307)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Test Valley) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1308)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (South Wessex Downs) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1309)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Suffolk River Valleys) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1310)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Clun) Designation (Amendment)Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1311)
The Strathspey Light Railway Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1312)
The Northern Ireland (Elections) Act 1998(Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1313 (C. 29)])
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1314)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Small Self-administered Schemes) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1315)
The Broadcasting (Percentage of Digital Capacity for Radio Multiplex Licence) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1326)
The Countryside Stewardship Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1327)
The General Osteopathic Council (Registration) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1328)
The General Osteopathic Council (Professional Indemnity Insurance) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1329)
The National Health Service (Pilot Schemes: Financial Assistance for Preparatory Work) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1330)
The Bolton Sixth Form College (Incorporation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1331)
The Bolton Sixth Form College (Government) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1332)
The Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1336 (C. 28)])
The General Optical Council (Disciplinary Committee (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1337)
The General Optical Council (Disciplinary Committee (Constitution) Rules) Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1338)
The Local Government Changes for England (Disability Statements) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1339)
The Railways Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1340)
The Queen Mary's Sidcup National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1341)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1342)
The Secure Training Centres (Escorts) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1343)
The Surface Waters (Dangerous Substances) (Classification) (Scotland) (No.2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1344 (S.68)])
The Enforcement of Road Traffic Debts (Certificated Bailiffs) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1351 (L.1)])
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1357)
The Fisheries and Aquaculture Structure (Grants) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1365 (S.69)])
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1375)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1376)
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Garbage) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1377)
The Social Security (Student Amounts Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1379)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Combined Fire Authorities Etc.) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1380)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1381)
The Restrictive Trade Practices (Standards) (Services) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1394)
The Restrictive Trade Practices (Standards) (Goods) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1395)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1396)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Amount Required for Restoring State Scheme Rights and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1397)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1398)
1401–1500
The Greenwich Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1417)
The Merchant Shipping (Navigation Bridge Visibility) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1419)
The Driving Licences (Community Driving Licence) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1420)
The Local Government (Exemption from Competition) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1421 (S.70)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Competition) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1422 (S.71)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Exemption for Works Contracts) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1423 (S.72)])
The National Health Service (Service Committees and Tribunal) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1424 (S.73)])
The New Deal (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1425)
The Training for Work (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1426)
The Human Organ Transplants (Establishment of Relationship) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1428)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1429)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1430)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1431)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Devon and Cornwall) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1432)
The Merchant Shipping (Port State Control) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1433)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1434)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Qualifying Authorities) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1445)
The National Savings Stock Register (Closure of Register to Gilts) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1446)
The Environmental Information (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1447)
The Road Humps (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1448 (S.74)])
The Contracting Out (Functions Relating to National Savings) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1449)
The Treasury Bills (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1450)
The National Health Service Superannuation Scheme (Scotland) (Additional Voluntary Contributions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1451 (S.75)])
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1458 (S.76)])
The Health Boards (Membership and Procedure) (No.2) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1459 (S.77)])
The Mental Health Review Tribunals (Regions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1460)
The Air Passenger Duty and Other Indirect Taxes (Interest Rate) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1461)
The A205 Trunk Road (Wandsworth and Richmond) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1462)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Modification of the Pension Schemes Act 1993) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1466)
The Council Tax Limitation (Derbyshire County Council) (Maximum Amount) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1468)
The Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1469)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1489)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Thames Valley) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1492)
The New Northern Ireland Assembly Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1493)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Scheme Administration) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1494)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1497 (S.78)])
The St Mary's Music School (Aided Places) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1498 (S.79)])
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1499)
The Merchant Shipping (Control of Pollution) (SOLAS) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1500)
1501–1600
The United Nations Arms Embargoes (Amendment) (Sierra Leone) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1501)
The United Nations Arms Embargoes (Dependent Territories) (Amendment) (Sierra Leone) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1502)
The Civil Aviation (Investigation of Air Accidents and Incidents) (Guernsey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1503)
The Criminal Justice (Children) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1504 (N.I. 9)])
The Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act 1995 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1505 (C.30)])
The Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1506 (N.I. 10)])
The United Nations Arms Embargoes (Channel Islands) (Amendment) (Sierra Leone) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1507)
The United Nations Arms Embargoes (Isle of Man) (Amendment) (Sierra Leone) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1508)
The United Nations Personnel (Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1509)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1510)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Guernsey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1511)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Jersey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1512)
The Visiting Forces and Allied Headquarters (Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1513)
The Visiting Forces (Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1514)
The Visiting Forces and Allied Headquarters (Inheritance Tax) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1515)
The Visiting Forces (Inheritance Tax) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1516)
The Visiting Forces and Allied Headquarters (Stamp Duties) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1517)
The Visiting Forces (Stamp Duties) (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1518)
The Railways (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1519)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (London Fire and Civil Defence Authority) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1528)
The Deregulation (Deduction from Pay of Union Subscriptions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1529)
The Export of Goods (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) (Control) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1530)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply and Sale of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1531)
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1532)
The Loughborough College of Art and Design Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1533)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1537)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Edinburgh) Designation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1539 (S.80)])
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Allowances for Children) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1541)
The Police (Health and Safety) Act 1997 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1542 (C.31)])
The Bradford Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1543)
The Prison (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1544)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1545)
The Dentists Act 1984 (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1546)
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1547)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1548)
The Fire Services (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1549 (N.I. 11)])
The Financial Services (Designated Countries and Territories) (Overseas Insurance Companies) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1550)
The Education (Baseline Assessment) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1551)
The Merchant Shipping (International Safety Management (ISM) Code) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1561)
The Local Government Reorganisation (Wales) (Repeal of Enactments) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1562)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1563)
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1564)
The Meters (Approval of Pattern or Construction and Manner of Installation) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1565)
The Meters (Certification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1566)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1567)
The Mines (Notification of Abandonment) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1572 (S.81)])
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1574)
The Special Health Authorities (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1576)
The Special Health Authorities (Establishment and Constitution Orders) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1577)
The Homelessness (Decisions on Referrals) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1578)
The Telecommunications (Open Network Provision) (Voice Telephony) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1580)
The Child Benefit and Social Security (Fixing and Adjustment of Rates) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1581)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1582)
The Education (Grants) (Music, Ballet and Choir Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1583)
The Education (Teachers) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1584)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1585)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Dacorum, Hertsmere and Luton Borough Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1586)
The Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 Statutory Sum Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1587)
The M3 Motorway (Minley Interchange Connecting Roads) Scheme 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1588)
The Prisons and Young Offenders Institutions (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1589 (S.82)])
The National Health Service Superannuation Scheme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1593 (S. 83)])
The National Health Service (Scotland) (Injury Benefits) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1594 (S. 84)])
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiatives) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1598)
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1599)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment (No.3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1600 (S.85))
1601–1700
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1601 (S.86)])
The Deregulation (Methylated Spirits Sale by Retail) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1602 (S.87)])
The Homelessness (Decisions on Referrals) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1603 (S.88)])
The Swansea Bay Port Health Authority (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1604)
The Organic Farming (Aid) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1606)
The Education (Start of Compulsory School Age) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1607)
The North Bolton Sixth Form College and South College, Bolton (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1608)
The Merchant Shipping (Small Workboats and Pilot Boats) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1609)
The Anglian Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1636)
The North West Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1637)
The Severn-Trent Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1638)
The Southern Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1639)
The South West Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1640)
The Thames Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1641)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hounslow) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1642)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia (Freezing of Funds) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1643)
The Moray House Institute of Education (Closure) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1644 (S. 89)])
The Sheep and Goats Spongiform EncephalopathyOrder 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1645)
The Sheep and Goats Spongiform Encephalopathy Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1646)
The Sheep and Goats Spongiform Encephalopathy (Compensation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1647)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1648)
The Control of Pollution (Channel Tunnel Rail Link) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1649)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1650)
The Cambridgeshire College of Agriculture and Horticulture (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1651)
The Newton Rigg College, Penrith (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1652)
The High Peak College, Buxton (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1653)
The Airedale and Wharfedale College (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1654)
The Basford Hall College, Nottingham (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1655)
The East Birmingham College (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1656)
The Harrogate College (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1657)
The Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1658 (C.32)])
The Sports Grounds and Sporting Events (Designation) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1659 (S. 90)])
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1660)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Bournemouth Borough Council and North West Leicestershire District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1661)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1663 (S. 91)])
The Medical Act 1983 (Approved Medical Practices and Conditions of Residence) and National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1664)
The Eggs (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1665)
The Medical Act 1983 (Approved Medical Practices and Conditions of Residence) and National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1667 (S. 92)])
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1670)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1671)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1672)
The Food (Cheese) (Emergency Control) (Amendment No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1673)
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (Amendment to Schedule 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1674)
The Export and Investment Guarantees (Limit on Foreign Currency Commitments) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1675)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1676)
The Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1677)
The Children (Performances) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1678)
The Merchant Shipping (Distress Messages) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1691)
The Merchant Shipping (Co-operation with Search and Rescue Services) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1692)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1698)
1701–1800
The Noise Insulation (Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1701)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1702)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1703)
The Combined Probation Areas (North Yorkshire) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1704)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Prescribed Route) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1705)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route (No. 2) Experimental Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1706)
The M4 Motorway (Hillingdon and Hounslow) (Speed Limits) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1708)
The Welfare of Livestock (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1709)
The Ecclesiastical Judges and Legal Officers (Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1711)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1712)
The Faculty Jurisdiction (Appeals) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1713)
The Parochial Fees Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1714)
The National Institutions of The Church of England (Transfer of Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1715)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1726)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1727)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1728)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No.1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1729 (C.33) (S.93)])
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1730)
The Environmental Assessment (Forestry) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1731)
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1732)
The East Berkshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1733)
The A13 Trunk Road (Ironbridge to Canning Town Improvement, Trunk Road, Slip Roads and Bridges) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1734)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1741)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation No. 2) Order 1984 (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1746)
The Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 17) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1747 (C.34)])
The Financial Markets and Insolvency Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1748)
The Government Stock (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1749)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1750)
Air Carrier Liability Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1751)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1752)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Dependent Territories) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1753)
The Geneva Conventions Act (First Protocol) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1754)
The United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1755)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1756)
The Angola (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1757)
The Appropriation (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1758 (N.I. 12)])
Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1759 (N.I. 13)])
The Education (Student Support) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1760 (N.I. 14)])
The Employment Rights (Time off for Study or Training) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1761 (N.I. 15)])
Producer Responsibility Obligations (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1762 (N.I. 16)])
The Public Interest Disclosure (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1763 (N.I. 17)])
The Trial of the Pyx Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1764)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in Wales) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1765)
The Housing Act 1996 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitional Provision) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1768 (C.35)])
The Sheffield City Airport Licensing (Liquor) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1769)
The Trade Marks (Fees) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1776)
The Registered Designs (Fees) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1777)
The Patents (Fees) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1778)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemption) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1779)
The Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) (Rate of Interest) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1795)
The Cattle Database Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1796)
The Humber Bridge (Debts) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1797)
The Hertfordshire (Coroners' Districts) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1799)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Cotswold Hills) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1800)
1801–1900
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1998 Partial Revocation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1801)
The Restriction of Liberty Order (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1802 (S. 94)])
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Upper Thames Tributaries) Designation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1803)
The Local Government (Direct Labour Organisations) (Competition) (Insolvency) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1805)
The Local Government Act 1988(Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Insolvency) (England and Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1806)
The Motor Cycles (Protective Helmets) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1807)
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route (Prohibited Turn) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1808)
The A2 Trunk Road (Bexley) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1809)
The Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (Commencement No.11) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1810 (C.36) (S.95)])
The Social Security (Guardian's Allowances) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1811)
The Houses in Multiple Occupation (Charges for Registration Schemes) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1812)
The Houses in Multiple Occupation (Fees for Registration Schemes) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1813)
Coventry Airport (Designation) (Detention and Sale of Aircraft) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1827)
The Fossil Fuel Levy (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1828)
The Local Government Pension Scheme(Management and Investment of Funds) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1831)
The Working Time Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1833)
The Education (Individual Performance Information) (Identification of Individual Pupils) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1834)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1835)
The Building Act 1984 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1836 (C. 37)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Procedure) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1837 (C.38)])
The Merchant Shipping (Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1838)
The Amusement Machine Licence Duty (Monetary Amounts) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1839)
The Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers’ Compensation) (Payment of Claims) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1840)
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1841 (S.96)])
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Procedure Rules Amendment) (Restriction of Liberty Orders) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1842 (S.97)])
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1845)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Validation of Rule Alterations) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1846)
The International Monetary Fund (Increase in Subscription) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1854)
The West of Scotland Water Authority (Loch Lossit, Islay) (Amendment) Water Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1855 (S.98)])
The Private Water Supplies (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1856 (S. 99)])
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1858 (C.39)])
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Sentence Review Commissioners) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1859)
The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1860)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Cherwell District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1862)
The Foreign Satellite Service Proscription Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1865)
The Education (School Inspection) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1866)
The Education (School Performance Information) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1867)
The Gifts for Relief in Poor Countries (Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1868)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1869)
The Individual Savings Account Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1870)
The Individual Savings Account (Insurance Companies) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1871)
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Compliance) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1872)
The Republic of Serbia (Prohibition on Investment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1873)
The Education (Grants for Early Excellence Centres) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1877)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Education Action Zones) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1878)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1879)
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1880)
The Special Immigration Appeals Commission (Procedure) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1881)
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1882)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1883 (C. 40))
The Education (School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1884)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1885)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Art) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1886)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Physical Education) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1887)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1888)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Music) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1889)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Technology) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1890)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Notional Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1891)
The Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1892 (C. 41)])
The Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1898 (L.2)])
The County Court (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1899 (L.3)])
The County Courts (Forms) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1900 (L.4))
1901–2000
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1901 (L.5)])
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1902 (C.42)])
The Non-Contentious Probate (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1903 (L.6)])
The Parole Board (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1904 (S.100)])
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Tolls Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1907)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1908)
The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1910)
The Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships) (Tonnage Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1915)
The Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) (Fishing Vessels) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1916)
The Deregulation (Exchangeable Driving Licences) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1917)
The Local Government (Committees and Political Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1918)
The A406 Trunk Road (Hanger Lane, Ealing) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1919)
The Secure Training Order (Transitory Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1928)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1929)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Ashton-under-Lyne Extension) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1936)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1937)
The Scottish Legal Aid Board (Employment of Solicitors to Provide Criminal Legal Assistance) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1938 (S.101)])
The Firearms Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1941)
The Education (Plans for Reducing Infant Class Sizes) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1942)
The Education (Infant Class Sizes) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1943)
The Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1944)
The Foreign Package Holidays (Tour Operators and Travel Agents) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1945)
The Deregulation (Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1946)
The Education (Infant Class Sizes) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1947)
The Education Act 1996 (Infant Class Sizes) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1948)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1949)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) (No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1950)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hammersmith & Fulham and Kensington & Chelsea) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1951)
The Barnsley Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1952)
The Blackburn and Darwen Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1953)
The CfBT/Lambeth Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1954)
The Herefordshire Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1955)
The Leicester (South and West) Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1956)
The East Middlesbrough Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1957)
The Newcastle Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1958)
The New Addington Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1959)
The Newham Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1960)
The Next Step North East Lincolnshire Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1961)
The Salford & Trafford Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1962)
The N. Somerset Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1963)
The Education Action Forum (Proceedings) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1964)
The Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1965)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1966)
The Assured and Protected Tenancies (Lettings to Students) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1967)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Infant Class Sizes) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1968)
The Education (Allocation of Grant-maintained and Grant-maintained Special Schools to New Categories) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1969)
The Education (Prescribed Courses of Higher Education) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1970)
The Education (Plans for Reducing Infant Class Sizes) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1971)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1972)
The Education (Infant Class Sizes) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1973)
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1974)
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1975)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1976)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for English, Welsh, Mathematics and Science) (Key Stage 2) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1977)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Technology) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1986)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Physical Education) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1987)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1988)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1989)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Art) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1990)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Music) (England) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1991)
The Harrow and Hillingdon Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1992)
Act of Sederunt (Child Care and Maintenance Rules) (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1993 (S.102)])
The Education (Assisted Places) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1994 (S.103)])
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 1998 (C.43))
2001–2100
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2003)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2004)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2005)
The Community Drivers' Hours and Recording Equipment (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2006)
The Housing (Right To Acquire) (Discount) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2014)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2015)
The Road Traffic Act 1991 (Amendment of Schedule 3) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2018 (S. 104)])
The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2019 (S. 105)])
The Parking Attendants (Wearing of Uniforms) (Edinburgh Parking Area) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2020 (S. 106)])
The Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2021)
The Fertilisers (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2024)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2025)
The Education (Student Loans) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2026 (S. 107)])
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2031 (C.44)])
The Outer Space Act 1986 (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2032)
The Cardiff Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2033)
The East Glamorgan National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2034)
The A41 Trunk Road (Westminster) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2035)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2038)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1998 Partial Revocation (No.2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2045)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Castle Morpeth Borough Council and West Somerset and Uttlesford District Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2047)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2048 (C.45)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Chiltern District Council, Lewes District Council and Eastbourne Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2049)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Derwentside and Wyre Forest District Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2050)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2051)
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2055)
The Merchant Shipping (Radio Installations) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2070)
The Combined Probation Areas (Lancashire) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2071)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2072)
The Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (England and Wales) Compensation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2073)
The Cod (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2074)
The Sole (Specified Sea Area) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2075)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2081)
The Housing (Change of Landlord) (Payment of Disposal Cost by Instalments) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2082)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2083 (c. 48)])
The Newcastle Education Action Zone (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2084)
The Blackburn with Darwen Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2085)
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2095)
2101–2200
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2115)
The Mid Essex Hospital Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2116)
The Social Security Amendment (New Deal) (No.2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2117)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Transitional Provisions etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2118)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1998 Partial Revocation (No.3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2119)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2120)
The Llandeilo–Carmarthen Trunk Road (A40) (Pont-ar-Gothi By-Pass) (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2121)
The Prevention of Water Pollution (Greenside, Jaw, Cochno, Burncrooks, Kilmannan, Black Linn, Greenland 1, 2 & 3, Garshake, Fin and Loch Humphrey) (Extension of Period of Byelaws) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2127 (S. 108)])
Act of Sederunt (Child Care and Maintenance Rules) (Amendment No.2) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2130 (S. 109)])
The River Esk Salmon Fishery District (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2131 (S. 110)])
The Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2138)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (National Band Three Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2139)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tetralink Telecommunications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2140)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (TeleDanmark A/S) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2141)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (PSI Net Telecom UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2142)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (DirectNet Telecommunications UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2143)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Singtel (Europe) Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2144)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Startec Telecom Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2145)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation(o.tel.o communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2146)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Stentor Communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2147)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Transline Communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2148)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (GN Great Northern Gateway Ltd. A/S) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2149)
The Gaming Machines (Maximum Prizes)Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2150)
The Gaming Clubs (Multiple Bingo) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2151)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2152)
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Variation of Monetary Limit) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2153)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2154)
The District of Purbeck (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2159)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit Amendment (New Deal) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2164)
The Magistrates' Courts (Grants) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2165)
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2166)
The Magistrates' Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2167 (L.7)])
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2168 (L.8)])
The Investor Compensation Scheme Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2169)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2170)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2171)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Avon Valley) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2172)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Peak) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2173)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Exmoor) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2174)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (South Wessex Downs) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2175)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Kent Marshes) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2176)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Lake District) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2177)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Test Valley) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2178)
The Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (Scotland) Compensation Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2181 (S.111)])
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2184)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2188)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Housing Management) (Exemptions) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2189)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Direct Service Organisations) (Accounts etc.) (Extension) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2190)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Works Contracts) (Exemptions) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2191)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Competition) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2192)
The Local Authorities (Direct Labour Organisations) (Competition) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2193)
The Land Authority for Wales (Transfer of Staff) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2194)
The Development Board for Rural Wales (Transfer of Staff) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2195)
The Education (School Performance Targets) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2196)
The Service Subsidy Agreements (Tendering) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2197)
The Merchant Shipping (Port State Control) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2198)
2201–2300
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2206)
The Amusement Machine Licence Duty (Small-prize Machines) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2207)
The Scottish College of Textiles (Closure) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2208 (S.112)])
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2209 (C.47)])
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Channel Islands and Isle of Man) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2210)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2211)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Supplemental, Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2212 (C. 49)])
The Combined Fire Authorities (Secure Tenancies) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2213)
The Combined Fire Authorities (Secure Tenancies) (Wales) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2214)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2215 (C. 50)])
The National Health Service Pension Scheme Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2216)
The National Health Service (Injury Benefits) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2217)
The Measuring Equipment (Liquid Fuel and Lubricants) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2218)
The Education (Grammar School Designation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2219)
The Education (Further Education Institutions Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2220)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2221)
The National Health Service (Choice of Dental Practitioner) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2222)
The Dental Practice Boards (Personal Dental Services) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2223)
The National Health Service (Pilot Schemes for Personal Dental Services: Miscellaneous Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2224)
The Transport and Works (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2226)
The Environment Agency (Transfer of Functions of the Swavesey Internal Drainage Board) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2227)
The Axmouth Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2228)
The Education (Proportion of Selective Admissions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2229)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Admissions) (Modifications) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2230)
The Social Security (Welfare to Work) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2231)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (West Penwith) Designation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2232)
The Road Traffic (Parking Adjudicators) (City of Edinburgh) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2233 (S.113)])
The Dissolution of the Cable Authority Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2237)
The Merchant Shipping (Load Line) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2241)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) (No. 3) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2242)
The Finance Act 1998, Schedule 2, (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2243 (C. 51)])
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2244 (C.52)])
The Plant Health (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2245)
The Disposal of Waste (Control of Beet Rhizomania Disease) (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2246)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2247)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Intervention in Schools Causing Concern) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2248)
The Motor Vehicles (Authorisation of Special Types) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2249)
The Social Security Amendment (Capital) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2250)
The High Court of Justiciary (Proceedings in the Netherlands) (United Nations) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2251)
The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (Charter Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2252)
The Monopoly References (Deletion of Exclusions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2253)
The Road Works (Registers, Notices, Directions and Designations) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2254 (S.114)])
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2255)
The Teachers (Compensation for Redundancy and Premature Retirement) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2256)
The Extraction Solvents in Food (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2257)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) (Scotland) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2258 (S.115)])
The National Health Service (Choice of Dental Practitioner) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2259 (S.116)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (East Lindsey and Suffolk Coastal District Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2275)
The Yugoslavia (Prohibition of Flights) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2284)
The Registration of Births, Still-Births, Deaths and Marriages (Prescription of Forms) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2285 (S. 117))
2301–2400
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2306)
The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2307)
The Stockport Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2310)
The Town and Country Planning (Inquiries Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2311 (S.118)])
The Town and Country Planning Appeals (Determination by Appointed Person) (Inquiries Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2312 (S.119)])
The Compulsory Purchase by Public Authorities (Inquiries Procedure) (Scotland) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2313 (S.120)])
The Sports Grounds and Sporting Events (Designation) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2314 (S.121)])
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2320)
The Education (Fees and Awards) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2324 (S.122)])
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2327 (C. 53)])
The Friendly Societies (Activities of a Subsidiary) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2328)
The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provision) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2329 (C. 54)])
The Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2332)
The Borough of Boston (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2333)
The City of Lincoln (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2334)
The District of East Lindsey (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2335)
The District of South Holland (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2336)
The District of South Kesteven (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2337)
The District of North Kesteven (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2338)
The District of Wansbeck (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2342)
The District of Tynedale (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2343)
The Borough of Castle Morpeth (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2344)
The Borough of Blyth Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2345)
The Borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2346)
The District of Alnwick (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2347)
The Electricity (Non-Fossil Fuel Sources) (England and Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2353)
The District of West Lindsey (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2366)
The Horse Passports (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2367)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2368)
The Bank of England Act 1998 (Transfer Scheme Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2372)
The Railways (Ashford) (Exemptions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2379)
The National Health Service Act 1977 and National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978 Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2385)
The Water Undertakers (Extension of Byelaws) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2398)
The Severn Trent Water Limited (Extension of Byelaws) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2399)
The County Courts (Interest on Judgment Debts) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2400 (L.9))
2401–2500
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2401)
The Reservoirs (Panels of Civil Engineers) (Applications and Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2403)
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2405)
The Pencils and Graphic Instruments (Safety) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2406)
The M41 West Cross Route (Holland Park Roundabout to A40(M)/M41 Junction Trunk Road) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2407)
The Prohibition of Keeping or Release of Live Fish (Specified Species) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2409)
The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2410)
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Health and Safety at Work) (Employment of Young Persons) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2411)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2412 (C. 55)])
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2417)
The Drinking Milk Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2424)
The A13 Trunk Road (Newham) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2426)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2427)
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2428)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 6) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2429)
The Specified Risk Material (Coming into Force Date) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2431)
The East Middlesbrough Education Action Zone (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2450)
The Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2451)
The Crime and Disorder Strategies (Prescribed Descriptions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2452)
The Housing Benefit (Recovery of Overpayments) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2454)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2455)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2456)
The Rail Vehicle (Exemption Applications) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2457)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Supplemental, Saving and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2459 (C.58)])
The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Health Authority (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2460)
The Borough of Taunton Deane (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2461)
The District of South Somerset (Electoral Changes)Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2462)
The District of West Somerset (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2463)
The District of Mendip (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2464)
The District of Sedgemoor (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2465)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2477)
The Leeds Community and Mental Health Services Teaching National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2478)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2479 (C. 56)])
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Rate of Interest) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2480)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2481)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) (Legal Aid Exceptions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2482)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment No. 3)Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2483)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2484)
The East Yorkshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2485)
The Bromley Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2486)
The District of South Hams (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2487)
The Water Undertakers (Extension of Byelaws) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2489)
Welsh Development Agency (Membership) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2490)
2501–2600
The London Borough of Lewisham (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2502)
The Prisons and Young Offenders Institutions (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2504 (S.123)])
The Exchange of Securities (General) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2505)
The Borough of Corby (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2506)
The District of Daventry (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2507)
The Borough of Kettering (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2508)
The District of South Northamptonshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2509)
The Borough of Wellingborough (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2510)
The Borough of Northampton (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2511)
The District of East Northamptonshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2512)
The Crime and Disorder Strategies (Prescribed Descriptions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2513)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ship Construction: Ships of Classes I, II and II(A)) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2514)
The Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ship Construction: Ships of Classes III to VI(A)) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2515)
The A417 Trunk Road (Daglingworth Quarry Junction) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2517)
The A419 Trunk Road (Latton Bypass and Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2518)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Day of By-election) (North East Scotland Constituency) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2522)
The Education (School Information) (England) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2526)
The Judicial Pensions (Transfer Between Judicial Pension Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2527)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Citizens' Band and Amateur Apparatus) (Various Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2531)
The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (Commencement No.8) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2532 (C. 57) (S. 124)])
The Trade Effluent (Registers) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2533 (S. 125)])
The Religious Character of Schools (Designation Procedure) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2535)
The Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2536)
The Welfare of Animals (Staging Points) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2537)
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2538)
The A4 Trunk Road (Concorde Roundabout, Hillingdon) (Prohibitions On The Northern Carriageway) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2539)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hounslow) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2545)
The District of Eden (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2547)
The District of South Lakeland (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2548)
The City of Carlisle (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2549)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Leicester City Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2550)
The Borough of Broxbourne (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2551)
The Borough of Dacorum (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2552)
The District of East Hertfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2553)
The Borough of Hertsmere (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2554)
The District of North Hertfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2555)
The District of Three Rivers (Parishes and Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2556)
The Borough of Stevenage (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2557)
The City of St Albans (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2558)
The Borough of Watford (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2559)
The District of Welwyn Hatfield (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2560)
The Building Regulations (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2561)
The Carriage by Air and Road Act 1979 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2562 (C.59)])
Outer Space Act 1986 (Cayman Islands) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2563)
The Territorial Sea (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2564)
The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 (Jersey) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2565)
The Double Taxation Relief (Air Transport) (Hong Kong) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2566)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Kazakhstan) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2567)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Oman) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2568)
The Borough of Allerdale (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2569)
The Borough of Copeland (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2570)
The Borough of Barrow-in-Furness (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2571)
The Family Law Act 1996 (Commencement) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2572 (C. 60)])
The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2573)
The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2574 (C.61)])
The Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2575)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Welsh) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2576)
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth High Street) (Bus Bay Clearway) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2591)
2601–2700
The A4 Trunk Road (Hillingdon) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2611)
The A316 Trunk Road (Hounslow) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2615)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Rugby Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2616)
The Disability Discrimination (Exemption for Small Employers) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2618)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Easington District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2619)
The Finance Act 1995, Section 139(3), (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2620 (C. 62)])
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2621)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2622)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2623)
The Mental Health (Hospital, Guardianship and Consent to Treatment) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2624)
The Mental Health (Nurses) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2625)
Act of Adjournal (Extension of Time Limit for Service of Transcript of Examination) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2635 (S.126)])
Act of Sederunt (Messengers-at-Arms and Sheriff Officers Rules) (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2636 (S.127)])
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 2) (Miscellaneous) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2637 (S. 128)])
The Broadford Bay and Loch Ainort, Isle of Skye, Scallops Several Fishery Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2638 (S.129)])
The Scalpay Island, Isle of Skye, Scallops Several Fishery Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2639 (S.130)])
The Loch Sligachan, Isle of Skye, Scallops Several Fishery Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2640 (S.131)])
The A19 Trunk Road (Wolviston Interchange, Southbound Exit Slip Road) (Trunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2641)
The Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Nautical Publications) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2647)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Midwives Amendment) Rules Approval Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2649)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Dyfed and Powys) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2664)
The Dudley Priority Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2667)
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Messengers-at-Arms) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2668 (S.132)])
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Sheriff Officers) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2669 (S.133)])
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2670)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 3 ) (Fees of Solicitors) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2674 (S.134)])
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Solicitors in the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2675 (S. 135)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Sex Offender and Anti-social Behaviour Orders) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2682 (L. 10)])
The General Osteopathic Council (Conditional Registration) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2695)
The Friendly Societies (Activities of a Subsidiary) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2696)
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2697)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2698)
The City of Bristol (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2699)
The District of Bath and North East Somerset (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2700)
2701–2800
The District of South Gloucestershire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2701)
The District of North Somerset (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2702)
The Finance Act 1998, Section 145, (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2703 (C. 63)])
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2704)
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2705)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Northumbria) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2707)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2708)
The Borders Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2709 (S. 136)])
The Tayside Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2710 (S. 137)])
The Lothian Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2711 (S. 138)])
The Fife Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2712 (S. 139)])
The Forth Valley Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2713 (S. 140)])
The Dumfries and Galloway Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2714 (S. 141)])
The Ayrshire and Arran Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2715 (S. 142)])
The Argyll and Clyde Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2716 (S. 143)])
The Lothian University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2717 (S. 144)])
The Grampian University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2718 (S. 145)])
The Greater Glasgow Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2719 (S. 146)])
The Grampian Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2720 (S. 147)])
The Highland Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2721 (S. 148)])
The Highland Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2722 (S. 149)])
The Fife Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2723 (S. 150)])
The Lanarkshire Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2724 (S. 151)])
The Forth Valley Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2725 (S. 152)])
The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2726)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2727)
The Tayside University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2728 (S. 153)])
The North Glasgow University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2729 (S. 154)])
The South Glasgow University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2730 (S. 155)])
The West Lothian Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2731 (S. 156)])
The Lanarkshire Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2732 (S. 157)])
The Renfrewshire and Inverclyde Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2733 (S. 158)])
The Lomond and Argyll Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2734 (S. 159)])
The Ayrshire and Arran Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2735 (S. 160)])
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2745)
The Groundwater Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2746)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2750 (C.64)])
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2760)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Tendring District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2762)
The Education (School Government) (Transition to New Framework) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2763)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Rate of Interest) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2765)
The Co-operation of Insolvency Courts (Designation of Relevant Country) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2766)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2767)
The Judicial Pensions (European Court of Human Rights) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2768)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (West Yorkshire) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2769)
The Limit in Relation to Provision of Digital Programme Services Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2770)
The Merchant Shipping (Vessels in Commercial Use for Sport or Pleasure) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2771)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2772 (S.161)])
The Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2779 (C.65)])
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2780 (C.66)])
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2789 (C.67)])
The Bethlem and Maudsley National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2790)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3 and Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2791 (C. 68)])
The Education (Schools and Further Education) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2792)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2793)
The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 (Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2794)
Health and Safety at Work (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2795 (N.I. 18)])
Local Government (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2796 (N.I. 19)])
The Transfer of Prisoners (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2797)
The Transfer of Prisoners (Restricted Transfers) (Channel Islands and Isle of Man) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2798)
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2799)
The Town and Country Planning General (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2800)
2801–2900
The Edinburgh Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2802 (S. 162)])
The Perth and Kinross (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2803 (S. 163)])
The East Lothian (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2804 (S. 164)])
The Angus (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2806 (S. 165)])
The Social Security (New Deal Pilot) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2825)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Scope) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2831)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Home–School Agreements) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2834)
The Building Societies Act 1997 (Expiry of Transitional Period) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2835)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2836)
The London Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2837)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2838)
The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2839 (N.I. 20)])
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2840 (C.69)])
The Hereford and Worcester Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2841)
The Contracting Out (Functions in Relation to Insurance) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2842)
The Borough of Congleton (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2843)
The Borough of Ellesmere Port & Neston (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2844)
The Borough of Crewe and Nantwich (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2845)
The Borough of Vale Royal (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2846)
The Borough of Macclesfield (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2847)
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Manual Handling Operations) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2857)
The Residuary Body for Wales (Winding Up) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2859)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Christchurch Borough Council and Purbeck District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2862)
The Fees for Inquiries (Standard Daily Amount) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2864)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2865)
The City of Chester (Electoral Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2866)
The Herring (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2867)
The Commercial Agents (Council Directive) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2868)
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2869)
The Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2870)
The North Hull Housing Action Trust (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2871)
The Registration of Political Parties (Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2872)
The Registration of Political Parties (Prohibited Words and Expressions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2873)
The Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment (New Deal) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2874)
The Registration of Political Parties (Access to the Register) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2875)
The Education (Grammar School Ballots) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2876)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Home–School Agreements) (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2877 (C.70)])
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2878)
The Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2880)
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2882 (C.71)])
The Charities (Royal Russell School) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2883)
The Motor Vehicles (Authorisation of Special Types) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2884)
The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2885)
The Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 (Commencement No.2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2886 (C.72) (S.166)])
The Scottish Further Education Funding Council (Establishment) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2887 (S.167)])
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2888 (S.168)])
The Social Security (Contributions)Amendment (No. 5) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2894)
2901–3000
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2906 (C.73)])
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2907)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2908)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2909)
The Civil Courts (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2910)
The General Teaching Council for Wales Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2911)
The Swansea–Manchester Trunk Road (A483) (Llandovery County Primary School Layby Detrunking) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2912)
The Town and Country Planning (Minerals) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2913 (S. 169)])
The Town and Country Planning (Compensation for Restrictions on Mineral Working and Mineral Waste Depositing) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2914 (S. 170)])
The Channel 4 (Application of Excess Revenues) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2915)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Allowances for Governors and Individual Pupil Information) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2916)
The Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (United Kingdom Carriers) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2917)
The Airports (Groundhandling) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2918)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Land Acquisition) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2919)
The Life Assurance (Apportionment of Receipts of Participating Funds) (Applicable Percentage) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2920)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2921)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2922)
The Chichester Priority Care Services National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2923)
The Action Programme for Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2927 (S. 171)])
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2940)
The Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, University Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2947)
The Herefordshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2948)
The Warwickshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2949)
The South Tees Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2950)
The Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2952 (C.74)])
The Dissolution of the Broadcasting Complaints Commission and the Broadcasting Standards Council Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2954)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Lichfield District Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2955)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 5) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2956)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2957 (S. 172)])
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2958)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2962)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2963)
The Riverside Mental Health, the North West London Mental Health and the West London Healthcare National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2964)
The Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2965)
The Brent, Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2966)
The Afan College (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2967)
The Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2969)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Visiting Ships and Aircraft) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2970)
The Electricity Supply (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2971)
The North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2972)
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2973)
The Land Registration (District Registries) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2974)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2975)
The Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2976)
The Hallmarking (Hallmarking Act Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2978)
The Hallmarking (Hallmarking Act Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2979)
The Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (Commencement No.12) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2980 (C. 75) (S. 173)])
The Frenchay Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2993)
The Non-automatic Weighing Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2994)
The Revenue Support Grant (Specified Bodies) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2995)
The Insurance Companies (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2996)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Limits on Discount) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2997)
The Home Repair Assistance (Extension) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2998)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 2999)
The Civil Aviation (Joint Financing) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3000)
3001–3100
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (NETs Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3001)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Data Marine Systems Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3002)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (PT–1 Communications UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3003)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Ibercom Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3004)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Storm Telecommunications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3005)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Worldport Communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3006)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (KPN Telecom UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3007)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cignal Global Communications U.K. Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3008)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Viatel UK Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3009)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Teleport London International Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3010)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Internet Network Services Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3011)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (MLL Telecom Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3012)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (International Computers Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3013)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Qwest Communications International Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3014)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Witley Communications Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3015)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (International Telecommunications Group Inc) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3016)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (EGN BV) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3017)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (The JNT Association) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3018)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (NorSea Com A/S) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3019)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecom One Limited) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3020)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (International Telecom Plc) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3021)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (UTG Communications (Europe) AG) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3022)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (VersaTel Telecom BV) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3023)
The County Court (Forms) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3024 (L.11)])
The Special Trustees for Newcastle University Hospital (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3028)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) (No. 3) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3030)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3031 (S. 174)])
The Friendly Societies (Insurance Business) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3034)
The Industry Act 1975 (Prohibition and Vesting Order) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3035)
The Wireless Telegraphy Appeal Tribunal Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3036)
The Prosecution of Offences (Custody Time Limits) (Modification) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3037)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3038)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3039)
The Indictments (Procedure) (Modification) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3045 (L. 12)])
The Magistrates' Courts (Modification) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3046 (L. 13)])
The Crown Court (Modification) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3047 (L.14)])
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Dismissal of Charges Sent) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3048 (L.15)])
The Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment No. 2) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3049 (L. 16)])
The Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded away from Business Premises) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3050)
The Grants for Improvements in School Education (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3051 (S. 175)])
The National Health Service (Choice of Dental Practitioner) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3052 (S. 176)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Poole Borough Council) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3053)
The East Brighton Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3054)
The Thetford Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3055)
The Leigh Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3056)
The North Southwark Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3057)
The South Tyneside Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3058)
The North East Sheffield Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3059)
The Plymouth Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3060)
The Nottingham (Bulwell) Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3061)
The Birmingham (Kitts Green and Shard End) Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3062)
The Kingston upon Hull (Bransholme Area) Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3063)
The Halifax Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3064)
The East Basildon Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3065)
The Birmingham (Aston and Nechells) Education Action Zone Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3066)
The Curfew Order (Responsible Officer) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3067)
The Leicestershire Mental Health Service and the Fosse Health, Leicestershire Community National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3068)
The Leicestershire and Rutland Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3069)
The BSE Offspring Slaughter Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3070)
The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3071)
The Midlothian (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3072 (S. 177)])
The Inverclyde (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3074 (S. 179)])
The West Dunbartonshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3075 (S. 180)])
The West Lothian (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3076 (S. 181)])
The Glasgow City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3078 (S. 178)])
The Meat and Livestock Commission Levy (Variation) Scheme (Confirmation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3080)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Excluded Countries) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3081)
The Walsgrave Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3082)
The Foreign Satellite Service Proscription (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3083)
The Water (Prevention of Pollution) (Code of Practice) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3084)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3085)
The Reserve Forces Act 1996 (Consequential Provisions etc.) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3086)
The Open-Ended Investment Companies (Investment Companies with Variable Capital) (Fees) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3087)
The Companies (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3088)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Local Lists) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3089)
The M4 Motorway (London Borough of Hounslow) (Bus Lane) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3090)
The Finance Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3092 (C.76)])
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval of Reduced Pollution Adaptations) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3093)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Reduced Pollution) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3094)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 6) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3095)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3096)
The Education (Government of New Schools on Transition to New Framework) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3097)
The Southampton Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3098)
The Register of Sasines (Registers Direct) (Scotland) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3099 (S. 182)])
The Land Registration (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3100 (S. 183))
3101–3200
The Clackmannanshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3101 (S. 184)])
The East Renfrewshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3102 (S. 185)])
The Scottish Borders (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3103 (S. 186)])
The Aberdeen City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3104 (S. 187)])
The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisation Etc.) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3105)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3106)
The Justices' Clerks (Qualifications of Assistants) (Amendment) Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3107 (L. 18)])
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Northumbria) Amalgamation (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3108)
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3109)
The Excise Duty Point (External and Internal Community Transit Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3110)
The Road Vehicles (Authorised Weight) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3111)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 7) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3112)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3113)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Hastings and Luton Borough Councils) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3114)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Service of Prosecution Evidence) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3115)
The Local Government Officers (Political Restrictions) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3116 (S. 188)])
The General Optical Council (Membership) Order of Council 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3117)
The Sole, Plaice and Other Species (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3118)
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3127)
The London Borough of Lambeth (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3128)
The Building (Local Authority Charges) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3129)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Admissions) (Modifications No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3130)
The Lancaster City Council (The River Lune Millennium Bridge) Scheme 1998 Confirmation Instrument 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3131)
The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3132 (L.17)])
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Avon and Somerset) Amalgamation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3133)
The County Borough of Bridgend (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3134)
The County Borough of Caerphilly (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3135)
The County of Carmarthenshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3136)
The County Borough of Conwy (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3137)
The County Borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3138)
The County of Denbighshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3139)
The County of Flintshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3140)
The County of Pembrokeshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3141)
The County Borough of Wrexham (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3142)
The County of Powys (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3143)
The West Lancashire (Parishes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3144)
The Merchant Shipping (Falkland Islands Colours) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3147)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Colonial Ships and Aircraft) (Revocation) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3148)
The Health Service Commissioner for England (London Post-Graduate Teaching Hospitals Designation Orders) Revocation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3149)
The Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3150)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3151)
The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) (Miscellaneous Changes) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3152)
The Mackerel (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3153)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3154)
The British Nationality (Cameroon and Mozambique) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3161)
The Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3162 (N.I. 21)])
The Iraq and Kuwait (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3163)
The Rates (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3164 (N.I. 22)])
The Education (Determining School Admission Arrangements for the Initial Year) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3165)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3166 (C.77)])
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3167)
The Potatoes Originating in The Netherlands (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3168)
The Arable Area Payments (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3169)
The Telecommunications (Data Protection and Privacy) (Direct Marketing) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3170)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3171)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Proposals under section 211 of the Education Act 1996) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3172)
The Finance Act 1994, Section 199, (Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3173 (C.78)])
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3174)
The Corporation Tax (Instalment Payments)Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3175)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3176)
The European Single Currency (Taxes) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3177)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3178 (C. 79) (S. 193)])
The North Ayrshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3179 (S. 189)])
The Dumfries and Galloway (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3180 (S. 190)])
The Dundee City (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3181 (S. 191)])
The City of Edinburgh (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3182 (S. 192)])
The Combined Probation Areas (Dyfed) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3185)
The Building Societies (Business Names) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3186)
The Combined Probation Areas (Kent) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3187)
The Combined Probation Areas (North Yorkshire) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3188)
The Combined Probation Areas (Leicestershire) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3189)
The Births, Deaths, Marriages and Divorces (Fees) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3191 (S.194)])
The Homerton Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3192)
The Television Broadcasting Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3196)
The Forensic Science Service Trading Fund Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3197)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3198 (C. 80)])
The Land Registration Fees Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3199)
3201–3300
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3206)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Luton) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3207)
The A13 Trunk Road (Tower Hamlets) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3212)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route(Cycle Lane) Traffic Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3213)
The A41 Trunk Road (Camden) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3214)
The Number of Members of South Wales Police Authority Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3215)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitional and Transitory Provisions) (Subordinate Legislation under the Act) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3216 (S.195)])
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998(Modification) (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3217)
The Parole Board (Transfer of Functions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3218)
The Local Authorities Etc. (Allowances) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3219 (S.197)])
The Security for Private Road Works (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3220 (S. 196)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3232)
The Asbestos (Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3233)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (No. 4) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3234)
The Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3235)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3237 (C. 81)])
The Road Traffic (Special Parking Area) (London Borough of Redbridge) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3238)
The Aberdeenshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3239 (S. 198)])
The Police Act 1997 (Authorisation of Action in Respect of Property) (Code of Practice) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3240)
The Police Act 1997 (Notification of Authorisations etc.) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3241)
The Fife (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3243 (S. 199)])
The Argyll and Bute (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3244 (S. 200)])
The East Dunbartonshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3245 (S. 201)])
The East Ayrshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3246 (S. 202)])
The South Ayrshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3247 (S. 203)])
The Highland (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3248 (S. 204)])
The Renfrewshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3249 (S. 205)])
The Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3250 (S. 206)])
The North Lanarkshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3251 (S. 207)])
The South Lanarkshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3252 (S. 208)])
The Stirling (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3253 (S. 209)])
The Falkirk (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3254 (S. 210)])
The Moray (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3255 (S.211)])
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Messengers-at-Arms) (Amendment) 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3256 (S. 212)])
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3257)
The NCIS Service Authority (Levying) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3258)
The National Crime Squad Service Authority (Levying) (Amendment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3259)
The Education (School Performance Information)(England) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3260)
The City and County of Swansea(Electoral Arrangements) (No. 2) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3261)
The Prevention of Accidents to Children in Agriculture Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3262)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3 and Appointed Day) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3263 (C. 82)])
The Combined Probation Areas (North Wales) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3264)
The Combined Probation Areas (Powys) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3265)
The Inner London Probation Area (Amendment)Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3266)
The Combined Probation Areas (Suffolk) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3267)
The Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport (Sunderland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3269)
The Local Government Finance (New Parishes) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3270)
The City and County of Cardiff (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3271)
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No.13) (Scotland) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3272 (C. 83) (S. 213)])
The Port of Tyne Harbour Revision Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3277)
3301–3400
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Enfield London Borough Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1998 No. 3302)
The North West Wales National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3314)
The Swansea (1999) National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3315)
The Carmarthenshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3316)
The Conwy and Denbighshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3317)
The Pontypridd and Rhondda National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3318)
The Bro Morgannwg National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3319)
The North East Wales National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3320)
The Gwent Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1998 (S.I. 1998 No. 3321)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4388012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201999 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1999 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1999.
1–100
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (School Playing Fields) (Modification) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1)
The Education (School Premises) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3)
The Medicines (Standard Provisions for Licences and Certificates) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 4)
The Knives Act 1997 (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 5 (C.1))
The Rent Acts (Maximum Fair Rent) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 6)
The Arable Area Payments (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 8)
The Curfew Condition (Responsible Officer) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 9)
The Curfew Order (Responsible Officer)(Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 10)
The Medway National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 11)
The A40 Trunk Road (Ealing) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1995 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 12)
The A40 Trunk Road (Ealing) Red Route Traffic Order 1995 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 13)
The Education (Infant Class Sizes) (Grant) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 14)
The A205 Trunk Road (Southwark) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 15)
The Cambuslang College (Change of Name) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 16 (S. 1))
The Merchant Shipping (Pilot Transfer Arrangements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 17)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Immobilisation, Removal and Disposal of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 35)
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application to Environmentally Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 40)
The Portsmouth Harbour (Gunwharf Quays) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 50)
The Warrington Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 58)
The Durham County Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 60)
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Housing) (Amendments) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 61)
The Sandwell Healthcare National Health Service Trust(Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 62)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 63)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Second General System) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 67)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Common Parts) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 68)
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules)—Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 69)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 70)
The Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Review Procedures) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 71)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 72)
The Charities (Seamen's Hospital Society) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 73)
The Sea Fish (Specified Sea Area) (Regulation of Nets and Prohibition of Fishing Methods) (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 74)
The Bass (Specified Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 75)
The Building Regulations (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 77)
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Procedure Rules) (Amendment) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 78 (S.2))
The Grants for Pre-school Education (Prescribed Children) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 79 (S.3))
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) Partial Revocation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 80)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 81)
101–200
The Financing of Maintained Schools Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 101)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Enfield London Borough Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 102)
The Orkney Islands (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 103 (S.4))
The Shetland Islands (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 104 (S.5))
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 107)
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 118 (C.2))
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5 and Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 120 (C.3))
The Broadcasting (Restrictions on the Holding of Licences) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 122)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 123)
The Education (Relevant Areas for Consultation on Admission Arrangements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 124)
The Education (Objections to Admission Arrangements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 125)
The Education (Determination of Admission Arrangements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 126)
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 127)
The Land Registration Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 128)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (School Attendance Targets) (Modification) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 129)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Maidstone) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 130)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Manchester) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 131)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (City of Winchester) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 132)
The National Lottery (Imposition of Penalties and Revocation of Licences) Procedure Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 137)
The Education Development Plans (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 138)
The A205 Trunk Road (Southwark) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 142)
The A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 143)
The Restriction of Liberty Order (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 144 (S. 6))
The Police Act 1997 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 151 (C.4))
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (West Yorkshire) Amalgamation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 152)
The Tameside (Parishes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 156)
The Miscellaneous Products of Animal Origin (Import Conditions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 157)
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 158)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 159)
The Petroleum (Current Model Clauses) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 160)
The Petroleum Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 161 (C. 5))
The Road Traffic Offenders (Prescribed Devices) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 162)
The Midland Metro (Penalty Fares) (Activating) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 163)
The Housing Revenue Account General Fund Contribution Limits (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 164 (S.7))
The Legal Aid (Prescribed Panels) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 166)
The M4 Motorway (Hillingdon and Hounslow) (Speed Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 167)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 186 (S.8))
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment) (Witnesses' Fees) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 187 (S.9))
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Witnesses in the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 188 (S.10))
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 192)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 197)
The Child Benefit (Residence and Persons Abroad) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 198)
The Mid-Sussex National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 199)
201–300
The Advice and Assistance (Assistance by Way of Representation) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 214 (S. 11))
The Criminal Legal Aid (Scotland) (Prescribed Proceedings) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 215 (S. 12))
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 216)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Airport Extension Order 1997) (Moor Road Modification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 217)
The York Sixth Form College (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 218)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Broxtowe Borough Council, South Somerset District Council and Thurrock Borough Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 219)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 220)
The Water (Compulsory Works Powers) (Notice) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 221)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 228)
The Local Education Authority (Post-Compulsory Education Awards) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 229)
The Fishguard to Bangor Trunk Road (A487) (Llanwnda to South of Llanllyfni Improvement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 230)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road and Sipson Way, Hillingdon) (Prohibition of Traffic Movements) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 232)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road, Hillingdon) (Bus Lane) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 233)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road and Sipson Road, Hillingdon) (Prohibition of Turns) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 234)
The A4 Trunk Road (Bath Road and North Hatton Road, Hillingdon) (Left Turn Lane) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 235)
The Building Societies (Contents of Accounts) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 248)
The Education (School Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 251)
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 252)
The Non-Domestic Rate (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 254 (S. 13))
The Transport of Dangerous Goods (Safety Advisers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 257)
The Education (Aptitude for Particular Subjects) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 258)
The Local Government Changes for England (Council Tax) (Transitional Reduction) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 259)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 260)
The National Health Service (Fund-holding Practices) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 261)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 262)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Fund Payments) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 263)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 264)
The Education (Registered Inspectors of Schools Appeal Tribunal and Registered Nursery Education Inspectors Appeal Tribunal) (Procedure) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 265)
The Langstone Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 266)
The Medicines (Advertising and Monitoring of Advertising) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 267)
The European Economic Interest Grouping (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 268)
The Police (Retention and Disposal of Items seized under section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 269)
The Scottish Parliament (Regional Returning Officers) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 270 (S. 14))
The Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 271)
The Trunk Roads (Red Route) Traffic Orders (General Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 272)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 273)
The Education Act 1996 (Special Purpose and Capital Grants) (Modification) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 274)
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 275)
The Non-Domestic Rates (Levying) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 276 (S. 15))
The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 277)
The European Communities (Immunities and Privileges of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 278)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 279)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 280)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Dependent Territories) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 281)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 282)
The Departments (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 283 (N.I. 1))
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 284)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 285)
The Employer's Contributions Re-imbursement Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 286)
The Confirmation to Small Estates (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 290 (S. 16))
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 291)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Limits on Discount) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 292)
The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 293)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 294)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 296)
The Local Authorities (Requisite Calculations) (Wales) (Prescribed Amounts) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 297)
301–400
The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 303)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Stoke-on-Trent City Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 315)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 326)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 327)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 335)
The Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 336)
The Self-Governing Schools (Publication of Proposals for Discontinuance) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 337 (S.17))
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 340 (C. 6))
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 341)
The A20 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 342)
The A102 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 343)
The Apportionment of Money in the National Lottery Distribution Fund Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 344)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 345)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 346)
The Council Tax Reduction Scheme (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 347)
The Council Tax (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 348)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Admission of Community Licence Holders) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 357)
The Corporation Tax (Treatment of Unrelieved Surplus Advance Corporation Tax) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 358)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 359)
The Offshore Petroleum Production and Pipe-lines (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 360)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 361)
The Education (Transition to New Framework) (New Schools, Groups and Miscellaneous) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 362)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 363)
The Local Government Finance (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 364 (S. 18))
The National Health Service (Fund-Holding Practices) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 365 (S. 19))
The Highland Communities National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 366 (S. 20))
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Fish Farming in Marine Waters) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.367)
The Highways (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 369)
The Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 370)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 371)
The Land Authority for Wales (Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 372)
The Development Board for Rural Wales (Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 373)
The Prisons and Young Offenders Institutions (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 374 (S. 21))
The Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 375)
The River Tay Salmon Fishery District (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 376 (S. 22))
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 391)
The Hyde Park and The Regent's Park (Vehicle Parking) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 392)
The Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 393 (C. 7))
The Local Elections (Principal Areas) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 394)
The Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 395)
The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Extension of Section 140) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 396)
The Education (School Attendance Targets) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 397)
The Education (School Organisation Committees) (Initial Financial Arrangements) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 398)
The Food Safety (Fishery Products and Live Shellfish) (Hygiene) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 399)
The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 400)
401–500
The Poole Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 403)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 414)
The Sugar Beet (Research and Education) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 415)
The Development Commission (Transfer of Functions and Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 416)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 418 (C.8))
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 419)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 420)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 421)
The Central Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 422)
The Lifecare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 423)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota Measures) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 424)
The Third Country Fishing (Enforcement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 425)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 436)
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 437)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 438)
The Electricity (Non-Fossil Fuel Sources) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 439 (S. 24))
The Education (Grant-maintained Schools) (Capital Grants) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 440)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Finance) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 441 (S. 25))
The St. Andrew's College of Education (Closure) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 442 (S. 26))
The National Health Service Superannuation Scheme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 443 (S. 27))
The National Health Service (Scotland) (Injury Benefits) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 444 (S. 28))
The Prior Rights of Surviving Spouse (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 445 (S. 29))
The Teachers' Superannuation (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 446 (S. 30))
The Education (Grants for Education Support and Training) (England) Regulations 1998 (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 447)
The Landmines Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 448 (C.15))
The National Assembly for Wales (Disqualification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 449)
The National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 450)
The Education (Budget Statements) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 451)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Havering London Borough Council and Scarborough Borough Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 452)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 1999/2000) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 453)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 454)
The Waste Management Licences (Consultation and Compensation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 481)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 482)
The Crime and Disorder Strategies (Prescribed Descriptions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 483)
The River Tay Estuary Limits Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 484 (S. 31))
The Education (Budget Statements and Supplementary Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 486)
The A1 Trunk Road (Tempsford Junction Improvements Slip Roads) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 487)
The A57 Trunk Road (Swallownest Roundabout to M1 Junction 31) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 488)
The A638 Trunk Road (B6273 Garmil Lane West of Wragby to King Royd Lane, Brackenhill Common, Ackworth) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 489)
The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Amendment) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 490 (S. 32))
The Criminal Legal Aid (Fixed Payments) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 491 (S. 33))
The Scottish Local Elections Amendment (No.2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 492 (S. 34))
The Education (Amount to Follow Permanently Excluded Pupil) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 495)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 496)
The Amalgamation of the Hilgay Great West Fen and Southery and District Internal Drainage Districts Order 1998 (S.I. 1999 No. 497)
The Insurance Companies (Capital Redemption Business) (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 498)
The Education (School Organisation Plans) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 499)
The Local Government (Committees and Political Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 500)
501–600
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 501)
The Local Government (Discretionary Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 502)
The Deregulation (Weights and Measures) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 503)
The Weights and Measures (Prescribed Stamp) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 504)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 505 (C. 9))
The Competition Act 1998 (Competition Commission) Transitional, Consequential and Supplemental Provisions Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 506)
The Superannuation (Application of the Superannuation Act 1972, Section 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 519)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Metro T69 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 520)
The Education (Education Standards Grants) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 521)
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 522)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Hampshire and Isle of Wight) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 523)
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 524)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 525)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No.4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 526 (C.10))
The Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 527 (C.11))
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 528 (C.12))
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 529)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 530)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 531 (C. 13))
The Education (Schedule 32 to the School Standards and Framework Act 1998) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 532)
The Police Act 1996 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 533 (C. 14))
The Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 534)
The Motor Cycles (Eye Protectors) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 535)
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 536)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Boarley Lane Diversion) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 537)
The Specified Risk Material (Inspection Charges) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 539)
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 540)
The Police (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 543)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 544)
The Local Government (Parishes and Parish Councils) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 545)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 546)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 547)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 549)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 550)
The Common Investment (Amendment) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 551 (L. 1))
The A41 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Prohibited Turn) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 552)
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet and Haringey) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 553)
The Public Airport Companies (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 554)
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet and Haringey) Red Route (Clearway) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 555)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 561)
The Finance Act 1993, Section 86(2), (Fish Quota) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 564)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 566)
The Social Security Contributions, Statutory Maternity Pay and Statutory Sick Pay (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 567)
The Social Security (Contributions and Credits) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 568)
The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 583)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 584)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Metro T69 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 586)
The National Savings Bank (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 588)
The Insurance (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 589)
The Organic Farming Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 590)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 591)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 592)
The Value Added Tax (Buildings and Land) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 593)
The Value Added Tax (Finance) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 594)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 595 )
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 596)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 597)
The Crown Court (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 598 (L. 2))
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 599)
The Education Act 1996 (Grant-Maintained Schools) (Grants to Governing Bodies in Liquidation) (Modification) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 600)
601–700
The Education (School Inspection) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 601)
The High Pavement Sixth Form College, Nottingham (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 602)
The Education (Fees at Higher Education Institutions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 603)
The Education (Transfer of Functions Concerning School Lunches) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 604)
The Education (Post 16 Partnership Grant) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 605)
The Education (Education Standards Etc. Grants) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 606)
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 607)
The Teachers (Compensation for Redundancy and Premature Retirement) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 608)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 609)
The Education (Transfer of Functions Concerning School Lunches) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 610)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Cost Floor) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 611 (S. 35))
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 612 (S. 36))
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Shorthand Writers in the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 613 (S.37))
The Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 614 (S. 38))
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 2) (Fees of Shorthand Writers) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 615 (S.39))
The Health Authorities (England) Establishment Order 1996 Amendment and the Cambridgeshire and Norfolk Health Authorities (Establishment etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 616)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 617)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 618)
The Finance Act 1998, Section 37, (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 619 (C. 16))
The Gilt-edged Securities (Periodic Accounting for Tax on Interest) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 620)
The Manufactured Dividends (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 621)
The Friendly Societies (Provisional Repayments for Exempt Business) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 622)
The Insurance Companies (Gilt-edged Securities) (Periodic Accounting for Tax on Interest) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 623)
The Friendly Societies (Gilt-edged Securities) (Periodic Accounting for Tax on Interest) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 624)
The North Bristol National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 625)
The Frenchay Healthcare and the Southmead Health Services National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 626)
The Northumbria Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 627)
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities and Administration Arrangements) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 628)
The Swindon and Marlborough National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 630)
The Mancunian Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 631)
The St. Helens and Knowsley Hospital Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 632)
The Cornwall Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 633)
The Trecare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 634)
The Lincoln District Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 636)
The West Lindsey National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 637)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Modification, Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 638)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Maidstone) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 639)
The North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 640)
The National Health Service Estate Management and Health Building Agency Trading Fund Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 641)
The Housing Benefit (Permitted Totals) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 642)
The Merchant Shipping (Cargo Ship Construction) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 643)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 644)
The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 645)
The Animal By-Products Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 646)
The Highlands and Islands Agricultural Programme Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 647 (S. 40))
The Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Amendment of Schedule 18) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 648)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2) Order 1998 Partial Revocation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 649)
The National Lottery Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 650 (C.17))
The Rural Diversification Programme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 651 (S. 41))
The Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 652 (C. 18) (S. 42))
The Scottish Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 653 (S. 43))
The European Communities (Designation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 654)
The Consular Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 655)
The Corporation of the Cranleigh and Bramley Schools (Charter Amendments) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 656)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 657)
The Appropriation (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 658 (N.I. 2))
The Energy Efficiency (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 659 (N.I. 3))
The Strategic Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 660 (N.I. 4))
The Trade Union Subscription Deductions (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 661 (N.I. 5))
The Water (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 662 (N.I. 6))
The Northern Ireland (Modification of Enactments—No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 663)
The Northern Ireland (Royal Assent to Bills) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 664)
The Judicial Committee (Devolution Issues) Rules Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 665)
The Hong Kong (Overseas Public Servants) (Pension Supplements) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 666)
The Royal College of Physicians of London (Charter Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 667)
The State Immunity (Merchant Shipping) (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 668)
The Environment Protection (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 669)
The Diplomatic Privileges (British Nationals) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 670)
The Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 671)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 672)
The Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime (Designated Countries and Territories) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 673 (S.44))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Appropriations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 674 (S. 45))
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 675 (S.46))
The Parliamentary Copyright (Scottish Parliament) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 676)
The Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body (Crown Status) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 677)
The Transfer of Functions (Lord Advocate and Secretary of State) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 678)
The Transfer of Functions (Lord Advocate and Advocate General for Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 679)
The Scottish Parliament (Disqualification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 680)
The Magistrates' Courts (Hearsay Evidence in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 681 (L.3))
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Levy) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 682)
The Meat Products (Hygiene) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 683)
The Income Tax (Cash Equivalents of Car Fuel Benefits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 684)
The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 685 (C. 19))
The Scottish Ambulance Service Board Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 686 (S. 47))
The Supreme Court Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 687 (L. 4))
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 688 (L. 5))
The County Court Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 689 (L. 6))
The Family Proceedings Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 690 (L. 7))
The Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 691)
The Crown Office Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 692)
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 693)
The National Health Service Information Authority Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 694)
The National Health Service Information Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 695)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 696)
The Calshot Oyster Fishery (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 697)
The Education (Grant-maintained and Grant-maintained Special Schools) (Grants) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 698)
The Brackenhurst College, Southwell (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 699)
The Education (School Organisation Committees) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 700)
701–800
The Education (School Organisation Plans) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 701)
The Education (References to Adjudicator) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 702)
The Education (Governors' Allowances) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 703)
The Education (Transition to New Framework) (School Organisation Proposals) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 704)
Staffing of Grant-maintained and Grant-maintained Special Schools (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 705)
The East Durham and Houghall Community College (Incorporation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 706)
The East Durham and Houghall Community College (Government) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 707)
The Leicester College (Incorporation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 708)
The Leicester College (Government) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 709)
The Education (Payment for Special Educational Needs Supplies) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 710)
The Education (References to Delegated Budgets and Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 711)
The Agricultural Wages Act 1948 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 712)
The Road Vehicles (Statutory Off-Road Notification) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 713)
The Social Security Benefits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 714)
The Local Government Officers (Political Restrictions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 715)
The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Commencement) (Section 67) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 716 (C.20))
The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (Commencement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 717 (C. 21))
The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Appointed Day No.9) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 718 (C. 22))
The Capital Allowances (Corresponding Northern Ireland Grants) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 719)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 720)
The Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 721)
The National Assembly for Wales (Day of First Ordinary Election) (Postponement of Community Councils Elections etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 722)
The Housing Accommodation and Homelessness (Persons subject to Immigration Control) (Amendment) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 723 (S. 48))
The National Health Service (Dental Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 724 (S. 49))
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 725 (S. 50))
The Clinical Standards Board for Scotland Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 726 (S. 57))
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Commencement) (No. 14) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 727 (C. 23))
The Prison Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 728)
The Police (Conduct) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 730)
The Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 731)
The Police (Efficiency) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 732)
The Public Offers of Securities (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 734)
The Overseas Service (Pensions Supplement) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 735)
THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES (GENERAL CHARGE AND FEES) REGULATIONS 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 736)
The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 737)
The Building Societies (General Charge and Fees ) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 738)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 739)
The Industrial and Provident Societies (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 740)
The Misuse of Drugs (Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 741)
The Deregulation (Pipe-lines) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 742)
The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 743)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 747)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 748 (S. 52))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 749 (S. 53))
The Agricultural Wages (Scotland) Act 1949 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 750 (S. 54))
The Inshore Fishing (Prohibition of Fishing and Fishing Methods) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 751 (S. 55))
The Bankruptcy Fees (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 752 (S. 56))
The High Court of Justiciary Fees Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 753 (S. 57))
The Sheriff Court Fees Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 754 (S. 58))
The Court of Session etc. Fees Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 755 (S. 59))
The Council Tax (Reductions for Disabilities) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 756 (S. 60))
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 757 (S. 61))
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 765)
The National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting for England (Constitution and Administration) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 766)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances and Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 767)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Portsmouth) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 768)
The Statutory Sick Pay and Statutory Maternity Pay (Decisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 776)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Burnley Borough Council and Epping Forest District Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 777)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 778)
The New Deal (25 plus) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 779)
The Parliamentary Pension Scheme (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 780)
The Housing for Wales (Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 781)
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 782 (C. 24))
The Plant Health (Fees) (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 783)
The Medicines (Monitoring of Advertising) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 784)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 785)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Reviews and Appeals) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 786)
The Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 787)
The Scottish Parliament (First Ordinary General Election and First Meeting) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 788)
The A423 Banbury to South of Coventry Trunk Road (Marton River Bridge Improvement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 789)
The Mulberry National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 790)
The Derbyshire Ambulance Service, the Leicestershire Ambulance and Paramedic Service and the Nottinghamshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 791)
The South Lincolnshire Community and Mental Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 792)
The Merton and Sutton Community, the Richmond, Twickenham and Roehampton Healthcare and the Wandsworth Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 793)
The South West London Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 794)
The Teddington Memorial Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 795)
The Northumbria Ambulance Service and the Durham County Ambulance Service National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 796)
The North East Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 797)
The Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 798)
The Cleveland Ambulance, the Humberside Ambulance Service and the North Yorkshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 799)
The Hartlepool and East Durham, the North Tees Health and the South Tees Community and Mental Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 800)
801–900
The North Tees and Hartlepool National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 801)
The Nursery Education (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 802)
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 14) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 803 (C. 25))
The Welsh Health Common Services Authority (Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 804)
The Health Promotion Authority for Wales (Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 805)
The Welsh Health Common Services Authority (Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 806)
The Health Promotion Authority for Wales (Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 807)
The Velindre National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 808)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital Debt) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 809)
The Civil Legal Aid (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 813)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 814)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 815)
The Legal Aid (Mediation in Family Matters) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 816)
The Defamation Act 1996 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 817 (C. 26))
The Police Appeals Tribunals Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 818)
The Venture Capital Trust (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 819)
The Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 820)
The National Crime Squad (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 821)
The NCIS (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 822)
The Income Tax (Paying and Collecting Agents) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 823)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 824)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 825)
The Velindre National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 826)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 827)
The Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 828 (S. 62))
The Scottish Parliament (Regional Returning Officers) (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 829)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 833)
The Education (Listed Bodies) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 834)
The Sea Fish Industry Authority (Levy) (Amendment) Regulations 1998 Confirmatory Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 837)
The Tees and North East Yorkshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 847)
The Epsom and St. Helier National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 848)
The Epsom Health Care and the St. Helier National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 849)
The Allington, the East Suffolk Local Health Services and the Mid Anglia Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 850)
The Local Health Partnerships National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 851)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 852)
The Railways (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 853 (S. 63))
The Functions of Traffic Wardens (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 854 (S. 64))
The Public Trustee (Fees) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 855)
The Protection of Wrecks (M/S Estonia) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 856)
The Injuries in War (Shore Employments) Compensation (Amendment) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 857)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 858)
The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 859)
The Police (Health and Safety) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 860)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 861)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating and Miscellaneous Increases Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 862)
The National Health Service (Liabilities to Third Parties Scheme) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 873)
The National Health Service (Property Expenses Scheme) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 874)
The Overseas Insurers (Tax Representatives) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 881)
The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Feeding Stuffs and Surveillance) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 882)
The Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 884)
The Cornwall Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 885)
The Weston Park Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 886)
The Central Sheffield University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 887)
The Sefton and Lancashire Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 888)
The Southport and Formby, the Southport and Formby Community Health Services and the West Lancashire National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 889)
The Southport & Ormskirk Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 890)
The Bath Mental Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 891)
The Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 892)
The Chase Farm Hospitals and the Wellhouse National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 893)
The Bedford and Shires Health and Care and the South Bedfordshire Community Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 894)
The Bedfordshire and Luton Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 895)
The East Kent Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 896)
The Kent and Canterbury Hospitals, the South Kent Hospitals and the Thanet Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 897)
The Community Health South London National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 898)
The South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 899)
The Bethlem and Maudsley, the Lambeth Healthcare, the Lewisham and Guy's Mental Health and the Optimum Health Services National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 900)
901–1000
The Education (Individual Pupil Information) (Prescribed Persons) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 903)
The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (Specified Proceedings) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 904)
The Public Lending Right (Increase of Limit) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 905)
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Continuance) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 906)
The Income Support (General) (Standard InterestRate Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 907)
The Parkside National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 908)
The Royal London Homoeopathic National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 909)
The East Midlands Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 910)
The North West London Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 913)
The Central Middlesex Hospital and the Northwick Park and St. Mark's National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 914)
The Water Protection Zone (River Dee Catchment) Designation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 915)
The Water Protection Zone (River Dee Catchment) (Procedural and Other Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 916)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 917)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 919)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit(General) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 920)
The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 921)
Act of Sederunt (Summary Applications, Statutory Applications and Appeals etc. Rules) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 929 (S. 65))
The Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 930)
The United Kingdom Ecolabelling Board (Abolition) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 931)
The National Assembly for Wales (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 942)
The National Assembly for Wales (Combination of Polls) (Apportionment of Cost) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 943)
The National Assembly for Wales (First Meeting) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 944)
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 945)
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 946)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 948)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Day of Poll) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 949)
The Returning Officers (Parliamentary Constituencies) (England) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 950)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 952)
The Education (Secondary Education in Further Education Institutions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 954)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 962)
The Education (Inspection of Vocational Training) (Prescribed Persons and Bodies Awarding or Authenticating Vocational Qualifications) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 963)
The Ordnance Survey Trading Fund Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 965)
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiatives) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 966)
The Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 975)
The Social Security (New Deal Pilot) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 976)
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 977)
The Social Security Contributions, etc. (Decisions and Appeals—Transitional Modifications) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 978)
The Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) (Specification of Contracts) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 979)
Distraint by Authorised Officers (Fees, Costs and Charges) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 980)
The Planning (Control of Major-Accident Hazards) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 981)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 982)
The Register of Patent Agents and the Register of Trade Mark Agents (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 983)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 984)
The Social Landlords (Additional Purposes or Objects) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 985)
The Right to Time Off for Study or Training Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 986)
The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 987 (C. 27))
The Epsom College (Modification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 988)
The Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 989)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 991)
The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 992)
The Combined Probation Areas (Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 993)
The Combined Probation Areas (Berkshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 994)
The Limit in Relation to Licences to Provide Radio Multiplex Services Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 995)
The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 996)
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Experimental Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 997)
The London Borough of Barnet (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Priority Traffic Lanes) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 998)
The Road Humps and Traffic Calming (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1000 (S. 70))
1001–1100
The Education (Student Loans) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1001 (S. 71))
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule 9) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1002)
The Railways (Rateable Values) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1003)
The Council Tax (Reductions for Disabilities) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1004)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1005)
The Anti-Pollution Works Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1006)
The Highway Litter Clearance and Cleaning (Transfer Of Responsibility) (North West Leicestershire and South Derbyshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1007)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1008 (L. 8))
The Civil Procedure Act 1997 (Commencement No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1009 (C. 28))
The High Court and County Courts (Allocation of Arbitration Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1010)
The Civil Courts (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1011)
The Family Proceedings (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1012 (L. 9))
The Contracting Out of Functions (Court Staff) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1013)
The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1014)
The Non-Contentious Probate (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1015 (L. 10))
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 6 and Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1016 (C.29))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Removal of Judges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1017)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Amendment) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1018 (S. 72))
The Civil Legal Aid (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1019 (S. 73))
The Advice and Assistance (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1020 (S. 74))
The Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1021 (L. 11))
The Insolvency (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1022)
The Insolvent Companies (Disqualification of Unfit Directors) Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1023)
The Health Authorities (England) Establishment Order 1996 Amendment and the Cambridgeshire and Norfolk Health Authorities (Establishment etc.) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1024)
The Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1025)
The Highways (Traffic Calming) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1026)
The Social Security Contributions (Decisions and Appeals) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1027)
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Registration Rules) (Amendment) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1028)
The Personal Portfolio Bonds (Tax) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1029)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) (No.1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1042)
The North Western and North Wales Sea Fisheries District Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1043)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1044)
The Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1046 (C. 29))
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1047)
The Street Works Register (Registration Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1048)
The Street Works (Registers, Notices, Directions and Designations) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1049)
The South Downs Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1052)
The Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1053)
The Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Type Approval) (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1054)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1055 (C. 30))
The National Savings Bank (Investment Deposits) (Limits) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1056)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1057 (S. 75))
The Right to Time Off for Study or Training (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1058 (S. 76))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1059 (S. 77))
The St Mary's Music School (Aided Places) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1060 (S. 78))
The A720 (Edinburgh City Bypass) Special Road (Prohibition of Traffic On Hard Shoulders) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1061 (S. 79))
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1063)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Admissions and Standard Numbers) (Modification) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1064)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1065)
The Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1066)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2) Order 1998 Partial Revocation (No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1067)
The Highland Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1069 (S. 80))
The National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1070 (S. 81))
The Lothian University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1071 (S. 82))
The Police (Conduct) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1072 (S. 83))
The Registered Housing Associations (Accounting Requirements) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1073 (S. 84))
The Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1074 (S. 85))
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999(Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1075 (C. 31))
The Motorways Traffic (M621 Motorway) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1077)
The Education (Lower Primary Class Sizes) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1080 (S. 86))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Grants to Members and Officeholders) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1081)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Scottish Parliamentary Pension Scheme) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1082)
The National Assembly for Wales (Assembly Members) (Salaries) (Limitation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1083)
The Local Authorities (Direct Labour Organisations) (Competition) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1084)
The Fees in the Registers of Scotland Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1085 (S. 87))
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1086)
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1087)
The Social Security (Incapacity, Earnings and Work Trials) Pilot Schemes Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1088)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1089)
The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1090)
The A13 Trunk Road (Tower Hamlets) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 Experimental Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1091)
The Patents (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1092)
The Patents (Fees) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1093)
The Scottish Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1094)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions)(Standing Orders and Parliamentary Publications) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1095)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Statutory Instruments) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1096)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions)(Salaries and Allowances) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1097)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Administration of the Parliament) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1098)
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1099)
The Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1100)
1101–1200
The National Assembly for Wales (Oath of Allegiance in Welsh) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.1101)
The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1102)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1103)
The Transfer of Property etc. (Scottish Ministers) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1104)
The Transfer of Property etc. (Lord Advocate) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1105)
The Transfer of Property etc. (Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1106)
The Environment Act 1995 (Consequential Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1108)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1109)
The Fish Producers' Organisations (Formation Grants) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1110)
The District Salmon Fishery Boards Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1111 (S. 90))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of East Sussex) (Borough of Hastings) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1112)
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1113)
The Argyll and Clyde Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1115 (S. 88))
The Parole Board (Scotland) Amendment Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1116 (S. 89))
The London Cab Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1117)
The Cardiff and District Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1118)
The University Hospital of Wales and Llandough Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1119)* The National Health Service Trusts (Wales) (Dissolution) Order 1999 ([http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/1120/contents/made S.I. 1999 No. 1120)
The Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1121)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1122)
The Air Navigation (Fourth Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1123)
The Consular Relations (Merchant Shipping) (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1124)
The International Mobile Satellite Organisation (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1125)
The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1126)
The Scottish Administration (Offices) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1127)
The National Minimum Wage (Offshore Employment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1128)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in Wales (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1129)
The Students' Allowances (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1131 (S. 91))
The Health Boards (Membership and Procedure) (No.2) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1132 (S.92))
The National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1133 (S.93))
The National Health Service Trusts (Appointment of Trustees) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1134 (S. 94))
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Discount) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1135)
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1136)
The Public Offers of Securities (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1146)
A4 Trunk Road (Hammersmith & Fulham and Kensington & Chelsea) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1147)
The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1148)
The Magistrates' Courts (Forms) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1149 (L. 12))
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1150)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 (Code of Practice) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1151)
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1152)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1153)
The City of Edinburgh (Guided Busways) Order (Section 51) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1154 (S. 95))
The Southend Community Care Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1167)
The St George's Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1168)
The South Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1169)
The Lerwick Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1170)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 (Audio Recording of Interviews) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1172)
The Countryside Access (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1174)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Wales) Designation Orders (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1175)
The Land in Care Scheme (Tir Gofal) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1176)
The Countryside Stewardship (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1177)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1178)
The Beef Special Premium (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1179)
The Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (Application to Summary Proceedings) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1181 (S. 96)])
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Aylesbury Vale District Council and Thanet District Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1185)
The M606/M62 Motorways (Bradford Link) (Speed Limit) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1187)
The Education (Baseline Assessment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1188)
The Criminal Justice Act 1993 (Commencement No. 10) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1189 (C. 32))
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement Order No. 6) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1190 (c. 33))
The Disability Discrimination (Services and Premises) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1191)
The Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1999 Revocation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1192)
The Swansea-Manchester Trunk Road (A483) (South of Welshpool Bypass Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1196)
The Magistrates' Courts (Procedure) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1197 (C. 34))
1201–1300
The A1 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Speed Limit) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1203)
The Traffic Areas (Reorganisation) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1204)
The Road Traffic (Parking Adjudicators) (London) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1205)
The Social Landlords (Additional Purposes or Objects) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1206)
The Exchange of Securities (General) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1207)
The Stock Transfer (Gilt-edged Securities) (CGO Service) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1208)
The Financial Markets and Insolvency (CGO Service) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1209)
The Stock Transfer (Gilt-edged Securities) (Exempt Transfer) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1210)
The General Optical Council (Education Committee Rules) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1211)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1212)
The Housing (Preservation of Right to Buy) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1213)
The European Parliamentary Elections Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1214)
The Building Societies (Merger Notification Statement) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1215)
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1217)
The Luton and Dunstable Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1218)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 3) (External Orders Affecting Proceeds of Crime) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1220 (S.97))
The Lay Representatives (Rights of Audience) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1225)
The Recreation Grounds (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1227)
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1228)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1235)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1236)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Metro T69 Vehicles) (Exemption No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1256)
The Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1258)
The Amusements with Prizes (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1259)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1260)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply, Sale and Export of Petroleum and Petroleum Products) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1261)
The A3220 Trunk Road (Kensington & Chelsea and Hammersmith & Fulham) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1264)
The Secure Remands and Committals (Prescribed Description of Children and Young Persons) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1265)
The National Crime Squad (Complaints) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1266)
The Local Government (Publication of Staffing Information) (England) (Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1267)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1268)
The NCIS (Complaints) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1273)
The National Health Service (Clinical Negligence Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1274)
The National Health Service (Existing Liabilities Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1275)
The Warehousekeepers and Owners of Warehoused Goods Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.1278)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1279 (C. 36))
The Criminal Justice Act 1991 (Commencement No. 3) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1280 (C. 37))
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 4) (References to the Court of Justice of the European Communities) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1281 (S.98))
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Procedure Rules Amendment No. 2) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1282 (S.99))
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1283)
The Durham College of Agriculture and Horticulture (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1284)
The East Durham Community College (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1285)
The Education (Adjudicators Inquiry Procedure etc.) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1286)
The Education (Head Teachers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1287)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County Borough of Neath Port Talbot) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1288)
The Pembrokeshire (Llangwm and Hook Community) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1289)
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1290 (C. 38))
1301–1400
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 15) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1301 (C. 39))
The Social Security (Adjudication) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1302)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1303)
The Child Support Commissioners (Procedure) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1305)
The Wirral Tramway Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1306)
The Housing (Right to Acquire or Enfranchise) (Designated Rural Areas) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1307)
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1309 (C. 40))
The Carriage by Air Acts (Implementation of Protocol No. 4 of Montreal, 1975) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1312)
The Carriage by Air (Parties to Convention) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1313)
The Broadcasting (Guernsey) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.1314)
The Broadcasting (Jersey) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1315)
The Geneva Conventions Act (Guernsey) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1316)
The Women Priests (Channel Islands) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1317)
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Hague Convention Countries) (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1318)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities)(Specification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1319)
The Judicial Committee (Powers in Devolution Cases) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1320)
The Swansea (1999) National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1321)
The Public Service Vehicles (Community Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1322)
The Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1323)
The Air Navigation (General) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1324)
The Cambridgeshire (Coroners' Districts) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1325)
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients, Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1326)
The Harrow College (Incorporation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.1327)
The Harrow College (Government) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1328)
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1329)
The Scotland Act 1998 (General Transitory, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1334)
The Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1339)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1342)
The Magistrates' Courts (Children and Young Persons) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1343 (L. 13))
Act of Sederunt (Devolution Issues Rules) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1345 (S.100))
Act of Adjournal (Devolution Issues Rules) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1346 (S.101))
Act of Sederunt (Proceedings for Determination of Devolution Issues Rules) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1347 (S.102))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Members' Interests) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1350)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Complaints of Maladministration) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1351)
The Election Petition (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1352 (L. 14))
The Port of London Authority Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1353)
The A406 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1359)
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1360)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1361)
The Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1362)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Lake District) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1363)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Breckland) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1364)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Test Valley) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1365)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Kent Marshes) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1366)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (North Peak) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1367)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Avon Valley) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1368)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Clun) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1369)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (South Wessex Downs) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1370)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Exmoor) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1371)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Suffolk River Valleys) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1372)
The European Specialist Medical Qualifications Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1373)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1374)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1375)
The Council of the City of York (Millennium Bridge) Scheme 1998 Confirmation Instrument 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1376)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Local Returning Officers' Charges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1377)
The European Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1378)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Publication and Interpretation etc. of Acts of the Scottish Parliament) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1379)
The North and West Salmon Fishery District Designation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1380 (S. 103))
The Conon Salmon Fishery District Designation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1381 (S. 104))
The Lochaber Salmon Fishery District Designation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1382 (S. 105))
The Pathfinder National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1384)
The Education (Al-Furqan Primary School, Tyseley) (Exemption from Pay and Conditions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1385)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 5) (Miscellaneous) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1386 (S.106))
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Procedure Rules Amendment No. 3) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1387 (S.107))
The Walsgrave Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1392)
The European Parliamentary Election Petition (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1398 (L. 15))
1401–1500
The European Parliamentary Elections (Welsh Forms) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1402)
The Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1403)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1404)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Tower Hamlets London Borough Council) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1405)
The Education (Governors' Annual Reports) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1406)
The Education (Annual Parents' Meetings) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1407)
The Non-resident Companies (General Insurance Business) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1408)
The Local Authority (Stocks and Bonds) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1409)
The Government Stock (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1410)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1411)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1412)
The Potato Industry Development Council (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1413)
The Radcliffe Infirmary National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1414)
The Police (Secretary of State's Objectives) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1415)
The M32 Motorway (Hambrook Interchange to Lower Ashley Road Interchange) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1989 (Variation) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1416)
The Unfair Dismissal and Statement of Reasons for Dismissal (Variation of Qualifying Period) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1436)
The Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Act 1999 (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1437)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.1438)
The Education Development Plans (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1439)
The Education (School Inspection) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1440)
The Education (Inspection of Nursery Education) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1441)
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (Information) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1442)
The Railways Act 1993 (Consequential Modifications) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1443)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (LTS Rail Class 357 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1448)
The A30 Trunk Road (Woodleigh Junction Slip Roads) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1451)
The Aeroplane Noise Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1452)
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1454)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1466)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Open-ended Investment Companies) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1467)
The Horserace Betting Levy (Bookmakers' Committee) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1468)
The Education (Schedule 32 to the School Standards and Framework Act 1998) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1469)
The Education (School Performance Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1470)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation Order (No. 2) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1475)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1476)
The Adoption (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1477 (L. 16))
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1483)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1484)
The A50 Trunk Road (Uttoxeter Service Area, Staffordshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1492)
The M32 Motorway (Junction Two, Northbound Exit Slip Road, Special Road) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1493)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1494)
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1495)
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1496 (C. 41))
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1497)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1498 (C. 46))
The Criminal Justice Act 1993 (Commencement No. 11) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1499 (C. 42))
1501–1600
The Foundation Body Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1502)
The Education (Grants) (Music, Ballet and Choir Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1503)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1504)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1505)
The Water Supply (Water Fittings) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1506)
The Combined Probation Areas (Humberside) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1507)
The Social Security Amendment (Non-Cash Vouchers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1509)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 7 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1510 (C.43)])
The Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Act 1999 (Commencement of Section 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1511 (C. 44)])
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1512)
The Olive Oil (Designations of Origin) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1513)
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1515)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply, Sale and Export of Petroleum and Petroleum Products) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1516)
The Energy Information (Lamps) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1517)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1521)
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1522)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1523)
The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1524)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1528)
The General Chiropractic Council (Constitution and Procedure) Rules Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1537)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Bournemouth, Harrogate, Poole and Worthing Borough Councils) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1538)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1539)
The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1540)
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1541)
The Food (Animals and Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1542)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1543)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1544)
The National Assembly for Wales (Local Government (Contracts) Act 1997) (Modifications) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1545)
The Water and Sewerage Undertakers (Pipelaying and Other Works) (Code of Practice) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1546)
The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1547 (C. 45)])
The Public Interest Disclosure (Compensation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1548)
The Public Interest Disclosure (Prescribed Persons) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1549)
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1552)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1553)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1554)
The Railtrack (Luton Parkway Station: Land Acquisition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1555)
The A638 Trunk Road (North Of Doncaster, Redhouse To County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1556)
The National Lottery etc. Act 1993 (Amendment of Section 23) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1563)
The Excise Goods (Sales on Board Ships and Aircraft) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1565)
The Value Added Tax (Chiropractors) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1575)
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Overseas Investment Exchanges and Overseas Clearing Houses) (Periodical Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1576)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1577)
The Food Safety (Fishery Products and Live Shellfish) (Hygiene) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1585)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Concurrent Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1592)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Orders subject to Special Parliamentary Procedure) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1593)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Laying of Reports) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1594)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Complaints of Maladministration) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1595)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Borrowing of the Registers of Scotland Executive Agency Trading Fund) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1596)
1601–1700
The Goods Infringing Intellectual Property Rights (Customs) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1601)
The Contaminants in Food (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1603)
The National Health Service (Indicative Amounts) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1606)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1607)
The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1608)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (West Glamorgan and South Wales) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1609)
The Army Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1610)
The National Savings Bank (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1611)
The Public Record Office (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1616)
The Excise Duties (Personal Reliefs) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1617)
The Goods Infringing Intellectual Property Rights (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1618)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Constitution) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1619)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment (No.3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1620 (S. 108)])
The Registration of Marriages (Welsh Language) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1621)
The Welfare of Animals (Transport) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1622)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1623)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1627)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Axxon Telecom Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1628)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cyberlight Europe Plc) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1629)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (NTT Europe Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1630)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Japan Telecom UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1631)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Jersey Telecoms) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1632)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (City Telecom (HK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1633)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Alpha Telecom Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1634)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (International Optical Network Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1635)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Belgacom UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1636)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Call-Net (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1637)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Flute Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1638)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Zereau Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1639)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Eurotunnel Telecommunications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1640)
The Driving Licences (Exchangeable Licences) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1641)
The Value Added Tax (Abolition of Zero-Rating for Tax-Free Shops) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1642)
The Insurance Companies (Loan Relationships) (Election for Accruals Basis) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1643)
The Merchant Shipping (Additional Safety Measures for Bulk Carriers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1644)
The M6 Motorway (Junction 38 Slip Roads) (Speed Limit) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1646)
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1661)
The Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1662 (C.47)])
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1663)
The Gateshead (Baltic Millennium Bridge) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1664)
The Local Government Officers (Political Restrictions) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1665)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Luton) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1666)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Buckinghamshire) (High Wycombe Town Centre) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1667)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Areas and Special Parking Areas) (City of Oxford and Parish of North Hinksey) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1668)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (Borough of Watford) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1669)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1670)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1671)
The Public Gas Transporter Pipe-line Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1672)
The Energy Information (Dishwashers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1676)
The Social Security Amendment (Educational Maintenance Allowance) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1677)
1701–1800
The Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards of Safety Communications) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1704)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Hereford and Worcester and Shropshire) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1705)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Prescribed Route) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1706)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Bus Lanes) Experimental Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1707)
The Tollesbury and Mersea (Blackwater) Fishery Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1708)
The Northern Ireland (Emergency and Prevention of Terrorism Provisions) (Continuance) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1709)
The Traffic Signs General (Amendment) Directions 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1723)
The A23 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1724)
The A35 Trunk Road (Chideock Morcombelake Bypass) Order 1996 (Revocation Order) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1725)
The General Teaching Council for England (Constitution) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1726)
The Local Education Authority (Payment of School Expenses) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1727)
The Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education (Prescribed Period) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1728)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1734)
The International Headquarters and Defence Organisations (Designation and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1735)
The Visiting Forces and International Headquarters (Application of Law) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1736)
The Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) (Fifth Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1737)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States and the United Mexican States) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1738)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1739)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Framework Agreement for Trade and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States and the Republic of Korea) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1740)
The Fishery Limits Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1741)
The Appropriation (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1742 (N.I. 7)])
The Geneva Conventions Act (Isle of Man) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1743)
The Geneva Conventions Act (Jersey) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1744)
The Scottish Parliament (Assistance for Registered Political Parties) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1745)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Border Rivers) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1746)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities) (Adaptation of Functions etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1747)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Functions Exercisable in or as Regards Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1748)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedules 4 and 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1749)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1750)
The Copyright (Application to Other Countries) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1751)
The Performances (Reciprocal Protection) (Convention Countries) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1752)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1753 (C. 48)])
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1754)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modification of Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1756)
The Protection from Eviction (Excluded Licences) (The Shaftesbury Society) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1758)
The Food (Animals and Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1763)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1764)
The Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Amendment of Schedule 18) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1765)
The Scottish Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1766)
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1767 (C. 49)])
The Mount Vernon and Watford Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1768)
The Hillingdon Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1769)
The Wiltshire and Swindon Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1770)
The Wiltshire Health Care and the East Wiltshire Health Care National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1771)
The Newham Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1773)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1774)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply and Sale of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1775)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Iraq and Kuwait Sanctions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1776)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1777)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1778)
The Education (Transfer of Functions Concerning School Lunches) (Wales) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1779)
The Education (Maintained Special Schools) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1780)
The Education (Individual Pupil Information) (Prescribed Persons) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1781)
The Local Government Reorganisation (Wales) (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1782)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Land Drainage Improvement Works) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1783)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1784)
Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.6) (Causes Relating to Intellectual Property) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1785 (S.109)])
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Freezing of Funds and Prohibition on Investment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1786)
The Government of Wales Act (Complaints of Maladministration) (Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1791)
The Food (Peanuts from Egypt) (Emergency Control) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1800)
1801–1900
The Marketing of Ornamental Plant Propagating Material Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1801)
The Charles Keene College of Further Education, Leicester and Leicester South Fields College (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1802)
The Assured and Protected Tenancies (Lettings to Students) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1803)
The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (Supplementary Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1804)
The A205 Trunk Road (Southwark) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1805)
The Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1810)
The Education (School Performance and Unauthorised Absence Targets) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1811)
The Education (School Information) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1812)
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Revival of Parts IVA and IVB) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1813)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1814)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Temporary Exceptions for Individual Pupils) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1815)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1816 (C. 50)])
The Potato Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1817)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) (No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1820)
The Royal Hospital of St. Bartholomew, the Royal London Hospital and London Chest Hospital National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1823)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1824)
The Leicestershire and Rutland Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1825)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1842 (S.110)])
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Reviews and Appeals) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1843 (S. 111)])
The Cigarette Lighter Refill (Safety) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1844)
Register of County Court Judgments (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1845 (L. 17)])
The General Osteopathic Council (Fraud or Error and Appeals) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1846)
The General Osteopathic Council (Investigation of Complaints) (Procedure) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1847)
The General Osteopathic Council (Legal Assessors) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1848)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment, and Assignment, Forfeiture, Bankruptcy etc.) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1849)
The Fixed Penalty Offences Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1851)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Approved Investments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1852)
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Paramedics Board) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1853)
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Clinical Scientists Board) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1854)
The Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Speech and Language Therapists Board) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1855)
The General Chiropractic Council (Registration) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1856)
The General Chiropractic Council (Registration During Transitional Period) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1857)
The East Kent Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1858)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges For Navigation Services) (Third Amendment) (Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1859)
The Cereal Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1860)
The Beet Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1861)
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1862)
The Vegetable Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1863)
The Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1864)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1865)
The Education (Further Education in Schools) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1867)
The Education (Exclusion from School) (Prescribed Periods) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1868)
The Merchant Shipping (Counting and Registration of Persons on Board Passenger Ships) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1869)
The Combined Probation Areas (Lincolnshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1870)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1871)
The Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1872)
The Tayside Primary Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1875 (S. 112)])
The Cross-Border Credit Transfers Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1876)
The Fire Precautions (Workplace) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1877)
The National Lottery Charities Board (Increase in Membership) (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1878)
The General Osteopathic Council (Medical Assessors) Rules Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1879)* The Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Amendment Regulations 1999 ([http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/1880/contents/made S.I. 1999 No. 1880)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Grants to Members and Officeholders and Scottish Parliamentary Pension Scheme) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1891)
The Town and Country Planning (Trees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1892)
The Patents and Trade Marks (World Trade Organisation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1899)
The Education (Parent Governor Representatives) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1900)
1901–2000
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1901)
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1902)
The A40 Trunk Road (Old Oak Common Lane And Old Oak Road, Ealing And Hammersmith And Fulham) (Prohibition Of Traffic Movements) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1914)
The Road Traffic (Parking Adjudicators) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1918)
The Greenhill College, Harrow and Weald College, Harrow (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1919)
The Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1921)
The Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) (Rate Of Interest) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1922)
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1923)
The Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1925)
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1926)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (General) (Dividend) (Revocation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1927)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1928)
The Corporation Tax (Instalment Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1929)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1930)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Anglia Railways Class 170/2 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1931)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Central Trains Class 170/5 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1932)
The Postal Privilege (Suspension) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1933)
The A30 Trunk Road (Tavistock Road Junction) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1934)
The Social Security Amendment (Students) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1935)
The Education (Parent Governor Representatives) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1949)
The Capital Gains Tax (Definition of Permanent Interest Bearing Share) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1953)
The Education (Education Standards Etc. Grants) (England) Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1955)
The Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1956)
The Merchant Shipping (Marine Equipment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1957)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 8, and Savings and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1958 (C.51)])
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment No. 2) Regulation 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1959)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Continuation of Rights of Members of Approved Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1963)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1964)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1965)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1966)
The A13 Trunk Road (Tower Hamlets) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 Experimental Variation (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1974)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) (London Underground Works) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1985)
The A5 Trunk Road (Nesscliffe Bypass) Detrunking Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1986)
The A5 Trunk Road (Nesscliffe Bypass) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1987)
The West Midlands (Coroners' Districts) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1990)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1998 Experimental Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1991)
The Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1992)
The Patent Office (Address) (Revocation) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1993)
The Value Added Tax (Sport, Sports Competitions and Physical Education) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1994)
The New Northern Ireland Assembly (Salaries and Allowances) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1995)
The Independent Analogue Broadcasters (Reservation of Digital Capacity) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1996)
The Holme Lacy College (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1997)
The Railways Act 1993 (Consequential Modifications) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 1998)
The Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2000)
2001–2100
The Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2001)
The Magistrates' Courts (Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders) (Hague Convention Countries) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2002 (L.17)])
The Yugoslavia (Prohibition of Flights) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2018)
The General Teaching Council for England (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2019)
The Education (Grants in respect of Voluntary Aided Schools) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2020)
The Education (Code of Practice on LEA – School Relations) (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2022)
The Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (No. 1) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2023)
The Quarries Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2024)
The Food (Animals and Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2025)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2026)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2027)
The Parliamentary Commissioner (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2028)
The Dockyard Port of Plymouth Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2029)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2030)
The Continental Shelf (Designation of Areas) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2031)
The INTELSAT (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2032)
The International Copper Study Group (Legal Capacities) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2033)
The International Organisations (Immunities and Privileges) Miscellaneous Provisions Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2034)
The European Convention on Extradition Order 1990 (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2035)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Kuwait) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2036)
The Ministerial and other Salaries Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2037)
The Social Security (Transfer of Staff) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2038)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in Wales) (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2039)
The Surrey County Council (New Temporary Road Bridge, Walton) Scheme 1998 Confirmation Instrument 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2058)
The Air Navigation (Fifth Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2059)
The National Savings Bank (Investment Deposits) (Limits) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2060)
The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2062)
The Landfill Tax (Site Restoration and Quarries) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2075)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2076)
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2082)
The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2083)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2084)
The Redbridge Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2085)
The Legal Advice and Assistance at Police Stations (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2088)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2089)
The National Lottery etc. Act 1993 (Amendment of Section 23) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2090)
The Dual-Use and Related Goods (Export Control) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2091)
The Superannuation (Application of the Superannuation Act 1972, Section 1) (No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2092)
The Telecommunications (Data Protection and Privacy) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2093)
The Banking (Gibraltar) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2094)
The Forgery and Counterfeiting (Protected Coins) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2095)
The Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2096)
The Land Registration (No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2097)
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2100)
2101–2200
The European Parliamentary (United Kingdom Representatives) Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions Scheme) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2101)
The Education (Substituted Grammar Schools) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2102)
The Education (Proposals for Grammar Schools to cease to have Selective Admission Arrangements) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2103)
The Education (Annual Parents' Meetings) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2104)
The Local Authorities (Contracting Out of Highway Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2106)
The Postal Services Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2107)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2108)
The Medicines (Aristolochia) (Emergency Prohibition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2109)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2110)
The Care of Places of Worship Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2111)
The Church Representation Rules (Amendment) Resolution 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2112)
The Parochial Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2113)
The Disability Discrimination (Description of Insurance Services) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2114)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Guidelines) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2115)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Code of Conduct) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2116)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Procedural Rules) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2117)
The Gifts for Relief in Poor Countries (Designation of Kosovo) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2118)
The Finance Act 1998, Section 83(1), (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2119 (C.55)])
The Stansted Airport Aircraft Movement Limit (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2120)
The Merchant Shipping (Reporting Requirements for Ships carrying Dangerous or Polluting Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2121)
The A41 Trunk Road (No Man's Heath and Macefen Bypass and Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2122)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2123)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2124)
The Public Airport Companies (Capital Finance) (Second Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2125)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2126)
The A205 Trunk Road (Hounslow) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2127)
The Contracting Out (Jury Summoning Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2128)
The Welsh Highland Railway Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2129)
The Nursery Education (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2130)
Northern Ireland Act Tribunal (Procedure) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2131)
The New Forest (Confirmation of the Byelaws of the Verderers of the New Forest) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2134)
The Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2135)
The Deregulation (Casinos) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2136)
The Deregulation (Millennium Licensing) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2137)
The Appointment of Queen's Counsel Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2138)
The Motor Vehicles (Type Approval and Approval Marks) (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2149)
The Travel Documents (Refugees and Stateless Persons) (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2150)
The Income Tax (Employments) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2155)
The Finance Act 1995, Section 139(3), (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2156 (C. 52)])
The Education (Governors' Annual Reports) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2157)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2158)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2159)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2160)
The Education (Bursaries for Teacher Training) (Revocation) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2162)
The Education (School Government) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2163)
The Education (Transfer of Functions Concerning School Lunches etc.) (England) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2164)
The Social Security Amendment (Sports Awards) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2165)
The Education (Teachers’ Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2166)
The Unfair Arbitration Agreements (Specified Amount) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2167)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2168)
The Local Government Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2169 (C. 53)])
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2170)
The Salford Royal Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2176)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2177 (C.54)])
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2187)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 2 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2188)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2189)
The Cereal Seeds (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2196)
The Countryside Access (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2197)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Nomination) (London Underground Works) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2198)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2199)
2201–2300
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2204 (C.56)])
The Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Personal Protective Equipment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2205)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2206)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Tolls Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2207)
The Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2208)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (South Yorkshire) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2209)
The Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2210 (C.57)])
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2211)
The Education (Maintained Special Schools) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2212)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2213)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Modern Foreign Languages) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2214)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2217)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2218)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2219)
The Arnold and Carlton College, Nottingham (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2220)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Appointed Day) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2221)
The Paying Agency (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2223)
The Films (Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2224)
The Child Benefit (Northern Ireland Reciprocal Arrangements) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2225)
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit and Jobseeker's Allowance) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2226)
The Social Security (Northern Ireland Reciprocal Arrangements) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2227)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Forestry) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2228)
The Health Service Medicines (Consent to Voluntary Scheme) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2229)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2230)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (England) Designation Orders (Revocation of Specified Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2231)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Essex Coast) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2232)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Blackdown Hills) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2233)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Cotswold Hills) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2234)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Shropshire Hills) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2235)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Dartmoor) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2236)
The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Upper Thames Tributaries) Designation (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2237)
The Education (School Government) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2242 (W.2)])
The Education (New Schools) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2243 (w.3)])
The Railway Safety Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2244)
The Licensing of Air Carriers Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2245)
The Aeroplane Noise (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2253)
The Land Registration Fees Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2254)
The Education (School Sessions and Charges and Remissions Policies) (Information) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2255)
The Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2256)
The Education (Non-Maintained Special Schools) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2257)
The Education (School Meals Staff) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2258)
The Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2259)
The Education Act 1996 (Modification of Section 517) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2260)
The Education (School Teacher Appraisal) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2261)
The Education (New Schools) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2262)
The Education (Student Support) (Dance and Drama) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2263)
The Education (Grants) (Dance and Drama) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2264)
The Education (Student Fees) (Exceptions) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2265)
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2266)
Education (Transition to New Framework) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2267)
The Assured and Protected Tenancies (Lettings to Students) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2268)
The Further Education Funding Council for England (Supplementary Functions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2269)
The Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2270)
The Education (Schedule 32 to the School Standards and Framework Act 1998) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2271)
The A1 Trunk Road (Ferrybridge To Selby Fork Junction) (Detrunking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2272)
The A1 Motorway (Ferrybridge To Hook Moor Section And Connecting Roads) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2273)
The A1 Trunk Road (Spitalgap Lane to Trinity Farm) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2274)
The A63 Trunk Road (Selby Fork And Boot And Shoe Junctions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2275)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Fourth Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2276)
The Redundancy Payments (Continuity of Employment in Local Government, etc.) (Modification) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2277)
The South of Luton-Watford Gap-Dunchurch Special Road Scheme 1956 (Partial Revocation) Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2278)
The M1 Motorway (Junction 15) Detrunking Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2279)
The M1 Motorway (Junction 15) Connecting Roads Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2280)
The Competition Act 1998 (Provisional Immunity from Penalties) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2281)
The Competition Act 1998 (Definition of Appropriate Person) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2282)
The Judicial Pensions (Qualifying Judicial Offices) (President of the Competition Commission Appeal Tribunals) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2283)
The Central Manchester Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2298)
2301–2400
The Wigan and Leigh Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2307)
The Blackburn, Hyndburn and Ribble Valley Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2308)
The Local Government (Discretionary Payments) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2311)
The Hamilton Oxford Schools Partnership Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2312)
The Greenwich—Time to Succeed Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2313)
The Education (Modification of Instruments Relating to Voluntary Schools) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2314)
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Welsh Form of Application) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2315)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Welsh Form and Particulars) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2316)
The Companies (Contents of Annual Return) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2322)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Commencement No. 7 and Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2323 (c. 59)])
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2324)
The Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2325)
The Food (Animals and Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2332)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (England and Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2333)
The Films (Certification) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2334)
The Railtrack (Leeds Bridges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2336)
The Primary Care Trusts (Consultation on Establishment, Dissolution and Transfer of Staff) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2337)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2342 (C. 60)])
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2343)
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2344)
The A40 Trunk Road (Ealing and Hammersmith & Fulham) Red Route (Clearway) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2345)
The A4 Trunk Road (Hillingdon and Hounslow) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2346)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lambeth) Red Route (Prohibition of Traffic) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2348)
The A40 Trunk Road (Ealing and Hammersmith & Fulham) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2349)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2356)
The Companies (Welsh Language Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2357)
Rheoliadau (Diwygio) (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) CwmnÏau 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2357)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2358)
The M61 Motorway (Kearsley Spur) (Speed Limit) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2359)
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2360 (L. 17)])
The Moorland (Livestock Extensification) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2361)
The University College London Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2372)
The Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2373)
The Keith and Dufftown Light Railway Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2382)
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (UK Depositary Interests in Foreign Securities) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2383)
The Films (Modification of the Definition of British Film) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2386)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2387)
The Motor Vehicles (Third Party Risks) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2392)
The Isle of Wight (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2393)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Constitution) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2395)
The Justices of the Peace (Size and Chairmanship of Bench) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2396)
The Justices' Chief Executives and Justices' Clerks (Appointment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2397)
The Gosport Borough Council (Forton Lake Opening Bridge) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2400)
2401–2500
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2401)
The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2402)
The Administration of the Rent Officer Service (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2403)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2404)
A1 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route (Speed Limit) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 Revocation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2418)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 9, and Savings and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2422 (c. 61)])
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Greater Manchester) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2426)
The Goods Vehicle Operators (Qualifications)Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2430)
The Public Service Vehicle Operators (Qualifications) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2431)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2432)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification)(Standard Schedules) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2450)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Fixed Voice Telephony and International Facilities Operator Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2451)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Mobile Public Telecommunication Operators) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2452)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (British Telecommunications plc) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2453)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Cable and Local Delivery Operator Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2454)
The Telecommunications (Licence Modification) (Kingston Communications (Hull) PLC) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2455)
The Education (Grammar School Designation) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2456)
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2457)
The Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2458)
The Football Spectators (Designation of Enforcing Authority) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2459)
The Public Order (Domestic Football Banning) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2460)
The Football Spectators (Designation of Football Matches in England and Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2461)
The Football (Offences) (Designation of Football Matches) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2462)
The Mines (Control of Ground Movement) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2463)
The Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) No. 13 Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2464)
The Borough of Elmbridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2465)
The District of East Devon (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2467)
The City of Exeter (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2468)
The District of North Devon (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2469)
The District of Mid Devon (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2470)
The District of Teignbridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2471)
The District of Torridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2472)
The Borough of West Devon (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2473)
The Borough of Epsom and Ewell (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2474)
The Borough of Guildford (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2475)
The District of Mole Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2476)
The Borough of Reigate and Banstead (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2477)
The Borough of Runnymede (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2478)
The Borough of Spelthorne (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2479)
The District of Tandridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2480)
The Borough of Surrey Heath (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2481)
The Borough of Waverley (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2482)
The Borough of Woking (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2483)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Amendment of Commencement Orders) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2484 (c. 62)])
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2487)
The Tax Credits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2488)
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2489)
2501–2600
The District of Chester-le-Street (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2503)
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2504)
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2505)
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (Information) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2506)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2507)
The Alteration of Boundaries of the River Lugg Internal Drainage District Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2508)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2509 (c. 63)])
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2510)
The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Rent Officer Service) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2511)
The Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2512)
The Portsmouth Mile End Quay (Continental Ferry Port) Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2513)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2535)
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2536)
The Stamp Duty (Collection and Recovery of Penalties) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2537)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2538)
The Stamp Duty (Exempt Instruments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2539)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2540 (C. 64)])
The Health Act 1999 (Fund-holding Practices) (Transfer of Assets, Savings, Rights and Liabilities and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2541)
The Magistrates' Courts Committees (Sussex) Amalgamation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2542)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Preservation of Benefit) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2543)
The Bilston Community College (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2544)
The Education (School Inspection) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2545)
The Competition Act 1998 (Application for Designation of Professional Rules) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2546)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (ScotRail Class 170/4 Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2547)
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2548 (L. 18)])
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2549 (L. 19)])
The Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2550)
Income Support (General) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2554)
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Allowances for Children and Young Persons) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2555)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2556)
The Merger Reference (Universal Foods Corporation and Pointing Holdings Limited) (Interim Provision) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2560)
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2561)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2562)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2563)
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2564 (L.20)])
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2565)
The Social Security and Child Support (Tax Credits) Consequential Amendments Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2566)
The Merchant Shipping (Accident Reporting and Investigation) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2567)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2568)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2569 (L. 21)])
The Tax Credits (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2570)
The Tax Credits (Payments on Account, Overpayments and Recovery) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2571)
The Tax Credits (Claims and Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2572)
The Tax Credits (Payments on Account, Overpayments and Recovery) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2573)
The Tax Credits (Claims and Payments) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2574)
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2575)
The Legal Aid (Mediation in Family Matters) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2576)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2577)
The Education (Further Education Institutions Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2578)
The City of Durham (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2579)
The District of Derwentside (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2580)
The District of Easington (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2581)
The Borough of Sedgefield (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2582)
The District of Teesdale (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2583)
The District of Wear Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2584)
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Gas Industry Exemption) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2586)
The Pur Fleet (King's Lynn) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2587)
The Tax Credits (Decisions and Appeals) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2588)
The Health and Safety (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2597)
2601–2700
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2609)
Export of Goods (Licences for Exports to Indonesia) (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2610)
The Organic Farming (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2611)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2624)
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2625)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2627)
The Broadcasting (Unlicensed Television Services) Exemption (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2628)
The Rates and Precepts (Final Adjustments) (Amendment) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2629)
The A406 North Circular Road (Barnet) (50 mph Speed Limit) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2634)
The A10 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2635)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2636)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2637)
The Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Trade Organisations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2638)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemptions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2639)
The Social Security Amendment (Notional Income and Capital) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2640)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2641 (W.8))
Gorchymyn Iechyd Planhigion (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2641 (Cy.8))
The Scunthorpe Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2655)
The Doncaster Healthcare National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2656)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2657 (C. 65)])
The New School (Admissions) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2666)
The East Yorkshire Hospitals and the Royal Hull Hospitals National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2674)
The Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2675)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals), Vaccine Damage Payments and Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2677)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2678)
The Companies (Welsh Language Forms) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2679)
The East Yorkshire Community Healthcare and the Hull and Holderness Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2687)
The Hull and East Riding Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2688)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2689)
The Borough of Amber Valley (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2690)
The District of Bolsover (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2691)
The Borough of Chesterfield (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2692)
The District of Derbyshire Dales (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2693)
The Borough of Erewash (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2694)
The Borough of High Peak (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2695)
The District of North East Derbyshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2696)
The District of South Derbyshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2697)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2698)
The A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route (Prohibited Turn) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2700)
2701–2800
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route (Prohibited Turns) (No. 3) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2701)
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2714)
The Neath to Abergavenny Trunk Road (A465) (Abergavenny to Hirwaun Dualling and Slip Roads) and East of Abercynon to East of Dowlais Road (A4060), Cardiff to Glan Conwy Trunk Road (A470) (Connecting Roads) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.2720 (W.9)])
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Castell-Nedd — Y Fenni (A465) (Deuoli o'r Fenni i Hirwaun a'r Ffyrdd Ymuno ac Ymadael) a Ffordd Man i'r Dwyrain o Abercynon — Man i'r Dwyrain o Ddowlais (A4060), Cefnffordd Caerdydd — Glanconwy (A470) (Ffyrdd Cysylltu) 1999 (([http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/1999/2720/contents/made/welsh S.I. 1999 Rhif 2720 (Cy.9))
The Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances For Ships Other Than Ships Of Classes III To VI(A)) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2721)
The Merchant Shipping (Musters, Training and Decision Support Systems) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2722)
The Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances For Passenger Ships Of Classes III To VI(A)) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2723)
The M60 Motorway (Improvement Between Junctions 5 and 8) Connecting Roads Scheme 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2724)
The Consumer Credit (Content of Quotations) and Consumer Credit (Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2725)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2726)
The Changing of School Session Times (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2733)
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2734)
The Organic Farming (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2735)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2736)
The Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2737)
The Legal Aid (Mediation in Family Matters) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2738)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 10 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2739 (C.67)])
The Prosecution of Offences (Youth Courts Time Limits) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2743)
The Prosecution of Offences (Custody Time Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2744)
The A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2745)
The Army Terms of Service (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2764)
The Magistrates' Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2765)
The Home Repair Assistance (Extension) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2766)
The Funding Agency for Schools Dissolution Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2767)
The Children (Protection from Offenders) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2768)
The Finance Act 1999, section 20, (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2769 (C. 68)])
The Companies (Investment Companies) (Distribution of Profits) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2770)
The National Savings Stock Register (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2771)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2781)
The Borough of Sefton (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2782)
The Justices' Clerks Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2784 (L. 22)])
The Transfer of Functions (Scientific Research) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2785)
The Transfer of Functions (Nuclear Installations) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2786)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) (No.2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2787)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3)Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2788)
The Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2789 (N.I. 8)])
The Employment Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2790 (N.I. 9)])
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2793 (C. 69)])
The National Health Service (Penalty Charge) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2794)
The Health Act 1999 (Supplementary and Consequential Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2795)
The Food (Animals and Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2798)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (England and Wales) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2799)
The New Schools (Admissions) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2800 (W. 14))
Rheoliadau Ysgolion Newydd (Derbyniadau) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2800 (Cy. 14))
2801–2900
The Commission for Health Improvement (Membership and Procedure) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2801)
The Education (School Meals Staff) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2802 (W.15))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Staff Prydau Bwyd Ysgolion) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2802 (Cy.15))
The A3 Trunk Road (Kingston upon Thames) Red Route Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2803)
The A12 Trunk Road (Redbridge, Waltham Forest, Hackney and Tower Hamlets) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2804)
The A12 Trunk Road (Redbridge) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2805)
The A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Traffic Order 1993 Variation (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2806)
The A3 Trunk Road (Kingston upon Thames) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1996 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2807)
The Justices' Clerks (Qualifications of Assistants) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2814 (L.23)])
The Local Government Act 1999 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2815 (C.70) (W.16))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol 1999 (Cymru) (Cychwyn) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2815 (C.70) (Cy.16))
The Education (Mathematics and Science Teacher Training Incentive) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2816 (W.17))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymhelliant Hyfforddi Athrawon Mathemateg a Gwyddoniaeth) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2816 (Cy.17))
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2817 (W.18))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau a Safonau Iechyd Athrawon) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2817 (Cy.18))
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply, Sale and Export of Petroleum and Petroleum Products) (Penalties and Licences) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2821)
The Indonesia (Supply, Sale, Export and Shipment of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2822)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2830 (C. 72)])
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2831)
The Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2832)
The Value Added Tax (Supplies of Goods where Input Tax cannot be recovered) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2833)
The Value Added Tax (Subscriptions to Trade Unions, Professional and Other Public Interest Bodies) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2834)
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2838 (L.24)])
The Insurance Companies (Overseas Life Assurance Business) (Compliance) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2839)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2840 (W.20))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Costau Teithio a Dileu Taliadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2840 (Cy.20))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2841 (W.21))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) Diwygio (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2841 (Cy.21))
The Major Precepting Authorities (Excessive Budget Requirements—Payments) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2842)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) Regulations Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2846)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2859 (C.74)])
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 11, and Savings and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2860 (C.75)])
The Education (Student Fees) (Exceptions) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2862 (W. 22))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Ffioedd Myfyrwyr) (Eithriadau) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2862 (Cy. 22))
The Postal Privilege (Suspension) Order 1999 (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2863)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2864)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (GC Pan European Crossing UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2865)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Farland Services UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2866)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (MTU Inform Europe Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2867)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Kingston Communications (Hull) PLC) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2868)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tele2 Communications Services Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2869)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (USA Global Link (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2870)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (ICO Services Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2871)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Carrier One Ltd) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2872)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Swisscom (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2873)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telia UK Ltd) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2874)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (PLDncompass Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2875)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (IFC Global (UK) Ltd) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2876)
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Designated Ports) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2877)
The Education (Islamia Primary School, Brent) (Exemption from Pay and Conditions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2879)
The Carriage by Air (Sterling Equivalents) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2881)
The Education (School Teacher Appraisal) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2888 (W. 25))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwerthuso Athrawon Ysgol) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2888 (Cy. 25))
The Medicines (Aristolochia) (Temporary Prohibition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2889)
The Local Government Residuary Body (England) (Winding Up) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2890)
Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2892)
The Education (School Admission Appeals: The National Assembly for Wales Code of Practice) (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2893 (W.26))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Apelau Derbyniadau Ysgol: Cod Ymarfer Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) (Diwrnod Penodedig) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2893 (Cy.26))
The General Optical Council (Testing of Sight by Persons Training as Ophthalmic Opticians Rules) (Amendment) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2897)
2901–3000
The Legal Services Ombudsman (Jurisdiction) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2905)
The Community Health Councils (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2906)
The Treasury Bills (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2907)
The Finance Act 1998, Section 159 (Appointed Day) and Schedule 26 (Commencement Etc.) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2908 (C. 76)])
The Cornwall Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2909)
The Bath and West Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2918)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2919)
The Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2920)
The University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2921)
The District of Kennet (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2922)
The District of North Wiltshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2923)
The District of Salisbury (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2924)
The Excise Duty (Amendment of the Isle of Man Act 1979) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2925)
The District of West Wiltshire (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2926)
The Borough of Swindon (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2927)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2930)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Serco Metrolink T68A Vehicles) Exemption Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2932)
The Organic Farming (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2933)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Cordless Telephone Apparatus) (Restriction and Marking) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2934)
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2935 (W.27))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyfrifo Sylfaen Treth Gyngor) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 2935 (Cy.27))
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2936 (C. 78)])
The Education (Amendment of School and Pupil Information Regulations) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2937)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Core Telecommunications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2938)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (WinStar Communications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2939)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (TNI (Telecom) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2940)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (IBSC Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2941)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tele2 Sweden Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2942)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Faultbasic Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2943)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (GTS Business Services (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2944)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (WXNET Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2945)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Enitel ASA) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2946)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (G.C. Global Communications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2947)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Level 3 Communications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2948)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Pantheon Telecom (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2949)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (BSI ACCESS UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2950)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (StarGlobal Ltd) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2951)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecom New Zealand (UK) Licences Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2952)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (CompleTel UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2953)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Teleport UK Limited (trading as Satellite Media Services)) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2954)
The Northern Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2955)
The Corporation Tax (Simplified Arrangements for Group Relief) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2975)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2976 (C. 79)])
The Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2977)
The Road Vehicles (Brake Linings Safety) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2978)
The Financial Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2979)
The Devon (Coroners' Districts) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2980)
The River Thames (Hungerford Footbridges) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2981)
The Fishing Vessels (EC Directive on Harmonised Safety Regime) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2998)
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Restriction of Exemption) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 2999)
The Insurance Brokers (Registration) Act 1977 (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3000)
3001–3100
The A406 Trunk Road (Hanger Lane, Ealing) (Prohibition of U-Turn) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3002)
The Magistrates' Courts Committee Areas Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3008)
The Petty Sessions Areas Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3009)
The Justices of the Peace (Commission Areas) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3010)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Appeals: Ending of Transitional Period) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3012)
The Wednesbury Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3013)
The Wythenshawe Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3014)
The East Manchester Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3015)
The Dudley Partnership for Achievement Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3016)
The Telford and Wrekin Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3017)
The Heart of Slough Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3018)
The Southend Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3019)
The Hastings and St Leonards Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3020)
The Preston Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3021)
The North East Derbyshire Coalfields Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3022)
The New Horizons Kent–Somerset Virtual Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3023)
The Widening Horizons—North Islington Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3024)
The Hackney Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3025)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemptions) (No. 4) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3026)
The Competition Act 1998 (Commission Investigation and Director's Investigation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3027)
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Discount) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3028)
The Value Added Tax Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3029)
The Insurance Brokers Registration Council Election Scheme Approval Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3030)
The Building Societies (Members' Requisitions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3031)
The Building Societies (Nominations for Directors' Election) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3032)
The Building Societies (Members' Resolutions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3033)
The Glenfield Hospital, the Leicester General Hospital and the Leicester Royal Infirmary National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3036)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3038)
The Magistrates' Courts (Forms) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3039 (L. 25)])
The Crown Court (Forms Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3040 (L.26)])
The Price Marking Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3042)
The Portland Harbour Fishery (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3049)
The Avalon, Somerset, National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3050)
The A13 Trunk Road (Tower Hamlets) Red Route (Bus Priority) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3051)
The Conservation of Seals (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3052)
The Asylum Support (Interim Provisions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3056)
The Housing Accommodation (Persons subject to Immigration Control) (Amendment) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3057)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Amount Required for Restoring State Scheme Rights) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3069)
The Water and Sewerage Undertakers (Pipelaying and Other Works) (Code of Practice) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3070)
The General Chiropractic Council (Professional Indemnity Insurance) Rules Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3071)
The Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment (New Deal) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3083)
The Home Repair Assistance (Extension) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3084 (W.35))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Trwsio Cartref (Estyn)(Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3084 (Cy.35))
The Financial Services Act 1986 (Exemption) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3085)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3086)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3087)
The Water Appointment (Competition Commission) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3088)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemptions) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3089)
The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3096 (C. 80)])
The A13 Trunk Road (A112 Prince Regent Lane Junction Improvement, Trunk Road and Slip Roads) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3097)
The Legal Aid in Civil Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3098)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Constitution) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3099)
3101–3200
The A3 Trunk Road (Wandsworth) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3103)
The Good Laboratory Practice Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3106)
The Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3107)
The Social Security (Claims and Information) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3108)
The Social Security (Incapacity for Work) Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3109)
The Tax Credit (New Category of Child Care Provider) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3110)
The Docklands Light Railway (Miscellaneous Closure Exemptions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3111)
The Docklands Light Railway (Lewisham Extension) (Exemptions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3112)
The Railways (Alternative Closure Procedure) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3113)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3114)
The Value Added Tax (Importation of Investment Gold) Relief Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3115)
The Value Added Tax (Investment Gold) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3116)
The Value Added Tax (Terminal Markets) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3117)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3118)
The Value Added Tax (Treatment of Transactions) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3119)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3120)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Specified Supplies) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3121)
The Free Zone (Liverpool) Designation (Variation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3122)
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3123)
The Homelessness (Asylum-Seekers) (Interim Period) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3126)
The Courses for Drink-Drive Offenders (Experimental Period) (Termination of Restrictions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3130)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3131)
The Consular Fees (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3132)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3133)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3134)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3135)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3136)
The Chartered Institute of Patent Agents Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3137)
The Maximum Number of Judges Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3138)
The Exempt Charities Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3139)
The Transfer of Functions (Agriculture and Food) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3141)
The Transfer of Functions (Medicines and Poisons) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3142)
The Transfer of Functions (Road Traffic) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3143)
The Licensing and Registered Clubs (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3144 (N.I. 10)])
The Northern Ireland Assembly Commission (Crown Status) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3145)
The Parliamentary Copyright (Northern Ireland Assembly) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3146)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions (Northern Ireland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3147 (N.I. 11)])
The European Specialist Medical Qualifications Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3154)
The Curfew Order (Responsible Officer) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3155)
The Social Security (New Deal Pilot) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3156)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Settlements) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3158)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3159)
The Habitat (Water Fringe) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3160)
The Habitat (Salt-Marsh) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3161)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Third Generation Licences) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3162)
The Equal Opportunities (Employment Legislation) (Territorial Limits) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3163)
The Croydon Community National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3164)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3165)
The Yugoslavia (Prohibition of Flights) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3166)
The Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit, Agreements and Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3177)
The Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 12 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3178 (C. 81)])
The National Health Service (Choice of Medical Practitioner) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3179)
The Telecommunications (Appeals) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3180)
The Education (School Day and School Year) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3181)
The Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3182)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No.1) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3184 (W.42) (C.82))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd 1999 (Cychwyniad Rhif 1) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3184 (Cy.42) (C.82))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Constitution) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No 3185 (W. 43)])
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Cyfansoddiad) (Diwygio) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3185 (Cy. 43))
The Distress for Rent (Amendment) (No. 3) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3186 (L. 27)])
The Civil Courts (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3187)
The Tax Credits (New Deal Pilot Consequential Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3188)
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3189)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3190 (C. 83)])
The Sale of Dogs (Identification Tag) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3191)
The Breeding of Dogs (Licensing Records) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3192)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3193)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3194)
The Design Right (Proceedings before Comptroller) (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3195)
The Registered Designs (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3196)
The Patents (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3197)
The Personal and Occupational Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3198)
3201–3300
The Betting and Gaming Duties Act 1981 (Bingo Prize Limit) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3205)
The Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships, and Tonnage) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3206)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3208 (C. 84)])
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3209 (C. 85)])
The Merchant Shipping (Radio) (Fishing Vessels) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3210)
The Education (Education Standards Etc. Grants) (England) Regulations 1999 (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3211)
The Tax Credits (Payment by Employers) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3219)
The Petty Sessions Areas (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3220)
The Contaminants in Food (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3221)
The A41 Trunk Road (Barnet) Red Route Traffic Order 1997 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3222)
The A13 By-pass Trunk Road (Barking and Dagenham and Havering) Red Route (Clearway) Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3223)
The A205 Trunk Road (Lewisham) Red Route Traffic Order 1998 Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3224)
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3226)
The Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) (Fourth Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3227)
The Bank of England (Limit on Fiduciary Note Issue) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3228)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Sala Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3229)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Thus Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3230)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Metromedia Fiber Network UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3231)
The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3232)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Rateflame Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3233)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Easynet Group plc) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3234)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Drive Memory Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3235)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Netkonect Communications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3236)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (World-Link Inc) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3237)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (AT & T-Unisource Communications Services (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3238)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Flag Telecom Ireland Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3239)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (VIA Net Works UK Ltd) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3240)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (iaxis Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3241)
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3242)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3243)
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3244)
The London Cab (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3250)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Plans and Reviews Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3251)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3252)
The A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route(Bus Priority) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3254)
The Commonwealth Development Corporation Act 1999 (Appointed Day) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3258 (C. 86)])
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3259)
The Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3260)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Open-ended Investment Companies) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3261)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (OM London Exchange Limited) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3262)
The Distraint by Collectors (Fees, Costs and Charges) (Stamp Duty Penalties) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3263)
The Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3264)
The Payments to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3265)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3266)
The General Optical Council (Rules relating to Injury or Disease of the Eye) Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3267)
The Civil Aviation (Joint Financing) (Second Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3268)
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3269)
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3270)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3271 (C. 87)])
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) (Police) order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3272)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transitory and Transitional Provisions) (Finance) Amendment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3273)
The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (Exemption from Repeal) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3274 (S. 113)])
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3275)
The South Birmingham Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Transfers of Trust Property) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3276)
The Town and Country Planning (Development Plan) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3280)
The Merchant Shipping (Seamen's Documents) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3281)
The A40 Trunk Road (Western Avenue, London Borough of Ealing) (Prohibition of U-Turn) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3282)
The Sale of Solid Fuel Byelaws (Exemption from Repeal) (Scotland) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3283)
The Special Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3292)
The General Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3293)
The Special Commissioners (Amendment of the Taxes Management Act 1970) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3294)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3295)
The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct (Provisions on Abolition) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3296)
The Education (Transition to New Framework) (New Schools, Groups and Miscellaneous) Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3297)
The Public Record Office (Fees) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3298)
The Legal Advice and Assistance at Police Stations (Remuneration) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3299)
The Kirkley Hall College, Ponteland, Northumberland (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3300)
3301–3400
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variation) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3304)
The Premium Savings Bonds (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3305)
The Lloyd's Underwriters (Special Reserve Funds) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3308)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3309 (C. 88)])
The Passenger Transport Executives (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3310)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3311)
The Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3312)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Medway) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3313)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Gravesham) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3314)
The Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) (Enforcement) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3315)
The Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3316)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3317)
The Afghanistan (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3318)
The Maximum Number of Stipendiary Magistrates Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3319)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3320)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3321)
The Holders of Hereditary Peerages (Extension of the Franchise) (Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3322)
The Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3323)
The Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3324)
The Coroners (Amendment) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3325)
The Income Support (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3329)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Foreign Interest and Dividends) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3330)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (FLAG Atlantic UK Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3331)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (E.V. Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3332)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Pangea Networks (UK) Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3333)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Guernsey Telecoms) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3334)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Norweb Telecom Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3335)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Racal Telecommunications Limited) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.3336)
The Tir Gofal and Organic Farming (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3337 (W.45))
Rheoliadau Tir Gofal a Ffermio Organig (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3337 (Cy.45))
The Travel Documents (Fees) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3339)
The Combined Probation Areas (Bedfordshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3340)
The Combined Probation Areas (Staffordshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3341)
The Combined Probation Areas (Kent) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3342)
The Combined Probation Areas (Wiltshire) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No.3343)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3344 (C. 89)])
The Sefton (Parish) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3350)
The Merchant Shipping (Seamen's Wages and Accounts) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3360)
The Beef Bones (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3371)
The Working Time Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3372)
The Employment Relations Act 1999 (CommencementNo. 3 and Transitional Provision) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3374 (C. 90)])
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3375)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3376 (C. 91)])
The Legal Advice and Assistance (Scope) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3377)
The Legal Aid (Prescribed Panels) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3378)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3379)
The Greater London Authority (Assembly Constituencies and Returning Officers) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3380)
The Peterlee Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3381)
The Easington and Seaham Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3382)
The Dingle Granby Toxteth Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3383)
The Community Learning Partnership Barrow-in-Furness Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3384)
The Sunderland Building Our Future Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3385)
The Learning Together East Cleveland Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3386)
The Wolverhampton Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3387)
The North Gillingham Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3388)
The Rainbow Education Action Zone in Stoke-on-Trent Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3389)
The Leigh Park Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3390)
The Ashington Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3391)
The Breaking the Cycle Bridgwater Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3392)
The Bolton Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3393)
The Coventry Millennium Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3394)
The Downham and Bellingham Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3395)
The Epicentre LEAP Ellesmere Port Cheshire Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3396)
The Clacton and Harwich Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3397)
The Challenge for Corby Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3398)
The Action for Learning Partnership, Bedford Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3399)
The Withernsea and Southern Holderness Rural Achievement Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3400)
3401–3500
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (District of Thanet) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3401)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (City of Canterbury) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3402)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Swale) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3403)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (District of Sevenoaks) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3404)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Kent) (Borough of Tunbridge Wells) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3405)
The Wakefield Community Learning Partnership Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3406)
The South Bradford Community Learning Partnership Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3407)
The Speke Garston Excellent Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3408)
The Building Regulations (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3410)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 6) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3411)
The Gloucester Education Achievement Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3412)
The Road Transport (Passenger Vehicles Cabotage) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3413)
The Camborne, Pool and Redruth Success Zone Education Action Zone Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3414)
The Merger Reference (Universal Foods Corporation and Pointing Holdings Limited) (Interim Provision) (Revocation) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3415)
The A40 Trunk Road (Ealing and Hammersmith & Fulham) Red Route Experimental Traffic Order 1999 Experimental Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3416)
The London Borough of Barnet (Trunk Roads) Red Route (Priority Traffic Lanes) Experimental Traffic Order 1999 Revocation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3417)
The A23 Trunk Road (Croydon) Red Route Traffic Order 1999 Experimental Variation Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3419)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3420 (C. 92)])
The Food (Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (England and Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3421)
The Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (England and Wales) (No. 4) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3422)
Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3423)
The Police (Secretary of State's Objectives) (No. 3) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3424)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Commencement No. 13) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3425 (C. 93)])
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3426 (C. 94)])
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3427 (C.95)])
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3430)
The Health Development Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3431)
The Health Development Agency Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3432)
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Finance Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3434 (C. 96)])
The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (Transitional and Consequential Finance Provisions) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3435)
The Local Authorities (Calculation of Council Tax Base) (Amendment–Greater London Authority) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3437)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment etc.) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3438)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3439 (W. 47))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3439 (Cy. 47))
The Water Industry Act 1999 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3440 (C. 97)])
The Water Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3441)
The Water Industry (Prescribed Conditions) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3442)
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3443)
The Workington Harbour Revision Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3444)
The Harbour Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3445)
The Registration of Restrictive Trading Agreements (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3446)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3447)
The Telecommunications (Interconnection) (Carrier Pre-selection) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3448)
The Telecommunications (Interconnection) (Number Portability, etc.) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3449)
The National Health Service Trusts (Wales) (Dissolution No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3450 (W. 48))
Gorchymyn Ymddiriedolaethau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Cymru) (Diddymu Rhif 2) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3450 (Cy. 48))
The Cardiff and Vale National Health Service Trust Establishment Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3451 (W.49))
Gorchymyn Sefydlu Ymddiriedolaeth Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol Caerdydd a'r Fro 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3451 (Cy.49))
The Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts and Cable Programmes) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) (Amendment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3452)
The Central Rating List (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3453 (W.50))
Rheoliadau Rhestr Ardrethu Canolog (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3453 (Cy.50))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3454 (W.51))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Symiau y Gellir eu Codi) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3454 (Cy.51))
The Local Authorities (Funds) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3459)
The Dental Auxiliaries (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3460)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3461)
The Land Registration (No. 3) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3462)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3463)
The Beef Bones (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3464 (W.52))
Rheoliadau Esgyrn Cig Eidion (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3464 (Cy.52))
The Housing Accommodation (Persons Subject to Immigration Control) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3465 (W53))
Gorchymyn Cartrefi i Bobl Fyw Ynddynt (Personau sy'n Ddarostyngedig i Reolaeth Fewnfudo) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3465 (Cy.53))
The Northern Birmingham Community Health and the Southern Birmingham Community Health National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3466)
The Birmingham Specialist Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3467)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3468 (W.54))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3468 (Cy.54))
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) and (Welsh Form of Application) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3469 (W.55))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adleoli (Ffurflen Gais) a (Ffurflen Gais Gymraeg) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3469 (Cy.55))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) and (Welsh Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3470 (W.56))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Ffurflen a Manylion a Ragnodir) a (Ffurflen a Manylion Cymraeg) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 1999 (S.I. 1999 Rhif 3470 (Cy.56))
The Alexandra Health Care, the Kidderminster Health Care, the Worcestershire Community Healthcare and the Worcester Royal Infirmary National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3471)
The Worcestershire Community and Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3472)
The Worcestershire Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3473)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3483)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1999 (S.I. 1999 No. 3491 (L. 28))
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4388028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Paisie | Radu Paisie | Radu VII Paisie, officially Radul (Church Slavonic: Радул воєвода; ), also known as Radu vodă Măjescul, Radu vodă Călugărul, Petru I, and Petru de la Argeș (ca. 1500 – after 1545), was Prince of Wallachia almost continuously from June 1535 to February 1545. A man of uncertain origins, he depicted himself as an heir to the House of Basarab and the Drăculești: the son of Prince Radu the Great and half-brother of Vlad Vintilă and Radu of Afumați. The scholar Nicolaus Olahus partly supported this account and further claimed that Paisie was his own cousin. The descent is endorsed by some modern historians, whereas others suggest that Paisie was a regular member of the boyar class, or even a fishmonger. He is known to have been a monk of the Wallachian Orthodox Church before his coronation.
Paisie took the throne as a boyar favorite in the wake of Vlad Vintilă's assassination. Despite his immediate homage to the Ottoman Empire, which exercised suzerain powers over Wallachia, some records suggest that he was chased out by the pretender Barbu Mărăcine, and possibly also maimed, by having his nose partly slashed, in early 1536. He returned to the country, possibly supported by the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, and staged a bloody repression. He then reaffirmed his fealty to the Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, and contributed to the Suleiman's expeditions into Hungary. His repression of the boyars sparked new rebellions, which created two other brief interregnums: in 1539, Șerban of Izvorani established himself as regent; for two months in early 1544, Stroe Florescu and Laiotă Basarab took the capital, Târgoviște, but were defeated by Paisie at Fântâna Țiganului.
Possibly as thanks for their military support, Paisie ceded to the Ottomans the port of Brăila. Instead, following his raids into Transylvania, he was confirmed personal ownership of two inland citadels, Vințu de Jos and Vurpăr. Despite relying on Suleiman's support, Paisie also continued to entertain notions of emancipating Christendom and the Balkans from Ottoman rule, and in 1543 even signed to an alliance with the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Rumors of this policy shift, and the intrigues of another claimant, Mircea the Shepherd, eventually caused Suleiman to depose him. This was done with careful planning, leaving Paisie unable to react before Mircea was in full control of Wallachia. Paisie was eventually exiled to Egypt Eyalet, where he spent the remainder of his life.
His two attested sons, including his co-ruler Marco, were either slaughtered by Mircea's family or Islamized at Suleiman's court. A possible third son, Pătrașcu the Good, came to rule Wallachia in the 1550s, between two of Mircea's reigns. This lineage would make Radu Paisie the grandfather of two other Princes, Petru Cercel and Michael the Brave. In cultural history, Paisie is remembered as the patron of Church Slavonic and one-time sponsor of the printer Dimitrije Ljubavić; as well as being the monarch who completed monastery complexes at Argeș, Cozia, Dealu, and Tismana. Through such enterprises, he and Marco elevated themselves to the fictional status of Eastern Orthodox protectors, contrasting their real-life subjugation to Suleiman.
Biography
Origins
Radu Paisie's election to the throne was made possible by a collapse of public order and the fading out of the ruling dynasty, the House of Basarab. Wallachia's elective custom had always allowed sons born outside wedlock to contest the throne, creating the background for massacres among pretenders; in the 1500s, this strife was doubled by civil wars between factions of the boyar nobility. These backed individual pretenders in exchange for domination of the country's affairs. The conflicts were tolerated by the Ottoman Empire, which exercised suzerainty over Wallachia and neighboring Moldavia (the Danubian Principalities), throughout the Medieval era. The fall of Hungary in 1526 left both countries entirely controlled by the Sublime Porte.
Little is known about Radu Paisie's origins and early life, although it is often assumed that he was baptized as "Petru" and had a strong connection with Argeș County, in Muntenia. According to some reports, he was married to a Lady Stana. It is also known that he had a sister, Cârstina. A document issued by Michael the Brave implies that Paisie was a fishmonger, calling him Radu vodă Măjescul—"Radu Voivode of the Maja", from an obsolete measure of weight for fish. One more trusted account is that he was born into boyardom, and that, following his wife's death, he had taken orders at Argeș Monastery. Scholar Valentin Gheonea proposes that Petru was forced into monastic seclusion by Prince Vlad Vintilă de la Slatina, after an early attempt to seize the throne. Written tradition maintains that, while at Argeș, he was known as Hegumen Paisie. Church historian Ioan I. Rămureanu additionally notes that Petru was a monk at the same time as Varlaam, who served as Wallachian Metropolitan from at least 1536, and Anania, who succeeded Varlaam in 1544. Among the modern historians, Nicolae Iorga proposes that Paisie's monastic career may have begun earlier. He notes that Paisie, who may be the same as the future Prince, was sent in 1522 on a church mission to the city of Corona, in Angevin-ruled Transylvania.
In various other records, Paisie is treated as a Basarab family member. An early account by the scholar Nicolaus Olahus describes a Petrus ab Argyes, most likely the future Paisie, being born to a lesser Basarab, by the name of Stanciul (Stantzul). The latter, Olahus reports, was decapitated during one of Vlad the Impaler's three reigns in Wallachia, as an alleged conspirator against the throne. As historian Cornelia Popa-Gorjanu notes, this narrative would make Olahus and Paisie first cousins, and members of the Basarabs' Dănești branch. Olahus' text is endorsed by the literary historian Corneliu Albu, who further suggests that Olahus and Paisie may have corresponded with each other in Romanian.
Historian Constantin Rezachevici argues that Paisie and Olahus were not biological relatives: Paisie was indeed born to Stanciul's wife, but his natural father was Radu the Great, giving Paisie equal rights of succession. Scholars Cristina Feneșan and Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont record a letter of July 15, 1535, sent from the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom by John Zápolya; it notes that an unnamed son of Radu, "persuaded that the regnant voivode was a wrongdoer, took monastic orders and changed his appearance." Feneșan and Bacqué-Grammont identify this text as a reference to Paisie/Petru. Various other authors who credit Paisie as a Basarab see him as an heir of the rival Drăculești. They include historian Iorga, who accepts Paisie's claim to have been a natural son of Radu the Great. Popa-Gorjanu similarly concludes that "Petru of the Argeș was the son of Radu the Great, as attested in all writs and documents, and not the son of Stanciu, Olahus' uncle." By contrast, genealogist Constantin Gane credits Paisie as the son of Stanciul, and not as Radu's son. He further proposes that Paisie was more distantly related to the Drăculești, as a direct descendant from Vlad the Impaler.
Rise to power
In June 1535, the powerful Craiovești boyars and their allies staged Vlad Vintilă's assassination, then engineered Paisie's election to the throne. Upon his coronation on June 12, Paisie took the regnal name "Radu", underlining his supposed descent from Radu the Great. Historian Dan Pleșia also notes that "Petru was not a common name for Wallachian princes", and that "Radu" was a preferred new name for monarchs, down to the 17th-century Radu Șerban. Scholar Marcu Beza notes that Paisie still referred to himself under his birth name in the 1538 orarion carrying his dedication (part of the Victoria and Albert Museum collection). Iorga further notes that the item uses Пєтрȣ, indicating a Romanian Cyrillic spelling of the vernacular Petru, whereas the rest of the text uses Church Slavonic.
Paisie's claim to legitimacy was also enhanced by his regular donations to Meteora, a custom mostly associated with his presumed father. He then took as his new wife a Lady Ruxandra. According to various readings, she was a daughter of Neagoe Basarab and Princess Milica, having been previously married to Radu of Afumați, claimed by Paisie as his deceased brother. As a woman of exceptional beauty, in 1525 she had sparked a war between her suitors, pitting Radu of Afumați against a Moldavian Prince, Stephen IV. Art historian Pavel Chihaia supports the notion that, in marrying his former sister-in-law, Paisie had committed incest as defined in the Bible. A dissenting opinion is provided by scholar Stoica Nicolaescu, who argues that Paisie's Ruxandra "must not be confused" with her predecessor, who had by then remarried a rival claimant, Laiotă Basarab.
As noted by Iorga, Paisie's reign effectively united "in his person" the Drăculești and Dănești. Acting on his behalf, the Craiovești also sought confirmation from the Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, to whom they sent a gift of 1 million akçeler. As they admitted in a collective letter, the boyars felt remorse for not having asked Suleiman's approval before the election, but also explained that this would have been difficult at a time when the suzerain was leading a war in the Middle East. Zápolya agreed to speak to Suleiman on behalf of the regicides, some of whom had found a temporary refuge in his Transylvanian lands. He also intervened on Paisie's behalf, informing Suleiman that the former monk was an "insignificant servant", who could be relied upon for preserving Wallachia in the Ottoman sphere of influence; on July 20, Paisie sent a letter to Zápolya in which he swore his fealty to Eastern Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. By November, Paisie had received his Ottoman banner and confirmation as belonging to the abode of peace. His regular tribute, the haraç, was set at a yearly sum of 12,000 scudi.
Aged about 40 at the time, Radu Paisie was the second former monk to obtain the Wallachian crown, preceded in this respect only by the 1480s Prince Vlad Călugărul. The latter's title, Călugărul (literally, "The Monk") is sometimes also applied to Radu Paisie. The new reign was "relatively long" by the period's standards, but "not a quiet one." As recorded by the musician and chronicler Hieronymus Ostermayer, Paisie began his reign as a figurehead who "let the boyars do as they pleased". His early efforts were directed toward increasing his personal wealth: in October 1535, he bought back from the destitute boyar Bădică several villages peopled entirely by Gypsy slaves, which subsequently became his "princely Gypsies".
This political line was soon changed by complex circumstances: the years 1536–1537 were anarchic. Having challenged his own retinue, Paisie faced boyar rebellions, which may have driven him out of Wallachia for much of that interval. The years also marked a split with the Craiovești, who put up a family member, Barbu Mărăcine, as their own candidate for the throne. According to Rezachevici, Mărăcine was the actual reigning Prince of Wallachia in February–April 1536, and had been recognized as such by the Porte. While she does not mention the usurper by name, Feneșan and Bacqué-Grammont argue that he was a favorite of Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Grand Vizier. Popa-Gorjanu similarly argues that Paisie "was chased out with Turkish assistance". Both she and Rezachevici record the story in Olahus, according to which "another pretender" had Petrus ab Argyes maimed, ordering the partial removal of his nose, before chasing him out of the country. According to Rezachevici, the mutilation may have been a "symbolic" cut on Paisie's septum, "as done to many other pretenders."
Feneșan and Bacqué-Grammont suggest that Paisie found sympathy at the Porte with the downfall of Vizier Ibrahim, who was finally replaced by Ayas Mehmed Pasha. As hypothesized by several authors, Paisie was able to reconquer Wallachia only with support from Zápolya and Stephen Majláth, the Voivode of Transylvania, driving his loyalist troops in from the north. Among the primary sources, Olahus claimed that his cousin was in Transylvania during the exile interval. Paisie was then able to re-consolidate his power, turning to violent repression. Some records describe other smaller revolts, which are not located chronologically; one was led by another pretender, Ivan Viezure, whom Paisie captured and decapitated, possibly in 1537. Victims of his revenge included Tudor of Drăgoești, the country's Logothete, and Ban Toma of Pietroșani. Boyars on the loyalist side were led by Vlaicu Piscan, who took over as Logothete, Clucer Coadă, and Vornic Staico Șintescu, as well as Radu Furcovici, who held various commissions and was Paisie's godson. At the end of this punitive expedition, Mărăcine was chased out of the land. His later life gave rise to many legends. According to Rezachievici, the most plausible one is that he was quietly murdered in Istanbul in 1565, being survived by his son, the pretender Nicolaus Bassaraba.
1530s consolidation
Paisie had returned on the throne in Bucharest by July 17, 1536, when he granted Snagov Monastery an annual donation "from my highness' own granary". He now focused some of his activity on competing with the boyars for possession of land, some of which he then distributed among his family and retinue. He owned 73 villages to his name, the largest single domain since Mircea I's (before 1418); 22 of these were bought from the boyars and at least 7 were inherited from Neagoe, while another 13 were confiscated from disobedient subjects. His sister received most of Islaz village and the whole of Fălcoiu, purchased by Paisie from a Marga Craioveasca of Caracal; Furcovici and his wife Caplea were similarly granted Bistreț. Boyars earned Paisie's favors with land donations at Sfințești and Fetești, which also went to the princely family. In 1538, Paisie himself confiscated the Teleorman estates of an older pretender, Radu Bădica, including perhaps the whole of Viișoara. He donated these to his courtiers, Drăghici and Udriște. These and other loyalists, including Detco of Brâncoveni, received a large portion of the Craiovești inheritance, presumably confiscated by Paisie from his rivals.
The next period restated Prince Radu's formal allegiance to the Ottomans, whose continued backing he needed; he "never rattled a sword against [them]." According to various records, he was still scheming against Suleiman at every opportunity: as early as July 1536, Božidar Vuković "della Vecchia" boasted having met the Prince of Wallachia in Istanbul, where they discussed freeing Wallachia and the Balkans. It remains disputed whether this refers to Paisie or to a rival pretender. The following year, Paisie's Wallachian army, led by a new Ban, Șerban of Izvorani, participated in the Ottoman expedition into Hungary. In August 1538, Paisie himself took charge of the 3,000-strong expeditionary corps that assisted an Ottoman invasion of Moldavia, which was designed to punish Moldavian Prince Petru Rareș for his insubordination. Historian Tahsin Gemil notes that the troops were merely "sent by Radu Paisie". As reported by Gemil, they followed Suleiman northwards to Fălciu, and contributed to the war effort which resulted in Rareș's submission.
In 1540, the Ottoman-friendly Zápolya granted his Wallachian neighbor ownership of two Transylvanian citadels, Vințu de Jos and Vurpăr; the exact circumstances for this territorial gift remain disputed. As early as 1538, Paisie also expressed some regret over such alliances, writing to the burghers of Hermannstadt that the "infidel Turk" needed to be defeated. In the same letter, written shortly before the Moldavian campaign, he proposed a union of Christians around "a single concept and a single faith". Overall, however, he attempted to obtain from the leaders of Hermannstadt a guarantee that they would not rebel against "our master" Zápolya. As argued by scholar Nicolae Grigoraș, Paisie attempted to pass himself off as a supporter of the "Zápolyan party in Transylvania", while secretly harboring "anti-Turkish sentiments". The expeditionary corps, Grigoraș argues, was "auxiliary", less than what Wallachia could muster.
By June 1539, Paisie found himself at odds with Șerban of Izvorani. The latter may have obtained control of the country, describing himself as a regent, or ispravnic of the throne. Historians are divided over which family led the uprising, with some proposing a Craiovești insurgency, and others pointing to Paisie's conflict with the Florescu family. Șerban was in any case aided by the Drăgoești boyars, Radu, Pârvu and Vlad, as well as by Giura, the former Logothete. Again faced with an insurgency, Paisie departed for Istanbul, where Suleiman reconfirmed him as a Prince. He returned to Wallachia alongside an Ottoman emissary, charged with restoring order. His return pushed the boyars, including Șerban, to take flight in Ottoman lands, where Giura spent the rest of his life. In September 1539, one of Paisie's writs donated to the Bishops of Buzău the village of Pârscov, which he had confiscated from the rebel Barbu. Eventually, Paisie persuaded Suleiman to order Șerban captured and killed, for rea hiclenie ("evil treason"). This is believed to have happened at some point before June 1543, although other readings of the same sources suggest that he was still alive by then. The office of Ban went to a boyar Pravăț, who was serving as such in April 1543.
These and other clashes overlapped with a "great famine", so severe that it reportedly pushed Wallachians to sell their children into Ottoman slavery. Moreover, they resulted in the annexation of Brăila, a lucrative Wallachian port on the Danube, to the Ottoman Empire. Described in some records as an éminence grise, Coadă may have played a "decisive role" in this affair, thanking the Ottomans for their support against Șerban's party. Paisie was one of the last Wallachian rulers to maintain a capital at Târgoviște (creating it as a seat for Varlaam and his Wallachian Metropolis), though he also continued to reside in Bucharest. The slow transition signaled a shift in Ottoman priorities, from northern Muntenia, with its Transylvanian commitments, to a new city closer to the Ottoman garrison at Giurgiu (Yergöğü). It was also a move "from the mountains to the open plains and from the north to the south, nearer the imperial frontier, where [the Princes] be more easily controlled." Already in 1536, Paisie is attested as having maintained his own house in Istanbul.
By late 1540, Paisie was intervening in the Hungarian civil war, as an emissary of the Sultan. In that context, he tried to dissuade Transylvanian nobles from supporting Stephen Majláth, who had rebelled, and from swearing loyalty to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Unable to act when the Ottoman Army passed through Wallachia on its way to punish Majláth, he send a word of warning to the burghers of Corona that they should prepare for a siege; Corona then relayed his warning to the Transylvanian court. As another sign of Ottoman submission, Paisie and Rareș staged their own invasion of Transylvania in June 1541, peaking with a devastating raid on Székely Land. Moldavian military forces were the bulk of the invading army, namely 12,000 soldiers—as compared to 6,000 provided by Paisie, and only 200 by Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey; in July 1542, the latter two joined up with Rareș's armies in Orbaiszék. The two Princes had a polite correspondence, with Rareș addressing his Wallachian counterpart as "great and honored tsar"—although, as noted by Nicolaescu, the title was meaningless.
The campaign of Transylvania came to an end later in July, when the Ottoman vassals besieged Majláth at Făgăraș Citadel. Paisie and Rareș then captured Majláth, who was then either executed by Suleiman or allowed to live the remainder of his life as a prisoner in Galata. In August, Paisie had made his way back to Târgoviște. By April 1542, he had left for Oltenia and was again heading into Hungary. According to Gheonea, it was for this service in Transylvania that he received ownership Vințu de Jos and Vurpăr. His contribution was also rewarded by the authorities of Corona, who presented him with 200 florins as a gift; this was ten times less than what they awarded Rareș, and five times less than Balı Bey's share.
Habsburg alliance and Stroe's rebellion
Already in late 1541, Paisie was contemplating joining a Christian alliance against the Ottomans. This was acknowledged by Rareș's envoy to Poland, Avram Banilovschi. His report, rendered by Mikołaj Sieniawski, was that "my master, along with his neighbor the Wallachian prince, would more readily side with Christendom than with the pagans". In January 1542, Piotr Gamrat wrote about efforts mounted by the Electorate of Saxony to form an anti-Ottoman league around Ferdinand I and the Hungarian Habsburgs. Its leading component was to be Poland, assisted by Wallachia and Moldavia—the latter two, Gamrat claimed, would provide a combined army 40,000-strong. Isabella's policy of neutrality, crafted by George Martinuzzi, was directly threatened by the Moldavian and Wallachian intrigues. During 1542, Martinuzzi sent envoys to Rareș, trying to persuade him from invading Transylvania. At the time, both Rareș and Paisie, discovering that the anti-Ottoman armies were not battle-ready, decided to postpone their planned expedition.
Paisie then participated in diplomatic maneuvers which were meant to conceal Rareș's preparation for an anti-Ottoman strike. They played up the Ottomans' suspicion toward Eastern Hungary, which was ruled at the time by Zápolya's widow, Isabella Jagiellon: Rareș complained to the Porte that Isabella intended to invade Moldavia from Transylvania, with Polish help; Paisie informed Isabella of this, advising her to openly deny that she had any such plans—in March 1542, Isabella heeded his advice, but the intrigue served to persuade Suleiman that Rareș was loyal to him. In his letters to Isabella, Paisie also described the Franco-Ottoman alliance and circulated rumors of a resumption of war in Ottoman Hungary; in parallel, Paisie informed Joachim of Brandenburg that Suleiman was not in fact ready for a war. As noted by historian Marian Coman, Paisie's letters also suggest that he increasingly viewed Transylvania as separate within Isabella's realm, referring to its leader as the "Voivode from Transylvania" (воєвода ѡт Ардѣл), rather than the more traditional "Transylvanian Voivode".
During the first half of 1543, the Ottomans were confident that Paisie and Rareș would support their attempt to conquer all of Hungary and contain Ferdinand. In February, the Sultan himself informed the Transylvanian Diet that they should be prepared to assist Paisie as he returned with his army to besiege Esztergom; Venetian sources circulated rumors that 15,000 Wallachian soldiers were standing by to assist Suleiman. In fact, Paisie was courting both sides, and preparing for either scenario. On January 7, 1543, he had signed a secret alliance treaty with Ferdinand. This document, in Renaissance Latin, effectively recognized Wallachia as part of the Hungarian Kingdom in its Habsburg version. As noted by Rezachevici, such efforts were largely perfunctory: "after 1542 it was no longer feasible to mount an effective anti-Ottoman alliance, as the king [Ferdinand I] was incapable of acting against Suleiman". Historian Léon Lamouche similarly writes that Pope Paul III's advocacy in favor of a league that would have involved Paisie and Rareș failed: "as is usually the case, reality did not meet one's expectations."
A retaliation from Isabella and Martinuzzi's Transylvanian territories, crucially assisted by the Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes, soon followed. It was prepared by the Paharnic Stroe Florescu (known in historical records as Stroe Pribeagul, "the Outcast"). A former ally and cousin of Șerban, Stroe had exiled himself after the 1539 debacle. In early 1544, he returned to Wallachia at the helm of an anti-Ottoman army, alongside Laiotă Basarab. According to the 18th-century writer Constantin Filipescu, Târgoviște was taken, and Paisie had to escape into Rumelia Eyalet, at Nikopol. Other historians back this account: the insurgents had full control of Wallachia for two months, according to Irina F. Cîrstina, or one month, according to Matei Cazacu. It remains disputed whether it was Laiotă or Stroe who claimed the princely title, or whether the throne was left vacant. One version suggests that Stroe ruled over Oltenia as Ban, while Laiotă was Prince.
Final return and expulsion
Eventually, Paisie's adversaries faced Wallachia's army at a place called Fântâna Țiganului ("The Gypsy's Fountain"), identified as a mineral well outside Găiseni, west of Bucharest. The rebels were defeated; both Stroe and Laiotă were executed, with the former being buried at Strâmbu-Găiseni Monastery. Vlaicu Piscan, who had joined them in the plot, and Stanciu of Pietroșani were also recorded as "slaughtered" in the aftermath. Furcovici had an essential role in returning Paisie to his throne, and, for this service, was made owner of Poenari Castle and Căpățâneni. One document suggests that Stroe had twice invaded Wallachia from the north, and therefore that there were two distinct battles of Fântâna Țiganului. Gheonea argues that the source, which pushes Laiotă's claim back to 1537, must be a forgery, of a "frequent kind in that era." Researcher N. Stoicescu also advanced 1544 as the date of the battle, although also noting that some records have 1542. Spiridon Cristocea and his colleagues date the battle to October 1544; they also note that Piscan's betrayal is still commemorated in the eponymous village of Piscani, where the area once housing his manor was still known in 2012 as Locul Iudei ("Judas' Place").
During this final part of his reign, Paisie traveled extensively: on November 7, 1543, he issued documents from two locations—Murcenii lui Puia near Balta Ialomiței, and Orașul de Floci; the latter town had replaced Brăila as Wallachia's leading port. Nine of Paisie's writs and rulings have survived from the year 1544—including one from October 6, which assigned Cunești and two families of Gypsy slaves to Stan Papa. Also that year, Coadă had been appointed Vornic and dispatched to Giurgiu—possibly in order to concede more territory to the Ottoman Empire in that area, just south of Bucharest. The year also saw a new increase in Ottoman demands from Wallachia, with local shepherds being expected to contribute 100,000 sheep as tribute to Istanbul, in exchange for access to its markets. At the time, the Sultan still viewed Paisie as the Ottoman representative in his relations to Rila Monastery, in Rumelia.
In June 1544, Suleiman heard a complaint by Prochorus, the Archbishop of Ohrid, according to whom Paisie was making it difficult for him to collect past dues from the Wallachian Church. Since this meant a reduction of the overall haraç, Suleiman ordered Paisie to press the Metropolitan (either Varlaam or Anania) into compliance. Iorga also mentions a document, which he dates to September 1544, whereby Paisie confiurmed donations to the Buzău bishops—read by Iorga as the bishopric's actual foundation. Although Paisie had by then resumed control of his country, a more powerful contender for his throne arrived on the scene. This was Mircea the Shepherd, nominally Paisie's half-brother, who lived in Istanbul and periodically bribed the Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha, to obtain his support. The competition became tense in December 1544, when Paisie was ordered to send his eldest son, Marco or Marcu, who was by then his nominal co-ruler, as an hostage to the Porte. He failed to deliver within the required interval, which alerted the Ottomans that he was plotting a revolt. Suleiman prepared his ouster, making sure that Mircea would be able to occupy the throne before Paisie could "abscond with the treasury". Other authors suggest that the Ottomans had learned about Paisie's Habsburg alliance, which thus contributed to his ouster.
Paisie entered history as "the first prince [of Wallachia] to be deposed and exiled at the sultan's pleasure." The corresponding firman for his dethronement was dated February 22, 1545, precisely as Mircea was reentering Wallachia. According to Gheone, the most precise dating for his removal is "late February", which revises an earlier consensus, based on Mircea's first known writ, and which has "March 25" as the relevant date. Paisie was escorted into the Ottoman Empire, but allowed to keep some of his wealth. Confident that he could still regain the throne, he sent Suleiman a gift of 500,000 akçeler, and made various donations to the monasteries on Mount Athos. His efforts were curbed when he was exiled to Egypt Eyalet, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at an unknown date. Iorga argues that his burial place must be a parish church of the Byzantine Patriarchate of Alexandria. Gane also writes that Paisie died in Alexandria. Other records suggest that his destination and resting place was the Sinai, making him the first Wallachian or Moldavian Prince to have set foot in the peninsula.
Legacy
Descendants
After installment, Mircea offered rewards to Paisie's prominent rivals, the Drăgoești family. Staico Șintescu, who lost his high rank under the new regime, remained a prominent supporter of the deposed Prince, as did Radu Furcovici, who was driven into exile. In 1546, Mircea put to death Clucer Coadă and his brother Radu, while forcing Coadă's children to take refuge in Transylvania. Metropolitan Anania also seems to have fled to Transylvania, alongside Paisie's putative mother-in-law, Princess Milica. The new monarch tried to coax other Paisie loyalists into returning, sending Barbu of Pietroșani, orphaned son of Toma, to bribe them. The effort was a failure, but so were the exiles' various attempts to remove Mircea. Over the following months, Mircea's violence lost him the support of his own boyars. In 1547, Barbu and the Drăgoești absconded with Wallachia's haraç money and became wanted men. Barbu was ultimately delivered by the Ottomans to Bucharest, where he was executed in April 1548. By then, both the Paisie exiles and Wallachia had lost control of Prince Radu's Transylvanian estates, which became George Martinuzzi's own demesne.
Lady Ruxandra's fate is generally unknown. A woman identified as Neagoe's daughter was still attested as living Wallachia—she was spared by the new regime, being recognized as owner of Găneasa. One document, issued in 1572, suggests that Ruxandra had continued to reside in Wallachia to her death. The inscription on her putative grave omits her name, possibly as punishment for her alleged incest with Paisie. It is also not precisely known what became of Paisie's designated heir, Marco, or of his brother Vlad. In 1554–1557, between two of Mircea's reigns, the Wallachian throne was taken by a Pătrașcu the Good, who styled himself "son of Radu Paisie". A period document suggests that Paisie had recognized his issue, personally granting Pătrașcu ownership of Segarcea. One theory suggests that "Pătrașcu" was Marco's regnal name. However, Paisie and Marco appear side by side in an Argeș Monastery fresco presumed to have been completed in the 1550s, on Pătrașcu's orders. According to Gane, Pătrașcu was a legitimate son, born to Paisie's first wife, Stana; if this is the case, then through his marriage he became a posthumous son in law of Toma of Pietroșani, his father's enemy.
This reconciliation was also signaled by other dynastic intermarriages, including that between Paisie's daughter Maria and Balea of Pietroșani. Other sources note that Paisie had a Muslim son, Mehmed, who pleaded with Suleiman to be granted an estate (timar). This is possibly Marco or Vlad, after having accepted Islam. Yet another hypothesis is that Vlad survived in Wallachia to ca. 1560, when he was put to death by Mircea's son Peter the Younger, possibly by request of his mother, Doamna Chiajna. Nicolaescu proposes that, in all, Paisie had three sons, Marco, Vlad and Pătrașcu, as well as two daughters, Maria and Cârstina. His nieces through the other Cârstina were Rada, married into the boyar clan of Fălcoiu, and Anca-Badea.
If Pătrașcu's claim was truthful, Radu Paisie may have also been the posthumous grandfather of Princes Petru Cercel and Michael the Brave. According to Cîrstina, the "circle of power, formed around the family of Radu Paisie", was active in obtaining the throne for both of his presumed grandsons. However, Filipescu doubts Michael's claim and the legends associated with it, noting that "no historian of ours (or foreign) attests as to who he was or how he took the throne". According to an early assessment by Iorga, Michael was born to Pătrașcu's paramour, Teodora, rather than to Princess-consort Voica; this account was backed by other scholars. In contrast, Nicolaescu underlined that, beyond all doubt, Teodora was Pătrașcu's legal wife. Dan Pleșia also endorses the Radu—Pătrașcu—Michael genealogy. Moreover, he argues that another son of Prince Radu had heirs, which included Radu Florescu, who was at once Michael's Clucer, confidant, uncle and in-law.
Church-building
Scholar V. Brătulescu writes that Paisie's contribution as a founder of churches (ktitor) may have begun before he was enthroned, with the establishment of Gura (or Valea) Monastery, outside Țițești. However, he proposes that the building was more likely finished in 1544, with murals done under Mircea the Shepherd, and redone even later; Gura's co-ktitors were the three lords of Piscani: the future dissident Vlaicu Piscan, alongside his brothers Mihail and Badea. All their contributions are rendered uncertain by a misdated pisanie, which credits Paisie as a ktitor in 1535, at a time when he was not on the throne. A nearby tomb belonging to the Piscans' matriarch Anisia has Vlaicu's name chiseled out, possibly signifying Paisie's attempt at damnatio memoriae. Filipescu mainly records Paisie as ktitor of Mislea Monastery, now in Scorțeni, though a record from ca. 1620 suggests that the institution was in fact founded by "his parents". Mislea was a prime recipient of estates from Paisie, including areas of Brebu, Călugăreni, and Cornu, as well as, to the south, Căscioarele and Greaca. Several were confiscated back by Mircea Ciobanul.
As noted by art historian Liviu Marius Ilie, Paisie and Marco both tried to compensate for Ottoman subjugation by investing in their role at patrons of Orthodoxy. Ilie identifies this aspect in the infirmary of Cozia Monastery, which the two built; in the frescoes, Paisie, identified as "Petru", is blessed by Jesus Christ, with angels crowning him and Marco together. He is pictured holding up a small replica of the monastery, which, scholar Gheorghe Balș notes, is sufficiently accurate to help with reconstructing Cozia as it looked in the 1540s. Painted in large part by masters David and Radoslav, the infirmary is mentioned by historian Vasile Drăguț among the last Wallachian monuments attributable to high Byzantine art, one with highlights of "great preciousness." The stonemasonry, credited to one "Master Maxim", has likely origins in Serbian art, and may highlight Paisie's family connections with the Branković dynasty. The murals show both Princes and Ruxandra alongside Cozia's administrator, Stroe, whose portrait evades the Byzantine canon and is regarded as one of the first realistic works in Romanian art. The ensemble also features the only known local take on The Incredulity of Thomas.
Various period sources indicate that the Prince redirected the wine tribute owed by Pitești toward maintaining a monastery at Stănești. The church in that village is also a noted monument of medieval art, financed by the future rebel, Logothete Giura, in 1537. Historians note its frescoes as a main development on the path to a rural realism which became dominant after 1700. However, the work may be a retouching of earlier murals, from before Paisie's day. Its preserved layer is attributed to an Eratudi, possibly from Crete, or to a master Dumitru.
Paisie was the re-builder of Tismana Monastery, and, Iorga notes, introduced there massive borrowings from the more architecturally advanced churches of Moldavia: the brickwork of Tismana appears to have been based on Khotyn Fortress, as completed under Petru Rareș. Contributions from Paisie's era also include the Tismana doorway, carved in 1542. It is one of the rare examples in Wallachian medieval stone-carving, ultimately inspired by the art of khachkars. According to Iorga, Paisie emphasized his Basarab legitimacy by completing work on the monasteries of Argeș and Dealu, where he "dreamed of being buried." This effort also left an imprint in Paisie's legacy abroad. A tower at Dionysiou Monastery carries a carving mentioning "Petru Voivode" as the sponsor—which may mean either Paisie or Petru Rareș. In addition to sponsoring Meteora and Mount Athos, he contributed, from 1540, to the upkeep of Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai.
Language, literature, historiography
During his ten-year reign, Paisie revived Wallachian printing, which still used Church Slavonic rather than preserving the attested vernacular. This reflected his patronage of Serb craftsmen from the Republic of Venice and the Sanjak of Bosnia, including Božidar Vuković and of Božidar Goraždanin's nephew, Dimitrije Ljubavić. Bibliologist Agnes Terezia Erich proposes that, by relocating Ljubavić's press to Târgoviște in 1544, Paisie inaugurated "artisan printing in Wallachia"; however, the enterprise itself was entirely private, the first non-public press in the history of Romania. As Iorga notes, his Early Cyrillic, introduced by Ljubavić for various prayer books, was inferior to the type used in previous decades; the illustrations, instead, were "rather beautiful". The impact of Slavonic as a state language remained high, even though occasionally challenged by Greek. According to archivist Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu, the penetration of Greek at Paisie's court was overestimated because of a single text which survived in Greek translation. The rediscovery of its Slavonic original toned down that claim, although "one could still write in Greek in Wallachia at that time."
Under Paisie, Wallachia built bridges, political as well as cultural, with the Transylvanian Saxons, including through his letters to the burghers of Hermannstadt. One of these asks for a "well trained and learned scribe", presumably one who could read and write in Renaissance Latin, and promises candidates a hefty pay. In 1539, Hieronymus Ostermayer visited the Wallachian court and performed there his samples of Renaissance music. Other attempts at closer contacts failed. In the 1540s, the city of Corona asked Paisie to expel Ottoman Greeks from Wallachian territory, viewing them as commercial competitors. Paisie declined, writing that such a move would displease "our lord, the exalted emperor" Suleiman. As noted by historian Dinu C. Giurescu, this message, ending in "stop them yourselves if you can do so", summarized Paisie's "impotence in curbing the activity of south-Danubian commercial agents." There were also sustained Saxon attempts to spread the Reformation among Transylvanian and Wallachian Romanians. Luther's Small Catechism was translated and circulated in Romanian in Filip Moldoveanul's print of 1544, but, Iorga writes, "had no impact either on that side [of the border] or on this one."
The chronological fragmentation of Paisie's reign, and the multiple names and titles he used, resulted in confusion in some later annals and chronicles. A handwritten list from 1701 describes two separate Princes, as Hegumen Radu and Paise ("Paise the Outcast"), within an incorrect succession. In the 1850s, essayist Richard Kunisch recorded Paisie as reigning in 1536–1546, and hypothesized that he had died as a monk, after being deposed. The confusions also surfaced in later historiography. In 1895, philologist Émile Picot argued that the name "Petru" referred to Petrașcu, and concluded that by 1544 Paisie had ceded his throne to his putative son. Gane also writes that the reason behind Paisie's ouster had to with his involvement in the death of Alvise Gritti, an Ottoman favorite, which had occurred in 1534. Another error, which was only debunked in 1941, described Paisie as fighting against the pretender Drăghici Gogoașă, who was already dead in 1530. The erroneous dating of one document, since corrected, had also left some scholars, including Ioan C. Filitti, to propose that Paisie had actually reigned briefly in 1534, before Vlad Vintilă's assassination.
The advent of Romanian nationalism in the 19th century also rendered Paisie into an unpalatable historical figure. The cession of Brăila is traditionally depicted in Romanian historiography as Paisie's worst doing. However, according to Gheonea, it may have been inevitable, given "the balance of forces and the Ottoman interest in controlling the Danube". Another historian, Ștefan Andreescu, argues that Suleiman annexed Brăila precisely as revenge for Paisie's earlier involvement in anti-Ottoman intrigues. As noted in 1996 by Magazin Istoric, Paisie, unlike other Princes, never had a monograph published on him under the Romanian communist regime (1948–1989). The review proposes that this is because Paisie failed to rise to the national-communist standards. Paisie's reign was nevertheless a subject matter for the 1976 novel Cînd au venit Neagoe Vodă, by Emanoil Copăcianu.
Arms
Radu Paisie was one of a succession of princes who consolidated the use of the Wallachian arms, depicting a bird of solid color in various positions. During that interval in its history, the animal was consciously depicted as "hybrid", maintaining elements of the golden eagle and some features which suggest a raven. The emblem is featured, with a web of knotted lines, on Ljubavić's printed editions. The design was only standardized to match heraldic norms under Prince Pătrașcu, who was inspired by Renaissance art. The other heraldic device used in tandem on Paisie's seals was a variation of the theme called plantatio nova ("new plantation") by historians and heraldists, beginning with V. A. Urechia. The latter work features two human figures, the Prince and his (first-born) son, in full regalia, on either side of a tree. It was introduced in this form by Radu the Fair in the 1460s, and attested on at least two impressions of seals used by Paisie.
In Western armorials of the 1530s and later, Wallachia was mistakenly attributed a lion—the origin of this symbol may be with a misreading of a manuscript by Ulrich of Richenthal, or may originate with a tradition regarding Cumania. Ferdinand I's funeral in 1565 featured a banner of the arms of "Wallachia" with a lion—though, as noted by historian Géza Pállfy, these may more generally refer to Ferdinand's claim over all of Cumania.
Notes
References
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Princes of Wallachia
Mutilated pretenders to the Wallachian throne
House of Dănești
House of Drăculești
16th-century Romanian people
16th-century monarchs in Europe
People from Argeș County
Romanian businesspeople
Fishmongers (people)
Wallachian slave owners
Romanian patrons of the arts
Hegumens
Romanian Orthodox monks
Christians from the Ottoman Empire
Exiles from the Ottoman Empire
Romanian exiles
Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary
Romanian expatriates in Egypt
16th century in Egypt
Church of Sinai
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
4388216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Battalion%2C%20Royal%20Australian%20Regiment | 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment | The 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) is an amphibious light infantry battalion of the Australian Army part of the 1st Division Amphibious Task Group based at Lavarack Barracks in Townsville.
2 RAR was initially formed as the Australian 66th Battalion in 1945 as part of the 34th Brigade (Australia) and since then it has seen active service during the Korean War, Malayan Emergency and Vietnam War. In addition, the battalion has participated in peacekeeping operations in Japan, Rwanda, East Timor and the Solomon Islands and has contributed rifle companies to the security force protecting the Australian embassy in Baghdad following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In May 2006, 2 RAR's headquarters, support company and a rifle company deployed to Iraq as part of the third rotation of the Al Muthanna Task Group. In June 2011, the battalion deployed to Urozgan Province, Afghanistan as Mentoring Task Force Three (MTF3). In 2011, 2 RAR was selected to be the Army's Amphibious Ready Element Landing Force embarked on the Navy's new Canberra-class amphibious assault ships. The conversion process was completed in October 2017.
History
Formation
2 RAR was formed originally as the 66th Battalion at the end of World War II on 16 October 1945 as a regular infantry force raised from volunteers from the 9th Division for service with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. The battalion was stationed primarily at Hiro as part of the 34th Brigade from February 1946 to December 1948, when they returned to Australia. A month earlier, on 23 November 1948 it was renamed the 2nd Battalion, Australian Regiment, with the Royal regimental prefix being granted on 31 March 1949.
Upon 2 RAR's return to Australia they became part of the 1st Independent Brigade Group at Puckapunyal, Victoria, where they would remain until March 1953 as a training unit for recruits for the two battalions fighting in Korea.
Korean War
2 RAR's involvement in the Korean War was limited by the fact that it was not committed until late in the fighting. Instead, as mentioned above, the unit was used as a training unit that provided reinforcements for the other two RAR battalions that had been sent to Korea. The unit embarked for Korea on 5 March 1953 on board the MV New Australia, arriving on 17 March 1953. A few days later detachments from all three RAR battalions paraded at Camp Casey near Tongduchon, South Korea, the first time that the Royal Australian Regiment had paraded as a whole.
In April, 2 RAR relieved 1 RAR and became part of the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade, attached to the 1st Commonwealth Division. At this stage of the war, a static phase had developed. Relieving a French battalion, 2 RAR took up a position along the Jamestown Line and began patrolling in the 'no-man's land' area around the Imjin and Samichon Rivers.
On 9 July 1953 the battalion relieved the 1st Battalion, The King's Regiment around a feature known as 'The Hook' on the left flank of the 1st Commonwealth Division. As peace talks were currently under way, offensive operations were not undertaken by the Australians in this time, although 2 RAR continued to conduct patrolling operations, as well as the myriad of other tasks associated with defence such as maintaining minefields, digging trenches, capturing prisoners and collecting intelligence.
A few weeks later, on the night of 24 July 1953, the Chinese attacked the UN positions on The Hook in an effort to gain more ground prior to the signing of the armistice agreement. Over the course of two nights, waves of Chinese soldiers attacked the Australian and American positions in frontal assaults aimed at overwhelming the defenders through sheer weight of numbers. In between attacks, artillery and mortar attacks were launched during the day to soften up the defences. In an effort to hold the line reinforcements from 'D' Company, 3 RAR and the 1st Battalion, Durham Light Infantry were brought up and placed under 2 RAR command before the attacks were finally beaten off on the morning of 26 July. The number of Chinese dead was estimated between 2,000 and 3,000, while 2 RAR's casualties for the two nights were five killed and another twenty-four wounded.
There were no further attacks and the armistice came into effect the following day. Despite the end of hostilities, 2 RAR remained in Korea as part of the UN forces stationed in the country until 6 April 1954, when it returned to Australia, once again on the MV New Australia. Total losses for 2 RAR while it had been in Korea had been 22 killed.
Malayan Emergency
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, 2 RAR undertook two tours of Malaya during the Malayan Emergency, the first between October 1955 and October 1957 and the second between October 1961 and August 1963. The battalion arrived in Malaya for its first tour on 19 October 1955 and was once again attached to the 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade Group as part of the British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR) along with British and New Zealand troops. Throughout the two-year tour the battalion was based at Minden Barracks on Penang Island, although it spent large periods of time in the jungle conducting operations and exercises that frequently lasted weeks at a time.
Due to a delay in obtaining Australian government approval to conduct operations against the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), and their armed wing the Malayan National Liberation Army, 2 RAR did not commence operations until 1 January 1956 when the battalion was involved in Operation Deuce, which was a search and security operation in Kedah that was to last until the end of April when 2 RAR was relieved by the 1st Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment. For the next twenty months the battalion would continue to conduct similar operations – known as Operations Shark North and Rubberlegs – mainly in Perak, which was considered to be one of the main areas of Communist activity. These operations were primarily long-distance patrols in and around jungle areas searching for the Communists and providing perimeter security for the 'New Villages'.
During this time contacts were very limited, and the most intense action came on 22 June 1956 when a five-man patrol from 2 RAR was ambushed by a group of Communists near the Sungei Bemben reservoir. Three Australians were killed in this incident and three others were wounded and as other Australian patrols converged on the area a firefight ensued in which two of the attackers were killed before the others broke contact and dispersed.
Throughout 1956 operations continued and 2 RAR's companies took turns rotating through Kroh in the north of Perak on the Thai-Malay border. Between May and June 1957, 2 RAR took part in Operation Eagle Swoop, during which, on the afternoon of 24 June, they discovered a large Communist camp and in the subsequent clash two Australians were killed and one was wounded. Further operations were undertaken, including further patrols and ambushes, until finally in August 1957 2 RAR was withdrawn from anti-Communist operations and returned to its primary deterrence role as part of the FESR. This did not last long, however, as the battalion returned to Australia shortly afterwards in October 1957, to a large welcome home parade in Sydney.
The battalion's second tour of Malaya came four years later when it joined the 28th Brigade again, this time at Camp Terendak near Malacca in October 1961. While they had been in Australia, they had been converted to a Pentropic battalion, however, prior to their deployment they had been converted back to the tropical establishment. In August 1962 they were committed to anti-Communist operations in Perlis and Kedah once more, searching for the remnants of the MNLA Communist guerrillas along the Thai-Malay border. This lasted only a couple of months before it was decided to withdraw the battalion from this role for six months' training as part of the FESR. Regardless, several 2 RAR companies were used on further operations against the Communists in May 1963, before the battalion returned to Australia in August, without having suffered any losses. 2 RAR's total losses for the Malayan Emergency were 14 killed.
Vietnam
Two tours of South Vietnam were completed by 2 RAR during the Vietnam War. The first tour was between May 1967 and June 1968 with the second between May 1970 to May 1971. An advanced party from 2 RAR arrived in South Vietnam for their first tour in April 1967, although the main force did not deploy until the following month, embarking upon which had been converted to a troop carrier. Stationed at Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province as part of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF), they took over from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment.
Many of the battalion's members had recently served an eighteen month period overseas in Malaysia and Borneo. This restriction would mean that many personnel would only be able to serve a six-month tour and, as such, 2 RAR was brought up to full strength by accepting a draft of national servicemen from Australia. They were joined by Victor Company from the 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment which had served with 6RAR at the end of that battalion's tour. A replacement Victor Company and a second New Zealand company, Whisky Company, arrived in December 1967 and were also placed under 2 RAR's command. In March 1968 the three Australian and two New Zealand companies were officially integrated and the battalion was given the formal title of 2 RAR/NZ (ANZAC). This was the first official integration of Australian and New Zealand infantry at unit or battalion level.
During 2 RAR's thirteen-month tour they undertook a total of 23 operations with the New Zealanders in Phuoc Tuy and Bien Hoa Provinces. This constant schedule of patrols and ambushes within its area of operations kept the Vietcong (VC) off balance. Many of these operations were conducted as an independent unit, while others were conducted with the support of other 1 ATF units. The most significant of these operations was Operation Coburg, which was mounted between 24 January and 1 March 1968 in the border area between Phuoc Tuy and Long Khanh Provinces. This operation was the first operation conducted by 1 ATF outside of Phuoc Tuy and was aimed at denying the VC the ability to attack the large American bases at Long Binh and Bien Hoa. While this operation was underway, the Tet Offensive was launched, the result of which was that as well as contacting local force VC units, 2 RAR also came up against the main force units as well. 91 VC or North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldiers were killed in this operation.
2 RAR's involvement in Coburg ended on 14 February, although W Company, 1 RNZIR, remained with 3 RAR until the end of the operation in March. Operations in Phuoc Tuy continued until 25 April 1968 when the Battalion was deployed to the Bien Hoa–Long Khanh border to undertake Operation Toan Thang. This was to be 2 RAR's last major operation of its first tour and in June 1968 they were relieved by 4 RAR and returned to Australia, arriving there on 13 June. The two New Zealand infantry companies thereafter integrated with 4RAR.
2 RAR's second tour came almost two years later, when it returned to South Vietnam in May 1970, relieving 6 RAR at Nui Dat. Consisting of three rifle companies and a support company, 2 RAR was once again joined by two companies from the RNZIR and on 15 May the ANZAC title was adopted again. The second tour was focused mainly upon 'pacification', which sought to provide security of the struggling South Vietnamese state by seeking out and destroying the VC in their bases areas and isolating them from the ordinary civilian population. This was monotonous work for the infantrymen. The VC had been greatly weakened by the failure of the Tet Offensive, and as a result over the twelve months that 2 RAR was deployed contact was significantly less than had been experienced during the first tour, sustaining half the number of casualties. Nevertheless, the presence of two strong provincial VC regiments in the area meant that security in Phuoc Tuy remained problematic until the end and in May 1971, 4 RAR/NZ took over from 2 RAR and the battalion returned to Australia.
Total 2 RAR casualties for both tours were 32 killed and 182 wounded. New Zealand casualties over both tours were 10 killed and 57 wounded. Balanced against this, the battalion was credited with having killed 297 VC and captured a further 23.
As part of the post-Vietnam War reduction of the Australian Army 2 RAR was combined with 4 RAR between 15 August 1973 and 1 February 1995 as the 2nd/4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment.
Rwanda
Between August 1994 and August 1995 two contingents of Australian soldiers were deployed to Rwanda as part of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR). The deployment was focused upon providing humanitarian assistance and medical care for sick and injured civilians and as such a combat role was not envisaged, however, a rifle company was sent also in order to protect the medical team and command elements. The first contingent drew security personnel from 'A' Company, 2/4 RAR and was deployed between August 1994 and February 1995. Following this, a second contingent was sent, this time drawn from 'B' Company, 2 RAR, having been delinked only days before. During this deployment, the company was responsible for providing security at Kigali airport and for providing escorts to the medical team.
In April 1995, there was a serious outbreak of violence in one of the refugee camps that 2 RAR personnel were based at. Outnumbered and unable to undertake offensive operations due to the restrictions placed upon their operations by the UN Mandate governing the deployment, the Australians were unable to intervene. It has since been estimated that up to 4,000 refugees were killed by members of the Rwandan Patriotic Army in this incident, although this number may well have been higher if not for the efforts of the Australian medics and infantrymen who braved hostile fire on numerous occasions without the ability to return fire as they attempted to assist the wounded and dying.
The second contingent remained in Rwanda until August 1995 when it was withdrawn from the war torn country and the Australian commitment ended.
East Timor
In September 1999, Australia deployed a brigade-sized combat element to East Timor as part of the UN sanctioned International Force – East Timor (INTERFET) that was deployed in order to restore law and order and end the widespread violence and destruction that had broken out following a referendum in August that had shown overwhelming support for independence from Indonesia. As a part of this deployment, the Australian force was charged with restoring peace and security and facilitating the provision of humanitarian assistance. 2 RAR was one of the first units deployed once the airfield at Dili had been secured by elements of the Special Air Service Regiment. Arriving in Dili on 20 September 1999 having been flown in from Townsville, they immediately started the process of restoring order to the capital so that it could be used as an operational base from which further operations could be launched in the surrounding countryside.
As the rest of 2 RAR began to dig in around Komoro Airport to secure the air link with Australia and launched a number of patrols throughout the western part of the Dili, 'C' Company was detached to secure the beachhead at the docks. With two M-113 APCs from 3/4 Cav to provide fire support, 'C' Company began moving towards the docks, but found the way blocked as they encountered a number of platoon-strength roadblocks that had been set up by the Indonesian military TNI. Overcoming these obstacles by swarming over them in massed company formations, 'C' Company eventually reached the dock where they encountered large numbers of refugees as well as groups of Indonesian military and militia. A tense stand-off followed as the Australians set about the task of securing the port in preparation for the arrival of the follow-on seaborne forces that were to land the following day.
The following day, as reinforcements arrived at the dock by sea, 2 RAR was relieved by 3 RAR (Para), whose Admin Company took over the task of guarding the docks, freeing up 2 RAR to continue further operations around Dili. Initial operations focused upon carrying out building searches, setting up roadblocks and vehicle checkpoints, gathering intelligence from locals and finding and disarming the local militias that had largely been responsible for the violence.
On 27 September, 'D' Company, 2 RAR, conducted an airmobile operation into Liquica, west of Dili, before the battalion returned to the capital to continue the task of making the city safe. By the beginning of October Dili had been fairly well secured and so INTERFET began to move out into areas along the western border with Indonesian West Timor. 2 RAR's rifle companies were deployed to Balibo by helicopter on 1 October, while the rest of the battalion arrived the next day. Working closely with other units in the area from New Zealand and Britain, the northern border area was secured before pushing further inland to Maliana, Bobonaro and Suai, which were considered important towns in the western area of the country.
The key town of Suai was cleared on 6 October when 2 RAR operating alongside elements from the SASR and the Gurkhas, was airlifted into the town. In doing so, 116 pro-Indonesian militiamen were captured, later sparking further violence when other militia units began attacking the Australians, resulting in two 2 RAR soldiers being wounded.
Up until this time despite several cases of tense stand-offs earlier in the operation, for the most part the TNI had largely kept its distance from the Australian force as they carried out their evacuation back to Indonesia, however, on 10 October a clash occurred near the border at Mota'ain. As an Australian patrol from 'C' Company advanced towards the border Indonesian military, police, and militia forces opened fire upon the lead platoon and the Australians returned fire, resulting in a number of Indonesian casualties. For his leadership under fire, Corporal Paul Teong, commander of the lead section in the forward platoon during the contact, was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.
Amidst growing concern of further obstruction by the TNI, 2 RAR continued to conduct operations in the western border areas as slowly but surely security was restored to East Timor. On 3 January 2000, 2 RAR was relieved by 5/7 RAR (MECH). The following month INTERFET began transferring responsibility to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).
In October 2001, 2 RAR returned to East Timor, known as AUSBATT V of UNTAET, taking over from 4 RAR and serving a relatively uneventful tour, handing over to 3 RAR(Para) in April 2002.
In May 2006, Timor Leste (as East Timor has since become) asked for Australian assistance once more. As social, political and ethnic differences threatened to divide the country amidst a resurgence of violence, a new UN mission, United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor (UNMIT) was established. As a part of Australia's continued commitment to the fledgling nation, a battle group, known as Battle Group Samichon, based upon 2 RAR deployed to Timor Leste between September 2007 to April 2008. The Battalion deployed for a further tour in May 2009. Known as Timor Leste Battle Group-VI this ANZAC Battle Group conducted security and stability operations as well as training for deployment to Afghanistan the following year.
Solomon Islands
In July 2003, amidst an outbreak of lawlessness, violence and civil unrest in the Solomon Islands, 2 RAR was deployed as part of a Combined Joint Task Force following a request for assistance from the Solomon Islands government. Under the auspices of the United Nations Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), a two hundred strong reinforced company group based on 2 RAR was deployed to help support civilian police re-establish law and order as part of Operation Anode.
Iraq
Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, 2 RAR has provided companies to the security force protecting the Australian embassy in Baghdad – SECDET. The first deployment came in May with 2003 when 5 Platoon, 'B' Company deployed on SECDET 1 with elements of 2nd Cavalry Regiment. A Coy deployed on the next rotation, SECDET II over the period Sep 03 - Jan 04 before handing over to A Coy, 3 RAR . In May 2006, 2 RAR's headquarters, support company and a rifle company deployed to Iraq as part of the third rotation of the Al Muthanna Task Group. The Battalion conducted a final SECDET in 2009-2010 when B Coy deployed as SECDET XV.
Afghanistan
From September 2007 to May 2008, elements of the battalion deployed to Afghanistan on Operation Slipper as part of RTF-3. The Security Task Group (STG) was made up of infantrymen from C Company 2 RAR, mortarmen and snipers from Support Company 2 RAR, IMV crews from 6 RAR and B Squadron, 3/4 Cavalry Regiment, cavalrymen from 2/14 LHR(QMI) and gunners from 4th Field Regiment. Elements from these units combined with elements of the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment to form a combat team. The role of the STG was to provide the firepower and mobility necessary to facilitate the engineers' protected reconstruction. Intimately supported by Combat Engineers, Construction Engineers and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians to make up Combat Team (CT) Spear, the STG was the fundamental enabler for the protected reconstruction effort.
The Combat Team conducted five major operations during its deployment, effectively expanding the ISAF and ANSF's permanent influence in the Chora Valley and into the Baluchi Pass. The Combat Team sustained casualties early in the deployment with Trooper David 'Poppy' Pearce being killed by an IED in the Dorufshan and Sergeant Michael Lyddiard being seriously wounded whilst defusing an IED in the Chora Valley. The Combat Team was able to take the fight to the enemy during several engagements, most notably in the Sorkh Morghab region where all elements of the Combat Team engaged the enemy over several days allowing the construction of a patrol base and the Afghan Army to move into an area previously considered a Taliban stronghold.
In June 2011, the Battalion deployed to Urozgan Province, Afghanistan as the Battle Group Headquarters and Combat Teams of Mentoring Task Force Three (MTF-3). This included the Battle of Doan as well as many other engagements with the Taliban. The Battalion returned to Australia in February 2012. MTF–3 handed over responsibility for the mission to the soldiers from the Brisbane-based 8/9 RAR who made up MTF–4 on 24 January 2012. Two members of the Battalion were killed during this rotation.
Restructure under Plan Beersheba
Under a restructuring program known as Plan Beersheba announced in late 2011, 2 RAR has formed the core of the Army's amphibious force. This has seen 108th Battery relocate from 4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery to 2 RAR as a sub-unit, being the only full-time infantry battalion with its own organic artillery battery.
On 15 October 2017, 2 RAR transferred from the 3rd Brigade to report directly to the headquarters of the 1st Division. The battalion remains based at Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, and become the division's specialist amphibious infantry battalion. The battalion's primary role is to provide specialist capabilities to conduct pre-landing activities for other elements of the Army. It includes small boat operators and reconnaissance and sniper teams as well as command, communications and logistics elements. 2 RAR has a strength of around 350 personnel, which is smaller than the RAR's infantry battalions.
A 2017 article in the Australian Infantry Magazine stated that in its specialist role, 2 RAR "will be responsible for amphibious reconnaissance and surveillance, small boat operations, battle space shaping and limited scale raiding in support of a Joint Amphibious Task Force". The battalion's main function will be to collect information for the commander of the ADF's Amphibious Task Group and other decision-makers. It is to be responsible for reconnoitring and seizing beaches, helicopter landing zones and airfields for the Australian Amphibious Force's main ground combat element. Following the completion of amphibious operations, the battalion will either re-embark or remain ashore as a reconnaissance unit. In the latter role, it is to be capable of conducting reconnaissance patrols well behind enemy lines and providing information to other units.
As part of this change, 2 RAR transitioned to a new structure in January 2018 which comprises a battalion headquarters, a security company with four infantry platoons, a support company and an administration company. The battalion is planned to generally deploy as the main element of the Australian Amphibious Force's Joint Pre-Landing Force (JPLF). It is planned that the 2 RAR elements generally assigned to the Pre-Landing Force (PLF) will be a command and control node, elements from the Reconnaissance and Sniper and Small Boat Platoons, two infantry platoons, a joint fires team and a signals detachment. The JPLF will also comprise Army geospatial and survey teams, electronic warfare teams, amphibious beach teams, Royal Australian Navy clearance divers and other specialist elements. Other elements of the Army, including an infantry battalion, form the Amphibious Ready Group's Ground Combat Element (GCE), and rotate through this role on an annual basis.
Current composition
As of 2014, 2 RAR consisted of:
Battalion Headquarters
2 Rifle Companies – 'A' & 'B'
Support Company
Small Boat Platoon
Administration Company
108th Battery (Observation Post) – 4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery
Since January 2018, 2 RAR has comprised:
Battalion headquarters
'A' Company
Four infantry platoons
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Company
Reconnaissance and Sniper Platoon
Small Boat Platoon
Signals Platoon
Joint Fires Team
Administration Company
Battle and Theatre Honours
Korea: Korea 1950–53, Samichon.
Vietnam: Vietnam, Bien-Hoa, Coral–Balmoral.
East Timor: East Timor 1999-2003
Iraq: Iraq 2003-11
Commanding officers
The following table provides details of 2 RAR's Commanding Officers:
Alliances
United Kingdom – Coldstream Guards
See also
Royal Australian Regiment
Military history of Australia during the Korean War
Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War
Notes
References
Coulthard-Clark, Chris. (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles. Allen & Unwin: Sydney. .
Dennis, Peter, Grey, Jeffrey, Morris, Ewan & Prior, Robin. (eds.) (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. .
Grey, Jeffrey. (2008). A Military History of Australia. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press: Melbourne. .
Horner, David & Bou, Jean. (2008). Duty First. A History of the Royal Australian Regiment. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. .
Morgan, Benjamin. (2006). A Brief History of Australian Army Operations in East Timor, 1999–2005 (Archived 2009-10-23). Academic research paper. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
Further reading
External links
2RAR MTF Official Site
A Short History of 2RAR
The Collecting Bug: The 2 RAR Historical Collection Preserving, displaying and researching artefacts and memories from 2 RAR
Royal Australian Regiment
Infantry units and formations of Australia
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations of Australia in the Korean War
Military units and formations of Australia in the Vietnam War
Military units and formations disestablished in 1973
Military units and formations established in 1995
Military units involved in UN peacekeeping missions
Military units in Queensland |
4388256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Karpaty%20Lviv | FC Karpaty Lviv | Football Club Karpaty Lviv ( ) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Lviv.
In 2020–21 the club was reorganized and changed owner. During that period there existed two clubs with the same name, one at professional level competitions, another at amateur.
History
Early years (1963–68)
The team of Karpaty was founded on 18 January, 1963. In 1961 Silmash Lviv won the championship of Lviv Oblast but lost its promotional play-off against Naftovyk Drohobych to qualify for the Soviet Class B championship. In 1962 Silmash Lviv won the championship and cup of the Lviv Oblast (see Lviv Oblast Football Federation) and won the promotional play-offs against Naftovyk, obtaining the rights to participate in the Soviet Class B championship (Soviet First League). However, in 1963 the Football Federation of USSR conducted another reorganization in football national tournaments creating the Second Group of Class A and Class B became the third tier where a berth was reserved for a team from Lviv. At that time the best city team was SKA Lvov, players of which did not stay there for long, leaving it at the end of their military service, while the best would be drafted to CSKA Moscow. In light of that the city administration decided to create a civilian team, independent from the Soviet military.
In December 1962, in the building of Regional Council of Trade Unions (at prospekt Shevchenka), the head of the council and the regional football federation, Hlib Klymov, invited coaches of Silmash – Yuri Zubach (former player of Ukraina Lwów) and Vasyl Solomonko, as well as the director of the city plant "Lvivsilmash" Ivan Kalynychenko to discuss a new name for the club. The name Silmash was recognized as inadequate for participation on such a level. Among the proposed names were Spartak, Dynamo, Halychyna, while at the end they agreed upon the regional toponym Karpaty (Carpathians).
In the Soviet times all sport teams were "tied" to certain industrial unions or sport societies, therefore Karpaty joined the republican sport society of trade unions "Avanhard", while the Lviv Television Production Plant "Elektron" became its sponsor. Out of "Silmash" only two joined Karpaty: Ihor Kulchytskyi and Josef Fales. Karpaty also adopted the same jersey colors of Silmash. Also the club was reinforced with several players from SKA Lvov and transfers. The club played its first game on 14 April 1964 against Zenit Izhevsk at the Dynamo Stadium (today – the location of the building of the Regional Tax Administration) winning it 1–0. The goal was scored by the club's captain Oleksandr Filiayev. The first official game was against Lokomotiv Gomel on 23 April 1963, which Karpaty won 1–0 (goal scored by Anatoliy Kroshchenko).
Karpaty debuted in Group B in 1963 and remained there for four seasons, until in 1968 they were promoted to Soviet First League.
Winning the USSR Cup
On 17 August 1969, Karpaty became the first (and the only) club in the USSR football history to win the USSR Cup while playing in the Soviet First League. The road to the cup was no less exciting as the final itself. On the way there the Lions were challenged by such Soviet heavy-weights as Ararat Yerevan and Chornomorets Odesa. The quarterfinal round matched them with Trud Voronezh that in the prior round had eliminated Spartak Moscow. After a narrow victory over Voronezh, Karpaty faced Mykolaiv's Shipbuilders. The game was perceived by the Lvivians as the chance to avenge the previous year's loss to the Mykolaivans, which cost them a ticket to the Soviet Premiership. A score of 2–0 was enough to secure a trip to Moscow.
In the final, Karpaty faced the Red Army team from Rostov-on-Don at the Lenin Stadium. The Rostov army-men were one of the best Soviet clubs in the mid-1960s and for that game they were considered as the favorites being the representatives of the Soviet Top League. Before the start of the game Karpaty's captain Ihor Kulchytskyi shook hands in the traditional manner with every match official, except the assistant referee, Eugen Härms. The reason was that Härms, the Estonian referee in charge of their game a year earlier against Uralmash Sverdlovsk, allowed a goal from what was regarded as an obvious offside position that eventually contributed to Karpaty's denial of a promotion. Karpaty were trailing 0–1 already after the first 20 minutes and to the end of the half were not able to equalize, but numerous Karpaty's fans drove their team forward.
(Petro Danylchuk, "Karpaty" defender)
(Ihor Kulchytsky, "Karpaty" captain)
In the second half the Ukrainians broke the course of the game flow and two goals from Lykhachov and Bulhakov put the Lions ahead. Near the end of the game the Rostov team scored another goal, but it was given offside. The match referee, without consulting his assistants, initially allowed the goal and the Russians ran joyfully towards the center of the field. However, a moment later, he noticed the raised flag from Härms who had identified an offside and reversed his decision, awarding the victory to Lviv.
In the following season, Karpaty's first opponent in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was Romanian Steaua București that, led by István Kovács, advanced on a 4–3 aggregate.
Soviet Top League (1970–1977)
In 1970–77 and 1980, Karpaty played in the Soviet Top League. Karpaty's best achievement was 4th place in 1976. Karpaty placed 4th twice that year since the season was split into 2 separate championships (spring and fall). Karpaty were primed to win silver that season, but an unexpected loss in their last home game to Zenit Leningrad pushed Karpaty back into 4th place.
While playing in the Soviet First League in 1979, Karpaty were close to repeating their 1969 achievement, when they met Dynamo Moscow in the USSR Cup semi-final. The match, which was played in Moscow, went into overtime with a 1–1 score with Dynamo prevailing in the end, scoring a penalty kick in extra time.
Merger and period of SKA Karpaty (1981–1989)
In 1981, Karpaty were merged with another city team, SKA Lviv belonging to the Carpathian Military District and part of the Soviet Union Sports Society of the Armed Forces. In 1980 Karpaty were relegated from the Soviet Top League (Vysshaya Liga) and in the 1981 Soviet First League placed only 11th. Already before the season's finish there appeared rumors about possible merger. The logic of authors of that decision was in following, the city is receiving one, but strong and competitive team. In January 1982 the leaders of regional football ultimately decided to unite to clubs. It was motivated by the fact that it is difficult to finance two teams. As a result, Karpaty were liquidated and their place in the Soviet First League was taken by army team SKA Karpaty that was established in place of SKA Lvov. The new team was gathered from players of SKA, Karpaty, and several other who have recently arrived. The head coach became Russian Nikolay Samarin. It is believed that Ukrainian and Soviet coach Valeriy Lobanovskyi commented on liquidation of Karpaty, that it is a disaster of football in all western region of the republic. That it would take not single decade before they realize the whole tragedy of this merger.
The newly created SKA Karpaty were playing in red and white colors, and traditional green and white colors were banned. Militsiya were watching that fans would not bring to stands any green markings. The club's attendance fell immediately. Back in 1980 the Karpaty's home games were visited on average by 20-25 thousands spectators. In the first season after merging of the Lviv teams at stadium were gathering about 5-6 thousands spectators. The newly arrived footballers also did not stay long with the army club and were leaving as soon as their military service was terminated.
SKA Karpaty continued playing in the Soviet First League until 1989, getting close to promotion in 1986, when CSKA Moscow was promoted ahead of Karpaty on goal difference. As their highest achievement, SKA Karpaty placed third place twice while being coached by Volodymyr Bulhakov. After that their performance worsened. If in 1987 the club managed to place the fifth place, after two more years it literally hit the hard bottom placing dead last. It lost 18 of its 21 away games and its losing streak reached 15 games. To one of home games came to watch only 54 spectators, which was the absolute anti-record of the season.
Revival
The Karpaty's revival started with publication in a newspaper. In 1983 journalist and writer Ivan Salo wrote a critical article "Football... outside of play" (, in Ukrainian "outside of play" phrase is actually used for football term of offside). Now due to censorship in the Soviet Union, it dared to be printed only in four years in newspaper "Leninska molod" (The Lenin's Youth). The author was demanding to separate SKA Karpaty into two teams as it was earlier. The subject was expanded by "Sportyvna Hazeta" (The Sports Gazette). In November–December 1988 the publisher held a rally "Ya, mama, tato – za komandu Karpaty" (Mother, father and I – for the Karpaty team). The newspaper succeeded to gather 70,000 signatures from the whole Ukraine. After that the case actually moved from standstill. The Lviv delegation departed to Kyiv for negotiations with republican football federation (Ukrainian SSR, precursor of UAF). Negotiations also were held with Moscow.
Finally on 5 January 1989 at 15:00 in office No.290 of the State Committee on Sports of the Soviet Union at Luzhniki Embankment in Moscow was signed the certificate about revival of the Karpaty football team. His signature placed the future president of the Football Federation of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Koloskov. And on 10 January in "Sportyvna Hazeta" was printed a text titled "The birthday of the club". It has been seven years from the moment of the Karpaty's liquidation. The Lions began to play from the Second League (Zone 5, not Zone 6 with the rest "Ukrainian" teams), and SKA continued to play in the First.
The revival of the club was taken over by leadership of the Elektron Factory (television manufacturer), at facilities of which in 1963 Karpaty were actually created. In 2019 already the late Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi was telling, "At that time I worked as a head coach of Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk. To Lviv I was invited along with Rostyslav Zaremba (at that time he headed a club of the Karpaty football fans). We were told: The he club must be moved ahead [with establishment]", said Dyachuk-Stavytskyi. "For office we were given a space at vulytsia Dudaieva. On the third story there were two rooms. We found couple of chairs and a coffee table for magazines. I brought my personal typewriter as many people remember it. My friends laughed at me telling "Why do you need all this?" The same thing they said to Rostyslav as both of us came to an empty lot de facto".
"However", continued Dyachuk-Stavytskyi, "in renewed Karpaty was gathered a battle-ready team since to Lviv returned a good number of local "fosterlings" (former recruits) such as Stepan Yurchyshyn, Serhiy Kvasnykov, Viktor Rafalchuk, Hryhoriy Batych, Vasyl Leskiv, Bohdan Bandura and others. A squad chief (nachalnik komandy) became Ihor Kulchytskyi, as a head coach was appointed Borys Rossykhin, while his assistant became Rostyslav Potochniak. Companies were transferring us their funds, and people were simply bringing in their caps their money that they gathered at the city's streets. So, I ask you not to be confused, the football team was created in 1963, and the club – in 1989", said Dyachuk-Stavytskyi. (Many football teams were forced to adopt the Soviet policy of khozraschyot during that period, some earlier than others.) "Those are two important historical dates".
Ukrainian League (1991–present)
Since Ukraine gained its independence, Karpaty have primarily participated in Ukrainian Premier League competitions. They reached 3rd place in 1997–98, their highest Ukrainian top division finish to date, and were Ukrainian Cup runners-up twice, losing both times to Dynamo Kyiv in the final.
The thirteenth season in Ukrainian Premier League became an unfortunate one for Karpaty and in the 2003–04 season the team was relegated to the Persha Liha. However, Karpaty remained there only for two seasons and in the 2005–06 season, the club was successful in taking second place in the Persha Liha, which promoted them to the Vyscha Liha the following year.
In August 2017 the president of the club Petro Dyminskyi while driving near Lviv ran into another car killing a younger lady. Few days later he left Ukraine on a private jet as the police started investigation. In December 2017 the district court in Kyiv gave an order to detain him and asked Interpol for assistance. In 2018 Dyminskyi appealed to Interpol to ignore the request. Dyminskyi is still at large and hiding.
It was then Oleh Smaliychuk became among main executives of the club as a vice-president. Karpaty avoided relegation in previous 2016–17 season due to administrative sanctions that were imposed against FC Dnipro. In June 2017 Karpaty replaced its head coach with foreign specialist Sergio Navarro, while Argentinian Dario Drudi who recently worked in FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi became the club's executive director. To the club were also brought several Spanish speaking players.
The club poorly started its 2017–18 season losing at home to the newly promoted NK Veres Rivne that temporarily moved to Lviv (1:6) which led fans requesting players to undress their uniform and stop to disgrace the club's colors. Following the loss Navarro resigned and was replaced with Serhiy Zaytsev, but that did not help a lot. The club still struggled and after the away cup game loss against the Second League FC Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk (1:2), the club's hooligans began mass riots at the stadium, brawl with the local police and stopped the bus with the returning Karpaty near Lviv. Following another home loss to FC Mariupol and remaining at the 11th place (out of 12), Zaitsev left the post and was replaced Oleh Boychyshyn. The new coach managed improve the club's table standing during the second half and the club cleared the relegation zone.
Following somewhat poor start in the 2018–19 with two home losses in four games Boychyshyn was replaced with José Morais. The club's form did not improve much and after view surprising away wins against FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Chornomorets Odesa, Karpaty still continued to struggle to clear the relegation zone. At the end of November 2018 the Portuguese head coach left for Korea and Boychyshyn took over as interim. However, before the end of the half the club following this coach swap returned to the relegation zone. During the winter break to the club was brought another Spanish specialist Fabri González who was supposed to refresh the club, however his efforts were meager and the club remained at its 10th place. Fabri also failed to win against FC Inhulets Petrove in the domestic quarterfinals that played in a tier lower. Just before the finish Fabri was replaced with Oleksandr Chyzhevskyi who managed to win against the struggling FC Arsenal Kyiv and relegation play-off against FC Volyn Lutsk. An excellent season had a prospect player Marian Shved who just turned 22 and finished the season third on the top scorers list with 14 tallies. He also was traded away to the Scottish Celtic F.C., but remained with Karpaty on loan until the season's end.
The 2020 crisis
As in the previous season, the club again struggled to get out of the relegation zone in 2019-20. Although the league was scheduled to expand the following season, which would reduce the number of relegated teams, this did not help Karpaty. After 6 games the club remained 11th out of 12 and Chyzhevskyi was replaced with Roman Sanzhar. The change of coaches was not successful as the club by the midway point of the season hit bottom of the table and also suffered elimination from the domestic cup in the first round against FC Inhulets Petrove. As the club was leaving for the winter break, COVID-19 pandemic started to develop in Chinese Wuhan. The competitions resumed before introduction of quarantine and the UPL managed to finish the competition's first stage where Karpaty finished dead last. Soon after the UPL started its second stage of competitions all sports events in Ukraine were placed on halt on 18 March following the worldwide crisis. Sometime in May it was announced that Oleh Smaliychuk bought out a control package from Petro Dyminskyi who continued to hide from the law. After two months of quarantine, the UPL competitions renewed on 30 May. However, The UPL administration decided not to conduct the game Karpaty – Mariupol on 31 May 2020 as in the Lviv's team camp were found positive test results on COVID-19. FC Mariupol that was already on the way to the game was forced to turn around. On 2 June 2020 FC Karpaty Lviv released its official statement announcing that the club goes on 2 weeks self-isolation due to mass spread of the illness among players. The upcoming games with SC Dnipro-1 and Vorskla Poltava will not take place as previously scheduled. On 26 June 2020 were announced new rescheduled dates for the Karpaty's games against Mariupol and Dnipro-1. About a month later on 27 June they finally met in derby game against FC Lviv and promised to finish all their games they owed to other clubs before the new end of season on 19 July. But later Karpaty started to complain that the schedule is too tight and they won't be able to comply with the new schedule and refused to travel to any other games at all leaving on early vacations on 10 July. On 30 June 2020 the Ukrainian Premier League filed a document to the UAF Control and Disciplinary Committee informing that FC Karpaty Lviv were not able to show up for the game in Mariupol on 1 July 2020. The Mariupol–Karpaty game scheduled on 4 July will not take place. As it was the second failure to appear to the match for FC Karpaty Lviv, according to regulations the club was expelled from the championship by the UAF Control-Disciplinary Committee on 9 July 2020. The club was counted two technical defeats for two matches against FC Mariupol as 3:0 and 0:3. For all other remaining games that were due to play the club was counted -:+. On 22 July the UAF decision became final as the club did not appeal it.
On 31 July 2020 Smaliychuk announced that Karpaty would play in the Second League. In the beginning of August 2020 there surfaced information that Karpaty might even be able to play in the First League. On 14 August 2020 it was announced that the club never submitted registration for either the First or Second leagues. On 20 August 2020 it became confirmed that Karpaty will be actually playing in the Second League.
The 2021 club reorganization
The club underwent a considerable transformation in the summer of 2021. Owned by Petro Dyminskyi between 2001 and 2020, the Karpaty ownership was claimed either partially or entirely by Oleh Smaliychuk.
In 2020 the club announced its bankruptcy and was expelled from the Ukrainian Premier League, yet allowed to enter competitions in lower leagues and maintain professional status. In the autumn of 2020, veteran Karpaty Lviv players Stepan Yurchyshyn, Andriy Tlumak and others created another club by the same name that entered the national amateur competitions.
The next season the Smaliychuk's Karpaty were relegated and finally announced to be dissolved - Yurchyshyn's Karpaty were promoted to take their place in the league. During the 2020–21 Ukrainian Second League Karpaty temporarily played with a different logo.
On 14 July 2021 Smaliychuk announced that the club was dissolved and would not participate in the amateur championship after relegating from the Second League. He promised to continue the work by repaying club's old debts.
Stadium
Main articles: Ukraina Stadium and Arena Lviv
FC Karpaty play their home games at the Ukraina Stadium. The stadium was built in 1963 as Druzhba ('Friendship") Stadium and renamed into Ukraina Stadium in 1992. The stadium was renovated on several occasions since, the latest one taking place in 2001. Currently the arena has a capacity of 29,004 spectators.
The stadium was also the venue hosting the final match of the first Ukrainian Premier League season in 1992, in which Tavriya Simferopol defeated Dynamo Kyiv.
It has also been one of the venues for Ukraine national football team matches, the most recent being a 1–0 win over Belarus on 6 September 2008 during 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying.
Logo history
Since the club has been named after the Carpathian Mountains, the image of the forest and mountains has been present on team's logo for many years. However, the logo has since been updated, inspired by coat of arms of Lviv with a segment of a fortress and lion shown on the new crest. The club's nickname 'The Green Lions' also originated from their new logo.
The club also has a ceremonial logo, however, it is very rarely used, mostly during TV broadcasts or video packages.
Football kits and sponsors
Colours
Traditionally the club colours have been white and green. Throughout the club's history its kit has always been designed in green and white colours; other colours are almost never used and are usually highly criticized by fans.
Green is considered to be the dominant of the two in club nicknames like "Green Lions" and "Green-Whites". For some time black was also used and was even displayed on one of the club's former logos.
Rivalries
Karpaty's biggest rivals today are Volyn Lutsk and FC Lviv. The match against FC Volyn Lutsk is called the Galician-Volhynian rivalry (derby) which is the main football event in western Ukraine. Derby with FC Lviv has shorter history (six matches by the end of 2019)
Galician–Volhynian rivalry
Former rivalries
Karpaty became the longest surviving city's professional football club and over the years participated in Lviv city derbies with SKA Lvov (in 1966–1969) before the club was dissolved.
In the beginning of the 1990s a rivalry with FC Nyva Ternopil became overshadowed by the rivalry with FC Volyn Lutsk as the Ternopil club was relegated from the top division in 2001.
Supporters
Karpaty Lviv is among the most popular clubs in Ukraine and according to social polls of local polling organizations such as "RATING" and KIIS that were conducted in 2013 it was claimed that 2.7% to 5.6% of all football fans in Ukraine support the club (sharing the 3rd-5th place in the country).
Just before being appointed a director of the Moscow studio of Deutsche Welle, German journalist Markus Reher wrote an article in which he claimed that Ukraine is not ready to hold an event such as 2012 UEFA Euro, because there are too many "nationalist thugs" and neo-Nazis, particularly referring to Karpaty supporters. In the article an interviewed Karpaty supporter claims that supporters of the club "don't start fights" and are "just giving their team support". The supporter went on to say that "everything'll be fine" if supporters of other clubs don't provoke him or other supporters of Karpaty Lviv, and if they had foreign players at the club, they would send them back home if they could. The article claimed that the club protects its players from its nationalist fans, and Danilo Avelar, a player from Brazil, stated that he "hasn't heard of nationalist fans and hopes it isn't true". The article goes on to report that authorities have had problems in the past with violent fans in Lviv, citing a riot in Lviv's old town when ultranationalist Karpaty supporters clashed with supporters of German side Borussia Dortmund with injuries on both sides. Detailing the pre-independence history of the team, British correspondent Manuel Veth notes that the nickname Banderstadt later adopted by football ultras was given by "Soviet anti-terrorist forces" for the city's role in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's nationalist guerrilla campaign. The American journalist Michael Goldfarb pointed out that demonstration of antisemitism and xenophobia among the Karpaty Lviv fans could be politically influenced and is not uncommon in region including similar instances in neighboring Poland.
FC Karpaty Lviv in European competitions
Karpaty made its debut in European tournaments at the 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup, being eliminated by FC Steaua București in the first round. Karpaty became the second Ukrainian club in history to qualify for the European club competitions ahead of such other Ukrainian clubs like Shakhtar and Dnipro. Just four visits to European competition have followed, the most successful being a run to the Group Stage of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League.
UEFA club coefficient ranking
As of 06.06.2016 (no ranking for 2017), Source:
Honours
Domestic
Soviet Union
Soviet Cup
Winners (1): 1969
Soviet First League
Winners (2): 1970, 1979
Soviet Second League
Winners (1): 1991 (Zone West)
Ukraine
Ukrainian Premier League U–21
Winners (1): 2009–10
Ukrainian Cup
Runners-up (2): 1992–93, 1998–99
Ukrainian First League
Runners-up (1): 2004–05
Non-official
Copa del Sol
Winners (1): 2011
Players
Current squad
Out on loan
Staff and management
Administration history
President
1999–2001: Leonid Tkachuk
2001–2020: Petro Dyminskyi
2020–2021: Oleh Smaliychuk
General director
1999–2001: Ivan Lypnytskyi
2001: Oleksandr Yefremov
2001–2004: Mykhaylo Praktyka
2004: Petro Komar
2004–2005: Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi
2005–2006: Bohdan Fedoryshyn
2006: Vasyl Ravryk
2006–2008: Oleksandr Yefremov
2008–2009: Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi
2009: Yuriy Korotysh
2009–2015: Ihor Dedyshyn
2015–2017: Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi
2017–2020: Yuriy Korotysh
2020–present: Stepan Yurchyshyn
League and Cup history
Soviet Union
Ukraine
Divisional movements
Coaches
First team
Sergei Korshunov (1964–65)
Nikolay Dementyev (1965–66)
Yevhen Lemeshko (1967)
Valentin Bubukin (1972–74)
Ishtvan Sekech (1978–80)
Stepan Yurchyshyn (1992)
Myron Markevych (1 July 1992 – 30 June 1995)
Volodymyr Zhuravchak (1995–96), (2002)
Myron Markevych (1 July 1996 – 1 March 1999)
Stepan Yurchyshyn (1999)
Lev Brovarskyi (1999–00)
Stepan Yurchyshyn (2001)
Myron Markevych (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2002)
Valentyn Khodukin (Sept 15, 2002 – 31 Dec 2002)
Myron Markevych (1 Jan 2003 – 30 June 2004)
Valentyn Khodukin (July 2004 – Sept 2004)
Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi (Sept 15, 2004 – 30 June 2006)
Oleksandr Ishchenko (1 July 2006 – 1 Jan 2008)
Valeriy Yaremchenko (1 Jan 2008 – 30 May 2008)
Oleg Kononov (20 May 2008 – 18 Oct 2011)
Pavel Kucherov (interim) (18 Oct 2011 – 21 Jan 2012)
Volodymyr Sharan (21 Jan 2012 – 26 March 2012)
Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi (26 March 2012 – 8 June 2012)
Pavel Kucherov (interim) (8 June 2012 – 30 July 2012)
Nikolay Kostov (29 July 2012 – 10 May 2013)
Yuriy Dyachuk-Stavytskyi (interim) (10 May 2013 – 18 June 2013)
Oleksandr Sevidov (19 June 2013 – 17 June 2014)
Igor Jovićević (caretaker) (18 June 2014 – 1 September 2015)
Igor Jovićević (1 September 2015 – 12 January 2016)
Oleh Luzhnyi / Volodymyr Bezubyak (Jan 2016 – June 2016)
Valeriy Yaremchenko (June, 6 – 17 June 2016)
Anatoliy Chantsev (caretaker) (17 June 2016 – 5 July 2016)
Serhiy Zaytsev (5 July 2016 – 7 October 2016)
Oleg Dulub (7 October 2016 – 11 June 2017)
Sergio Navarro (16 June 2017 – 14 Sep 2017)
Serhiy Zaytsev (14 Sep 2017 – 19 Nov 2017)
Dario Drudi (caretaker) (19 Nov 2017 – 21 Nov 2017)
Oleh Boychyshyn (21 Nov 2017 – 16 Aug 2018)
José Morais (16 Aug 2018 – 28 Nov 2018)
Oleh Boychyshyn (caretaker) (28 Nov 2018 – 13 Jan 2019)
Fabri González (13 Jan 2019 – 27 May 2019)
Oleksandr Chyzhevskyi (27 May 2019 – 3 Sep 2019)
Roman Sanzhar (3 Sep 2019 – 29 July 2020)
Lyubomyr Vovchuk (23 August 2020 – 14 July 2021)
Andriy Tlumak (October 2020 – 2023)
Myron Markevych (2023 – present)
Reserve team
Roman Tolochko (2007 – 2013)
Andriy Kuptsov (2013 – 2015)
Andriy Tlumak (2016)
Oleksandr Chyzhevskyi (2016 – 2019)
Notable managers
Ernest Yust, Soviet Cup, Class A (pervaya gruppa) winner, Soviet Top League fourth place
Ishtvan Sekech, Soviet First League winner
Stepan Yurchyshyn, Soviet Second League winner
Myron Markevych, Ukrainian Top League third place
See also
FC Karpaty-2 Lviv
FC Karpaty-3 Lviv
FC Karpaty Lviv Reserves and Youth Team
EUROFANZ
References
External links
Official website
Fan site
Readmission of FC Karpaty Lviv to professional football (Oleksandr Shevchenko is a president of Lviv Oblast Association of Football whom Smaliychuk accused in lack of support for Karpaty)
Oleksandr Shevchenko, "the Smaliychuk's representatives were explaining that the only way to save Karpaty is to register the club from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in Lviv (Александр Шевченко: Представители Смалийчука объясняли, что единственный путь спасения Карпат — это зарегистрировать клуб из Ивано-Франковской области во Львове). Sport Arena. 25 August 2020.;
Oleksandr Shevchenko, "In situation with "Karpaty" it disturbs me whether or not it is another oligarchs' game, part of which is Smaliychuk (Александр Шевченко: В ситуации с Карпатами меня смущает, не очередная ли это игра олигархов, частью которой и является Смалийчук?). Sport Arena. 25 August 2020.
Artur Malkin. Oleh Luzhny, "Co-owner of Karpaty Smaliychuk is psychically unbalanced person" (Олег Лужний: "Співвласник "Карпат" Смалійчук – психічно неврівноважена людина"). Footboom. 26 August 2020.
Luzhny, "I can argue that Smaliychuk does not appear as an owner of Karpaty, because someone stands behind him" (Лужный: "Могу поспорить: Смалийчук не является совладельцем Карпат, за ним кто-то стоит"). Sport Arena. 26 August 2020.
Myron Markevych, "Beside Mykhailiv, I know at least two-three other people who wanted to buy Karpaty" (Мирон Маркевич: "Окрім Михайліва, знаю ще двох-трьох людей, які хотіли купити "Карпати"). Footboom. 26 August 2020.
We are starting to get ready for massive renovation. "Karpaty" will live ("Починаємо готуватись до масштабного оновлення. "Карпати" будуть жити"). FC Karpaty Lviv. 22 August 2020.
Artem Fedetskyi, "In Karpaty they want that debts were left on the new emblem. It is just another Smaliychuk's scheme (Артем Федецкий: «В «Карпатах» хотят, чтобы долги остались на новой эмблеме. Это еще одна авантюра Смалийчука»). Tribuna.com. 12 August 2020.
Ukrainian First League clubs
Football clubs in Lviv
Association football clubs established in 1963
1963 establishments in Ukraine
Soviet Top League clubs
Football clubs in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic |
4388435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Lytton | Henry Lytton | Sir Henry Lytton (born Henry Alfred Jones; 3 January 1865 – 15 August 1936) was an English actor and singer who was the leading exponent of the starring comic patter-baritone roles in Gilbert and Sullivan operas from 1909 to 1934. He also starred in musical comedies. His career with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company spanned 50 years, and he is the only performer ever knighted for achievements in Gilbert and Sullivan roles.
Lytton was born in London; he studied there with a painter but then went on the stage in defiance of his family's wishes. At the age of 19 he married Louie Henri, an actress and singer who helped him gain a place in a D'Oyly Carte touring company in 1884. After briefly playing in other companies, he and his wife rejoined D'Oyly Carte. He had an early breakthrough in 1887 when the Savoy Theatre star George Grossmith fell ill, and the 22-year-old Lytton went on for him in Ruddigore. Lytton starred in D'Oyly Carte touring companies from 1887 to 1897, playing mostly the comic patter roles in the Gilbert and Sullivan (and other) operas. From 1897 to 1903 he appeared with the company continuously at the Savoy Theatre, playing a range of baritone parts, from romantic leads to character parts in new operas and revivals. During this time his brief and costly attempt at theatrical production in London led to his abandoning thoughts of being an impresario.
The D'Oyly Carte company left the Savoy Theatre in 1903, and Lytton appeared in half a dozen West End musical comedies over the next four years, including The Earl and the Girl, The Spring Chicken and The Little Michus. He also wrote for, and performed in, music hall and wrote a libretto. During the two D'Oyly Carte repertory seasons at the Savoy between 1906 and 1909, Lytton rejoined the company, again playing a variety of baritone roles, but mostly not the principal comedian patter roles. Beginning in 1909, and continuously to 1934, he was the principal comedian of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in London and on tour.
Life and career
Early years
Lytton was born as Henry Alfred Jones on 3 January 1865 in Pembroke Square, Kensington, London, the son of Henry Jones (1829–1893), a jeweller, and his second wife Martha Lavinia, née Harris. According to his highly unreliable memoirs he was educated at St Mark's School, Chelsea, and took part there in amateur theatricals and boxing. He studied art with the painter W. H. Trood. It is unclear whether the studies were part-time or full time, or during his schooldays or later.
In 1881 Lytton made his first appearance on the professional stage at the Philharmonic Theatre, Islington, in the comic opera A Trip to China, or The Obstinate Bretons, in the cast of which was his future wife, Louie Henri, daughter of William Webber, of London. They married in early 1884, both aged 19, at St Mary Abbots church, Kensington. Lytton was estranged from his father, who disapproved of Lytton's and Henri's profession, and neither family attended the ceremony.
Henri played an important part in Lytton's early theatrical career, coaching him in acting, and playing the piano to help him learn his musical parts. In February 1884 the two joined one of the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte's touring companies. She played the small role of Ada in the first provincial tour of Gilbert and Sullivan's Princess Ida; he sang in the chorus and understudied the principal comic role of King Gama. According to his memoirs, Henri had obtained an audition for him, passing him off as her brother – "H. A. Henri" – in the mistaken belief that married couples were not welcome in Carte's companies. Any pretence was quickly abandoned, but Lytton kept the stage name Henri until 1887. The tour ended in December, and the following month the couple's first child, Ida Louise, was born. Henri and Lytton rejoined the D'Oyly Carte tour when it resumed in February 1885, continuing until May.
After this, they joined with other out-of-work actors and travelled from town to town in Surrey for just over two months, performing a drama (All of Her), a comedy (Masters and Servants), and Charles Dibdin's ballad opera The Waterman. Lytton's memoirs record that they made little money, and the struggling young actors sometimes went hungry. Between theatrical engagements Lytton took odd jobs, including putting his artistic training to use by painting decorative plaques. He was taken on by another of Carte's touring companies from September to December 1885, after which he and Henri were in the 1885 Christmas pantomime at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. In May 1886 they were in the chorus of The Lily of Leoville in Birmingham, and then of Erminie at the Comedy Theatre, London.
At the end of 1886 Lytton was engaged by Carte to appear at the Savoy Theatre. Eric Lewis, who had been understudying George Grossmith in the starring comic patter roles since 1882, left the D'Oyly Carte company. Lytton was appointed to replace him, understudying the role of Robin Oakapple in the new Savoy opera, Ruddigore, which opened on 22 January 1887. A week later Grossmith fell ill. Between 31 January and 15 February, Lytton appeared in the role. When he went back to the chorus on Grossmith's return, the dramatist W. S. Gilbert presented him with a gold-mounted walking stick in appreciation of his performance.
Principal comedian on tour 1887 to 1897
From April 1887 Lytton played Robin in his own right in two of Carte's touring companies, the first performing in medium-sized towns and the second in the major provincial cities. During the year, at Gilbert's suggestion, he changed his stage name from H. A. Henri to Henry A. Lytton. He received good notices, more for his acting than his singing. One reviewer wrote, "Mr Henry A. Lytton, though not shining as a vocalist, was in every way an admirable Robin Oakapple"; another praised the "light but masterly touch" with which he transformed himself from the innocent Robin of Act 1 to the bad baronet of Act 2. On tour Lytton gradually added to his repertoire the comic patter roles in many of the other Gilbert and Sullivan operas, beginning with Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S. Pinafore (1887), the Major General in The Pirates of Penzance, Ko-Ko in The Mikado and Jack Point in The Yeomen of the Guard (all 1888). He later described Point as his favourite part. The creator of the role, Grossmith, was celebrated as a comic performer and did not emphasise the tragic side of the part; both Lytton and his colleague George Thorne in another touring company did so, portraying Point's collapse at the end as fatal. Gilbert and Carte approved, and the interpretation became standard.
In 1890 Lytton played the Duke of Plaza-Toro in the new Savoy opera, The Gondoliers, on tour and on Broadway, where Carte sent him with other D'Oyly Carte principals, to bolster the weak cast of the original New York production. After returning to Britain he added another of Grossmith's old roles to his repertory, playing the Lord Chancellor in Iolanthe. In the first provincial production of Utopia, Limited (1893) he played King Paramount – the main baritone part – created at the Savoy by Rutland Barrington. He played the title role in The Sorcerer and Bunthorne in Patience for the first time in 1895, and later in 1895 King Gama in Princess Ida, finally appearing in the role he had understudied in his first season with D'Oyly Carte eleven years earlier. In 1896 he toured as Ludwig in the final Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Grand Duke.
In most of these provincial tours Lytton's wife was a fellow member of the company. During them he also appeared in Savoy operas by librettists or composers other than Gilbert and Sullivan, playing the title role in The Vicar of Bray (1892), Flapper in Billie Taylor (1893: "Mr Henry A. Lytton scored immensely by his clever impersonation of Captain the Hon. Felix Flapper, R.N, – his efforts were rewarded by sustained applause and laughter"), Bobinet in Mirette (1895) and Peter Grigg in The Chieftain (1895).
The Savoy: 1897 to 1903
Lytton was called to London in 1897 to play King Ferdinand in the new Savoy opera, His Majesty. He was an emergency replacement for Grossmith who had returned to the Savoy after nine years to star in the piece, but had withdrawn from the production in the first week of the run, pleading ill health. Lytton's performance won critical approval, but the piece did not please the public and was withdrawn after sixty-one performances. Such comedy as there was in His Majesty was given to the performer Walter Passmore. He had succeeded Grossmith as the Savoy's principal comedian and was principal exponent of the patter roles there until 1903. After His Majesty closed, Lytton remained in the Savoy company – joined the following year by his wife – playing a wide range of other baritone roles, from comic to romantic and serious. His only patter role during this period was Major General Stanley in a revival of The Pirates of Penzance (1900), in which Passmore took the part of the Sergeant of Police.
Between 1897 and 1903 Lytton's Gilbert and Sullivan roles at the Savoy were Wilfred Shadbolt in The Yeomen of the Guard, Giuseppe in The Gondoliers, the Learned Judge in Trial by Jury, Dr Daly in The Sorcerer, Captain Corcoran in H.M.S. Pinafore, Grosvenor in Patience, and Strephon in Iolanthe. In operas not by Gilbert and Sullivan he created nine roles: Prince Paul in The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897), Simon Limal in The Beauty Stone (1898), Baron Tabasco in The Lucky Star (1899), Sultan Mahmoud in The Rose of Persia (1899), Charlie Brown in the curtain raiser Pretty Polly (1899), Ib's Father in Ib and Little Christina (1901), Pat Murphy in The Emerald Isle (1901), the Earl of Essex in Merrie England (1902), and William Jelf in A Princess of Kensington (1903).
While appearing at the Savoy, Lytton made a brief and unsuccessful attempt at theatrical production. He and some partners leased the Criterion Theatre to stage The Wild Rabbit, a farce by George Arliss, which had done well in a provincial tour. The reviews were reasonably favourable, but the production opened during a heat wave in the summer of 1899 and played for only three weeks, sustaining over £1,000 in losses (). A second investment later in the year, in Melnotte, an operatic version of the comedy The Lady of Lyons, also lost money, after which Lytton abandoned thoughts of being an impresario.
West End: 1903 to 1909
After the run of A Princess of Kensington ended in May 1903 the company toured the piece and then dispersed. After 1903 a single D'Oyly Carte touring company continued to appear in the provinces. The Savoy closed, reopening the following year under a different management.
Many of the former Savoy company, including Isabel Jay, Robert Evett, Barrington, Passmore and Lytton continued to appear in the West End in musical comedies, many of which had long runs. Between 1903 and 1907 Lytton appeared in West End productions by William Greet, George Edwardes, Seymour Hicks and Frank Curzon. He starred in The Earl and the Girl and Little Hans Andersen, (1903, alongside Passmore); The Talk of the Town (1905, also with Passmore); The Little Michus (1905, with Evett); The White Chrysanthemum (1905, with Barrington and Jay); The Spring Chicken (1905); and My Darling (1907).
Apart from his musical comedy roles, Lytton wrote for and performed in the music halls. In 1904 he wrote the libretto for a one-act operetta, The Knights of the Road, set to music by Sir Alexander MacKenzie, which was well received at its premiere at the Palace Theatre of Varieties in February 1905. The Musical Standard commented favourably on the piece and its "unmistakably Savoy flavour". Lytton performed in music hall sketches with Connie Ediss in 1906 and Constance Hyem in 1908.
Lytton wrote that greatly as he enjoyed, and profited from, his musical comedy roles, he found them shallow and superficial compared with the Savoy Operas, to which he was glad to return in 1907. He appeared at the Savoy in Helen Carte's first London repertory season of Gilbert and Sullivan in June of that year, playing Strephon. When she presented a second London repertory season, from April 1908 to March 1909, he played in all five operas staged, as the Mikado; Dick Deadeye in H.M.S. Pinafore; Strephon; the Pirate King in The Pirates of Penzance; and Giuseppe in The Gondoliers. The patter roles were played by C.H.Workman, seconded from the year-round touring company. At the end of the season Workman left to pursue a career as an actor-manager; Lytton took over the patter roles in the touring company, in which his fellow principals included Fred Billington, Clara Dow, Sydney Granville, Louie René and Leicester Tunks.
Principal comedian: 1909 to 1934
Helen Carte died in 1913, and the opera company was inherited by her stepson Rupert D'Oyly Carte. Although he wrote in 1922 that "the scope and versatility" of Lytton's work was unique, three years earlier, when planning the company's first London season for more than ten years, Carte had hoped to persuade Workman, who was in Australia, to return. Workman declined, and Lytton remained in possession of the patter roles both in London and on tour for the rest of his career. After the opening night of the 1919–20 London season at the Prince's Theatre, in which he played the Duke of Plaza-Toro, The Observer commented:
Lytton starred in later seasons at the Prince's (1921, 1924 and 1926), in tours of Canada in 1927 and 1928 and the US in 1929, and in London seasons at the Savoy in 1929–30 and 1932–33.
Carte attempted to balance respect for tradition with the desire to keep productions fresh. Lytton approved of the new costumes commissioned by Carte, but strongly disapproved of, and battled against, the brisk tempi imposed by Malcolm Sargent, the young conductor brought in as musical director for the London seasons of 1926 and 1929–30. Lytton, who never mastered the art of reading music, had learnt his parts by rote, and had trouble with what he called "the twiddly bits" − Sullivan's turns and ornaments; The Times commented in 1926 that he "shows more respect for Gilbert's words than for Sullivan's notes, though he still manages to give the gist even of the latter". Sargent studied Sullivan's manuscripts, and for some numbers set tempi that Lytton found difficult to cope with. There were rows at rehearsal and sometimes open disagreement in performances, with Lytton deliberately lagging behind Sargent's beat.
Lytton was knighted in the 1930 Birthday Honours; he is the only person to have received the accolade for achievements as a Gilbert and Sullivan performer. The award was marked by newspapers in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the US. In May the following year Lytton, driving in heavy rain, crashed his car; his passenger, his fellow D'Oyly Carte principal Bertha Lewis, was killed, and he was injured. He was absent for six weeks, during which Martyn Green, his understudy and eventual successor, took over his roles. In August 1931 Lytton permanently handed over two of his roles to Green – Robin Oakapple and the Major General.
Lytton's last central London appearance was as Ko-Ko at the Savoy in January 1933. He then toured with the D'Oyly Carte company until 30 June 1934, making his final appearance at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin as Jack Point. He was the last remaining member of the company to have performed under the direction of both Gilbert and Sullivan. In his memoirs he listed thirty different roles in Gilbert and Sullivan operas he had played during his career.
Last years
After retiring from the D'Oyly Carte company Lytton made his last stage appearance, as the Emperor of China in Aladdin, the Christmas pantomime at the Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham in 1934–35. It was also his last broadcast performance, being relayed by the BBC on New Year's Day, 1935.
Lytton died at his home in Earls Court, London, in 1936 at the age of 71; he was survived by his wife, Louie Henri, who died in 1947, their two sons, including Henry Lytton, Jr. (1906–1965), whose high-profile marriage to Jessie Matthews in 1925 ended in divorce in 1930, and two daughters, Bessie Ena Lytton Elverston (1904–1995) and Ida Louise Lytton-Gay (1883–1979). Another son, Percy Arthur Bertram Lytton (1893–1918), was killed in February 1918 while serving in the Royal Flying Corps, and two others died in infancy.
In an appreciation in The Manchester Guardian, the critic Neville Cardus wrote:
Recordings, film and broadcasts
Lytton featured prominently in early gramophone recordings. As early as 1902–03 the Gramophone Company (HMV) was promoting him as one of its stars along with performers ranging from Enrico Caruso, Edvard Grieg and Joseph Joachim to Dan Leno, Marie Lloyd and George Robey. His recordings between 1901 and 1905 include "My Cosy Corner Girl" from The Earl and the Girl, which was something of a best-seller. Twenty-five of his recordings were collected on the 1982 LP set "The Art of Henry Lytton". It contains eight Gilbert and Sullivan numbers from five operas, and songs from three other shows in which he appeared – Merrie England, A Princess of Kensington and The Earl and the Girl – and three he did not appear in – A Country Girl, The Toreador and The Girl from Kay's. The set also contains four non-show songs, including one of his own composition.
George Baker, who sang several of Lytton's roles in HMV recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, later described Lytton's voice as "light, tenory, thinnish", but added that in the theatre "he persuaded me that he was a good baritone – he wasn't, really, but he was such a supreme actor … that he could persuade you he could sing splendidly". By the time HMV began using D'Oyly Carte principals in its recordings of the Savoy operas in the mid-1920s, Lytton's voice was not thought suitable for the gramophone, and he was included in only Princess Ida in 1924 (acoustic) and 1932 (electrical), The Mikado in 1926, The Gondoliers in 1927, and H.M.S. Pinafore in 1930, his other roles being sung by Baker. When the 1930 H.M.S. Pinafore was released, Cardus wrote in The Manchester Guardian, "It was high time something was done to send down to posterity the genius of the greatest of all surviving artists in Gilbert and Sullivan. The omission of Lytton's voice from the [1930] Iolanthe was a blunder of the first importance … there is no mistaking the Lytton accent, the old kindly yet pungent tones".
Lytton sang Ko-Ko in a 1926 BBC radio broadcast of two half-hour excerpts from The Mikado, and appeared in the same role in a four-minute-long silent promotional film for the D'Oyly Carte production in the same year. In January 1933 the BBC broadcast the last night of the D'Oyly Carte London season, which marked Lytton's last appearance in the West End. He sang Ko-Ko in Act 1 of The Mikado. On Christmas Day of the same year, while the company was playing in the London suburb Golders Green, Lytton – described by the BBC as the "G&S star of stars" – performed in a broadcast of Act 2 of The Mikado from a radio studio in London, with Isidore Godfrey conducting a BBC orchestra and the D'Oyly Carte cast.
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Henry Lytton at "Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte
Henry Lytton's Farewell at The Gilbert & Sullivan Discography
Profile of Lytton
Articles regarding Lytton's farewell from the stage
1865 births
1936 deaths
Musicians from Kensington
Actors from Kensington
English male singers
English male musical theatre actors
Knights Bachelor
Singers awarded knighthoods
Actors awarded knighthoods |
4388550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovirus | Astrovirus | Astroviruses are a type of virus that was first discovered in 1975 using electron microscopes following an outbreak of diarrhea in humans. In addition to humans, astroviruses have now been isolated from numerous mammalian animal species (and are classified as genus Mamastrovirus) and from avian species such as ducks, chickens, and turkey poults (classified as genus Avastrovirus). Astroviruses are 28–35 nm diameter, icosahedral viruses that have a characteristic five- or six-pointed star-like surface structure when viewed by electron microscopy. Along with the Picornaviridae and the Caliciviridae, the Astroviridae comprise a third family of nonenveloped viruses whose genome is composed of plus-sense, single-stranded RNA. Astrovirus has a non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense RNA genome within a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid. Human astroviruses have been shown in numerous studies to be an important cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. In animals, Astroviruses also cause infection of the gastrointestinal tract but may also result in encephalitis (humans and cattle), hepatitis (avian) and nephritis (avian).
Microbiology
Taxonomy
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Astroviridae as a viral family in 1995. There have been over 50 astroviruses reported, although the ICTV officially recognizes 22 species. The genus Avastrovirus comprises three species; Chicken astrovirus (Avian nephritis virus types 1–3), Duck astrovirus (Duck astrovirus C-NGB), and Turkey astrovirus (Turkey astrovirus 1). The genus Mamastrovirus includes Bovine astroviruses 1 and 2, Human astrovirus (types 1-8), Feline astrovirus 1, Porcine astrovirus 1, Mink astrovirus 1 and Ovine astrovirus 1.
Structure
Astroviruses have a star-like appearance with five or six points. Their name is derived from the Greek word "astron" meaning star. They are non-enveloped RNA viruses with cubic capsids, approximately 28–35 nm in diameter with T=3 symmetry. Human astroviruses are part of the Mammastrovirus genus and contains 8 serotypes. The human astrovirus capsid spikes have a distinct structure. The spike domain in particular has a 3-layered beta-sandwiches fold and a core, 6-stranded beta-barrel structure. The beta-barrel has a hydrophobic core. The triple-layered beta-sandwich is packed outside the beta-barrel. The spike also forms a dimer. This unique structure was found to be similar to the protein projections found on the capsid of the hepatitis E virus. The projection domain of the human astrovirus contains a receptor binding site for polysaccharides. The amino acid sequence of the astrovirus capsid protein does not have similar homology to other known viral proteins, but the closest would be hepatitis E virus.
Life cycle
Astroviruses infect birds and mammals through the fecal-oral route. They have a tissue tropism for enterocytes. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Astrovirus RNA is infectious and functions as a messenger RNA for ORF1a and ORF1b. A frame-shifting mechanism between these two nonstructural polypeptides translates RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In replication complexes near intracellular membranes, ORF1a and ORF1b are cleaved to generate individual nonstructural proteins that are involved in replication. The resulting subgenomic RNA contains ORF2 and encodes precursor capsid protein (VP90). VP90 is proteolytically cleaved during packaging and produces immature capsids made of VP70. Following encapsidation, immature capsids are released from the cell without lysis. Extracellular virions are cleaved by Trypsin and form mature infectious virions.
Genome
Astroviruses have a genome composed of a single strand of positive sense RNA. The strand has a poly A tail at the 3' end, but no 5' cap. With the exclusion of polyadenylation at the 3' end, the genome is between 6.8–7.9 kb long. The genome is arranged into three open reading frames (ORFs), with an overlap of approximately 70 nucleotides between ORF1a and ORF1b. The remaining ORF is known as ORF2. ORF2 encode the structural proteins, which are -at least- VP26, VP29 and VP32, the most antigenic and immunogenic of these being VP26. This protein is probably involved in the first steps of viral infection, being a key factor in the biological cycle of astroviruses. The human astrovirus genome mutation rate has been estimated to be 3.7×10−3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year with the synonymous changes rate of 2.8×10−3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. The capability for genetic recombination appears to be present in type-3 and type-4 human astroviruses, and in porcine astrovirus strains.
Evolution
The Astroviridae capsid is related to those of the Tymoviridae. The non-structural region is related to the Potyviridae. It appears that this group of viruses may have arise at some point in the past as a result of recombination event between two distinct viruses and that this even occurred at the junction of the structural and non-structural coding regions.
Species infected
Avastrovirus
Avastrovirus 1–3 are associated with enteric infections in turkeys, ducks, chicken and guinea fowl. In turkey poults 1–3 weeks of age, some symptoms of enteritis include diarrhea, listlessness, liver eating and nervousness. These symptoms are usually mild but in cases of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), which has dehydration, immune dysfunction and anorexia as symptoms, mortality is high. Post mortem examination of the intestines of infected birds show fluid filled intestines. Hyperplasia of enterocytes is also observed in histopathology studies. However, in contrast to other enteric viruses, there isn't villous supply.
Avastrovirus species often infect extraintestinal sites such as the kidney or liver resulting in hepatitis and nephritis. Birds infected by avian nephritis virus typically die within 3 weeks of infection. The viral particles can be detected in fecal matter within 2 days and peak virus shedding occurs 4–5 days after infection. The virus can be found in the kidney, jejunum, spleen, liver and bursa of infected birds. Symptoms of this disease include diarrhea and weight loss. Necropsies show swollen and discolored kidneys and there is evidence of death of the epithelial cells and lymphocytic interstitial nephritis. Another extraintestinal avastrovirus is avian hepatitis virus which infects ducks. Hepatitis in ducks caused by this duck astrovirus (DAstV) is often fatal.
In birds, Avastroviruses are detected by antigen-capture ELISA. In the absence of vaccines, sanitation is the prevalent way to prevent Avastrovirus infections.
Mamastrovirus
Mamastroviruses often cause gastroenteritis in infected mammals. In animals, gastroenteritis is usually undiagnosed because most astrovirus infections are asymptomatic. However, in mink and humans, astroviruses can cause diarrhea and can be fatal. The incubation period for Mamastrovirus is 1–4 days. When symptoms occur, the incubation period is followed by diarrhea for several days. In mink, symptoms include increased secretion from apocrine glands. Human astroviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in children and immunocompromised adults. 2–8% of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in children is associated with human astrovirus. These viral particles are usually detected in epithelial cells of the duodenum. In sheep, ovine astroviruses were found in the villi of the small intestine.
Mamastroviruses also cause diseases of the nervous system. These diseases most commonly occur in cattle, mink and humans. In cattle, this occurs sporadically and infects individual animals. Symptoms of this infection include seizure, lateral recumbency and impaired coordination. Histological examinations showed neuronal necrosis and gliosis of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord and brainstem.
Signs and symptoms in humans
Members of a relatively new virus family, the astroviridae, astroviruses are now recognised as a cause of gastroenteritis in children, whose immune systems are underdeveloped, and elderly adults, whose immune systems are generally somewhat compromised. Presence of viral particles in fecal matter and in epithelial intestinal cells indicate that the virus replicates in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The main symptoms are diarrhoea, followed by nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise and abdominal pain. Some research studies have shown that the incubation period of the disease is approximately three to four days. Astrovirus infection is not usually a severe situation and only in some rare cases leads to dehydration. The severity and variation in symptoms correlates with the region the case develops in. This could be due to climatic factors influencing the life cycle or transmission method for that particular strain of Astrovirus. Malnutrition and immunodeficiency tend to exacerbate the condition, leading to more severe cases or secondary conditions that could require hospital care. Otherwise, infected people do not need hospitalization because symptoms will reduce by themselves, after 2 to 4 days.
Diagnosis
Electron microscopy, enzyme-immunoassay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction have all been used for detecting virus particle, antigens or viral nucleic acid in the stools of infected people. A method using real-time RT-PCR, which can detect all human astrovirus genotypes, has been reported. Some RT-qPCR techniques are able to simultaneously detect human astroviruses and other enteric viruses associated with gastroenteritis. Microarrays are also used to differentiate between the eight different human astrovirus serotypes.
Pathogenesis
Astroviruses cause gastroenteritis by causing destruction of the intestinal epithelium, leading to the inhibition of usual absorption mechanism, loss of secretory functions, and decrease in epithelial permeability in the intestines. Inflammatory responses were seen to not affect astrovirus pathogenesis.
Epidemiology
Astroviruses are associated with 5–9% of the cases of gastroenteritis in young children. Humans of all ages are susceptible to astrovirus infection, but children, the elderly, and those that are immunocompromised are most prone. A study of intestinal disease in the UK, published in 1999, determined incidence as 3.8/1000 patient years in the community (95% CI, range 2.3–6.4), the fourth most common known cause of viral gastroenteritis. Studies in the USA have detected astroviruses in the stools of 2–9% of children presenting symptoms; illness is most frequent in children younger than two years, although outbreaks among adults and the elderly have been reported. Early studies carried out in Glasgow demonstrated that a significant proportion of babies excreting virus particles did not exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms. Seroprevalence studies carried out in the US have shown that 90% of children have antibody to HastV-1 by age 9, suggesting that (largely asymptomatic) infection is common. Looking at the pattern of disease, it suggests that antibodies provide protection through adult life until the antibody titre begins to decline later in life.
The occurrence of astrovirus infections vary depending on the season. In temperate climates, infection is highest during winter months possibly due to lower temperatures which enhance the stability of the virus. This is in contrast to tropical regions where prevalence is highest during the rainy season. The seasonal distribution in tropical climates can be explained by the effect of rain particularly on the breakdown of sanitation in developing countries.
Human astroviruses are transmitted by the fecal–oral route. The main mode of astrovirus transmission is by contaminated food and water. Young children in childcare backgrounds or adults in military barracks are most likely to develop the disease. Human astroviruses may be released in large quantities in the stool of infected individuals and contaminate groundwater, fresh water and marine water due to inadequate wastewater treatment. Fruits and vegetables grown in such contaminated water may also act as sources of viral infection. Poor food handling practices, poor hand hygiene and contamination of inanimate objects are other factors that encourage enteric virus transmission.
Astroviruses can also be transmitted to humans from other animal species. In comparison to individuals who had no contact with turkey, turkey abattoir workers were three times more likely to test positive for antibodies against turkey astroviruses. Furthermore, some human, duck, chicken and turkey astroviruses are phylogenetically related and share genetic features.
Prevention
Human astroviruses can be prevented by detection and inactivation in contaminated food and water in addition to disinfection of contaminated fomites.
Treatment
Astrovirus Immunoglobulin
In a study by Bjorkholm et al., a 78-year-old patient diagnosed with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was given 0.4 g/kg of astrovirus immunoglobulin for four days, and the symptoms dissolved leading to a full recovery from astrovirus; however, further testing has yet to be completed.
Achyrocline bogotensis antiviral therapy
In a study by Tellez et al., extracts from a plant Achyrocline bogotensis was used to develop an antiviral therapy for both rotavirus and astrovirus. Achyrocline bogotensis was commonly used for skin and urinary infections. Drug testing methodology involved application of the extract to cell for pre-treatment (blocking), direct viral activity (evidence of killing the virus), and treatment (a decrease in the viral load after an infection is established). The extract demonstrated direct viral activity by killing astroviruses directly and treatment by leading to a decrease in the viral load after an established infection. A pre-treatment effect was not evident during the experiment.
Timeline
1975: Appleton and Higgins first discovered astrovirus in stool samples of children suffering from gastroenteritis by using electron microscopy (EM)
1975: Madeley and Cosgrove named the 20–30 nm viral particle Astrovirus based on the star-like EM (electron microscopy) appearance
1976-1992: Lee and Kurtz serotyped 291 astrovirus stool samples in Oxford; discovered serotypes 6 and 7
1981: Lee and Kurtz were able to grow astrovirus in tripsin-dependent tissue culture by using human embryo kidney cells (HEK)
1985: Lee and Kurtz discover two serotypes of astrovirus that are used to type 13 strains of community-acquired astrovirus
1987: Gray et al. discovered that a 22-day long gastroenteritis outbreak in an elderly home was caused by astrovirus type 1 and calicivirus
1988: Hermann and Hudson use antigen characterization of HEK grown astroviruses to develop monoclonal antibodies
1992: Cruz et al. analyzed 5,000 stool samples 7.5% of the diarrheal diseases found in Guatemalan ambulatory rural children were caused by astroviruses
1993: Jiang et al. sequence astrovirus RNA and determine the presence of three ORFs and ribosomal frameshifting
1993: Monroe et al. classify subgenomic data for astrovirus, providing support for astrovirus to be classified as a viral family
1994: Oishi et al. determine astrovirus as the main cause of gastroenteritis in schools in Katano City, Osaka, Japan
1995: Bjorkholm elt al. conducted a clinical study, and 78-year-old male Waldenström's macroglobulinemia patient with astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin
1995: Jonassen et al. uses PCR to detect all known serotypes (7) of astrovirus
1995: In their sixth report, ICTV establishes Astroviridae as a viral family
1996: Glass et al. states an epidemiological shift regarding astrovirus due to improvements in RT-PCT (reverse transcription PCR), monoclonal antibodies, and enzyme immunoassays (EIA); astroviruses are now considered one of the main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide
1996: Palombo and Bishop the epidemiology of astrovirus infections in children suffering from gastroenteritis in Melbourne, Australia (data collected include total incidence, genetic diversity, serotype characterization)
1998: Unicomb et al. conduct a clinical study in Bangladesh and conclude astrovirus infections involving nosocomial, acute, and persistent diarrheal diseases
1998: Gaggero et al. identify human astrovirus type 1 to be the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in Chilean children
1999: Bon et al. discover astrovirus in a gastroenteritis outbreak in Dijon, France
2001: Dennehy et al. collected stool samples from hospitalized children suffering from acute gastroenteritis; astrovirus was determined the second leading cause of gastroenteritis after rotavirus
2002: Guix et al. completes an epidemiological study on the presence of astrovirus in Barcelona, Spain; the total incidence of astrovirus in 2,347 samples was 4.95 with a peak in the number of cases in the winter
2003: Basu et al. discovered astrovirus in 2.7% of stool samples collected from 346 children suffering from gastroenteritis in Gaborone, Botswana
2009: Finkbeiner et al. used Sanger sequencing to discover a novel astrovirus in stool samples from children suffering from an acute gastroenteritis outbreak at a childcare center
2009: Using RT-PCR, Kapoor et al. discover novel astrovirus strains HMOAstV species A, B, C which are very similar to astroviruses found in mink and ovine species; this showed that the virus may have the ability to jump species
References
External links
Viralzone: Astroviridae
ICTV
African wildlife diseases
Viral diseases
Gastroenterology
Foodborne illnesses
Riboviria |
4388648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garegin%20Nzhdeh | Garegin Nzhdeh | Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan, better known by his nom de guerre Garegin Nzhdeh (, ; 1 January 1886 – 21 December 1955), was an Armenian statesman, military commander and nationalist political thinker. As a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, he was involved in the national liberation struggle and revolutionary activities during the First Balkan War and World War I and became one of the key political and military leaders of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–1921). He is widely admired as a charismatic national hero by Armenians.
In 1921, he was a key figure in the establishment of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, an anti-Bolshevik state that became a key factor that led to the inclusion of the province of Syunik into Soviet Armenia. During World War II, he cooperated with Nazi Germany, hoping to secure Soviet Armenia's existence in case of Germany's victory over USSR and a potential Turkish invasion of the Caucasus. Following an abortive attempt to cooperate with the Soviet Union against Turkey, Nzhdeh was arrested in Bulgaria in 1944 and sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment in the Soviet Union. He died in Vladimir Central Prison in 1955.
Early years and education
Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan was born on 1 January 1886 in the village of Kznut (modern-day Güznüt, Azerbaijan) in the region of Nakhichevan. He was the youngest of four children born to a local village priest. He lost his father, Ter Yeghishe, early in his childhood. Nzhdeh attended a Russian school in the city of Nakhichevan and continued his education at a gymnasium in Tiflis.
Shortly after, he moved to Saint Petersburg to continue his education at Saint Petersburg Imperial University. After two years of studying at the university's faculty of law, he left Saint Petersburg and returned to the Caucasus in order to participate in the Armenian national movement against the Ottoman Empire. In 1906, Nzhdeh moved to Bulgaria, where he completed his education at the Dmitry Nikolov Military College of Sofia and in 1907 received a commission in the Bulgarian army with the rank of lieutenant.
Balkan wars
In 1907 Nzhdeh returned to the South Caucasus. In 1908 he joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and participated in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution along with Yeprem Khan and Murad of Sebastia.
In 1909, upon his return to the Caucasus, Nzhdeh was arrested by the Russian authorities and spent three years in prison. In 1912, together with General Andranik Ozanian, he joined a battalion of ethnic Armenians within the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps of the Bulgarian army to fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan wars, partaking in the campaigns to seize Thrace and Macedonia. He was wounded during the Second Balkan War. Bulgarian military authorities awarded Nzhdeh with the Cross of Bravery for the bravery and extraordinary performance of the Armenian fighters.
World War I
Prior to World War I, after an amnesty granted by the Russian authorities in 1914, Nzhdeh returned to the Caucasus to participate in the formation of Armenian volunteer units within the Russian army to fight against the Ottoman Empire. In the early stages of the war, in 1915, he was appointed a deputy commander to Drastamat Kanayan (Dro), who led the 2nd Volunteer Battalion. Later on, in 1916, he commanded a special Armenian-Yezidi military unit. After the Russian Revolution and the withdrawal of the Russian army, Nzhdeh's unit fought in the skirmishes at Alaja (near Ani, spring 1918), allowing secure passage for retreating Armenian forces into Alexandropol (modern-day Gyumri).
Battle of Karakilisa and the First Republic of Armenia
After clashing with Ottoman forces in Alexandropol, the Armenian fighters led by Nzhdeh dug in and built fortifications in Karakilisa (moder-day Vanadzor). Nzhdeh played a key role in organizing the troops for the defense of Karakilisa in May 1918. He managed to mobilize a population of demoralized locals and refugees for the coming fight through his inspiring speech in the Dilijan church courtyard, where he called on the Armenians to wage a sacred battle: "Straight to the frontline, our salvation is there". Nzhdeh was wounded in the ensuing clash and, after a violent battle of four days, both sides had serious casualties. The Armenians ran out of ammunition and had to withdraw. Although the Ottoman army managed to invade Karakilisa itself, they had no more resources to continue deeper into Armenian territory.
In April 1920, Nzhdeh led his troops from Kapan to Mountainous Karabakh's southern district of Dizak, soon after the massacre of the Armenian population of Shushi. Dro's forces also marched to Karabakh from Yerevan. Their intervention, along with pressure on the Azerbaijani authorities from the Entente powers, brought an end to the massacres of the Armenian population of Mountainous Karabakh. However, following the Soviet takeover of Azerbaijan and the arrival of the Red Army, the Armenian forces were severely outnumbered. On 24 May 1920, Dro, Nzhdeh, Colonel Dmitri Mirimanyan and ARF representative Arsen Mikayelyan agreed to withdraw from Karabakh and hand over power in the region to local Armenian Bolsheviks led by Sargis Hambardzumyan.
While stationed in southern Armenia, Nzhdeh expelled the Turkic-speaking inhabitants of several settlements. He was again wounded in fighting near Goris. In August 1920, Nzhdeh refused orders from Minister of Defense Ruben Ter Minasian to leave Kapan and come to Yerevan in accordance with an agreement reached with Soviet Russia to allow the Red Army to enter Zangezur (Syunik), Karabakh and Nakhichevan. In January 1920, Nzhdeh's partisans, aggravated by the massacre of Armenians at Akulis, "wiped out" 9 villages and 40 hamlets southeast of Goris – the continued attacks on Azerbaijani Muslim settlements led Azerbaijan to reposition its forces towards Zangezur again after their unsuccessful campaign in November 1919.
Republic of Mountainous Armenia
The Soviet Eleventh Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on 29 November 1920. Following the Sovietization of Armenia on 2 December 1920, the Soviets pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, to protect the Armenians and not to persecute non-communists, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country.
The Soviet government proposed that the regions of Mountainous Karabakh and Zangezur should be included in the newly established Soviet Azerbaijan. This step was strongly rejected by Nzhdeh. A convinced anti-Bolshevik, he consolidated his forces in Syunik and led a movement against the Bolsheviks, declaring Syunik a self-governing region in December 1920. In January 1921 Drastamat Kanayan sent a telegram to Nzhdeh, advising that Nzhdeh allow for the sovietization of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of Armenian-populated lands. Nzhdeh did not depart from Syunik and continued his struggle against the Red Army and Soviet Azerbaijan, struggling to maintain the independence of the region.
On 18 February 1921, the Dashnaks led an anti-Soviet rebellion in Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion—as well as 8,000 refugees and 4,000 soldiers— then retreated to Syunik.
The 2nd All-Zangezur Congress, held in Tatev on 26 April 1921, declared the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralagiaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Karabakh under the name of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Lernahayastani Hanrapetutyun), with Nzhdeh (bearing the title of sparapet, meaning "supreme commander") as its prime minister and minister of defense. On June 1, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia was renamed the Republic of Armenia, and Simon Vratsian took the office of prime minister, while Nzhdeh remained as sparapet.
Between April and July 1921, the Red Army conducted massive military operations in the region, attacking Syunik from north and the east. After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After the conflict, Nzhdeh, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the first independent Republic of Armenia, crossed the border into the neighboring Iranian city of Tabriz.
Organizational activities
After leaving Syunik, Nzhdeh spent four months in the city of Tabriz. There his relations with the ARF leadership worsened, and he was expelled from the party in September 1921 at the suggestion of Simon Vratsian. Soon after, he moved to Sofia, Bulgaria, where he settled and married Yevphime, a local Armenian woman. They had one son together, named Vrezh. At the 10th ARF World Congress, Nzhdeh's case was reviewed and he was restored to the party.
Nzhdeh was involved in organizational activities in Bulgaria, Romania and the United States through his frequent visits to Plovdiv, Bucharest and Boston. In 1926, Nzhdeh again came into dispute with the ARF leadership over the issue of relations with Turkey, with the party organization in Bulgaria being divided between supporters of Nzhdeh and supporters of the ARF Bureau (the party's top executive body). The ARF Bureau, in particular leading members Ruben Ter Minasian and Simon Vratsian, expressed its desire to establish relations with Turkey, while Nzhdeh and others such as Shahan Natalie believed that the party should maintain a strictly anti-Turkish orientation.
In 1933, by the decision of ARF, Nzhdeh moved to the United States along with his comrade, Kopernik Tanterjian. He visited several states and provinces in United States and Canada, inspiring the Armenian communities that had established themselves there, and founding an Armenian youth movement called Tseghakron () (see Tseghakronism) in Boston, Massachusetts, which later renamed itself the Armenian Youth Federation, and functions to this day as the youth wing of the ARF.
In the autumn of 1934, Nzhdeh returned to Sofia. He was summoned by the party to Cairo in 1937, where the ARF Bureau unsuccessfully attempted to resolve its differences with Nzhdeh and reconcile him with Ruben Ter Minasian. After returning to Sofia, Nzhdeh declared his resignation from the ARF; the Bureau likewise declared his expulsion from the party for his "schismatic activities" and confirmed this decision at the 13th ARF World Congress (1938). In 1937, Nzhdeh went to Plovdiv, Bulgaria, where he began to publish the Armenian-language newspaper, Razmik, together with fellow former ARF member Hayk Asatryan. At the end of the 1930s, along with a group of Armenian intellectuals in Sofia, he founded the Taron Nationalist Movement and published its organ Taroni Artsiv ("Eagle of Taron") newspaper. Despite his falling out with the ARF, which some scholars attribute to Nzhdeh's "extreme" or "racist views", ARF newspapers would continue to publish his articles. In 1938, the ARF offered to restore Nzhdeh to the party and accommodate his political demands to prevent him from forming a separate organization, which Nzhdeh rejected.
During his time in Bulgaria, Nzhdeh maintained close contacts with revolutionary organizations of Macedonian Bulgarians and Bulgarian Symbolist poet Theodore Trayanov.
World War II, arrest and trial
During World War II, Nzhdeh suggested supporting the Axis powers if the latter would make a decision to attack Turkey. Operation Gertrud, a joint German-Bulgarian project about attacking Turkey in the event that Ankara joined the allies, was discussed in Berlin. In 1942, Nzhdeh was invited by Artashes Abeghyan to serve on the Armenian National Council (Armenischen Nationalen Gremiums) in Berlin, a collaborationist body created by Nazi Germany to coerce Armenian POWs into joining to avoid imprisonment in concentration camps. That year the Nazis created the Armenische Legion, composed mostly of captured Soviet Armenian prisoners of war, and placed it under the command of veteran ARF leader Drastamat Kanayan. Together with Artashes Abeghyan and Abraham Gyulkhandanyan, Nzhdeh co-edited and wrote for Azat Hayastan ("Free Armenia"), the pro-German and anti-Soviet organ of the Armenian National Council, which published only two issues in 1943.
The Armenian battalions were sent to the Crimean peninsula on the Eastern Front in 1943. During the war, Nzhdeh went with Dro to Nazi-occupied Crimea and then to the North Caucasus, but returned to Bulgaria in 1944. On 9 September 1944 Nzhdeh wrote a letter to Stalin offering his support were the Soviet leadership to attack Turkey. A Soviet plan to invade Turkey in order to punish Ankara for alleged collaboration with the Nazis and also for seizing several eastern provinces was intensely discussed by the Soviet leadership in 1945–1947. The Soviet military commanders told Nzhdeh that the idea of collaboration was interesting but in order to be able to discuss it in more details, Nzhdeh would have needed to travel to Moscow. He was transferred to Bucharest and later to Moscow, where he was arrested and held in the Lubyanka prison. According to another account, Nzhdeh went into hiding after the Communist takeover in Bulgaria in 1944, before turning himself in to the authorities some months later, after which he was transferred to Moscow.
After his arrest, Nzhdeh's wife and son were sent to exile from Sofia to Pavlikeni.
In November 1946, Nzhdeh was sent to Yerevan, Armenia, awaiting trial. At the end of his trial, on 24 April 1948, Nzhdeh was charged with "counterrevolutionary" activities from the 1920–1921 period and sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment (to begin in 1944).
Life in prison and death
In 1947 Nzhdeh proposed an initiative to the Soviet government that would call for the foundation of a pan-Armenian military and political organization in the Armenian diaspora for the seizure of once-Armenian populated provinces of the former Ottoman Empire from Turkish control and its unification with Soviet Armenia. Despite the reputed interest of the Communist leadership to this initiative, the proposal was eventually refused.
Between 1948 and 1952 Nzhdeh was kept in Vladimir Prison, then until the summer of 1953 in a secret prison in Yerevan. According to his prison fellow Hovhannes Devedjian, Nzhdeh's transfer to Yerevan prison was related to an attempt to mediate between the Dashnaks and the Soviet leaders to create a collaborative atmosphere between the two sides. After long negotiations with the state security service of Soviet Armenia, Nzhdeh and Devedjian prepared a letter in Yerevan prison (1953) addressed to the ARF leader Simon Vratsian, calling on him to cooperate with the Soviets regarding the issue of the Armenian struggle against Turkey. However, the communist leaders in Moscow refused to send the letter.
While he was in prison, Nzhdeh was taken several times from Vladimir to Armenia, where, accompanied by a guard of honor, they conducted tours of Soviet Armenia, showing him that Soviet power brought benefits to Armenia.
After receiving a telegram from the Soviet authorities announcing his death, Nzhdeh's brother Levon left Yerevan for Vladimir to take care of his burial service. He received Nzhdeh's watch and clothing but was not allowed to take his personal writings, which would only be published in Yerevan several years later. The authorities also did not allow the transfer of his body to Armenia. Levon Ter-Harutyunyan conducted Nzhdeh's burial in Vladimir and wrote on his tombstone, in Russian, "Ter-Harutyunyan Garegin Eghishevich (1886–1955)".
Funerals and memorials
On 31 August 1983, Nzhdeh's remains were secretly transferred from Vladimir to rest in Soviet Armenia. This was done through the efforts of Pavel Ananyan, the husband of Nzhdeh's granddaughter, with the help of linguistics professor Varag Arakelyan and others, including Gurgen Armaghanyan, Garegin Mkhitaryan, Artsakh Buniatyan, and Zhora Barseghyan. On 7 October 1983, the right hand of Nzhdeh's body was placed on the slopes of Mount Khustup near Kozni fountain, as Nzhdeh had once expressed the wish "when you find me killed, bury my body at the top of Khustup to let me clearly view Kapan, Gndevaz, Goghtan and Geghvadzor...".
According to the participants of the funeral, the rest of Nzhdeh's body was kept in the cellar of Varag Arakelyan's house in the village of Kotayk until 9 May 1987, when it was secretly transferred to Vayots Dzor and buried in the churchyard of the 14th-century Spitakavor Surb Astvatsatsin Church near Yeghegnadzor. Nzhdeh's gravestone was erected through the efforts of Paruyr Hayrikyan and Movses Gorgisyan on 17 June 1989, a day that later turned into an annual pilgrimage day to the monastery's graveyard.
Decades after his death, on 30 March 1992, Nzhdeh was rehabilitated by Prosecutor General's Office of the newly independent Republic of Armenia.
On 26 April 2005 during the celebration of the 84th anniversary of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, parts of Nzhdeh's body were taken from the Spitakavor Church to Khustup. Thus, Nzhdeh was reburied for the third time, finally to rest on the slopes of Mount Khustup near Nzhdeh's memorial in Kapan.
In March 2010, Nzhdeh was selected as the "National pride and the most outstanding figure" of Armenians throughout the history by the voters of "We are Armenians" TV project launched by "Hay TV" and broadcast as well by the Public Television of Armenia (H1).
In Yerevan, a public square and metro station are named after Nzhdeh. Nzhdeh, Armenia, a village in the Syunik Province of Armenia, is named after Nzhdeh.
Awards
Written works
Publications
In 1923, while in Bucharest, Romania, Nzhdeh published a series of articles in the local Armenian newspaper Nor Arshaluys ("New Sunrise") entitled "My word - Why did I take up arms against the Soviet troops?" Nzhdeh wrote in detail about the history of the wars in Syunik (Zangezour) in an extensive series of articles for the Boston newspaper Hairenik ("Homeland") in 1923-1925.
In 1924-1925 he contributed to the ARF newspaper Hayastan ("Armenia") published in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1924, separate chapters from his work Ejer im oragren ("Pages from my diary") were published here, which was published in a separate booklet in Cairo, Egypt, the same year.
In 1926, Nzhdeh wrote for the newspaper Araks based in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he published a series of articles titled "Open Letters to the Armenian Intellectuals".
List of literature
Dashnaktsutyun Pantheon, Alexandropol, 1917 (Armenian: Դաշնակցութեան պանթէոնը, Romanized: Dashnaktsutean panteon)
Military Charter, Yerevan, 1918 (Armenian: Զորաշարժային կանոնադրութիւն, Romanized: Zorasharjayin Kanonadrutyun)
Khustupian Calls, Goris, 1921 (Armenian: Խուստուփեան կանչեր, Romanized: Khustupean Kancher)
Pages from my diary, Cairo, Husaber, 1924 (Armenian: Էջեր իմ օրագրէն, Romanized: Ejer im oragren)
The struggle of sons against fathers, Thessaloniki, 1927 (Armenian: Որդիների պայքարը հայրերի դէմ, Romanized: Vordineri payqary hayreri dem)
An open letter to the Armenian intelligentsia, Beirut, 1929 (Armenian: Բաց նամակ հայ մտաւորականութեան, Romanized: Bats namak hay mtavorakanutean)
The Movement of the Spirit of the Nation, Sofia, 1932 (Armenian: Ցեղի ոգու շարժ, Romanized: Tseghi vogu sharj)
American Armenians. The nation and its scum, Sofia, 1935 (Armenian: Ամերիկահայութիւնը. ցեղը և իր տականքը, Romanized: Amerikahayutiwne: tseghe ew ir takanke)
My Answer։ The tragedy of Armenia under Turkish-Bolshevik documents, Sofia, Tpagr. P. Palegchian, 1937 (Armenian: Իմ պատասխանը, Romanized: Im pataskhany)
Autobiography, Sofia, 1944 (Armenian: Ինքնակենսագրություն, Romanized: Inknakensenagrutyun)
Covenant of Tseghakronism, Yerevan: Hay Dat, 1989 (Armenian: Ցեղակրոնության ուխտ, Romanized: Tseghakronutyan ukht)
Prison Records, Yerevan, 1993 (Armenian: Բանտային գրառումներ, Romanized: Bantayin grarumner)
Military regulations. Khustupyan calls, Yerevan, 1993, 56 pages (Armenian: Զորաշարժային կանոնադրություն։ Խուստուփյան կանչեր, Romanized: Zorasharjayin kanonadrutyun: Khustupyan kancher)
Pages in my diary. An open letter to the Armenian intelligentsia. The struggle of sons against fathers, Yerevan, 1998, 160 pages (Armenian: Էջեր իմ օրագրեն։ Բաց նամակ հայ մտավորականության։ Որդիների պայքարը հայրերի դեմ, Romanized: Ejer im oragren: Bats namak hay mtavorakanutean: Vordineri payqary hayreri dem)
Covenant of Tseghakronism, Yerevan, 1998, 16 pages (Armenian: Ցեղակրոնության ուխտ, Romanized: Tseghkronutyan ukht)
The Eternal Weapon of the Tribe, Yerevan, 1998, 87 pages (Armenian: Ցեղի հավիտենական զենքը, Romanized: Tsheghi havitenakan zenq)
Free Syunik, Beirut, 1999, 176 pages (Armenian: Ազատ Սիւնիք, Romanized: Azat Syunik)
The struggle for the survival of Mountainous Armenia, Beirut, 1999, 44 pages (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստանի գոյամարտը, Romanized: Lernahayastani goyamart)
Awakening of the Nation, Yerevan, 1999, 36 pages (Armenian: Ցեղի արթնություն, Romanized: Tseghi artnutyun)
American-Armenians: the nation and its scum, Yerevan, 2000 (Armenian: Ամերիկահայությունը՝ ցեղը և իր տականքը, Romanized: Amerikahayutiwne: tseghe ew ir takanke)
The movement of the spirit of the nation, Yerevan, 2000 (Armenian: Ցեղի ոգու շարժը, Romanized: Tseghi vogu sharj)
The movement of the spirit of the nation. Armenian-Americans: the tribe and its scum, Yerevan, 2000, 118 pages (Armenian: Ցեղի ոգու շարժը։ Ամերիկահայությունը՝ ցեղը և իր տականքը, Romanized: Amerikahayutiwne: tseghe ew ir takanke)
Tseghakronism as a power of victory. Tribal awakening. What is Tseghakronism, Yerevan, 2001, 48 pages (Armenian: Ցեղակրօնութիւնն իբր յաղթանակի զօրոյթ։ Ցեղային արթնութիւն։ Ինչ է ցեղակրօնութիւնը, Romanized: Tseghakronutyunn ibr haghtanaki xoruyt: Tseghayin artnutyun: Inch e tseghakronutyun)
Selected, Yerevan, 2001, 405 pages (Armenian: Հատընտիր, Romanized: Hatyntir)
Pages from my diary. An open letter to the Armenian intelligentsia, Yerevan, 2002, 52 pages (Armenian: Էջեր իմ օրագրեն։ Բաց նամակ հայ մտավորականության, Romanized: Ejer im oragren: Bats namak hay mtavorakanutean)
Works, volume 1, Yerevan, RA NAS Publishing House, 2002, 532 pages (Armenian: Երկեր, Romanized: Yerker)
Works, volume 2, Yerevan, RA NAS Publishing House, 2002, 504 pages (Armenian: Երկեր, Romanized: Yerker)
Collection of letters (1920-1921), Yerevan, 2002, 48 pages (Armenian: Նամականի, Romanized: Namakani)
Newly discovered relics, Yerevan, 2002, 20 pages (Armenian: Նորահայտ մասունքներ, Romanized: Norahayt masunqner)
Big idea (newly discovered relics), Yerevan, 2003, 80 pages (Armenian: Մեծ գաղափար (նորահայտ մասունքներ), Romanized: Mets gaghapar (norahayt masunqner))
The struggle of sons against fathers, Beirut, 2005, 127 pages (Armenian: Որդիների պայքարը հայրերի դէմ, Romanized: Vordineri payqary hayreri dem)
Selected /second supplemented edition/, Yerevan, 2006, 706 pages (Armenian: Հատընտիր /երկրորդ լրացված հրատարակություն/ Romanized: Hatyntir)
Open Letter to Michael Arlen, Los Angeles, 2008 (Armenian: Բաց նամակ Մայքլ Արլենին, Romanized: Bats namak Mayql Arlenin)
To the Armenian Warrior (The Art of Winning), Yerevan, 2010, 64 pages (Arrmenian: Հայ ռազմիկին (Հաղթելու արվեստը), Romanized: Hay razmikin (Haghtelu arverst))
Worldview, Yerevan, 2011, 28 pages (Armenian: Աշխարհայեցողություն, Romanized: Ashkharhayetsoghutyun)
Newly discovered letters, Yerevan, 2011 (Armenian: Նորահայտ նամակներ, Romanized: Norahayt namakner)
Literary works, Yerevan, 2012, 216 pages (Armenian: Գրական երկեր, Romanized: Grakan erker)
Prison life. Letters. Posts, Yerevan, 2016, 187 pages (Armenian: Բանտային կյանք։ Նամակներ։ Գրառումներ, Romanized: Bantayin kyanq: Namakner: Grarumner)
Remember the war. Khustupyan calls, Yerevan, 2017, 148 pages (Armenian: Հիշի՛ր պատերազմը։ Խուստուփյան կանչեր, Romanized: Hishir paterazmy: Khustupean Kancher)
Selected Works of Garegin Nzhdeh, translated by Eduard Danielyan. Montreal: "Nakhijevan" Institute of Canada 2011
Secondary literature and popular culture
Avo. Nzhdeh. Beirut, 1968.
Bantarkeali me hushere: tarapanki tariner G. Nzhdehi het, ed. Armen Sevan. Buenos Aires, 1970.
Hambardzumyan, Rafael. Nzhdeh: hamarot kensagrakan ev kensataregrutyun. Yerevan, 2006.
Kevorkian, Vartan. Lernahayastani herosamarte, 1919-1921. Bucharest: Tp. Jahakir, 1923.
Lalayan, Mushegh. Tseghakron ev Taronakan sharzhumnere: patmutyun ev gaghaparakhosutyun. Yerevan: Hayastani Hanrapetakan kusaktsutyun, 2011.
Garegin Nzhdeh, published on the occasion of his 110th anniversary, Yerevan 1996.
Garegin Nzhdeh: Analecta, contains Nzhdeh's ideologies, thoughts, letters, speeches and other writings, Yerevan 2006.
Films
The Path of the Eternal, by Arthur Babayan and Armen Tevanian.
Garegin Nzhdeh, a documentary film within the Why Is the Past Still Making Noise? series, produced in 2011 by the Public TV of Armenia.
, film premiered on 28 January 2013 in Yerevan's Moscow Cinema, produced by HK Productions.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
About Nzhdeh in Armenian in website nzhde.com
Garegin Nzhdeh Movie 2013 in website kkkino.ru
1886 births
1955 deaths
20th-century Armenian politicians
20th-century Armenian writers
Armenian anti-communists
Armenian biographers
Armenian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Armenian expatriates in Bulgaria
Armenian expatriates in Iran
Armenian fedayi
Armenian generals
Armenian nationalists
Armenian people of World War I
Armenian people who died in prison custody
Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Imperial Russian Army personnel
People from Erivan Governorate
People from Nakhchivan
Prisoners who died in Soviet detention
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
Russian military personnel of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel
Military personnel of the Russian Empire |
4389159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20wine%20terms | Glossary of wine terms | The glossary of wine terms lists the definitions of many general terms used within the wine industry. For terms specific to viticulture, winemaking, grape varieties, and wine tasting, see the topic specific list in the "See also" section below.
A
Abboccato
An Italian term for full-bodied wines with medium-level sweetness
ABC
Initials for "Anything but Chardonnay" or "Anything but Cabernet". A term conceived by Bonny Doon's Randall Grahm to denote wine drinkers' interest in grape varieties.
Abfüllung (Erzeugerabfüllung)
Bottled by the proprietor. Will be on the label followed by relevant information concerning the bottler.
ABV
Abbreviation of alcohol by volume, generally listed on a wine label.
AC
Abbreviation for "Agricultural Cooperative" on Greek wine labels and for Adega Cooperativa on Portuguese labels.
Acescence
Wine with a sharp, sweet-and-sour tang. The acescence characteristics frequently recalls a vinegary smell.
Adamado
Portuguese term for a medium-sweet wine
Adega
Portuguese wine term for a winery or wine cellar.
Almacenista
Spanish term for a Sherry producer who ferments and matures the wine before selling it to a merchant
Altar wine
The wine used by the Catholic Church in celebrations of the Eucharist.
Alte Reben
German term for old vine
Amabile
Italian term for a medium-sweet wine
AOC
Abbreviation for Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée, (), as specified under French law. The AOC laws specify and delimit the geography from which a particular wine (or other food product) may originate and methods by which it may be made. The regulations are administered by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO).
A.P. number
Abbreviation for Amtliche Prüfungsnummer, the official testing number displayed on a German wine label that shows that the wine was tasted and passed government quality control standards.
ATTTB
Abbreviation for the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, a United States government agency that is primarily responsible for the regulation of wines sold and produced in the United States.
Amontillado
Best described as a matured Fino. After the flor dies, the yeast sinks to the bottom of the wine and is no longer able to protect the Sherry from oxidation. The now unprotected Sherry begins to take on a rich and deep nutty flavor.
Anbaugebiet
A German wine region. Anbaugebiete are further divided into Bereiche or districts.
Annata
Italian term for a vintage
Aperitif
A wine that is either drunk by itself (i.e. without food) or before a meal in order to stimulate the appetite.
Appellation
A geographically delineated wine region.
Aromatic
A wine with very noticeable and distinctive aromas
Ausbruch
Austrian term originally referring to the aszú production method of mixing grapes affected by noble rot with a fermenting base wine. Today a Prädikat in Austria, intermediate between Beerenauslese and Trockenbeerenauslese.
Auslese
German for "select harvest", a Prädikat in Germany and Austria.
Azienda vinicola
Italian term for an estate that makes wine from both its own vineyards and from purchased grapes
Azienda agricola
Italian term for a winery that only produces wine from its own estate vineyards
B
Balthazar
A large bottle containing 12 litres, the equivalent of 16 regular wine bottles.
Ban de Vendange
The official start of the harvest season in France.
Barrique
The French name for a 225 litre Bordeaux style barrel (Bordeaux hogshead). Will yield 24 cases of 12 bottles each.
Basic
A low-cost entry-level offering from a winery as opposed to its more expensive premium wine offerings.
Beerenauslese
A German term meaning approximately "harvest of selected berries". A Prädikat in Germany and Austria.
Bereich
A district within a German wine region (Anbaugebiet). Contains smaller Grosslagen vineyard designations.
The Berthomeau Report
Commissioned by French Ministry of Agriculture to better position the wine industry for the future.
Bianco, Blanc, Blanco, Branco
Italian/French/Spanish/Portuguese terms for a white wine or grape
Bin
A term originally meant to denote a location in a cellar where wine is stored but now often seen in brand marketing of some wines (e.g. Bin 75 Merlot)
Biodynamic wine
Like biodynamic agriculture in general, biodynamic grape-growing stems from the ideas and suggestions of Rudolf Steiner (1861.1925), which predate most of the organic movement. The principles and practices of biodynamics are based on his spiritual/practical philosophy which includes understanding the ecological, the energetic, and the spiritual in nature.
Biologique
French term for organic winemaking
Blind tasting
Tasting and evaluating a wine without knowing which it is.
B.O.B.
An acronym for "Buyer's Own Brand" which refers to a private label wine owned by the restaurant or retailer that sells the wine.
Bodega
A Spanish wine cellar. Also refers to a seller of alcoholic beverage.
Bota
A cask of wine used to store Sherry with a capacity between 159 and 172 gallons (600-650 liters)
Botte
The Italian term for a wooden barrel, plural: botti. Usually refers to a botte grande, a large floor-standing wooden vat with a capacity of .
Bottle
A container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth." Modern wine bottles are nearly always made of glass because it is nonporous, strong, and aesthetically pleasing.
Breathing
The interaction between air and wine after a wine has been opened. Breathing may take place while the wine is decanting.
C
C.A.
Abbreviation seen on Spanish wine labels meaning Cooperativa Agrícola or local co-operative.
Cane pruning
Cane pruning is when one or two canes from a vine's previous year's growth are cut back to six to fifteen buds which will be the coming growing season's grape producers.
Cantina
Italian term for winery.
Cantina Sociale
Italian term for a co-operative
Cap Classique
South African wine term for a sparkling wine made according to the traditional method
Capsule
The plastic or foil that covers the cork and part of the neck of a wine bottle.
Carbonic maceration
Whole, uncrushed grapes are fermented in a sealed vat containing a layer of carbon dioxide. This results in fruity, soft and distinct red wines. These wines have little tannin and are immediately drinkable. This is the method used throughout France's Beaujolais region.
Cascina
Italian term for a farmhouse or wine estate
Cask
A wood barrel or storage vessel, often made from oak, that is used in winemaking for fermentation and/or aging
Casta
Portuguese term for a grape variety
Caudalie
Unit of the persistence of the wine's finish in seconds. Derived from the word caudal (tail). A wine can have a caudalie of 8 or more seconds.
Cava
Spanish term for a sparkling wine made according to the traditional method
Cave
See wine cave
Cellar door
The area of the winery where point of sale purchases occur. This can be a tasting room or a separate sales area.
Cépage
French term for grape variety. When it appears on a wine label it will usually refer to the varieties used to make the wine.
Cerasuolo
Italian term for a cherry-pink colored wine
Chacha
Georgian term for grape marc and stalks – in Georgian, chacha also refers to the spirits distilled thereof.
Chai
A wine shed, or other storage place above ground, used for storing casks, common in Bordeaux. Usually different types of wine are kept in separate sheds. The person in charge of vinification and ageing of all wine made at an estate, or the chais of a négociant, is titled a Maître de Chai. The New World counterpart to the chai may be called the barrel hall.
Champagne flute
A piece of stemware having a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl on top.
Chaptalization
The practice of adding sugar (from sugar beets or sugarcanes) to the grape must prior to fermenting, to compensate for low sugar content/potential alcohol in the grapes.
Château
Generally a winery in Bordeaux, although the term is sometimes used for wineries in other parts of the world, such as the Barossa Valley.
Chiaretto
Italian term for a very pale or light colored rosé
Clairet
A French term for a wine that falls between the range of a light red wine and a dark rosé
Claret
British name for Bordeaux wine. Is also a semi-generic term for a red wine in similar style to that of Bordeaux.
Classic
German classification category for dry wine
Classico
An Italian term for the historical or "classic" center of a wine region — sometimes located in the heart of a DOC.
Cleanskin
In Australia, wine bottled without a commercial label, usually sold cheaply in bulk quantities.
Climat
French term for Lieu-dit used in Burgundy for a single plot of land located within a vineyard that has its own name and demonstrated terroir.
Clos
French term for what was historically a vineyard whose boundaries were delineated by a walled enclosure. Commonly associated with vineyards in the Burgundy wine region such as the Grand Cru vineyard Clos de Vougeot.
Coates Law of Maturity
A principle relating to the aging ability of wine that states that a wine will remain at its peak (or optimal) drinking quality for as long as it took to reach the point of maturity. For example, if a wine is drinking at its peak at 1 year of age, it will continue drinking at its peak for another year.
Colheita
Portuguese term for a harvest
Commercial wine
A mass-produced wine aimed for a wide market of consumers made according to a set formula, year after year. These wines tend to emphasize broad appeal and easy drinkability rather than terroir or craftsmanship.
Commune
A small wine-growing region that surrounds a village
Compte
Classification system used in the Armagnac and Cognac region based on the age of the spirit ranging from 00 for a newly distilled spirit to 2 for a VS ("Very Special"), 4 for a VSOP Reserve, 6 for a Napoleon XO (extra old) and 10 for the longest aged XO.
Congeners
Additional alcohols and aldehydes present in wine apart from ethanol, also known as fusel alcohols.
Consorzio
Italian term for a trade organization of wine producers. Often members of individual consorzio will have their wines packaged with a specific neck label that identifies their membership in the consorzio.
Cooperative
Winemaking organization that is jointly owned by a number of growers who pool their resources and vineyards to produce wine under one label
Cordon training
A method of vine training. Unlike cane pruning where the trunk itself is the only permanent, inflexible piece of the vine, cordon trained vines have one or two woody arms extending from the top of the trunk. These are then spur pruned.
Corkscrew
A tool, comprising a pointed metallic helix attached to a handle, for drawing Corks from bottles.
Côtes
French term for the hillside or slopes of one contiguous hill region.
Coteaux
French term for the hillside or slopes of a hill region that is not contiguous.
Country wine
A quality level intermediate between table wine and quality wine, which in France is known as vin de pays and in Italy as Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) . Also a synonym for Fruit wine.
Crémant
French sparkling wine not made in Champagne region.
Crianza
Spanish aging designation. For red wines a wine needs to be aged at least 6 months in oak (in Rioja and Ribera del Duero it is 12 months in oak) and a total of 24 months before release. For Spanish whites there is no minimum oak aging but a Crianza designated wines needs to be kept at the winery for at least 18 months after harvest before being released to the market
Cru
A French term that literally means "growth". May refer to a vineyard or a winery.
Cru Artisan
Bordeaux estate classification below that of Cru Bourgeois
Cru Bourgeois
A classification of Bordeaux wine estates in the Medoc that were not part of the originally 1855 Bordeaux classification.
Cru Classé
A French term for an officially classified vineyard or winery.
C.S.
An Italian abbreviation for Cantina Sociale that appears on wine labels denoting that the wine has been made by a local cooperative.
Cult wines
Wines for which committed buyers will pay large sums of money because of their desirability and rarity.
Cuvaison
The French term for the period of time during alcoholic fermentation when the wine is in contact with the solid matter such as skin, pips, stalks, in order to extract colour, flavour and tannin. See also maceration.
Cuvée
French term, meaning vat or tank. On wine labels it is used to denote wine of a specific blend or batch.
Cuverie
French term, along with cuvier that refers to the building or room where fermentation takes place. Essentially, the room, building, grange, barn, garage or shed, or other building, used for "making wine." When the grapes are first picked, they arrive at the cuverie.
C.V.
Abbreviation for the French term Coopérative de Vignerons that may appear on wine labels to denote that the wine has been made by a local cooperative.
D
Débourbage
Refers to a process in which the must of a white wine is allowed to settle before racking off the wine, this process reduces the need for filtration or fining.
Decantation
The process of pouring wine from its bottle into a decanter to separate the sediment from the wine.
Dégorgement tardive
French term for a Champagne that has been aged sur lie for an exceptionally long time (far beyond the usually 5-10 years of vintage Champagne) before going through degorgement.
Demi-sec
A medium-dry sparkling wine. In Champagne, this a wine that has received a dosage of 32-50 grams/liter
Dessert wine
Varies by region. In the UK, a very sweet, low alcohol wine. In the US by law, any wine containing over 14.1% alcohol.
DO
1. The abbreviation for Denominación de Origen, or "place name". This is Spain's designation for wines whose name, origin of grapes, grape varieties and other important factors are regulated by law. 2. The abbreviation for dissolved oxygen, the degree of oxygen saturation in a wine, which strongly affects oxidation of the wine and its ageing properties.
DOC
The abbreviation for Denominazione di Origine Controllata, or "controlled place name." This is Italy's designation for wine whose name, origin of grapes, grape varieties and other important factors are regulated by law. It is also the abbreviation for Portugal's highest wine category, which has the same meaning in that country.
Doce/Dolce/Doux/Dulce
Portuguese, Italian, French and Spanish terms for a sweet wine
DOCG
The abbreviation for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, or controlled and guaranteed place name, which is the category for the highest-ranking wine in Italy.
Drip cloth
A cover that slips over the neck of a wine bottle and absorbs any drips that may run down the bottle after pouring, preventing stains to table cloths, counter tops or other surfaces.
Dry
Lacking sweetness in taste.
E
Eau de vie
French term for a grape-derived spirit such as brandy up to a maximum of 96% ABV. Its literal translation is "water of life"
Edelfäule
German term for noble rot
Edelkeur
South African term for noble rot.
Edes
Hungarian term for a sweet wine
Égrappage
The French term for destemming. Destemming is removing stems prior to pressing and fermenting the grapes and their juice. Stems have a significant amount of coarse and often green tannin undesirable in the finished wine.
Einzellage
The smallest geographical unit in German wine law representing a single vineyard.
Eiswein
German for ice wine, a dessert wine made from frozen grapes.
Elaborado por
Spanish wine label term meaning "produced by"
Élevé en fûts de chêne
French phrase that may appear on wine labels to denote that the wine has been aged in oak barrels.
Embotellado por
Spanish wine label term meaning "bottled by"
Élevage
French term for the historical role that négociants play in the winemaking process-roughly translating as "bringing up" or "raising" the wine. Traditionally négociants would buy ready made wines after fermentation, blend and then store the wine before bringing them to the market.
En primeur
A system commonly associated with Bordeaux wine where the previous year's harvest is available for contract sales several months before the wine will be bottled and release.
Encépagement
French term for the proportion of grape varieties used in a blend.
Entry-level wine
The wine from a producer's portfolio that is the lowest cost for purchase and offers the most basic quality.
Eraflage
The process of removing the grapes from the stems, done either by hand or machine. Known in English as destemming.
Erste Lage
German vineyards that have been classified by the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP) to be a "first class" location capable of producing Erstes Gewächs and Großes Gewächs wines
Erstes Gewächs
A dry wine from a "great growth" vineyard that has been designated as Erste Lage. In many regions this term has been replaced by Grosses Gewächs.
Erzeugerabfüllung
German term for an estate-bottled wine
Extra-Brut
A very dry sparkling wine. In Champagne, this is a wine that has received a dosage with between 0-6 grams/liter sugar
Extra Dry
A sparkling wine that is sweeter than a brut. In Champagne, this is a wine that has received a dosage between 12 and 17 g/L sugar
Estate winery
A United States winery license allowing farms to produce and sell wine on-site, sometimes known as a farm winery.
EU lot number
A European Union directive initiated in 1992 that mandates every bottle of wine produced or sold in the European Union to include a designated lot number. This allows identified defective or fraudulent wine to be tracked and removed from circulation more efficiently.
Ex-cellars
Refers to the extra cost associated with buying wines en primeur that may include the cost of shipping to the importer's cellars as well applicable duties and taxes.
F
Farm winery
A United States & South Africa winery license allowing farms to produce and sell wine on-site.
Fattoria
Italian term for a wine estate
Federspiel
In the Austrian wine region Wachau, a classification of wine with a harvest must weight of at least 17°KMW and a finished alcohol level between 11 and 12.5% with no more than 4 g/L residual sugar. This classification is between the levels of Steinfeder and Smaragd.
Feinherb
An unregulated German wine term for an off-dry (or halbtrocken) wine
Fermentazione naturale
An Italian term for a "naturally sparkling" wine. This usually refers to a wine, such as Asti, that has been bottled before fermentation is completed so that a natural sparkle of CO2 can be achieved in the bottle
Fiasco
The straw-covered flask historically associated with Chianti.
Fighting varietal
A term that originated in California during the mid-1980s to refer to any inexpensive cork-finished varietal wine in a 1.5 liter bottle.
Fine wine
The highest category of wine quality, representing only a very small percentage of worldwide production of wine.
Finings
Substances added at or near the completion of wine processing, to remove of organic compounds for the purpose of improving clarity or adjusting flavor or aroma.
Flagon
A glass bottle that holds two litres of (usually inexpensive) table wine.
Flying winemaker
A winemaker who travels extensively across the globe, sharing techniques and technology from one region of the world to another. The term originated with Australian winemakers who would fly to Northern Hemisphere wine regions in Europe and the United States during the August–October harvest time when viticulture in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively quiet.
Fortified wine
Wine to which alcohol has been added, generally to increase the concentration to a high enough level to prevent fermentation.
French Paradox
A 1991 episode of the American news program 60 Minutes that documented the low mortality rate from cardiovascular disease among the French who had a high-alcohol, high-cholesterol and low exercise lifestyle in contrast to the high mortality rate among Americans with a relatively lower cholesterol, low alcohol and more exercise lifestyle.
Frizzante
Italian term for a semi-sparkling wine.
Frizzantino
Italian term for a wine that has very slight effervescence, more than a still wine but less than a semi-sparkling. Similar to the French term perlant.
Fruit wine
A fermented alcoholic beverage made from non-grape fruit juice which may or may not include the addition of sugar or honey. Fruit wines are always called "something" wines (e.g., plum wine), since the word wine alone is often legally defined as a beverage made only from grapes.
G
Garrafeira
Portuguese term for a potentially superior quality wine that has seen extended aging in the barrel and bottle
Gemeind
German term for a commune where wine is produced
Geographical Indication
A term used by the World Trade Organization to designate a wine region that can produce wines with defined characteristics (such as an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in France).
Globalization of wine
Refers to the increasingly international nature of the wine industry, including vineyard management practices, winemaking techniques, wine styles, and wine marketing.
Gönc
In Hungary, the traditional oak cask used to age Tokaji
Goon
Australian term for inexpensive box wine.
Grains nobles
A phrase that may appear on French wine labels from Alsace, Condrieu, Coteaux du Layon and Mâcon to indicate a wine made from botrytis-infected grapes
Grande Marque
French term for a famous brand of wine, most commonly associated with the large Champagne houses.
Grand cru
French term for a "Great growth" or vineyard. In Burgundy, the term is regulated to a define list of Grand cru vineyards.
Grand vin
French term most often associated with Bordeaux where it denotes a Chateau's premier wine, or "first wine". On a wine label, the word's Grand vin may appear to help distinguish the wine from an estate's second or third wine.
Gran Reserva
Spanish aging designation that for red wine stipulates that it has been aged for a total of 5 years after harvest with at least 18 months in oak (in Rioja and Ribera del Duero the minimum is 24 months). For Spanish white wines the requirement is 4 years of total aging with at least 6 months in oak (increased to 12 months in Rioja and Ribera del Duero)
Granvas
Spanish term for a sparkling wine that has been tank fermented as opposed to going through secondary fermentation in the bottle according to the Traditional Method used for Cava production
Grosses Gewächs
A dry wine made from a vineyard that has been designated as an Erste Lage ("Great Growth") by the wine grower association VDP
Grosslage
A German designation for a cluster of vineyards within a Bereich as opposed to an Einzellage which is a single vineyard.
H
Habillage
French term for the foil and wire cork cage that are used to dress a bottle of sparkling wine
Halbtrocken
German term for a medium-dry wine
Hock
Term for Rhine wines, usually used in England.
Horizontal wine tasting
A tasting of a group of wines from the same vintage or representing the same style of wine (such as all Pinot noirs from different wineries in a region), as opposed to a vertical tasting which involves of the same wine through different vintages. In a horizontal tasting, keeping wine variety or type and wine region the same helps emphasize differences in winery styles.
I
Ice wine
Wine made from frozen grapes. Written, and trademarked as a single word - Icewine - in Canada. Called Eiswein in German.
Imbottigliato all'origine
Italian term for a wine that has been estate-bottled
Imperial
A large bottle holding six litres, the equivalent of eight regular wine bottles.
IGT
Abbreviation for "Indicazione Geografica Tipica", the lowest-ranking of the three categories of Italian wine regulated by Italian law.
International variety
Grape varieties grown in nearly every major wine region, for example Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Merlot
Invecchiato
Italian term for a wine that has been aged either in oak or in the bottle
J
Jeroboam
A large bottle holding 3-5 litres, the equivalent of 4-6 regular wine bottles.
Jug wine
American term for inexpensive table wine ().
K
Kabinett
A wine designation in Germany (where it is a Prädikat) and Austria.
Kosher wine
Wine that is produced under the supervision of a rabbi so as to be ritually pure or clean.
L
Landwein
German term for a wine slightly above table wines (tafelwine). Similar to a French vin de pays wine.
Late harvest wine
Also known as late picked, wine made from grapes that have been left on the vine longer than usual. Usually an indicator for a very sweet or dessert wine.
Lazy Ballerina
One example of a trellising system used to grow wine grapes.
Lie
French term for the dead yeast and sediment of wine also known as lees.
Litre (US - Liter)
A metric measure of volume equal to 33.8 fluid ounces (U.S.) or 35.2 fl oz (imperial).
Lieu-dit
French term for a named vineyard site. Usually used in the context of describing individual vineyards below Grand cru status.
Liquoreux
French term meaning "liqueur-like" used for dessert wine with a luscious, almost unctuous quality. Often used to describe wines made by botrytis-infected grapes
Liquoroso
Italian term for a fortified wine
M
Maderized
A wine that has been oxidatively aged by maderisation. Often associated with the wines of Madeira
Magnum
A bottle holding 1.5 litres, the equivalent of two regular wine bottles.
Manipulant
French term for a grape grower who makes their own wine. Often associated with the Champagne wine region where producers of Grower Champagnes are identified by the initials RM (for Récoltant-Manipulant) on wine labels
Marani
General term for winery or wine cellar in the country of Georgia.
Marc
The distillate made from pomace. The term can also refer to the pomace itself or, in the Champagne region, to individual press fractions from the traditional vertical wine press.
Mas
French term for a vineyard
Maso/Masseria
Italian terms for a wine estate
Master of Wine
A qualification (not an academic degree) conferred by The Institute of Masters of Wine, which is located in the United Kingdom.
May wine
A light German wine flavored with sweet woodruff in addition to strawberries or other fruit.
Mead
A wine-like alcoholic beverage made of fermented honey and water rather than grape juice.
Merlot-to-go law
Legislation in some U.S. states allowing restaurant patrons to take the remains of an opened bottle of wine with them.
Meritage
Originally created in California, these blended wines can be summed up as the "American Bordeaux". The term is a blend of the words "merit" and "heritage" and pronounced the same. The Red blend is made from at least 2 of the 5 Bordeaux grape varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec. The White Meritage is a blend at least 2 of Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon vert, and Semillon.
Methuselah
A large bottle holding six liters, the equivalent of eight regular wine bottles.
Metodo charmat
Italian term for a sparkling wine that has gone through secondary fermentation in a tank (Charmat method) as opposed to the traditional method of fermentation in the bottle that consumers will eventually purchase.
Metodo classico/Metodo tradizionale
Italian terms for a sparkling wine that has gone through secondary fermentation according to the traditional method
Mid palate
The balance of weight, acidity and fruit flavors that are perceived while the wine is still in the tasters mouth and before swallowing
Millésime
French term for a vintage date that can appear on a wine label
Mis en bouteille au château
French for "bottled at the winery", usually in Bordeaux.
Mistelle/Mistela
French and Spanish terms for a fortified wine made by mixing unfermented grape juice with an alcohol spirit. For example Pineau des Charentes
Moelleux
French term usually used for wines of mid-level sweetness or liquoreux.
Monopole
French term for an appellation, where all the vineyards in the appellation are under single ownership.
Mousse
The sparkling effervescence of a wine. In the glass it perceived as the bubbling but the surface of the glass can affect this perception. Premium quality sparkling wine has a mousse composed of small, persistent string of bubbles.
Mousseux
French term for a sparkling wine
Mulled wine
Wine that is spiced, heated, and served as a punch.
Must
The juice of freshly pressed grapes
N
Nebuchadnezzar
A large bottle holding 15 litres, the equivalent of 20 regular wine bottles.
Négociant
French for "trader". A wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name.
New World wine
Wines produced outside of the traditional wine growing areas of Europe and North Africa.
Noble rot
A fungal disease caused by Botrytis cinerea that results in dehydrated and shrivelled grapes that are high in concentrated sugar. Noble Rot grapes are an essential component of many Austrian and German wines.
Non-filtré
French term for a wine that has not been filtered
Nose
The aroma or bouquet of a wine.
O
Oenophile
A wine aficionado or connoisseur.
Oenology
The study of aspects of wine and winemaking.
Old World wine
Wines produced inside of the traditional wine growing areas of Europe and North Africa.
Organoleptic
A winetasting term for anything that affects one of the main senses such as smell. An example would be an affliction of the common cold or being in a room with someone wearing an overwhelming amount of perfume.
P
Pétillant
French term for a lightly sparkling wine
Petit château
A Bordeaux wine estate that doesn't have any official designation of classification.
Piquant
French term for a simple, quaffing white wine with pleasing fruit structure and balance of acidity.
Plafond Limité de Classement
An allowance within the French AOC system that allows producers to exceed the official maximum limit on yields by as much as 20% in warm weather years. Critics such as wine writer Tom Stevenson describes this loophole (also known as "PLC") as "legalized cheating"
Plan Bordeaux
A proposal for enhancing the economic status of the wine industry in Bordeaux.
Plonk
British English slang for an inexpensive bottle of wine. The term is thought to originate from the French word for white wine, "blanc".
Podere
Italian term for a small wine estate
Port
A sweet fortified wine, which is produced from grapes grown and processed in the Douro region of Portugal. This wine is fortified with the addition of distilled grape spirits in order to boost the alcohol content and stop fermentation thus preserving some of the natural grape sugars. Several imitations are made throughout the world.
Pourriture noble
Italian term for noble rot
Prädikat
A PDO wine designation for high quality used in Germany and Austria, based on grape ripeness and must weight. There are several Prädikate ranging from Kabinett (Spätlese in Austria) to Trockenbeerenauslese. The Austrian Prädikat also includes the designation Ausbruch between Beerenauslese and Trockenbeerenauslese.
Prädikatswein
The highest class of wine in the German wine classification, formerly called Qualitätswein mit Prädikat. These wines always display a specific Prädikat on their label.
Premier cru
French term for a "First growth". Used mostly in conjunction with the wines of Burgundy and Champagne where the term is regulated.
Premium wines
Higher quality classification of wine above every day drinking table wines. While premium wines maybe very expensive there is no set price point that distinguishes when a wine becomes a "premium wine." Premium wines generally have more aging potential than every day quaffing wines.
Primary aromas
The aromas in wine derived from the grapes themselves and are considered part of the varietal character or typicity of the grape variety. This is opposed to the secondary aromas which come from the fermentation and maturation process and the tertiary aromas which come from aging process in the bottle.
Produttore
Italian term for a wine producer
Propriétaire
French term for the owner of a wine estate
Protected Designation of Origin/PDO
Wine labeling term introduced to the European Union in 2009 to replace the Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR) designation. Used to denote a wine from a region with more specification and regulations than a generic Geographic Indication (GI)
Protected Geographical Indication/PGI
Wine labeling term introduced to the European Union in 2009 to replace the "Table Wine" designation. Used to denote a wine with lower specification and regulation than that with a PDO or GI designation.
Punt
The indentation found in the base of a wine bottle. Punt depth is often thought to be related to wine quality, with better quality wines having a deeper punt.
Puttonyos
In Hungary, the measurement of sweetness levels for Tokaji ranging from 3 Puttonyos, which contains at least 60 grams/liter of sugar, to 6 Puttonyos containing at least 150 g/L of sugar.
Q
QbA
German initials for Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete.
QmP
German initials for Qualitätswein mit Prädikat.
QPR
Initials for Quality-Price Ratio.
Qualitätswein
A designation of better quality German wines. When used in isolation on a wine label, it refers to Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete.
Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA)
A designation of better quality German wines from recognized viticultural areas. It formally represents the second-highest level of German wine.
Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (QmP)
A former designation of the best quality German wines, since 2007 shortened to Prädikatswein.
Quality-Price Ratio (QPR)
A designation for rating wine based on the ratio of its quality and its price. The higher quality and less expensive price a wine has, the better the ratio.
Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR)
A now-defunct wine classification category in the European Union that was formally abolished, along with the Table Wine designation, in 2009 with the adoption of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) system.
Quaffing wine
A simple, everyday drinking wine
Quinta
Portuguese term for a wine estate.
Qvevri (Georgian: ქვევრი)
Earthenware vessels used for the fermentation, storage and ageing of traditional Georgian wine. Resembling large, egg-shaped amphorae without handles, they are either buried below ground or set into the floors of large wine cellars.
R
Raisin
French term for a grape
Recioto
An Italian sweet wine made from passito grapes.
Récoltant
French term for a wine producer who grows their own grapes. Often associated with the Champagne wine region where producers of Grower Champagnes are identified by the initials RM (for Récoltant-Manipulant) on wine labels
Récolt
Redox
The reductive-oxidative way that wine ages. As one part gains oxygen and becomes oxidized, another part loses oxygen and becomes reduced. Early in its life, a wine will exhibit oxidative aromas and traits due to the relatively recent influence and exposure of oxygen when the wine was barrel aged and/or bottled. As the wine ages and is shut off from a supply of oxygen in the bottle, a mature wine will develop reductive characteristics.
Rehoboam
A large bottle holding 4.5 litres, the equivalent of six regular wine bottles.
Reserva
Spanish aging designation. For red wines this means that a wine has been aged for at least 3 years following harvest with at least 12 months in oak. For Spanish white wines, the designation means that the wine has been aged for at least 18 months with at least 6 of those months in oak.
Reserve/Riserva/Reserva
Terms given to wine to indicate that it is of higher quality than usual sometimes with longer aging and higher alcohol levels. Outside of the use of "Reserva" in Spanish wines, these terms usually have no official standings or requirements.
Residual sugar/RS
The unfermented sugar left over in the wine after fermentation. All wines, including those labeled as "dry wines" contain some residual sugars due to the presence of unfermentable sugars in the grape must such as pentoses.
Rich
French term for a very sweet wine. Often used as a description for very sweet sparkling wine
Ripasso
The addition of Amarone flavor to Valpolicella wine by allowing the Valpolicella to pass over the drained must of an Amarone on its way to secondary fermentation.
Rosado/Rosato
Spanish and Italian terms for a rosé wine
Rosso/Rouge
Italian and French terms for a red wine
S
Sack
An early English term for what is now called Sherry.
Salmanazar
A large bottle holding nine litres, the equivalent of 12 regular wine bottles.
Sangria
A tart punch made from red wine along with orange, lemon and apricot juice with added sugar.
Satsnakheli
A foot-stumping wine press, traditionally used in Georgia. One of the main components of a marani.
Sec/Secco/Seco
French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese terms for a dry wine. In Champagne production, "Sec" wines are actually medium-dry being sweeter than Brut and Extra Dry with 12-17 grams/liter of sugar added in the dosage.
Secondary aromas
The aromas in wine that are derived from the winemaking process which includes fermentation as well as potentially malolactic fermentation and oak aging. This is in contrast to the primary aromas which come from the grape variety itself and the tertiary aromas which come from aging process in the bottle.
Sekt
A sparkling wine manufactured in Germany.
Selection
German wine classification for dry wines from a single vineyard location
Selection de grains nobles
A sweet botrytized wine made in the French region of Alsace
Semi-generic
Wines made in the United States but named after places that the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau requires be modified by a US name of geographic origin. Examples would be New York Chablis, Napa Valley Burgundy or California Champagne.
Semisecco/Semi-seco
Italian and Spanish designation for a medium-dry wine
Sherry
A fortified wine that has been subjected to controlled oxidation to produce a distinctive flavor, produced in the Triangulo de Jerez region of Spain.
Smaragd
In the Austrian wine region Wachau, a classification of wine with a harvest must weight of at least 18.2°KMW and a finished alcohol level of at least 12.5% with no more than 8 g/L residual sugar. These wines are usually the most rich and full-bodied wines from the Wachau that are often made from late-harvest grapes.
Solera
A system of fractional blending used in the production of Sherry where younger wines are added to top up the barrels of older wines as they age in the cellar.
Sommelier
A wine expert who often works in restaurants.
Soutirage
French term for racking.
Sparkling wine
Effervescent wine containing significant levels of carbon dioxide.
Spätlese
German for "late harvest" that is made without chaptalization. A Prädikat in Germany and Austria.
Split
A wine bottle that holds approximately 6 oz (175-187 mL) or one-fourth the equivalent of a typical 750 mL bottle; a single-serving.
Spritzig
German term for a light sparkling wine.
Spumante
Italian term for a sparkling wine made from any production method
Steinfeder
In the Austrian wine region Wachau, a classification of wine with a harvest must weight be between 15 and 17°KMW, with no chaptalization permitted, and a finished alcohol level no greater than 11%. These wines usually the lightest in body among the wines of Wachau.
Stickies
An Australian term for a broad category of sweet wines included fortified and botrytized wines.
Stravecchio
Italian term for a very old wine, often used in association with Marsala
Strohwein/Schilfwein
A German word for "straw wine", same as the French term vin de paille. Refers to a dried grape wine. A Prädikat in Austria.
Super Seconds
A term used in relation to lower classified Bordeaux wine estates that come close in quality to the First Growth Bordeaux estates.
Super Tuscans
A style of Italian wine that became popular in Tuscany in the late 20th century where premium quality wines were produced outside of DOC regulations and sold for high prices with the low level vino da tavola designation.
Supérieur/Superiore
French and Italian terms that indicate a wine has a higher alcohol level and may have received more aging prior to release. In France, this term is often seen with Bordeaux wines
Sur lie
French term for a wine that has spent time aging on the lees during which it may have derived some flavors from autolysis. Often associated with the Loire wines of the Muscadet region.
Sur pointe
French term for a sparkling wine that has been aged with its neck down following the completion of autolysis but before dégorgement. Wines that are being riddled (remuage) will end up sur pointe with the yeast sediment consolidated in the neck of the bottle.
Süss
German term for a sweet wine
Szamorodni
Hungarian wine term meaning "as it comes". A wine with a mixture of healthy and botrytis-infected grapes
Száraz
Hungarian wine term for a dry wine
T
Table wine
Generally any wine that is not sparkling or fortified. In the US these wines must also be between 7% and 14% alcohol by volume. The term table wine also refers to a wine that is considered a good, everyday drinker. In the European Union, the "Table Wine" category (and "Table Wine with a Geographical Indication") was previously the quality category that came below "Quality Wines" or Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR) such as French AOC and Italian DOCG wines until both terms were eliminated in 2009. Now most European wines that were formally labeled as "Table Wines" are just labeled as "Wine" while those that were labeled as "Table Wine with a Geographical Indication" are now Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
Tafelwein
German term for table wine.
Taille
In Champagne wine production this is the juice that is retrieved from the second pressing (or "tails") of grapes which is generally considered to be of lower quality than the juice that comes from the first pressing (or "cuvee")
Talento
An Italian sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne--similar to the Spanish term Cava.
Tastevin
A silver, shallow cup used for tasting wine.
Tasting flight
Refers to a selection of wines, usually between three and eight glasses, but sometimes as many as fifty, presented for the purpose of sampling and comparison.
T.B.A.
An abbreviation for the German wine Trockenbeerenauslese.
Tenuta
Italian term for a wine estate
Terroir
Special characteristics expressed in a wine that result from the interaction of geography, geology, climate, and the plant's genetics.
Tertiary aromas
The aromas in wine that are developed as the wine ages in the bottle. This is in contrast to the primary aromas which come from the grape variety itself and the secondary aromas which come from the winemaking process.
Tinto
Spanish and Portuguese term for a red wine or grape
Tonneau
French cask capable of holding or the equivalent of 100 cases of twelve standard 750 mL (75 cL) bottles of wine. Historically associated with Bordeaux wine.
Transparency
The ability of a wine to clearly portray all unique aspects of its flavor — fruit, floral, and mineral notes.
Triage
A French term referring to the selective picking of grapes, instead of machine harvesting.
Trocken
German for "dry".
Trockenbeerenauslese
A German term meaning approximately "A late harvest of selected dry berries". A type of German wine made from grapes affected by noble rot. Such grapes can be so rare that it can take a skilled picker a day to gather enough for just one bottle. A Prädikat in Germany and Austria.
Typicity
How well a wine reflects the characteristics of its grape variety and terroir
U
UC
Abbreviation for the French term Union Coopérative denoting a regional or local cooperative.
Ullage
The space between the wine and the top of a wine bottle. As a wine ages, the space of ullage will increase as the wine gradually evaporates and seeps through the cork. The winemaking term of "ullage" refers to the practice of topping off a barrel with extra wine to prevent oxidation.
Unctuous
A wine that has layers of soft, concentrated, velvety fruits. Unctuous wines are lush, rich, and intense.
Uva
Italian term for a wine grape
Uvaggio
An Italian term for a wine that has been blended from several grape varieties-the opposite of a varietal. An example would be a Chianti that is based on Sangiovese but include other grape varieties in the bend.
V
Varietal
Wines made from a single grape variety.
VC
Abbreviation for the Spanish term vino comarcal denoting a local wine similar to a vin de pays in France.
VDL
Abbreviation for the French term vin de liqueur denoting a wine that has been fortified prior to fermentation
VDLT
Abbreviation for the Spanish term vino de la tierra denoting a "country wine" similar to the VDQS system of France.
VDN
Abbreviation for the French term vin doux naturel denoting a wine that has been fortified during fermentation.
VDQS
Abbreviation for the French Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure system that ranks below Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) but above Vin de pays (country wine).
VDT
Abbreviation for the Italian term vino da tavola denoting a table wine.
Vecchio
Italian term for old that may be used as an aging designation that is regulated by some DOC/G wine regions
Vendange
French term for grape harvest
Vendangé à la main
French term for a wine made from grapes that have been harvested by hand
Vendange tardive
French term denoting a late harvest wine. Legally this term can only appear on wine labels from the Alsace wine region to denote wines from exceptionally ripe grapes that have reached a certain pre-determined must weight. For Riesling and Muscat the grapes must be harvested with a potential alcohol level of at least 14%. For Pinot gris and Gewürztraminer, the potential alcohol level needs to be at least 15.3% by volume.
Vendemmia/Vendimia
Italian and Spanish term for grape harvest
Vermouth
An aromatized wine that is made with wormwood and potentially other ingredients.
Vertical wine tasting
In a vertical tasting, different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted, such as a winery's Pinot noir from five different years. This emphasizes differences between various vintages for a specific wine. In a horizontal tasting, the wines are all from the same vintage but are from different wineries or microclimates.
Vieilles vignes
Literally "old vines" in French, sometimes written as the initials V.V. It is not a regulated term with no official or legal definition of "Vieilles vignes" in any of the wine regions of France.
Viejo
Spanish term for "old"
Vigna/Vigneto
Italian terms for a vineyard
Vigneron
French for vine grower.
Vignoble
French term for a "vineyard"
Vin
French for wine.
Viña
Spanish for vines.
Vin de garde
French term for a wine with the potential to improve with age.
Vin de glace
French term for an ice wine.
Vin de paille
French term for a wine that has been made from dried out grapes such as a straw wine, for example a rare white Vin de paille can be produced in the northern Rhone wine region of the Hermitage AOC from Marsanne.
Vin de pays
French classification system denoting wines that are above vin de table but below VDQS.
Vin de table
French term denoting a table wine, the lowest classification of the French AOC system.
Viña/Viñedo/Vinha
Spanish and Portuguese terms for vineyard
Vinho
Portuguese for wine.
Vinho regional
The lowest level of the Portuguese classification system. Similar to a vin de pays.
Vin mousseux
Generic French term for a sparkling wine.
Vin nouveau
French term similar to Vin primeur denoting a very young wine meant to be consumed within the same vintage year it was produced. Example: Beaujolais nouveau.
Vin ordinaire
French term used to denote an "ordinary wine" as opposed to a premium quality wine.
Vino
Italian and Spanish, originally derived from Latin, for wine.
Vino de mesa/Vino da tavola
Spanish and Italian terms for table wine.
Vino generoso
Spanish term for a fortified wine
Vino novello
Italian term for a Vin primeur.
Vinous
A term used to denoting anything relating to wine.
Vintage
Vintage is the process of picking grapes and creating the finished product. A vintage wine is one made from grapes that were all, or primarily, grown and harvested in a single specified year.
Viticoltore/Vigniaiolo
Italian terms for a wine grape grower
Vitigno
Italian term for a wine grape variety
Vivace
Italian term for a "lively" or lightly sparkling wine
W
Waiter's friend
Also called sommelier knife, a popular type of corkscrew used in the hospitality industry.
Webster
A unit of wine or fortified wine consisting of 1.5L in total.
Weissherbst
A German rosé made from only black grape varieties such as Pinot noir.
Wine
An alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of unmodified grape juice.
Wine cave
A subterranean structure for storing and aging wine.
Wine fraud
Any form of dishonesty in the production or distribution of wine.
Wine label
The descriptive sticker or signage adhered to the side of a wine bottle.
Wine lake
Refers to the continuing surplus of wine over demand (glut) being produced in the European Union.
Wine tasting
The sensory evaluation of wine, encompassing more than taste, but also mouthfeel, aroma, and color.
Winzergenossenschaft
German term for a co-operative winery
X
Xylem
The woody tissue of a vine, inside of the vascular cambium layer, that includes heartwood and sapwood, which transports water and nutrients from the roots towards the leaves.
Y
yeast
A micro-organism present on the skins of grapes that reacts with the sugars inside and results in the production of ethyl alcohol during a process called fermentation.
Yield
A measure of the amount of grapes or wine produced per unit surface of vineyard.
Z
Zymology
The science of fermentation in wine.
See also
Glossary of viticulture terms
Glossary of winemaking terms
References
Oenology
Glossary
Wine terms
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists |
4389340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helliconia | Helliconia | The Helliconia trilogy is a series of science fiction books by British writer Brian W. Aldiss, set on the Earth-like planet Helliconia. It is an epic chronicling the rise and fall of a civilisation over more than a thousand years as the planet progresses through its incredibly long seasons, which last for centuries.
The trilogy consists of the books Helliconia Spring (published in 1982), Helliconia Summer (1983), and Helliconia Winter (1985).
Synopsis
In one sense, the central character is not any person (though some families are focused on, such as Yuli the Priest's line, which dominates Helliconia Spring) but the planet itself and its science, particularly in the light of James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis. The books describe realistic and credible details of the planet from the perspectives of a great variety of fields of study – astronomy, geology, climatology, geobiology, microbiology, religion, society, and many others – for which Aldiss gained the help of many Oxford academics. Connections are drawn which show numerous ways in which these aspects of life affect each other.
The books are set 6,000 years in the future. A space station from Earth, the Avernus, is orbiting Helliconia and closely observing the planet, including the activities of its intelligent inhabitants. The temptation to interfere in Helliconian affairs is a recurring dilemma for the inhabitants of Avernus.
Helliconia has a very long year (called the "great year"), equivalent to 2,500 Earth years, and global temperatures vary greatly over this period. A major theme of the trilogy is the fragility of human civilisation in the context of environmental changes, and the ability of humanity to preserve and recreate civilisation. Phenomena related to the changing of the seasons of the Great Year provide a deus ex machina plot device in the climax of each of the three books (the exploding trees at the end of Spring which allow the heroes to escape a phagor attack, the migrating sea monsters at the end of Summer which allow the heroes to fend off an invading army, and the marauding phagors at the end of Winter which allow Luterin to escape from his captors).
Helliconia is populated by two intelligent races, humans and phagors. Helliconian humans are not the same species as Earth humans, having evolved entirely independently, but are remarkably similar in appearance, intellect, behaviour, and culture.
Earth
Since the present day, the humans of Earth have been through an era of space exploration. This proved to be largely disappointing: faster than light travel was proven to be impossible, and few planets were found with life beyond the microbial stage. The one great success was the discovery of Helliconia. The Avernus was dispatched to monitor but not interfere with Helliconia, providing the Earth with scientific data and the entertainment of an epic reality show.
Somewhat later, the human race destroyed itself and most other life on Earth with a nuclear war. After a thousand years or so, the Earth's Gaian repair mechanisms repopulated the world with new life, including a small number of humans, who now live a simple nomadic life and have no interest in technology.
Avernus
The massive space station Avernus is visible from the surface of Helliconia as a bright, fast-moving "star". There are also thousands of probes and other monitoring devices on the planet, providing scientific readings, video pictures, etc., which Avernus collects and transmits to Earth.
Six thousand people, the descendants of the original crew, live on Avernus in a small but comfortable high-technology environment. After the nuclear war, transmissions from Earth stop suddenly for no reason apparent to the residents of Avernus. The space station continues with its work for many centuries, but eventually its isolated people descend into madness and sexual perversion (a common theme in Aldiss's works, which he treats with revulsion rather than salaciousness). By the end of the trilogy, Avernus is a lifeless, empty shell.
Humans cannot survive long on the alien biome of Helliconia, due to viruses, preventing the crew from engaging long on the surface or escaping the station en masse.
Helliconia
Astronomy
Helliconia lies in a loose binary star system, which consists of a yellow-orange dwarf similar to the Sun, Batalix (spectral class G4), and a hotter and brighter white star, Freyr (Type A supergiant). Helliconia orbits Batalix, which in turn orbits Freyr. The Batalix-Freyr system is supposedly in the constellation of Ophiuchus, about a thousand light years from Earth. In real life, the closest system similar to Helliconia may be Wolf 1061c.
Helliconia orbits Batalix in 480 days; this is called the "small year". Each day of the small year comprises 25 hours, each of 40 minutes, which in turn are each 100 seconds long. Helliconia and Batalix's orbit around Freyr, the "great year", is highly elliptical and takes approximately 1,825 small years, equating to some 2,592 Earth years. At periastron Batalix is 236 astronomical units from Freyr, whilst at apastron is 710 AU distant. A Helliconian week is eight days. There are six weeks in a tenner, and ten tenners in a Helliconian small year. While seasonal changes in the small year are slighter than those of Earth, the long seasons of the great year are much more marked. When distant from Freyr, Batalix's illumination is sufficient only to maintain ice-age conditions. However, Freyr's output is many times greater than Batalix's, so as Helliconia approaches Freyr, the tropics of Helliconia become hotter even than the tropics of Earth.
Previously Helliconia only orbited Batalix, but the Helliconia-Batalix system was captured by Freyr's gravitational pull about eight million Earth-years ago (i.e., very recently by astronomical and evolutionary standards). The Freyr stellar system originally consisted of two stars, but during the encounter by Batalix, the sister-star of Freyr was thrown out of the system, along with one of Batalix's original planets and Helliconia's moon.
Geography
Helliconia is 1.28 Earth masses in size, making it somewhat larger than Earth and with a bigger axial tilt of 35 degrees. This means that small-year seasons are harsher, but the planet still has huge polar ice caps, capable of surviving even the great summer, and the human-habitable surface area is comparable to that of Earth.
There are three continents, a tropical continent (Campannlat), a northern continent (Sibornal) and a southern continent (Hespagorat). Helliconia Spring and Helliconia Summer mainly take place in Campannlat, with its rich vitality; Helliconia Winter focuses on Sibornal, where the harsher environment encourages technological progress. The southern continent features only briefly in the books.
Biology
The trilogy describes a variety of imagined plants and animals, and how they cope with the extremes of the climate. The most memorable is Wutra's Worm, an immense creature whose life span matches the great year, the Helliconia equivalent of a dragon. In the summer the young worms fly in the air, and in the winter the now-wingless mature worms live in a great network of tunnels beneath the surface.
Phagors
Phagors, also called ancipitals (meaning "double-edged", in reference to their horns), are white-furred humanoid beings, roughly the size of humans but with features resembling the mythical minotaur. They are intelligent, with their own language and culture, but their civilisation has never advanced beyond a hunter-gatherer level. Having evolved during Helliconia's earlier cold period, phagors are very different from humans in many ways: their blood is golden rather than red, their guts are located above their lungs, and they have an utterly alien intellect and psychology. They are described as hardy and long-lived, though not tolerant of warm conditions and water. If a phagor reaches great age, it begins to shrink and gradually becomes keratinised, so that it eventually resembles a small totem showing no outward signs of life. Living phagors continue to be able to communicate with the spirits of these keratinised ancestors by assuming a mental state called tether. When in tether, they perceive their ancestors as small quadrupedal sprites. These sprites, as ancestral spirits able to be contacted, fulfil the same role as the human "gossies" and "fessups".
Since the capture of the Helliconia system by Freyr and the subsequent evolution of humans, the two species have been in constant conflict, with the phagors dominant during the great winter and the humans dominant during the great summer. The slow swings in fortune between the two species are governed by the planet's climatic and biological cycles, rendering military conflicts between them essentially irrelevant. In a reversal of their original relationship, phagors are sometimes employed as soldiers or kept as slaves by humans, and humans are sometimes kept as slaves by phagors, during both seasons.
Humans
Phagors were the dominant race on Helliconia before the Helliconia-Batalix system was captured by Freyr. The increased temperatures caused by the new stellar configuration, it is implied, kick-started the evolution of humans on Helliconia. Before this, the ancestors of humans had been ape-like creatures sometimes kept as pets by the phagors. Because humans emerged after the solar system's capture by Freyr, the phagors call them "Sons of Freyr". Remnants of human evolution can be seen in the continued existence of several sub-human and semi-human species on Helliconia. The humans of Helliconia and those of Earth are therefore unrelated despite their apparent near-identity, products of convergent evolution.
By the end of each great autumn, humans have developed levels of civilization comparable at their most advanced to Renaissance Europe, with technology such as telescopes, map-making, and porcelain glass. However, each time the thousand-year great winter returns, human civilization inevitably regresses and has to be rebuilt again the next spring. The books hint that humans in some regions are becoming more competent at preserving knowledge and social structures through the winter, and that over the next few great years they may develop a scientific-industrial civilization capable of surviving throughout the great year, and thus completely dominating Helliconia.
Bone Fever and Fat Death
Bone Fever is a human viral disease characterized by an extreme form of anorexia, an epidemic of which sweeps the world early in the great spring. Fat Death is a disease characterized by an extreme form of binge eating, an epidemic of which sweeps the world late in the great autumn.
These two diseases cause great suffering and have very high mortality rates. However, the survivors are left with bodies which are respectively much thinner or fatter (and metabolically altered in other ways), and are therefore better adapted to the coming conditions of summer or winter, respectively. The two diseases are caused by the same virus, which is carried by ticks and is triggered by seasonal changes in the environment. The humans therefore have a symbiotic relationship with the virus and — unknowingly — with the phagors, who carry the ticks and hence the virus. Some rare people in remote areas are immune to the virus; these are considered ugly pariahs by the majority of the population, as they are horribly fat or thin compared to the prevailing standard.
The virus, while essential for human survival on Helliconia, is fatal year-round to the Earth-humans aboard Avernus, who have no natural defenses against it. Nonetheless, many inhabitants of Avernus choose to enter a lottery in which they can win the chance to visit the planet's surface and interact with the population, knowing that the deadly disease will kill them within a matter of days.
The Original Beholder
Just as Earth in the novels is sustained by Gaia, the Earth-mother force, Helliconia is tended by a similar yet separate entity referred to as the "Original Beholder" (or in Helliconia Spring the "Original Boulder"). A striking difference between Earth-humans and Helliconian humans (and phagors) is the latter's ability to communicate with the spirits of the dead as their life force is slowly returned to the Original Beholder. Both humans and phagors can enter a sort of shamanistic trance allowing this direct communication, a state which the humans call pauk and the phagors call tether. Recently deceased human spirits are called "gossies"; those of more ancient demise are "fessups".
A plot point in the trilogy (first described in Helliconia Spring, and explained in detail in Helliconia Winter) is the changing character of the pauk experience for the Helliconian humans. The spirits of the dead are described as extremely emotional, and constantly bitter and angry toward the visiting spirits of the living. After humans on Earth become interested in Helliconian civilization, a planet-wide effort is made on Earth to psychically transmit empathic energy from Gaia to the Original Beholder, in order to lend support to the humans on Helliconia. This effort has a positive effect on the spirits of the dead Helliconians, making them happier and more nurturing toward the living.
Plot summaries
Helliconia Spring
Helliconia Spring is set in the central region of the tropical continent, Campannlat. It is divided into two parts. The "prelude", entitled Yuli, is set during the Great Winter and follows the story of one man from youth into adulthood; this takes up about a quarter of the book. The remainder of the story, Embruddock, spans nearly 30 Helliconian years (about 40 Earth years) and documents the coming of the Great Spring. This narrative traces the intertwined lives of many people and the changes in their society as the climate warms, setting these events within the overarching framework of the planet's natural cycles.
Prelude: Yuli
The prelude takes place about a century before the end of the Great Winter. While on a hunting expedition, a youth named Yuli and his father are ambushed by phagors. His father is taken as a slave, and Yuli is forced to head south in search of food and shelter. He makes his way to Pannoval, a city built within a vast cavern system. Pannoval is ruled despotically by an alliance of the priesthood and militia, who keep the citizens oppressed in the name of the god Akha. Yuli is converted to the religion of Akha and is initiated into the priesthood, which involves years of work and study as an acolyte.
As a newly ordained priest, he is sent to work with imprisoned criminals, who are used as slaves to excavate new living areas for the city until they are either executed or worked to death. His main task is to conduct interrogations and extract confessions from the prisoners. Yuli comes to realise just how corrupt the ruling class of Pannoval is, loses his faith, and becomes determined to return to the outside world. He seizes his chance when the prisoners' excavation work causes a cave-in. In the confusion, he escapes along with two prisoners and the former girlfriend of one of them. After a long and terrifying journey through underground passages, they finally emerge some distance to the south.
Yuli and his companions find a small, primitive settlement near a frozen lake, and soon come to rule it thanks to their superior knowledge and bold authority. Soon afterwards they extend their rule to a neighbouring tribe. Yuli spends the rest of his life as a revered priest-ruler in this area, which he names Oldorando.
Embruddock
Yuli's tribe continues to live in the area near the lake for two generations until, having been warned of an impending phagor raid, the entire tribe flees south. To their amazement, they discover a relatively advanced town called Embruddock, the remnant of what had been the capital of an empire during the previous Great Summer (although this history is long forgotten). This place has the advantage of being situated in a geothermally active area, which has provided just enough warmth throughout the Great Winter that Embruddock has retained some fragments of its former culture (mainly in the skills and records of the craftsmens' guilds and in the stone towers).
Yuli's tribe attacks Embruddock and takes it over, renaming it Oldorando, and Yuli's family line is established as the local lords. A few years after this event, the town is attacked by a company of phagors. The phagor captain, a noble of his kind, is captured and executed. Some thirteen years (about nineteen Earth years) after that, the grandson of the phagor captain assembles a huge army which begins marching on Oldorando intent on revenge, a journey which will take a further thirteen years.
About ten years after the execution of the phagor captain, the Great Spring has begun and Helliconia has warmed enough that changes are beginning to be noticeable. Waterways are thawing, plants sprout in sheltered areas, and the weather becomes damp and unpredictable. Master hunter Aoz Roon, an Embruddock native, secretly murders the Oldorandan rulers and becomes the new lord of the city. Laintal Ay, the last of the Oldorandan lineage, witnesses the murders but keeps quiet out of fear; he becomes one of Aoz Roon's lieutenants.
A strong-minded woman named Shay Tal argues for increased rights for women. She also begins to realise that the population is slowly recovering from some ancient catastrophe. She exhorts the people to seek knowledge and sets up an academy, originally for women only. Aoz Roon, who is a brutal and unimaginative man, opposes this. A guildmaster, defying the guild laws of secrecy, reveals to Shay Tal that the guilds have kept records for centuries, although many books have been destroyed. These records reveal that the climate was once much colder, and hint at a warm period even longer ago, a tale widely regarded as myth.
Shay Tal realises that vast amounts of knowledge have been lost over the generations. As she continues her research into the history of Embruddock, she discovers that during the hardest depths of the Great Winter, phagors ruled the area and enslaved humanity. Humans came to worship their oppressors, and their god Wutra is nothing but a distorted image of a phagor chief. Shay Tal's main disciple, a woman named Vry, disagrees with this obsession with history and urges the academy to study the movements of the stars and think more about the future than the past. She and other students begin mapping the sky and determining the movements of the heavenly bodies. They calculate that the two suns, Batalix and Freyr, will soon begin a series of eclipses, an event noted in old records as an evil omen.
Helliconia continues to grow warmer. New plant and animal species are appearing, human populations are growing and spreading, and phagor populations are retreating to colder regions – except for the great phagor army which continues its march towards Oldorando. The population of the city continues to increase. As the town grows crops and domesticates animals, the work of survival becomes easier, the people begin to take an interest in leisure and luxury, and the town's defences grow weak. The first eclipse occurs, indicating the astronomical beginning of the Great Spring and causing widespread panic. The people of Oldorando learn to domesticate and breed hoxneys, horse-like animals which have emerged with the coming of the Great Spring. The ability to ride hoxneys and use them to power simple machinery triggers a great societal revolution, and Oldorando expands rapidly. As the climate improves and people begin to travel more widely, the city's location makes it an attractive hub, and it develops into a trading centre.
Observers from Earth, orbiting Helliconia in the space station Avernus, watch the coming of the Great Spring with interest. Among other phenomena, they follow the spread of the viral disease called bone fever, which inevitably strikes the human population at about the time of the spring eclipses, spread by the bite of phagor ticks. Although the disease causes severe suffering and death across the planet, it is necessary for the human species, because it causes its survivors to become adapted to the new warmer climate.
Oldorando has now grown into a wealthy, bustling bazaar city, attracting traders and travellers from far across the continent. Its old culture, dating from the Great Winter and simple tribal survival, is no longer suitable for this new, more sophisticated society. Political stresses become evident as the city is forced to adopt new customs such as the use of money. Shay Tal leaves to seek a "great wheel" in the northern continent of Sibornal, which she believes holds supreme knowledge. Aoz Roon escorts her out of Oldorandan territory, and on the way back is ambushed by phagors. While he fights one of the phagors hand-to-hand, they are swept into a flooded river and stranded together on an island. There he contracts bone fever.
Meanwhile, the bone fever epidemic has reached Oldorando, brought by incoming traders. Aoz Roon remains absent for many months, and two of his lieutenants try to seize power. Between the political wrangling and the terrors of the epidemic, Oldorandan society begins to fall apart. Laintal Ay leaves, ostensibly to search for Aoz Roon but actually because he can no longer stand life in the corrupt city. He makes his way north and encounters a town settled by people who have migrated south from icy Sibornal. They have learned to coexist with phagors by trading captive slaves in return for safe passage.
Laintal Ay, who by this time has contracted and survived bone fever, is accepted into the town and given work overseeing the prisoner-slaves. He discovers that Shay Tal was previously captured and sold on, and then learns of the massive phagor army, which by now is almost upon them. He arranges with a disaffected Sibornalan guard to flee the town and return to Oldorando, hoping to get there in time to warn them of the phagor horde. Just as they prepare to leave, a weakened Aoz Roon is brought into the city as a captive; he joins the escaping group. Approaching Oldorando, they meet a handful of refugees fleeing for their lives. As the suns rise in a day-long eclipse, the phagor army attacks Oldorando and burns the city to the ground.
Helliconia Summer
Set during high summer in the tropical continent, Campannlat. Yuli's settlement is now the capital city of a great empire. Meanwhile, the residents of Avernus are holding occasional lotteries to ameliorate their ennui, the winners being allowed to go down to Helliconia and experience a short period of "real life" before succumbing to the Bone Fever/Fat Death virus. Despite the fatal consequences, the chance of visiting the planet's surface and interacting with its people is considered a great adventure, and the lotteries are popular. One winner, Billy Xiao Pin, gets involved in high politics, with messy consequences. The novel focuses the previously mentioned neighbouring settlement of Borlien, which has also grown into a powerful kingdom and the complex political maneuvering between it ,the nation of Ushkutush on the northern continent of Sibornal and Pannoval-now the capital of a continent-spanning theocratic empire, which exerts religious influence on all other nations on Cammpanlat.
Helliconia Winter
Set during late autumn in the northern continent, Sibornal. The book's protagonist, Luterin Shokerandit, is the son of the Keeper of the Wheel of Kharnabar, located above the far north of Helliconia. The Wheel is an extraordinary revolving monastery/prison built into a ring-shaped tunnel with a single entrance and exit, powered entirely by the efforts of the prisoners pulling it along by means of chains set into the outer wall. Once a prisoner enters a cell of the Wheel, it is impossible for him to leave until its full ten-year rotation has passed.
Luterin joins the army, where he gains renown by killing the commandant of an enemy battalion, taking his widow Toress Lahl as a slave. Soon, however, the first cases of Fat Death begin to appear in the Sibornalese army. The Oligarch, autocratic ruler of Sibornal, orders other troops to destroy this army in an attempt to halt the spread of the epidemic. Luterin is warned by Captain Fashnalgid in time for the two of them to escape with Toress Lahl and a foreign trader who has arranged for a ship to flee the area. While the ship is at sea, the Fat Death spreads among those aboard; however, thanks to the skills of Toress Lahl, who was trained as a doctor, the major characters survive. It is during this voyage that a great deal of information is discovered about the deep past of the Helliconia-Batalix solar system, its capture by Freyr, and the intertwined fates of humans and phagors.
After the ship lands, the Oligarch's army continues to pursue the deserters. They go on the run again, hiring a dog-sledge with a semi-human driver and his phagor slave in order to cross the mountains. Fashnalgid mortally offends their driver by sleeping with his wife, and the driver retaliates by arranging for his phagor to push Fashnalgid off the sledge while they are travelling through a dangerous tunnel. Luterin tries to save Fashnalgid, but also falls from the sledge. He is forced to walk for miles through the polar cold until he eventually rejoins the sledge and is able to travel the rest of the way to his father's estate.
Once home, Luterin proclaims that he wishes to marry Toress Lahl rather than his arranged noble bride, and gives Toress the key to an ancient shrine. A few days later, he expresses hatred for the Oligarch who ordered his army to be destroyed. From his father's reactions, he realises that his father is in fact the Oligarch. Luterin kills his father and flees to the Wheel of Kharnabar; he enters the Wheel and therefore remains in solitary confinement for ten years. When he at last emerges, he finds that the assassination of the former Oligarch is now seen as a positive event.
A party is arranged to celebrate Luterin's freedom and also to observe the day of Myrkwyr, when Freyr is seen for the last time, marking the beginning of the centuries-long great winter. After the festivities, the Master of Kharnabar has Luterin seized, with the intent of throwing him back into the Wheel. For phagors, Myrkwyr indicates the return of conditions favourable to their kind, and a phagor tribe makes plans to regain their dominance over humans. The phagors attack the party; Luterin escapes in the confusion and is reunited with Toress Lahl. The book ends as they leave for the shrine, where she has been living in hiding with their now ten-year-old son.
References and annotations
External links
Listen to Brian Aldiss discuss Helliconia Spring – a British Library recording
Contemporary review of Helliconia Spring, UK magazine: Extro 3, July/August 1982
Physics of Helliconia
Helliconia How & Why By Brian Aldiss
Helliconia on the official Brian Aldiss website
Brian Aldiss's papers concerning the Helliconia Trilogy are housed at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas
1980s science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Novels by Brian Aldiss
Novels set on fictional planets
Science fiction novel trilogies |
4389530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2010%20in%20California | Interstate 10 in California | Interstate 10 (I-10) is a transcontinental Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Santa Monica, California to Jacksonville, Florida. The segment of I-10 in California runs east from Santa Monica through Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Palm Springs before crossing into the state of Arizona. In the Greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica Freeway and the San Bernardino Freeway, linked by a short concurrency on I-5 (Golden State Freeway) at the East Los Angeles Interchange. I-10 also has parts designated as the Rosa Parks Freeway and the Sonny Bono Memorial Freeway. Some parts were also formerly designated as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. However, the California State Legislature removed this designation following the passage of a bill on August 31, 2022. I-10 is also known colloquially as "the 10" to Southern California residents .
Route description
The California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 10 from: (a) Route 1 in Santa Monica to Route 5 near Seventh Street in Los Angeles.(b) Route 101 near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe. Despite the legislative definition, Caltrans connects the two sections of the route by cosigning I-10 down I-5 between the East LA Interchange and the Santa Monica Freeway, negating a section of the San Bernardino Freeway west of I-5. This short section of Route 10 between Route 5 and Route 101, which was formerly defined as Route 110 (signed as I-110) until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound and for U.S. Route 101 (US 101) westbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California.
I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the FHWA. I-10 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The Santa Monica Freeway is Route 10 from Route 1 to Route 5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25, 1957. The section between the Harbor (I-110) and San Diego (I-405) freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African American civil rights activist. The I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica. However, the removal of this designation may result in the eventual removal of this signage.
Santa Monica Freeway
The Santa Monica Freeway is the westernmost segment of I-10, beginning at the east end of the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica and ending southeast of downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange.
I-10 begins its eastward journey in the city of Santa Monica after SR 1 turns east through the McClure Tunnel. Note that the McClure Tunnel is part of SR 1 in its entirety, and the western terminus of I-10 is to the east of the tunnel at 4th Street. SR 1 then exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a four-level interchange with I-405. I-10 then continues through Sawtelle, Rancho Park, Cheviot Hills, Beverlywood, and Crestview in West Los Angeles; Lafayette Square and Wellington Square in Mid-City; and Arlington Heights, West Adams, and Jefferson Park into downtown Los Angeles. On the western edge of downtown at the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange, I-10 has an interchange with I-110 to the south and SR 110 to the north. I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange.
At the East Los Angeles Interchange, SR 60 diverges east towards Riverside and Pomona. I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with I-5 for approximately . Then, I-10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US 101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway.
The freeway is 14 lanes wide (two local and five express lanes in each direction) from the Harbor Freeway (I-110) interchange to the Arlington Avenue off-ramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times (even on Saturdays). The remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965 with four to six lanes, with a formal dedication held in 1966.
While the construction of the Century Freeway several miles to the south reduced traffic congestion to a considerable amount by creating an alternate route from downtown to the Los Angeles International Airport, the Santa Monica Freeway is still one of the busiest freeways in the world. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion, and are routinely ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the United States.
Due to the high traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special accident investigation sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the through traffic lanes, and the fences reduce congestion by preventing rubbernecking (in which vehicles slow down so their occupants can watch the accident investigation).
The Santa Monica Freeway is considered the border between West Los Angeles and South Los Angeles. Part of the freeway also skims the Byzantine-Latino Quarter, which is home to many immigrants affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox Church.
San Bernardino Freeway
I-10 heads east from the East Los Angeles Interchange to I-710 in Monterey Park. It then continues through the San Gabriel Valley suburbs of Alhambra, Rosemead, San Gabriel, El Monte, and Baldwin Park before intersecting with I-605. It then travels through West Covina, briefly enters Covina and then travels up the Kellogg Hill into San Dimas, where I-10 intersects with SR 57 (formerly part of I-210) and SR 71 at the Kellogg Interchange. I-10 then heads east through Pomona and Claremont, leaving Los Angeles County to enter San Bernardino County.
In San Bernardino County, I-10 travels through Montclair, Upland, and Ontario, providing access to Ontario International Airport. I-10 then has a four-level interchange with I-15 before traveling through Fontana, Rialto, and Colton. I-10 then intersects with I-215, where the San Bernardino Freeway ends, before briefly entering San Bernardino city proper and traveling through Loma Linda and Redlands. In Redlands, I-10 intersects with the SR 210 freeway (future I-210) and with SR 38 before entering Yucaipa and eventually Riverside County.
Riverside County
In Riverside County, I-10 goes through Calimesa before entering Beaumont and merging with the eastern end of SR 60 (itself formerly the California segment of US 60). In Banning, I-10 has a diamond intersection with SR 243 before passing through San Gorgonio Pass between the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Jacinto Mountains (where the vegetation makes a rapid change between Mediterranean and desert ecology) and entering Palm Springs. The next of the freeway, between SR 111 and Dillon Road, was named the Sonny Bono Memorial Freeway in 2002. Although I-10 intersects with the northern terminus of SR 111, the major artery to Palm Springs, it mostly bypasses the city, then connects to SR 62, a major east–west route through the Mojave Desert. I-10 cuts through Cathedral City and passes just outside the northern city limits of Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, and La Quinta before entering Indio. I-10 then has an interchange in Coachella with the northern end of the SR 86 expressway, which also leads to SR 111.
Several miles east and roughly halfway between Indio and Blythe, in the community of Desert Center, I-10 intersects with SR 177, a turnoff that leads to the Desert Center Airport and connects to SR 62. south of I-10 at the Wiley's Well exit, between Desert Center and Blythe, are the Chuckawalla Valley and Ironwood State Prisons. Near the Arizona state line, I-10 meets the terminus of SR 78. In the city of Blythe, I-10 runs concurrently with US 95 as both routes cross the Colorado River into Arizona.
The speed limit on the entire Riverside County segment of I-10 is . I-10 westbound is usually signed as towards San Bernardino and/or Los Angeles in the Mojave Desert. Eastbound, in the San Gorgonio Pass, the signage indicates "Indio, Other Desert Cities", and indicates "Blythe" after Indio; the first sign for Phoenix does not occur until Indio.
Express lanes
The El Monte Busway is a grade-separated, shared-use express bus and high-occupancy toll (HOT) corridor running along the San Bernardino Freeway between Alameda Street near Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles and a point west of I-605 in El Monte. From Alameda Street to I-710, the El Monte Busway runs parallel to the north side of the freeway. After the I-710 interchange, these lanes merge back to the median of I-10. Eastbound buses exit the HOT lanes at El Monte Station west of I-605. Each vehicle using the HOT lanes is required to carry a FasTrak Flex transponder, with its switch set to indicate the number of the vehicle's occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more), regardless of whether they qualify for free.
Plans are to extend the HOT lanes from I-605 to Ford Street in Redlands. This expansion is planned in four phases. , the proposed segment in Los Angeles County between I-605 and the San Bernardino County line is under environmental review, the segment in San Bernardino County between the county line and Etiwanda Avenue at the Ontario–Fontana city limit is scheduled to be completed in 2023, the section to Pepper Avenue in Colton is planned to break ground in 2024, and the segment to Ford Street in Redlands is still in the planning stage.
History
What is now I-10 east of Los Angeles was generally part of the Atlantic and Pacific Highway, one of many transcontinental national auto trails. By 1926, when the United States Numbered Highways were assigned, the road across the desert east of Indio was unimproved, while the road from Indio west to San Bernardino (as well as various roads west to Los Angeles) was paved. In late 1926, US 99 was designated along the section of road from San Bernardino to Indio, where it turned south along present SR 86 on the west side of the Salton Sea. West of San Bernardino, US 99 ran to Los Angeles, concurrent with US 66 (via Pasadena) before turning north; this route to Los Angeles is north of the later alignment of I-10. The piece of this between San Bernardino and Indio was defined in 1915 as Legislative Route 26. (It continued south from Indio via El Centro to Heber. A 1931 extension took it south to Calexico on present SR 111.)
The route from Indio via Mecca to the Arizona state line near Blythe was defined in 1919 as pre-1964 Legislative Route 64. (Later extensions took LR 64 west along present SR 74; a 1931 cutoff bypassed Mecca to the north.) LR 26 was extended west from San Bernardino to Los Angeles in 1931, running along an alignment south of the existing US 66/US 99. Neither of these was a signed route until around 1932, when US 60 was extended west from Arizona to Los Angeles, running along LR 64 to Indio, LR 26 (with US 99) to Beaumont, pre-1964 Legislative Route 19 to Pomona, and LR 26 to Los Angeles. (The original alignment of LR 26 ran roughly where SR 60 now is west of Pomona, but an alignment close to present I-10 opened around 1934).
Thus, in 1931, what is now I-10 east of Los Angeles had been defined as LR 26 from Los Angeles to Indio and LR 64 from Indio to Arizona. It was signed as US 99 from San Bernardino to Indio, and US 60 came along around 1932 from Los Angeles to Pomona and from Beaumont to Arizona. US 70 was extended west from Arizona c. 1936 along the whole route to Los Angeles, and, between 1933 and 1942, US 99 moved from US 66 to present I-10 between San Bernardino and Los Angeles, forming a three-way concurrency between Pomona and Los Angeles. Old alignments and names include Valley Boulevard, Ramona Boulevard, and Garvey Avenue.
I-10 holds the distinction of being the first freeway in Los Angeles. A section of today's freeway was built between 1933 and 1935 at a cost of $877,000 (equivalent to $ in ). The "Ramona Boulevard" highway linked downtown Los Angeles to the communities of the southern San Gabriel Valley. The roadway, which opened on April 20, 1935, was dubbed the "Air Line route", and was seen as a major achievement in traffic design.
The route east from Los Angeles was added to the Interstate Highway System on August 7, 1957. It was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957, and the short piece west of I-5 was approved as I-110 on November 10, 1958. By then, most if not all of the San Bernardino Freeway had been completed, and I-10 was signed along the existing freeway along with US 70, US 99, and part of US 60. US 70 and US 99 were removed in the 1964 renumbering, while US 60 was removed in 1972, leaving only I-10.
The part west of downtown Los Angeles was pre-1964 Legislative Route 173, defined in 1933 from Santa Monica to downtown Los Angeles. It was signed as SR 26 by 1942, running primarily Olympic Boulevard. It was later replaced by the Santa Monica Freeway, and added to the Interstate Highway System on September 15, 1955. It too was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957. It was completed c. 1964, and became Route 10 in the 1964 renumbering.
Portions of the Santa Monica Freeway going over La Cienega Boulevard collapsed after the Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1994, and were rebuilt using new Seismic-Resistant bridge designs.
The El Monte Busway was converted to high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes in 2013 as part of the Metro ExpressLanes project.
On July 19, 2015, a bridge carrying the eastbound lanes of I-10 near Desert Center collapsed from floodwater from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores, trapping a vehicle.
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
The I-10 is part of the auto tour route of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service unit in the United States National Historic Trail and National Millennium Trail programs. In 2005, Caltrans began posting signs on roads that overlap with the historic 1776 Juan Bautista de Anza trail route, so that California drivers can now follow the trail.
Exit list
Spur to US 101
The legislative definition of Route 10 includes a spur from I-5 (the Golden State Freeway) west to US 101 (the Santa Ana Freeway) near downtown Los Angeles. This section of roadway, the westernmost part of the San Bernardino Freeway, was in fact part of the original San Bernardino Freeway, carrying US 60/US 70/US 99 long before the Golden State Freeway opened. It was added to the Interstate Highway System by 1958 as I-110, but in 1968 it was removed from the system, becoming a Route 10 spur.
This road is signed only for the roads it feeds into: US 101 northbound and I-10 eastbound. It has only two interchanges between its ends: a westbound exit off the spur at Mission Road immediately before merging with US 101 northbound, and the eastbound exit for State Street and Soto Street before it merges onto I-10 eastbound—this one is numbered (as exit 19). There is no direct access from the I-10 spur to I-5.
Exit list
Related routes
There are three auxiliary Interstate Highways associated with I-10 in California:
The Harbor Freeway between SR 47 in the San Pedro district of Los Angeles and I-10 near Downtown Los Angeles is designated as I-110. The rest of the highway, running along the historic Arroyo Seco Parkway to Pasadena, is instead designated as SR 110.
The Foothill Freeway between I-5 in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles and SR 57 in Glendora is designated as I-210. The rest of the Foothill Freeway, between SR 57 and I-10 in Redlands, is instead designated as SR 210.
The Long Beach Freeway between SR 47 in Long Beach and I-10 in Monterey Park is designated as I-710. Due to community opposition, a northern extension through South Pasadena was never constructed; the segment that was completed in Pasadena between California Boulevard and I-210 instead has the unsigned designation of SR 710.
One business loop of I-10 exists in California, running through Blythe in Riverside County.
See also
Lloyd G. Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, urged rail transportation on the Santa Monica Freeway
References
External links
Metro ExpressLanes – includes toll information on the I-10 Express Lanes
Interstate 10, Interstate-Guide.com
Interstate 10, California @ AARoads.com
Interstate 10, California Highways
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail official U.S. National Park Service website
10
California
Interstate 10
Roads in Los Angeles County, California
Roads in Riverside County, California
Roads in San Bernardino County, California
Transportation in Los Angeles
Transportation in San Bernardino, California
San Gorgonio Pass
Coachella Valley
Colorado Desert
U.S. Route 99 |
4389689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20South%20Korea | Government of South Korea | The Government of South Korea is the national government of the Republic of Korea, created by the Constitution of South Korea as the executive, legislative and judicial authority of the republic. The president acts as the head of state and is the highest figure of executive authority in the country, followed by the prime minister and government ministers in decreasing order.
The Executive and Legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. The judicial branch operates at both the national and local levels.
The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 (for details, see History of South Korea). However, it has retained many broad characteristics; with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea, the country has always had a relatively independent chief executive in the form of a president.
As with most stable three-branch systems, a careful system of checks and balances is in place. For instance, the judges of the Constitutional Court are partially appointed by the executive, and partially by the legislature. Likewise, when a resolution of impeachment is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the judiciary for a final decision.
Legislative branch
At the national level, the legislative branch consists of the National Assembly of South Korea. This is a unicameral legislature; it consists of a single large assembly. Most of its 300 members are elected from-member constituencies; however, 56 are elected through proportional representation. The members of the National Assembly serve for four years; if a member is unable to complete his or her term, a by-election is held.
The National Assembly is charged with deliberating and passing legislation, auditing the budget and administrative procedures, ratifying treaties, and approving state appointments. In addition, it has the power to impeach or recommend the removal of high officials.
The Assembly forms 17 standing committees to deliberate matters of detailed policy. For the most part, these coincide with the ministries of the executive branch.
Bills pass through these committees before they reach the floor. However, before they reach committee, they must already have gained the support of at least 20 members, unless they have been introduced by the president. To secure final passage, a bill must be approved by a majority of those present; a tie vote defeats the bill. After passage, bills are sent to the president for approval; they must be approved within 15 days.
Each year, the budget bill is submitted to the National Assembly by the executive. By law, it must be submitted at least 90 days before the start of the fiscal year, and the final version must be approved at least 30 days before the start of the fiscal year. The Assembly is also responsible for auditing accounts of past expenditures, which must be submitted at least 120 days before the start of the fiscal year.
Sessions of the Assembly may be either regular (once a year, for no more than 100 days) or extraordinary (by request of the president or a caucus, no more than 30 days). These sessions are open-door by default but can be closed to the public by majority vote or by decree of the Speaker. In order for laws to be passed in any session, a quorum of half the members must be present.
Currently, seven political parties are represented in the National Assembly.
Executive branch
The executive branch is headed by the president. The president is elected directly by the people, and is the only elected member of the national executive. The president serves for one five-year term; additional terms are not permitted. The president is head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the South Korean armed forces. The president is vested with the power to declare war, and can also propose legislation to the National Assembly. The president can also declare a state of emergency or martial law, subject to the Assembly's subsequent approval. The President can veto bills, subject to a two-thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly. However, the president does not have the power to dissolve the National Assembly. This safeguard reflects the experience of authoritarian governments under the First, Third, and Fourth Republics.
The president is assisted in his or her duties by the Prime Minister of South Korea as well as the Presidential Secretariat. The Prime Minister is appointed by the president upon the approval of the National Assembly, and has the power to recommend the appointment or dismissal of the Cabinet ministers. The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is assisted in his/her duties by the Prime Minister's Office which houses both the Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Prime Minister’s Secretariat (), the former of which is headed by a cabinet-level minister and the latter by a vice minister-level chief of staff. if the president is unable to fulfill his duties, the Prime Minister assumes the president's powers and takes control of the state until the President can once again fulfill his/her duties or until a new president is elected.
If they are suspected of serious wrongdoing, the president and cabinet-level officials are subject to impeachment by the National Assembly. Once the National Assembly votes in favor of the impeachment the Constitutional Court should either confirm or reject the impeachment resolution, once again reflecting the system of checks and balances between the three branches of the government.
The State Council is the highest body and national cabinet for policy deliberation and resolution in the executive branch of the Republic of Korea. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea mandates that the Cabinet be composed of between 15 and 30 members including the Chairperson, and currently the Cabinet includes the President, the Prime Minister, the Vice Prime Minister (the Minister of Strategy and Finance), and the cabinet-level ministers of the 17 ministries. The Constitution designates the President as the chairperson of the Cabinet and the Prime Minister as the vice chairperson. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister frequently holds the meetings without the presence of the President as the meeting can be lawfully held as long as the majority of the Cabinet members are present at the meeting. Also, as many government agencies have moved out of Seoul into other parts of the country since 2013, the need to hold Cabinet meetings without having to convene in one place at the same time has been growing, and therefore the law has been amended to allow Cabinet meetings in a visual teleconference format. Although not the official members of the Cabinet, the chief presidential secretary (), the Minister of the Office for Government Policy Coordination (), the Minister of Government Legislation (), the Minister of Food and Drug Safety (), the Chairperson of Korea Fair Trade Commission (), the Chairperson of Financial Services Commission (), the Mayor of Seoul, and other officials designated by law or deemed necessary by the Chairperson of the Cabinet can also attend the Cabinet meetings and speak in front of the Cabinet without the right to vote on the matters discussed in the meetings The Mayor of Seoul, although being the head of a local autonomous region in South Korea and not directly related to the central executive branch, has been allowed to attend the Cabinet meeting considering the special status of Seoul (Special City) and its mayor (the only cabinet-level mayor in Korea).
It has to be noted that the Cabinet of the Republic of Korea performs somewhat different roles than those of many other nations with similar forms. As the Korean political system is basically a presidential system yet with certain aspects of parliamentary cabinet system combined, the Cabinet of the Republic of Korea also is a combination of both systems. More specifically, the Korean Cabinet performs policy resolutions as well as policy consultations to the President. Reflecting that the Republic of Korea is basically a presidential republic the Cabinet resolutions cannot bind the president's decision, and in this regard, the Korean Cabinet is similar to those advisory counsels in strict presidential republics. At the same time, however, the Constitution of the Republic of Korea specifies in details 17 categories including budgetary and military matters, which necessitates the resolution of the Cabinet in addition to the President's approval, and in this regard the Korean Cabinet is similar to those cabinets in strict parliamentary cabinet systems.
The official residence and office of the President of the Republic of Korea is Cheongwadae, located in Jongno-gu, Seoul. The name "Cheongwadae" literally means "the house with blue-tiled roof" and is named as such due to its appearance. In addition to the Office of the President, Cheongwadae also houses the Office of National Security and the Presidential Security Service to assist the President.
Ministries
Currently, 18 ministries exist in the South Korean government. The 18 ministers are appointed by the President and report to the Prime Minister. Also, some ministries have affiliated agencies (listed below), which report both to the Prime Minister and to the minister of the affiliated ministry. Each affiliated agency is headed by a vice-minister-level commissioner except Prosecution Service which is led by a minister-level Prosecutor General.
The Minister of Strategy and Finance and the Minister of Education, by law, automatically assume the positions of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Korea.
The respective ministers of the below ministries assume the President's position in the below order, if the President cannot perform his/her duty and the Prime Minister cannot assume the President's position. Also note that the Constitution and the affiliated laws of the Republic of Korea stipulates only so far as the Prime Minister and the 17 ministers as those who can assume the President's position. Moreover, if the Prime Minister cannot perform his/her duty the Vice Prime Minister will assume the Prime Minister's position, and if both the Prime Minister and the Vice Prime Minister cannot perform the Prime Minister's role the President can either pick one of the 17 ministers to assume the Prime Minister's position or let the 17 ministers assume the position according to the below order.
The commissioner of National Tax Service, a vice-minister-level official by law, is customarily considered to be a minister-level official due to the importance of National Tax Service. For example, the vice-commissioner of the agency will attend meetings where other agencies would send their commissioners, and the commissioner of the agency will attend meetings where minister-level officials convene.
Ministry of Economy and Finance ()
National Tax Service ()
Korea Customs Service ()
Public Procurement Service ()
Statistics Korea ()
Ministry of Education ()
Ministry of Science and ICT ()
Ministry of Foreign Affairs ()
Overseas Koreans Agency ()
Ministry of Unification ()
Ministry of Justice ()
Supreme Prosecutors' Office ()
Ministry of National Defense ()
Military Manpower Administration ()
Defense Acquisition Program Administration ()
Ministry of the Interior and Safety ()
National Police Agency ()
National Fire Agency ()
Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs ()
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ()
Cultural Heritage Administration ()
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs ()
Rural Development Administration ()
Korea Forest Service ()
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy ()
Korean Intellectual Property Office ()
Ministry of Health and Welfare ()
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency ()
Ministry of Environment ()
Korea Meteorological Administration ()
Ministry of Employment and Labor ()
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family ()
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport ()
National Agency for Administrative City Construction ()
Saemangeum Development and Investment Agency ()
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries ()
Korea Coast Guard ()
Ministry of SMEs and Startups ()
Independent agencies
The following agencies report directly to the President:
Board of Audit and Inspection (감사원, 監査院)
The chairperson of the board, responsible for general administrative oversight, must be approved by the National Assembly to be appointed by the President. Also, although the law provides no explicit regulation regarding the chairperson's rank in the Korean government hierarchy, it is customary to consider the chairperson of the board to enjoy the same rank as a Vice Prime Minister. This is because the law stipulates that the secretary general of the board, the second highest position in the organization, be the rank of minister and therefore the chairperson, directly over the secretary general in the organization, should be at least the rank of Vice Prime Minister in order to be able to control the whole organization without any power clash.
National Intelligence Service ()
Korea Communications Commission ()
National Human Rights Commission of Korea (, NHRCK) is an independent agency for protecting and promoting human rights in South Korea. Though the NHRCK regards itself as independent from all three branches of the government, it is officially regarded as an independent administrative agency inside the executive branch, according to judgment by the Constitutional Court of Korea in 2010. It burdens duty to report its annul report directly to the President and the National Assembly, by Article 29 of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea Act.
The following councils advise the president on pertinent issues:
National Security Council ()
National Unification Advisory Council ()
National Economic Advisory Council ()
Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology ()
The following agencies report directly to the Prime Minister:
Ministry of Personnel Management ()
Ministry of Government Legislation ()
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety ()
Fair Trade Commission ()
Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission ()
Financial Services Commission ()
Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea) ()
Nuclear Safety and Security Commission ()
The following agency report only to the National Assembly:
Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (, CIO)
It is an independent agency for anti-corruption of high-ranking officials in South Korean government, established by 'Act On The Establishment And Operation Of The Corruption Investigation Office For High-ranking Officials'. According to judgment by the Constitutional Court of Korea in 2021, the CIO is officially interpreted as an independent agency inside the executive branch of the South Korean government, which means independence from the Cabinet of South Korea and the Office of the President. By article 3(3) and 17(2) of the Act, CIO's report on the President of South Korea is strictly prohibited, and it only reports to the National Assembly of South Korea.
Relocation of government agencies
Until 2013, almost all of the central government agencies were located in either Seoul or Gwacheon government complex, with the exception of a few agencies located in Daejeon government complex. Considering that Gwacheon is a city constructed just outside Seoul to house the new government complex, virtually all administrative functions of South Korea were still concentrated in Seoul. It has been decided, however, that government agencies decide if they will relocate themselves to Sejong Special Self-Governing City, which was created from territory comprising South Chungcheong Province, so that government agencies are better accessible from most parts of South Korea and reduce the concentration of government bureaucracy in Seoul. Since the plan was announced, 22 agencies have moved to the new government complex in Sejong.
The following agencies will settle in the Government Complex Seoul:
Financial Services Commission ()
Ministry of Foreign Affairs ()
Ministry of Unification ()
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family ()
The following agencies will settle in Seoul, but in separate locations:
Board of Audit and Inspection () will continue to stay in Jongno-gu, Seoul.
National Intelligence Service () will continue to stay in Seocho-gu, Seoul.
Nuclear Safety and Security Commission () will continue to stay in Jongno-gu, Seoul.
National Security Council () will continue to stay in Jongno-gu, Seoul.
National Unification Advisory Council () will continue to stay in Jung-gu, Seoul.
National Economic Advisory Council () will continue to stay in Jongno-gu, Seoul.
Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology () will continue to stay in Jongno-gu, Seoul.
Ministry of National Defense () will continue to stay in Yongsan-gu, Seoul.
Supreme Prosecutors' Office () will continue to stay in Seocho-gu, Seoul.
National Police Agency () will continue to stay in Seodaemun-gu, Seoul.
The following agencies will settle in Government Complex Gwacheon:
Korea Communications Commission ()
Ministry of Justice ()
Defense Acquisition Program Administration ()
The following agencies will settle in Government Complex, Daejeon:
Korea Customs Service ()
Public Procurement Service ()
Statistics Korea ()
Military Manpower Administration ()
Cultural Heritage Administration ()
Korea Forest Service ()
Korean Intellectual Property Office ()
Korea Meteorological Administration ()
The following agencies will settle in Government Complex Sejong:
Office for Government Policy Coordination, Prime Minister's Secretariat ()
Ministry of Personnel Management ()
Ministry of Government Legislation ()
Fair Trade Commission ()
Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission ()
Ministry of Strategy and Finance ()
Ministry of Education ()
Ministry of Science and ICT ()
Ministry of the Interior and Safety ()
Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs ()
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ()
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs ()
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy ()
Ministry of Health and Welfare ()
Ministry of Environment ()
Ministry of Employment and Labor ()
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport ()
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries ()
Ministry of SMEs and Startups ()
National Tax Service ()
National Fire Agency ()
Multifunctional Administrative City Construction Agency ()
The following agencies will settle in separate locations:
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety () will continue to stay in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province.
Rural Development Administration () will move to Jeonju, North Jeolla Province.
Saemangeum Development and Investment Agency () will move to Saemangeum development project area.
Korea Coast Guard () will continue to stay in Songdo, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon Metropolitan City.
Judicial branch
The judicial branch of South Korea is organized into two groups. One is the Constitutional Court which is the highest court on adjudication of matters on constitutionality, including judicial review and constitutional review. Another is ordinary courts on matters except jurisdiction of Constitutional Court. These ordinary courts are regarding the Supreme Court as the highest court. Both the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court have equivalent status as two heads of the judiciary branch in South Korea.
Elections
Elections in South Korea are held on national level to select the President and the National Assembly. South Korea has a multi-party system, with two dominant parties and numerous third parties. Elections are overseen by the Electoral Branch of the National Election Commission. The most recent presidential election was held on 9 March 2022.
The president is directly elected for a single five-year term by plurality vote. The National Assembly has 300 members elected for a four-year term, 253 in single-seat constituencies and 47 members by proportional representation. Each individual party intending to represent its policies in the National Assembly must be qualified through the assembly's general election by either: i) the national party-vote reaching over 3.00% on a proportional basis or ii) more than 5 members of their party being elected in each of their first-past-the-post election constituencies.
Local governments
Local autonomy was established as a constitutional principle of South Korea beginning with the First Republic. However, for much of the 20th century this principle was not honored. From 1965 to 1995, local governments were run directly by provincial governments, which in turn were run directly by the national government. However, since the elections of 1995, a degree of local autonomy has been restored. Local magistrates and assemblies are elected in each of the primary and secondary administrative divisions of South Korea, that is, in every province, metropolitan or special city, and district. Officials at lower levels, such as eup and dong, are appointed by the city or county government.
As noted above, local autonomy does not extend to the judicial branch. It also does not yet extend to many other areas, including fire protection and education, which are managed by independent national agencies. Local governments also have very limited policy-making authority; generally, the most that they can do is decide how national policies will be implemented. However, there is some political pressure for the scope of local autonomy to be extended.
Although the chief executive of each district is locally elected, deputy executives are still appointed by the central government. It is these deputy officials who have detailed authority over most administrative matters.
Civil service
The South Korean civil service is managed by the Ministry of Personnel Management. This is large, and remains a largely closed system, although efforts at openness and reform are ongoing. In order to gain a position in civil service, it is usually necessary to pass one or more difficult examinations. Positions have traditionally been handed out based on seniority, in a complex graded system; however, this system was substantially reformed in 1998.
There are more than 800,000 civil servants in South Korea today. More than half of these are employed by the central government; only about 300,000 are employed by local governments. In addition, only a few thousand each are employed by the national legislative and judicial branches; the overwhelming majority are employed in the various ministries of the executive branch. The size of the civil service increased steadily from the 1950s to the late 1990s, but has dropped slightly since 1995.
The civil service, not including political appointees and elected officials, is composed of career civil servants and contract civil servants. Contract servants are typically paid higher wages and hired for specific jobs. Career civil servants make up the bulk of the civil service, and are arranged in a nine-tiered system in which grade 1 is occupied by assistant ministers and grade 9 by the newest and lowest-level employees. Promotions are decided by a combination of seniority, training, and performance review. Civil servants' base salary makes up less than half of their annual pay; the remainder is supplied in a complex system of bonuses. Contract civil servants are paid on the basis of the competitive rates of pay in the private sector.
Gallery
See also
Government of North Korea
Politics of South Korea
National Assembly
Judiciary of South Korea
References
Further reading
External links |
4389830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20and%20Safety%20at%20Work%20etc.%20Act%201974 | Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 | The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (c 37) (abbreviated to "HSWA 1974", "HASWA" or "HASAWA") is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom.
The Act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The Act enables a broad regime of regulation by government ministers through Statutory Instrument which has, in the years since 1974, generated an extensive system of specific provisions for various industries, disciplines and risks. It established a system of public supervision through the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive, since merged, and bestows extensive enforcement powers, ultimately backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and imprisonment for up to two years. Further, the Act provides a critical interface with the law of the European Union on workplace health and safety.
Background
Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity Barbara Castle introduced an Employed Persons (Health and Safety) Bill in 1970 but the debate around the Bill soon generated a belief that it did not address fundamental issues of workplace safety. In the same year, the Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed into United States federal law. As a result, a committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Robens was established towards the end of Harold Wilson's first government. When the Conservative Party came to power following the 1970 United Kingdom general election, they gave Castle's Bill no parliamentary time, preferring to wait for the Robens Report which was published in 1972. Conservative Secretary of State for Employment William Whitelaw introduced a new Bill on 28 January 1974 but Labour were returned to power in the February 1974 United Kingdom general election and the Bill again lost. The new Labour administration finally secured the passage of a Bill that year.
Structure of the Act
The Act lays down general principles for the management of health and safety at work, enabling the creation of specific requirements through regulations enacted as Statutory Instruments or through a code of practice. For example, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH), the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1992 and the Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 are all Statutory Instruments that lay down detailed requirements. It was also the intention of the Act to rationalise the existing complex and confused system of legislation (section 1(2)).
Since the accession of the UK to the European Union (EU) in 1972, much health and safety regulation has needed to comply with the law of the European Union and Statutory Instruments under the Act have been enacted in order to implement EU directives. In particular, the Act is the principal means of complying with Directive 89/391/EEC on health and safety at work. Further important changes to section 6, duties in respect of articles and substances used at work, were made by the Consumer Protection Act 1987 in order to implement the Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC.
Objectives
Section 1 sets out the objectives of the Act as:
Securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work;
Protecting persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work;
Controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or otherwise dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of such substances.
As originally enacted, there was a fourth objective:
Controlling the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances;
but this provision was repealed when control of emissions was brought under a uniform scheme of legislation by the Environmental Protection Act 1990. In general, the other provisions about emissions in the original Act have subsequently been repealed.
General duties
Duties of employers
Section 2 states that "It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his/her employees" (emphasis added), and in particular that such a duty extends to:
Provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe and without risks to health;
Arrangements for ensuring, so far as is reasonably practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances;
Provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of his employees;
So far as is reasonably practicable as regards any place of work under the employer's control, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks;
Provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work.
Section 3 states the duty of all employers and self-employed persons to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable the safety of persons other than employees, for example, contractors, visitors, the general public and clients.
Employers must also prepare and keep under review a safety policy and to bring it to the attention of his employees (s.2(2)). Trade unions may appoint safety representatives and demand safety committees. The representatives have a right to be consulted on safety issues (ss.2(4), (6) and (7)). Since 1996 employers have had a duty to consult all employees on safety matters. No employer may charge an employee for provision of health and safety arrangements (s.9).
The Act does not apply to domestic servants (s.51).
Duties of persons having control of premises
Section 4 defines a duty of occupiers of premises, for example commercial landlords, managers of serviced office accommodation, and also maintenance contractors, towards people who use those premises for work. Those premises, and the means of entry and exit, must be, as far as reasonably practicable, safe and without risks to health.
Duties towards articles used at work
An "article for use at work" is any (s.53(1)):
Plant (that is, machinery) designed for use or operation, whether exclusively or not, by persons at work, and
Article designed for use as a component in any such plant.
Section 6(1) defines the duty of any person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any article for use at work to:
Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is so designed and constructed that it will be safe and without risks to health at all times when it is being set, used, cleaned or maintained by a person at work;
Perform such testing and examination as may be necessary to ensure safety;
Take such steps as are necessary to secure that persons supplied with the article are provided with adequate information about the use for which the article is designed, or has been tested, and about any conditions necessary to ensure that it will be safe and without risks to health at all times, including when it is being dismantled or disposed of; and
Take such steps as are necessary to secure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that persons are provided with all such revisions of information as are necessary by reason of its becoming known that anything gives rise to a serious risk to health or safety.
A person may rely on testing done by others so long as it is reasonable for him to do so (s.6(6)). A person may rely on a written undertaking by another person to ensure the safety of an item (s.6(8)) Designers and manufacturers must carry out research to identify and eliminate risks, as far as reasonably practicable (s.6(2)). Erectors and installers have responsibilities to ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that an article is so erected and installed that it will be safe and without risks to health at all times when it is being set, used, cleaned or maintained by a person at work (s.6(3)).
Section 6 was extended by the Consumer Protection Act 1987 to cover fairground equipment and its use by persons at work and enjoyment by members of the public.
Duties towards substances used at work
Section 6(4) defines the duty of any person who manufactures, imports or supplies any substance for use at work to:
Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the substance will be safe and without risks to health at all times when it is being used, handled, processed, stored or transported by a person at work or in work premises;
Perform such testing and examination as may be necessary to ensure safety;
Take such steps as are necessary to secure that persons supplied with the substance are provided with adequate information about any risks to health or safety to which the inherent properties of the substance may give rise, about the results of any relevant tests which have been carried out on or in connection with the substance, and about any conditions necessary to ensure that the substance will be safe and without risks to health and when the substance is disposed of; and
Take such steps as are necessary to secure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that persons are provided with all such revisions of information as are necessary by reason of its becoming known that anything gives rise to a serious risk to health or safety.
Similar to the regulations concerning articles used at work, a person may also rely on testing or written undertaking by another person to ensure the safety of substances used at work. The duty to identify and eliminate risks of substances rests with manufacturers.
Exceptions for supply of articles and substances
The duties only extend to persons in business or acting by way of trade, even though not for profit, and only to matters within their control (s.6(7)). Persons who import into the UK are not relieved of liability for activities such as design and manufacture that took place outside the UK and over which they had control. Finance companies who supply articles or substances by way of hire purchase or credit agreement have no duties under section 6 (s.6(9)).
Duties of employees
Under section 7 all employees have a duty while at work to:
Take reasonable care for the health and safety of him/herself and of other persons who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions at work; and
Co-operate with employers or other persons so far as is necessary to enable them to perform their duties or requirements under the Act.
Duties of persons in general
Section 8 requires that "no person shall intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare in pursuance of any of the relevant statutory provisions."
Reasonably practicable
What is reasonably practicable is a question of fact. The Court of Appeal held in 1949 that
and:
Where a criminal prosecution arises from a breach of duty and the accused's defence is that it would not have been practicable or reasonably practicable to act otherwise, the burden of proof falls on the defendant (s.40). The prosecution have the burden of showing beyond reasonable doubt that certain acts were done or omitted to provide a prima facie case against the accused. Only if the prosecution succeed in this does the defendant have the burden of proving that the alternative was not practicable or reasonably practicable, but only on the balance of probabilities. The Court of Appeal held in 2002 that this requirement was compliant with article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as to presumption of innocence. The Court of Appeal noted that the "reverse burden" applied to purely regulatory breaches, rather than genuine criminal offences potentially punishable by imprisonment. However, the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008 extended the sentences available for these offences to include imprisonment for two years. Before it was passed, the Department for Work and Pensions expressed the opinion that this is still compliant with the ECHR as it "strikes a fair balance between the fundamental right of the individual and the general interests of the community".
In 2005, the European Commission challenged the defence as noncompliant with Directive 89/391/EEC, which states that (Art.5(1) and (4)):
The Commission argued that the "reasonably practicable" defence was much broader than allowed under the directive but in 2007 the European Court of Justice found for the UK that the defence was in fact compliant.
Development risks defence
Section 6(10) was added by the Consumer Protection Act 1987 disapplies duties as to articles and substances used at work where a risk "is shown to be one the occurrence of which could not reasonably be foreseen". This is known as the development risks defence.
Health and Safety Executive
Section 10 created two bodies corporate, the Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive, who performed their respective functions on behalf of the Crown (section 10 and Schedule 2). The bodies had wide powers to further their objectives by all means other than borrowing money (ss.11(6), 13). On 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged, the aggregate taking the name Health and Safety Executive.
Health and Safety Commission
Before its merger with the HSE, the Commission consisted of a chairman and between six and nine other people, appointed by the appropriate Secretary of State, after consultation (section 10(2)-(4)). The Commission's duties were to (section 11(2)):
assist and encourage persons concerned with matters relevant to the operation of the objectives of the Act;
make arrangements for and encourage research and publication, training and information in connection with its work;
make arrangements for securing that government departments, employers, employees, their respective representative organisations, and other persons are provided with an information and advisory service and are kept informed of, and adequately advised on, such matters;
propose regulations.
The Commission further had to keep the Secretary of State informed of its plans and ensure alignment with the policies of the Secretary of State, giving effect to any directions given to it (section 11(3)). The Secretary of State could give directions to the Commission (section 12). On 1 April 2006, the Commission ceased to have responsibility for railway safety. The Commission could delegate any of its functions to, or otherwise direct, the Executive (section 11(4)) and could direct the Executive to hold a public inquiry or other investigation into any accident (section 14). However, as of 1 April 2008, all its powers and responsibilities were transferred to the Executive.
Health and Safety Executive
The Executive consists of a chairman and between 7 and 11 other people, all appointed by the Secretary of State, , the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (Schedule 2). Before the 2008 merger, the Executive had to carry out all functions delegated to it, or otherwise directed by, the Commission and provide the Secretary of State with information and expert advice (section 11(5)). The Executive is responsible for enforcement of the Act and regulations made under it though the Secretary of State may transfer some of the duties to local government (section 18).
Health and safety regulations
The Secretary of State has broad powers to make health and safety regulations (section 15). Breach of regulations can lead to criminal prosecution under section 33. Further, the Health and Safety Executive can issue codes of practice (section 16). Though breach of a code of practice is not in itself a criminal offence it may be evidential towards a criminal breach under the Act (section 17)
Enforcement
Because individual litigation is unlikely, given that employees may find the regulations complex, the Health and Safety Executive enforces the Act. However, the HSE may also delegate its functions to local government under section 18, which allows for a more decentralised and targeted approach to regulation. Any enforcing authority may appoint inspectors with a written document stating their powers. This is as evidence of their authority (section 19). Enforcing authorities may indemnify the inspector against any civil litigation if he has acted in the honest belief that he was within his powers (section 26). Local government bodies who may be enforcing authorities are:
England:
County councils where there are no district councils;
District councils;
London borough councils;
The Common Council of the City of London;
The Sub-Treasurer of the Inner Temple;
The Under-Treasurer of the Middle Temple;
The Council of the Isles of Scilly;
Scotland:
Councils for a local government area; and
Wales:
County councils or county borough councils.
Local government bodies can be enforcing authorities in respect of several workplaces and activities including offices, shops, retail and wholesale distribution, hotel and catering establishments, petrol filling stations, residential care homes and the leisure industry. , 410 such bodies have responsibility in 1.1 million workplaces. From 1 April 2006 the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) became the enforcing authority for the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and laws made under it, for all health and safety matters relating to the operation of a railway (or tramway).
Inspectors
Under section, inspectors have the following powers:
enter any premises which he has reason to believe it is necessary for him to enter so enforce the Act, at any reasonable time, or in a dangerous situation;
take with him a constable if he has reasonable cause to fear any serious obstruction in the execution of his duty;
take with him:
any other person duly authorised by the enforcing authority; and
any equipment or materials required for any purpose for which the power of entry is being exercised;
make such examination and investigation as may in any circumstances be necessary for the purpose of enforcing the Act;
direct that the premises, or any part of them, or anything therein, shall be left undisturbed, whether generally or in particular respects, for so long as is reasonably necessary for the purpose of any examination or investigation;
take such measurements and photographs and make such recordings as he considers necessary for the purpose of examination or investigation;
take samples of any articles or substances found, and of the atmosphere in or in the vicinity of the premises;
cause an article or substance which appears to be a danger to health or safety, to be dismantled or subjected to any process or test, but not so as to damage or destroy it unless this is in the circumstances necessary to enforce the Act;
take possession of such an article and detain it for so long as is necessary in order to:
examine it and do to it anything which he has power to do;
ensure that it is not tampered with before his examination of it is completed;
Ensure that it is available for use as evidence in any prosecution or any proceedings relating to a notice under sections 21 or 22;
require any person whom he has reasonable cause to believe to be able to give any information relevant to any examination or investigation to answer (in the absence of persons other than a person nominated by him to be present and any persons whom the inspector may allow to be present) such questions as the inspector thinks fit to ask and to sign a declaration of the truth of his answers;
require the production of, inspect, and take copies of or of any entry in:
any books or documents which by virtue of any of the relevant statutory provisions are required to be kept; and
any other books or documents which it is necessary for him to see for the purposes of any examination or investigation;
require any person to afford him such facilities and assistance with respect to any matters or things within that person's control or in relation to which that person has responsibilities as are necessary to enable the inspector to exercise any of the powers conferred on him;
any other power which is necessary to enforce the Act.
The Consumer Protection Act 1987 added the power for a customs officer to seize imported goods for up to 48 hours (section 25A). In observance of the principle of a right to silence, answers given to questions that the inspector required a person to answer cannot be used as evidence against him, nor his spouse or civil partner (section 20(7)), neither can the inspector require production of a document protected by legal professional privilege (section 20(8)).
Improvement notices
If an inspector is of the opinion that a person (section 21) is currently contravening the Act; or has contravened the Act in the past in circumstances that make it likely that the contravention will continue or be repeated he may serve him with an improvement notice:
stating that he believes that the Act is being contravened or will be in the future;
specifying the relevant provisions of the Act, giving particulars of the reasons why he is of that opinion; and
requiring the person to remedy the contravention within a period, ending not earlier than the period within which an appeal can be brought under section 24, , 21 days.
Appeal against a notice is within 21 days to an employment tribunal who may appoint one or more assessors to sit with them (s.24).
Prohibition notices
If an inspector is of the opinion that activities are being carried on, or are likely to be carried on, involving the risk of serious personal injury, he may serve him with a prohibition notice (section 22):
stating that the inspector is of that opinion;
specifying the matters which in his opinion give, or will give rise, to that risk;
where in his opinion any of those matters involves, or will involve a contravention of the Act:
stating that he is of that opinion;
specifying the relevant statutory provisions; and
giving particulars of the reasons why he is of that opinion; and
directing that the activities shall not be carried on unless the deficiencies have been remedied.
The notice may start immediately or at the end of a specified period (section 22(4). Appeal against a notice is within 21 days to an employment tribunal who may appoint one or more assessors to sit with them (section 24).
Prosecution
Section 33(1) creates 15 criminal offences including breach of a duty under the Act or a regulation, contravention of a notice, or obstructing an inspector. In England and Wales prosecution under the Act could originally only be brought by an inspector or with the permission of the Director of Public Prosecutions but the Environment Agency was also authorised on 1 April 1996 (section 38). All offences under the Act are either summary offences or offences triable either way so inspectors start prosecutions by laying an information before the magistrates' court. Inspectors can themselves be authorised to exercise rights of audience before the Magistrates even though not legally qualified (section 39).
If a person, by some act or omission, causes another person to commit the actus reus of an offence under the Act then they too are guilty of an offence, even if the other person was not prosecuted or could not be prosecuted because they were the Crown (section 36). Where an offence is committed by a body corporate with the consent or connivance, or by the neglect, of a director, manager, secretary or a member acting in a managerial capacity, that individual too is guilty of an offence (section 37).
Where a person is convicted under the Act, the court can order that he remedy the state of affairs or can order forfeiture of an item in question (section 42).
Civil liability
There is no civil liability for breach of statutory duty in respect of sections 2 to 8 and there is liability for breach of health and safety regulations except to the extent that any regulations provide otherwise (section 47, as amended by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013). However, a breach not actionable in itself may be evidential towards a claim for common law negligence. In particular, a criminal conviction may be given in evidence.
Liability of the Crown
The Crown is bound by health and safety regulations and by the Act itself save for (section 48):
Notices (sections 21-25); and
Criminal offences (sections 33-42);
— though an employee of the Crown can be criminally liable (s.48(2)). The Act was extended to the police on 1 July 1998 by the Police (Health and Safety) Act 1997 (section 51A). The Secretary of State may, "to the extent that it appears to him requisite or expedient to do so in the interests of the safety of the State or the safe custody of persons lawfully detained" exempt the Crown by Order in Council (section 48(4)). In 1987, the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 was repealed to allow military personnel to sue the Ministry of Defence and bring the Armed Services into line with the Act.
Other provisions
Sections 55 to 60 provide for the continued existence of the Employment Medical Advisory Service in England and Wales. Section 68 is a Henry VIII clause enabling the Secretary of State to amend certain provisions of the Act by Statutory Instrument rather than Act of Parliament.
Sections 61 to 76 originally enabled the HSE to create and amend building regulations and gave them other powers over buildings control and approval. These sections were repealed by the Building Act 1984 which replaced them by a general scheme of building regulations.
Territorial extent
The Act originally applied in England and Wales, Scotland (in part) and Northern Ireland (in part) (section 84). Its provisions were re-enacted for Northern Ireland in 1978 with enforcement made the responsibility of the Health and Safety Agency for Northern Ireland. The Agency's name was changed to the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland in 1998.
Section 84(3) allowed the Secretary of State to extend, by Order in Council, the provisions outside England, Wales and Scotland. In 1995, the provisions were extended to offshore installations, wells and pipelines in UK territorial waters, mines extending into territorial waters and certain other engineering activities in territorial waters. Activities on a ship under the direction of its master are excluded.
Performance of the act
Reviewing performance of the act in 2008 Lord Grocott observed:
See also
UK labour law
English tort law
Notes
References
Books
Various authors, Tolley's Health and Safety at Work Handbook 2008 (Butterworths 2007)
Lord Mackay of Clashfern, Halsbury's Laws of England (4th edn 2004) Vol 20, "Health and Safety at Work"
JR Ridley and J Channing, Safety at Work (Butterworth-Heinemann 2003)
J Stranks, Health and Safety Law (5th edn Prentice Hall 2005)
Articles
RC Simpson, 'Safety and Health at Work: Report of the Robens Committee 1970-72' (1973) 36(2) Modern Law Review 192-198
W Cullen, The development of safety legislation (Royal Society of Edinburgh 1996)
HSE, Thirty years on and looking forward: The development and future of the health and safety system in Great Britain (2004)
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1974
Health and safety in the United Kingdom
Safety codes
Occupational safety and health law |
4390344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20psychology | Music psychology | Music psychology, or the psychology of music, may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience, including the processes through which music is perceived, created, responded to, and incorporated into everyday life. Modern music psychology is primarily empirical; its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human attitude, skill, performance, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior.
Music psychology can shed light on non-psychological aspects of musicology and musical practice. For example, it contributes to music theory through investigations of the perception and computational modelling of musical structures such as melody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, meter, and form. Research in music history can benefit from systematic study of the history of musical syntax, or from psychological analyses of composers and compositions in relation to perceptual, affective, and social responses to their music.
History
Early history (pre-1850)
The study of sound and musical phenomena prior to the 19th century was focused primarily on the mathematical modelling of pitch and tone. The earliest recorded experiments date from the 6th century BCE, most notably in the work of Pythagoras and his establishment of the simple string length ratios that formed the consonances of the octave. This view that sound and music could be understood from a purely physical standpoint was echoed by such theorists as Anaxagoras and Boethius. An important early dissenter was Aristoxenus, who foreshadowed modern music psychology in his view that music could only be understood through human perception and its relation to human memory. Despite his views, the majority of musical education through the Middle Ages and Renaissance remained rooted in the Pythagorean tradition, particularly through the quadrivium of astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and music.
Research by Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo) demonstrated that, when string length was held constant, varying its tension, thickness, or composition could alter perceived pitch. From this, he argued that simple ratios were not enough to account for musical phenomenon and that a perceptual approach was necessary. He also claimed that the differences between various tuning systems were not perceivable, thus the disputes were unnecessary.
Study of topics including vibration, consonance, the harmonic series, and resonance were furthered through the scientific revolution, including work by Galileo, Kepler, Mersenne, and Descartes. This included further speculation concerning the nature of the sense organs and higher-order processes, particularly by Savart, Helmholtz, and Koenig.
Rise of empirical study (1860–1960)
The latter 19th century saw the development of modern music psychology alongside the emergence of a general empirical psychology, one which passed through similar stages of development. The first was structuralist psychology, led by Wilhelm Wundt, which sought to break down experience into its smallest definable parts. This expanded upon previous centuries of acoustic study, and included Helmholtz developing the resonator to isolate and understand pure and complex tones and their perception, the philosopher Carl Stumpf using church organs and his own musical experience to explore timbre and absolute pitch, and Wundt himself associating the experience of rhythm with kinesthetic tension and relaxation.
As structuralism gave way to Gestalt psychology and behaviorism at the turn of the century, music psychology moved beyond the study of isolated tones and elements to the perception of their inter-relationships and human reactions to them, though work languished behind that of visual perception. In Europe Géza Révész and Albert Wellek developed a more complex understanding of musical pitch, and in the US the focus shifted to that of music education and the training and development of musical skill. Carl Seashore led this work, producing his The Measurement of Musical Talents and The Psychology of Musical Talent. Seashore used bespoke equipment and standardized tests to measure how performance deviated from indicated markings and how musical aptitude differed between students.
In 1963 F. Chrysler was the first one to use the term "science of music" when he was working on his "year book for musical knowledge". European musicology was found in Greek. They were focused on the philosophy, and the concepts of any relations with music. Greek's several theories rose later to Arab and the Christians theories. Although their theories survived, they were also corrupted along the way, in the Middle Ages of Europe.
Modern (1960–present)
Music psychology in the second half of the 20th century has expanded to cover a wide array of theoretical and applied areas. From the 1960s the field grew along with cognitive science, including such research areas as music perception (particularly of pitch, rhythm, harmony, and melody), musical development and aptitude, music performance, and affective responses to music.
This period has also seen the founding of music psychology-specific journals, societies, conferences, research groups, centers, and degrees, a trend that has brought research toward specific applications for music education, performance, and therapy. While the techniques of cognitive psychology allowed for more objective examinations of musical behavior and experience, the theoretical and technological advancements of neuroscience have greatly shaped the direction of music psychology into the 21st century.
While the majority of music psychology research has focused on music in a Western context, the field has expanded along with ethnomusicology to examine how the perception and practice of music differs between cultures. It has also emerged into the public sphere. In recent years several bestselling popular science books have helped bring the field into public discussion, notably Daniel Levitin's This Is Your Brain On Music (2006) and The World in Six Songs (2008), Oliver Sacks' Musicophilia (2007), and Gary Marcus' Guitar Zero (2012). In addition, the controversial "Mozart effect" sparked lengthy debate among researchers, educators, politicians, and the public regarding the relationship between classical music listening, education, and intelligence.
Research areas
Perception and cognition
Much work within music psychology seeks to understand the cognitive processes that support musical behaviors, including perception, comprehension, memory, attention, and performance. Originally arising in fields of psychoacoustics and sensation, cognitive theories of how people understand music more recently encompass neuroscience, cognitive science, music theory, music therapy, computer science, psychology, philosophy, and linguistics.
Affective response
Music has been shown to consistently elicit emotional responses in its listeners, and this relationship between human affect and music has been studied in depth. This includes isolating which specific features of a musical work or performance convey or elicit certain reactions, the nature of the reactions themselves, and how characteristics of the listener may determine which emotions are felt. The field draws upon and has significant implications for such areas as philosophy, musicology, and aesthetics, as well the acts of musical composition and performance. The implications for casual listeners are also great; research has shown that the pleasurable feelings associated with emotional music are the result of dopamine release in the striatum—the same anatomical areas that underpin the anticipatory and rewarding aspects of drug addiction.
According to research, listening to music has been found to affect the mood of an individual. The main factors in whether it will affect that individual positively or negatively are based on the musics tempo and style. In addition, listening to music also increases cognitive functions, creativity, and decreases feelings of fatigue. All of these factors lead to better workflow and a more optimal result in the activity done while listening to music. This leads to the conclusion that listening to music while performing an activity is an excellent way of increasing productivity and the overall experience. It has been proposed that the ability to understand the emotional meaning of music might rely on the existence of a common neural system for processing the affective meaning of voices/vocalizations and musical sounds. In addition to emotional responses, music has influenced the lifestyles of individuals and changed people's perceptions of what "sexy" is. Although music cannot resolve all human beings needs but is heavily relied on to alter the feelings and emotions.
Neuropsychology
A significant amount of research concerns brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music perception and performance. These behaviours include music listening, performing, composing, reading, writing, and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. Scientists working in this field may have training in cognitive neuroscience, neurology, neuroanatomy, psychology, music theory, computer science, and other allied fields, and use such techniques as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), and positron emission tomography (PET).
The cognitive process of performing music requires the interaction of neural mechanisms in both motor and auditory systems. Since every action expressed in a performance produces a sound that influences subsequent expression, this leads to impressive sensorimotor interplay.
Processing pitch
Perceived pitch typically depends on the fundamental frequency, though the dependence could be mediated solely by the presence of harmonics corresponding to that fundamental frequency. The perception of a pitch without the corresponding fundamental frequency in the physical stimulus is called the pitch of the missing fundamental. Neurons lateral to A1 in marmoset monkeys were found to be sensitive specifically to the fundamental frequency of a complex tone, suggesting that pitch constancy may be enabled by such a neural mechanism.
Pitch constancy refers to the ability to perceive pitch identity across changes in acoustical properties, such as loudness, temporal envelope, or timbre. The importance of cortical regions lateral to A1 for pitch coding is also supported by studies of human cortical lesions and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain. These data suggest a hierarchical system for pitch processing, with more abstract properties of sound stimulus processed further along the processing pathways.
Absolute pitch
Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone at a given pitch without the use of an external reference pitch. Researchers estimate the occurrence of AP to be 1 in 10,000 people. The extent to which this ability is innate or learned is debated, with evidence for both a genetic basis and for a "critical period" in which the ability can be learned, especially in conjunction with early musical training.
Processing rhythm
Behavioural studies demonstrate that rhythm and pitch can be perceived separately, but that they also interact in creating a musical perception. Studies of auditory rhythm discrimination and reproduction in patients with brain injury have linked these functions to the auditory regions of the temporal lobe, but have shown no consistent localization or lateralization. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have shown that the motor regions of the brain contribute to both perception and production of rhythms.
Even in studies where subjects only listen to rhythms, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and supplementary motor area (SMA) are often implicated. The analysis of rhythm may depend on interactions between the auditory and motor systems.
Neural correlates of musical training
Although auditory–motor interactions can be observed in people without formal musical training, musicians are an excellent population to study because of their long-established and rich associations between auditory and motor systems. Musicians have been shown to have anatomical adaptations that correlate with their training. Some neuroimaging studies have observed that musicians show lower levels of activity in motor regions than non-musicians during the performance of simple motor tasks, which may suggest a more efficient pattern of neural recruitment. Other studies have shown that early musical training may positively affect word reading, by promoting the specialization of an extra right-sided "note visual area" to process spatially relevant visual information (i.e., pentagram, bars, etc.) This neuroplastic effect might help prevent surface dyslexia. Music learning also involves the formation of novel audio visuomotor associations, which results in the ability to detect an incorrect association between sounds and the corresponding musical gestures, also allowing to learn how to play a musical instrument.
Motor imagery
Previous neuroimaging studies have consistently reported activity in the SMA and premotor areas, as well as in auditory cortices, when non-musicians imagine hearing musical excerpts.
Recruitment of the SMA and premotor areas is also reported when musicians are asked to imagine performing.
Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). Topics of study include perception of the pitch, timbre, loudness and duration of musical sounds and the relevance of such studies for music cognition or the perceived structure of music; and auditory illusions and how humans localize sound, which can have relevance for musical composition and the design of venues for music performance. Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics.
Cognitive musicology
Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.
Cognitive musicology can be differentiated from the fields of music cognition and cognitive neuroscience of music by a difference in methodological emphasis. Cognitive musicology uses computer modeling to study music-related knowledge representation and has roots in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories.
This interdisciplinary field investigates topics such as the parallels between language and music in the brain. Biologically inspired models of computation are often included in research, such as neural networks and evolutionary programs. This field seeks to model how musical knowledge is represented, stored, perceived, performed, and generated. By using a well-structured computer environment, the systematic structures of these cognitive phenomena can be investigated.
Evolutionary musicology
Evolutionary musicology concerns the "origin of music, the question of animal song, selection pressures underlying music evolution", and "music evolution and human evolution". It seeks to understand music perception and activity in the context of evolutionary theory. Charles Darwin speculated that music may have held an adaptive advantage and functioned as a protolanguage, a view which has spawned several competing theories of music evolution. An alternate view sees music as a by-product of linguistic evolution; a type of "auditory cheesecake" that pleases the senses without providing any adaptive function. This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.
Cultural differences
An individual's culture or ethnicity plays a role in their music cognition, including their preferences, emotional reaction, and musical memory. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features. Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music.
Applied research areas
Many areas of music psychology research focus on the application of music in everyday life as well as the practices and experiences of the amateur and professional musician. Each topic may utilize knowledge and techniques derived from one or more of the areas described above. Such areas include:
Music in society
Including:
everyday music listening
musical rituals and gatherings (e.g. religious, festive, sporting, political, etc.)
the role of music in forming personal and group identities
the relation between music and dancing
social influences on musical preference (peers, family, experts, social background, etc.)
Musical preference
Consumers' choices in music have been studied as they relate to the Big Five personality traits: openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. In general, the plasticity traits (openness to experience and extraversion) affect music preference more than the stability traits (agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness). Gender has been shown to influence preference, with men choosing music for primarily cognitive reasons and women for emotional reasons. Relationships with music preference have also been found with mood and nostalgic association.
Background music
The study of background music focuses on the impact of music with non-musical tasks, including changes in behavior in the presence of different types, settings, or styles of music. In laboratory settings, music can affect performance on cognitive tasks (memory, attention, and comprehension), both positively and negatively. Used extensively as an advertising aid, music may also affect marketing strategies, ad comprehension, and consumer choices. Background music can influence learning, working memory and recall, performance while working on tests, and attention in cognitive monitoring tasks. Background music can also be used as a way to relieve boredom, create positive moods, and maintain a private space. Background music has been shown to put a restless mind at ease by presenting the listener with various melodies and tones. It has been shown that listening to different types of music may modulate differently psychological mood and physiological responses associated with the induced emotions. For example, listening to atonal music might result in reduced heart rate (fear bradycardia) and increased blood pressure (both diastolic and systolic), possibly reflecting an increase in alertness and attention, psychological tension, and anxiety.
Music in marketing
In both radio and television advertisements, music plays an integral role in content recall, intentions to buy the product, and attitudes toward the advertisement and brand itself. Music's effect on marketing has been studied in radio ads, TV ads, and physical retail settings.
One of the most important aspects of an advertisement's music is the "musical fit", or the degree of congruity between cues in the ad and song content. Advertisements and music can be congruous or incongruous for both lyrical and instrumental music. The timbre, tempo, lyrics, genre, mood, as well as any positive or negative associations elicited by certain music should fit the nature of the advertisement and product.
Music and productivity
Several studies have recognized that listening to music while working affects the productivity of people performing complex cognitive tasks. One study suggested that listening to one's preferred genre of music can enhance productivity in the workplace, though other research has found that listening to music while working can be a source of distraction, with loudness and lyrical content possibly playing a role. Other factors proposed to affect the relationship between music listening and productivity include musical structure, task complexity, and degree of control over the choice and use of music.
Music education
Including:
optimizing music education
development of musical behaviors and abilities throughout the lifespan
the specific skills and processes involved in learning a musical instrument or singing
activities and practices within a music school
individual versus group learning of a musical instrument
the effects of musical education on intelligence
optimizing practice
Musical aptitude
Musical aptitude refers to a person's innate ability to acquire skills and knowledge required for musical activity, and may influence the speed at which learning can take place and the level that may be achieved. Study in this area focuses on whether aptitude can be broken into subsets or represented as a single construct, whether aptitude can be measured prior to significant achievement, whether high aptitude can predict achievement, to what extent aptitude is inherited, and what implications questions of aptitude have on educational principles.
It is an issue closely related to that of intelligence and IQ, and was pioneered by the work of Carl Seashore. While early tests of aptitude, such as Seashore's The Measurement of Musical Talent, sought to measure innate musical talent through discrimination tests of pitch, interval, rhythm, consonance, memory, etc., later research found these approaches to have little predictive power and to be influenced greatly by the test-taker's mood, motivation, confidence, fatigue, and boredom when taking the test.
Music performance
Including:
the physiology of performance
music reading and sight-reading, including eye movement
performing from memory and music-related memory
acts of improvisation and composition
flow experiences
the interpersonal/social aspects of group performance
music performance quality evaluation by an audience or evaluator(s) (e.g. audition or competition), including the influence of musical and non-musical factors
audio engineering
Music and health
Health benefits
Scientific studies suggest that singing can have positive effects on people's health. A preliminary study based on self-reported data from a survey of students participating in choral singing found perceived benefits including increased lung capacity, improved mood, stress reduction, as well as perceived social and spiritual benefits. However, one much older study of lung capacity compared those with professional vocal training to those without, and failed to back up the claims of increased lung capacity. Singing may positively influence the immune system through the reduction of stress. One study found that both singing and listening to choral music reduces the level of stress hormones and increases immune function.
A multinational collaboration to study the connection between singing and health was established in 2009, called Advancing Interdisciplinary Research in Singing (AIRS). Singing provides physical, cognitive, and emotional benefits to participants. When they step on stage, many singers forget their worries and focus solely on the song. Singing is becoming a more widely known method of increasing an individual's overall health and wellness, in turn helping them to battle diseases such as cancer more effectively due to decreased stress, releasing of endorphins, and increased lung capacity.
Effect on the brain
John Daniel Scott, among others, have cited that "people who sing are more likely to be happy". This is because "singing elevates the levels of neurotransmitters which are associated with pleasure and well being". Humans have a long prehistory of music, especially singing; before written language, stories were passed down through song, because song is often more memorable. There is also evidence that music or singing may have evolved in humans before language. Levitin, in his This is Your Brain on Music, argues that "music may be the activity that prepared our pre-human ancestors for speech communication" and that "singing ... might have helped our species to refine motor skills, paving the way for the development of the exquisitely fine muscle control required for vocal ... speech" (260). On the other hand, he cites Pinker, who "argued that language is an adaptation and music is its Spandrel ... an evolutionary accident piggybacking on language" (248).
Studies have found evidence suggesting the mental, as well as physical, benefits of singing. When conducting a study with 21 members of a choir at three different points over one year, three themes suggested three areas of benefits; the social impact (connectedness with others), personal impact (positive emotions, self-perception, etc.), and functional outcomes (health benefits of being in the choir). Findings showed that a sense of well-being is associated with singing, by uplifting the mood of the participants and releasing endorphins in the brain. Many singers also reported that singing helped them regulate stress and relax, allowing them to deal better with their daily lives. From a social perspective, approval from the audience, and interaction with other choir members in a positive manner is also beneficial.
Singing is beneficial for pregnant mothers. By giving them another medium of communication with their newborns, mothers in one study reported feelings of love and affection when singing to their unborn children. They also reported feeling more relaxed than ever before during their stressful pregnancy. A song can have nostalgic significance by reminding a singer of the past, and momentarily transport them, allowing them to focus on singing and embrace the activity as an escape from their daily lives and problems.
Effect on body
A recent study by Tenovus Cancer Care found that singing in a choir for just one hour boosts levels of immune proteins in cancer patients and has a positive overall effect on the health of patients. The study explores the possibility that singing could help put patients in the best mental and physical shape to receive the treatment they need, by reducing stress hormones, and increasing quantities of cytokines—proteins of the immune system that can increase the body's ability to fight disease. "Singing gives you physical benefits like breath control and muscle movement and enunciation, as well as the learning benefits of processing information" says a musical director and accompanist in the study. The enunciation and speech benefits tie into the language benefits detailed below.
Some have advocated, as in a 2011 article in the Toronto Star, that everyone sing, even if they are not musically talented, because of its health benefits. Singing lowers blood pressure by releasing pent up emotions, boosting relaxation, and reminding them of happy times. It also allows singers to breathe more easily. Patients with lung disease and chronic pulmonary disease experience relief from their symptoms from singing just two times a week. In addition to breathing related illness, singing also has numerous benefits for stroke victims when it comes to relearning the ability to speak and communicate by singing their thoughts. Singing activates the right side of the brain when the left side cannot function (the left side is the area of the brain responsible for speech), so it is easy to see how singing can be an excellent alternative to speech while the victim heals.
Physical benefits
1. Works the lungs, tones up the intercostals and diaphragm.
2. Improves sleep
3. Benefits cardio function by improving aerobic capacity
4. Relaxes overall muscle tension
5. Improves posture.
6. Opens up sinuses and respiratory tubes
7. With training, it could help decrease snoring
8. Releases endorphins
9. Boosts immune system
10. Helps improve physical balance in people affected by illnesses such as Parkinson's disease
Other concepts
Including:
the effectiveness of music in healthcare and therapeutic settings
music-specific disorders
musicians' physical and mental health and well-being
music performance anxiety (MPA, or stage fright)
motivation, burnout, and depression among musicians
noise-induced hearing loss among musicians
Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia
Journals
Music psychology journals include:
Music Perception
Musicae Scientiae
Psychology of Music
Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain
Music & Science
Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie
Music psychologists also publish in a wide range of mainstream musicology, computational musicology, music theory/analysis, psychology, music education, music therapy, music medicine, and systematic musicology journals. The latter include for example:
Acta Acustica United With Acustica
Cognitive Systems Research
Computer Music Journal
Empirical Musicology Review
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Frontiers in Psychology
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of New Music Research
Journal of Mathematics and Music
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Research Studies in Music Education
Societies
Asia-Pacific Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (APSCOM)
Australian Music & Psychology Society (AMPS)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie (DGM)
European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (ESCOM)
Japanese Society for Music Perception and Cognition (JSMPC)
Society for Education, Music and Psychology Research (SEMPRE)
Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)
Centers of research and teaching
Australia:
Music, Sound and Performance Lab, Macquarie University
Music, Mind and Wellbeing Initiative, Melbourne University
Empirical Musicology Group, University of New South Wales
ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotion, University of Western Australia
The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney
Austria:
Centre for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz
Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Klagenfurt
Wiener Klangstil, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
Belgium:
Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Ghent University
Canada:
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music and Media and Technology, McGill University
Music and Health Research Collaboratory, University of Toronto
Music Cognition Lab, Queen's University
Auditory Perception and Music Cognition Research and Training Laboratory, University of Prince Edward Island
SMART Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University
The Music, Acoustics, Perception, and LEarning (MAPLE) Lab, McMaster University
The Digital Music Lab (DML), McMaster University
McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University
BRAMS - International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, University of Montreal and McGill University
Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, University of Montreal
Music and Neuroscience Lab, University of Western Ontario
Denmark:
Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University
Finland:
Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä
France:
Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics team, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
University of Burgundy
IRCAM, Centre Pompidou
Germany:
University of Halle-Wittenberg
Institute for Systematic Musicology, Universität Hamburg
Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover
Hanover Music Lab, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover
University of Cologne
University of Oldenburg
Hochschule für Musik Würzburg
Technische Universität Chemnitz
Iceland:
Centre for Music Research, University of Iceland
Ireland:
University of Limerick
Italy:
Bicocca ERP Lab, University of Milano-Bicocca
Japan:
Kyushu University
Korea:
Seoul National University
Netherlands:
Music Cognition Group, University of Amsterdam
Norway:
Centre for Music and Health, Norwegian Academy of Music
Poland:
Unit of Psychology of Music, Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
Music Performance and Brain Lab, University of Finance and Management in Warsaw
Singapore:
Music Cognition Group, Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR
Spain:
Music Technology Group, Pompeu Fabra University
Sweden:
Speech, Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology
Music Psychology Group, Uppsala University
United Kingdom:
Centre for Music and Science, Cambridge University
Music and the Human Sciences Group, University of Edinburgh
Centre for Psychological Research, Keele University
Music and Science Lab, Durham University
Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Research in Music, University of Leeds
Social and Applied Psychology Group, University of Leicester
Music, Mind and Brain Group, Goldsmiths, University College London
International Music Education Research Centre, UCL Institute of Education, University College London
Music Cognition Lab, Queen Mary University of London
Faculty of Music, University of Oxford
Applied Music Research Centre, University of Roehampton
Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music
Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music
Department of Music, Sheffield University
United States:
Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
Auditory Perception & Action Lab, University at Buffalo
Janata Lab, University of California, Davis
Systematic Musicology Lab, University of California, Los Angeles
Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
UCSB Music Cognition Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara
Music Dynamics Lab, University of Connecticut
The Music Cognition Laboratory, Cornell University
Music Cognition at Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester
Center for Music Research, Florida State University
Music Cognition and Computation Lab, Louisiana State University
Language and Music Cognition Lab, University of Maryland
Auditory Cognition and Development Lab, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University
Music Theory and Cognition Program, Northwestern University
Music Cognition Lab, Princeton University
Cognitive and Systematic Musicology Laboratory, Ohio State University
Music Learning, Perception, and Cognition Focus Group, University of Oregon
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University
Dowling Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas
Institute for Music Research, University of Texas at San Antonio
Laboratory for Music Cognition, Culture & Learning, University of Washington
Music, Imaging, and Neural Dynamics (MIND) Laboratory, Wesleyan University
Brain Research and Interdisciplinary Neurosciences Lab, Western Michigan University
See also
Cognitive musicology
Cognitive neuroscience of music
Performance science
Psychoacoustics
Psychoanalysis and music
Music and emotion
Music-specific disorders
Music therapy
References
Further reading
Encyclopedia entries
Palmer, Caroline & Melissa K. Jungers (2003): Music Cognition. In: Lynn Nadel: Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Vol. 3, London: Nature Publishing Group, pp. 155–158.
Deutsch, Diana (2013): Music. In Oxford Bibliographies in Music. Edited by Dunn, D.S. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013, Web Link
Thompson, William Forde (2014): "Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, An Encyclopedia". Sage Publications Inc., New York.
Introductory reading
Day, Kingsley (October 21, 2004). "Music and the Mind: Turning the Cognition Key". Observer online.
Jourdain, Robert (1997). Music, the Brain, and Ecstasy: How Music Captures Our Imagination. New York: William Morrow and Company. .
Honing, Henkjan (2013). "Musical Cognition. A Science of Listening (2nd edition)." New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. .
Levitin, D. J. (2006). "This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession." New York: Dutton.
Margulis, Elizabeth Hellmuth. (2018). The Psychology of Music: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. .
Margulis, Elizabeth Hellmuth. (2013). On Repeat: How Music Plays the Mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. .
Snyder, Bob (2000). "Music and Memory: an introduction" The MIT Press. .
J.P.E. Harper-Scott and Jim Samson 'An Introduction to Music Studies', Chapter 4: John Rink,The Psychology of Music, (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 60.
Advanced reading
Deutsch, D. (Ed.) (1982). The Psychology of Music, 1st Edition. New York: Academic Press. .
Deutsch, D. (Ed.) (1999). The Psychology of Music, 2nd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press. .
Deutsch, D. (Ed.) (2013). The Psychology of Music, 3rd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press. .
Dowling, W. Jay and Harwood, Dane L. (1986). Music Cognition. San Diego: Academic Press. .
Hallam, Cross, & Thaut, (eds.) (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krumhansl, Carol L. (2001). Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Patel, Anirrudh D. (2010). Music, language, and the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
Parncutt, R. (1989). Harmony: A Psychoacoustical Approach. Berlin: Springer.
Proverbio, A.M. (2019). Neuroscienze Cognitive della Musica: Il cervello musicale tra Arte e Scienza, Zanichelli, Bologna.
Sloboda, John A. (1985). The Musical Mind: The Cognitive Psychology of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Lerdahl, F. and Jackendoff, R. (21996) A Generative Theory of Tonal Music. The MIT Press. .
Jackendoff, Ray (1987): Consciousness and the Computational Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press. Chapter 11: "Levels of Musical Structure", section 11.1: "What is Musical Cognition?"
Temperley, D. (2004). The Cognition of Basic Musical Structures. The MIT Press. .
Thompson, W. F. (2009). Music, Thought, and Feeling: Understanding the Psychology of Music New York: Oxford University Press. .
Zbikowski, Lawrence M. (2004). Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory, and Analysis. Oxford University Press, USA. .
North, A.C. & Hargreaves, D.J. (2008). The Social and Applied Psychology of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
External links
Musicology |
4390532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Bigeard | Marcel Bigeard | Marcel Bigeard (February 14, 1916 – June 18, 2010), personal radio call-sign "Bruno", was a French military officer and politician who fought in World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War. He was one of the commanders in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and is thought by many to have been a dominating influence on French "unconventional" warfare thinking from that time onwards. He was one of the most decorated soldiers in France, and is particularly noteworthy because of his rise from being a regular soldier in 1936 to ultimately concluding his career in 1976 as a Lieutenant General and serving in the government of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
After leaving the military, Bigeard embarked on a political career serving as deputy of Meurthe-et-Moselle from 1978 to 1988 and became a prolific author. His final years were marked by a controversy surrounding allegations that he had overseen torture during the Algerian conflict; he denied the allegations of personal involvement, though defended the use of torture during the war as a necessary evil.
Early life
Marcel Bigeard was born in Toul, Meurthe-et-Moselle on February 14, 1916, the son of Charles Bigeard (1880–1948), a railway worker, and Sophie Bigeard (1880–1964), a domineering housewife. Bigeard's working-class family were staunchly patriotic, and believed France was the greatest nation in the world; Bigeard's often stated belief that France was worth fighting for stemmed from this upbringing. He also had an older sister, Charlotte Bigeard, four years his senior. Lorraine instilled a strong patriotism in him and his mother a will to win; those two would remain his strongest driving forces. At fourteen, Bigeard quit school to help his parents financially by taking a position in the local Société Générale bank, where he did well.
Pre-war career
Following a 6-year career in Société générale, Marcel Bigeard conducted his military service in France at Haguenau at the corps of the 23rd Fortress Infantry Regiment (). Incorporated in the regiment as a soldat de deuxième classe in September 1936, caporal-chef, he was relieved of duty and military obligations with the rank of reserve sergent in September 1938.
World War II
Six months following his relief of duty, in anticipation of imminent conflict, he was recalled on March 22, 1939, to duty at the corps of the 23rd Fortress Infantry Regiment and promoted to the rank of sergent.
In September 1939, with the arrival of the reserves, the battalions of the 23rd Fortress Infantry Regiment (23e RIF), served each in a chain link to form new Fortress infantry regiments of « mobilization », Bigeard was assigned to the 79th Fortress Infantry Regiment () in the under fortified sector of Hoffen and the Maginot Line. Volunteer for the franc corps, he led a combat group at Trimbach in Alsace and became quickly a sergent-chef then adjudant (warrant officer) at the age of 24.
On June 25, 1940, he was captured (post-armistice) and made prisoner of war, spending 18 months in captivity in a stalag (German POW camp). Following his third attempt to escape on November 11, 1941, he managed to make his way to the unoccupied zone in France, and from there, he went to Senegal.
Volunteering for the French Occidental Africa (), he was assigned in February 1942 to a camp in Senegal, in a Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiment of the Armistice Army. Promoted to sous-lieutenant in October 1943, he was directed with his regiment to Morocco.
Recruited as a paratrooper of the Free French Forces, he conducted a military formation, with the British Commandos, near Algiers during three months, then was assigned the preliminary rank of Chef de bataillon (major) at a directorate. In 1944, after paratrooper training by the British, he was parachuted into occupied France as part of a team of four with the mission of leading the resistance in the Ariège département close to the border with Andorra. One of these audacious ambushes against superior German forces gained him a British decoration. His nickname of "Bruno" has its origins in his radio call sign.
At the beginning of 1945, Bigeard created and managed during a scholastic semester, the regional cadres school of Pyla-sur-Mer, near Bordeaux, destined to form officers issued from the French Forces of the Interior. Decorated with the Légion d'honneur and the British Distinguished Service Order for his actions in Ariège, Bigeard was promoted to an active captain in June 1945.
Indochina
Bigeard was first sent to Indochina in October 1945 to assist with French efforts to reassert their influence over the former French colonies. He commanded the 23rd Colonial Infantry and then volunteered to train Thai auxiliaries in their interdiction of Viet Minh incursions around the Laos border along the 'road' R.C. 41 (Route Coloniale).
In the middle of 1945, Captain Bigeard was entrusted with the command of the 6th company of the 23rd Colonial Infantry Regiment (). Designated to participate to the expeditionary corps in Indochina, the regiment disembarked in Saigon on October 25, 1945, and served until March 1946 in various sectors of operations. During this epoque, the "Bruno" surname started to circulate.
On March 8, 1946, a detachment of the 2nd Armored Brigade 2e DB and 9th Colonial Infantry Division (), which the 23rd Colonial Infantry Regiment 23e RIC was part of, disembarked in Tonkin. As a paratrooper, Bigeard was legendary in the French Army for his toughness and physical endurance as the American diplomat Howard Simpson noted that anyone who visited Bigeard could expect only "a thin slice of ham and one small, isolated boiled potato washed down with steaming tea".
On July 1, 1946, Bigeard left the 23e RIC and formed south-east of Dien Bien Phu, a unit constituted of four commandos of 25 volunteers at the corps of the autonomous Thai Battalion. At the return of his men in metropole, mid-October 1946, he assumed command of the 3rd company, constituted of almost 40 men. He then left Indochina on September 17, 1947, and reached France three days later.
Volunteering for another tour in Indochina, Bigeard was assigned on February 1, 1948, to the 3rd Colonial Parachute Commando Battalion 3e BCCP.
On October 1, 1949, Bigeard set on foot the 3rd Tai Battalion, consisting of 2,530 men divided in five regular companies and nine companies of civilian guards with military supplementaries. Relieved from this post, he assumed on April 5, 1950, the command of an Indochinese marching battalion who received, in August, the regimental color of the 1st Tonkin Tirailleurs Regiment () which was decorated by the croix de guerre with palm. On November 12, 1950, Bigeard embarked on a paquebot and left again Indochina.
In the spring of 1951, Bigeard was assigned at Vannes, the colonial demi-brigade of colonel Jean Gilles and was confined with a passing battalion. In September 1951, he was assigned the command of the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion 6e BPC at Saint-Brieuc. He was ranked then as a Chef de battaillon in January 1952.
On July 28, 1952, Bigeard, at the head of the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion 6e BPC, disembarked at Haiphong for a third deployment in Indochina. Over half of Bigeard's men were Vietnamese while the other half were French, thus requiring considerable leadership on his part to tie together a mixed unit to allow it to function effectively. On October 16, 1952, the battalion was parachuted on Tu Lê. and confronted during eight days the opposing regimental divisions. During the Battle of Tu Lê, the battalion was encircled by an entire Vietnamese division, being outnumbered ten to one. In the course of extremely fierce fighting, Bigeard fought off the attempts of the Vietnamese to destroy his unit and led his men into a successful break-out into the jungle marching for days and carrying all of their wounded until finally reaching a French fort. The 6e BPC distinguished savoir-faire again during the Battle of Nà Sản, during an operation on Lang Song July 17, 1953, and during Operation Castor on Dien Bien Phu November 20, 1953.
Bigeard was a keen self-publicist, welcoming journalists among his troops, which assisted his cause by getting the materials needed to help him succeed. His units were noted for their dedication to physical fitness above the normal requirements by the army. This unique style included creating the famous 'casquette Bigeard' cap from the 'excess' material of the long shorts in the standard uniform. A fitness fanatic known for his austere lifestyle and working out several hours every day, Bigeard was famous for being one of the fittest men in the entire French Army. He exuded a peculiar sort of French machismo; he always led from the front while refusing to carry a weapon, never asked his men to do anything that he would not do himself, and was well known for his saying: "It is possible, it will be done. And if it is impossible, it will still be done". A colorful man, Bigeard was extremely popular with the troops under his command for his courage and for always leading from the front, but his contempt for superior officers who did not suffer the same hardships as ordinary soldiers, the "generals with middle-aged spread" as Bigeard called them, made for tense relations with his commanding officers. He participated in many operations including a combat drop on Tu Lê in November 1952. It was also in 1952 that he fully qualified to be a flying pilot of a military transport helicopter so as to be fully capable of commanding a paratrooper battalion. An extremely able military tactician, Bigeard was called by the British military historian Martin Windrow the "intuitive master of terrain, who could conduct a battle by map and radio like the conductor of an orchestra".
On November 20, 1953, Bigeard and his unit took part in Operation Castor, the opening stage of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Bigeard and the 6e BPC returned to Dien Bien Phu on March 16, 1954, parachuting in to reinforce the now besieged garrison. He acted as deputy to Pierre Langlais, and was a member of the "parachute mafia" – a unit of the high-ranking paratroopers at the camp who oversaw combat operations. Historian Bernard Fall asserts that an armed Bigeard, along with Langlais, took de facto command of the camp from General Christian de Castries in mid-March. The historian Jules Roy, however, makes no mention of this event, and Martin Windrow argues that the 'paratrooper putsch' is unlikely to have happened. Both Langlais and Bigeard were known to be on good relations with their commanding officer.
On December 31, 1953, Bigeard took command of the Airborne Groupment constituted of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment 1er RCP and the 6e BPC, intervening to intercept opposing divisions.
Parachuted on March 16, 1954, while the outcome of Dien Bien Phu was being sealed, Commandant Bigeard was promoted to lieutenant-colonel (along with other commanders) during ongoing fighting, making of him a recognized figure while leading his battalion on strongpoints Éliane 1 and 2. Bigeard called Dien Bien Phu a "jungle Verdun", the final and most intense battle in Vietnam as the Vietnamese used their Soviet-built artillery on the hills above to rain heavy fire on the French positions; every day the Vietnamese staged huge "human wave" attacks, sending thousand of infantrymen to try to storm the French lines, only to be repulsed time after time. Bigeard's paras were engaged in the heaviest fighting at Dien Bien Phu, and of his 800 men, only forty had not been killed by the end of the battle.
Bigeard was made a prisoner of war on May 7, 1954, during the fall of the camp. After the battle, the Vietnamese forced the French prisoners on a death march to POW camps, making them march through a hot, humid jungle while refusing to provide food, water or medicine. It was a tribute to Bigeard's intense physical fitness regime that he emerged from Vietnamese captivity in relatively good health. He was liberated four months later, leaving Indochina for good on September 25, 1954. Upon returning to France, Bigeard told the French press he "would do better the next time".
Algerian War
In 1956, Bigeard was sent to the bled (countryside) of Algeria to hunt down the FLN using helicopters to rapidly deploy his men. On June 5, 1956, during a skirmish, Bigeard took a bullet to his chest that narrowly missed his heart. On September 5, 1956, Bigeard was the victim of an assassination attempt by the FLN, being shot in the chest twice by FLN assassins while jogging alone by the Mediterranean. The American pundit Max Boot wrote it was a tribute to Bigeard's toughness and the robust state of his health that he could take three bullets in his chest over the course of four months in 1956 and still be back to duty shortly afterwards.
At the beginning of 1956, the regiment participated at the corps of the elite 10th Parachute Division of General Jacques Massu in the battle of Algiers. The mission of the paratroopers was to re-establish peace in the city in the autumn of 1956 and until the summer of 1957. In late 1956, the FLN had launched the Battle of Algiers, a campaign of assassinations and bombings targeting civilians designed to be the "Algerian Dien Bien Phu". The FLN had decided to deliberately target pied-noir citizens as a way of breaking French power. As one FLN directive put it: "A bomb causing the death of ten people and wounding fifty others is the equivalent on the psychological level to the loss of a French battalion." As such, the FLN set off bombs almost daily at restaurants, cafes, bus stops, football stadiums, and marketplaces, and anybody known to be pro-French was murdered. The FLN favored murdering pro-French Muslims and pied-noirs by making them wear the "Algerian smile" – cutting out the throat, ripping out the tongue and leaving the victim to bleed to death. As the carnage mounted, the 10th Parachute Division was deployed to Algiers as the police simply could not cope.
In March 1957, the 3e RPC made way south of Blida and participated in numerous operations in Atlas and Agounnenda. The regiment relieved the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment in July 1957 in Algiers. Bigeard revitalized the unit by weeding out laggards and the uncommitted and then put the remainder through an intense training regime. He led the 3e RPC through numerous operations, the most famous being the 1957 Battle of Algiers. It was known that the FLN was conducting its bombing campaign that was terrorizing Algiers out of the Casbah, the overcrowded medieval quarter of Algiers with narrow, serpentine streets. Bigeard had the 10th Parachute Division build barbed wire fences around the Casbah and imposed a curfew where anyone found on the streets of the Casbah would be shot down and their bodies left out to rot until the morning to show the people of the Casbah that the 10th Parachute Division was a force "even more extreme than the FLN." In January 1957, a map was drawn up of the Casbah, a census was conducted and using files from the Algiers police department the paras started to staged raids to capture suspected fellagha.
Capture of M'Hidi
Torture was freely used to break suspected FLN members, with a particular favorite tactic being the gégène, where wires from a small generator were attached to the genitals and intense electrical currents were sent through either the penis or the vagina until the suspect started to provide information. Using information gained through such tactics as the gégène, those named by the suspect were then arrested and the whole process repeated. Over the course of the Battle of Algiers, the 10th Parachute Division arrested about 24,000 Muslims of whom about 4,000 "disappeared", as those who were murdered were euphemistically described. During the Battle of Algiers, Bigeard captured Larbi Ben M'hidi, one of the FLN's top leaders, but Bigeard refused to torture him on the grounds that M'hidi was a warrior who deserved respect. During the course of a dinner with his enemy, Bigeard asked M'hidi if he was ashamed that he had bombs planted in baskets at restaurants and cafes designed to kill the patrons, saying "Aren't you ashamed to place bombs in the baskets of your women?", leading to the reply "Give me your planes. I'll give you my baskets."
When Massu ordered M'hidi executed, Bigeard declined the order, and instead Major Paul Aussaresses was sent to take M'hidi away to hang him to "make it look like suicide." As Aussaresses was taking M'hidi out to the countryside to hang him, Bigeard had his troops give the doomed M'hidi full military honors as he was led away.
Promotion to colonel
After the initial apparent victory in Algiers, in April 1957 Bigeard moved the 3e RPC back into the Atlas Mountains in pursuit of FLN groups in that province. In May he was in the area near Agounennda to ambush a large force of about 300 djounoud of the FLN group Wilaya 4. This group had already attacked an Algerian Battalion on May 21 causing heavy casualties. From a 'cold' start Bigeard estimated the attacking group's probable route of withdrawal and laid a wide ambush along a valley of 100 km². The ensuing battle and followup lasted from May 23 to 26, 1957, but resulted in eight paras killed for 96 enemy dead, twelve prisoners and five captives released. For this exemplary operation he was nicknamed "Seigneur de l'Atlas" ("Lord of the Atlas mountains") by his boss General Massu.
Promoted to colonel in January 1958, Bigeard directed the 3e RPC with others to the Battle of the Frontiers from January to June. After other urban, desert and mountain operations, Bigeard was replaced as the commander of 3e RPC in March 1958 by Roger Trinquier. In 1958, Time magazine wrote of Bigard that he was "a martinet, but the idol of his men, who made them shave every day, no matter where they were, and doled out raw onions instead of the traditional wine ration because 'wine reduces stamina'." The senior officers of the French Army, most of whom had graduated from Saint-Cyr, made no secret of their dislike for Bigeard, whom they viewed as a "jumped-up ranker" who disregarded orders if he thought them to be stupid. As a punishment, Bigeard was removed from his front-line duties in Algeria and sent to Paris to train officers in "revolutionary warfare".
Accordingly, Bigeard went back to Paris where the minister of the armies, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, asked him to establish a center of instruction for cadres that opened at the end of April near Philippeville. The École Jeanne d'Arc in Philippeville (modern day Skikda) was to provide field officers with a one-month training course in counter-insurgency techniques. Bigeard created the school and was placed in charge. He did not take any part in the events of May 13, 1958.
After fourth months in Toul, Bigeard went back to Algeria, taking command of a sector in Saida and Oranie on January 25, 1959. Bigeard became adjutant to General Ducournau at the 25e DP Under his disposition were around 5,000 men, formed from the 8th Infantry Regiment, the 14th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment, the 23rd Moroccan Spahis Regiment 23e RSM, one group of DCA, one artillery regiment, and two mobile groups.
Following a meeting with Charles de Gaulle on August 27, 1959, he assumed command on December 1 of the Ain-Sefra, with an effective strength of 1,500 men. Unlike many fellow officers who were closely associated with the war, he did not take part in the Algiers putsch in 1961.
Military career after 1960
From July 1960 to January 1963, Bigeard took command of the 6th Colonial Infantry Outremer Regiment 6e RIAOM at Bouar in the Central African Republic.
Following a brief passage by the École supérieure de guerre from June 1963 to June 1964, he took command of the 25th Parachute Brigade (France) which included the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment at Pau on August 31, 1964. Following that post, he also held the command of the 20th Parachute Brigade succeeding Général Langlais, which included the 3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment the 6th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment and the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment at Toulouse. Accordingly, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on August 1, 1967.
Following an encounter with général de Gaulle, he was designated to the post of Commandant superior des forces terrestes in Senegal, which included 2000 men (French Army 1100, French Navy 500, French Air Force 400) and accordingly arrived at Dakar on February 7, 1968.
In July 1970, Bigeard was back in Paris and was assigned for ten months at the CEMAT headquarter staff. On August 7, 1971, he took command of Area Forces present in the Indian Ocean at Antananarivo and obtained on December 1, 1971, his third star. He left Madagascar on July 31, 1973, with the total ensemble of French Forces present in that sector. Bigeard was known for his unusual way of taking command, namely by parachuting in to his post while saluting his men, which nearly led to disaster in Madagascar when the wind blew him into the Indian Ocean that was full of sharks, thus requiring his men to dive in to save him.
Promotion to general
Following his return to France, he became from September 1973 to February 1974, the second adjoint to the Military governor of Paris. Promoted général de corps d'armée on March 1, 1974, he assumed command of the 4th Military Region, comprising 40,000 men out of which 10,000 were paratroopers.
He met on January 30, 1975, President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing who proposed the post of secretary of state attached to minister Yvon Bourges. He held that post from February 1975 to August 1976, the date on which he leaves the service.
Political career
Following a brief retirement at Toul, he presented himself to the elections and became a deputy of Meurthe-et-Moselle from 1978 to 1981. During this first legislation, he would also be assigned the function tenure of président de la commission de défense. He was reelected to the first round in June 1981 then to the proportionnelle in March 1986. In 1988, following the dissolution of the assembly, he retired. During his retirement, he spent much of his time writing his memoirs and wrote books on his military career and thoughts on the evolution of France.
In his last book, Mon dernier round, published in 2009, Bigeard strongly denounced de Gaulle for his treatment of the harkis (Algerian Muslims who served in the French Army), writing that de Gaulle shamefully abandoned thousands of harkis and their families to be slaughtered by the FLN in 1962, and that even those harkis who did escape to France were shunted aside to live in the banlieues, writing that these men and their families who sacrificed so much for France deserved much better.
Torture accusations
In his later life, Bigeard was drawn into the controversy over the use of torture in the Algerian war. The admission by senior military officers such as Massu and Aussaresses that torture was used systematically by the French in Algeria put the spotlight on all figures involved. In a memoir published in 1999, Bigeard admitted to using "muscular interrogations" to make FLN suspects talk, but denied engaging in torture himself while at the same time justifying torture as an interrogation method writing "Was it easy to do nothing when you had seen women and children with their limbs blown off by bombs?". In July 2000 Bigeard justified the use of torture during the Algerian War as a "necessary evil" in Le Monde newspaper, and confirmed its use while denying any claim of his involvement in personally using torture.
Several sources suggest that Bigeard had been more involved in torture and killings than he admitted. Aussaresses stated that the corpses of Algerians executed by French forces and dropped by aircraft into the sea had been dubbed crevettes de Bigeard ("Bigeard's shrimp"). However there is no evidence that Bigeard authorised or participated in such practices, while Aussaresses would later serve as an advisor to the regimes of Augusto Pinochet and Jorge Rafael Videla during Operation Condor where "death flights" were used to dispose of dissidents.
In June 2000 Louisette Ighilahriz, a writer and member of the FLN, publicly alleged that Bigeard and Massu had been present when she was tortured and raped at a military prison from late September to December 1957. Ighilahriz had come forward with her story as she wanted to thank one "Richaud", an Army doctor at the prison for saving her life, saying that Richaud was a most gentle man who always treated her injuries and saved her life. Bigeard rejected Ighilarhiz's claims that she was tortured and raped in his presence, saying that Ighilarhiz's story was a "tissue of lies" designed to "destroy all that is decent in France", and going to say this "Richaud" had never existed., Bigeard was, however, contradicted by Massu, who confirmed the existence of "Richaud", saying that Ighilahriz was referring to Dr. François Richaud, who had been the doctor stationed at the prison in 1957. Bigeard stated that Ighilahriz's claim she had been tortured by him was part of a campaign waged by the same left-wing intellectuals whom Bigeard blamed for undermining the French will to win in Algeria. Bigeard denied having engaged in torture himself, but maintained that the use of torture against the FLN had been a "necessary evil". Canadian historian Barnett Singer claims that Ighilarhiz claims were "full of fabrications", that torture was "never [Bigeard's] modus operandi" and Bigeard was on operations away from Algiers at the relevant time.
Death
Bigeard died on June 18, 2010, at his home in Toul.
Funeral
His funeral procession was held at the Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Toul on June 21, in presence of former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Minister of Defense Hervé Morin. Full military honours were accorded to Bigeard on June 22 at Les Invalides by the country's prime minister, François Fillon. In an obituary, the American historian Max Boot wrote that Bigeard's life disproved the popular canard in the English-speaking world that the French are soft and cowardly soldiers, the so-called "cheese-eating surrender monkeys", writing that Bigeard was the "consummate warrior" and one of "the great soldiers of the 20th century".
Posthumous controversy
Allegations about Bigeard's actions during the Algerian conflict led to significant public controversy surrounding the general's being laid to rest. Bigeard had originally expressed a desire that his ashes should be scattered at Dien Bien Phu. However, the Vietnamese government refused to allow this, as it did not wish to set a precedent. Attempts by the French government to inter him in Les Invalides were "reversed because of public outrage" surrounding allegations of torture, most prominently a petition in the left-wing newspaper Libération that called him an "unscrupulous adventurer" who used "heinous methods". This led to a lengthy controversy over where to bury Bigeard, which was ended in September 2012 when Minister of Defense Jean-Yves Le Drian decided to inter him at the Mémorial des guerres en Indochine in Fréjus. Le Drian's attendance of the burial ceremony in November was criticized by the French Human Rights League, which suggested that praise for Bigeard "would amount to elevating torture to a military discipline worthy of being honoured by the state." However the decision was welcomed by French veterans organizations.
"Homage to the adversary"
Bigeard often manifested his admiration and sympathy for the adversary that fought well. He always distinguished the proper professional and never disregarded his worth of esteem. Bigeard was seen in Indochina, awarding decorations of merit to the Viet adversary, doing also the same in Algeria. In his memory books and Pour une parcelle de gloire, he cited in length, and notably, those who he admired with high esteem and who showcased real qualities of soldiers, valor and courage.
Bigeard famously said: "There is no dishonor in rendering homage to the adversary" ("on ne se déshonore pas en rendant hommage à l'adversaire").
However, the respect he always carried for his adversaries had limitations. He never forgave the useless cruelty of inhumanity in captivity.
Honors and awards
Decorations
French Honors
Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 with 6 citations out of which 3 at the orders of the armed forces (3 palms).
Croix de guerre des Théatres d'Opérations Exterieures with 17 citations out of which 12 at the orders of the armed forces.
Croix de la Valeur Militaire with 4 citations at the orders of the armed forces.
Médaille de la Résistance decree of (6/09/1945)
Escapees' Medal
Colonial Medal with "Extrême-Orient" (Far East) clasp
Commemorative Medal of the 1939–1945 War
Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
Algeria Commemorative Medal
Medaille des blessés with 5 stars (5 wounds)
Honorary Légionnaire de 1ère classe of the Foreign Legion in 1954
Foreign Honors
Distinguished Service Order (UK)
Commander of the Legion of Merit (US)
Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit of Senegal (Grand officier du Mérite Sénégalais)
Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of Togo (Grand officier du Ordre national du Mérite togolais)
Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Comoros (Grand officier du Mérite Comorien)
Grand Officer of the Order of King Abdulaziz Al Saud (Grand officier du mérite Saoudite)
Officer of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol (Officier de Ordre du Million d'Eléphants et Parasol Blanc du Laos)
Commander of the National Order of Merit of Mauritania (Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite national mauritanien)
Commander of the Order of Central African Merit (Commandeur du Mérite centrafricain)
Commander of the Order of Civil Merit of the Tai Federation (Commandeur fédération pays Thaï)
Commander of the Order of the Dragon of Annam (Commandeur du Dragon d'Annam)
General Bigeard was awarded 27 citations, including 19 palms and 8 stars.
Legacy
Posthumous homages
The 50th graduating class of the École militaire interarmes chose the promotion Général Bigeard. The song of the promotion recalls the arms celebration
of Général Bigeard. A 3.65 m stele representing Général Bigeard in profile was inaugurated on June 29, 2012, at the 3 RPIMa base at Quartier Laperrine in Carcassonne. Bigeard served as an inspiration for Colonel Raspeguy in Lost Command and Jean Mathieu in The Battle of Algiers.
Homages in France
In France, several avenues, places and roads bear his name:
Avenue du Général Bigeard à Toul (Meurthe-et-Moselle)
Rond-Point du Général Bigeard à Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône)
Place du Général Marcel Bigeard à Tellancourt (Meurthe-et-Moselle)
Square Marcel Bigeard à Aix-les-Bains (Savoie)
Rue du général Marcel Bigeard à Briey (Meurthe-et-Moselle).
Rue du général Marcel Bigeard à Villeneuve-Loubet (Alpes-Maritimes)
Rue du Général Bigeard à Trimbach (Bas-Rhin)
Rue du Général Bigeard à Lexy (Meurthe-et-Moselle)
Rond-Point du Général Bigeard à Lagord (Charente-Maritime)
Rond-Point Général Marcel Bigeard à Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Rue Marcel Bigeard à Scionzier (Haute-Savoie)
Rond-Point du Général Bigeard à La Rochelle
Works
During his career Bigeard authored or co-authored a number of books which also featured homages to adversaries. In retirement he continued to write, his last work was published in 2010, a few months after he died.
Le Manuel de l’officier de renseignement (The Intelligence Officer's Handbook)
Contre guérilla (Counter guerilla), 1957
Aucune bête au monde..., Pensée Moderne, 1959
Piste sans fin (English: Tracks without end), Pensée Moderne, 1963
Pour une parcelle de gloire (English: For a piece of glory), Plon, 1975
Ma Guerre d'Indochine (English: My Indochina War), Hachette, 1994
Ma Guerre d'Algérie (English: My Algerian War), Editions du Rocher, 1995
De la brousse à la jungle, Hachette-Carrère, 1994
France, réveille-toi! (English: France, awake!), Editions n°1, 1997
Lettres d'Indochine (English: Letters from Indochina), Editions n°1, 1998–1999 (2 Volumes)
Le siècle des héros (English: The Century of the Heroes), Editions n°1, 2000
Crier ma vérité, Editions du Rocher, 2002
Paroles d'Indochine (English: Words of Indochina), Editions du Rocher, 2004
J'ai mal à la France (English: My France is sore), Edition du Polygone, 2006
Adieu ma France (English: Good-bye my France), Editions du Rocher, 2006
Mon dernier round (English: My last show), Editions du Rocher, 2009
Ma vie pour la France (English: My life for France), Editions du Rocher, 2010
Ma Guerre d'Indochine, documentaire de 52 minutes Réalisation: Jean-Claude Criton – Production L. Salles/Carrère (1994)
Ma Guerre d'Algérie, documentaire de 52 minutes Réalisation: Jean-Claude Criton – Production L. Salles/Carrère (1994)
Portrait de Bigeard, documentaire de 52 minutes Réalisation: Jean-Claude Criton – Production L. Salles/Carrère (1994)
See also
Ferdinand Foch
Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
List of French paratrooper units
Pierre Segretain
Pierre Jeanpierre
Rémy Raffalli
Paul Arnaud de Foïard
Hélie de Saint Marc
Bigeard cap – a French Army hat whose invention is attributed to Marcel Bigeard
References
Further reading
;
Erwan Bergot, Bataillon Bigeard, Presse de la Cité, 1977,
La mort, un terme ou un commencement, Christian Chabanis, Fayard 1982, entretiens avec Marcel Bigeard, etc.
Marie-Monique Robin, Escadrons de la mort, l'école française, La Découverte, 2004.
René Guitton, Bigeard, l'hommage, Éditions du Rocher, 2011,
External links
General Bigeard interview on the battle of Dien Bien Phu, May 3, 2004
1916 births
2010 deaths
People from Toul
Politicians from Grand Est
Union for French Democracy politicians
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 7th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French generals
French military writers
French male non-fiction writers
French military personnel of World War II
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
French military personnel of the Algerian War
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Commanders of the Legion of Merit |
4390553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20the%20Living%20Dead | City of the Living Dead | City of the Living Dead (, also released as The Gates of Hell) is a 1980 Italian supernatural horror film co-written and directed by Lucio Fulci. It stars Christopher George, Catriona MacColl, Carlo de Mejo, Antonella Interlenghi, Giovanni Lombardo Radice, and Janet Agren. The film follows a priest whose suicide opens a gateway to hell that releases the undead, where a psychic and a reporter team up to close it before All Saints' Day.
City of the Living Dead was developed after the financial success of Fulci's previous film, Zombi 2, leading him to work with screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti to write a new horror film inspired by the works of H.P. Lovecraft. The film was greenlit during production of Contraband, which Fulci left to begin working on City of the Living Dead. Principal photography was shot predominantly on location in the United States, with interiors shot in Rome.
The film was theatrically released in Italy in August 1980, which grossed ₤985 million. It was followed by a release throughout Europe, including a screening at the Paris International Festival of Fantastic and Science-Fiction Film, where Fulci won the Audience Award, and in the United States in April 1983. Upon release, the film received criticism for its performances, plot, and graphic violence, but like many of Fulci's films, has developed a cult following. It is the first film in Fulci's Gates of Hell trilogy.
Plot
In New York City, during a séance held in the apartment of medium Theresa, Mary Woodhouse experiences a traumatic vision of a priest, Father Thomas, hanging himself in a cemetery of a village called Dunwich. Mary breaks the circle and collapses to the floor when the images overwhelm her. The group presumes Mary is dead and calls the police, who suspect foul play. Theresa warns the police chief of an imminent evil. Journalist Peter Bell begins to investigate Mary's mysterious death and visits her grave as she is about to be buried. However, she is still alive, and Peter saves her after hearing her cries. Peter and Mary visit Theresa, who warns them that according to the ancient book of Enoch, the events Mary witnessed in her visions presage the eruption of the living dead into our world. The death of Father Thomas has opened the gates of Hell through which the invasion will commence on All Saints Day, just a few days away.
In Dunwich, a young vagrant named Bob visits an abandoned house but flees after seeing a rotting carcass. Across town, Gerry, a psychiatrist, is in consultation with Sandra, a neurotic patient, when Emily Robbins, his 19-year-old girlfriend and personal assistant, arrives. She tells Gerry that she's on her way to meet with Bob, whom she has been trying to help. That evening, Emily finds Bob at a derelict garage exhibiting strange behavior. The supernatural apparition of Father Thomas then appears as Bob runs away, smothering to death a frightened Emily with a maggot-covered hand. The next morning, Emily's body is found. Emily's father tells the sheriff and Gerry of his suspicions about Bob due to Bob's previous history of crime. Meanwhile, Peter and Mary leave New York and embark upon their search for the town of Dunwich.
That evening, Bob returns to the deserted house, where he sees a vision of Father Thomas. After Emily's funeral, her younger brother John-John sees a ghostly image of her outside his bedroom window. At Sandra's house, the corpse of an elderly woman, Mrs. Holden, appears without explanation on her kitchen floor. Sandra calls Gerry for help, but the body disappears as soon as Gerry arrives. The two search the house but are disturbed by many strange occurrences, such as a window breaking, with the glass then dripping human blood.
Meanwhile, Bob has taken refuge in the garage of a local man, Mr. Ross. Ross's teenage daughter Ann finds him and offers him marijuana, but Ross bursts in and attacks Bob, fearful he is trying to seduce his daughter. Ross kills Bob by impaling his head through a drilling lathe.
The following morning, Peter and Mary arrive at the graveyard that Mary saw in her vision. They begin searching for Father Thomas' tomb and meet Gerry and Sandra. They go back to Gerry's office to discuss Father Thomas' death when suddenly the four are showered with maggots in an apparent supernatural attack. Gerry then receives a distressing phone call from John-John Robbins explaining his dead sister has returned and killed his parents. They rush over the Robbins' house and try to find the sheriff. While trying to get John-John to safety, Sandra is killed by Emily, who rips Sandra's scalp off. John-John runs through the town's streets and is saved by Gerry, who hands the boy over to the police.
Mr. Ross is drinking at a bar when it is suddenly attacked by the re-animated dead people of the town, led by Bob. Ross and two other men are killed, as a state-of-emergency is declared over the radio. Mary, Peter, and Gerry arrive back at the graveyard as the clock strikes midnight and All Saints Day begins. They descend into Father Thomas' family tomb, discovering a cave of skeletal remains and cobwebbed putrescences. Sandra suddenly appears as a zombie and kills Peter before being killed by Gerry, who impales her with a metal spike. Mary and Gerry continue until they face Father Thomas, commanding an army of the undead. Before he can kill Mary, Gerry grabs a wooden cross and disembowels Father Thomas. The priest and the other revived corpses burst into flames and disappear. Mary and Gerry exit from Father Thomas' tomb into the graveyard in the morning to see John-John and the police. Mary is relieved to see John-John survived the ordeal but becomes frightened and screams as everything fades to black.
Cast
Christopher George as Peter Bell
Catriona MacColl as Mary Woodhouse
Carlo De Mejo as Gerry
Janet Agren as Sandra
Antonella Interlenghi as Emily Robbins
Giovanni Lombardo Radice as Bob
as Rosie Kelvin
Fabrizio Jovine as Father William Thomas
as John-John Robbins
Michele Soavi as Tommy Fisher
Venantino Venantini as Mr. Ross
Robert Sampson as Sheriff Russell
as Teresa
Enzo D'Ausilio as Deputy
Luciano Rossi as New York Police Officer
Uncredited
Lucio Fulci as Dr. Joe Thompson
Nat Bush as Sgt. Clay
Michael Gaunt as First gravedigger
Perry Pirkkanen as Second gravedigger
Production
After Zombi 2 grossed over 1.5 billion lire in Italy, director Lucio Fulci began working on a new horror script with screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti. Elements of the story are influenced by the work of H.P. Lovecraft, such as naming the town the film is set in Dunwich, after Lovecraft's The Dunwich Horror. Sacchetti noted that Fulci had just reread Lovecraft before working on the film's script, stating he wanted to re-create a Lovecraftian atmosphere. In Sacchetti's original writings, the story is not set in Dunwich, but Salem. This script also includes characters not used in the film, such as Mike, a homeless man who is devoured by cats and reappears later in the film as a zombie.
Sacchetti recalled that, after completing the script, it was shelved for some time, due to their commitments to other projects. Fulci did not want to work with Zombi 2 producer Fabrizio De Angelis again and convinced Renato Jaboni of Medusa Distribuzione and Luciano Martino and Mino Loy of Dania and National Cinematografica to contribute. The project was greenlit during the production of Contraband, which Fulci left with his assistant director, Roberto Giandalia, to finish principal photography. Early choices for the cast included Zombi 2 star Tisa Farrow as Mary Woodhouse, Fiamma Maglione as Sandra, Aldo Barberito as Father Thomas and Robert Kerman as Mr. Ross; they were replaced by Catriona MacColl, Janet Agren, Fabrizio Jovine and Venantino Venantini, respectively. Agren and Christopher George were specifically hired to increase the film's commercial prospects; Fulci's on-set relationship with the latter was turbulent, leading him to nickname George "the dog with the cigar".
MacColl had recently made her film debut in the title role of the manga adaptation Lady Oscar, and would be cast as the lead in Fulci's later films The Beyond and The House by the Cemetery. When she was approached for the film, she felt that the script was "badly written" and almost declined taking part. "It seemed to me like a series of special effects without a story", she said in an interview in 2011. She called her agent from her hotel room to seek his advice; he told her to take the role, because "nobody was going to see the film anyway"—a prediction that MacColl later noted would prove to be incorrect.
Film historian and critic Roberto Curti stated that, according to the Public Cinematographic Register, filming was published as beginning on March 24, but it was more likely that filming had not begun until April 1980. The shooting schedule allowed for shooting on location in New York City and six weeks in Savannah, Georgia, as well as two weeks in Rome at De Paolis Studios for the special effects scenes. The decision to shoot in Savannah was dictated by the film's low budget, particularly to avoid conflict with unions regarding the importation of most of the film's cast and crew. The special effects scenes included a scene where the cast is attacked by maggots via two wind machines and 10 kg of maggots. To surprise Fulci, one crew member took some of the maggots and placed them in his pipe tobacco, which Fulci only learned about after a few puffs of what he was smoking, angering him immensely. Fulci would later theorize that this incident led to his future illness, as he underwent heart surgery in 1985, suffered a ventricular aneurysm, contracted viral hepatitis and developed Cirrhosis of the liver. Many of the film's gory and graphic scenes were not included in the original scripts or story, such as the scene where a character vomits their own intestines. This scene was performed by having Daniela Doria spit up baby veal intestines and then having her head replaced with a replica for further vomiting.
The scene where Peter smashes open Mary's coffin with a pickaxe was shot in New York, but the interior of the coffin was shot in Rome. MacColl recalled that she would blink every time the pickaxe hit the coffin: "It was just a nervous reaction. And Lucio was getting crosser and crosser. He pulled me out of the coffin and shouted: 'I'll show you how easy it is!' So he climbed into the coffin and did the same shot without blinking. 'If I can do it, you can do it', he said."
Release
City of the Living Dead was distributed theatrically in Italy by Medusa Distribuzione on 11 August 1980. It grossed a total of 985,238,798 Italian lire domestically, a figure described by Curti as "somewhat disappointing". The film was distributed theatrically throughout Europe, including West Germany on September 11, 1980 and France on December 10, 1980, as well as the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. The German edit of the film distributed by Alemannia/Arabella was about 10 minutes shorter than the Italian version, removing some dialogue scenes but keeping the gory scenes intact. In Paris, the film was screened as Frayeurs at the Festival international du film et de science-fiction. At the festival, the film won the "Grand Prix du Public" (The Audience Award).
The film was released in the United Kingdom on May 7, 1982, where it was passed by the BBFC after the drilling scene was cut. In 2001, the BBFC passed the film uncut with an 18 certificate. In the United States, the film was released on 8 April 1983 and was originally promoted as Twilight of the Dead, which resulted in a cease and desist order from United Film Distribution Company, due to the title's similarity to their own film, George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead. This resulted in the distributor, Motion Picture Marketing, withdrawing the film and re-releasing it with a new title, The Gates of Hell.
Home video
In West Germany, the film became part of a press campaign against the home video distribution of violent films. This was part of a June 1984 news report on channel ZDF titled Mama, Papa, Zombie - Horror für den Hausgebrauch, about the availability of violent films to minors. Prior to this screening, horror films such as Maniac and The Beyond were released uncensored in Germany. However, following this report, City of the Living Dead was banned in West Germany, while VHS tapes of the film released in 1983 (under the title Ein Zombie hing am Glockenseil) were confiscated after a 1986 hearing by the District Court of Munich. Continuous re-releases of the film in West Germany with content removed led to truncated releases of the film as late as 2001 in Germany.
The film was released on DVD in the United States by Anchor Bay in 2000, and on DVD and Blu-ray by Blue Underground in 2010. In 2018, Arrow Video released a limited edition 4K remaster of both the City and the Gates versions in the United Kingdom. In 2020, the Gates version was given a Blu-ray release in the United States as an online exclusive item.
Reception
Contemporary
A reviewer in the Italian newspaper La Stampa referred to the film as "not recommended for easily impressionable viewers" and added that the film was a sign that Fulci had "reached expressive maturity", with a story that grew progressively to make an "expressive nightmarish atmosphere", concluding that the film was a "grand guignol spectacle". Giovanna Grassi of Corriere della Sera found the film too dependent on gore, lacking atmosphere, and "incoherent and stretched beyond measure". The review went on to praise actor Giovanni Lombardo Radice and Frizzi's score. A review by Pierre Gires of L'Écran fantastique found that the film left viewers in a series of "bloody and hallucinatory events that leave little room to breathe" and was "very well edited, with a lively pace". The review concluded that the film was a "definitive film after which it will be useless to revisit the same subject matter", and that it "ranks Lucio Fulci amongst the best craftsmen of the certain branch of the fantastique".
Geoff Andrews of Time Out found the film "laughably awful" with a "nonsensical plot", and that it "could just conceivably be the disreputable movie that surrealists would have loved." John Pym of the Monthly Film Bulletin called it a "silly, meandering horror" film, concluding that "there is not much to discuss and little to recommend." Alan Jones of Starburst praised the film as being "what popular cinema was all about", adding that "Shadow, claustrophobic atmosphere [and] full on menace is the crux of this and there is no doubt in my mind that Fulci is the master of such manipulation." Jones went on to call out negative reception of Fulci, stating that anyone who described Fulci as a hack annoyed him, noting that "in each of his recent films he has made, there are so many worthwhile merits. At this stage in the game his talent cannot be called merely accidental."
In the United States, some critics derided the acting in the film, including J.A. Conner of the Santa Cruz Sentinel ("intense overacting"), Tom Brown of the Times Recorder ("horribly acted") and Eleanor Ringel of The Atlanta Constitution, with the latter stating that the only appeal of the film was in seeing the predominantly European cast attempting to adjust to "Fulci's muddled vision of Middle America". More critics dismissed the film due to its violent scenes, such as Jay Carr of the Boston Globe ("a film only a diehard necrophile could love"), Dick Fleming of The Daily Times ("scenes purely for the sake of shock value") and Ringel declaring it an "idiotic sleaze fest with nothing to offer but an abundance of filmed animal innards".
Retrospective
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, City of the Living Dead currently has an approval rating of 40% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 5.80/10. Robert Firsching of AllMovie wrote that while the film "suffers from the same shortcomings present in much of Fulci's other horror films", it also "benefits from Fulci's ability to create and sustain an intensely creepy atmosphere", though he ultimately called the film "a dry run for the blend of graphic shocks and surrealism atmosphere that Lucio Fulci would perfect with The Beyond."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
Films about suicide
Italian zombie films
Films directed by Lucio Fulci
Films scored by Fabio Frizzi
1980 horror films
Italian supernatural horror films
1980 films
Italian ghost films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Savannah, Georgia
1980s Italian films |
4390666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Sometimes%20%28novel%29 | Charlotte Sometimes (novel) | Charlotte Sometimes is a children's novel by the English writer Penelope Farmer, published in 1969 in Britain and the United States. It is the third and best-known of three books featuring the Makepeace sisters, Charlotte and Emma, sometimes known as the Aviary Hall books. The story follows a girl starting at boarding school who finds one morning she has traveled mysteriously back more than 40 years and is known as Clare. Charlotte and Clare change places each night, alternating between 1918 and Charlotte's time; although Charlotte and Clare never meet, they communicate through diary notes in an exercise book. The story is written from Charlotte's point of view: the narrative never follows Clare. Charlotte becomes trapped in Clare's time, struggling to maintain her identity.
Background
At the age of 21, Penelope Farmer was contracted for her first collection of short stories, The China People. One story originally intended for it proved too long to include. This was rewritten as the first chapter of The Summer Birds (1962), her first book featuring Charlotte and Emma Makepeace. A second book, Emma in Winter, with Emma as the main character, followed in 1966. Charlotte Sometimes was first published in 1969 by Harcourt in the United States, and by Chatto & Windus in the UK in the same year.
Penelope Farmer arranged many incidents in Charlotte Sometimes ahead of time based on family experiences. She later wrote that Charlotte and Emma were originally based on her mother and her mother's sister as children, having no parents and "having to be everything to each other", one being the responsible one, the other being rather difficult. She wrote, "Emma and Charlotte have grown in their own ways and aren't exactly based on my mother and her sister now, but this is where it started." Penelope Farmer's mother, Penelope Boothby, who was "talkative and unconventional", besides being the inspiration for Emma, also inspired the character of Emily. The boarding school in the novel is set near where Penelope Farmer lived in London, but based on the West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, which she and her twin sister Judith attended in the 1950s. Elements in the book based on the school include the pillared front door, the glass verandah and the cedar tree, which still stands, as of 2020. Some characters were based on real students of the time. The episode when Charlotte walks onto the glass verandah is based on a real event, when Penelope Farmer climbed on the glass verandah and broke it.
Plot
Part one
Charlotte arrives at a new boarding school, and is shown around by a prefect named Sarah. Sarah's mother also attended the school. She is to share a room with other girls, Susannah, Elizabeth, Janet, and Vanessa. The next morning she finds herself in the same place, but in the year 1918 – with war still going on. A younger girl called Emily calls Charlotte her sister and addresses her as "Clare". She tries to spend the day in 1918 without being noticed. Each night, Charlotte finds herself swapping between her own time and Clare's time. They must learn to live two different lives. Charlotte and Clare manage to write to each other in Clare's diary, which they share and hide in their bed.
Emily and Clare are supposed to leave their room soon and go into lodgings with the Chisel Brown family. They have to make sure this happens when Clare is in 1918, because they won't be able to switch again after that.
Part two
Charlotte, expecting to have returned to her own time for the last time, is shocked to find that she has not, and is still in 1918. She will go into lodgings with the Chisel Brown family: it appears she will be trapped in the past. In the house, Miss Agnes Chisel Brown shows Charlotte and Emily the toys she once played with, including toy soldiers and a solitaire board with marbles. She tells the two girls about her brother Arthur, who died in the war. Charlotte reflects, forward and back: to Arthur in the past; her own sister Emma in the future; and Clare, trapped in Charlotte's time. She struggles with her identity, being Charlotte sometimes but Clare at other times.
Charlotte and Emily form a plan to enter the school by night in an attempt to get Charlotte into the bed which will take Charlotte back to her own time. Inside her room, which is now being used as the school sickroom, Charlotte finds the bed is occupied, and thus she cannot return home. She escapes being seen by Nurse Gregory but is seen by another student, Ruth.
Charlotte is not the only one who struggles with identity. Emily tells of the wretchedness of being motherless and unwanted, moving between homes while her father fights in the war. Meanwhile, Charlotte dreams she is fighting to stay as Charlotte. She dreams about Arthur.
A letter arrives for Clare and Emily from their father. Emily does not let Charlotte read it, to the bewilderment of the other girls. Charlotte, thoughtful as always, wonders who Sarah's mother is: perhaps it will be Charlotte herself if she is trapped in 1918?
At night, Charlotte dreams about Arthur again, as a drummer boy, and that she has turned into Agnes. Her crisis of identity comes to a head as she struggles to preserve her identity as Charlotte.
One evening, the Chisel Browns hold a seance in an attempt to speak to Arthur. The girls hide behind the curtains to observe. During the seance, they hear Clare's voice crying out for Emily. Emily cries out, and the two girls are discovered and disciplined. Later, Miss Agnes asks about the voice they heard at the seance – Clare's. She then tells Charlotte and Emily of Arthur's war experiences.
Finally, the Armistice comes. The war is over: people dance and celebrate in the street, and Charlotte and Emily join in, even though it would anger Mr Chisel Brown. In disgrace, Charlotte and Emily are sent back to the school. Miss Agnes gives them the toys as a gift.
Part three
Ruth recalls her "dream" of seeing Clare whilst in the sickroom. Because of the flu epidemic the students are able to play wild games in the dormitories, and eventually Charlotte is able to sleep in the bed that will return her to her own time.
On arriving back, Charlotte is startled to learn that her roommate Elizabeth had deduced the truth about her swap with Clare. Charlotte wonders about Sarah's mother and what has become of Emily and Clare. At the school, Charlotte sees the elderly Miss Wilkin. Charlotte realises that she had known Miss Wilkin when she was a young teacher in 1918.
One day, Charlotte learns what has become of Emily and Clare through a conversation with Sarah. Sarah's mother is Emily, and Clare died in the flu epidemic after the war. Later, Charlotte and Elizabeth discuss the events Charlotte has experienced. They find the exercise book in one of the legs of the bed, where it has been for forty years. It includes the last letter Charlotte wrote to Clare.
Charlotte receives a package from Emily as an adult. It contains a letter from Emily, and the toys which Miss Agnes had given them over forty years ago. Charlotte places the marbles from the solitaire set in a jar and fills it with water, which the other girls admire. Charlotte feels a sense of personal identity in now having her own decoration to her dresser, yet muses that the marbles belonged to her when she was living the life of another person, namely Clare. The end of term comes, and the boarders leave the school in the school bus, singing rhymes.
Continuity
The first novel featuring Charlotte and Emma Makepeace was The Summer Birds, published in 1962, set in the South Downs in southern England. Charlotte Sometimes begins one year after the events in The Summer Birds after Charlotte has left her small village school, and covers the period of her first term at boarding school. Although Charlotte's year is not explicitly stated in Charlotte Sometimes, several passages suggest that Charlotte's year is 1963, the year after The Summer Birds was written.
While written three years after Emma in Winter (1966) — which was set during Charlotte's second term at boarding school — the events of Charlotte Sometimes occur beforehand, during Charlotte's first term.
Charlotte's sister Emma and their grandfather Elijah do not appear in Charlotte Sometimes, although there are references to them. For example, Charlotte compares Emily with her sister Emma in her own time, and compares the Chisel Brown family home with her own home, Aviary Hall.
Emma in Winter begins during the same Christmas holidays at which Charlotte Sometimes ends, and indicates that Charlotte will stay a week with one of the friends she made at boarding school. Emma in Winter then follows Emma's story while Charlotte returns to boarding school.
Themes
Identity
While writing Emma in Winter, Farmer was unaware that identity was such a dominant theme in the book. She only realised that when she read Margery Fisher's comments on the book in Growing Point. She had a similar realisation, this time on her own, while writing Charlotte Sometimes. She writes that "halfway through Charlotte Sometimes I realized that I was writing a book about identity. I am a twin, a non-identical one, and apparently one of the chief problems of non-identical twins is always the establishment of a genuine and separate sense of identity. Looking back I can see this has in fact been an obsession with me, since the age of twelve or so at least."
Author David Rees also points out that identity as a major theme. He wrote, "Its most memorable passages are poignant or resigned or concerned with absence, loss, or death.... Its theme is not so much maturing relationships, but identity.... Charlotte begins to wonder, with increasing dismay, if she really is Charlotte: perhaps she has turned into Clare, rather than just substituted for her. This may be an adult fear – the fear of not being everything you and other people have always said you are, the realization that you may be someone totally different."
Time travel
Charlotte Sometimes continues the theme, begun in Emma in Winter, of time travel into the past. While this is unexplained in Charlotte Sometimes, a theorised explanation appears in Emma in Winter. Emma and Bobby are reading journals in the study of Elijah – Emma and Charlotte's grandfather – in which they find an article theorising about the non-linear nature of time. It describes time as being like a coiled spring, which can be pushed together, so that some moments in time can be very near a moment in another time.
Reviews
Charlotte Sometimes received widespread critical acclaim.
Margery Fisher, in a 1969 review for her children's literature journal Growing Point, wrote, "Like Emma in Winter, this is really a study in disintegration, the study of a girl finding an identity by losing it.... Above all, here is a dream-allegory which teaches not through statement but through feeling. We sense the meaning of Charlotte's changes of identity in the way that she senses them herself.... [It is] a book of quite exceptional distinction... a haunting, convincing story which comes close to being a masterpiece of its kind...."
Children's novelist Eleanor Cameron wrote, "Farmer writes with style. She is vivid in her depiction of place: on almost every page, scattered with colourful figures of speech, we are drawn into the school and the surroundings of the school through sights and sounds and smells and textures... above all we are moved by the depth and poignancy of the relationship between Charlotte and Emily." She continues, "Farmer is always gifted in her grasp of possibilities that bring us up short with surprise and delight and satisfaction."
Neil Millar in The Christian Science Monitor wrote, "Charlotte Sometimes is a book of quite exceptional distinction.... The book is essentially about humanity caught up in the still trickery of time.... Not easily forgotten."
In 1969, The Sunday Times described the book as "this year's most haunting fantasy".
Children's publisher Margaret K. McElderry wrote, "[Charlotte Sometimes] is a fascinating exploration of the fragile barriers between layers of time, handled with great skill in the writing and delicacy of perception.
The British children's author David Rees wrote in 1980 of how "the book is none the worse for breaking the conventional bounds of the children's novel. It is probably Penelope Farmer's finest novel – complex, taut, not a word wrong – and it thoroughly deserves the popularity it has attained."
Peggy Heeks writes in Twentieth-Century Children's Writers that Charlotte Sometimes "shows a brilliant handling of the time-switch technique and a sincerity which rejects slick solutions to the dilemmas of the two heroines."
Writer Hannah Gersen, in a review for The Millions, wrote, "The book is good, really good.... I can see why this novel inspired The Cure. It's a somewhat gloomy book, an eerie story about childhood, identity, loneliness, and death. At the same time, it has all the pleasures of a good time-travel yarn." Gersen continues, "Adolescence is all about forging an identity, and this novel speaks to those questions of “who am I?” and “how do other people see me?” in an abstract, haunting way."
Editions
Two versions of the novel exist. A revised edition published by Dell in 1985 has a number of changes made by the author. Almost all the revisions were minor, such as modernisation of vocabulary and punctuation, and minor re-wording of some sentences. The only large change is that a few events in the last chapter of the story were removed. These include a poignant episode where Charlotte, back in her own time, receives a package and a letter from Clare's sister, Emily, as an adult. Also removed is the original ending, in which the end of term comes and the boarders ride away in the school bus, Charlotte among them, heading home to Aviary Hall. The 1985 edition ends with Charlotte and Elizabeth finding Clare's exercise book, hidden in the leg of the bed for over forty years.
The original 1969 text of the book was re-published by The New York Review Children's Collection in 2007.
Influence, adaptations and similar novels
Audio and television adaptations
The BBC One children's television programme Jackanory featured Charlotte Sometimes as a five-part abridged, serialised reading in January 1974, read by Rosalie Crutchley. Daphne Jones adapted the text as a serial, and the programme featured photographs by Jimmy Matthews Joyce. The executive producer was Anna Home.
BBC Radio 4 aired an abridged reading of the novel, read by Deborah Findlay, in July–August 1994. The seven-part abridged version was created by Hilary Brand, with the Sally Avens as the producer.
In 1993, Chivers Children's Audio Books released an adaptation of Charlotte Sometimes on audio cassette.
Influence
In 1980, British writer David Rees published The Marble in the Water, a collection of essays on British and US children's literature. Its title comes from the eighth chapter of part 2 of Charlotte Sometimes. When Charlotte observes the marbles placed by Emily in a jar of water, she notes how big they look in the water, yet ordinary when taken out: "But when she put her fingers into the water and pulled a marble out, it was small by comparison with those still in the glass, and unimportant too" (p. 157).
In 1981, a single entitled "Charlotte Sometimes" was released by English band The Cure. Its lyrics concern Charlotte, the novel's central character. They refer to the opening paragraphs: "By bedtime all the faces, the voices had blurred for Charlotte to one face, one voice.... The light seemed too bright for them, glaring on white walls.", and to several events near the end of the book: people dancing in the streets at Armistice; and a school walk when Charlotte cries upon hearing of Clare's fate. The title of the single's B-side, "Splintered in Her Head", was also taken from a line in the novel. The Cure later released another song based on the novel, "The Empty World", on their 1984 album The Top. In 2002 the film-maker Eric Byler released a film entitled Charlotte Sometimes. Its storyline is unrelated to Penelope Farmer's novel, although its title comes from the song by The Cure, based on the novel.
In 2007, Penelope Farmer herself wrote another novel, Lifting the World, in which a high school student writes a story in class with a similar premise to Charlotte Sometimes. In his story, the student went to sleep and woke up in the same house, but one hundred years earlier. The inhabitants of the house looked at him strangely, asking him what he was doing there, and where he came from, and drove him out of the house.
"Charlotte Sometimes" was formerly used as a stage name by the American singer-songwriter Jessica Charlotte Poland.
Similar novels of the period
Other similar novels of the period include Jessamy (1967) by Barbara Sleigh. In Jessamy, written in a matter-of-fact style, a young girl experiences a time-slip, with the narrative switching between World War I and the present day. In both novels, people, places and items which were seen in the past show up again in the present day narrative.
Notes
Footnotes
External links
Penelope Farmer: "Charlotte Sometimes – Back To School." In: Granny P's rockpool in the kitchen. Blog post concerning West Heath School and Charlotte Sometimes, 21 November 2007.
Novels about time travel
1969 British novels
1969 fantasy novels
British fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Novels about friendship
British children's novels
Chatto & Windus books
1969 children's books
Children's books set in the United Kingdom |
4391160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby%20Fox | Libby Fox | Libby Fox (initially known as "Squiggle") is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera, EastEnders, played by Belinda Owusu. She made her first appearance on 22 May 2006 and left in 2010. She is the daughter of Denise Fox (Diane Parish) and Owen Turner (Lee Ross), and half-sister of Chelsea Fox (Tiana Benjamin). The Fox family were introduced by executive producer Kate Harwood. The character of Libby was featured in a prominent storyline in 2006, when Owen attempts to murder her. The character then cultivates a relationship with her peer Darren Miller (Charlie G. Hawkins). She is portrayed as intelligent and competitive. The character was axed in April 2010 and her departure episode was broadcast on 5 August 2010. Libby returned in April 2014 as part of the beginning of the Who Killed Lucy Beale? storyline. Since then she continued to make various guest appearances up until 31 January 2017.
Creation and development
Early in Spring 2006, an official BBC press report announced the introduction of a new, all female family joining EastEnders, Denise Fox (Diane Parish) and her two daughters Chelsea (Tiana Benjamin) and Libby (nicknamed Squiggle), cast to Belinda Owusu, who was 16 at the time. Benjamin has revealed that she was the second Fox to be cast, and on her final audition, she had a workshop and met Diane Parish there. Owusu was cast at a later date. Tiana Benjamin who plays Chelsea has said that the three actors who play the Fox family have a bond, commenting "We all respect and understand each other, and manage to have a good time while we're filming too. I felt that we clicked from our first few scenes together."
Described as "the feisty Fox family", the characters first appeared on-screen in May 2006. An insider reportedly said to the Sunday Mirror, "They'll arrive in Albert Square with a bang and they'll cause friction from the off. The Fox girls don't take any nonsense -they'll be a force to be reckoned with." The newspaper described the character of Libby as a superbrat and teenage troublemaker. Owusu commented, "Squiggle is going to cause lots of mischief."
In April 2010 it was announced that the character had been axed along with five others by the new executive producer Bryan Kirkwood. Speaking of her departure, Owusu said: "I've had a great time playing Libby but I agree with Bryan that after four years of great storylines, it is now time for Libby to move on. EastEnders was my first real job and I have learnt so much but I am now really looking forward to trying new roles." Her final episode was broadcast on 5 August 2010.
In March 2014, it was announced that Owusu had agreed to reprise the role of Libby Fox for number of episodes from April 2014, as part of the "Who Killed Lucy Beale?" storyline. She made her on-screen return on 18 April 2014. It was again announced in July 2015 that Libby would return again for a two episode guest stint. Speaking of her return, Owusu said: "It's great to be back again! I'm always excited to see how Libby has grown and be back with the Fox family!" Libby appeared on 3 and 4 August 2015. Libby has since returned over various guest stints: on 11 December 2015, four episodes from 7 to 10 March 2016, four episodes from 22 to 27 April 2016, five episodes from 7 to 17 November 2016 and for a guest stint from 23 December 2016 to 31 January 2017.
Storylines
2006–2010
Libby is Denise Fox's (Diane Parish) youngest daughter. Libby secretly contacts her estranged father, Owen Turner (Lee Ross), an abusive alcoholic, and he starts making demands to see her. Denise is reluctant to allow this, but Owen seems to have changed, and Libby is keen for her parents to get back together; Denise is swayed and sleeps with Owen. However, as soon as Owen begins drinking again, he becomes abusive and hits her. He is arrested, but Libby persuades Denise to give a glowing character witness statement and he is released. Owen kidnaps Libby and takes her to Epping Forest. He drugs her and tries to kill her and himself by filling the car with noxious exhaust fumes. She escapes, but he catches her and tries to drown her in a stream. Denise arrives to find Libby unconscious on the bank. She is taken to hospital and makes a full recovery. Owen is imprisoned for 5 years.
Libby gets involved in various scams with her friend Darren Miller (Charlie G. Hawkins). She develops a crush on Gus Smith (Mohammed George), but is too young to be noticed by him, so she begins using an internet chat room, talking to a stranger named "Einstein27". She refuses to listen to Yolande Trueman's (Angela Wynter) concerns about the dangers of meeting someone online and agrees to meet him in person. When she meets the stranger, she discovers that she was chatting to Darren all along. He admits to liking Libby. She is initially unimpressed, but after Yolande arranges a meal between them, they decide to start a relationship. A few weeks later Darren visits his family in the Cotswolds, and Libby is heartbroken to discover he has decided not to return. She concentrates on her school work and achieves eleven good GCSE grades.
Darren returns some weeks later but Libby avoids him. When she finally plucks up the courage to see him, she hears him talking about someone called Clara. Thinking he has found someone new, she pretends she is going out with Tamwar Masood (Himesh Patel). It turns out Clara is a dog and the pair get back together. Libby and Darren have an anniversary dinner to celebrate a year of dating. However, Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick) reveals that Darren frequently looks at pornography. Libby becomes furious and confides in Tamwar with whom she is in the process of starting a home tutoring business. Darren becomes jealous, but eventually reconciles with Libby and begins thinking about starting a sexual relationship with Libby. He invites her round to do this, however Jay ruins the night by telling Libby that Darren told him that she was a virgin. Libby is devastated, but she eventually comes round and she and Darren decide not to rush things.
Libby achieves A grades in her AS Level exams, leading Denise to declare that she will be applying for Oxford or Cambridge University. Libby worries her mother cannot afford to send her there. She later finds out she has conditionally been accepted at Oxford. Libby turns eighteen and Owen, who is still in prison, contacts her by sending her a birthday card and asking Libby's grandmother, Liz Turner (Kate Williams), to arrange a meeting. At the same time, Libby decides it is the right time for her to lose her virginity with Darren. She then phones her grandmother and agrees to meet with her father. Chelsea returns for Libby's birthday and sees Liz in the Square. Libby is forced to reveal that she visited Owen and that he will be released in a matter of months. Denise visits him but then tells Libby he will not be returning to their lives. Libby discovers she will attend Oxford University when she gets the A Level grades she needs but decides against it, saying her mother needs her in Walford. She later changes her mind, and leaves for Oxford early in October. Adam Best (David Proud), an Oxford student who has taken a liking to her, sends her a text message saying "See you in Oxford. X".
When Owen is released from prison, he returns to Walford to see Libby, although he is not supposed to. Patrick Trueman (Rudolph Walker) discovers this and threatens to call the police, but instead he contacts Libby, who comes straight to Walford from Oxford to see her father. She overhears Darren booking a table for two in a restaurant and suspects he is meeting another woman. She turns up at the restaurant and finds Darren there with Owen. Darren says he wanted to ask Owen's permission to ask Libby to marry him. Libby accepts his proposal. When Lucas Johnson (Don Gilet), Denise's boyfriend and Chelsea's father, has Owen arrested for breaching his bail conditions, Libby at first doesn't believe Owen's claims but is shocked when Lucas confesses. Though angry with Lucas at first she eventually forgives him. Libby makes Owen promise to leave Denise and Lucas alone. The day before the wedding, Owen crashes Denise's hen night to warn her that Lucas killed his ex-wife Trina Johnson (Sharon Duncan-Brewster) and she is in danger.
Both Denise and Libby are angry with Owen. Owen is heartbroken and prepared to leave until Chelsea tells him about the bracelet. Unknown to everyone but Lucas, Owen hides in Phil Mitchell's (Steve McFadden) Jaguar and confronts Lucas about his crime, leading to Lucas strangling him to death and burying him in the gardens in Albert Square. Libby feels a bit guilty about parting on bad terms with her father but Liz reassures her. Darren receives a card from Heather Trott (Cheryl Fergison), which Libby opens and finds cash inside. Libby asks him about it and he says before Christmas he found Heather crying because she could not afford to buy any presents for her baby son George (Joshua Jacobs) and he felt sorry for her. Libby calls him a softie, but later overhears Heather and her friend Shirley Carter (Linda Henry) discussing Darren and the paternity of the baby. Libby reveals that Darren is George's father in front of everyone at Syed Masood (Marc Elliott) and Amira Shah's (Preeya Kalidas) wedding.
Darren tries to speak to Libby but Chelsea will not let him in. He continues to bang on the door while Denise tells Libby that she could go back to Oxford early and it is time to move on. Libby eventually talks to Darren, who explains why he slept with Heather and what happened between them. Libby then talks to Heather who says it was her fault it happened and she did not say anything as she did not want to hurt Libby. Libby then decides to leave and Darren stops her at the tube station and tells her how much he loves her, but she goes anyway. She returns from Oxford and tells her family she is now dating Adam, though Adam tells Darren that Libby she makes up for her lack of good looks by being good in bed. On hearing that Owen has supposedly sent flowers to Liz, Libby wonders why he will not get in touch with her. She steals some CCTV footage from the florists and is shocked to see Lucas ordering a huge bunch of lilies. Lucas explains to Libby that he sent Liz the flowers to buy Owen time because he is drinking again. Libby accepts this and hugs Lucas.
Libby goes back to university but returns when she learns that Lucas' son, Jordan Johnson (Michael-Joel David Stuart) is in a coma. She hears Ben Mitchell (Charlie Jones) confess in the middle of the cafe that he hit Jordan with a spanner and tells Lucas this. Lucas locks himself in the community centre and breaks down, blaming Jordan's condition on his own actions. Libby is worried about Lucas's state of mind and tries to coax him to come out. When she threatens to call the police, Lucas finally unlocks the doors. Lucas goes to the hospital and finds Jordan has been awoken from his coma and is safe. Libby tells Chelsea and Denise about Lucas's breakdown. Chelsea accuses her of making a mountain out of a molehill, Denise however listens intently.
Libby is devastated to learn that a body discovered buried in the Square is that of her father. After speaking to Liz, Libby disowns her as she called the police to say she thought Denise was capableof murdering Owen, and she was taken away for questioning. When Adam brings Libby flowers and says Owen must have been murdered for a reason, Libby shouts at him for patronizing her. Chelsea tells Libby that Lucas found Trina's bracelet in Denise's bag after she died, leading them to believe that Denise may have killed both Trina and Owen. They see Denise driving away from the Square alone, and receive a text message from her saying "I'm sorry". In reality, Lucas had killed Owen and confessed to Denise, taken her to a canal and strangled her, sending the text message before throwing the phone in the canal. Libby is the only person who believes that there is no way Denise could have done this and says that "sorry" could mean anything. However, the police tell the family that Denise's car has been found by the canal, before a body is pulled from the water. Libby vows to carry on as normal, but says that this is not like Denise. The police arrive and say they have found a body in the canal along with Denise's mobile. Libby and Patrick comfort each other while Lucas and Chelsea go to the mortuary, where Lucas identifies the body as Denise.
Libby discovers that Adam has been blackmailing Lucy Beale (Melissa Suffield) for sex, and dumps him after slapping him across the face, leading to him leaving Walford. She feels let down by Patrick when he does not write a eulogy for Denise, and then asks the family to leave after Denise's funeral, however, Lucas convinces him to change his mind. On the day of Denise's funeral, Libby again questions who she was. Libby is happy when Patrick gives a eulogy to Denise, but is upset when an argument starts between Liz and Denise's sisters, Kim (Tameka Empson) and Daphne (Emi Wokoma). Patrick reveals that the girls can continue to stay with him and Chelsea and Libby agree to start packing up Denise's belongings. While celebrating Libby's birthday, Denise walks in, revealing that she is not dead but that Lucas has been keeping her prisoner, and that he was the one who killed Trina and Owen. Lucas enters and confirms this, and takes the family hostage, but when Jordan arrives, they escape and Lucas is arrested. Denise is taken to hospital, and Libby has to go through the pain of attending her father's funeral. Chelsea then decides she wants to move to Spain with Liz, so Libby arranges to take time off from university to help with her mother at home. Denise disapproves of this, and arranges for Libby to go to Spain for a holiday with Chelsea and her grandmother, before returning permanently to Oxford. After tearfully saying goodbye to her family, the taxi is stopped by Darren who is upset that Libby is leaving without saying goodbye to him. Libby says that she has always loved him and that he will always be her best friend, before she leaves Walford. Darren moves away from Walford in 2011, following his break up with Jodie Gold (Kylie Babbington) and opts to stay with Libby in Oxford. A few months later, Jodie also moves to Oxford to be with Darren.
2014–2017
Denise visits Libby at Oxford and she is concerned, as Denise does not like talking about her home life. Later on, Libby calmly confronts Denise, who reveals to a stunned Libby that she does not want to marry her fiancé, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt). Denise later rings Libby, telling her that she will end her relationship with Ian the following day. However, Ian's daughter and Libby's old friend, Lucy (now Hetti Bywater), dies in mysterious circumstances (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?) that night and after hearing about her death, Libby sends her condolences to Ian, via a text message to Denise. Libby returns to Walford a few weeks later, in order to attend Lucy's funeral. She is unhappy when she witnesses how Ian treats Denise and urges her mother to call things off with him. After staying the night at Patrick's, Libby asks Denise to go to Spain, with her for Chelsea's birthday. Denise is unsure, but Ian encourages her to go, admitting that he has taken her for granted. Denise and Libby then depart in a taxi.
Libby returns for her 24th birthday to find Denise arguing with Claudette Hubbard (Ellen Thomas) over the preparation of food for the party. Libby opens her presents then receives a secret phone call from Chelsea, and she promises to tell Denise something when she finds the right time. However, Libby cannot bring herself to tell Denise and later calls Chelsea to tell her this. Libby then leaves and returns to Oxford. She returns again in December 2015 for the housewarming party of Kim and her husband Vincent Hubbard (Richard Blackwood), where she reveals to Denise about how troublesome Jordan has become and how he caused trouble for her and Chelsea in Spain.
Libby returns again for Mother's Day and goes for a family dinner, where later she finds a note Denise put there saying that Lucas plans to escape prison. Libby leaves and tells Masood, who advises her to call the police and he helps her get into Denise's house, which has been locked by Jordan (now Joivan Wade), who is helping Lucas escape. Libby witnesses Jordan raging at Denise and reveals that she has reported him to the police. Jordan becomes angry with Denise and Libby and is arrested. Libby then returns to Oxford after saying goodbye to Denise and Patrick.
In April 2016, Libby returns upset, and tells Denise she is pregnant. Denise is overjoyed but Libby says she is having an abortion and has already taken the first of two abortion pills. Denise is against this and she gets very drunk, with only Kim supporting Libby's decision. The following day, as Libby returns to the abortion clinic to terminate her pregnancy, a hungover Denise arrives to support her alongside Kim. She then thanks Denise for being a good mother to her before leaving again. Libby returns in November after Kim calls her and is shocked to see that Denise is seven months pregnant. She vows to remain in Walford and help Denise with the birth. Denise is frustrated when Libby insists that Denise should eat only vegan food. After Denise is suspended from her job, Libby helps her get it back by threatening legal action. However, Denise tells Libby that she should not be sacrificing her life in Oxford for her, so after sharing an emotional farewell with Denise, Libby departs. Libby returns with Kim and her grandmother, Emerald Fox (Doña Croll), for the birth of her half-brother, Raymond. Libby is shocked when she learns Denise is having her son adopted, but respects her decision.
In September 2018, it is mentioned that Libby is the only student from Walford High to ever attend Oxford. In February 2023, it is hinted that Libby and Darren have resumed their relationship after Chelsea tells Denise that they have gone on a holiday together at the Cotswolds.
Reception
In 2008, it was reported that Cambridge University wanted to shed its "elitist" image. Cambridge University allegedly approached the producers of Britain's three leading soaps, EastEnders, Coronation Street and Emmerdale, asking them to include the university in their storylines. Spokesman Greg Hayman said the idea was part of a bid to correct the perception that Cambridge was "not for young people from ordinary backgrounds." He added, "We're very keen to attract the brightest and best students regardless of their background. One of the better ways of communicating directly with potential students is to talk to them through the soaps and other programs they watch." This move followed government pressure for the university to become more inclusive and to target all economic backgrounds. 90% of British students attend state secondary schools; Oxford and a Cambridge Universities draw about half their student body from state schools. It was reported that working-class individuals view attending Oxford or Cambridge as an impossible dream, which university officials claim is unfair and they are hoping to dispel this by featuring the Universities in working-class soaps such as EastEnders. Hayman said there have been no firm commitments from TV producers, although one crew was planning an exploratory visit to Cambridge; however, he stated that he was happy with the plot running in EastEnders that showed "working-class teenagers Tamwar Masood and Libby Fox considering applying to Cambridge and Oxford, to the delight of their ambitious mothers", saying that "It's a very happy coincidence." Oxford University said it had no plans to write to the soaps for inclusion but a spokesperson claimed, "I did speak to somebody at EastEnders about our bursary scheme in case the storyline was going to continue. We wanted to make sure they knew what kind of assistance might be available to someone like Libby." EastEnders refused to comment on whether the universities would be featured at the time, as Tamwar and Libby still had another year left at college "and it was too early to say whether the Oxford-Cambridge plot would continue."
Reporting on the University storyline, The Guardian noted that Libby and Tamwar applying to Oxford and Cambridge could be the universities' "dream storyline", as it showed that "clever state school kids can get a place." However, the reporter added that "it could also be their worst nightmare. Young Libby is already revealing concerns that she might not be able to afford to go to the university." The paper alleged that both universities' press offices "fired off letters to the script editors: did they know about the generous bursaries and seemingly bottomless pit of cash available to help students from low-income homes stay on their courses? Could that be mentioned?".
See also
List of EastEnders: E20 characters
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Fictional Black British people
Television characters introduced in 2006
British female characters in television
Fictional University of Oxford people |
4391301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette%20Cooper | Paulette Cooper | Paulette Cooper (born July 26, 1942) is an American author and journalist whose writing against the Church of Scientology resulted in harassment from Scientologists. An early critic of the church, she published The Scandal of Scientology in 1971. She endured many years of attacks from church leadership and their agents, including lawsuits, smear campaigns, overt and covert surveillance, outright threats, and even a criminal frame-up. Church founder and leader L. Ron Hubbard was reportedly obsessed with her and personally plotted against her.
The Church of Scientology instituted a total of nineteen lawsuits against Cooper from all over the world. She countersued them three times before finally settling with the church in 1985.
Cooper has authored or co-authored nearly two dozen books, covering a wide range of topics including travel, missing persons, psychics, and pets, in addition to Scientology. Her books have sold close to half a million copies in total.
Early life
Cooper's birth parents were Chaim and Ruchla (née Minkowski) Bucholc, Polish Jews who immigrated to Antwerp, Belgium, in the late 1920s. Paula "Paulette" was born on July 26, 1942, during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. Chaim, a skilled leatherworker, was arrested four days before her birth; Ruchla was arrested that October. Both perished that year at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Family friends kept Paula and her older sister Sarah in hiding for months, but Nazi troops eventually found them. Just before they were to be sent to Auschwitz in the summer of 1943, friends of Chaim's and other benefactors secured their release by bribing Nazi officials.
Paulette and Sarah spent years in various orphanages in Belgium. Sarah (later known as "Suzy") was eventually adopted by an aunt who could not afford to support both sisters. An American Jewish couple, Ted and Stella (née Toepfer) Cooper, arranged for Paulette to come live with them in New York City in 1948. The adoption was formalized in 1950, at which time Paulette was also naturalized.
Education
Though she spoke only French when she arrived in the United States, Cooper adopted English quickly, reading voraciously and writing by age 8. She graduated from Brandeis University with a psychology degree in 1964, having also completed a summer course in comparative religion at Harvard. After graduation she returned to Harvard for several months to work on a schizophrenia study. She later earned a master's degree from The City College of New York.
Early career
Early in her career, Cooper distinguished herself in her work for advertising agencies, including the prestigious BBDO. She enjoyed the challenge of working in the field of copywriting. However, she soon began to pursue magazine writing and the colorful lifestyle surrounding it. By age 26, she had already sold stories to TV Guide, Cosmopolitan, and The Washington Post. As a freelancer, she was always on the lookout for new and interesting subjects for her writing. In 1970, her writing about her adventure as "the first female stowaway" on a cruise liner caught the attention of several major media outlets.
Conflict with Scientology
Cooper's interest in Scientology began with a disturbing visit from a former BBDO colleague. The man told her that through his involvement with Scientology, he had learned he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. After that he announced, "God has decided to rape you," but Cooper managed to get him out of her apartment without incident. She called a former boyfriend who had himself experimented with Scientology and told him about the visitor's claim that he was Jesus. "Maybe he really is," the ex-boyfriend said.
Cooper, thinking she may have stumbled on an intriguing story subject, signed up for an introductory "Communication Course" at the local Scientology "org". Between sessions she explored the facility, asking questions and even taking several documents from an office. One document listed people deemed "suppressive persons" enemies of Scientology.
She began work on a Scientology article in earnest. She later said of her motivation to write about Scientology: "I had a master’s degree in psychology and had studied comparative religion at Harvard for a summer and what I learned during my research about the group founded by L. Ron Hubbard was both fascinating and frightening. The story cried out to be told."
Queen magazine article
Through interviews with former church members, Cooper learned much about the organization's internal methods of control and the harassment of those who left. When the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raided the Washington, D.C., church in 1963, agents and police seized thousands of pages of documents, from which Cooper gleaned additional insights. She also procured a copy of the Anderson Report, a damning 1965 indictment of the church from the Australian state of Victoria, which denounced the church's methods as psychologically abusive and recommended banning it.
The church's already litigious reputation made many publications wary of Scientology stories. Nevertheless, London's Queen magazine eventually included Cooper's article, "The Tragi-Farce of Scientology", in its December 1969 issue (its last issue before it was absorbed into Harper's Bazaar). While it mainly addressed the harassment of Scientology critics, it was the first Scientology story to delve into sexual misconduct by church auditors. Shortly after its publication, Cooper received two anonymous, telephoned death threats warning her to stop writing about Scientology.
The Scandal of Scientology
Cooper leveraged her research for the magazine article to produce a 22-chapter book, The Scandal of Scientology, subtitled "A chilling examination of the nature, beliefs, and practices of the 'now religion'". She pitched this exposé as a trove of "exciting, interesting, unknown, controversial material".
Despite multiple lawsuit threats from the Church of Scientology, Tower Publications released the book in June 1971. Its Appendix "The Scientologist's Story" included author questions with answers provided by David Gaiman, then the Public Relations Director of Scientology in England. Soon after publication, the church sued Cooper for libel over the Queen magazine article, though Harper's Bazaar settled the matter quickly. In December, the church followed with a lawsuit against the book itself in Los Angeles Superior Court, alleging "untrue, libelous, and defamatory statements about the Church." Tower Publications would buy itself out of the lawsuit in late 1973, to Cooper's disappointment.
A Scientology defector would later claim she saw a copy of The Scandal of Scientology in the lounge of the Apollo, the flagship of Scientology's Sea Org.
Attacks by the Guardian's Office
By early 1971, Cooper was being targeted by the Guardian's Office (GO) of the Church of Scientology (since superseded by the Office of Special Affairs, or OSA). This organization, linked to church founder L. Ron Hubbard's wife Mary Sue, was the church's sophisticated spy and intelligence operation. They heard about Cooper's book and tried to stop its publication through various means. They used the church's legal apparatus to threaten her publisher with lawsuits. While she was visiting Scotland for a travel story, dozens of strangers staked out her hotel, and some followed, photographed, or called her; David Gaiman, also a GO operative, even met her at the airport with fake writs for libel.
Early in 1972, a GO memo referred to Cooper as "an unhandled attacker of Scientology", and the organization stepped up its surveillance and harassment. They researched her past, her personal life, and even her college grades. Cooper received many obscene phone calls and some threatening ones. Damage to her telephone lines suggested someone had eavesdropped on her.
In March, Cooper sued the New York Church of Scientology for $15.4 million, hoping to stop the harassment.
Also in March, Cooper was named as one of 18 defendants in another church lawsuit, which alleged a conspiracy to produce Robert Kaufman's book Inside Scientology. This connection put her in contact with L. Ron Hubbard, Jr. (a.k.a. "Nibs"), son of the church founder and a prominent Scientology defector. Together they collaborated on a long essay, "A Look Inside Scientology", while staying with Cooper's parents. Cooper, Nibs, and Kaufman discussed their work on multiple radio and television programs.
Internal GO memos suggest the organization considered plans to ruin Cooper's father Ted's finances and diamond business, "thus cutting off one of P.C.'s financial supports". An imposter had her phone briefly disconnected. A scandal sheet circulated accusing Cooper of sexual deviancy and writing pornography. All this, in addition to the lawsuits, impeded her ability to work. At her lawyer's behest, she began compiling a harassment diary in 1972 to support her lawsuit.
Operation Dynamite / Operation Lovely
In 1972, the GO launched "Operation Dynamite" to "[attempt] commitment procedures" on Cooper.
A critical sequence of developments and suspicious events occurred in December 1972:
6th: Cooper signed a petition offered to her by a canvasser named "Margie".
8th: The Church of Scientology in New York received the first of two poorly-written bomb threats. The church alerted the FBI, naming Cooper as a possible suspect.
13th: The second threat was hand-delivered to the church.
15th: Cooper moved to a new apartment.
19th: Cooper's cousin was attacked by an armed intruder while staying at Cooper's old apartment.
In February 1973, anonymous flyers appeared all over Cooper's new apartment building accusing her of various sexual perversions, including pedophilia. Cooper suspected her ex-boyfriend from BBDO had provided the Church of Scientology with certain details mentioned in the letter—details also hinted at in the first bomb threat. The pedophilia claim was oddly similar to an incident involving a church auditor that she had researched for her book.
Soon after, Cooper received a federal grand jury subpoena and learned that she was a prime suspect in the bomb threats. At the hearing, the prosecutor revealed that Cooper's fingerprint was found on the second bomb threat letter. Both letters were also linked to Cooper's typewriter.
Nibs had reconciled with Scientology in the fall of 1972 and probably provided intelligence on Cooper. Details about Cooper in the first bomb threat letter suggested he may have helped write it. He had also had access to her typewriter while they were collaborating. Cooper would later see letters from Nibs to his father in which he claimed to be actively working against his father's "enemies". Such individuals fell under Scientology's fair game policy, meaning they "[m]ay be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist...[and] tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed." Cooper's fingerprint on the second letter may have come from Nibs, or from the petition she signed in early December.
On May 17, 1973, Cooper was indicted in connection with the threats. By this time, the GO had come to refer to the campaign against Cooper as Operation Lovely, since her code name in internal GO correspondence was "Mrs. Lovely".
While she awaited trial, Cooper depended heavily on several close friends, two of whom turned out to be agents of the Church of Scientology. "Paula" had been introduced to her by "Margie", the canvasser from December. Paula disappeared soon after Cooper discovered a photo of a woman who resembled her in Scientology's Freedom magazine. "Jerry" often stayed in her apartment and would eventually move in for several months, during which time he reported regularly to the GO. In one GO memo, he noted that if Cooper became depressed enough to commit suicide, "Wouldn't this be a great thing for Scientology?" On several occasions, he tried to coax Cooper to stand with him on the dangerous ledge of her 33rd-floor apartment. "Jerry" disappeared after Cooper found his name in a Scientology publication and confronted him about it. Later, former Scientology operatives would identify him as a man using the alias "Don Alverzo", the Church's most senior spy at the time.
Meanwhile, the smear campaign continued. In March, a smear letter was sent to her parents. Similar letters addressed to her boyfriend, which also threatened his career, would eventually destroy their relationship.
The United States of America vs. Paulette Marcia Cooper never went to trial. Cooper made a deal with the U.S. Attorney's office in which she admitted no guilt. On September 16, 1975, the U.S. Attorney's Office formally filed a nolle prosequi in the case. Though she avoided a trial, she still feared the indictment becoming public and damaging her career prospects.
Cooper had failed a polygraph early on, but she passed a truth-serum test shortly before the indictment was dropped. She was ultimately vindicated when the FBI raided Scientology offices in 1977 and recovered documents relating to the operation.
Operation Freakout
The GO's harassment of Cooper continued into 1974. Her father's office received copies of pages from the diary she had kept as a teenager—and still had in her possession. In early 1975, GO agents broke into the office of Cooper's college psychiatrist and stole her records. Later that year, Cooper began receiving copies of her medical records in the mail from anonymous senders. The church compiled a detailed internal report on her that year.
L. Ron Hubbard was reportedly "obsessed" with Cooper. "He thought [she] was working for every group he could imagine that was against Scientology," said Bill Franks, a Scientology member tasked with dismantling the GO after its leaders were imprisoned. "He just thought she was the antichrist." On one occasion in 1975, Hubbard was overheard referring to her as "That bitch, Paulette Cooper!"
In 1976, Hubbard and his operatives in the GO, frustrated by their failure to silence Cooper, developed an ambitious new campaign to discredit her. Dubbed Operation Freakout, its goal was to have Cooper "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." The plan included staging multiple tightly coordinated incidents involving imposters, false reports, and planted items. Central to the plot was another series of bomb threat letters. One, full of vitriol concerning the treatment of Israel, was to be delivered to an Arab embassy. Another would be addressed to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
The new campaign included another scheme to get Cooper's fingerprint on a piece of paper. Cooper suspected such an attempt when a stranger approached her in a bar with a clipboard. Around the same time, she learned that someone impersonating her had made phone calls to friends. In the end, Operation Freakout was never implemented, at least not fully. Cooper may have complicated the plan by moving to Los Angeles to assist with her defense in a Church of Scientology lawsuit there.
An affidavit by a former Scientologist alleges that in 1977 the church was plotting to assassinate Cooper. However, no other source corroborates this, despite voluminous GO documentation about the attempts to ruin her life and reputation.
Lawsuits
Over the course of its conflict with Cooper, the Church of Scientology sued her nineteen times, operating in courts all over the world. Cooper ultimately counter-sued the church three times.
In Church of Scientology of California vs Paulette Cooper, et. al., filed in December 1971 in Los Angeles Superior Court, the plaintiff alleged that The Scandal of Scientology made "untrue, libelous, and defamatory statements about the Church." The case was due to go to trial in 1976, by which time the book's publisher had long-since reached a separate settlement with the church. Despite a strong defense, Cooper, homesick and weary of litigation, also decided to settle. As part of the deal signed on December 5, 1976, Cooper surrendered the copyright for her book to the church and agreed to no longer comment on it publicly. In return, the church dropped all its remaining lawsuits against Cooper.
In the weeks leading up to the settlement, dozens of Scientologists tried to influence the course of events. They regularly camped outside Cooper's lawyer's office and filled the courtroom, hoping to steer the thoughts of the lawyer and the judge in the church's favor.
On July 8, 1977, the FBI raided Church of Scientology facilities in D.C. and Los Angeles in response to Operation Snow White, the church's program to collect intelligence and steal documents related to Scientology from federal agencies. Documents seized in the raid detailed other criminal activities, and the FBI reached out to Cooper for help with the investigation. As she assisted them, she came upon a photo of her vanished friend "Paula", confirming she had been a church agent.
In April 1978, the Washington Post published a pair of articles based on the seized documents. One covered Cooper's frame-up in detail. In the first article, author Ron Shaffer wrote: "The 'attack and destroy' campaign carried out by the Church of Scientology's 'Guardian's Office' to silence critics has involved illegal surveillance, burglaries, forgeries and many forms of harassment, according to sources close to an intensive federal investigation of the Scientologists' activities." The Church of Scientology of California falsely accused Cooper of helping prepare the Post stories, an alleged violation of the 1976 settlement terms. The church filed yet another lawsuit against her on May 25, 1978, and the New York church did the same the following month. Cooper counter-sued in both cases.
On March 9, 1981, Cooper sued the Boston church and L. Ron and Mary Sue Hubbard for $25 million. In August the church filed its 18th lawsuit against her for discouraging celebrity support of a benefit auction for a new Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles.
Around the same time, however, changes in church leadership created a push to settle all outstanding lawsuits and charges. In February 1985, Cooper finally settled with the church for an undisclosed amount. On a couple of occasions, even after the settlement, the church strangely tried to bribe Cooper to spy for them.
Clearwater Hearings
The Church of Scientology had been plotting to take over the city of Clearwater, Florida, since 1975, looking to establish a literal safe harbor for L. Ron Hubbard. The citizenry pushed back. Cooper was one of the speakers at an anti-Scientology rally in Clearwater that drew 10,000 local residents.
On June 1, 1980, the news magazine program 60 Minutes aired a segment about Scientology's takeover of Clearwater. Cooper was interviewed for the story and described her indictment ordeal. In the same program, Scientology leader David Gaiman claimed that Cooper's harassment was the fault of "overzealous" Scientologists and that Hubbard had not been involved in it—despite Hubbard's own policy letters encouraging such activity.
On May 8, 1982, Cooper testified at the Clearwater Hearings, held by city officials over five days to investigate the Scientology takeover. She detailed her history with the church, describing a more than a decade of harassment, lawsuits, and threats. "It was an incredible vindication to look at these [FBI-seized] documents and see that everything I had said about Scientology since 1968 was true, and that they had turned out to be worse than anything I had said or imagined."
Activism
During the 1970s, some former Scientologists and distraught family members sought out Cooper for help. She connected them with newspaper reporters and magazine writers and encouraged them to tell their stories. She also encouraged fellow journalists to cover the church critically.
In the early 1980s, Cooper published a newsletter entitled "Scientology Clearing-House: A Quarterly Summary of Scientology news (non-objectively) edited by Paulette Cooper".
After the final legal settlement with the church in 1985, Cooper went silent about Scientology for a while. The church's litigious response to a 1991 TIME magazine article caused the mainstream media to avoid stories about Scientology for about fifteen years.
During this time, though, alt.religion.scientology (ARS) formed on Usenet and began publishing secret church teachings. In 1995, an ARS regular posted the complete text of The Scandal of Scientology online. After this, Cooper would occasionally contribute to ARS (and elsewhere online) and she started reaching out again to journalists writing about Scientology.
In the 2000s, mainstream media interest in Scientology began growing again, in part due to the antics of celebrity adherent Tom Cruise. Cooper wrote an article entitled "The Scandal of the Scandal of Scientology", published in 2007 in Byline magazine, the publication of the New York Press Club. In 2011, The Village Voice wrote at length about Cooper's ordeal with Scientology. This article, plus subsequent writing about her early life in Belgium, garnered additional media interest. Also in 2011, Cooper learned that a Vanity Fair journalist she considered a friend had been secretly working for the church for two decades; among other services, he had spied on Cooper.
In May 2015, Tony Ortega, a writer for The Village Voice, published a biography of Cooper entitled The Unbreakable Miss Lovely: How the Church of Scientology tried to destroy Paulette Cooper.
Cooper continues to speak out about the Church of Scientology, enjoying high regard from online activists, ex-Scientologists, and others.
Career
As a journalist, Cooper has written hundreds of stories on a variety of subjects. She produced many of these for the National Enquirer, which employed her beginning in 1974; though she avoided assignments that invaded the privacy of celebrities, she pursued Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis for years, once ending up in the foreground of a photo of Onassis published by the New York Post. On one occasion, she visited Africa as part of her travel writing and investigated the history of the slave trade. She currently writes a column about pets for the Palm Beach Daily News.
Cooper has also authored or co-authored nearly two dozen books, covering a wide range of topics including travel, missing persons, psychics, and her favorite subject, pets. Her 1973 book The Medical Detectives, an early and thorough exploration of forensic science, earned Cooper an Edgar Award in nonfiction from Mystery Writers of America. She has also ghost-written several books, including one for Margaret Truman, daughter of President Harry S. Truman.
Cooper wrote a one-act, one-woman play about her Church of Scientology frame-up entitled "The Perils of Paulette". Staged in 1997, it garnered a Chicago Dramatist Award.
Personal life
As part of her career, Cooper moved in celebrity circles. At various times she dated television personality Allen Funt, writer Jerzy Kosinski, and author Ira Levin.
Cooper married television producer Paul Noble on May 17, 1988. They live in Palm Beach, Florida with their two shih-tzus. The couple have authored four books together.
Cooper's sister Suzy now lives in New York. She has two children, named after their parents.
Awards
In 1992, the American Society of Journalists and Authors awarded her their highest honor, the prestigious Conscience-in-Media Award.
Selected bibliography
The Scandal of Scientology. Tower Publications, 1971.
The Medical Detectives. D. McKay Co., 1973.
Let's Find Out About Halloween. Reader's Digest Services, 1977.
The 100 Top Psychics in America (co-written by Paul Noble). Pocket Books, 1996.
277 Secrets Your Cat Wants You to Know (co-written by Paul Noble). Ten Speed Press, 1997.
The Most Romantic Resorts for Destination Weddings, Marriage Renewals & Honeymoons (co-written by Paul Noble). S.P.I. Books, 2002.
Battlefield Scientology: Exposing L. Ron Hubbard's dangerous "religion" (co-written by Tony Ortega) Polo Publishing of Palm Beach, 2018.
See also
The Scandal of Scientology
Office of Special Affairs (OSA), formerly the Guardian's Office (GO)
Operation Freakout
Fair game (Scientology)
References
External links
The Scandal of Scientology by Paulette Cooper
"The Tragi-Farce of Scientology" by Paulette Cooper
Scientology documents about Paulette Cooper seized by the FBI.
Paulette Cooper's website
Paulette Cooper's description of her frame-up
Media
Video of Paulette Cooper's testimony at the Clearwater Hearings – May 8, 1982
Transcript of Clearwater Hearings testimony
Critics of Scientology
Living people
1942 births
American adoptees
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Belgian Jews
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers |
4392222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanemuine | Vanemuine | Vanemuine () is a theatre in Tartu, Estonia. It is the first Estonian language theatre. Stemming from the Vanemuine Society (1865), the theatre's first performance was Lydia Koidula's Saaremaa Onupoeg ("The cousin from Saaremaa") at the society's fifth anniversary. In subsequent years, Vanemuine has expanded to include a symphony orchestra and ballet company, while its repertoire has included a range of operettas and music theatre through operas and dramas. Under Karl Menning, the theatre served a vocational purpose, with a great emphasis on educating future talent. Subsequent directors prioritized entertainment value, while Kaarel Ird—who led Vanemuine for more than forty years—oversaw a blend of genres as well as tours of the Soviet Union. In recent years, content has varied extensively.
Vanemuine has occupied a series of venues. The original Vanemuine Society House on Jaama Street operated for 33 years before being destroyed by fire in 1903. In 1906, it was replaced by a new hall designed by the Finnish architect Armas Lindgren at its current location. This venue was expanded in the 1930s to address technical issues, but destroyed by a bomb during World War II. Vanemuine returned in the former Tartu German theatre in 1944; rebuilt after a 1983 fire, this theatre is today nicknamed the "little house". A 682-seat hall (the "big house") was completed in 1967, with the 842-seat Vanemuine Concert Hall following in 1970.
History
1870–1906: The Vanemuine Society House
Vanemuine was founded as the Vanemuine Society (Vanemuise Selts) on 24 June 1865, by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. In 1869, the Vanemuine Society organised the first song festival in Estonia. On 24 June 1870, the fifth anniversary of the society, Lydia Koidula's play Saaremaa Onupoeg ("The cousin from Saaremaa") was performed at the Society House on Jaama Street; this is considered the first Estonian-language play. This performance, adapted from a similarly titled work by Theodor Körner, featured backdrops by a painter named Frischmuth, and opened with a farmyard scene featuring three actors: Heinrich Rosenthal, Harry Janssen, and Tõnis Pekk. The play drew popular acclaim, and thus a second performance was scheduled for the following day. Koidula later directed two further plays, "Maret ja Miina ehk kosjakased" ("Maret and Miina or the Affiance Birches") and the original comedy "Säärane mulk ehk sada vakka tangusoola".
Theatrical activities became more consistent in 1874, after photographer Reinhold Sachker became director. A member of the Vanemuine Society and active actor, Sachker ensured the survival of the theatre and reinforced its tradition of theatre. Sachker translated plays by the German dramatist August von Kotzebue, and commonly employed the craftsmen of Tartu as his actors.
In 1878, August Wiera was selected by the Vanemuine Society as its song, orchestra and stage director, in return for a percentage of the events' income. At a peak time of russification, Wiera gathered around him a large group of people interested in Estonian music and plays. In his memoir From the "Vanemuine" Paths, the actor Leopold Hansen described Wiera as a very energetic individual who "assembled in himself several stage specialties", being a music, ballet and play director, as well as vocal coach. By the middle of the 1880s, the Vanemuine company already had 100 members and performances were held on a regular basis. Wiera had two stage directors to help develop the theatre: Ludvig Menning (years 1878–1886) and Hugo Techner (1886–1891), who mostly took on drama productions. Wiera himself brought music to the Estonian theatre – under his baton the first Estonian language music production, Karl Maria von Weber’s "Preziosa" (1883), was brought on stage. Wiera later directed several operettas, with the company's first opera being an adaptation of Étienne Méhul's "Joseph in Aegypten". Other adaptations included Estonian-language versions of Molière's The Miser (1888) and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (1888) and The Taming of the Shrew (1889).
During this period, the stage was expanded and the society hall was decorated. At the expense of an A. Grenzstein, two fountains were installed, one to each side of the stage; however, these were purely ornamental, as the water would damage the orchestra's instruments. Wiera led the theatre through 1903, when his vision of theatre began to clash with those of rising Estonian intellectuals. After the Vanemuine Society House was destroyed by fire in 1903, his contract was not renewed.
1906–1914: Estonian vocational theatre
Requiring a new theatre, the Vanemuine Society retained the Finnish architect Armas Lindgren to design its new hall. Located on Aia Street (now Vanemuise Street), this theatre was funded extensively through donations. the interior was heavily ornamented, with A. Weizenberg's sculptures "Dawn" and "Dusk" sitting at the top of the lobby staircase railings. The gardens were completed by 1907. On the occasion of the building's opening, August Kitzberg wrote in the Postimees: "The house has a character of its own; the plan maker, building artist, has put something in it, has managed to say something with it. We feel tunes within ourselves touched that are somewhat familiar, immanent to us – that stand in accord with ourselves. The house, with its two powerful towers on the streetside, reminds us of something heavy, long lasting, steady, something that is not to be crushed easily, that will not bend, and that wants to protect itself. While the artist has this way given the house the power and influence of a monumental building from the street side, the garden side of the building is light, open, and happy on the contrary, something that exposes itself to beauty and sun." (Postimees, 12 August 1906).
Operations began before the venue was completed. On 13 August 1906, three years after the Vanemuine Society House was destroyed, a new theatre opened its doors. This institution, a vocational theatre, was under the direction of Karl Menning. Educated in Estonia, Germany, and Western Europe, Menning chose Kitzberg's play Tuulte pöörises ("In the Whirl of Winds") as the company's inaugural performance. It soon became clear that the building was poorly suited to performances. The lack of audience risers made performances uncomfortable; acoustics were bad, as was lighting.
Menning brought different direction to the company, forefronting the educational goals of theatre. Instead of operettas, which he considered to be dangerous to the good taste of actors and the audience, Menning promoted the establishment of the Vanemuine Symphony Orchestra (1908). The orchestra's inaugural performance, under Samuel Lindpere, took place on 7 May 1908. In theatre, Menning emphasized psychological realism, moving away from Wiera's prompters in favour of actors' inner and external incarnation into the role. All components of production were supposed to educate the audience ethically, aesthetically and morally. To this extent, Menning also organised play interpretation nights and performed there with various presentations himself. When his opponents demanded a lighter and more entertaining repertoire, Menning refused. In 1914, after a meeting of the Society board, he announced his retirement; he later moved to Tallinn.
1914–1944: Stagnancy and Rebirth
After Menning's departure, the management of the Vanemuine theatre was given to Ants Simm, who served as artistic director and head stage between during 1914 and 1921. Under Simm, Vanemuine's repertoire was dominated by operettas and comedies, By 1916, eleven of the company's twenty-one actors had left, including several who disagreed with the focus on popular entertainment. The orchestra, conversely, grew rapidly under head conductor Juhan Aavik; in 1915, for example, it held 95 performances, including several in the garden.
Following Simm's departure, Vanemuine was run by a committee of actors. Between 1925 and 1931, Voldemar Mettus led the troupe; he was followed by August Sunne until 1934. Thespians such as August Sunne, Eduard Türk, Rudolf Ratassepp, Anna Markus, and Mari Möldre regularly performed works of music theatre. However, viewership declined; by the early 1930s, it was common for less than one-third of seats to be filled. Although the theatre received state support, debts grew rapidly as major decisions left to the Society. This drew criticism from the intelligentsia; for instance, a 1929 memorandum signed (among others) by August Annist, Alfred Koort, Andrus Saareste, Juhan Sütiste, Juhan Semper, Gustav Suits, Aino Suits, Elo Tuglas, and Friedebert Tuglas decried the "abnormal situation" and threatened the establishment of a new company.
In 1935, the Vanemuine Society's control of creative decisions ended. Otto Aloe became the new theatre director, with Eino Uuli as the opera director, Ida Urbel as the director of movement, and Kaarli Aluoja as the drama director, while Juhan Simm and Eduard Tubin served as conductors. While operettas were still performed, serious drama pieces and operas were also billed. In 1939, the Vanemuine ballet company held its first full-length production: "The Carnival Suite“ to the music of Tchaikovsky. During this time, efforts were made to renovate the building and correct its flaws. In late 1939, the new 500-seat theatre hall and stage were completed; it introduced several technical innovations as well as audience risers. The former hall, meanwhile, was rebuilt into a concert hall.
During the German occupation, the theatre remained open under the leadership of Aleksander Eller. Theatre attendance was high, with a production of Eduard Tubin's Kratt ("The Womble", 1943) drawing much fanfare. However, However, in August 1944, the theatre (then showing "Tartu") was hit by a bomb and was destroyed.
1944–1968: Vanemuine in Soviet Estonia
After the end of World War II, the Vanemuine troupe took over the former Tartu German theatre building (the current Vanemuine "little house"), which had been converted into a cinema. Members reconstructed the building with their own resources, and on 21 December 1944 they held their inaugural performance. The Vanemuine ballet company also had to be reformed, for many dancers had left Estonia. Nonetheless, in 1946 Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet reached the stage. Not all of these activities fit within the building; as such, workshops and rehearsal rooms were located in neighbouring buildings. Plans to rebuild the former building, though made, never came to fruition; ultimately, an entirely new building was constructed.
Kaarel Ird became the theatre's artistic director, taking on the role of head stage director in 1960; over the next forty years, he led the troupe for three terms: 1944–1948, 1949–1950 and 1955–1985. Artistic directorship was also taken by Andrei Poljakov (1950–1953), who did not speak Estonian, and by Ants Lauter (1953–1955), during periods in which Ird was removed from his role. Ird, having a background in the Tartu Drama Theatre Society's Theatre Art Studio and the Pärnu and Tartu Workers' Theatre, was generally considered a suitable candidate by the rulers of Soviet Estonia. For his part, Ird felt that it was necessary to restore Vanemuine. In a private letter to Olaf Utt, he wrote, "For me, the Vanemuine theatre was part of the Estonian culture ... valuable and sacred as the Museum of Literature, Museum of Ethnography, the library of a university." Should he abandon it, "there wouldn't be a single person who could sustain the theatre's level. And I even don't know whether I can do that. Especially under the circumstances when we receive little to no help at all." (1966)
Ird continued the established traditions at the Vanemuine, with ballet thriving in the new conditions. In his numerous speeches and publications, Ird repeatedly brought up Menning's ideals: psychological realism, ensemble-play principle, and the development of national dramaturgy. At the same time, the ruthless ideologization of repertoire, whereby "Soviet" and political plays were favored, drove audiences away from the theatre. Seasons were tense, and by the beginning of the 1950s musical theatre was disappearing. Neither was the ballet company left untouched by social changes; ideology strongly influenced the language of dance, and layoffs reduced the number of dancers to eighteen — a number insufficient for most classical compositions.
In 1956, soon after Ird returned to the position of drama director, members of Vanemuine were given the opportunity to present Estonian art and literature in Moscow. After a successful performance, the theatre was designated the Estonia SSR National Theatre Vanemuine. Another travelling performance, to Kiev, followed in 1957. The Literaturnaya Gazeta wrote, "Certainly, we do not favour the blind copying of the Vanemuine Theatre, although it truly is a good theatre with a highly progressive culture. We would rather see that we also raised such actors who could pass along our nation’s virtuosity in all its richness and peculiarity on stage. Such thoughts sprung up at the performance of the Estonian art masters that – we repeat – offered great pleasure and aesthetical satisfaction to the Ukrainian theatre guests." (Literaturnaya Gazeta, Kiev). In 1960, the Vanemuine presented E. Kapp's Talvemuinasjutt ("Winter Fairytale"), Gustav Ernesaks' Tuleristsed ("Baptism of Fire") and B. Kõrver's Laanelill ("Winter Green") at the Moscow Kreml Theatre.
This success was followed by a period of stability at the beginning of the 1960s, wherein core members remained with the company for years at a time. Ird also established the Vanemuine study studios to train new generations of performers. Alumni of the first studio, which began in 1961, included such actors as Evald Aavik, Raivo Adlas, and Evald Hermaküla; three more classes graduated in later years. Works in the company's repertoire included Soviet plays, Estonian plays (by writers such as Juhan Smuul, Raimond Kaugver, Egon Rannet, August Kitzberg, and Ardi Liives), as well as world classics (Shakespeare, Brecht) are being staged. During this period, musical productions were staged mostly by theatre's own employed directors. As ideological control weakened during the late 1960s, the Vanemuine found a common language with the audience even as the company continued to travel around the Soviet Union and host Union-wide meetings and seminars. In 1966, the Vanemuine was denominated as an academic theatre.
The new theatre hall, designed by A. Volberg, P. Tarvas and U. Tölpus, with interior design by V. Tamm, was finally completed in 1967; its inaugural performance occurred on 3 November 1967. This 682-seat venue was renovated in 2012. Meanwhile, in 1970, the 842-seat Vanemuine Concert Hall was opened.
1969–1985: End of the Ird period
At the end of the 1960s, Vanemuine became the centre of innovation in Estonian theatre. The new generation promoted a modern vision of theatre that disavowed the canon and sought new approaches. In Vanemuine, young directors such as Jaan Tooming and Evald Hermaküla brought to stage A. Kitzberg's Laseb käele suud anda (Allows to Kiss on the Hand) and P. E. Rummo's Tuhkatriinumängu ("A Cinderella Play"). In dance theatre, a similar push came from Ülo Vilimaa ("Contrasts", 1967; "Hands", 1973; "Mermaid", 1974). Another ideologist was future director Mati Unt, who then worked at the theatre's literature department. Directors changed plays' texts to reflect their own ideas more suitably; productions were more physical and filled with symbols and metaphors. The younger theatre audience embraced the novel theatre quickly, while more conservative audiences were reluctant. Officials were likewise hesitant; "A Cinderella Play" was not given staging permission, and Ird required almost a year to secure permission after a censor blocked the performance following a dress rehearsal. Censorship remained a problem for several decades.
During this period, Ird remained supportive of young directors. Although their theatre did not suit his preferences, he defended them when needed, a situation that his supporters described as unprecedent. Others have suggested that Ird, being concerned about the continuation of Estonian theatre, did not defend so much the innovation as the talents promoting them. Ird remained a prominent director with Vanemuine, with successful productions including Külavahelaulud ("Village Songs", 1972) and Tagahoovis ("In the Back Yard", 1974). As per Ird's vision, nearly half of the Vanemuine repertoire consisted of Estonian dramaturgy, both new Estonian plays as well as classics and theatrical representations. By 1972, it had become the most visited theatre in Estonia; between 1978 and 1981, the theatre averaged 256,000 visitors per year.
The Vanemuine company continued its tours through the 1970s and 1980s, with destinations including the German Democratic Republic (1971, 1973), Hungary (1972), Finland (1974), and Sweden (1983). Important were the 1971 tour to Leningrad and the guest performances of 1975 in Moscow. Critical reception remained positive, and in 1979 Vanemuine was selected to represent Soviet theatre at the Belgrade International Theatre Festival. Organizers wished to see Põrgupõhja uus Vanapagan ("Hell's New Old Nick"), but as the hosts were unable to solve technical issues, Tagahoovis ("In the Back Yard") was performed instead.
The Vanemuine "little house" was severely damaged by a fire in 1978. Renovations were delayed, and the building was only reopened to the public in 1990.
1985–present: Post-Soviet Years
In 1985, Ird's third term as drama director ended; he was succeeded by Ago-Endrik Kerge, who held the position until 1990. Vanemuine retained high standards and enjoyed a multitude of visitors. Kerge added to its repertoire successful productions in several genres; Jaan Tooming likewise had several successes through the late 1980s. In 1981, Vassili Medvedjev joined the Vanemuine ballet company, where he worked as a soloist and director. The head conductor from 1989 to 1999 was Endel Nõgene.
From 1990 through 1993, Vanemuine was managed by Linnar Priimägi, who prioritized classical items. His was a time of great contradictions and creative conflicts, and with the appointment of his successor Jaak Viller in 1994 the theatre's management system also changed: three artistic director positions were created, with Jüri Lumiste (1993–1999) started work as drama director, Ülo Vilimaa (1974–1997) as ballet director and Endel Nõgene (1987–1999) as music director. In 1997, Mare Tommingas became the theatre's ballet director.
During these years of transition, which included economic instability and the liberation of Estonia, Vanemuine lacked audiences. From 1994, it experienced an uphill struggle, which it weathered through core actors such as Liina Olmaru, Merle Jääger, and Raine Loo, as well as new directors such as Ain Mäeots (Susi / "Wolf", 1995) and Tiit Palu. During that period Mati Unt was a common guest director, while other successful productions were directed by Mikk Mikiver ("Twelve Angry Men", 1997;) and Finn Poulsen ("The Story of the Little Old Man", 1996). Nevertheless, by 2003, audiences had begun to dwindle again. Paul Mägi has been the music director and chief conductor of Vanemuine Theatre since 2011. Toomas Peterson became the theatre's general manager and Tiit Palu became the theatre's drama director in 2013.
Staff changes have been frequent since the early 2000s. Head conductors have included Mihkel Kütson (1999–2004, 2008–present), Hendrik Vestmann (2004–2006), and Toomas Vavilov (2006-2007). Drama was led by Ain Mäeots between 1999 and 2006, with Sven Karja taking the role from 2007 to 2010. Guest directors have come from abroad, including Barrie Rutter (United Kingdom) and Aljona Anohhina (Russia), as well as Estonia (Uku Uusberg, Ingomar Vihmar, Hendrik Toompere jn).
There has been a lot of movement among actors; in 2010 the company comprises 21 members. There are many guest directors Memorable drama roles have been made by Hannes Kaljujärv, Aivar Tommingas, Külliki Saldre, Merle Jääger, Jüri Lumiste, Riho Kütsar. Meanwhile, the Vanemuine ballet company has become very transnational since 2004; Estonian dance schools have been unable to produce enough dancers for the theatre.
, the theatre has three stationary venues: the "big house", the "little house", and the Harbour Theatre. Additionally, plays for young audiences are performed at the Theatre House in the Tartu Toy Museum. It employs 363 people, including a 67-member symphony orchestra, a musical ensemble of 9 singers, a 22-member drama troupe, a 33-member ballet troupe, and a 33-member opera chorus. In 2016, Vanemuine had 161,647 visitors.
Endnotes
References
External links
Theatres in Estonia
Culture in Tartu
Theatres built in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures in Tartu |
4392970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%20in%20baseball | 1920 in baseball |
Champions
World Series: Cleveland Indians over Brooklyn Robins (5–2)
Awards and honors
MLB Most Valuable Player Award
None
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league final standings
Negro National League final standings
This was the first season of organized Negro league baseball. The first Negro National League would run for the next decade. The Chicago American Giants, managed by league founder and former player Rube Foster, won the first league pennant.
East (independent teams) final standings
A loose confederation of teams were gathered in the East to compete with the West, however East teams did not organize a formal league as the West did.
Won-loss records were sporadically reported due to lack of interest by the press mainly in New York.
Bacharach claimed the pennant, although Hilldale disputed it.
Events
January – June
January 3 – The New York Yankees purchase outfielder Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox for $100,000.
February 13 – A meeting in Kansas City results in the birth of the Negro National League. Rube Foster spearheads the formation of the league, which will consist of eight franchises: Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Cuban Stars, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and St. Louis Giants.
April 8 - The St. Louis Cardinals release pitcher Red Ames.
April 14 – Stan Coveleski and the Cleveland Indians hold the St. Louis Browns to five hits in a 5–0 victory at Dunn Field. The Chicago White Sox defeat the Detroit Tigers 3–2 and the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the New York Yankees 3–1 as the road teams win two of the three contests in the season openers in the American League.
April 19 – Babe Ruth enters Fenway Park as a member of the opposing team for the first time in his career as the Boston Red Sox sweep a doubleheader from Ruth and the New York Yankees. Ruth goes three-for-eight with an RBI.
April 25 – High Pockets Kelly drives in three as the New York Giants defeat the Brooklyn Robins 5–2 in the first meeting of the National League's two New York teams.
May 1 – The Brooklyn Robins' Leon Cadore and the Boston Braves' Joe Oeschger pitched 26 innings in a 1–1 tie. Morning rain delayed the start of the game until 3:00 p.m. The Dodgers scored a run in the top of the fifth, a single by Ivy Olson driving in Ernie Krueger. The Braves tied it in the bottom of the sixth with a double by Walt Cruise and a single by Tony Boeckel. The game went into extra innings. No runs were scored for the rest of the game and it was called due to darkness in the 26th inning.
May 2 – Opening day for the Negro National League.
May 3 – Dutch Leonard and the Detroit Tigers defeat the Cleveland Indians 5–1 for their first win of the season versus thirteen losses.
May 14 – Walter Johnson of the Washington Senators records his 300th win.
May 20 – At Griffith Stadium, the Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox go into extra innings tied at three. The ChiSox score two in the fifteenth inning only to be matched by Washington in the bottom of the inning. Chicago then puts up eight runs in the sixteenth to win the game by a final score of 13–5 in sixteen innings. Red Faber pitches all sixteen innings for Chicago.
June 1 – In a slugfest at Dunn Field, the Detroit Tigers defeat the Cleveland Indians 11–10. Detroit's Ty Cobb goes two-for-five with two RBIs and a run scored.
June 24 – Following a 5–3 loss to the Cincinnati Reds, the Philadelphia Phillies fall into last place in the National League. With the Philadelphia A's having been in last place since the 13th, both Philadelphia teams spend the rest of the season in last.
June 28 – The Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Washington Senators 6–2 to end an 18-game losing streak. After giving up two runs on two hits and a walk in the first inning, A's starter Slim Harriss cruises the rest of the way for the complete game victory.
July – September
July 1 – Six weeks after recording his 300th, Walter Johnson pitches the only no-hitter of his career, as the Washington Senators top the Boston Red Sox, 1–0.
July 27 – The Washington Senators defeat the Cleveland Indians 19–6. Indians starter Ray Caldwell lasts just 1.1 innings, and is replaced by George Uhle, who gives up four hits and a walk in only a third of an inning of work. Tony Faeth picks up the third out of the second inning to stop the bleeding after the Senators have plated twelve runs. In all, the Senators collect 22 hits as every starter, including pitcher Eric Erickson collects at least one hit.
August 13 – The New York Yankees complete a three-game sweep of the Cleveland Indians to move within a half game of first place.
August 16 – Cleveland Indians shortstop Ray Chapman is struck in the head by a pitch from the New York Yankees' Carl Mays in a game at the Polo Grounds. He dies twelve hours later from a fractured skull, making it the only fatal field accident in Major League Baseball history. His death leads to the banning of the spitball.
September 6 - The Cleveland Indians purchase the contract of Joe Sewell from the New Orleans Pelicans of the Southern Association. Sewell will become the Indians starting shortstop for the next ten years, replacing Ray Chapman, who perished as the result of an on-field beaning days prior.
September 10 – Hall of Fame Cleveland Indians shortstop Joe Sewell makes his major league debut in a 6–1 loss to the New York Yankees.
September 15 – In the second game of a double header with the Boston Braves, Hall of famer Pie Traynor makes his major league debut at shortstop for the Pittsburgh Pirates.
September 17
The Detroit Tigers' Bobby Veach and New York Giants' George Burns hit for the cycle, the first time it happened twice on the same day, according to the Elias Sports Bureau. Veach finished 6-for-6, adding two singles, as Burns added a second double to his cycle in New York's 4–3 win over the Pittsburgh Pirates in ten innings. Two separate players would not hit for the cycle on the same day until 2008, when the feat was duplicated by Stephen Drew and Adrián Beltré for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Seattle Mariners, respectively.
The Detroit Tigers defeat the Boston Red Sox, 13–12, in 12 innings, despite a major-league record 20 BoSox receiving walks. Eight Tigers also walk to set another ML record of 28 walks in an extra-inning game.
St. Louis Browns first baseman George Sisler goes four-for-five in the Browns' 17–6 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics to raise his average to .400. Sisler will end the season with a .407 batting average.
September 25
After having spent most of the season in the minors, and having logged only ten innings pitched all season, Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Jimmy Zinn pitches all twelve innings in the Pirates' 2–1 extra innings victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. Zinn gives up just six hits in his twelve innings of work.
The Boston Red Sox defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 4–2, handing Connie Mack's team their 100th loss of the season.
September 27 – Babe Ruth hits two home runs, and accounts for all three runs scored in the New York Yankees' 3–0 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics. The two home runs bring his season total to 53. He hits his 54th, and final, home run two days later.
October – December
October 1 – The Chicago Cubs' Pete Alexander pitches 17 innings to earn his National League leading 27th victory. Only one of the two runs Alexander surrenders to the St. Louis Cardinals is earned, lowering his ERA to 1.91 for the season, which also leads the league.
October 2
Jim Bagby and the Cleveland Indians defeat the Detroit Tigers 10–1 for Bagby's 31st victory of the season.
At Forbes Field, the Pittsburgh Pirates and Cincinnati Reds play the last major league tripleheader, with Cincinnati winning the first two games, 13–4 & 7–3, and Pittsburgh winning the third 6–0 in six innings.
October 5 – The Cleveland Indians defeat the Brooklyn Robins, 3–1, in Game one of the 1920 World Series at Ebbets Field. Indians' pitcher Stan Coveleski gives up a run on five hits and one walk, while striking out three in a complete game effort, while his battery-mate Steve O'Neill led the attack with two doubles and two runs batted in. Rube Marquard is the losing pitcher.
October 6 – The Brooklyn Robins even the World Series at a game apiece with a 3–0 shutout against the visiting Cleveland Indians. Burleigh Grimes is credited with the shoutout, holding Cleveland to only seven hits and four walks while striking out two. Brooklyn right fielder Tommy Griffith goes 2-for-4 with two RBI. Jim Bagby, the losing pitcher, gave up three runs and seven hits in six innings of work.
October 7 – The host Brooklyn Robins beat the Cleveland Indians, 2–1, to take a 2–1 advantage in the World Series. The Robins took an early 2–0 lead in the bottom of the first inning, when leadoff hitter Ivy Olson walked and Tommy Griffith reached base on an error, followed by RBI-singles by Zack Wheat and Hy Myers. The only Cleveland run came in the fourth, after Tris Speaker doubled to left field and scored on an error. Robins' starter Sherry Smith pitched all the way, giving up an unearned run on three hits and two walks, while striking out two. Ray Caldwell was credited with the loss.
October 9 – The Cleveland Indians even the World Series at two games a piece, with a 5–1 victory against the Brooklyn Robins at League Park. For the second time pitcher Stan Coveleski silenced the Brooklyn hitters for nine innings, giving up a run on five hits while striking out four and walking one. Bill Wambsganss hit 2-for-4 with an RBI and scored twice, while Tris Speaker went 2-for-5 with two runs and George Burns drove in two runs. Coveleski helped himself with a single and a run, while Larry Gardner and Elmer Smith drove in a run apiece. The only Brooklyn damage came in the fourth inning after a single by Jimmy Johnston and a RBI-double from Tommy Griffith. The Robins used four pitchers, as starter Leon Cadore lasted just one inning and was credited with the loss.
October 10 – At League Park, the Cleveland Indians beat the Brooklyn Robins 8–1 in Game 5 of the World Series to take a 3–2 lead in the Classic, in one of the most unusual games in Series history. This game recorded the only triple play ever made in postseason play, the first Series grand slam, and the first Series home run hit by a pitcher. The triple play was unassisted and turned by Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss, while the grand slam was hit by Indians outfielder Elmer Smith and the home run belted by Cleveland starter Jim Bagby, who earned the victory. Beside this, Brooklyn outhit Cleveland, 13-to-12, in a lost cause. Burleigh Grimes was charged with the loss.
October 11 – The Cleveland Indians put themselves one win away from their first World Championship title, after beating the Brooklyn Robins, 1–0, in Game 6 of the World Series at Cleveland League Park. Facing his former team, Duster Mails pitched a sterling three-hit shutout with four strikeouts and two walks. The only run of the game came in the bottom of the sixth inning, when Tris Speaker hit a two-out single and scored on a double by George Burns. The lack of run support by the Robins made a hard-luck loser out of their starter Sherry Smith, who gave up a run on seven hits in a complete-game defeat.
October 12 – The Cleveland Indians defeated the visiting Brooklyn Robins, 3–0, in Game 7 of the World Series, to clinch their first World Championship five games to two. Stan Coveleski earned the shutout and his third victory of the Series, limiting the Robins to five hits and striking out one without walks, to reach a minuscule 0.67 ERA in three complete games. The Indians scored his first run in the bottom of the fourth inning, when Larry Gardner singled and scored on a two-out error. An inning later, Charlie Jamieson singled and scored on a two-out triple by Tris Speaker. The last run came in the seventh, when Coveleski scored on a double by Jamieson. Burleigh Grimes was the loser, after allowing all three runs on seven hits in seven innings.
October 22 – Eight members of the Chicago White Sox are indicted for supposedly throwing the 1919 World Series. Although considered heavy favorites to win the Series, the White Sox lost to the Cincinnati Reds in eight games.
November 12 – MLB owners unanimously elect Kenesaw Mountain Landis as sole commissioner of Major League Baseball for seven years, abolishing the National Baseball Commission. The owners' action comes in direct response to the Black Sox Scandal, which threatens the integrity of the game. Landis agreed on the condition that he would be the sole commissioner, with final authority over the players and owners. Landis remains a federal judge with his $7,500 federal salary deducted from the baseball salary of $50,000.
Births
January
January 2 – Cliff Dapper
January 4 – Walter Ockey
January 6 – Early Wynn
January 7 – Dixie Howell
January 8 – Bert Kuczynski
January 10 – Max Patkin
January 15 – Steve Gromek
January 16 – Ray Poole
January 16 – Roy Talcott
January 17 – Jay Heard
January 20 – Sam Hairston
January 26 – Dick Mauney
January 27 – Eddie Shokes
February
February 2 – Zeb Eaton
February 8 – Buddy Blattner
February 11 – Boyd Bartley
February 14 – Marie Kazmierczak
February 17 – Gertrude Ganote
February 20 – Frankie Gustine
February 22 – Karl Drews
February 23 – Roy Valdés
February 26 – Danny Gardella
February 27 – Connie Ryan
March
March 3 – Dick Adkins
March 9 – James Bizzle
March 13 – Frank Biscan
March 18 – Mickey Rutner
March 20 – Twila Shively
March 21 – Mabel Holle
March 23 – Tetsuharu Kawakami
March 25 – Sam Lowry
March 27 – Joe Tuminelli
March 28 – Fred Hancock
March 28 – Babe Martin
March 30 – Irene Ruhnke
March 31 – Dave Koslo
April
April 8 – Dick Adams
April 19 – John O'Neil
April 24 – Dixie Howell
April 26 – Ron Northey
April 28 – Red Treadway
May
May 3 – Dan Bankhead
May 10 – Mickey Grasso
May 11 – Gene Hermanski
May 16 – Dave Philley
May 20 – Helen Fox
May 22 – Pinky Woods
May 23 – Francisco José Cróquer
May 24 – Vern Curtis
June
June 9 – Sal Madrid
June 10 – Johnny Podgajny
June 12 – Jim Colzie
June 13 – Héctor Rodríguez
June 16 – Eddie Malone
June 20 – Red Barbary
June 22 – Walt Masterson
June 23 – Deacon Donahue
June 26 – Jean-Pierre Roy
June 28 – Bert Shepard
July
July 1 – Paul Lehner
July 3 – Al Montgomery
July 3 – Paul O'Dea
July 6 – Jay Avrea
July 13 – Frank Hiller
July 14 – Bryan Stephens
July 15 – Theresa Kobuszewski
July 16 – Larry Jansen
July 18 – Eddie Kazak
July 26 – Eddie Bockman
July 26 – Sibby Sisti
July 29 – Erv Dusak
July 31 – Fred Bradley
August
August 3 – Jim Hegan
August 3 – Vic Johnson
August 4 – Bob Keegan
August 5 – Eddie Lukon
August 17 – Vern Bickford
August 18 – Bob Kennedy
August 21 – Ben Cardoni
August 21 – Whitey Platt
August 21 – Gerry Staley
August 23 – Kaoru Betto
September
September 3 – Sandy Consuegra
September 4 – Catherine Bennett
September 5 – Gene Bearden
September 9 – George Kissell
September 12 – Andy Seminick
September 13 – Ed Sudol
September 18 – Paul Gillespie
September 18 – Ed Hanyzewski
September 22 – Larry Eschen
September 22 – Bob Lemon
September 23 – Marino Pieretti
September 24 – Otis Davis
September 30 – Lyman Linde
October
October 2 – Joe B. Scott
October 2 – Spec Shea
October 8 – George Metkovich
October 20 – Pat McGlothin
October 20 – Bill Ramsey
October 22 – Jim Hickey
October 23 – Vern Stephens
October 26 – Bud Byerly
October 28 – Artie Wilson
October 29 – Lenna Arnold
November
November 2 – Dick Sisler
November 2 – John Sullivan
November 4 – Val Heim
November 8 – Wally Westlake
November 9 – Bill Mueller
November 9 – Homer Spragins
November 9 – Dick Whitman
November 10 – Russ Kerns
November 11 – Joe Murray
November 21 – Stan Musial
November 23 – Jake Jones
November 26 – Bud Sheely
November 27 – Johnny Schmitz
December
December 1 – Charlie Ripple
December 2 – Beatrice Arbour
December 6 – Gus Niarhos
December 15 – Eddie Robinson
December 17 – Mike Schultz
December 20 – Julio González
December 21 – Bill Werle
December 27 – Dutch McCall
December 28 – Leslie Aulds
Deaths
January–March
February 2 – Frank Quinn, 43, outfielder for the 1899 Chicago Orphans of the National League.
February 5 – Tom Catterson, 35, outfielder who played from 1908 through 1909 for the Brooklyn Superbas of the National League.
February 5 – Ed Siever, 44, pitcher who posted an 83–83 record and a 2.60 earned run average for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Browns, while leading the American League pitchers with 1.91 ERA in 1902.
February 6 – Jack Lapp, 35, backup catcher who hit .263 in nine seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics (1908–1915) and Chicago White Sox.
February 11 – Ray Boyd, 33, pitcher who played from 1910 to 1911 with the AL St. Louis Browns and NL Cincinnati Reds.
February 12 – Mike Goodfellow, 53, National League outfielder for the 1887 St. Louis Browns and the 1888 Cleveland Blues.
February 13 – John Shoupe, 68, pitcher and infielder in part of three seasons for the Troy Trojans (NL, 1879), St. Louis Brown Stockings (AA, 1882) and Washington Nationals (UA, 1884).
February 14 – Andy Sullivan, 35, shortstop for the 1904 Boston Beaneaters of the National League.
March 1 – Harry Jordan, 47, pitcher who went 1–2 with a 4.15 ERA for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1894 to 1895.
March 5 – Alex Farmer, 42, catcher for the 1908 Brooklyn Superbas of the National League.
March 10 – Charlie Briggs, 59, second baseman and outfielder who played for the Chicago Browns of the Union Association during the 1884 season.
March 11 – Ed Poole, 44, National League pitcher who played from 1902 through 1904 for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Superbas.
April–June
April 2 – Matty McIntyre, 39, outfielder for the Philadelphia Athletics, Detroit Tigers and Chicago White Sox between 1901 and 1912, who led the American League in runs, singles and times on base in the 1908 season.
April 3 – Aaron S. Stern, c. 65, executive with the Cincinnati Red Stockings during the 1880s.
April 18 – George McMillan, 56, Canadian outfielder for the 1890 New York Giants of the National League.
May 1 – Joe Leonard, 25, third baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cleveland Indians, and Washington Senators between the 1914 and 1920 seasons.
May 8 – Bill McTigue, 27, pitcher who went 2–5 in 27 games with the Boston Rustlers/Braves (1911/1912–1913) and Detroit Tigers (1916).
May 23 – Doc Kennedy, 66, National League catcher who hit .260 in 160 games for the Cleveland Blues and Buffalo Bisons from 1879 to 1883.
June 10 – Martin Flaherty, 66, sporting goods dealer who came out of the stands to play one game for the 1881 Worcester Ruby Legs.
June 19 – Ed Barry, 37, pitcher for the Boston Americans from 1905 through 1907.
July–September
July 19 – John Hinton, 44, third baseman for the 1901 Boston Beaneaters of the National League.
July 20 – Bill O'Neill, 40, Canadian shortstop for the Boston Americans, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox between 1904 and 1906, who committed six errors in a single game in 1904 to become the only 20th-century big-leaguer to accomplish this dubious feat.
July 23 – Buttercup Dickerson, 62, outfielder for eight teams from 1878 to 1885. Officially the first Italian American to play Major League Baseball.
August 1 – Frank Norton, 75, outfielder/third baseman for the 1871 Washington Olympics of the National Association.
August 4 – Frank Fennelly, 60, shortstop for four different teams from 1884 to 1890, who led the National League for the most RBI in 1885
August 12 – Elmer Horton, 48, pitcher for the 1896 Pittsburgh Pirates and the 1898 Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the National League.
August 17 – Ray Chapman, 29, shortstop for the Cleveland Indians since 1912 who batted .300 three times, led American League in runs and walks in 1918.
August 27 – Toby Lyons, 51, pitcher for the 1890 Syracuse Stars of the American Association.
August 29 – Jimmy Peoples, 56, catcher who played from 1884 through 1889 for the Cincinnati Red Stockings, Brooklyn Grays/Bridegrooms and Columbus Solons.
August 31 – John Ricks, 52, third baseman for the St. Louis Browns of the National League in the 1891 and 1894 seasons.
September 5 – Jerry Turbidy, 68, shortstop who played for the Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association in 1884.
September 11 – Bill Hallman, 53, second baseman, mainly with the Phillies, who batted .300 and scored 100 runs four times each
September 17 – Charlie Eden, 65, outfielder in parts of four parts for the Chicago White Stockings, Cleveland Blues and Pittsburgh Alleghenys, who led the National League in total bases and extrabase hits in 1879.
September 23 – Doc Curley, 46, second baseman for the 1899 Chicago Orphans of the National League.
September 28 – Phil Reardon, 36, outfielder for the 1906 Brooklyn Superbas of the National League.
September 29 – Mark Creegan, 50, outfielder for the 1884 Washington Nationals of the Union Association.
October–December
October 2 – Walter Hackett, 63, shortstop who played for the 1884 Boston Reds in the Union Association and the 1885 Boston Beaneaters in the National League.
October 9 – Carl Vandagrift, 37, utility infielder for the 1914 Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Federal League.
November 30 – Lou Meyers, 60, catcher/outfielder for the 1884 Cincinnati Outlaw Reds of the Union Association.
December 9 – George Browne, 44, outfielder for seven different teams in a span of eleven seasons, and a member of the 1905 New York Giants World Champions.
December 16 – Dick Bayless, 37, right fielder for the Cincinnati Reds in 1908.
December 27 – Harvey Cushman, 43, pitcher for the 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates.
References |
4393124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Martin%20Anderson | Death of Martin Anderson | Martin Lee Anderson (c. January 15, 1991 – January 6, 2006) was a 14-year-old from Florida who died while incarcerated at a boot camp-style youth detention center, the Bay County Boot Camp, located in Panama City, Florida, and operated by the Bay County Sheriff's Office. Upon arriving at the camp he was forced to run track, and within two hours he became fatigued and stopped. The guards coerced him to continue his run. He returned to the track, collapsed and died a short while later. A portion of the surveillance video depicting the coercion was made public. The incident resulted in the Florida legislature voting to close the state's five juvenile boot camps.
Public outcry
The death became a cause célèbre and received national attention. The local medical examiner, Dr. Charles Siebert, performed an autopsy and ruled that the teen died of "complications from sickle cell trait". He said, "It was a natural death." This caused further public outcry because the public did not understand how forensic pathologists determine manner of death. The public assumed that because the manner was "natural" that no charges could be brought to anyone for his death. The Governor ordered a second autopsy; the second pathologist, Dr. Vern Adams, ruled Martin Anderson's death was "caused by suffocation due to actions of the guards at the boot camp. The suffocation was caused by manual occlusion of the mouth, in concert with forced inhalation of ammonia fumes that caused spasm of the vocal cords resulting in internal blockage of the upper airway."
Public indignation resulted in the closing of the state's five juvenile boot camps, the firing of Siebert, and charges of manslaughter against the guards. Governor Charlie Crist directed the state of Florida to settle a family lawsuit for $5 million. Eventually, the guards were acquitted at trial. The controversy regarding Siebert's firing resulted in accusations by the National Association of Medical Examiners, independent groups of medical examiners throughout the nation, the State Attorney, and the Bay County Commissioners complaining that the Florida Medical Examiner system had been compromised by racial politics.
Guy Tunnell, the FDLE commissioner, resigned after making inappropriate remarks made about African-American civil rights leaders related to the case.
Circumstances
On January 5, 2006, within the first two hours of Anderson's first day at the camp, where he had been committed for stealing his grandmother's car, curfew violation during probation, and theft of candy, camp officials forced him to continue exercising after he had stopped. Drill instructors grabbed Anderson and applied numerous uses of force, including holding Anderson by the arms, take-downs, and pressure point applications. Anderson became unresponsive during this episode, and the guards administered ammonia salts in an attempt to revive him. He died the next day in Pensacola, Florida after his parents elected to remove him from life support.
Investigation
An investigation into the teen's death began immediately, as a cooperative effort of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), the state Department of Juvenile Justice, and the Bay County Sheriff's Department.
On February 18, 2006, State Attorney Steve Meadows, whose jurisdiction includes Bay County, appealed to Florida Governor Jeb Bush for the case to be reassigned from his office. In his letter, Meadows admitted "close ties" to FDLE chief Guy Tunnell, who had opened the boot camp where Anderson died while serving as Bay County sheriff.
Bush appointed Hillsborough County State Attorney Mark Ober to oversee the case, which remains open and under his supervision.
On November 28, 2006, authorities announced the arrest of eight people in connection with Anderson's death. Seven guards and a nurse were charged with aggravated manslaughter of a child, a felony. They were all later acquitted of the charges.
On April 16, 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that no federal criminal civil rights charges would be filed against the eight people who were originally charged in his death. The press release included the following:
"After a careful and thorough review, a team of experienced federal prosecutors and FBI agents determined that the evidence was insufficient to pursue federal criminal civil rights charges. Accordingly, the investigation into this incident has been closed."
Two autopsies
As early as January 9, FDLE officials announced that Anderson's autopsy ruled out "trauma or injury" as the cause of his death.
The official cause of death was not reported for another five weeks. In mid-February, Bay County Medical Examiner Charles F. Siebert announced that his first autopsy of Anderson determined that the teen died of complications from sickle cell trait, a normally benign and relatively common condition among African Americans.
A Florida statute allows a medical examiner to return a body to the jurisdiction where the incident occurred. Ober cleared Siebert of any wrongdoing in bringing the body back to Bay County.
On March 12, Anderson's body was exhumed and a second autopsy was conducted by the coroner of Hillsborough County, Dr. Vernard Adams. This time, the autopsy was attended by several other forensic pathologists as consultants to Adams. Dr. Michael Baden, New York State Police coroner, attended at the request of Anderson's parents and the NAACP.
Dr. Adams' findings:
The results of the second autopsy were announced by the State Attorney, Marc Ober, on May 6. Adams said that Anderson's death was caused by suffocation due to actions of the guards. A lack of oxygen was caused by holding his mouth closed while forcing him to inhale ammonia fumes. The video shows guards holding the capsules in Anderson's face repeatedly.
Controversy and criticism
Many of the major figures in the Anderson investigation have been criticized by Anderson's family, youth advocates, civil-rights and anti-detention groups, as well as state and national media outlets.
Immediately after observing Adams' 12-hour autopsy, Baden said, "Preliminary findings indicate the boy did not die from sickle cell trait, nor did he die from natural causes." Baden has said repeatedly that sickle trait by itself does not cause death. He explained a "sickle cell crisis" is a sickle cell disease—not the same as sickle cell trait. By itself, the sickle cell trait is not harmful. People with sickle cell trait can lead perfectly healthy lives. But beyond that, he said, hospital records indicate Anderson's blood was not sickled until the moment at which he started to die.
It has been established, however, that people with sickle cell trait have a four thousand percent increased incidence of sudden death when put in a boot camp environment. The risk of sudden death in boot camp environments for people with sickle trait has long been recognized in military services. Some military services, such as Great Britain, chose to limit activities of people with sickle trait. The US military, in contrast, changed its boot camp procedures to lessen the probability of exertional death (Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, Memorandum 2003-004 Screening for Sickle Cell Disease at Accession). Recent studies have shown that laboratory specimens falsely underestimate the degree of sickling in the blood Dr. Jon Thogmartin, the Pinellas-Pasco medical examiner said, "Michael Baden saying it [sickle cell trait] does not harm you—considering the literature, he may as well have walked out and said the world is flat." In June 2007 the National Athletic Trainers' Association released a consensus statement noting that approximately 5 percent of exertional deaths in young healthy athletes were from exertional sickling in those with sickle cell trait.
According to Adams, "Martin Anderson's death was caused by suffocation due to actions of the guards at the boot camp. The suffocation was caused by manual occlusion of the mouth, in concert with forced inhalation of ammonia fumes that caused spasm of the vocal cords resulting in internal blockage of the upper airway." Death due to laryngospasm, however, is not listed in standard lists of adverse effects. Dr. Randy Eichner noted in his testimony that such a death had never been recorded in 150 years of use of ammonia spirits. Dr. Adams did not dispute this:
Defense attorney Waylon Graham asked him why he thought the use of ammonia could have killed Anderson when nothing like that has ever been recorded "in the history of the world."
"This is the only place in the world to my knowledge where ammonia capsules were used this way," Adams said. "So no other deaths would have occurred."
This has led a number of forensic pathologists to support Siebert's diagnosis. Steve Meadows, the State Attorney who succeeded Ober, concluded that the criticism of Siebert was politically motivated. When the Medical Examiner Commission voted not to retain Siebert following the expiration of his contract, Meadows appointed Siebert back into the position as temporary Medical Examiner. Meadows stated: "I will not sacrifice Charles Siebert on the altar of political expediency or correctness. Despite what amounts to a reckless character assassination by some media outlets and, regrettably, even some members of our government, I believe Dr. Siebert to be a competent and thorough medical examiner–not beholden to anyone or any cause. Quite simply, Dr. Siebert is a well-qualified doctor doing his best to serve the people of this district. I am certain that Dr. Siebert looks forward to a hearing before an administrative judge and his first opportunity to respond to the allegations upon which the vote for his removal was based."
Medical examiner criticized
Charles F. Siebert, the Bay County medical examiner who performed Anderson's first autopsy (and ruled out foul play), faced charges of professional incompetence in the beginning but was eventually found not guilty of this. An example of a previous a clerical error, made popular by his critics and the media, was a 2004 autopsy performed by Siebert on 34-year-old Donna Reed, who died during Hurricane Ivan. In that autopsy report, Siebert noted that Reed's testicles and prostate were "unremarkable."
On August 9, 2006, the state Medical Examiners Commission recommended probation, which was not upheld. Originally, a panel from the Commission recommended that Siebert be suspended, after an inquiry discovered that he was negligent in at least 35 of 698 cases reviewed, none of which were on cause or manner of death. While the newspapers used the word "negligent," the Medical Examiners Commission did not in fact accuse him of negligence. The commission decided to retain Siebert until his contract expires June 27, 2007, with the provision that he pay for outside review of his future work (a QA program).
The National Association of Medical Examiners, concerned that Siebert was being subjected to a "witch hunt", took the unusual step of writing the Medical Examiner Commission to offer its services to remedy the situation. The Medical Examiner Commission did not respond to the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) letter. On January 15, 2007, NAME followed up with a second statement of its concerns. On January 18, 2007, the Medical Examiner Commission and Siebert reached a negotiated agreement in which the Medical Examiner Commission removed all references to "probation" or "discipline" and Siebert agreed to institute a quality assurance program to look for typographical errors in reports. Siebert was not required to accept the claims of error, and is free to pursue other remedies. In July 2007, Dr. Joseph Prahlow, president of the National Association of Medical Examiners noted that "consensus [among Medical Examiners] nationally, however, is that Siebert is being singled out for political purposes." He said that "the more vocal members of the national society of forensic pathologists support Siebert. He was careful to point out that the most vocal didn't necessarily represent the majority of members, and very few have examined both autopsy reports."
On August 3, 2007, Dr. Vincent DiMaio, retired Chief Medical Examiner for San Antonio and author of two best-selling textbooks of forensic pathology stated that Siebert's conclusions were scientifically valid and that Adams' was not. This was echoed some weeks later by Dr. John Hunsaker, former President of the National Association of Medical Examiners, in a radio interview. Dr. Randy Eichner, team doctor for the University of Oklahoma Sooners and expert on exertional deaths, called Adams' conclusions "fantasy."
In late 2007, the Medical Examiner Commission asked for a delay in Siebert's appeal in order to finish some depositions. This delayed the appeal until after January 1, 2008, and Siebert's contract ended December 28, 2007. The local search committee for a new ME requested a delay in DSiebert's departure in order to allow his appeal to be heard, but the Medical Examiner Commission refused, thus making the appeal impossible; since Siebert was no longer a Medical Examiner, he no longer had standing for an appeal. Dr. Jon Thogmartin, Siebert's primary supporter in the Medical Examiner Commission, was replaced with Dr. Bruce Hyma, the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner. Hyma in turn asked that Siebert be allowed his day in court, and was denied. Hyma was also a member of the local search committee for a new District 14 Medical Examiner. The local search committee put Siebert's name in as their recommendation for the position. The Medical Examiner Commission refused to honor that nomination and instead left the position open as of December 29, 2007. In response to this, the National Association of Medical Examiners wrote its third open letter, stating:
"As an organization, we believe that Dr. Siebert has met [the NAME] autopsy standards, and he continues to be a NAME member in good standing. By continuing to imply that Dr. Siebert does not meet the aforementioned nonexistent "NAME guidelines" or the NAME Autopsy Standards, the MEC is dishonestly misrepresenting the facts. Furthermore, as these errors have not been publicly acknowledged by the MEC, the MEC is discrediting not only Dr. Siebert but NAME itself. Since the MEC apparently believes that falsely invoking the imprimatur of the National Association of Medical Examiners in this fashion is acceptable, the Executive Committee of NAME demands that the MEC officially acknowledge and make public retraction of the inconsistencies noted above."...
In light of all that has happened, it appears inappropriate for the MEC to deny the request of the local 14th medical examiner district to defer any further action until Dr. Siebert has been afforded the opportunity through normal proceedings to both defend his findings and refute the allegations against him as due process requires. ... Imposing sanctions against a medical examiner without requiring these theories to be tested by an impartial jury jeopardizes the independent judgment of the medical examiner that our system of government has come to rely upon precisely because of its independent objective inquiry. It is ironic that in Dr. Siebert's case the medical examiner has been denied the very protection that his presence in such judicial proceedings is meant to provide.
Similarly, a group of 26 Medical Examiners from across the US and in Australia wrote an open letter to the MEC stating that the Medical Examiner system in Florida had been politically hijacked. They wrote:
Now the commission is attempting to remove Siebert and destroy his credibility. It delayed Siebert's administrative hearing until after the new year, but has refused a request from District 14 to delay the appointment of a medical examiner until after the hearing. It appears that technicalities are acceptable only when the commission uses them.
The commission has also informed the people of District 14 that it will ignore their opinion and choose someone else as chief medical examiner. The commissioners set the meeting to make this decision for Dec. 29, in the middle of the holidays. They have no shame.
This political hijacking of Florida's medical examiner system should be of concern to everyone. Without confidence in the independence of medical examiners, every decision can reasonably be questioned and unreasonably be scrutinized. Medical examiners from every corner of our country have added their names, alarmed about these events and their consequences.
In recommending Siebert for reappointment, the Bay County Board of County Commissioners wrote to the Medical Examiner Commission:
It unfortunately appears to us, and many residents of Bay County, that Dr. Siebert has become a scapegoat for those seeking a political solution to recent events, rather than a logical resolution based upon science and fact. The bottom line is that the good people of Bay County, including those serving on the local search committee, are apparently being ignored in their plea to keep Dr. Siebert as Medical Examiner.
Tunnell's resignation
FDLE Commissioner Guy Tunnell also came under fire for alleged conflicts of interest. Tunnell, the former Bay County sheriff, had originally opened the boot camp where Anderson died.
Tunnell also sent e-mails to current Bay County Sheriff Frank McKeithen, detailing his agency's efforts to withhold the video tape of the incident at the boot camp that led to Anderson's death. Ober eventually removed the FDLE from the investigation.
Tunnell resigned from his post as FDLE chief in April 2006, after comments reportedly made by him about then Senator Barack Obama and Jesse Jackson were leaked to the press. In these comments he compared Jackson to Jesse James, and Obama to terrorist Osama bin Laden.
State Attorney Steve Meadows, who recused himself from the Anderson investigation, later rehired Tunnell to work on "cold case" files.
Sit-in and "march for justice"
A group of mostly local college students staged a sit-in on April 19 and 20, 2006, taking over Governor Jeb Bush's public waiting room.
The students, most of them from Tallahassee schools Florida State University, Florida A&M University and Tallahassee Community College, were demanding that Bush, among other things, order the arrest of the guards who beat Anderson and issue a public apology for delays in the investigation. Many of these students were members of Coalition of Justice for Martin Lee Anderson who had protested throughout the trial. One recognizable student organizer of this group was past Nickelodeon star Vanessa Baden, who acted as secretary and spokesperson.
The two-day sit-in was the first at Bush's office since 2000.
On April 21, the day Tunnell resigned as FDLE chief, more than 3,000 protesters staged a rally outside the Florida State Capitol, joined by Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, calling for the arrest of the guards and for changes in the state correctional system.
Bush returned from a trip to Iraq, Kuwait and Afghanistan late on April 19, and met with four students and several lawmakers that afternoon. The next day, Bush met with Anderson's parents; lawmakers claimed that Bush apologized at that meeting, although that report was never confirmed by Bush or his office.
On September 27, 2006, Anderson's parents returned to Tallahassee seeking a meeting with Bush, claiming he had promised them an "open dialogue" at their meeting in April. However, Bush refused them audience.
Actions taken against state/investigators
Civil-rights complaints
Anderson's parents and civil rights groups appealed several times to the United States Department of Justice (USDOJ), a federal agency, asking it to assist in the state investigation of Anderson's death as a violation of Anderson's civil rights under federal criminal law.
The Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida and the FBI joined state agencies in the investigation.
On October 12, 2007, Robert Miller, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, and Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, Rena Comisac, announced that the USDOJ will make a "thorough and independent review" of the evidence concerning the death of 14-year-old Martin Lee Anderson. They were actively monitoring the state's prosecution of the boot camp personnel, and promised to take appropriate action if the evidence indicates a prosecutable criminal violation of federal civil rights statutes.
On April 16, 2010, the Department of Justice concluded that there was insufficient evidence to pursue federal criminal civil rights charges against the guards.
Tunnell was also the target of several civil rights complaints filed by citizens of Bay County and by federal lawmakers, including then U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, with the USDOJ. None of the complaints were investigated.
Lawsuit
On July 12, 2006, Robert Anderson and Gina Jones filed a $40 million wrongful death lawsuit against the Department of Juvenile Justice and the Bay County Sheriff's Office. Anderson's parents claimed civil-rights violations were committed by both agencies and that both had conspired to cover up significant facts in the investigation, in addition to charges of negligence.
Anderson and Jones offered to settle with the sheriff for $3 million, the maximum allowed under the agency's insurance, but McKeithen refused the offer, calling a settlement "premature" before an investigation was complete. The case is pending; under state sovereign immunity law, if Anderson and Jones win their case, the state's damages would be capped at $200,000.
Florida Attorney General Charlie Crist, commenting on the case the same day, said that a $3 million settlement "might not be enough."
On October 18, 2006, U.S. District Judge Robert Hinkle set a trial date of April 16, 2007. In the same ruling, the judge dismissed the civil-rights and conspiracy charges against the Department of Juvenile Justice and Bay County Sheriff's Office, and ruled that they would not be responsible for punitive damages.
On March 14, 2007, Florida Governor Charlie Crist recommended that the state agree to pay $5 million to Anderson's family, in a deal that would allow the Anderson Family to pursue another $5 million from Bay County, Florida. The recommendation still has to pass the Florida legislature. Also on March 14, a copy of the video, enhanced by NASA was made public.
On March 28, 2007, Bay County, Florida agreed to settle with Anderson's family for $2.4 million.
Arrests and trial
On November 28, 2006, seven guards (Henry Dickens, Charles Enfinger, Patrick Garrett, Raymond Hauck, Charles Helms Jr., Henry McFadden Jr., and Joseph Walsh II)
and a nurse, Kristin Schmidt (who was present during the incident but took no action) were arrested on charges of aggravated manslaughter of a child, a felony. When the eight defendants were arraigned on January 18, 2007, they entered "not guilty" pleas. Circuit Judge Michael Overstreet set a pre-trial hearing date for Feb. 22. Subsequently, they were freed on $25,000 bail.
The criminal trial was set for October 3, 2007, in the courtroom of Circuit Judge Michael Overstreet. The defendants each faced 30 years if convicted of the top charge, aggravated manslaughter of a person under 18. However, the jury could decide on a lesser offense. The primary dispute in the case was over the cause of Anderson's death.
"This was no accident that this child was killed," assistant state attorney Pam Bondi told jurors. "The evidence will show that by what these eight defendants did and by what they failed to do, that boy lost his life." Bondi said Anderson died of oxygen deprivation after guards manhandled him and used excessive amounts of ammonia capsules when he became unresponsive while the nurse stood by and watched. Defense attorneys said in opening statements that they would show Anderson's death could not have been prevented and was caused solely by sickle cell trait.
On the second day of the trial, Dr. Thomas Andrew, who is Chief Medical Examiner of New Hampshire, said Martin Lee Anderson died as a result of the boot camp guards' actions. He said that everything combined, including the stress of the encounter and the physical exertion of the run, aggravated Anderson's sickle-cell condition, hampering the flow of oxygen in his blood. "But for these defendants' actions, would Martin Anderson have died?" assistant state attorney Scott Harmon asked. "I would have to say no," Andrew said. He also said that, had the guards given Anderson the opportunity to recover from the run, his death might have been prevented
On the third day of the trial, Dr. Vernard Adams said that Anderson died from suffocation at the hands of eight boot camp employees. The doctor said the lack of oxygen prevented Anderson's blood from producing carbon dioxide, leading to a build-up of lactic acid in his blood that ultimately put him in an irreversible coma. The pathologist acknowledged that the teen's sickle-cell condition aggravated the circumstances by further impeding the flow of oxygen. He insisted, however, that the guards' actions alone would have been enough to kill even a teen who did not have sickle-cell trait. From a toxicologist, Cynthia Lewis-Younger, the jury learned the highly concentrated ammonia capsules the guards used on Anderson were not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use on children. Acknowledging that no deaths have been reported from their use, she said that potential could not be ruled out.
The prosecution case was hampered by a shifting theory on the medical cause of death. The prosecution proposed that Mr. Anderson died of improper use of force, then of suffocation, then of failure to act. The fact that the two prosecution medical expert witnesses proposed different causes of death was also problematic.
In contrast, the opinions by the defense experts did not contradict. Dr. Siebert stood by his diagnosis. Dr. Randy Eichner, expert on exertional sickle cell trait deaths, testified that Dr. Siebert's conclusions were correct. He noted that exertional sickle crisis in sickle cell trait has a 70 percent mortality, and that the video described a classic example of an exertional sickle cell death. He called the claim of laryngospasm a red herring, and noted that no case of ammonia salt-related death has been described in 150 years of use. In the end, the prosecution encouraged the jury to ignore the medical evidence altogether.
On Monday defense attorney Walter Smith said "This is a death that would have resulted whether or not the defendants used ammonia or struck him. They did not cause the death of Martin Lee Anderson. The death of Martin Lee Anderson resulted from natural causes."
Smith said the guards were merely following the policies of the Department of Juvenile Justice, the state agency that ran the boot camp program, and acting in accordance with boot camp policy. He blamed Anderson's death on complications from sickle-cell trait. Earlier in the day, prosecutors had called the chief medical director of Florida's Department of Juvenile Justice, who testified there was no outlined procedure for the use of ammonia capsules in the boot camp's policy manual, and someone with sickle cell trait would not have been excluded from the program.
Nurse Kristin Schmidt said she did not find any signs of medical distress at any time; Anderson was breathing "fine" on his own but not complying with the guards' orders.
In closing arguments Thursday, Hillsborough County assistant state attorney Michael Sinacore told jurors a desire for "control and domination," without a concern for safety, drove the actions of eight former boot camp employees. "They needed to control him. They needed to dominate him and they crossed the line by a long shot." Their goal became to get Martin Anderson to do what they wanted him to do, and all their actions are consistent with that," he said.
After deliberating for 90 minutes, the jury found all defendants not guilty in the death of Martin Lee Anderson. Soon after the verdict was read, the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, Gregory Robert Miller, and Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, Rena Comisac, announced that the Department of Justice will make a "thorough and independent review" of the evidence concerning the death of 14-year-old Martin Lee Anderson. They have been actively monitoring the state's prosecution of the boot camp personnel, and promised to take appropriate action if the evidence indicates a prosecutable criminal violation of federal civil rights statutes.
Comments on the verdict
Dr. Siebert stated that he felt vindicated by the result.
"I think finally people were looking at the science, looking at the facts, and not just an emotional video," he said. "Because of all the political pressure, because of the racial undertones and because of the special-interest groups, a lot of the true facts hadn't come out yet."
Henry Dickens, one of the black guards, was particularly troubled by what he perceived as racial attacks by the NAACP. He noted that had he been aware of the risk of exertional sickle cell death, he would have acted differently. He stated
"All this black and white stuff should be over with by now," he said. "That was my time ... Today's NAACP, the only thing they care about is race. That's not what Dr. Martin Luther King talked about. He talked about a world without race."
Changes to juvenile justice system
When Martin Anderson died, about 130 youths in Florida were incarcerated in state-run boot camps. Before Anderson's death, the state had received more than 180 complaints about excessive force at the Panama City boot camp.
In mid-February, Bay County Sheriff Frank McKeithen ended his office's contract with the state to operate the Panama City boot camp where Anderson was beaten. In a letter to Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) head Anthony J. Schembri, McKeithen wrote, "I believe the integrity of the boot camp in Bay County has been compromised, leaving the effectiveness of this program virtually paralyzed."
McKeithen also immediately banned the use of ammonia-inhalant capsules at the Panama City boot camp. McKeithen's announcement came about three weeks before Anderson's body was exhumed for his second autopsy, in which one pathologist concluded that the teen died from ammonia fumes.
At around the same time, DJJ ordered state sheriffs to do away with violent measures such as punching and kicking at the state's boot camps, and directed nurses to call 9-1-1 at the first sign of a problem.
In late April, the Florida Legislature voted to close the state's five juvenile boot camps. The camps were replaced by a less-militaristic program called STAR, which prohibited physical intervention against juvenile inmates. The STAR program had been almost 80 percent effective in test runs around the state at preventing recidivism among inmates.
The bill that enacted the STAR program was renamed the "Martin Lee Anderson Act" by the legislature. Governor Jeb Bush signed it into law on June 1, 2006.
There was no funding made available for the increased costs of the STAR program, forcing many juvenile detention facilities to close their doors.
See also
List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
Notes
References
Bay County Sheriff's Office report - 2006-066993.
Bay County Clerk of Court, case number 01003174.
Mitch Stacy, "Prosecutor: Blood Disorder Didn't Kill Boy", Forbes. March 14, 2006.
Melissa Nelson, "Boy Who Died After Boot Camp Beating Is Exhumed", The Ledger / Associated Press, March 11, 2006.
Marc Caputo, "BOOT CAMP DEATH: Experts exhume boot camp teen's body", Miami Herald, March 11, 2006.
"Parents want charges in boot camp death", Associated Press, February 18, 2006. (includes video footage)
"County ends boot camp program", St. Petersburg Times / Associated Press, February 21, 2006.
Daniela Velázquez, "Boot camp case stirs students", Tallahassee Democrat, April 13, 2006.
Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, Memorandum 2003-004 Screening for Sickle Cell Disease at Accession.
David Angler. "Siebert Taking Case To Judge: Group Offers Help in Heading off 'Witch Hunt' ". News Herald, Panama City, September 13, 2006
External links
http://www.nospank.net/anderson.htm
Archived court records of trial (State v. Schmidt et al.)
1991 births
2006 deaths
Asphyxia-related deaths by law enforcement in the United States
Deaths by person in Florida
Deaths in police custody in the United States
Filmed killings by law enforcement
People from Florida
Panama City, Florida |
4393232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Scene | My Scene | My Scene (stylized in all lowercase) is an American series of fashion dolls that Mattel released in 2002.
They were discontinued in the US in 2008, and worldwide in 2011. Mattel's Barbie character is one of the dolls in the toy line. The My Scene dolls' bodies are slim, similar to earlier Barbie dolls, but their heads are larger. The New York Times described their features as "exaggerated lips and bulging, makeup-caked eyes." My Scene were designed to appeal to the tween market and compete with the Bratz dolls from MGA Entertainment.
Products and history
Mattel introduced My Scene dolls in the fall season of 2002 to compete with MGA's Bratz. The series originally consisted of three female characters with diverse ethnicities and personalities; Mattel added more dolls over time. Its three original dolls, Barbie, Madison, and Chelsea, each came with two extra fashions. Except for Barbie, the characters were named after New York City locations. Mattel added more dolls to the series, starting with Nolee and three male characters, Bryant, River, and Hudson, in the year of 2003. Delancey and Ellis also premiered in the "Hanging Out" line, which introduced in late 2003. Kenzie introduced in 2004's "Getting Ready Line," and Nia introduced in the year of 2008. There are seven characters in the My Scene series (Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, Delancey, Nia, Hudson, and River), six discontinued characters (Barbie, Nolee, Kenzie, Bryant, Ellis, and Sutton) and four special edition dolls (Lindsay, Jai, Tyson and Ryan). Each of the My Scene girls (and three of the boys) own pets.
Female My Scene dolls have a non-twisting, navel-sculpted body mold and share a face mold, developed specifically for the brand, that dons a small nose, wide cheekbones, and large, pouty lips. Some lines' dolls (beginning with "Night on the Town") have rooted eyelashes and glittery eyes. Like the Bratz, these dolls have large shoes that serve as feet, but they also have traditional Barbie feet and can wear regular Barbie shoes. Male dolls also feature My Scene-exclusive face molds; their body molds originated with previous male dolls.
In 2004, Mattel produced new smiling face molds for both male and female characters, which were present for only a short while on the female dolls, whereas male dolls featured these molds until early 2005. Beginning with the "Club Birthday" line, the My Scene dolls' face molds changed to non-smiling molds that more closely resembled the "Bratz Boyz" line of dolls.
In late 2005, Mattel released a My Scene line called "My Bling Bling", which introduced a new eye screening that looked more sultry compared to previous releases. Later, in mid-2006, Barbie was dropped from the line in favor of a new character named Kennedy, who would be introduced in the "Fab Faces" line.
Beginning with the "Swappin' Styles" line of 2006, Mattel produced two more new face molds for female dolls—one with a half-open smile and the other, a closed smirk. This line also re-released the "Getting Ready" smiling face mold.
In 2007, a somewhat controversial line was launched, called "Growing Up Glam". These dolls feature a turnable key on their back that can make the doll grow taller and grow breasts, similar to the infamous "Growing Up Skipper" doll.
Mattel ceased selling My Scene dolls in the US in 2008, but continued to sell the dolls internationally, until Mattel ceased production on the My Scene line as a whole in the year of 2011.
Legal issues
On April 13, 2005, Mattel's competing toy company, MGA Entertainment, filed a lawsuit against Mattel for its My Scene brand, alleging duplication of its Bratz dolls' multi-ethnic looks, fashions, and packaging. The suit further accused Mattel of "engaging in acts of unfair competition and intellectual property infringement intended to damage its market share, confuse consumers and trade on the company's goodwill."
In 2006, Mattel countersued MGA Entertainment, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant had been working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz in 1999 and had taken the idea to MGA secretly, with MGA in turn developing the first-generation Bratz dolls while obscuring Bryant's involvement. Bryant and Mattel reached a settlement before trial, at which a federal jury awarded Mattel $100million in damages for the violation of their intellectual property in 2008, and further issued an injunction that forced MGA to stop producing Bratz.
In a 2011 retrial, however, MGA toy makers claimed that in producing the My Scene dolls, Mattel had stolen their trade secrets and violated antitrust laws, and sought $1billion in damages. The judge found in favor of MGA, and MGA received an award totaling $309.9million, freeing the company to produce Bratz once again—at which time Mattel retired the My Scene line.
Product list
Doll lines
2002
"Wave 1": Barbie, Madison and Chelsea
2003
"Spring Break": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee (first appearance), Hudson (first appearance), and Bryant (first appearance)
"Back to School": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee, Bryant (last appearance), Hudson, River (first appearance), and Sutton (first appearance)
"Night on the Town" two-doll giftset: Barbie with River, Madison with Sutton and Chelsea with Hudson
"Night On The Town Sound Lounge" doll with Playset: Nolee
"Chillin' Out": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"Vespa" giftset with Vespa scooter: Barbie, Madison and Chelsea.
"Hanging Out": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee, Delancey (first appearance) Hudson, River (same as Back to School), Sutton and Ellis (first appearance)
"Cruisin' in My Ride" two-doll giftset with convertible: Barbie with Ellis, Madison with Sutton and Delancey with Hudson
"A Ride in the Park" giftset with bicycle (dolls same as Hangin' Out): Barbie, Madison and Nolee
"Tunin' In" giftset with radio (Target exclusive): Madison, Chelsea and Delancey
2004
"Jammin' in Jamaica" with DVD: Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee, Delancey, Hudson, River, Sutton and Ellis
"Jammin' in Jamaica: Surfrider" giftset with jetski: Madison, Chelsea and Tyson (only appearance)
"Jammin' in Jamaica: Cruisin' the Boardwalk" two-doll giftset with tandem bicycle: Jai (only appearance) with Sutton, and Barbie with River.
"Getting Ready: My Room" giftset with closet: Barbie, Chelsea and Nolee.
"Getting Ready: Out With the Girls" (all-male line): Hudson, River and Sutton.
"Getting Ready: In My Tub" giftset with tub: Madison and Kenzie (first appearance).
"Getting Ready: Out and About" two-doll giftset: Madison with Sutton, Chelsea with Hudson and Delancey with Ellis (last appearance)
"Heartbreakers": Barbie and Madison
"Feelin' Flirty": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey
"Working Radio" (Latin America exclusive): Barbie and Chelsea
"Shopping Spree":
Barbie: Levi's
Madison: Aldo
Chelsea: Trinkets
Nolee: Sephora
Delancey: Target (Target exclusive)
Kenzie giftset with kiosk cart: Mall Must-Haves
"Masquerade Madness" with DVD:
Barbie: Butterfly Punk
Madison: City Kitty
Chelsea: Mermaid Diva
Nolee: Rocker Girl
Delancey: Dream Genie (US exclusive)
Kenzie: Disco Derby (US exclusive) (last appearance)
Hudson: Boxer
River: Elvis
Sutton: Vampire
"Masquerade Madness Party Pad Loft" Doll (UK exclusive) with Playset:
Madison: City Kitty
"Dressed to Impress" Special Edition: Barbie and Madison
2005
"Miami Getaway": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee.
"Miami Getaway Vespa" giftset with Vespa scooter: Delancey and Kenzie (last appearance)
"Miami Getaway Happenin' Hotel" doll with playset: Delancey
"Club Birthday": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee, Hudson, River and Sutton (last appearance)
"Day and Nite": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"Teen Tees": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"My Design Scene" (only doll or giftset with case) (Target exclusive):
Barbie:
Pink Tee (same as Hangin' Out)
Spaghetti Strap (same as Wave 1)
Madison:
Green Top (same as Hangin' Out)
Striped Top (same as Spring Break)
Chelsea:
Striped Top (same as Jammin' In Jamaica)
Flower Top (same as Wave 1)
Nolee:
Monkey Tee (same as Shopping Spree)
Spaghetti Strap (same as Spring Break)
"Swappin' Styles": Barbie, Madison, and Nolee.
"Secret Locker" giftset with locker: Barbie, Madison, and Chelsea
"My Scene Goes Hollywood": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee, Lindsay Lohan (only appearance), Hudson and Ryan Ridley (only appearance)
"My Bling Bling": Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
2006
"Project Runway" (specially designed Barbie by Nick Verreos)
"Mall Maniacs":
Barbie: Claire's and Trinkets (Walmart US exclusive)
Chelsea: Skechers
Madison: Bath & Bubble Boutique
Nolee: Mudd
Hudson: Made in the Shade
River: Sound Town
"Tu Estilo" (Latin America exclusive): Barbie, Chelsea and Nolee
"Teen Tees" Second Edition (same as the first edition, but not with pets): Barbie, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee.
"Year of Style":
Barbie: Winter
Madison: Summer
Chelsea: Spring
Nolee: Autumn
"Street Style" (UK exclusive): Barbie (last appearance), Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"Fab Faces"/"Fab Expressions": Kennedy (first appearance), Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"Let's Go Disco" two-doll giftset: Kennedy with Chelsea and Madison with Nolee
"Swappin' Styles" (Second Edition): Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee (Canada and Latin America exclusive) (same as Madison)
"Un-fur-gettable": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee (Canada and Latin America exclusive) (same as Madison)
"City Stars": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee
"My Bling Bling Bikini": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee (Canada and Latin America exclusive) (same as Madison)
"My Bling Bling Spa" Doll with Playset: Delancey
2007
"My Bling Bling" or "Super Bling" (Second Edition, same as the First Edition, but not with the ring and extra outfit): Kennedy, Madison (with the first outfit of the first edition), Chelsea and Nolee (with the second outfit of the first edition).
"Roller Girls": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, Nolee.
"Roller Girls Remote Control": Kennedy and Madison.
"Sailor Sweeties": Kennedy and Chelsea.
"Sporty Style":
Kennedy: Yoga
Madison: Tennis
Chelsea: Skateboarding
Nolee: Tennis (Canada and Latin America Exclusive) (Same as Madison)
"Juicy Bling" / "Tropical Bling": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee (Australia and Latin America Exclusive) (Same as Madison).
"I Love My Friends" two-doll giftset: Kennedy with Madison and Chelsea with Nolee.
"I Love My Friends Bedroom" doll with playset: Delancey (UK Exclusive).
"Rebel Style": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, and Nolee (last appearance) (clothing same as Madison).
"Juicy Bling Bikini" / "Tropical Bling Bikini": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Icy Bling": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Growing Up Glam": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Foto Fabulous" two-doll giftset: Kennedy with Chelsea and Madison with Delancey.
"Junglicious" / "Salon Safari":
Kennedy: Leopard
Madison: Monkey
Chelsea: Giraffe
Delancey: Zebra
"Totally Charmed": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
2008
"PJ Party": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Rockin' Awards": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Sporty Glam":
Kennedy: Running.
Chelsea: Dance.
Delancey: Yoga.
"Sporty Glam" two-doll giftset:
Kennedy with Madison: Tennis.
Chelsea with Delancey: Beach volleyball.
"Club Disco": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Street Sweet": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Cafe Chic": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Floral Fiesta": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Splashy Chic": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Snow Glam": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"I Love Shopping": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Golden Bling": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Perfume Party": Kennedy, Nia (first appearance), Chelsea and Delancey.
"Karaoke Divas": Kennedy, Nia, Chelsea and Delancey.
2009
"Bee" (Russia Exclusive): Kennedy.
"Club Night": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Street Art": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Street Art" doll with scooter: Kennedy.
"Ultra Glam": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Delancey.
"Ultra Glam" doll with playset: Kennedy.
"Love" two-doll giftset: Kennedy with River (last appearance) and Chelsea with Hudson (last appearance)
"Hollywood Bling": Kennedy, Madison, Nia and Chelsea.
"Boutique Street": Kennedy, Madison, Nia and Chelsea.
"Cabana Beach": Kennedy, Chelsea, and Delancey.
"Weekend Chic": Kennedy, Chelsea, and Delancey.
"Cool Nights": Kennedy, Chelsea, and Nia.
"Coasterama": Kennedy, Chelsea, and Delancey.
"Fashion Week": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, and Nia.
"Jewel It": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, and Delancey.
"Lots of Looks": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea, and Nia, each with three interchangeable faces (Winking, Original My Scene, and the SwS Kennedy/ Roller Girls face)
2010
"City Diva": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nia.
"City Diva" Giftset with Scooter: Kennedy.
"Glam Beach": Kennedy, Nia and Chelsea.
"Disco Girls": Kennedy, Nia and Chelsea.
"Bling Boutique": Kennedy, Chelsea, Madison (last appearance), and Nia.
"Fashion Cuties": Kennedy, Delancey (last appearance), and Nia.
"Fashion Boutique": Kennedy, Nia and Chelsea.
"Pop Diva": Kennedy, Nia and Chelsea.
2011
"Bling Nights": Kennedy, Chelsea and Nia.
"Style" / "Season Style": Kennedy, Chelsea and Nia.
Styling heads
2003
"Styling Heads" (First Edition): Madison, and Chelsea.
2004
"Styling Heads" (Second Edition): Nolee, and Delancey.
2005
"My Bling Bling": Barbie and Madison.
2007
"Roller Girls": Kennedy and Madison.
"Juicy Bling": Kennedy and Madison.
"Totally Charmed": Kennedy and Madison.
McDonald's Happy Meal Toys
2005
"City Scene": Barbie(#1), Madison(#7), Chelsea(#2) and Delancey(#8).
"Beach Party": Barbie(#5), Madison(#3), Chelsea(#6) and Nolee(#4).
2007
"Roller Girls": Kennedy, Madison, Chelsea and Nolee.
27" Stylin' Friend
2005
"27" Stylin' Friend" (First Edition): Barbie, Madison and Chelsea.
Soft Pets
2005
"Miami Getaway": Yorkie, Bella and Churro.
Playsets And cars
2003
"Spring Break":
"My Ride" (Red)
"My Ride" (Blue)
"My Café"
"My Boutique"
"My Club"
"Back to School":
"So Chic Salon"
"Night on the Town":
"The Sound Lounge" with Nolee.
"Makeup Scene"
"Cruisin' in My Ride":
"Silver Convertible" with Delancey and Hudson.
"Black Convertible" with Madison and Sutton.
"Date Scene/Black Convertible" with Barbie and Ellis.
"Hanging Out":
"The Daily Dish Café"
2004
"Jammin' in Jamaica":
"Guava Gulch Tiki Lounge"
"My Beach Ride" (Cooper)
"My Beach Ride" (Purple)
"Getting Ready":
"Chelsea Style"
"Shopping Spree":
"My Dressing Room"
"Masquerade Madness":
"Party Pad Loft" (based on Madison's loft apartment outside the UK) with Madison (UK Exclusive).
"My Ride" (Silver)
"My Ride" (Pink)
2005
"Miami Getaway":
"Happenin' Hotel" with Delancey.
"Styles to Go":
"Dress and Go"
"Shop And Go"
"Club Birthday":
"My Ride"
"My Scene Goes Hollywood":
"Dressing Room"
"Luxury Limo"
"My Bling Bling":
"Wheels Vehicle"
2006
"Mall Maniacs":
"Claire's Accessory Store"
"Skechers Shoe Store"
"My Bling Bling Bikini":
"My Bling Bling Spa" with Delancey.
2007
"I Love My Friends":
"Delancey's Bedroom" with Delancey (UK Exclusive).
"Icy Bling":
"Icy Bling Boutique"
2008
"Snow Glam":
"Snow Glam Car"
2009
"Secrets & Dreams Diary"
Media franchise
Starting in the year of 2003 with the "Hanging Out" line, Mattel began packaging My Scene dolls with DVDs that contained short video clips, music, and activities. This began a trend that sparked three My Scene films, all of which aired on the Nickelodeon cable network. The My Scene line also features four special edition dolls present only in the My Scene films. These include the Jamaican-American characters Jai and Tyson from Jammin' in Jamaica, and Ryan Ridley (a new fictional character) and Lindsay Lohan from My Scene Goes Hollywood. Mattel received special rights to create the only likeness of Lohan for the line.
Films
Mattel released three My Scene films between 2004 and 2005 as follows:
My Scene: Jammin' in Jamaica (2004)
My Scene: Jammin' in Jamaica was released to DVD on May 15, 2004, and later premiered on Nickelodeon on June 6, 2004. It was sold with the "Jammin' in Jamaica" dolls and was directed by Eric Fogel, the creator of Celebrity Deathmatch. The plot involves Madison who is the manager of a band called Urban Desire, which is made up of the four male characters. When the band wins a contest, they make a trip to Jamaica for the finals, but Barbie, Nolee, and Chelsea must raise the money to travel to Jamaica. After all the characters arrive in Jamaica, Barbie feels left out as her boyfriend, the lead guitarist, begins spending more time with Madison. This causes a rift between the friends but is eventually resolved.
My Scene: Masquerade Madness (2004)
My Scene: Masquerade Madness was the second My Scene film, released to DVD on June 1, 2004, and later premiered on Nickelodeon on October 24, 2004. It runs 28 minutes long, half the length of Jammin' in Jamaica. The plot revolves around the Masquerade Madness fashion show, a fundraiser for the local animal shelter. Chelsea designs the fashions for the show all on her own, causing strain on her schoolwork. Failing in geometry and too embarrassed to tell her friends, she calls on Hudson's help in tutoring. As a result, her friends begin to think they are secretly dating. In the end, Chelsea has aced her geometry test and coordinated a successful fashion show. This film was sold with the My Scene "Masquerade Madness" dolls.
My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie (2005)
My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie, was the first and only film to be sold apart from the dolls and the only full-length film. Eric Fogel reprised his role as director. It was released to DVD on August 30, 2005 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Miramax Family label, and later premiered on Nickelodeon on October 23, 2005. It featured a voice-over by actress and singer Lindsay Lohan, who plays as herself. Kelly Sheridan of the Barbie film series reprised her role as Barbie. The plot involves the My Scene girls pretending to be extras in a spy action movie being filmed in New York City, in order to see it up close. When one of the actresses is injured, Madison is called upon to take her place. She begins spending less and less time with her friends and develops a crush on the leading actor, Ryan Ridley. Madison ends up fighting with her friends because they embarrass her. In the end, Lohan convinces Madison that friends are the most important thing to have, and the girls make up. Although the title suggests a trip to Hollywood, the setting of the film actually takes place in New York City.
Web series
My Scene is a web series that ran from 2002 until 2008 on the My Scene official website. The theme song of the series is "It's My Scene".
"My Scene webisodes" (2002-2008)
There are 30 episodes released on the official website between 2002 and 2008, some of which were featured in "B Cinemas" on the BarbieGirls.com website. The last 10 episodes did not feature Barbie and Nolee after being discontinued from the line. The following is the list of episodes in published order (according to timeline):
"My Scene Spanish episodes" (2004-2005)
There are 23 episodes released between 2004 and 2005 that were only featured in Spanish (and Portuguese). The animation art style changed, similar to the one used for Jammin' in Jamaica. The following is the list of episodes (in English and Spanish) in published order (according to timeline):
Video games
"My Scene" (PC) (2003)
"My Scene Goes Hollywood" (PC) (2005)
Website
The official My Scene website was launched in 2002 which included games, webisodes, character bios and videos. Even though the line was discontinued in 2011, the website closed in 2014 alongside the Pixel Chix website.
Characters
The "My Scene" Girls
Barbie is "...cute but edgy", with pale skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. Her birthday is September 30 and her astrological sign is Libra. Her favorite place is the spa and she loves yoga, massage, and pedicures, chatting with cute guys, and going to movies and parties with her friends. Her favorite beverage is iced coffee and she can't live without her cellphone. River is her boyfriend. Her pet is Yorkie. She moved to California and was replaced by Kennedy. Barbie is voiced by Kelly Sheridan, who is also starred in the Barbie film series.
Madison (Westley in Europe) is African-American, with dark skin, light blue eyes and medium brown hair. She was one of the original three dolls and the 'shopper' of the gang. According to the official My Scene website, she is an urban girl, who enjoys traveling in style, spending her time getting manicures at her favorite spa, and going shopping. She is romantically paired with Sutton. Her birthday is August 3 and her astrological sign is Leo. She lives with her father and can't go anywhere without her journal. In Europe, she is called "Westley", for unknown reasons (perhaps to have the same final -ee syllable on her name as the five other girls), but in the US, she is named after Madison Avenue, a major shopping district. Her pet is Bella. Madison is voiced by Kathleen Barr.
Chelsea has light (then pale) skin, brown/hazel eyes, and auburn hair. Chelsea is an artist and was one of the original dolls. She wants to be a fashion designer and according to the official website, her signature look is "...original and funky." Her birthday is November 10 and her astrological sign is Scorpio. She loves retro clothing stores, her prized possession is her notebook and she loves pets. She is named after the Chelsea neighborhood in New York City, and her pet alternates between Mambo and Churro. Chelsea is voiced by Nicole Bouma.
Nolee is of Asian-American descent, with black hair, light skin, and brown eyes. She was the fourth doll in the My Scene line and is a fortune-telling skater girl. Her birthday is May 23 and her astrological sign is Gemini. She dated Bryant until 2003, the year Bryant was dropped from the My Scene line after he moved to London. According to the official website, she is good at keeping secrets, believes in good luck and karma, and her look is described as "athletic". She was discontinued in the shows. She is named after Nolita in New York and her pet is Cookie. Nolee is voiced by Tegan Moss.
Delancey is of Irish and Italian descent. This doll was originally produced with maroon-streaked platinum blonde hair, green eyes, pale skin, and a beauty mark on her cheek. In 2007, she was produced with dark brown hair with blonde streaks and greenish-blue eyes. She is from California and is a skater and surfer. She is Chelseas cousin. According to the My Scene website, she enjoys the beach. Ellis is her boyfriend. Her birthday is May 10 and her astrological sign is Taurus. Her look is edgy, funky, and colorful. She was named after Delancey Street in New York City. Her pet is named Sugar. Delancey is voiced by Meghan Black.
Kenzie has red hair, lightly freckled skin, and green eyes and is from Atlanta, Georgia. Kenzie has appeared four times since she was introduced in 2004. She and Nolee were very close and, according to the official website, Kenzie works at her cart in the shopping mall and also creates scents. Her birthday is June 25 and her astrological sign is Cancer. She likes to make people laugh, and her style is characterized as "cute." Her pet is Coco, and was a repaint of Barbie's dog, Yorkie. Kenzie is voiced by Ashleigh Ball.
Kennedy has golden-blonde hair, light (then tanned) skin, and gray-blue eyes. She replaced Barbie in 2006 after Barbie moved to California. She enjoys going to cafés, parties, and traveling. Kennedy is an Aquarius who is "...a celebrity in training" and came from Hollywood. She is named after John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City and her pet is Yorkie, a dog.
Nia has green eyes, tanned skin, and strawberry-blonde hair. The newest Latina in the group, she was introduced in 2008. Born in Mexico City, she now lives in Miami. She is a DJ. The official website states that she likes to be loud, funny, and the life of any party. Her astrological sign is Libra and she loves reading romance books.
Jai is dark-skinned with brown eyes and dark brown hair. She is from the Caribbean country of Jamaica, and sells clothes and jewelry made by herself at a stand. There she met Sutton, who flirts with her, and was sold in a gift set with him in the "Jammin' in Jamaica: Bicycle Built for Two" line. Her astrological sign is Taurus. Her pet is a Chihuahua dog named Blanca. Jai is voiced by Brenda M. Crichlow.
Lindsay Lohan – Mattel received special rights to create the only likeness of actress and singer Lindsay Lohan for their "My Scene Goes Hollywood" line.
The "My Scene" Boys
Bryant has green eyes and strawberry blonde hair. He was introduced in Game On along with Hudson and made his last appearance in Rumor Has It before moving to London. According to the official website, he is an Aquarius born on February 6, snacks on wasabi green peas, loves video cameras, likes to skateboard, and would not watch a buddy cop movie. He is probably happiest when he's behind a camera, as he loves documenting every moment. He was marketed as Nolee's boyfriend. It is rumored he was created to look like American Idol runner-up Justin Guarini. Recently, a character identical in appearance to Bryant was featured in a webisode on Kennedy's homepage. He is never supposed to be Bryant, but a rock star who went to school with Kennedy in Hollywood. Bryant was named after New York's Bryant Park. Bryant was the least produced of the boys and discontinued in 2003.
Hudson is Caucasian with light blue eyes, pale skin, and blonde hair. He was one of the first male dolls to be introduced in the My Scene line and is often romantically paired with Chelsea. According to the official website, his favorite sport is soccer, he likes to hang out in Central Park, he gets around on foot, and cell phones are his pet peeve. He is named after the Hudson River in New York, and his sign is Capricorn due to his December 23 birthday. Hudson is voiced by Kirby Morrow.
River has dark hair, a fair skin tone, and brown eyes. He is Barbie's boyfriend. According to the official website, he is a rock musician, his birthday is on December 3 (or 6) and his sign is Sagittarius. His favorite music is the post-punk genre, he snacks on tofu dogs and likes girls with a great smile. He lives for music, as he feels it's the only way he can express himself, so he plays with a few different bands. He is also named after the Hudson River in New York. River is voiced by Alessandro Juliani.
Sutton is African-British with dark brown hair, brown skin, and eyes, and he's from London. His character is less developed than those of Hudson and River; the original Sutton doll came with art supplies, while later dolls came variably with musical and computer accessories. He's sometimes romantically paired with Madison and, according to the official website, he has an urban look. He was born on April 17 and his sign is Aries. His favorite food is french fries, although "[he] calls 'em "chips," he makes his own music, and looks for a girl who's "sweet...but can get sassy, too!" He likes New York City. He's supposed to be a bit of a ladies' man, as well as a fantastic dancer. He's named after Sutton in South London. Sutton is voiced by Mark Hildreth.
Ellis is characterized as Caucasian, with brown hair, a pale skin tone, and green eyes. He is Delancey's boyfriend. According to the official website, his birthday is March 1 and his sign is Pisces. His favorite food is New York pizza, he drinks chai tea and takes acting lessons with the hope of one day being in movies, although he does not want to become a shallow Hollywood movie star. He was somewhat scared of acting at first, but now he enjoys it, saying "performing is such a rush". Ellis was the second least produced of the My Scene boys and was discontinued in 2004 after he moved. He is named after Ellis Island in New York. Ellis is voiced by Shane Meier.
Tyson is Jamaican with brown skin, blonde hair, and hazel eyes. He likes surfing and flirting with girls. His astrological sign is Scorpio. He owns a 5-star hotel named Jamaican Palms. His love interest is Chelsea, and was sold in the "Jammin' in Jamaica: Surfrider" line.
Ryan Ridley - like Lindsay Lohan, he's an actor and also a screenwriter and producer. Despite he has dark brown hair with matching eye color and a pale skin tone, the "My Scene Goes Hollywood" film has a tanned one. Ryan is voiced by Samuel Vincent.
Pets
Each of the My Scene girls (and three of the boys) own pets. Barbie/Kennedy's, Chelsea's, Madison's, and Nolee's are all introduced in Wave 2. Delancey's kittens were introduced in the "Getting Ready" wave, and her adult cat was introduced in "Masquerade Madness". Kenzie's unnamed brown Yorkie is introduced in "Masquerade Madness". Hudson's dog is introduced in "Getting Ready", while River's and Sutton's are introduced in "Masquerade Madness".
Yorkie, is a Yorkshire Terrier owned by Barbie (and later, Kennedy). According to the My Scene website, Yorkie is a female. However, since Yorkie is presented as a white dog, she could well be a West Highland Terrier (Westie) but her breed is uncertain.
Mambo, also known as Churro, is a chihuahua owned by Chelsea. The My Scene website stated that he is male, but he is shown wearing female clothing in the "Teen T-Shirts" line.
Bella is a Carlin Pinscher owned by Madison. Bella is a female, confirmed by the My Scene website, and by her name.
Cookie is a Pug owned by Nolee(and later, Nia). He is male.
Sugar is an adult female cat owned by Delancey. Sugar gave birth to kittens in the "Getting Ready" line, including Pinky, the only kitten that Delancey kept.
Coco is Kenzie's brown Yorkshire Terrier.
Blanca is Jai's Carlin Pinscher.
St. Bernard, is Hudson's' unnamed St. Bernard. It was the only male-owned pet to introduce before "Masquerade Madness", and it is the only one of the male's dogs to be produced twice. The dog was quite large in "Getting Ready", where it was introduced. It was shrunk to the other pet's sizes in its second appearance ("Masquerade Madness"), however.
Bull Mastiff, is River's unnamed Bull Mastiff. It was introduced in "Masquerade Madness".
Husky, is Sutton's unnamed Husky. It was introduced in "Masquerade Madness".
See also
Barbie
Barbie's friends and family
Barbie (media franchise)
My Scene: Jammin' in Jamaica
My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie
Bratz
References
External links
MyScene U.S.
MyScene UK
Mattel
Fashion dolls
Products introduced in 2002
Products and services discontinued in 2011
2000s toys
2010s toys
Toy controversies
2002 web series debuts
2008 web series endings
American flash animated web series
American animated web series |
4393438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur%27s%20Gate%20%28video%20game%29 | Baldur's Gate (video game) | Baldur's Gate is a fantasy role-playing video game that was developed by BioWare and published in 1998 by Interplay Entertainment. It is the first game in the Baldur's Gate series and takes place in the Forgotten Realms, a high fantasy campaign setting, using a modified version of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) 2nd edition rules. It was the first game to use the Infinity Engine for its graphics, with Interplay using the engine for other Forgotten Realms-licensed games, including the Icewind Dale series and Planescape: Torment. The game's story focuses on a player-made character who travels across the Sword Coast alongside a party of companions.
The game received critical acclaim following its release and was credited for revitalizing computer role-playing games. An expansion pack was released titled Tales of the Sword Coast, as was a sequel titled Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn, which later received its own expansion called Throne of Bhaal. An enhanced version of the Infinity Engine was later created as part of Beamdog's remake entitled Baldur's Gate: Enhanced Edition, the first new release in the franchise in nearly nine years. The original Baldur's Gate continues to be referenced as a point of inspiration in modern roleplaying games, and is often cited as one of the best video games ever made.
Gameplay
Players conduct the game from a top-down isometric third-person perspective, creating a character who then travels across pre-rendered locations, taking on quests, recruiting companions to aid them, and combating enemies, while working towards completing the game's main story. Control is done through a user interface that allows a player to move characters and give them actions to undertake, review information on on-going quests and the statistics of characters in their party, manage their inventories, and organize the formation of the party, though the screen does not need to be centered on the characters being controlled and can be moved around with the mouse and keyboard, the latter also capable of accessing various player options through keyboard shortcuts. All of the game play mechanics were coded to conform to the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition role-playing rules, with the game automatically computing rule intricacies, including tracking statistics and dice rolling. Although the game is conducted in real-time, some elements of the rule set were modified to allow it to feature a pausable real-time mode. This allowed players to pause the game at any time and prepare what actions a character would do, including the ability to set the game to automatically pause at preset points in combat.
Each new playthrough requires the player to either create a new character, or import one they exported from a previous playthrough. Every new character requires the player to determine what their name, gender, race, class, and alignment are, and what ability scores and weapon proficiencies they have. New characters can also be multi-class, but must adhere to the restrictions that come from this, in accordance to the 2nd edition rules; for example, a character who is both a cleric and a fighter, may only use weapons of the former class.
The game's main story is divided up into eight parts, featuring a prologue and seven chapters. Each section requires the player to complete a specific task in order to continue. Some areas of the map are not accessible until the player has advanced to a specific chapter. A player may have up to five companions travelling with them in their party, with the player free to decide whom to recruit or dismiss from the party.
The main UI consists of three action bars surrounding the main screen. The first bar consists of a map, journal, character records, their inventories, spellbooks and a clock. The second bar consists of a portrait of each character in the party, their HP, order, and any effects they are experiencing. The third bar provides specific actions per the number of characters being controlled: if a single character is selected, the player has the ability to switch between the weapons the character is wielding, use spells or items, or utilize a character's or piece of equipment's special abilities. If more than one character is selected, the bar displays options for conversing with or attacking NPCs, stop what is being done, or change their formation.
The inventory system allows each character to equip items categorized as: weapons, ammunition, armor, helmets, necklaces, rings, belts, cloaks, feet, or usable. The number of items a character can both equip and carry is affected by their weight limit, which is determined by their Strength ability score; going over this limit will encumber the character causing them to move slowly or prevent them moving altogether until they remove items from their inventory. The system also indicates what equipment a character may not use as defined by their class. This mechanic also determines how many weapon slots they have available; by default, all character have two weapon slots, with an off-hand slot for shields. Some classes allow characters additional weapon slots. Characters may equip three stacks of ammo for ranged weapons (bows, crossbows and slings), and use three different types of usable items (potions, scrolls and wands).
Conversation can be initiated by players selecting a member of the party and clicking on a friendly or neutral NPC. Some conversations are initiated automatically when characters come close to them. Certain NPCs offer services the player can utilize, including buying and selling items and identifying enchanted items. Other useful places include inns where the party can rest in safety to recover lost hit points and memorize spells, as well as temples where characters can pay for healing services, such as resurrecting a dead party member.
Other features that affect gameplay include:
The ability to customize their character after creation, albeit with some restrictions.
The ability to change the primary and minor colors used by each character.
The ability to switch the game's AI on or off, and change what script a character uses.
Most locations are hidden when first visited but are revealed as the character moves around them. A fog of war effect hides explored areas when the player's characters move away from them.
A reputation system that tracks the moral actions of the PC and affects how they are perceived, changing if they resolve a problem or commit a crime in the view of witnesses. Higher reputations cause shops to decrease prices, while lower reputations cause shops to increase prices. Lower reputations may also lead to the character being attacked when in town. Companions are also affected by reputation, with evil companions leaving the party, even attacking it, if it is high, and good and neutral companions leaving when it is low. Some side quests also require a minimum reputation to begin. Certain NPCs may also react negatively or positively depending on their alignment and the player's reputation.
The ability to keep track of in-game time through the changes in lighting and the activity that is occurring. Characters become fatigued after spending a full in-game day, especially after travelling long distances between world map locations, and must rest to recover, either in an inn or camping out in the countryside/within a dungeon.
Characters can be ambushed when camping out or travelling long distances between world map locations.
Players can play either in single-player mode, or in multiplayer mode. The latter allows up to six players to work together online with their own created characters.
Plot
Setting
Baldur's Gate takes place in the fictional world of Ed Greenwood's Forgotten Realms setting, during the year of 1368DR in the midst of an apparent iron shortage, where items made with iron inexplicably rot and break. Focusing upon the western shoreline of Faerûn, the game is set within a stretch of the region known as the Sword Coast, which contains a multitude of ecologies and terrains, including mountains, forests, plains, cities, and ruins, with the story encompassing both the city of Baldur's Gate, the largest and most affluent city in the region, and the lands south of it, including the Cloud Peaks, the Wood of Sharp Teeth, the Cloakwood forest, the town of Beregost and the village of Nashkel, and the fortress citadel of Candlekeep. In addition to the region, a variety of organisations from the Forgotten Realms setting also feature as part of the game's main story, including the Zhentarim, the Red Wizards of Thay, The Iron Throne, the Flaming Fist, The Chill, The Black Talons, and the Harpers.
Characters
Baldur's Gate includes around 25 player companions that can join with the PC. A number of the characters who appear include several who are canon to the official Forgotten Realms campaign setting, including Drizzt Do'Urden and Elminster.
Story
The player character is the young and orphaned ward of the mage Gorion. The two live in the ancient library fortress of Candlekeep. Abruptly, the Ward is instructed by Gorion to prepare to leave the citadel during the night with no explanation. That night, a mysterious armoured figure and his cohorts ambush the pair and order Gorion to hand over the Ward. Gorion refuses, and dies in the ensuing battle, while urging his Ward to escape. The next morning, the Ward encounters Imoen, a childhood friend and fellow orphan from Candlekeep, who had followed them in secret. With Candlekeep no longer accessible to them without Gorion's influence to circumvent its admission fee, and the city of Baldur's Gate currently closed off to outsiders due to bandit raids, the Ward resolves to investigate the cause of the region's Iron Crisis.
Travelling to the mines of Nashkel, the main source of the region's iron, the Ward's party discovers that the mine's ore is being contaminated by a group of kobolds led by a half-orc, and that they and the bandits plaguing the region are being controlled by an organization known as the Iron Throne, a merchant outfit operating out of Baldur's Gate. After sabotaging a mine operated by the Iron Throne in the Cloakwood that would presumably give them total control over the region's iron, the Ward's party travels to the newly reopened Baldur's Gate. Invading the Throne's headquarters, the group learns that proof of the organization's involvement with the Iron Crisis was taken by one of the regional leaders when they and the rest of the leadership were headed to Candlekeep for an important meeting. Revealing their findings to Duke Eltan, the leader of the Flaming Fist, the group receive a rare and valuable book, which would allow them access into Candlekeep, in order to spy on the meeting.
During their investigations in the citadel's library, the Ward discovers a prophecy written by the ancient seer Alaundo, foretelling how the offspring created during the Time of Troubles by the dead god Bhaal, the Lord of Murder, will sow chaos until only one remains to become the new Lord of Murder. The Ward then finds a letter from Gorion revealing that the Ward is among the offspring of Bhaal, known as Bhaalspawn. During their stay at Candlekeep, the Ward's party is imprisoned for the murders of the Iron Throne leaders, regardless of whether or not they did so, until they can be transported to Baldur's Gate to be executed. Tethoril, a prominent keeper in Candlekeep, visits the party and reveals that a suspicious character the party met earlier, Koveras, is really the foster son of one of the now dead Iron Throne leaders. His name is Sarevok; he is the one responsible for Gorion's murder and wishes to kill the Ward as well.
Believing the Ward to be innocent, Tethoril transports the party into the catacombs beneath the fortress, where the party battle their way through doppelgängers, taking on the forms of people the Ward knew in Candlekeep. Returning to Baldur's Gate, the Ward's party find themselves accused of causing the Iron Crisis on the orders of the Kingdom of Amn, assassinating one of the city's Grand Dukes, and poisoning Duke Eltan. Forced to stay hidden from the Flaming Fist, the party discovers that the Iron Throne orchestrated the Iron Crisis to gain control of iron through their mine in the Cloakwood, while using doppelgängers to weaken other merchant outfits, ensuring that they would have a monopoly on iron. With tensions rising between Baldur's Gate and Amn, the organization hoped to sell the stockpiled iron to the city at exorbitant prices. Afterwards, they aimed to de-escalate tensions between Baldur's Gate and Amn.
The party also discovers that Sarevok, having discovered that he was a Bhaalspawn, hoped to fuel distrust between Baldur's Gate and Amn by making each think the other was responsible for creating the crisis, and cause them to go to war. Sarevok believed that the resulting carnage would be enough to allow him to become the new Lord of Murder. Due to the Ward's similar background, he hired assassins to kill them. Sarevok remained loyal to his father until the Iron Throne's meeting in Candlekeep threatened his plans, which led Sarevok to eliminate him and the other regional leaders of the Iron Throne, before taking over the outfit and transferring their stores of iron to the city in order to be seen as a savior. He was also responsible for the poisoning of Duke Eltan and the assassination of one of the four Grand Dukes.
The Ward's party gain entry to the Ducal Palace, where the coronation of Sarevok as a Grand Duke of Baldur's Gate would be held, and present evidence of his schemes. Exposed, Sarevok flees into an ancient underground ruin beneath Baldur's Gate, with the Ward and the party chasing after him. The Ward confronts Sarevok within an ancient temple to Bhaal, and defeats him, saving the Sword Coast and ending their brother's schemes. In the final ending cinematic, Sarevok's tainted soul departs his body and travels deep underground to a large circular chamber of alcoves, and destroys a statue of himself contained in one of the alcoves, whereupon it is revealed that the other alcoves each contain a statue of a Bhaalspawn that exists in Faerûn.
Development and release
Baldur's Gate began development in 1995 by Canadian game developer BioWare, a company founded by Ray Muzyka, Greg Zeschuk, Trent Oster, his brother Brent, Zeschuk's cousin Marcel, and Augustine Yip. The game was initially titled Forgotten Realms. According to Muzyka, "our head programmer has actually read every one of the [Forgotten Realms] books - everything, every single one of the short stories and the paperbacks. He made a point of it. He really wanted to immerse himself". The game required 90 man-years of development, which was spent simultaneously creating the game's content and the BioWare Infinity Engine. The primary script engine for the game (used mainly as a debugging tool) was Lua. DirectDraw was used for the graphics. Wasteland was a major influence on Baldur's Gate, particularly its design philosophy of having more than one possible method to achieve each goal.
Unusually for the time, the graphics were not built from tiles; each background was individually rendered, which greatly extended the amount of time needed to create the game. At the time that the game was shipped, none of the sixty-member team had previously participated in the release of a video game. The time pressure to complete the game led to the use of simple areas and game design. Ray Muzyka said that the team held a "passion and a love of the art" and they developed a "collaborative design spirit". He believes that the game was successful because of the collaboration with Interplay.
According to writer Luke Kristjanson, the character of Imoen was a late addition to fill a "non-psychotic-thief gap in the early levels". Kristjanson assembled Imoen's lines by editing voice-over for a guard character named Pique from an unused demo, and explained that her lack of voiced dialogue or standalone interactions with other party members throughout the game was due to budgetary constraints. The wife of Dean Anderson, a team member who later served as the art director of the 2009 role-playing game Dragon Age: Origins, was the basis for Imoen's facial features as depicted in her character portrait.
Baldur's Gate was released on December 21, 1998, and was published by Black Isle Studios, an internal division of Interplay.
Reception
Sales
According to Feargus Urquhart, Interplay's commercial forecasts for Baldur's Gate were "very low". He noted that the publisher's headquarters in Britain predicted zero sales in that region. Lifetime projections for the German market were "no more than 50,000" copies, reported Udo Hoffman of PC Player. Internally, BioWare's worldwide sales goal was 200,000 units, a number that PC Zones Dave Woods said would "justify work on the sequel". However, the game became an unexpected commercial hit. Ray Muzyka attributed this success in part to the Dungeons & Dragons license, and to the team's decision to use fan feedback during development, which he felt had increased the game's mass-market appeal.
Following its shipment to retailers on December 21, Baldur's Gate began to sell at a "phenomenal rate", according to Mark Asher of CNET Gamecenter. He wrote at the time that its "first run of 50,000 copies sold out immediately and Interplay's elves are working hard to get more games to the stores". The title debuted in the United States at #3 on PC Data's computer game sales rankings for the week ending January 2, 1999. It sold-through 55,071 copies in the country by the end of 1998, for revenues of $2.56 million. In its second week, Baldur's Gate rose to #2 in the United States. Internationally, it debuted at #1 on 's computer game charts for the German market in the first half of January 1999, and reached first place on Chart-Track's equivalent for the United Kingdom by its second week. According to Interplay, Baldur's Gate also took #1 on the charts in Canada and France. Its global sales reached 175,000 units by mid-January 1999, a sales rate that the Los Angeles Times reported as Interplay's fastest ever. This performance led to a stock-price increase for the company.
In the United States, Baldur's Gate remained in PC Data's weekly top 3 from January 10 through February 6. It claimed #1 for January, with sales of 80,500 copies and revenues of $3.6 million in the country that month. Supply shortages continued throughout much of January. The game likewise secured Media Control's #1 position for the entirety of that month, and held at #1 for the United Kingdom in its third week. Baldur's Gate subsequently took #4 for February in the German market and #3 in the United States, after holding in the latter country's weekly top 10 from February 7 – March 6. By mid-February, Gamecenter reported sales of 450,000 units for Baldur's Gate, which Asher called "the biggest hit Interplay has had since Descent" and a rebuttal to the common belief that role-playing games were commercially moribund. Worldwide sales totaled more than 500,000 copies by the end of that month. Despite these figures, Interplay posted a loss of $16 million for the fourth quarter of 1998, and of $28 million for the year. Brian Fargo attributed the losses in part to Baldur's Gate: he wrote that it "did not ship until the last days of 1998, which reduced shipments in the quarter to about half the projected volume".
Baldur's Gate maintained its unbroken streak in PC Data's weekly top 10 through the week ending March 27, after which it was absent. It then took seventh for March, and was absent from the United States' monthly top 20 by April. However, it held in Chart-Track's British top 20 during April, after 13 weeks; and in Media Control's top 10 and top 20 during the second halves of March, April and May. Baldur's Gates sales in the German market during its initial months reached 90,000 units, a success for the region. By the end of May 1999, it received a "Gold" award from the (VUD), for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Coinciding with the release of the Tales of the Sword Coast expansion pack in the United States, Baldur's Gate returned to PC Data's top 10 for a week in May. Thereafter, it became a staple of the firm's monthly top 20 from May through August.
Interplay reported worldwide sales of nearly 700,000 copies for Baldur's Gate by June, and it was the United States' second-best-selling computer game during the first half of 1999, behind SimCity 3000. As of September, it had sold above 300,000 units and earned roughly $15 million in revenues in the country during 1999 alone. A writer for PC Accelerator remarked that this success "created an almost audible sigh of relief from publisher Interplay". By November 1999, Baldur's Gate had sold roughly 1 million units worldwide. It claimed ninth place for 1999 in the United States, with a total of 356,448 sales that year. At $15.7 million in revenue, it was the country's seventh-highest-grossing computer game of 1999.
Sales of Baldur's Gate continued in 2000: by March, it had surpassed 500,000 copies sold in the United States, which led Desslock of GameSpot to describe the title as an "undisputed commercial blockbuster". U.S. sales had risen to 600,000 units by April 2001, while global sales totaled 1.5 million copies that May. The game proceeded to sell 83,208 units in the United States from February 2001 through the first week of November alone. Worldwide, Baldur's Gate ultimately surpassed 2.2 million sales by early 2003. By 2015 the game sold about 2.8 million copies.
Reviews and awards
Baldur's Gate received positive reviews from virtually every major computer gaming publication that reviewed it. At the time of the game's release, PC Gamer US said that Baldur's Gate "reigns supreme over every RPG currently available, and sets new standards for those to come". Computer Shopper called it "clearly the best Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) game ever to grace a PC screen". Maximum PC magazine compared the gameplay to Diablo, but noted its more extensive selection of features and options. The pixel-based characters were panned, but the reviewer stated that "the gloriously rendered backgrounds make up for that shortcoming". The main criticism was of the problems with the path finding algorithm for non-player characters. Despite this, the game was deemed an "instant classic" because of the amount of customization allowed, the "fluid story lines", and the replayability. The reviewer from Pyramid felt that the "basic buzz was positive" surrounding the development of the game. The "actual results are a mixed bag, but there's real promise for the future" thanks to the inclusion of the Infinity Engine.
Baldur's Gate was awarded "PC Role-Playing Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences during the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. The game also won computer role-playing game awards by the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design, Computer Gaming World, the Game Developers Conference, Computer Games Strategy Plus, IGN, CNET Gamecenter, The Electric Playground, RPG Vault, PC Gamer US and GameSpot. IGN, Computer Games and RPG Vault also presented it with their overall "Game of the Year" awards. The editors of Computer Games wrote that Baldur's Gate "delivers everything you could ask for in a computer game."
Baldur's Gate was #3 on CBR's 2020 "10 Of The Best DnD Stories To Start Off With" list — the article states that "beyond giving some insight on the Sword Coast, the game also provides a diverse cast of characters that your character can recruit into their party. This cast of character serves as a great source of inspiration to make interesting player characters".
Legacy
According to IGN, Baldur's Gate did much to revive the role-playing video game genre. John Harris of Gamasutra wrote that it "rescued computer D&D from the wastebasket". According to GameSpy, Baldur's Gate was a "triumph" that "single-handedly revived" the computer role-playing game and "almost made gamers forgive Interplay for Descent to Undermountain". IGN ranked Baldur's Gate number five on their list of "The Top 11 Dungeons & Dragons Games of All Time" in 2014. Phil Savage of PC Gamer praised Bioware's level design for the titular city in Baldur's Gate, stating that "Baldur's Gate feels vast, exciting and dangerous—just like a proper city".
Baldur's Gate was the first game in the Baldur's Gate series. It was followed by the expansion pack Tales of the Sword Coast (1999), then the sequel Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn (2000) and its expansion pack Throne of Bhaal (2001). As of 2006, total sales for all releases in the series was almost five million copies. The series set the standard for other games using AD&D rules, especially those developed by BioWare and Black Isle Studios: Planescape: Torment (1999), Icewind Dale (2000), and Icewind Dale II (2002). The novel Baldur's Gate (1999) by Philip Athans was based on the game.
Baldur's Gate was re-released along with its expansion in 2000 as Baldur's Gate Double Pack, and again in 2002 as a three CD collection entitled Baldur's Gate: The Original Saga. In 2002, the game and its expansion were released along with Icewind Dale, Icewind Dale: Heart of Winter and Planescape: Torment as the Black Isle Compilation. In 2004, it was re-released, this time along with Icewind Dale II, in Part Two of the compilation. Atari published the Baldur's Gate 4 in 1 Boxset including all four games on a combination of DVDs and CDs.
Baldur's Gate and its expansion were released digitally on Good Old Games (later GOG.com) on September 23, 2010. It has also been made available via GameStop App as part of the D&D Anthology: The Master Collection, which also includes the expansion Baldur's Gate: Tales of the Sword Coast, Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn, Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal, Icewind Dale, Icewind Dale: Heart of Winter, Icewind Dale: Trials of the Luremaster, Icewind Dale II, Planescape: Torment, and The Temple of Elemental Evil.
On March 15, 2012, a remake was announced entitled Baldur's Gate: Enhanced Edition. Five days later, Overhaul Games announced that the Enhanced Edition would also be released for the Apple iPad. On September 14, Trent Oster, president of Overhaul Games, announced that the game's release would be delayed until November, citing an overwhelming response and a desire to "make the best Baldur's Gate possible". The game was launched for Microsoft Windows on November 28, 2012, for iPad running iOS 6 or greater on December 7, 2012, for Mac OS X on February 22, 2013, and for Android on April 17, 2014. Baldur's Gate III was released by Larian Studios on August 3, 2023, after its first act being available in early access since October 2020.
Skybound Games, a division of Skybound Entertainment, brought Baldur's Gate: Enhanced Edition to the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch on October 15, 2019.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
1998 video games
Baldur's Gate video games
BioWare games
Cancelled Dreamcast games
Cancelled PlayStation (console) games
Classic Mac OS games
Cooperative video games
Infinity Engine games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Mobile games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Origins Award winners
Role-playing video games
Video games adapted into novels
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Michael Hoenig
Video games with expansion packs
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Windows games |
4393502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral%20architecture | Sacral architecture | Sacral architecture (also known as sacred architecture or religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design and construction of places of worship or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples. Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity. Conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public.
Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, prior to the modern skyscraper. While the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other structures, these styles also remained unique from the contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise of Christianity and Islam, religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship, prayer and meditation.
The Western scholarly discipline of the history of architecture itself closely follows the history of religious architecture from ancient times until the Baroque period, at least. Sacred geometry, iconography, and the use of sophisticated semiotics such as signs, symbols and religious motifs are endemic to sacred architecture.
Spiritual aspects of religious architecture
Sacred or religious architecture is sometimes called sacred space.
Architect Norman L. Koonce has suggested that the goal of sacred architecture is to make "transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and the spirit." In discussing sacred architecture, Protestant minister Robert Schuller suggested that "to be psychologically healthy, human beings need to experience their natural setting—the setting we were designed for, which is the garden." Meanwhile, Richard Kieckhefer suggests that entering into a religious building is a metaphor for entering into spiritual relationship. Kieckhefer suggests that sacred space can be analyzed by three factors affecting spiritual process: longitudinal space emphasizes the procession and return of sacramental acts, auditorium space is suggestive of proclamation and response, and new forms of communal space designed for gathering and return depend to a great degree on minimized scale to enhance intimacy and participation in worship. The scholar of religious studies Florin George Călian affirms that "the sacred space is the place where the transcendent becomes immanent, and where the devotee can access God."
Ancient architecture
Sacred architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including Neolithic architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture and Sumerian architecture. Ancient religious buildings, particularly temples, were often viewed as the dwelling place, the temenos of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are also examples of architectural structures reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The Temple of Karnak at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years and its numerous temples comprise what may be the largest religious structure ever built. Ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated archaeologists and captured the public imagination for millennia.
Classical architecture
Around 600 BCE the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns. With the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The Parthenon, which served as a treasury building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture.
Dharmic religion architecture
Indian architecture is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography and geology of the Indian subcontinent. India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as Siraf and China as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles. The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West, Central Asia, and Europe.
Buddhism
Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia beginning in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism: viharas and stupas.
Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist monasticism. An existing example is at Nalanda (Bihar).
The initial function of the stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha. The earliest existing example of a stupa is in Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh). In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas (stupa halls). These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes of Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra).
The pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa that is marked by a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia.
Buddhist temples were developed rather later and outside South Asia, where Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards, though an early example is that of the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. The architectural structure of the stupa spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms as details specific to different regions were incorporated into the overall design. It was spread to China and the Asian region by Araniko, a Nepali architect in the early 13th century for Kublai Khan.
Hinduism
Hindu temple architecture is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect Vishvakarma. It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorporate elements of astronomy and sacred geometry. In Hindu belief, the temple represents the macrocosm of the universe as well as the microcosm of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu temple architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense decorative embellishments and ornamentation.
Christian architecture
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less strictly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected.
One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian I's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.
European medieval architecture
The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the Latin cross plan, which takes the Roman basilica as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a nave, transepts, and the altar stands at the east end (see cathedral diagram). Also, cathedrals influenced or commissioned by Justinian I employed the Byzantine style of domes and a Greek cross (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the center of the church. The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The Urnes stave church () in Norway is a superb example of a medieval stave church.
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture was particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. Originating in 12th century France, it was known during the period as ("French work"). The style originated at the abbey church of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris. Other notable Gothic religious structures include Notre-Dame de Paris, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens, and the Chartres Cathedral.
Renaissance architecture
The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. Filippo Brunelleschi's plan for the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian Renaissance architecture.
Baroque architecture
Evolving from Renaissance to Baroque was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Most architectural historians regard Michelangelo's design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome as a precursor to the Baroque style; this can be recognized by broader interior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection. The most important early example of Baroque architecture was the Santa Susanna by Carlo Maderno. St Paul's Cathedral in London by Christopher Wren is regarded as the prime example of the rather late influence of the Baroque style in England.
Mormon temples
Temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the Kirtland Temple built in the 1830s, to the castellated Gothic styles of the early Utah temples, to the dozens of modern temples built today.
Early temples, and some modern temples, have a priesthood assembly room with two sets of pulpits at each end of the room, with chairs or benches that can be altered to face either way. Most, but not all temples have the recognizable statue of the Angel Moroni atop a spire. The Nauvoo Temple and the Salt Lake Temple are adorned with symbolic stonework, representing various aspects of the faith.
Modern and post-modern architectures
Modern architecture spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. The most influential modernist architects in the early to mid 20th century include Dominikus Böhm, Rudolf Schwarz, and Auguste Perret. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, Unity Temple in Chicago is a Unitarian Universalist congregation designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by Walter Netsch and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect Pietro Belluschi designed the strikingly modern Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to Vatican II.
Postmodern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. The Temple at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect Gyo Obata after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by Jose Rafael Moneo in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. The Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń on the other hand is a much more traditional edifice. Designed by Barbara Bielecka and built between 1994 and 2004, its form includes references to a number of Polish structures. The columns possess a slenderness and delicacy inspired by those of the Renaissance court of Wawel Castle in Kraków, while the huge 420-foot spire that will be erected next to the basilica bears more than an accidental resemblance to the Baroque spire that adorns the Jasna Gora monastery of Czestochowa, home of the Black Madonna.
Shaker communities
Shaker communities were semiotically architectured upon the crux of the compass rose.
Islam
Early Islamic architecture
Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic horseshoe arches, vaults and domes. Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. Notable mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia.
The earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced 'Arab-plan' or hypostyle mosques during the Umayyad Dynasty. These mosques follow a square or rectangular plan with enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat prayer hall roofs, which required numerous columns and supports. The Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain was constructed as a hypostyle mosque supported by over 850 columns. Arab-plan mosques continued under the Abbasid dynasty.
Ottoman architecture
The Ottomans introduced 'central dome' mosques in the 15th century that have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having one large dome at the center, there are often smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, in areas where prayer is not performed. The Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem is perhaps the best known example of a central dome mosque.
Iranian sacral architecture
'Iwan mosques' are most notable for their domed chambers and iwans, which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. In iwan mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and has been used almost exclusively for mosques in Iran. Many iwan mosques are converted Zoroastrian fire temples where the courtyard was used to house the sacred fire. Today, iwan mosques are no longer built. The Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran is a classic example of an iwan mosque.
Characteristic features and styles
A common feature in mosques is the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and unnecessary. The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose – calling the faithful to prayer.
Domes have been a hallmark of Islamic architecture since the 7th century. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia.
The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall. Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with Arabic calligraphy and verses from the Qur'an on the walls.
Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qibla wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. The qibla wall is normally set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca. Worshippers pray in rows parallel to the qibla wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qibla wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the'qibla wall. Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during Friday prayers, a raised minbar or pulpit is located to the side of the mihrab for a khatib or some other speaker to offer a sermon (khutbah). The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.
Mosques often have ablution fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. However, worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard. Modern mosques may have a variety of amenities available to their congregants and the community, such as health clinics, libraries and gymnasiums.
Bahá'í Houses of Worship
Bahá'í Houses of Worship or Mas͟hriqu'l-Ad͟hkár (Arabic: مشرق اﻻذكار "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God") exemplify the principles of the Bahá'í Faith of unity in diversity, the unity of God, the unity of His prophets and religions, and the unity of humanity. These spiritual principles give rise to new forms of architectural expression that serve as spaces in which people of all beliefs, cultures, and backgrounds gather together, meditate, reflect, and pray, and around which will be built social, humanitarian, educational, and scientific institutions. The design of each Bahá'í House of Worship reflects unifying elements of their environment, emerging from a grassroots approach of consultation with the native people, each having nine sides and nine entrances, the number nine being symbolic of unity. Eight continental and two local Bahá’í Houses of Worship have been built so far.
See also
Chapel
Ġgantija
Mandir
Hierotopy
Sanctum sanctorum
Sacred site
Notes
References
Jeanne Halgren Kilde, When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Church Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America. (Oxford University Press:2002). ISBN
Michael E. DeSanctis, Building from Belief: Advance, Retreat, and Compromise in the Remaking of Catholic Church Architecture.. (Liturgical Press:2002). ISBN
Richard Kieckhefer, Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley. (Oxford University Press, USA: 2004). ISBN
Anne C. Loveland and Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History. (University of Missouri Press:2003). ISBN
Michael S. Rose, Ugly as Sin: Why They Changed Our Churches from Sacred Places to Meeting Spaces -- and How We Can Change Them Back Again. (Sophia Institute Press: 2001). ISBN
Steven J. Schloeder, Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture. (Ignatius Press: 1998). .
R. Kevin Seasoltz, A Sense Of The Sacred: Theological Foundations Of Christian Architecture And Art. (Continuum International Publishing Group: 2005) ISBN
Further reading
Bain, George. Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction. Dover, 1973. .
Bamford, Christopher. Homage to Pythagoras: Rediscovering Sacred Science, Lindisfarne Press, 1994, .
Calian, George. Sacred Spaces in Motion, RES, 2021, .
.
.
.
Johnson, Anthony: Solving Stonehenge, the New Key to an Ancient Enigma. Thames & Hudson 2008 .
Lawlor, Robert: Sacred Geometry: Philosophy and practice (Art and Imagination). Thames & Hudson, 1989 (1st edition 1979, 1980, or 1982). .
.
Lippard, Lucy R.: Overlay: Contemporary Art and the Art of Prehistory. Pantheon Books New York 1983 .
Michell, John. City of Revelation. Abacus, 1972. .
Schloeder, Steven J., Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture. (Ignatius Press: 1998). .
.
Schneider, Michael S.: A Beginner's Guide to Constructing the Universe: Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art, and Science. Harper Paperbacks, 1995. .
Pennick, Nigel: Beginnings: Geomancy, Builders' Rites and Electional Astrology in the European Tradition .
Pennick, Nigel: Sacred Geometry: Symbolism and Purpose in Religious Structures.
Pennick, Nigel: The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Living in Harmony with the Earth.
Pennick, Nigel: The Sacred Art of Geometry: Temples of the Phoenix.
Pennick, Nigel: The Oracle of Geomancy.
Pennick, Nigel: The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Man in Harmony with the Earth.
West, John Anthony, Inaugural Lines: Sacred geometry at St. John the Divine, Parabola magazine, v.8, n.1, Spring 1983.
External links
Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture American Institute of Architects
Architecture, Culture & Spirituality
Sacred Architecture online journal
Holiness
Sacred geometry |
4393664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%20in%20baseball | 1919 in baseball |
Headline Event of the Year
Chicago White Sox players accused of throwing World Series, resulting in the Black Sox scandal.
Champions
World Series: Cincinnati Reds over Chicago White Sox (5–3)
Awards and honors
MLB Most Valuable Player Award
None
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Events
January
January 26 – After the city of Pasadena, California passed an ordinance requiring all people to wear masks in public due to the Spanish flu pandemic, a California Winter League game took place between the Pasadena and La Habra teams in which all players and umpires wore masks.
January 30 – The Cincinnati Reds hire Pat Moran as manager when no word is received from manager Christy Mathewson, who is still in France.
January 31 – Future Hall of Fame member Jackie Robinson is born to Jerry and Mallie Robinson in Cairo, Georgia. Robinson will become the first African American player in 20th century major league history when he debuts for the Brooklyn Dodgers in .
February
February 1 – After winning an out-of-court settlement of his suit against the Brooklyn Robins for the balance of his salary ($2,150) when the 1918 season ended a month early, former MVP Jake Daubert is traded to the Reds for OF Tommy Griffith.
February 5 – Charges brought in 1918 by Reds owner Garry Herrmann and manager Christy Mathewson against Hal Chase for betting against his team and throwing games in collusion with gamblers are dismissed by National League president John Heydler.
February 19 - The Reds trade Chase to the New York Giants in exchange for first baseman Walter Holke and catcher Bill Rariden.
February 21 – The New York Yankees acquire 35-year-old spitballer Jack Quinn from Vernon (PCL), sending in exchange P Happy Finneran, 1B Zinn Beck, and cash. Quinn will be named a designated spitballer when the wet pitch is outlawed, and in 1921 he will help the Yankees to their first American League pennant. Quinn won't call it quits until he's 50.
February 28 - The St, Louis Browns purchase the contract of catcher Wally Mayer from the Boston Red Sox for the sum of $5,000.
March
March 1 – Philadelphia Athletics owner Connie Mack makes one of his biggest player mistakes, trading 3B Larry Gardner, OF Charlie Jamieson, and P Elmer Myers to Cleveland in exchange for OF Braggo Roth. Vet writer Ernest Lanigan predicts that Roth will lead the circuit in homers at Shibe Park, but Roth will be shipped on to Boston by midseason. Gardner will put in six more .300 years, and Jamieson will be a top leadoff man and .303 hitter for the next 14 years.
March 7 – Christy Mathewson, back from World War I, rejoins the Giants as pitching coach and heir apparent to John McGraw.
March 17 – The Boston Red Sox, minus holdouts Carl Mays and Babe Ruth, sail from New York aboard the S.S. Arapahoe. The trip to spring training is stormy and most of the players will be seasick.
April
April 18 - The Brooklyn Robins purchase the contract of outfielder Lee Magee from the Cincinnati Reds. Magee would later be a key figure in Hal Chase's banishment from baseball when Magee confided to National League president John Heydler that Chase tried to bribe him to not hustle in a game.
April 19 – Pushed through the legislature by future New York City mayor Jimmy Walker, a bill legalizing Sunday baseball in the state is signed by Governor Al Smith.
April 25- Dickey Kerr makes his major league debut for the Chicago White Sox. He relieved starter Dave Danforth and pitched seven innings in a 7-2 loss to the St. Louis Browns. Kerr did not figure in the decision.
May
May 4 – The New York Giants play their first legal Sunday game at home, before 35,000 fans, losing to the Philadelphia Phillies, 4–3. More than 25,000 turn out in Brooklyn the same day. By early June, the Giants will outdraw their 1918 attendance.
May 6- A 24 year old outfielder named George Halas makes his MLB debut for the New York Yankees. He goes one for four in a game against the Philadelphia Athletics. This would be the only season Halas plays in the majors before he became one of the founders of the National Football League.
May 11:
Cincinnati Reds right-hander Hod Eller pitches a 6–0 no-hitter over the St. Louis Cardinals.
Walter Johnson retires 28 consecutive batters during a 12-inning scoreless tie against Jack Quinn and the New York Yankees. Future football immortal George Halas, batting leadoff for New York, goes 0-for-5 with two strikeouts.
May 15 – The Cincinnati Reds bomb Al Mamaux for 10 runs in the 13th innings to beat the Brooklyn Robins, 10–0. Reds RF Greassy Neale has a record 10 putouts.
May 20 – Red Sox pitcher Babe Ruth hit his first career grand slam home run; the bomb comes against Dave Davenport of the St. Louis Browns in St. Louis. Boston wins 6–4.
May 21 – The Giants send Jim Thorpe to Boston for the $1,500 waiver price.
May 23 – It's Hank Gowdy Day in Boston, the catcher's first game after returning from the Army. He hits the first pitch he sees for a single.
June
June 14 – Chicago White Sox ace Eddie Cicotte beats the Philadelphia Athletics for the 12th straight time en route to a 29–7 record and a 1.82 ERA.
The New York Giants sign free agent infielder Frankie Frisch. Without spending a day in the minor leagues, Frisch, who'd just graduated from Fordham, makes his MLB three days later versus Chicago.
June 23:
Boston Red Sox 1B Stuffy McInnis makes his first error of the year after handling 526 chances.
Chicago White Sox CF Happy Felsch handles a record-tying 12 chances in a nine-inning game. Only Harry Bay of Cleveland in 1904 has been so busy.
July
July 1 – Going 5-for-5 in a 9–4 win over the Phillies, Brooklyn's Ed Konetchy gets his 10th straight hit, tying Jake Gettman's record set with Washington in 1897. Both will be topped by Walt Dropo in 1952.
July 6 – William Veeck, former sportswriter, replaces Fred Mitchell as Chicago Cubs president, but Mitchell remains as manager for the team.
July 8 – Jack Coombs resigns as manager of the last-place Philadelphia Phillies. Slugger Gavvy Cravath replaces him.
July 29 - The New York Yankees trade pitchers Bob McGraw and Allen Russell to the Boston Red Sox for a player to be named later. The trade is completed the next day when the Red Sox ship pitcher Carl Mays to the Yankees.
August
August 8 – The Pittsburgh Pirates trade Casey Stengel to the Phillies for Possum Whitted, who will bat .389 for Pittsburgh in the last 35 games of the season.
August 11 – Cleveland's Tris Speaker ties an AL record, scoring five runs in a 15–9 win at New York.
August 14:
Babe Ruth hits his 17th home run, the first of seven homers in 12 days, which will include his fourth grand slam, setting an AL record until 1959. The Yankees overcome Muddy Ruel's hitting into a triple play and beat the Tigers in 15 innings, 5–4.
Chicago White Sox CF Happy Felsch ties the major-league record with four OF assists in one game, but the Boston Red Sox beats Chicago 15–6.
The Brooklyn Robins waste no time in splitting a pair with the Chicago Cubs, losing 2–0 in an hour and 10 minutes, then winning 1–0 in one hour and seven minutes in the second game.
August 16 – The St. Louis Browns set an AL record with 53 total chances against the Philadelphia Athletics, but lose 7–4. The Browns have 26 assists and St. Louis 1B George Sisler has 17 putouts. With no putouts, the St. Louis outfielders have the day off.
August 20:
Wichita OF Joe Wilhoit (Western League) fails to get a hit, ending a 69-game streak in which he collected 155 hits in 299 at bats for a .505 batting average. The previous record was 49 by Oakland's Jack Ness (Pacific Coast League) in 1915.
The New York Yankees purchase the contracts of outfielder Bob Meusel from Vernon of the PCL, and pitcher Rip Collins from Dallas in the Texas League. Both players would play key roles in the Yankees' 1921 AL Pennant team.
August 24 – Cleveland Indians P Ray Caldwell is flattened by a bolt of lightning in his debut with the team. He recovers to get the final out of the game, and defeats the Philadelphia Athletics 2–1.
August 26 – New York Giants 1B Hal Chase handles 35 chances against the Pittsburgh Pirates during a doubleheader.
August 28- Bucky Harris makes his MLB debut for the Washington Senators, playing second base. Harris would eventually make the hall of fame as a manager.
September
September 2 – The National Commission recommends a best-of-nine World Series games. The lengthier World Series is seen as a sign of greed and is abandoned after three years.
September 8 – Babe Ruth hits his 26th home run off Jack Quinn at the Polo Grounds, breaking the 25-HR record set by Buck Freeman in 1899.
September 10 – Cleveland Indians' pitcher Ray Caldwell, struck by lightning 2 weeks earlier, no-hits his former teammates New York Yankees 3–0 at the Polo Grounds.
September 16 – Dutch Ruether beats the New York Giants, 4–3, to clinch the Cincinnati Reds first pennant since 1882, during their American Association days.
September 20 – Babe Ruth ties Ned Williamson's major-league home run mark of 27 with a game-winner off Lefty Williams of the Chicago White Sox. Four days later, Ruth will hit his 28 over the roof of the Polo Grounds.
September 21 – The Cubs beat the Braves 3–0 in 58 minutes of playing time. It takes the Robins 55 minutes to beat the Reds 3–1. Slim Sallee throws 65 pitches, topping Christy Mathewson's 69-pitch complete game. One week later the Giants will close the season beating the Phillies, 6–1, to set a record 51 minutes.
September 24:
The Chicago White Sox' 6–5 win over the St. Louis Browns clinches the AL pennant; the final margin will be 3½ games over the Cleveland Indians.
The Brooklyn Robins defeat the Phillies twice on Fred Luderus Day in Philadelphia. The second game is the 528th in a row played by the Phillies 1B, who is presented with a diamond stickpin and gold watch between games to commemorate his endurance effort. He will end the season with a consecutive-game streak of 533.
Boston Red Sox pitcher Waite Hoyt throws nine perfect innings against the New York Yankees, but they come in the 13th in which he gives up hits to lose 2–1.
September 27 – Babe Ruth hit his 29th home run and his first of the year in Washington, to become the first player to hit at least one home run in every AL park in the same season.
September 28 – On the last day of the season, Jesse Barnes won his National League-leading 25th victory, 6–1, over Lee Meadows and the Philadelphia Phillies at Polo Grounds. The game was played at a feverish pace and lasted a mere 51 minutes, a major league record that still stands as the shortest nine-inning game ever played.
October
October 1 – Just before the start of the World Series, the highly favored Chicago White Sox became the betting underdogs. A year later the White Sox will become the Black Sox, and eight of them: pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams, outfielders Shoeless Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch, 1B Chick Gandil, SS Swede Risberg, 3B Buck Weaver, and utility infielder Fred McMullin, will be barred from baseball for taking part in throwing the Series. It will take that long for the story to unfold, as most observers at the time see nothing amiss when the Series opens in Cincinnati.
October 9 – The Cincinnati Reds defeat the Chicago White Sox, 10-5, in Game 8 of the World Series to win their first World Championship, five games to three. The events of the series are often associated with the Black Sox Scandal, when several members of the Chicago franchise conspired with gamblers to throw World Series games. The 1919 World Series was the last World Series to take place without a Commissioner of Baseball in place. In , the various franchise owners installed Kenesaw Mountain Landis as the first "Commissioner of Baseball".
November
November 10 – Clark Griffith becomes a club owner and president when he joins Philadelphia grain broker William Richardson in buying controlling interest in the Washington Senators for $175,000. Griffith, unable to get financial help from the American League, mortgages his Montana ranch to raise funds.
December
December 10:
The National League votes to ban the spitball's use by all new pitchers. The ban will be formally worked out by the Rules Committee in February.
With the opposition led by New York, Boston, and Chicago owners, the American League directors pass a resolution accusing Ban Johnson of overstepping his duties. They demand that league files be turned over to them and that an auditor review all financial accounts.
December 26 – Although it will not be officially announced until January, the New York Yankees buy Babe Ruth from financially pressed Harry Frazee, paying $125,000 (one-fourth cash, plus $25,000 a year at six percent) plus guaranteeing a $300,000 loan with Fenway Park as collateral.
December 29 – The Boston Red Sox send OF Braggo Roth and 2B Red Shannon to the Washington Senators in exchange for P Harry Harper, OF Mike Menosky and 3B Eddie Foster.
Births
January
January 1 – Sherry Robertson
January 2 – Bill Harman
January 3 – Ed Sauer
January 8 – Don White
January 9 – Charlie Sproull
January 11 – Lou Rochelli
January 13 – Ben Guintini
January 22 – Diomedes Olivo
January 29 – Hank Edwards
January 29 – Bill Voiselle
January 31 – Ken Gables
January 31 – Jackie Robinson
February
February 1 – Norm Brown
February 5 – Cy Buker
February 5 – Bill Burgo
February 7 – Stan Galle
February 13 – Bobby Rhawn
February 15 – Ducky Detweiler
February 22 – Johnny Lucadello
February 24 – Del Wilber
February 25 – Monte Irvin
March
March 3 – Bud Souchock
March 4 – Les Mueller
March 5 – Don Savage
March 7 – Junior Walsh
March 15 – Ray Noble
March 15 – Whitey Wietelmann
March 16 – Tom Gorman
March 17 – Pete Reiser
March 18 – Mickey Rutner
March 18 – Hal White
March 25 – Bill Evans
March 28 – Vic Raschi
March 30 – Bud Sketchley
April
April 2 – Earl Johnson
April 3 – Larry Shepard
April 11 – Hank Schenz
April 18 – Bob Ferguson
April 20 – Earl Harrist
April 21 – Stan Rojek
April 28 – Charlie Metro
May
May 1 – Al Zarilla
May 4 – Cy Block
May 9 – Carl Lindquist
May 11 – Porter Vaughan
May 13 – Bill Kinnamon
May 15 – Ed Wright
May 16 – Stubby Overmire
May 16 – Lefty Phillips
May 19 – Earl Naylor
May 20 – Harry Taylor
May 24 – Jack Phillips
May 28 – Art Lopatka
May 28 – Steve Nagy
May 29 – Al Brancato
June
June 8 – Dee Phillips
June 8 – Charley Schanz
June 11 – Earl Jones
June 20 – Bill Clemensen
July
July 6 – Hardin Cathey
July 7 – Hugh East
July 8 – Charlie Gilbert
July 9 – Lillian Luckey
July 10 – Dain Clay
July 10 – Daisy Junor
July 12 – Johnny Wyrostek
July 14 – Crash Davis
July 16 – Art Johnson
July 16 – Tommy Tatum
July 17 – Hal Erickson
July 23 – Strick Shofner
August
August 4 – Lillian Jackson
August 5 – Buddy Gremp
August 6 – Leon Culberson
August 6 – Bobby Sturgeon
August 9 – Ralph Houk
August 9 – Fred Sanford
August 11 – Luis Rodríguez Olmo
August 12 – Fred Hutchinson
August 15 – Ted Pawelek
August 16 – Alcibíades Colón
August 17 – Clem Hausmann
August 17 – Ernie Nevel
August 21 – Dalmiro Finol, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1994)
August 22 – Ed Freed
August 22 – Hank LaManna
August 28 – Chip Marshall
August 29 – Billy Cox
August 29 – Orval Grove
August 31 – Jack Wallaesa
September
September 1 – Gladys Davis
September 1 – Jim Hopper
September 4 – Eddie Waitkus
September 5 – Ray Goolsby
September 5 – Tom Jordan
September 8 – Jimmie Armstead
September 11 – Barney Olsen
September 15 – Mike Budnick
September 16 – Bruce Konopka
September 16 – Penny O'Brian
September 27 – Bill Ayers
September 27 – Johnny Pesky
September 29 – Slim Emmerich
October
October 1 – Bob Boyd
October 1 – Barney Mussill
October 2 – Joe Buzas
October 3 – Joe Wood
October 7 – Tommy Hughes
October 8 – Bob Gillespie
October 16 – Ed Bahr
October 17 – Charlie Cozart
October 17 – Howie Moss
October 18 – Lee Pfund
October 19 – Jack Niemes
October 20 – Jack Franklin
October 26 – Jack Cassini
October 27 – Don Richmond
November
November 2 – Bill Mills
November 3 – Spider Jorgensen
November 6 – Frank Carswell
November 7 – Tommy Neill
November 9 – Jerry Priddy
November 10 – Harry Feldman
November 11 – Glenn Elliott
November 15 – Bill Burgo
November 17 – Ray Lamanno
November 20 – Rugger Ardizoia
November 24 – Napoleón Reyes
November 26 – Danny Reynolds
December
December 1 – Pete Wojey
December 3 – Hooks Iott
December 3 – James Tillman
December 5 – Baby Ortiz
December 10 – Irene Kotowicz
December 10 – Andy Tomasic
December 11 – Merl Combs
December 15 – Ken Trinkle
December 17 – Johnny Kucab
December 26 – Gene Markland
December 30 – Pete Layden
December 31 – Tommy Byrne
December 31 – Loyd Christopher
Deaths
January–February
January 1 – Gene Curtis, 35, outfielder for the 1903 Pittsburgh Pirates.
January 3 – Al Schellhase, 54, outfielder for the 1890 Boston Beaneaters (NL) and the 1891 Louisville Colonels (AA).
January 3 – Art Rico, 23, Italian-born catcher who played from 1916 through 1917 for the Boston Braves of the National League.
January 6 – Jake Stenzel, 51, National League center fielder for four different clubs between 1890 and 1899, a five-time .300 hitter whose career batting average of .339 is the 12th highest in Major League history.
January 8 – Jim O'Rourke, 68, left fielder for Boston, Buffalo and New York who batted .314 lifetime and ended his career ranked second all-time in games, hits, runs, doubles and total bases; made first hit in major league history after four seasons in National Association, and later became oldest player ever to get a hit at age 54; led NL in hits, runs, home runs, triples and walks once each; later a minor league manager and executive.
January 23 – John Newell, 51, third baseman who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1891 season.
February 7 – Lefty Davis, 44, outfielder who hit .261 in 348 games with the Pirates, Highlanders, Reds and Superbas between 1901 and 1907.
March–April
March 1 – Bill Fouser, 63, second baseman for the 1876 Philadelphia Athletics.
March 1 – Hal McClure, 59, outfielder for the 1882 Boston Red Caps of the National League.
March 5 – Bill Yawkey, 44, owner of the Detroit Tigers from 1903 until his death, victim of the 1918 flu pandemic; his nephew Tom owned the Boston Red Sox from 1933 until his July 1976 death.
March 6 – Fred Demarais, 52, Canadian pitcher for the 1890 Chicago Colts of the National League.
March 7 – Phil Auten, 79, co-owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1893 to 1900.
March 13 – Jim Toy, 60, played two seasons, 1887 & 1890, sometimes credited at the first Native American to play in the Majors.
March 30 – John Bates, 50, pitcher for the 1889 Kansas City Cowboys of the American Association.
March 28 – Steve Toole, 59, pitcher for the Kansas City Cowboys and the Brooklyn Grays/Gladiators teams between 1886 and 1890.
April 25 – Bill Higgins, 59, second baseman who played with the Boston Beaneaters of the National League (1888) and the St. Louis Browns and Syracuse Stars of the American Association (1890).
April 28 – Bill Ahearn, 61, catcher who played in one game for the Troy Trojans of the National League in 1880.
May–June
May 16 – Germany Schaefer, 42, second baseman who forced a rule change after stealing first base in reverse direction during a 1908 game while with the Tigers.
May 26 – Sadie Houck, 63, shortstop who played eight seasons from 1879 to 1887.
May 28 – Jack Wanner, 33, shortstop for the 1909 New York Highlanders of the American League.
June 5 – John McCloskey, 36, pitcher who played from 1906 to 1907 for the Philadelphia Phillies.
June 15 – Fred Tenney, 59, Union Association outfielder who played for the Washington Nationals, Boston Reds and Wilmington Quicksteps in the 1884 baseball season.
June 20 – William Stephen Devery, 65, former New York City police commissioner who, with Frank J. Farrell, bought the original Baltimore Orioles of the American League in 1902, moved them to New York as the Highlanders in 1903, and sold them (as the New York Yankees) to Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston in 1915.
June 22 – Joe Woerlin, 54, French shortstop who played in one game for the 1895 Washington Senators of the National League.
June 27 – Larry Schlafly, 40, second baseman and manager for the Buffalo Buffeds/Blues of the Federal League.
July–August
July 9 – Aleck Smith, 35, backup catcher for four different teams during nine seasons, and a member of the 1903 American League champions Boston Americans.
July 24 – Ed Bagley, 55, pitcher for the 1884 New York Gothams and the 1885 New York Metropolitans.
August 11 – Frank Todd, 49, pitcher for the 1898 Louisville Colonels of the American Association.
August 16 – Ed McKean, 55, shortstop for the Cleveland Spiders who batted .302 lifetime and had four seasons of 100 runs and 100 RBI; among first ten players to reach 2000 hits.
August 21 – Bob Clark, 56, catcher for the Brooklyn Grays/Bridegrooms, Cincinnati Reds and Louisville Colonels between 1886 and 1893.
September–October
September 8 – John Kerins, 52, first baseman/catcher and two time manager from 1884 to 1890. Led the American Association in triples with 19 in .
September 20 – Cy Seymour, 46, center fielder for the Giants and Reds who batted .303 lifetime; led NL in batting, doubles, triples and RBI in 1905, also won 61 games as pitcher from 1896 to 1900.
September 22 – Harry Sullivan, 31, pitcher for the 1909 St. Louis Cardinals.
October 14 – Harry Blake, 45, outfielder who played from 1894 through 1899 for the Cleveland Spiders (AA) and the St. Louis Perfectos (NL).
October 30 – Bill Lattimore, 35, pitcher for the 1908 Cleveland Naps of the American League.
November–December
November 14 – Vince Dailey, 54, outfielder for the 1890 Cleveland Spiders of the National League.
November 25 – Grover Gilmore, 31, outfielder who played from 1914 to 1915 with the Kansas City Packers of the Federal League.
December 4 – Joe Peitz, 50, right fielder for the 1894 St. Louis Browns of the National League.
December 10 – Tom Colcolough, 49, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Giants between 1893 and 1899.
December 27 – Jerry Hurley, 44, catcher for the 1901 Cincinnati Reds and the 1907 Brooklyn Superbas.
December 30 – Garnet Bush, 37, umpire in the National League (1911, 1912) and the Federal League (1914).
References |
4393979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Parade | The Black Parade | The Black Parade is the third studio album by American rock band My Chemical Romance. Released in Europe on October 23, 2006, and the United States on October 24, 2006, through Reprise Records, it was produced by the band with Rob Cavallo, known for having produced multiple albums for the Goo Goo Dolls and Green Day. It is a rock opera and concept album centered on a dying character with cancer known as "The Patient". The album tells the story of his apparent death, experiences in the afterlife, and subsequent reflections on his life. It is the band's only studio album to feature Bob Bryar on drums before his departure in 2010.
The Black Parade received generally favorable reviews from critics, and the band achieved its first number one single in the United Kingdom with "Welcome to the Black Parade". The album debuted at number two on both the Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart and is also certified as triple-platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), as well as gold certifications in both Argentina by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) and Chile by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Chile. The Black Parade was given the Platinum Europe Award by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for one million sales in Europe. The limited edition boxed set also earned My Chemical Romance a nomination at the 2008 Grammy Awards. Four singles were released from the album: "Welcome to the Black Parade", "Famous Last Words", "I Don't Love You", and "Teenagers".
My Chemical Romance began The Black Parade World Tour on February 22, 2007, in the Verizon Wireless Arena in Manchester, New Hampshire. The tour featured 138 performances worldwide, as well as several festival and condensed shows. The tour was the longest and most internationally comprehensive headlining tour the band played, featuring three legs in North America, two legs in Europe, and one in Asia, Australia, and Latin America.
The song "Dead!" appears in the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero II, and the three songs "Teenagers," "Famous Last Words" and "This Is How I Disappear" were once available as downloadable content. The Black Parade has sold three million copies in the United States as of 2016, and four million worldwide. The record was reissued as The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts on September 23, 2016, in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the album's release. In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album number 361 in their updated "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list.
Musical and lyrical themes
The Black Parade is a rock opera centering around the character of "The Patient". It is about his passage out of life and the memories he has of it. "The Patient" dies and death comes for him in the form of a parade. This is based on singer Gerard Way's notion of death appearing to a person in the form of their fondest memory, in this case seeing a marching band as a child.
The album also saw the creation of the alter-ego band, The Black Parade. My Chemical Romance performed the album live in costume as the Black Parade until their October 7, 2007, Mexico City performance. On stage, the band donned black marching uniforms similar to those worn by The Beatles for the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). The live performance was theatrical, with Way assuming the character of a member of The Black Parade. His mannerisms were compared to Bob Geldof's performance of the lead character in the movie adaptation of Pink Floyd's The Wall (1979), David Bowie's performance as Ziggy Stardust with Freddie Mercury's stage presence. There are also similarities to Alice Cooper in his Welcome to My Nightmare period. The video Welcome to the Black Parade, directed by Samuel Bayer, portrays the events of the entire story starring all its characters, including Mother War, who is primarily involved in the song "Mama".
Way has cited the bands Queen and Pink Floyd as major influences on the album. Similarities have been noted between the guitar orchestration in "Welcome to the Black Parade", and the arrangements of Queen. Additionally, Pink Floyd's The Wall, The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, Queen's A Night at the Opera (1975) and David Bowie's The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972) are noted as major influences for the album, which is especially evident when comparing the album's opening track, "The End.", to the first tracks on The Wall, "In the Flesh?", and on Ziggy Stardust, "Five Years". Way has also said one of their biggest influences were The Smashing Pumpkins, often giving them credit for their thematic videos. "The intention was to make something that was classic, something timeless," explained guitarist Ray Toro. "Something that 20 or 30 years from now, parents could play for their kids and say, 'This is what I was listening to when I was your age. Check it out, it’s still cool.' We wanted to make a record you could pass down. There’s a lot of music out now that doesn’t feel like that."
The album also has strong influences from 1970s classic rock, glam rock, pop music, soft rock, arena rock, metal, hard rock, and gothic rock. The Black Parade has been described as alternative rock, emo, pop-punk, hard rock, punk rock, progressive rock, and post-hardcore.
Looking back at the creation of the album, guitarist Frank Iero was "blasé about people hating on the band for this decidedly 'non-scene' record": "When we did Three Cheers For Sweet Revenge, we didn't fit in," he said. "There was a little less screaming and a little more melody, but it was still us. Never was it a case of, 'Don't put that melody there because Hardcore Chuck, who took me to my first show at Fairfield American Legion Hall, is really going to be bummed at me.' I don’t care: If I had to work at McDonald's for the rest of my life to play shows and ride in a van on tour? I've done it. I'll do it again."
Release and promotion
On July 31, 2006, The Black Parade was announced for release. In August, the band was filming a music video in Los Angeles for "Famous Last Words". During filming, Way tore his ankle ligaments and Bryar suffered burns on his leg. Bryar was hospitalized, which resulted in the band cancelling two shows. On August 25, they released a video of a pre-recorded press conference, during which they revealed a number of details about the album, such as song titles and touring information. On August 31, the band performed at the MTV Video Music Awards preshow in New York, debuting the then new song "Welcome to the Black Parade" during their performance. Two days later, the song was made available for streaming via the band's MySpace account. On September 12, the album's artwork and track listing was revealed. The music video for "Welcome to the Black Parade" was released on September 28. On October 21, the band was the musical guest on an episode of Saturday Night Live, where they performed "Welcome to the Black Parade" and "Cancer".
The Black Parade was made available for streaming on October 19, and was released through Reprise on October 23 in Europe, with the official release date as October 24. The band played a record release show at Vintage Vinyl in the parking lot to celebrate its release on October 23. In March 2007, the band filmed another music video in Los Angeles, this time for "Teenagers".
Versions
Several special editions of The Black Parade were released. One bears white text on a black background, and the second has black text on a white background. A third version has the normal booklet reversed, showing the picture of the parade drawn and painted by comic artist James Jean. Inside the booklet, there is also a lyric sheet, a photo of the band, and characters from the album.
A limited edition of the album was released the same time as the original release. It contains the same track listing as the original release, but it is sold in a box wrapped in black velveteen material. It also includes a 64-page book which includes concept art by Gerard Way and making of the album notes by the band.
The version of The Black Parade that was released in Japan contains different content than the other regular editions. It contains 14 tracks, but the 14th track is the song "Heaven Help Us" (which was released with the single version of "Welcome to the Black Parade"), instead of the song "Blood". The Japanese version is also an enhanced CD and includes the music video of "Welcome to the Black Parade".
On December 11, 2007, The Black Parade was released as a vinyl LP, a first for the band. Two versions were released, a regular edition and a special edition. Both contain two records. The first record of both editions has tracks one to four on the A-side and five to seven the B-side. The second record has tracks eight to ten on the A-side and 11 to 13 on the B-side. The special edition includes the hidden track "Blood"; the regular edition does not. The special edition comes in a slip-case box with two 15-page books. 2,500 copies of the special edition, and 3,000 copies of the regular vinyl edition were produced. On February 10, 2015, the album was repressed on vinyl as a 2-LP set. The D side of the album includes an engraved picture of the cover of artwork.
In the video game Guitar Hero II (Xbox 360 version), the song "Dead!" was added to the game's track list prior to the earlier PlayStation 2 version, and the three songs "Teenagers," "Famous Last Words" and "This Is How I Disappear" are available for download.
10th anniversary reissue
On July 20, 2016, the band posted on their official Twitter and Facebook pages a video with the piano intro from "Welcome to the Black Parade", ending with a cryptic date, "9/23/16". The video was also published on the band's YouTube channel with the title MCRX. This led to numerous rumors and reports on the band's possible reunion until it was revealed to be a reissue of The Black Parade with unreleased demos. The reissue, titled The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts, includes 11 demos and live tracks. Two months before its release, an early version of "Welcome to the Black Parade", titled "The Five of Us Are Dying", was made available for streaming.
Critical reception
The Black Parade has received generally favorable reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 79, based on 24 professional critic reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Dan Martin from NME compared the album to Green Day's American Idiot, positing that "it's a piece of work that will challenge every preconception you ever had about the people who made it." Tim Karan of Alternative Press called The Black Parade "MCR's whole raison d'etre rolled up into one mega-decibel calling card". IGNs Ed Thompson wrote, "The Black Parade is a rock and roll gem that celebrates everything that was over the top about the 1970s rock scene." David Fricke of Rolling Stone praised the classic rock feel of the album. Entertainment Weekly stated that "On their third studio album, a musical H-bomb of an effort, the Jersey quintet combine the rock-opera pomp of Queen with the darker, dirtier tones of their screamo past: Call it a Bro-hemian Rhapsody. Even without its broad concept — a dying cancer patient seeks revenge and redemption — Parade stands as one of the most cohesive, engaging rock records of 2006." Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honorable mention saying, "In prog, a good sense of humor means so much."
The album was not without its share of criticism, and was panned by The Observer. Jamie Hodgson of The Observer gave it one star saying, "...it reeks of a band with ideas above its station." Theon Weber of Stylus praised the album's use of Queen influences, but went on to summarize the album as "...a goofy record of bubblegum punk, with Queen lapping at its edges and enough good tracks to justify the smattering of empty screamfests."
Accolades
Rolling Stone ranked The Black Parade #20 in its "Top 50 Albums of 2006" feature. It was named the fifth-best album of 2006 by Spin magazine. Wizard magazine praised the album in their "Best of 2006" issue, declaring it "an instant classic." IGN named it one of the best rock albums of the last decade. Entertainment Weekly ranked the album as the third-best record of the year, surpassed only by Gnarls Barkley and TV on the Radio. In 2011, Kerrang! included the album in its "666 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die!" list with a score of 5 "K"'s, calling it a "genre-defining album". It was included in Rock Sounds 101 Modern Classics list at number nine, and, in April 2019, was named the best album released since the publication's launch in March 1999.
Commercial performance
The Black Parade debuted at number two in the United States on the Billboard 200 behind Hannah Montana (2006). It also debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart, behind Robbie Williams' Rudebox (2006). In its first week, the album sold 240,000 copies, far surpassing the 38,000 best-week sales of the band's previous album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge (2004). The band achieved its first number one single in the United Kingdom with "Welcome to the Black Parade".
The album debuted at number three on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and was certified platinum after shipping more than 70,000 copies. It debuted atop the charts in New Zealand and was certified platinum there, with shipments of more than 15,000. In 2012, The Black Parade was certified Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for one million sales in Europe, and was also certified Triple Platinum by the RIAA for selling over 1.1 million copies. It has been certified 3× Platinum in the UK, and has sold just over 900,000 units there to date. It received Gold certifications in both Argentina (by the CAPIF) and Chile (by the IFPI Chile). The Black Parade was given the Platinum Europe Award by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for one million sales in Europe. The limited edition boxed set also earned My Chemical Romance a nomination for Best Boxed/Special Limited Edition at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008. As of January 2018 the album had sold over three million copies in the U.S. "Welcome to the Black Parade", a single from The Black Parade became My Chemical Romance's first and only top 10 single in the United States.
Tour
My Chemical Romance began The Black Parade World Tour on February 22, 2007, in Manchester, New Hampshire's Verizon Wireless Arena. The tour featured 138 performances worldwide, as well as several festival and condensed shows. The tour was the longest and most internationally comprehensive headlining tour the band played, featuring three legs in North America, two legs in Europe, and one in Asia, Australia, and Latin America. The shows at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007, and Maxwell's in Hoboken, New Jersey, on October 24, 2007, were filmed for the DVD, The Black Parade Is Dead!, which was released on July 1, 2008.
Over the course of this tour, My Chemical Romance dubbed themselves The Black Parade for the first part of their performance. This convinced many concert goers that The Black Parade was initially a separate, opening band. During the tour there were several cancellations and some members had to leave the tour for personal or medical reasons. Six shows were cancelled from April 29, 2007, to May 4, 2007, after the band and crew contracted food poisoning. The band Circa Survive had to replace Muse, whose members also suffered from the same food poisoning. On January 11, 2007, Frank Iero left the tour because of an unspecified illness. He was replaced by Drive By guitarist Todd Price. Mikey Way took time off to get married and spend time with his new wife, Alicia Simmons, and was replaced by guitar tech Matt Cortez from April 18, 2007, until October 4, 2007. Bob Bryar suffered injuries relating to his wrists during the tour which led to the cancellation of the show at the University of Maine on October 27, 2007. Bryar left the tour on November 9, 2007, and was replaced by a friend of the band, who wished to remain anonymous. Following the November 11, 2007, show in Newcastle, Frank Iero left the tour to return home after learning about a family member's illness. He was replaced by Matt Cortez.
Track listing
Personnel
My Chemical Romance
Bob Bryar – drums, percussion, producer
Frank Iero – guitars, backing vocals, producer
Ray Toro – guitars, backing vocals, producer; bass guitar on "Cancer"
Gerard Way – lead and backing vocals, producer
Mikey Way – bass guitar (except on "Cancer"), producer
Additional musicians
Jamie Muhoberac – keyboard, synthesizer, B3 organ, Wurlitzer; piano on "Blood"
Liza Minnelli – guest vocals on "Mama"
Rob Cavallo – piano
David Campbell – strings and horn arrangement
Technical
Rob Cavallo – producer
Doug McKean – engineer
Chris Steffan – recording engineer
Jimmy Hoyson – assistant engineer
Jon Herroon – assistant engineer
Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
Keith Armstrong – assistant engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering
Lars Fox – additional Pro Tools
Andrew "Hans" Busher – guitar technician
Tyler Dragness – guitar technician
Mike "Sack" Fasano – drum technician
Cheryl Jenets – project coordinator
Brain Schechter/Riot Squad – management
Craig Aaronson – A&R
Chris Anthony – photography
Matt Taylor – additional photography on Limited Edition, art direction, design
Gerard Way – additional photography on Limited Edition, art direction
Ray Toro – additional photography on Limited Edition
Ellen Wakayama – art direction
James Jean – illustrations
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Standard edition
Limited edition
See also
Concept albums
References
External links
The Black Parade at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
My Chemical Romance official website
The Black Parade official website
My Chemical Romance albums
2006 albums
Reprise Records albums
Albums produced by Rob Cavallo
Rock operas
Works about cancer
Concept albums
Hard rock albums by American artists
Progressive rock albums by American artists |
4395393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Democratic%20Party%20presidential%20primaries | 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries | From January 3 to June 3, 2008, voters of the Democratic Party chose their nominee for president in the 2008 United States presidential election. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois was selected as the nominee, becoming the first African American to secure the presidential nomination of any major political party in the United States. However, due to a close race between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton of New York, the contest remained competitive for longer than expected; neither candidate received enough pledged delegates from state primaries and caucuses to achieve a majority, without endorsements from unpledged delegates (superdelegates).
The presidential primaries actually consisted of both primary elections and caucuses, depending upon what the individual state chose. The goal of the process was to elect the majority of the 4,233 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention, which was held from Sunday, August 25, through Wednesday, August 28, 2008, in Denver, Colorado. To secure the nomination, a candidate needed to receive at least 2,117 votes at the convention—or a simple majority of the 4,233 delegate votes. This total included half-votes from American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, in addition to Democrats Abroad, as well as 'superdelegates'—party leaders and elected officials who were not chosen through a primary or caucus. The race was further complicated by a controversy over the scheduling of the Michigan and Florida state primaries, which had been scheduled earlier than party rules permitted, affecting the number of delegates that those states sent to the national convention.
The popular vote tally from most news organizations did not include Iowa, Maine, Nevada and Washington. These states did not release the results of the popular vote from their caucuses. The media reports did include Florida, which neither Clinton nor Obama contested, as well as Michigan. Both states were penalized by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) for violating party rules. Michigan proved a source of controversy due to the change in the date of the primary election. Consequently, Obama and other candidates removed their names from the ballot yet Clinton did not. The DNC did not count the popular vote from Michigan, and evenly split the state's delegates between Clinton and Obama. As a result, without the Michigan vote, Obama won the popular vote; whereas with the votes from Michigan, Clinton won the popular vote. Nevertheless, regardless of how votes were counted, the candidates' totals were within less than one percent of each other.
Obama received enough superdelegate endorsements on June 3 to claim that he had secured the simple majority of delegates necessary to win the nomination, before Clinton conceded the nomination four days later. Obama was nominated on the first ballot, at the August convention. He went on to win the general election, and became the 44th President of the United States on January 20, 2009. Clinton went on to serve as Obama's Secretary of State for his first term as president, and the Democratic nominee for president in 2016, although she lost to Donald Trump.
These primaries included the nominees for the next three elections (Obama again in 2012, Clinton in 2016, Biden in 2020). Joe Biden is running for reelection in the 2024 election. Should he secure renomination, it would match the amount of eventual nominees produced by the 1980 Republican primaries (Reagan in 1984, Bush in 1988 and 1992, Dole in 1996). It currently matches the amount of eventual nominees involved in the 1988 Democratic primaries at three (Michael Dukakis in 1988, Al Gore in 2000, Biden in 2020).
Candidates and results
Notes for the following table:
Delegate counts:
The pledged delegate estimates come from the sum of the Current estimate columns for the states listed in the Chronicle section later in this article
The source for superdelegate estimates is the 2008 Democratic Convention Watch blog. Superdelegate endorsements were frozen on June 7, the date of Clinton's concession speech.
Ordering:
The candidates are ordered by pledged delegate count and then alphabetically by last name
To re-sort this table, click on the double-arrow symbol () at the top of a column
Nominee
Withdrew during the primaries
Declined to run
Wesley Clark, former commander of NATO and presidential candidate in 2004.
Tom Daschle, former U.S. senator of South Dakota.
Howard Dean, former governor of Vermont and chair of the Democratic National Committee.
Russ Feingold, U.S. senator of Wisconsin.
Al Gore, former Vice President of the United States and the Democratic presidential nominee in 2000.
John Kerry, U.S. senator of Massachusetts and the Democratic presidential nominee in 2004.
Al Sharpton, civil rights activist and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1992 and 1994.
Mark Warner, former governor of Virginia.
Delegate system
Delegates are the people who decided the nomination at the Democratic National Convention. Delegates from fifty US states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico had a single vote each, while delegates from American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, Guam and Democrats Abroad, as well as the states of Florida and Michigan, which contravened the schedule, had half a vote each. Thus, the total number of delegates was slightly higher than the total number of available delegate votes (4,049). This is now updated to 4,233 with FL-MI delegations.
Pledged delegates
In the modern presidential primary system, candidates for the nomination campaign in a series of primary elections and caucus events. For the Democratic Party, the results from these primaries and caucuses determine the number of pledged delegates committed to vote for each candidate at the Democratic National Convention, intended to reflect the will of the voters. These delegates are not legally bound to vote for the candidate they represent, but candidates may remove delegates whom they feel may be disloyal, and delegates generally vote as pledged. Under the party's Delegate Selection Rules for the 2008 Democratic National Convention, delegates were allocated to each of the fifty U.S. states according to two main criteria: the proportion of votes each state had given to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the percentage of votes each state had in the United States Electoral College. In addition, fixed numbers of delegates were allocated to the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Democrats Abroad. In 2008, a total of 3,253 pledged delegate votes would be awarded through the primaries and caucuses.
Superdelegates
Superdelegate votes are given equal weight to the votes of pledged delegates. Superdelegates are members of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, state and territorial governors, members of the Democratic National Committee, distinguished party leaders, and add-on delegates selected by the state parties. They represented almost 20 percent of the total 4,233 delegates.
The number and composition of superdelegates had the potential to change right up to the start of the Democratic National Convention. The total number of superdelegate votes at the start of the primary season in October 2007 stood at 850. Various events such as deaths, elections, and disqualifications may alter the final number of superdelegates voting in the primary.
While officially uncommitted until the convention, the superdelegates may publicly endorse or commit to a candidate at any time. The presidential candidates compete heavily for these commitments. News organizations survey the superdelegates periodically throughout the election season and try to calculate how many have committed to each of the candidates. The media often include these superdelegate estimates in their reporting on the race, leading to differing delegate counts from various news sources.
Delegate selection rules
Under the Democratic Party's Delegate Selection Rules for the 2008 Democratic National Convention, delegates are awarded by proportional representation, with a minimum 15 percent threshold required to receive delegates. Each state party is required to publish its own state level delegate selection plan, indicating how the state will select delegates at the congressional and statewide level, how the delegation will implement the party's affirmative action policy, and how the delegation will ensure an equal balance between women and men. Those plans were adopted at state conventions and forwarded to the national party in mid-2007.
In most state caucuses, the viability threshold must be met at each level in the process, from the precinct level upwards. This puts enormous pressure on the remaining candidates to gain the support of voters whose chosen candidates fall below the 15 percent mark. The focus on viability is designed to weed out small, divisive factions from gaining delegates to disrupt the national convention. However, this can result in candidates gaining viability in some precincts but not in others, and a complicated "caucus math" is required to allocate delegates to the county and state conventions for each precinct. In the primaries, the viability threshold is set based on statewide and congressional district votes. At-large and PLEO (Party Leaders and Elected Officials) delegates are allocated based on statewide votes, while district-level delegates are allocated by district votes.
Opinion polling
Campaign
Notes for the tables in this section:
Votes to the Convention column:
The source for delegation sizes is the Democratic National Committee's official Call for the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Specific sources are present for Florida and Michigan. Very recent changes not already in the official source are indicated by the footnotes.
Pledged Delegate Votes Estimate column:
The source is each state's primary or caucus article. Click on the Specific Election (link) column to see the sources used in those articles.
The candidate with the highest pledged delegate vote is highlighted. In some cases, this may be different from the winner of the popular vote.
Early campaigning
The earliest significant candidate to launch their candidacy was Mike Gravel in April 2006. However, for the most part, the race for the 2008 presidential nomination did not truly begin in earnest until after the 2006 midterm elections. Between November 2006 and February 2007, nine major candidates opened their campaigns: Evan Bayh as an exploratory committee, Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, Chris Dodd, John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Barack Obama, Bill Richardson, and Tom Vilsack. Potential candidates John Kerry, Al Gore, Russ Feingold, Tom Daschle, Wesley Clark, Sam Nunn, Mark Warner, and Al Sharpton reportedly considered running but ultimately declined to seek the nomination. Bayh said he would not seek the nomination on December 16, 2006, and withdrew from the race. Soon Vilsack dropped out in February 2007.
During the first three months of 2007, Clinton and Obama raised over $20 million each, while Edwards raised more than $12 million. The three candidates quickly became the frontrunners for the nomination, a status they held all the way through the end of 2007.
On November 21, Obama announced that Oprah Winfrey would be campaigning for him in the early primary states, setting off speculation that, although celebrity endorsements typically have little effect on voter opinions, Winfrey's participation would supply Obama with a large, receptive audience. As word spread that Oprah's first appearance would be in Iowa, polls released in early December revealed that Obama had taken the lead in that decisive state. Then, on December 8, Oprah kicked off a three-state tour supporting Obama's campaign, where she drew record-setting crowds in Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, and was described as "more cogent, more effective, more convincing" than anyone on the campaign trail. The Oprah-Obama tour dominated political news headlines and cast doubts over Clinton's ability to recover her recently-lost lead in Iowa caucus polls. A poll released less than two weeks after Winfrey campaigned found that Obama had achieved more popularity in Iowa than ever recorded before.
At year's end, on December 31, Clinton held a substantial lead in superdelegates, and she was leading in the national polls with 42% of likely voters, over Obama with 23%, and Edwards with 16%. However, Edwards and Obama remained close in state polls for the early contests, including the Iowa caucuses, where the final polling average had Obama leading narrowly with 31%, over Clinton with 30%, Edwards with 26%, Biden with 5%, and Richardson also with 5%.
January 2008
Following tradition, the 2008 primary calendar began with the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. The Nevada caucuses and the South Carolina primary were the third and fourth contests sanctioned by the Democratic National Committee. Under the national committee's rules, no state was allowed to hold primaries or caucuses before February 5 with the exceptions of these four states. Michigan and Florida also held early primaries. However, as the contests were unsanctioned, the results were not recognized by the national committee until a compromise was reached four months later.
The following table shows the pledged delegate votes awarded in the first four contests recognized by the DNC.
Obama won the Iowa caucuses with 38% of the vote, over Edwards with 30% and Clinton with 29%. His victory brought him to national prominence as many voters tuned into the race for the first time. In a speech given that evening, he defined the word "change" as the primary theme of his campaign and said, "On this January night, at this defining moment in history, you have done what the cynics said we couldn't do." The delegate count was virtually tied, but Clinton's surprising third-place finish in the popular vote damaged her image as being the "inevitable" nominee. However, she remained upbeat, saying "This race begins tonight and ends when Democrats throughout America have their say. Our campaign was built for a marathon." The following day, reports described "panic" among some Clinton donors, and rumors of a staff shake-up began to circulate. Biden and Dodd both withdrew from the race.
After Obama's upset win in the Iowa caucuses, it appeared to many political observers that he would ride a wave of momentum through the New Hampshire primary and then go on to win the Democratic nomination. Eulogies were published on the Clinton campaign, as Obama surged to a roughly 10-point lead in the New Hampshire polls. However, the race turned quickly in the days before the primary, and the polls were slow to register a reversal toward Clinton. At the Saint Anselm College New Hampshire debate on January 5, 2008, Edwards sided with Obama against Clinton. In one noted exchange, Edwards said that Clinton could not bring about change, while he and Obama could, saying "Any time you speak out powerfully for change, the forces for status quo attack." Clinton passionately retorted, saying, "Making change is not about what you believe; it's not about a speech you make. It's about working hard. I'm not just running on a promise for change. I'm running on 35 years of change. What we need is somebody who can deliver change. We don't need to be raising false hopes." It came to be seen as the defining statement for her candidacy.
The morning before the primary, Clinton became "visibly emotional" in response to a friendly question from a voter. Video of the moment was replayed on cable news television throughout the day, accompanied by pundit commentary that ranged from sympathetic to callous in tone. Voters rallied to Clinton's defense, and she won a surprising 3% victory over Obama in the popular vote. They tied in the delegate count. Richardson withdrew from the race on January 10.
Momentum shifted in Clinton's favor, and she won the popular vote in the Nevada caucuses eleven days later, despite Obama's endorsement from the influential Culinary Workers Union. However, Obama ran strongly in rural areas throughout the state, and he beat Clinton in the delegate count. Edwards' support collapsed in Nevada, as voters coalesced around the two apparent frontrunners. Dennis Kucinich withdrew from the race. In the following week, issues regarding race came to the fore as campaigning began for the South Carolina primary, the first to feature a large proportion of African Americans in the Democratic electorate. Behind in the state polls, Clinton left to campaign in some Super Tuesday states, while her husband, former president Bill Clinton, stayed in South Carolina and engaged in a series of exchanges with Obama. CBS News reported, "By injecting himself into the Democratic primary campaign with a series of inflammatory and negative statements, Bill Clinton may have helped his wife's presidential hopes in the long term but at the cost of his reputation with a group of voters [African Americans] that have long been one of his strongest bases of political support."
Obama won by a more than two-to-one margin over Clinton, gaining 55% of the vote to her 27% and Edwards's 18%. On the day of the primary, Bill Clinton compared Obama's expected win to Jesse Jackson's victory in the 1988 South Carolina Democratic primary. His comments were widely criticized as an apparent attempt to dismiss the primary results and marginalize Obama by implying that he was "the black candidate." The momentum generated by Obama's larger-than-expected win in South Carolina was deflated somewhat by the win Clinton claimed in the nullified Florida primary the following week. Edwards suspended his candidacy on January 30. He did not immediately endorse either Clinton or Obama, but he said they both had pledged to carry forward his central campaign theme of ending poverty in America. Neither Clinton nor Obama had a clear advantage heading into the February 5 Super Tuesday primaries, with 23 states and territories and 1,681 delegates at stake and more media attention than any primary election day in American history.
Disputed primaries
In August 2006, the Democratic National Committee adopted a proposal by its Rules and Bylaws Committee stating that only the four states of Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and South Carolina would be permitted to hold primaries or caucuses before February 5, 2008. In May 2007, the Florida Legislature passed a bill that moved the date of the state's primary to January 29, 2008, setting up a confrontation with the DNC. In response, the DNC ruled that Florida's 185 pledged delegates and 26 superdelegates would not be seated at the Democratic National Convention, or, if seated, would not be able to vote. In October 2007, Democrats from Florida's congressional delegation filed a federal lawsuit against the DNC to force a recognition of its delegates, but the suit was unsuccessful. The presidential candidates promised not to campaign in Florida.
Meanwhile, Michigan moved its primary to January 15, 2008, also in violation of party rules. In October 2007, Obama, Richardson, Biden, and Edwards withdrew their names from the Michigan primary ballot, under pressure from the DNC and voters in Iowa and New Hampshire. Kucinich unsuccessfully sought to remove his name from the ballot, whereas Clinton and Dodd opted to remain on the ballot. In December 2007, the DNC ruled that Michigan's 128 pledged delegates and 29 superdelegates would not count in the nominating contest unless it were held on a later date. The Michigan Democratic party responded with a press release noting that the primary would proceed with Clinton, Dodd, Gravel, and Kucinich on the ballot. Supporters of Biden, Edwards, Richardson, and Obama were urged to vote "uncommitted" instead of writing in their candidates' names because write-in votes for those candidates would not be counted.
None of the top candidates campaigned in Florida or Michigan. The events were described in the media as "beauty contests," and voter turnout in both states was relatively low when compared with record-high turnout in other states. Nevertheless, Clinton claimed wins in Florida and Michigan, and she flew to Fort Lauderdale on the night of the Florida election to thank supporters for what she called a "tremendous victory."
As the primaries continued, various groups tried to negotiate a resolution to the standoff between the DNC and the state parties. The Clinton campaign advocated first for the results to stand and then for a new round of voting to take place in Michigan and Florida, while the Obama campaign deferred the matter to the DNC, while expressing a wish that the delegations be seated in some form. On all sides, Democrats worried that a failure to resolve the problem could lead to a rules or credential fight at the convention and low Democratic turnout in the general election in November.
On May 31, 2008, the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee voted unanimously (27–0) to restore half-votes to all the Florida delegates, including superdelegates. The Michigan delegates were also given half-votes, with 69 delegates pledged to Hillary Clinton and 59 to Barack Obama; this proposed change passing by 19–8.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width:20em"|Details
!rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="width:20em"|Restored votes to the convention
!colspan="7"|Pledged delegate vote count
|-
!colspan="3" style="width:15em"|Awarded by the DNC
!rowspan="2"|Changenotes
!colspan="3" style="width:15em"|Final estimate
|-
!style="width:6em"|Date
!Election link
!Pledged
!Super
!Total
!Obama
!Clinton
!Edwards
!Obama
!Clinton
!Edwards
|-
|January 15
|Michigan primary
|128
|29<ref>+1 due to Brenda Lawrence becoming a DNC Member for National Conference of Democratic Mayors," filling a previous vacancy</ref>
|157
|59
| style="background:#ffdead;"|69
|0
|
|59
| style="background:#ffdead;"|69
|0
|-
|January 29
|Florida primary
|185
|26
|211
|67
| style="background:#ffdead;"|105
|13
|
|67
| style="background:#ffdead;"|105
|13
|-
| –
|Total
|313
|55
|368
|126
| style="background:#ffdead;"|174
|13
|
|126
| style="background:#ffdead;"|174
|13
|-
| –
|To date
|448
|93
|543
|189
|222
|39
|
|214
|220
|16
|}
Super Tuesday
Traditionally, the Tuesday on which the greatest number of states hold primary elections is known as Super Tuesday. In 2007, many states moved their primaries or caucuses to early in the year so they could have greater influence over the race. As February 5 was the earliest date to be allowed by the Democratic National Committee, 23 states and territories moved their elections to that date. 2008's Super Tuesday became the date of the nation's first quasi-national primary. It was dubbed "Super Duper Tuesday" or "Tsunami Tuesday," among other names.
After Obama's win in the South Carolina primaries on January 26, he received high-profile endorsements from Caroline Kennedy, daughter of former President John F. Kennedy, as well as Senator Ted Kennedy, the former President's brother. Ted Kennedy's endorsement was considered "the biggest Democratic endorsement [that] Obama could possibly get short of Bill Clinton or Al Gore." On January 31, Obama and Clinton met for the first time in a one-on-one debate, and they struck a friendly tone. Obama surged nationally in the polls and held campaign rallies that drew audiences of over 15,000 people in several states.
A total of 1,681 pledged delegate votes were at stake in the states that voted on February 5. The following table shows the pledged delegate votes awarded in the Super Tuesday states.
On election night, both Obama and Clinton claimed victories. In the popular vote, Obama won 13 states and territories to Clinton's 10. This included the states of Idaho and Georgia, where Obama won by very wide margins. His wins in Connecticut and Missouri were considered upsets. However, Clinton won the large electoral prizes of California and Massachusetts, where some analysts had expected the Kennedy endorsements might carry Obama to the victory. Although Obama gained significant ground from where he was polling in mid-January, it was not enough to close the gap in those states. In exit polls, Obama gained some overwhelming support of African-American voters, and he strengthened his base among college-educated voters and voters younger than the age of 45. Clinton found significant support among white women, Latinos, and voters over age 65. Obama ran strongest in caucus states, Rocky Mountain states, Southern states and Midwestern states. Clinton ran strongest in the Northeastern states, Southwestern states, and states bordering Arkansas, where she served as first lady while her husband served as that state's governor. When the delegate counting was finished, Obama won an estimated 847 pledged delegates to Clinton's 834. Early in the primary season, many observers had predicted that the nomination would be over after Super Tuesday, but the general verdict on election night was that the candidates had drawn to a virtual tie and that the race for the Democratic presidential nomination would not likely be settled for at least a month.
Mid-February contests
In the following week, it became clear that a tie on Super Tuesday would leave Obama better positioned for the upcoming contests in February, where the demographics of several large states seemed to favor him. The day after Super Tuesday, February 6, Clinton announced that she had personally lent her campaign $5 million in January. The news came as a surprise and set off another round of news stories about Clinton donors and supporters concerned about the campaign's strategy. It was particularly striking in light of Obama's announcement that he had raised a record-high $32 million in January, tapping 170,000 new contributors. It became clear that Obama's financial advantage had allowed him to organize and compete in some broader states on Super Tuesday, an advantage that was likely to continue in the upcoming months and weeks. In response, Clinton's supporters raised $6 million online in 36 hours, but Obama's campaign upped the ante, announcing their own total of $7.5 million in 36 hours and starting a new goal of reaching 500,000 new contributors in 2008 by late February.
As expected, Obama swept the three nominating events on February 9, which were thought to favor him based on the results in similar states that had voted previously. He then scored a convincing win in Maine, where Clinton had hoped to hold her ground. The same day, Clinton's campaign announced that campaign advisor Patti Solis Doyle would resign. Obama's momentum carried throughout the following week, as he scored large delegate gains in the Potomac primaries, taking the lead in the nationwide popular vote, even under the projection most favorable to Clinton, with Florida and Michigan included. NBC News declared him "Mr. Frontrunner" on February 13. Clinton attempted a comeback win in the demographically more favorable state of Wisconsin, but Obama won again by a larger margin than expected. In 11 days, he swept 11 contests and extended his pledged delegate lead by 120. By the end of the month, Obama had 1,192 pledged delegates to Clinton's 1,035. He also began closing the gap in superdelegates, although Clinton still led among superdelegates by 240–191. Clinton's campaign tried to downplay the results of the February contests, and the candidate refused to acknowledge the losses in her speeches on election nights. Her advisers acknowledged that she would need big wins in the upcoming states to turn the race around.
March
With four states and 370 delegates at stake, March 4 was dubbed "Mini-Super Tuesday" or "Super Tuesday II". Just as Obama had been favored in the mid-February states, Clinton was favored in Ohio, with its high proportion of working-class white voters and older voters, and Texas, with its high proportion of Latino voters. Exit polls in previous states showed that all three groups were a part of Clinton's base. In mid-February, Clinton held a 10-point lead in Texas and a 20-point lead in Ohio in RealClearPolitics polling averages. Her campaign set its sights on the Ohio-Texas "firewall," counting on a clear March 4 win to change the narrative and turn her campaign around for the nomination. Meanwhile, Obama hoped to win one or both states that might be enough to knock Clinton out of the race. By February 25, according to a CNN poll, they were in a statistical dead heat in Texas.
In the last week of February, Clinton's campaign seemed to be back on its feet. A Saturday Night Live sketch mocked the media for its supposedly biased coverage in favor of Obama, and Clinton used the sketch to argue that Obama had not received proper scrutiny. The media responded by taking a more critical look at Obama's campaign. Meanwhile, Obama supporter and former fundraiser Tony Rezko went on trial in a political corruption case in Chicago. While Obama was not implicated, questions remained about how forthcoming he had been about his relationship with Rezko. Controversy also erupted when it was reported in the Canadian press that Obama economic advisor Austan Goolsbee had privately offered assurances that Obama's anti-North American Free Trade Agreement rhetoric on the campaign trail was exaggerated. Obama's campaign denied the substance of the report, but their response was muddled by a series of missteps and may have hurt the candidate's standing with Ohio voters. Clinton launched a five-point attack on Obama's qualifications, "unleashing what one Clinton aide called a 'kitchen sink' fusillade," according to The New York Times. Perhaps the most damaging component was a campaign ad that aired in Texas, using the imagery of the White House "red phone" to suggest that Obama would not be prepared to handle a crisis as commander-in-chief when a phone call comes into the White House at 3 a.m. The ad drew significant media attention in the four days before the election. In the general-election campaign, McCain used parts of the ad against Obama.
On election night, Clinton scored convincing wins in Ohio and Rhode Island. She narrowly won the Texas primary, while losing the Texas caucus. She pitched her wins that night as a comeback: "For everyone here in Ohio and across America who's ever been counted out but refused to be knocked out, and for everyone who has stumbled but stood right back up, and for everyone who works hard and never gives up, this one is for you."
Obama focused on the "delegate math." He won the total delegate count in Texas, and he stayed close to Clinton on the delegate count in Ohio. "No matter what happens tonight," he said, "we have nearly the same delegate lead that we did this morning, and we are on our way to winning this nomination." In fact, March 4 was the first election day in which Clinton won more delegates than Obama (though the Florida and Michigan primaries would later be honored by seating half of the states' delegations). After winning contests in Wyoming and Mississippi the following week, Obama erased Clinton's March 4 gains. On March 15, he increased his lead by 10 delegates at the Iowa county conventions, when former supporters of withdrawn candidates switched their support to him.
After the March contests, the Democratic race entered a six-week period with no upcoming contests until April 22. As the campaigns settled in for the long haul, advisors for both candidates escalated their rhetoric and stepped up attacks in their daily conference calls. News reports described the tenor as increasingly "rancorous" and "vitriolic."
On March 14, clips of controversial sermons from Obama's former pastor, Jeremiah Wright, resurfaced on YouTube and received heavy airtime on cable news television. Among other things, Wright said, "God damn America for treating our citizens as less than human. God damn America for as long as she acts like she is God and she is supreme." Four days later, Obama responded to the controversy in a 37-minute speech, speaking openly about race and religion in the United States. He denounced Wright's remarks while refusing to condemn the pastor himself, and he attempted to pivot from the immediate circumstances to address the larger theme of "A More Perfect Union." The speech was regarded as "breathtakingly unconventional" in its political strategy and tone, and it received generally positive reviews in the press. The New York Times'' weighed in with an editorial: "Senator Barack Obama, who has not faced such tests of character this year, faced one on Tuesday. It is hard to imagine how he could have handled it better." Ten days later, the speech had been watched at least 3.4 million times on YouTube.
On March 21, former primary candidate Bill Richardson, who has previously held important posts in the Clinton Administration, endorsed Barack Obama, a move that drew intense criticism from Clinton allies, including James Carville's Eastertime comparison of Richardson with Judas Iscariot. On March 25, Mike Gravel announced that he would leave the Democrats and join the Libertarian Party, entering the race for the 2008 Libertarian presidential nomination the following day.
April and beyond
As the race continued to Pennsylvania, Indiana, and North Carolina, many observers concluded that Clinton had little chance to overcome Obama's lead in pledged delegates. Even if she were to succeed in changing the dynamics of the race, there would not be enough pledged delegates remaining for her to catch up under most realistic scenarios. Some analysts believed Clinton could still win the nomination by raising doubts about Obama's electability, fighting for Michigan and Florida delegates to be seated at the convention, and convincing superdelegates to support her despite her expected loss in the pledged delegate vote. However, the window of opportunity for re-votes in Michigan and Florida appeared to close in late March, and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, chairwoman of the Democratic National Convention, said that it would be harmful to the party if superdelegates were to overturn the result of the pledged delegate vote.
Complicating the equation for Democrats, presidential candidate John McCain clinched the Republican nomination on March 4. With Obama and Clinton engaged in the Democratic primary, McCain was free to define his candidacy for the general election largely unchallenged. Some Democrats expressed concern that Clinton stayed in the campaign through March and April, when they felt she had little chance to win the nomination, but a much greater chance to damage Obama's candidacy in the general election. However, others defended Clinton's right to continue on, arguing that a sustained campaign was good for the Democratic Party and that Clinton still had a realistic shot at the nomination.
On April 22, Clinton scored a convincing win in Pennsylvania. However, on May 6, Obama surprised many observers by winning North Carolina by almost 15 percentage points, effectively erasing Clinton's gains in Pennsylvania. Clinton won by only 1 point in Indiana. With Obama now leading by 164 pledged delegates and with only 217 pledged delegates left to be decided in the remaining contests, many pundits declared that the primary was effectively over. Obama gave an election night speech that looked forward to the general election campaign against McCain. The pace of superdelegate endorsements increased. On May 10, Obama's superdelegate total surpassed Clinton's for the first time in the race, making the math increasingly difficult for a Clinton win.
Clinton vowed to continue campaigning, and won convincingly in primaries in West Virginia on May 13, and Kentucky on May 20 where Appalachian voters strongly preferred her over Obama. However, Obama was able to clear a victory in Oregon on May 20, which allowed him to clinch the majority of pledged delegates. Obama gave a speech in Des Moines, Iowa, the state that propelled his candidacy, in which he stated, "You have put us within reach of the Democratic nomination for president of the United States of America." Clinton advisers said they would appeal to the DNC's Rules & Bylaws Committee to have the Michigan and Florida delegations seated. However, even under the most favorable seating arrangement, she would not have been able to take a lead in pledged delegates and would have had to rely on superdelegates to win the nomination. On May 31, the rules committee accepted the Michigan state party's 69-59 distribution of pledged delegates and restored half votes to Florida's and Michigan's delegations. This resulted in a net gain for Clinton of 24 pledged delegates. Obama remained significantly ahead, with a lead of 137 pledged delegates before the Puerto Rico primary on June 1.
On June 3, the day of the final primaries in South Dakota and Montana, Obama rolled out about sixty superdelegate endorsements. Those endorsements, together with the pledged delegates awarded in the final primaries, put him well over the "magic number" of 2,117 delegate votes necessary for a majority at the Democratic National Convention. By early in the evening, all major news organizations had announced that Obama had clinched the Democratic nomination, and Obama claimed the status of presumptive nominee in a speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton did not concede the nomination in her election night speech, saying that she would be "making no decisions tonight". On the morning of June 5, Clinton posted on her website an open letter to her supporters, which she also sent by e-mail that day. It announced that on Saturday (June 7) Clinton would endorse Obama's candidacy. During a well received concession speech in Washington DC on Saturday June 7 Clinton endorsed Obama in the following terms:
"The way to continue our fight now, to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength, and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama, the next president of the United States.
Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run. I endorse him and throw my full support behind him."
* Two at-large DNC superdelegate seats are vacant, see: History of superdelegate composition changes.
Results
Below are the results for the state primaries and caucuses held by the Democratic Party in 2008 for the presidential primaries. Clinton won one territorial contest, Puerto Rico, whilst Obama won Guam, the US Virgin Islands and American Samoa. He also won the District of Columbia.
N.B: The grey counties in Michigan denote that the counties are uncommitted for either candidate.
Voter turnout
Voter turnout was at historically high levels in the 2008 primaries and caucuses, with many contests setting all-time records for turnout. Voter turnout on Super Tuesday was at 27% of eligible citizens, breaking the previous record of 25.9% set in 1972. Turnout was higher among Democrats than Republicans, with Democratic turnout surpassing Republican turnout even in traditionally red states where the number of registered Democrats is proportionally low. Many states reported high levels of Democratic voter registration in the weeks before primaries. From January 3 through February 5, Democratic turnout exceeded Republican turnout, 19.1 million to 13.1 million.
The high Democratic turnout was attributed to several factors:
the compressed primary calendar, which gave voters in more states an opportunity to participate in the nomination
media interest and voter excitement generated by the first viable African-American and female presidential contenders
dissatisfaction with Republican presidential candidates
the early emergence of John McCain as the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party
open primaries in some states, which allowed Republicans and independent voters to participate in Democratic contests
dissatisfaction with President George W. Bush and Iraq War policy
cyclical party realignment
See also
Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election
Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Political positions of Barack Obama
Political positions of Hillary Clinton
2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Notes
References
External links |
4395720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daifug%C5%8D | Daifugō | or , also known as Tycoon, is a Japanese shedding-type card game for three or more players played with a standard 52-card pack. The objective of the game is to get rid of all the cards one has as fast as possible by playing progressively stronger cards than those of the previous player. The winner is called the daifugō (the grand millionaire) earning various advantages in the next round, and the last person is called the daihinmin (the grand pauper). In that following round, winners can exchange their one or more unnecessary cards for advantageous ones that losers have.
The game is very similar to the Hong Kong climbing card games Big Two, and the Chinese game Zheng Shangyou, to the Vietnamese game Tien Len, and to Western card games like President and The Great Dalmuti. Like those other games, there are many variations and rules.
Basic rules
The rules described here are based on rules made popular in the U.S. by Tokyopop, in volume two of the manga Fruits Basket. They are fairly basic and attempt to condense the game to its core elements. Since card games like this are taught and evolve by word of mouth, the game play varies according to state of origin.
Special titles
There are five special titles for players during the game, along with popular North American and European equivalents:
Daifugō (大富豪 "Grand Millionaire") - The winner of the previous round. (President / Tycoon)
Fugō (富豪 "Millionaire") - Second place in the previous round. (Vice President / Rich)
Heimin (平民 "Commoner") - Average placement in the previous round. (Neutral / Commoner)
Hinmin (貧民 "Poor") - Second to last in the previous round. (Dirt / Poor)
Daihinmin (大貧民 "Extremely Poor") - Last place in the previous round. (Lowest Dirt / Beggar)
Some notes:
In the first round, all players begin as heimin. Decide randomly who will be the dealer.
Depending on the number of players, multiple players could be heimin, or the game might not have a heimin. In a three player game, there is no fugō or hinmin.
After every hand, players must get up and switch seats so that the daihinmin deals, and everyone is seated clockwise in order of titles, with daifugō on the dealer's left, and hinmin on the right. (American variants often do not follow this rule).
Dealing
The daihinmin shuffles and deals the cards. All the cards are dealt, until none are left, in clockwise rotation. Jokers, other wilds or extra 2s from another deck are used to ensure the cards can be dealt evenly. Alternately, the deal starts at the point which will allow the richest players to have the fewest cards (e.g. deal starts on the heimin for five players) and therefore be more likely to maintain their domination.
After cards are dealt and after the first hand, the daihinmin must hand over their two strongest cards to the daifugō, while the hinmin must hand over their one strongest card to the fugō. The daifugō and fugō then hand back an equal number of any "junk" cards they do not want. This process is known as zeikin (taxation).
Playing
Play in Daifugō is organized into tricks, much like Spades or Bridge. However, unlike those games, each trick can involve more than one card played by each player, and players do not have to play a card in a trick.
The player on the dealer's left begins by leading any number of cards of the same rank (1-4, 5 or more are possible with wilds). The player on the left may then play an equal number of matching cards with a higher face value, or may pass. (In a few variants, it is permitted to play cards with an equal value as the last cards played. Doing so may skip the player next in order.) Note that the same number of cards as the lead must be played. If the leader starts with a pair, only pairs may be played on top of it. If three-of-a-kind is led, only three-of-a-kinds can be played on top of it. (There are notable exceptions among the variants; see below) The next player may do the same, and so on. This continues until all players pass, or until one or more 2s are played; as the 2 is the highest value, nothing can beat it. The last person to play a card leads the next trick.
Notes on game play:
The ordering of the face values is a little different from most American card games - the deuce (2) is the highest value and is unbeatable. The ace is next highest, the King the next highest, etc. with the 3 being the lowest. A few variants allow a single deuce to be played on top of any other combination, but typically games require the same number of deuces to be played as were originally led. Another variant leaves one-eyed jacks (jacks of hearts and spades) higher than the deuce; the one-eyed jacks can be bested by the suicide king (king of hearts).
When players pass, this does not limit them in any way from playing later, even during the same trick. In some variants, however, a player cannot play on a trick in which he or she passed previously.
Players can pass anytime, even if the player has cards that could be played.
The number of cards that can be led to begin any trick is only dependent on the cards in the player's hand and his/her strategy.
End of a round
When one player runs out of cards, they are out of play for the rest of the round, but the other players can continue to play to figure out the titles. A few versions hold that once a player goes out, players count remaining card values to establish titles, or simply count the number of cards remaining in each player's hand.
When playing by traditional rules, once titles are decided, everyone needs to get up and move. The daihinmin is the dealer, and the players must rearrange themselves around the dealer so that they are seated in order of rank, clockwise. Most American variants do not rearrange the seating of the players, so everyone plays in the same order each hand (though the daifugō still leads the first trick).
Winning the game
The winner is usually the player who is daifugō at the end of the game, but a point system can also be used, where the fugō and daifugō earn 1 and 2 points, respectively, every round.
Basic strategy
The basic strategy of Daifugō is very simple; players attempt to get rid of weaker cards first so that only stronger cards are left in the players' hands near the end of a game. If a player is stuck with a low card, it will be very hard to get to play it and empty a hand. However, as winning a trick lets the player lead any card to start the next trick, one weak card can be kept to be played last.
However, when trying to prevent a player who is low on cards from emptying their hand, the player preceding him/her can elect to try to block the next player by playing a high value card or combination even if a lower value combination is available, and thus hopefully prevent the next player from playing as they are unable to top it. Additional elements of strategy can be introduced with optional rules (see below) such as skips and clears, which afford the other players more options in attempting to prevent play by a person about to empty their hand.
Optional rules
One or more house rules are usually observed when playing a game of Daifugō. Here are a few examples:
Rule No. 420If the losing player finishes his cards first then the 1, 2, 3, 4 order is reversed to 4, 3, 2, 1.
Strict 52-cardUneven card count in hands is allowed and the benefit (smaller hand) goes to the richest players. The deal generally starts with the richest heimin (or with the hinmin in a four-player game) and continues clockwise, that is, down the wealth rank. If there is a dummy hand (see below), it is always dealt last and therefore may change who gets the first dealt card. (If there are four players and a dummy hand, then the deal will start with the fugō so that the dummy hand and default daifugō hand both have one less card than the other hands dealt.)
Dummy HandAt the outset of every round after the first, one more hand is dealt than the number of players at the table. This last hand, the "dummy" hand, is ignored unless the daifugō decides he wants to chance swapping his dealt hand with the dummy hand. The swap must occur before taxation. The daifugō may not look at the dummy hand before the optional swap, nor may he change his mind after the swap. The dummy hand is generally taken only if the daifugō feels the cards in his dealt hand are significantly below average.
Deuce Means ClearIn addition to deuces (2s) being the highest value, a single 2 beats any other combination of cards. Because it can't be beat, a deuce becomes a "clear" card that allows the holder to "steal" the lead play from someone who would otherwise have played first. This can be essential when attempting to keep a person who has few cards remaining from going out; playing a 2 on a pile of pairs and starting a new pile of three-of-a-kinds means a person with only two cards left is dead in the water. This is common in Western versions of the game including Asshole.
Match Means ClearIf a player can match the current active play, the trick is cleared. For instance, if a 7 is played, one can play a 7 on top of this to clear. Or, if two Kings are played, one can play two Kings to clear. This is sometimes known as the Grand Palace Rule.
Jokers are WildCan be played almost any time, as any value, but cannot beat a 2. When a joker is played by itself, it is assumed to be one higher than the card played before it; for instance, a joker played on top of a single 5 is effectively a 6. Jokers played in combination with at least one other card are the same value as the other card(s); a joker and a 7 is equivalent to a pair of 7s.
Jokers are 2sJokers always count as 2s, meaning the number of Deuces in the game is increased.
Jokers are TrumpsWhile jokers can be played at any time, they are considered, when played as just jokers, to be above a 2. Some variants will include a rule where one of the 3 cards are able to beat a Joker, but only a Joker.
Forbidden Last CardIt is forbidden to go out on a specific card or combination of cards. Common examples include going out on a 2, a Joker, a pair, or an 8.
SkipsA player who plays the same number of cards of the same rank as the previous player skips the next person who would have played. For example, playing a 7 on top of another 7, or a pair of 4s on another pair of 4s, skips the next player. This variant is rare, though more common in American versions, and adds an extra element of strategy.
Multi-SkipsIf a player has more than one of the card played previously, he/she may play more of that card than is required in the current trick. By doing so, play skips one extra person for each extra card played. For instance, if a single 4 is played and the next player has the other three 4s in the deck, he/she may play two of them and skip the next two people, or play all three and skip the next three people. If two 4s are played and the next player has a 4 and two wild cards, he/she may play all three cards and skip the next two people (two cards required to play and skip, plus one extra).
Revolution (革命, kakumei) Playing four of a kind causes a revolution, which makes the strength of cards reversed until the end of the round (or session), making 3 the highest and 2 lowest. Counterrevolution (革命返し, kakumei-gaeshi or 反革命, han-kakumei) would restore the power. Revolution could also spark when a set of four or more sequential cards of the same suit is played such as 4-5-6-7 of spade (see kaidan below), or in a row by different players. The one who plays such sets can choose not to have a revolution. It could also make the titles of the players reversed. There even would happen counter-counterrevolution (革命返し返しkakumei-gaeshi-gaeshi or 反反革命 han-han-kakumei).
Completo, a.k.a. CompletionIf a player has the cards to complete a set of four of the current card, they can play them at any time (even if not their turn) to do so. This results in a "clear," and the person who completed the set of four goes next.
Jack-Back(or Eleven Back)When “J” is put into play, the strength of the card is temporarily the same as when the revolution occurred until the field card is washed away. In the revolutionary state, there is a temporary absence of a revolution (“2”is the strongest, “3” is the weakest). It returns to the original when the field flows . In some variations, playing a Jack or some other combination including a Jack results in a temporary kakumei, which lasts only for the current trick. For example, if a player plays a single J on a 9, the next player can play a lower-ranked card, such as a 3, on the J. After the trick in which the Jack is played ends, previous card strengths are restored.
Kaidan (階段 "Sequence")Three or more cards in sequence (ex. 5-6-7) may be played together (they do not necessarily have to be of the same suit), instead of playing a three-of-a-kind or four-of-a-kind. The highest card must be higher than the highest card of the set just played. Alternatively, sequences of 2 might be allowed, a same-suit restriction could be added (i.e., all cards must be of the same suit), or the lowest card might be required to be higher than the highest of the set just played. Often a five card limit is placed on these straights. Another variant allows 'double straights' where a player plays a pair of straights (ex. 5-5-6-6-7-7).
Eight Enders (Or Eight Stop) (8切り "8-cutting", チェンジカード 'change card') Playing an 8, set of 8s, or straight ending or beginning with an 8, can end the trick immediately, though it must follow the pattern of play (ex. a pair of 8s following a pair of 5's played previously). The player who plays the 8s leads the next trick.
Deuces Wild, Jokers HighDeuces may be any value and any suit except they are not allowed to be a “Joker”. If the deuce is played as a deuce, then its value trumps anything 3 through K. A deuce played as a deuce may be used as the highest card in a Kaidan when following an ace (ex. Q-K-A-2). Jokers are not wild but will always trump anything including a deuce. Jokers may be played in pairs, but may not be played in a Kaidan.
Direction of PlayThe daihinmin is required to shuffle and deal but, based on the direction of the deal, decides the direction of play. The daihinmin is the first to go after the shuffle and the round starts once the daihinmin places down his first cards. In this variation, individuals never change seats, so they are subject to who will play before and after them based on the daihinmin's strategy.
People's Revolution (下克上 gekokujō)In this variation, if the daihinmin is the first to shed all of their cards, he will take the daifugō position in the next round as normal, but in addition, the daifugō is immediately out of the current round and will become the daihinmin in the next round. In some variants, a "People's Revolution" ends the game immediately with all players swapping rank. Therefore, the fugō and hinmin would also trade places, and if the Despotism variant is used, the various heimin would trade rankings for card-passing purposes.
Bankrupt (都落ち miyako-ochi "Exile from the capital")A variation of the People's Revolution, where if the daifugō does not win a hand, they are immediately out of the current round and will become the daihinmin in the next round. Unlike People's Revolution, anyone can beat the daifugō and force them to go Bankrupt.
Metropolitan Citizens First (都民ファースト Tomin Fāsuto) Typically the first dealer of the game is daihinmin, but if he or she bankrupted on the last game, not daihinmin but hinmin will be the first dealer. It comes from "都落ち", the Japanese rule name of Bankrupt which means "exile from the metropolis". The player exiled from the metropolis would be deprived the right to be the "first" dealer as a citizen.
Multiple DecksIn multiple deck games, when more than one deck is used, there is generally no limit to the number of cards played in a Kaidan or in a multiple card of a kind hand (ex. in a two deck game, eight 10's may be played; more if there are wildcards). A rule of thumb for determining multiple decks is 1 deck for every four players. For example, a five-player game would utilize two decks.
DespotismThe number of cards traded between the upper and lower ranks strictly depends on the number of players. In a nine player game, the daihinmin and daifugō will trade four cards. The next two opposing ranks will trade three cards; the next two will trade two cards, and the last two will trade one. With an odd number of players, such as nine, the person in the middle will not trade any cards. A variant sometimes seen in Western versions of the game is similar, but the middle pair or three players do not exchange cards: so, with 9 players, the daifugō and daihinmin will trade three cards, the fugō and hinmin will trade two, and the top and bottom heimin will trade one. Sometimes additional titles for heimin that trade cards are introduced.
Three of Clubs StartThe person with the three of clubs starts the first round in the game by placing down that card. It may be played in combination with other cards per legal combinations. In multi-deck games, the first person to throw down a three of clubs (or legal combination thereof) starts.
Daifugō's ChoiceA subtle rule where the Daifugō, and no other rank, may choose to ask the daihinmin if the daihinmin has a card(s) of a specified value. This request can happen only after traded cards are given to the daifugō and before the round starts. The Daifugō may only ask once and must take multiple cards of the specified rank (up to the number of cards traded), if the daihinmin has multiples, and must return the same number of high cards given to the daifugō from the daihinmin.
English Ranking SystemThis ranking is for a nine player game. Add or subtract ranks depending on the number of players. 1. King 2. Duke 3. Upper Class 4. Upper Middle Class 5. Middle Class 6. Lower Middle Class 7. Poor 8. Very Poor 9. Destitute.
Extended TradingAfter all of the cards are traded and before the round starts, the daifugō may allow for extended trading where individuals can barter their cards with other players. Trades need not be one card for one card. The daifugō may end trading at any time, but when trading is open, cannot control who trades what, and with whom; the daifugō is not allowed to do extended trading without it being open to all. Trading will also end when the first to go places their cards.
Tight, Follow Same Suit (縛り shibari) When cards of the same suit are played consecutively, all subsequent cards in that trick must also be of the same suit. For example, if one player plays a 7 of Clubs, and the next player plays a 9 of Clubs, the third player cannot play a King of Spades (though he could play a King of Clubs). The same rule applies to pairs, threes-of-a-kind, or any other legal play depending on the rules used; so, for example, a pair of 5s (Clubs and Spades) followed by a pair of 7s (Clubs and Spades) would have to be followed by another Club-Spade combination. A variant of this rule allows "partial tights," in which any suit pattern between subsequent plays of more than one card must be followed for the rest of the trick: for example, a pair of 5s (Clubs-Spades) followed by a pair of 7s (Clubs-Diamonds) must be followed by a pair containing Clubs. Another tight variant requires that the same suit or combination of suits be played three times in a row in order for the suit(s) to "take." In some variants, the suit requirement is not official until a player notices the sequence and declares the suit name(s) out loud. Declaration is a significant part of strategy since only a player who can satisfy the suit requirement will benefit from declaration.
Poker hands Straights, flushes, full houses, and straight flushes may be played during five-card tricks. Each hand thus played must beat the previous hand according to standard poker rules (straight flush beats four-of-a-kind beats full house beats flush beats straight).
Asshole/PresidentIn North America, Daifugō is often played as a drinking game called "Asshole". The titles are President, Vice President, Common guy, Poor guy (Vice-Ass or Beer Wench), Asshole. Additional rules govern drinking (Common ones include the players being able to force anyone of a lower title to drink, or that the asshole buys the next round)
Rule of 7If you play a seven, you can give the person who is next after your turn a card that you do not need. If you decide to play more than 1 seven, give the person after you the amount of cards equal to how many sevens you played. example: 3 sevens, give the person after you 3 cards.
Throwaway 10If you play a ten, you may throw away any card in your deck, if you play more than 1 ten, then throw away the amount of cards equal to the amount of tens you played. example: 2 tens, throw away 2 cards.
Double 9 AmbulanceIf 2 nines are played together, it does the same thing an eight would do except it needs to be 2 nines. You may not do this with 3 nines or 4 nines.
Social aspects
Often the titles used in the game can be extended to social interactions. The daihinmin may be required to get up and fetch everyone's snacks and drinks (often this task is given to the hinmin so the daihinmin can shuffle and deal). Also the daifugō may be able to give an order after each round that must be followed, like "all heimin must bark like dogs", or "the hinmin must give me a backrub".
The daifugō - can also add rules related to the game itself, such as the rules in the list above, or any rule that suits him. It is often a good idea to impose limitations on such rule-making before the game starts, such as a maximum number of additional rules (requiring rules to be repealed when new ones are added), and allowing other players to override a new rule by unanimous vote (or a sufficiently large percentage).
Popular culture
In Fruits Basket, a popular manga and anime series, the characters in the story often play the card game with each other, emphasizing the fun social aspects of the game. In 2006, Score Entertainment released a Fruits Basket card game that contains a set of rules to Daifugō (in addition to an original game developed by Score).
In volume 6 of Ouran High School Host Club, Haruhi Fujioka and Suoh Tamaki (very poor man and poor man, respectively) were made to obey Kyoya Ootori (rich man) after a game of Daifugō.
The commercial game The Great Dalmuti is a custom Daifugo deck where lower numbered cards are strictly better, but the number of copies of each card in the deck equals its value - so, for example, 10 is the lowest card but there are 10 of them in the deck. This allows weak cards to be played in large sets which stronger cards cannot match. Dilbert: Corporate Shuffle is a further variant which adds three special effect cards.
In the PC Game "Katawa Shoujo", Misha and Shizune challenge Hisao to play Daifugō against them.
In Germany, there is a similar game by the name of "Vollarsch" or "Arschloch" (Asshole in German).
In Belgium, the loser is called 'Stront' (shit in Dutch)
In Sweden, a common name for this game used to be "neger och president" which means Negro and President. This title reflects the injustice and hierarchy of slave-age USA. New titles have since been adopted, since the word "neger" is considered by many to be offensive.
Similar to the Swedish and German versions, there is also a Greek variant of Daifugō called "Νίγκα" (Greek imitation of US-pronounced "nigga"). The original game play features 5 ranks (Masta, Half-Masta, Swiss, Half-Nigga, Nigga). Each player gets 6 cards and cards utilized are only sevens and up, with aces being the most powerful (No deuces are used). The remaining 2 cards (4*8 equals 32 whereas 5*6 equals 30) are called "the Swiss cards", because it's at the Swiss' discretion to swap at the start of each round 2 cards of his for these 2 "Swiss cards" as a one-time option. Also, the Kakumei-Revolution rule is standard. Other differences from the original Daifugō: There is no seat rearrangement at each round and no wild cards are being used.
In the light novel and anime series The "Hentai" Prince and the Stony Cat., Tsukiko Tsutsukakushi invites Azusa Azuki, Yōto Yokodera and Tsukushi Tsutsukakushi to play Daihinmin while her house is flooded by the typhoon.
In the video game Persona 5 Royal, a variation of this game can be played with members of the player character's team (which are known in the game as the Phantom Thieves).
In the western release of the game, the card game goes by the name "Tycoon".
Japanese pop music group Hinatazaka46 included a group wide Daifugo tournament as bonus for the blu-ray editions of their fourth single.
References
External links
Dai Fugō / Dai Hinmin at Pagat.com
Japanese card games
Shedding-type card games
Climbing games |
4395801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2078%20in%20New%20York | Interstate 78 in New York | Interstate 78 (I-78) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Union Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, to New York City. In the US state of New York, I-78 extends . The entirety of I-78 consists of the Holland Tunnel, which crosses under the Hudson River from New Jersey and ends at an exit rotary in Lower Manhattan. The tunnel and its approaches are maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).
I-78 was planned to take a longer route when the Interstate System within New York City was originally proposed in the late 1950s. The proposed route of I-78 was to head east via the Williamsburg Bridge to John F. Kennedy International Airport and then north over the Throgs Neck Bridge to I-95 in the Bronx. One unbuilt section of I-78, the Lower Manhattan Expressway, would have connected the Holland Tunnel to the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridges. Another unbuilt section, the Cross-Brooklyn and Bushwick Expressways, would have extended southeast across Brooklyn, connecting to what is now the Nassau Expressway (New York State Route 878 or NY 878). A third section would have connected the Nassau Expressway, at the southern edge of Queens near JFK Airport, to the southern end of what is now I-295, in central Queens. Due to opposition from the communities along the expressways' routes, these sections of I-78 were never built, and I-78 does not connect to I-278 or to any of its other auxiliary routes.
Route description
The section of I-78 within New York is long according to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), although the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) considers I-78 to be long. It consists exclusively of the Holland Tunnel, which connects to I-78 in New Jersey. The Holland Tunnel, a National Historic Landmark, was the world's longest underwater vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927; it consists of two tubes, each of which carries two lanes of traffic in a single direction. The entrance plaza to the westbound tunnel, Freeman Plaza, is a rectangular block, bounded clockwise from the north by Broome, Varick, Watts, and Hudson streets. Four entrances feed into the tunnel from all corners of the block, including an entrance from Canal Street, which intersects Hudson and Watts streets at the southwest corner of the plaza. The westbound portal is located south of Dominick Street, just north of where the four entrances merge.
The exit plaza, referred to the "Holland Tunnel Rotary", is in a square superblock that previously housed the New York Central Railroad's St. John's Park Terminal, bounded clockwise from the north by Laight, Varick, Beach, and Hudson streets. Traffic leaves the tunnel at a portal at the southeast corner of Canal and Hudson streets, then heads southeast along the south line of Canal Street and south along the west line of Varick Street to the northeast corner of the plaza. From there, five exits, which are numbered sequentially, split from the rotary. One exit goes to each corner of the superblock. A fifth exit, added in 2004, splits to Varick Street on the superblock's eastern side. A pedestrian overpass crosses the entrance to the plaza and exit 5 at the northeast corner since the entrance from the tunnel cuts Laight Street.
There are four auxiliary routes of I-78 in New York; none of these spurs connect with I-78 because parts of I-78, I-278, and I-478 were not built. I-478 is currently the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel and approaches, connecting I-278 in Brooklyn with the Battery in Manhattan. It was once planned to continue north along the unbuilt Westway to I-78 at the Holland Tunnel; however, this project was later canceled. I-278, the only I-78 spur to leave New York, has a western terminus on Linden, New Jersey, and passes northward and eastward through all five boroughs, with its eastern end at the Bruckner Interchange in the Bronx. I-278 was planned to extend northwest to I-78 at Route 24 in Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey. I-678 runs from JFK Airport in Queens north to the Bruckner Interchange. I-878, signed as part of NY 878, is a short east–west expressway crossing I-678 at JFK Airport, running only within Queens. It was originally planned as part of I-78, connecting to the Bushwick Expressway, I-278, the Williamsburg Bridge, and the Lower Manhattan Expressway. The original I-878 is now the segment of I-278 east of the split with NY 895; it connected I-278 with I-78, I-95, and I-678 at the Bruckner Interchange.
History
Existing segment
When the Interstate numbering was finalized in the late 1950s, the Harrisburg–New York City route, I-78, was assigned to several proposed roads in New York City. It would leave the Holland Tunnel onto the Lower Manhattan Expressway, crossing the East River on the Williamsburg Bridge and following the Bushwick Expressway across Brooklyn to near Idlewild Airport (now JFK Airport). There it would follow the Nassau Expressway along the north boundary of the airport and turn north along the Clearview Expressway through Queens, crossing the East River again on the Throgs Neck Bridge into the Bronx. Finally, I-78 would split into two branches, one heading west along the Cross Bronx Expressway to the Bruckner Interchange and the other heading northwest along the Throgs Neck Expressway to the Bruckner Expressway near the south end of the New England Thruway. I-78 would also intersect with I-478 (Manhattan Bridge) in SoHo, Manhattan; I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) in Williamsburg, Brooklyn; I-495 (Long Island Expressway) in Fresh Meadows, Queens; and I-95 (Cross Bronx and Bruckner Expressways), I-678 (Bronx–Whitestone Bridge), and I-878 (Bruckner Expressway) in Throggs Neck, the Bronx.
Only two sections of I-78 in Queens and the Bronx were built. When the Throgs Neck Bridge and its approaches opened in early 1961, they were signed as I-78. The lack of expressway names on the signs, as specified by federal standards, caused confusion among drivers who knew the highways by their names. The Clearview Expressway was completed to its present extent in mid-1963, and a short eastbound-only piece of the Nassau Expressway opened in 1971. The unbuilt sections of the Lower Manhattan, Bushwick, and Clearview expressways were canceled by the New York state government in March 1971.
The route of part of the Clearview Expressway's unbuilt southern section later became the JFK Expressway, which connects JFK Airport with the Nassau Expressway, Conduit Avenue (NY 27), and the Belt Parkway. The JFK Expressway was completed in 1991.
Canceled segments
Lower Manhattan Expressway
The Lower Manhattan Expressway, also known as LOMEX or the Canal Street Expressway, was a controversial plan for an expressway through Lower Manhattan. The Lower Manhattan Expressway would have begun at the West Side Elevated Highway on the west side of Manhattan, where it would have merged with I-78 at the eastern portal of the Holland Tunnel. From here, the LOMEX would have proceeded generally southeastward as a 10-lane elevated highway, carrying I-78 over what became SoHo and Little Italy. At Centre Street, near the eastern edge of Little Italy, the highway would have split into two branches that both led to bridges over the East River on Manhattan's east side. The main branch would continue southeast as I-78 to the Williamsburg Bridge, while the other would head south to the Manhattan Bridge as I-478. The Manhattan Bridge Spur would have been located above Chrystie Street. The spur to the Williamsburg Bridge would have been mostly depressed or underground, running between Delancey and Broome streets and passing under the Chrystie Street Connection of the New York City Subway. As part of the project, a third tube to the Holland Tunnel would have been built to provide sufficient capacity for the proposed expressway traffic.
The expressway was originally conceived by urban planner and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) chair Robert Moses in 1941. However, efforts to build the highway were delayed until November 1959, when Moses submitted the LOMEX plans for city approval. The New York City Planning Commission approved the expressway in February 1960, and the New York City Board of Estimate voted in favor of the expressway's routing that September. The cost of the plan approved by the Board of Estimate was $80 million (equivalent to $ in ) but later rose to $100 million (equivalent to $ in ). Estimates published in The New York Times in 1962 showed that the $100-million cost would have been covered by $90 million (equivalent to $ in ) from the federal government, $10 million (equivalent to $ in ) from the state of New York, and $220,000 (equivalent to $ in ) in city funds.
The expressway plan encountered logistical issues even before they had been fully approved. After the Planning Commission had approved the expressway proposal, the city moved to evict 2,000 families in 416 buildings along the expressway's route, as well as displace 804 businesses. However, residents started organizing protests against the relocation plan. In response, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. told the affected residents that the timeline for starting construction had not yet been finalized, and so they would not need to move for some time. Opposition also formed over the fact that the highway would create a "Chinese wall" separating the neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan. Members of the affected communities, led by community activist Jane Jacobs, formed groups to protest against LOMEX. Jacobs chaired the Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which recruited such members as Margaret Mead, Eleanor Roosevelt, Lewis Mumford, Charles Abrams, and William H. Whyte. In his book about the dispute between Jacobs and Moses, the author Anthony Flint stated that newspapers such as The New York Times typically reported Moses's work favorably, while the newly created The Village Voice covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway. Jacobs continued to fight the expressway throughout the rest of the decade, and she was locally seen as a hero for her opposition to the project.
By 1961, Moses had initiated two large federal initiatives to demolish fourteen blocks along Broome Street in Little Italy and SoHo. Moses's plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the Housing Act of 1949, also called for multiple blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale highrises. The plan ultimately required 132 families to move out, as well as displaced 1,000 small businesses, who relocated to what is now Washington Square Village. In April 1962, Wagner commenced the acquisition of property for the Lower Manhattan Expressway. After further issues with relocation arose in August 1962, Wagner delayed final action on the proposal until after that year's November general elections. A report on the relocation process was published on December 3 of that year. The report stated that the 1,972 families could possibly be relocated without much difficulty. Two days later, there was a tumultuous six-hour-long special executive session of the New York City Board of Estimate on the second floor of New York City Hall, where city officials voted unanimously to block the planned expressway. This served only as a temporary deterrent against the expressway plans, and, in May 1963, Moses announced a revised proposal.
A short section of the Williamsburg Bridge spur directly under Chrystie Street, with its southern edge aligned with the northern sidewalk of Broome Street, was built during this time. In December 1960, the New York state government started tendering bids to construct this segment. The low bid of about $1.02 million (equivalent to $ in ) was accepted on January 26, 1961, and the road was completed by January 1964. This piece of the highway had cost $941,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to construct. It was necessitated because, in case the expressway was ever completed, the tunnel segment would provide structural support to the Chrystie Street Connection. Ultimately, this segment of tunnel was never used since the expressway was later canceled.
The argument over the Lower Manhattan Expressway became a pivotal argument in the 1965 New York City mayoral election. Mayor Wagner supported the construction of the expressway and wanted for the highway to be completed by 1971. His opponent, John Lindsay, objected to the elevated highway plan; in July 1965, he filed a lawsuit to postpone any decisions on the expressway until after the election that November. The Port Authority, which operated the Holland Tunnel, also opposed the proposed link because it would put congestion back onto the Holland Tunnel, which had seen moderate traffic flows for the first time since its 1927 opening. Lindsay ultimately won the election and immediately began looking to modify the project's routing. The Regional Plan Association suggested that the city build the expressway underground or in an open cut, instead of an elevated highway. However, Moses opposed the construction of a depressed highway since the same number of buildings would have to be demolished compared to an elevated highway. Deputy Mayor Robert Price subsequently announced that it had stopped pursuing the Lower Manhattan Expressway in any form; however, the Lindsay administration itself was still conducting studies on a possible underground routing. After considerable disagreement with the Lindsay administration, Moses was removed from his position as the city's arterial-road planner in July 1966. Lindsay also commissioned private consultants to perform a study on the Lower Manhattan Expressway, and, in November 1966, they concluded that the expressway plan was not the optimal solution for Lower Manhattan congestion.
In January 1967, Lindsay and Governor Nelson Rockefeller agreed to commission a study of the feasibility of an underground highway rather than an elevated highway. The engineering study was completed that March; it called for various sections to be built in tunnels and open cuts under Broome and Chrystie streets, with a short section west of Sixth Avenue on an elevated structure. The underground highway would have to pass underneath existing subway lines before rising on elevated ramps to connect with the Manhattan Bridge. There would only be two exits, located at the Manhattan Bridge and at Sixth Avenue; the Williamsburg Bridge spur had been dropped by this point. The plan failed to placate Lower Manhattan residents who had opposed the first two proposals since they had been promised that the entire highway would be located underground. Despite the persistent opposition, the federal and state governments allocated funding for the expressway in September 1967. Lindsay announced in April 1968 that he wanted to start construction on the updated Lower Manhattan Expressway as soon as possible. However, the tunnel proposal also encountered difficulties: in January 1969, a group of scientists stated that carbon monoxide levels around the tunnel would be dangerously high, and, the next month, several officials succeeded in delaying the expressway plans.
Bushwick Expressway
Although the Lower Manhattan Expressway caused the most controversy, the first I-78 segment to be canceled was the Bushwick Expressway, which would have linked the Williamsburg Bridge to the Nassau Expressway. The original route would have utilized Broadway, Bushwick Avenue, and the Conduit Boulevard/Avenue corridor.<ref name="1960map"/ An alternate routing, proposed by the TBTA in the 1960s, would have traveled slightly farther north along Broadway, Flushing Avenue, or Meserole Street and Montrose Avenue, and Wyckoff Avenue, parallel to the Brooklyn–Queens border. This was the right-of-way of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s defunct Evergreen Branch. The Bushwick Expressway would then run east along Force Tube Avenue and Conduit Avenue to the Nassau Expressway. Under this plan, an additional spur would have branched off at approximately Wyckoff and Flushing Avenues and run northwest along Vandervoort Avenue parallel to Newtown Creek. It would have crossed the creek into Long Island City and traveled west along either the Long Island Expressway or the LIRR Montauk Branch in order to connect with the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, for which a third tube would have been constructed. The highway would have cut through the Williamsburg, Bushwick, and East New York neighborhoods of Brooklyn. The 1960s routing would have also bisected Greenpoint; Ridgewood, Queens; and Highland Park and the Cemetery of the Evergreens. The East New York segment was partially constructed from Atlantic Avenue to the Belt Parkway in the early 1940s, when Conduit Boulevard/Avenue was widened. The current grass median of the boulevard would have facilitated the expressway.
The Bushwick Expressway was proposed around 1954 and included in the Port Authority's Joint Study of Arterial Facilities in 1955. The Wyckoff Avenue route was proposed in the 1960s. At this time, the TBTA envisioned the main route as an eight-lane highway, while the Williamsburg Bridge and Midtown Tunnel spurs would support six lanes of traffic. As with LOMEX, residents along the Bushwick Expressway's route opposed the project because it would necessitate the destruction of residences and businesses in Brooklyn and Queens; the TBTA estimated that nearly 4,000 families would be displaced by the expressway. At the urging of Mayor John Lindsay, the Cross Brooklyn Expressway, which would connect to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and not provide a link in I-78, was substituted for the Bushwick Expressway in 1967 in order to reduce traffic into Manhattan and because it would reduce the displacement of residents and businesses.
Cancelation of all I-78 expressways
While campaigning for reelection in 1969, Mayor Lindsay canceled plans for the Lower Manhattan and Cross Brooklyn expressways, citing lack of community support. Lindsay declared the Lower Manhattan Expressway to be "dead for all time", and the Board of Estimate officially voted to erase the proposed expressway from city maps in August. All three unbuilt expressways along the path of I-78 were deleted at the state level by Governor Rockefeller in March 1971.
Effective January 1, 1970, NYSDOT truncated the east end of I-78 to the east end of the Williamsburg Bridge at I-278 in Brooklyn. The Clearview and Throgs Neck expressways, as well as the eastern part of the Cross Bronx Expressway, became I-295, and the Nassau Expressway became I-878 (now signed as NY 878), though it was still shown as I-78 on maps through the late 1970s. I-878 was also assigned to the unbuilt Cross Brooklyn Expressway, for a total of between the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and JFK Airport. I-878, the Nassau Expressway, was redesignated as a New York state route by 1991.
Robert Moses had planned to build three other expressways through Manhattan, two of which were never constructed as planned. The Mid-Manhattan Expressway would have been an elevated or underground highway running along 30th Street. The Cross Harlem Expressway would have run at ground level at 125th Street. The Trans-Manhattan Expressway, the only one of Moses's planned Manhattan expressways to be constructed, connected the George Washington Bridge with Moses's Cross Bronx Expressway and was completed in 1962. The I-478 designation was later reassigned to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. This was part of a plan for another elevated highway called the Westway, which would have connected the Brooklyn–Battery, Holland, and Lincoln tunnels. The Westway project was officially abandoned in 1985 also due to community opposition.
A 2015 Gothamist article cites singer Bob Dylan as being partially responsible for the eventual cancelation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway. In 1963, Dylan was said to have written a song called "Listen, Robert Moses" that protested Moses's plans for a superhighway. Though experts were skeptical about the existence of the song and the New York Public Library does not have any records containing the song, Jane Jacobs's son, Jim, confirmed that Dylan had written it and a copy of the lyrics was found in the Tuli Kupferberg collection of the Fales Library of New York University.
Exit list
The New York section of I-78 only consists of Holland Tunnel and its entrance and exit ramps. There are five eastbound exit ramps, which are numbered sequentially as traffic heads counterclockwise around the tunnel's exit plaza. The westbound entrance plaza is several blocks to the north and has direct entrances from Hudson, Canal, Watts, and Varick streets. While NYSDOT is transitioning to mileage-based numbers, there are no immediate plans to convert I-78's exit numbers.
See also
Freeway and expressway revolts
Notes
References
External links
New York
78
Expressways in New York City
Transportation in Manhattan
History of transportation in New York City
078
SoHo, Manhattan
Holland Tunnel |
4395811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage%20lighting%20instrument | Stage lighting instrument | Stage lighting instruments (lanterns, or luminaires in Europe) are used in stage lighting to illuminate theatrical productions, concerts, and other performances taking place in live performance venues. They are also used to light television studios and sound stages.
Many stagecraft terms vary between the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, lighting fixtures are often called "instruments" or "units". In the UK, they are called "lanterns" or "luminaires". This article mainly uses terms common to the United States.
Components
See the picture at the top of the page for the physical location of most components.
Stage lighting instruments all have the following components:
Housing
The lamp housing is a metal or plastic container that serves as a body for the entire instrument and prevents light from spilling in unwanted directions. It comprises all of the exterior of the fixture except for the lens or opening. The housing may be designed with specific elements that help reduce heat and increase the efficiency of a lamp. Older instruments were made from rolled and machined steel or aluminum. With the advent of the Source Four, many lighting instruments are being made from die cast metal. Die casting allows for one single, light-weight body that is more economical to produce and use. The first lantern to make use of die castings was the Strand Pattern 23 designed by Fred Bentham in 1953, this small mirror spot enjoyed a 30-year production run and found its way into many British schools, halls and theaters. Some instruments are made from plastic, such as the Selecon Pacific.
Lens or opening
The opening is the gap in the housing from where the beam of light is intended to come. Many fixtures use a lens to help control the beam of light, though some, such as border or cyclorama lights, do not have any lenses or optics other than the reflector. The lens and the reflector, along with other beam-altering devices, are both considered part of the optics system.
There are two main lens types. Profile Lens Systems and Wash Lens Systems. Instruments with profile lens systems usually have a beam that is narrow and hard edged. ERS lights and follow spots use these lenses. On the other hand, fixtures such as PAR's and Fresnels use wash lens systems. The wash lens system casts a diffused wash of light with a softer beam edge.
Reflector
The reflector affects the quality and directionality of the light output. A reflector is located behind or around the light source in such a way as to direct more light towards the lens or opening. Each unit has a characteristic reflector, used in conjunction with the lens (or lack thereof) to create the desired effect. An ellipsoidal reflector has a lamp set at one focus point of an ellipsoid-shaped reflector that bounces the light and focuses it at the second focus point of the ellipse. This focuses the beam of light into a tight beam. Ellipsoidal reflectors often are used for tight, focusable spots, although they can be used for floodlights, such as in scoops (see below). A parabolic reflector has a lamp set at the focus point of a parabola-shaped reflector that bounces the light in parallel beams away from the reflector. There is no point at which the light converges, so the light is unfocusable. Parabolic reflectors are used for lights intended to provide an unfocused wash, such as PAR cans.
Reflectors can also be used to selectively reduce or eliminate unwanted thermal emission. Incandescent lamps produce light through heating of the filament, while arc lamps produce light through the heating and ionization of a gas. In either case, this heat is also emitted from the lamp as infrared light. The thermal energy is often projected onto the stage with the visible light, and thousands of watts of incandescent lighting can be uncomfortably hot for the actors on stage. Specially designed reflectors are able to absorb and dissipate infrared at the fixture before the visible light reaches the stage.
Yoke
Most instruments are suspended or supported by a U-shaped yoke, fixed at two points to the sides of the instrument, providing an axis of rotation. The base of the yoke is typically a single bolt around which the yoke can be rotated, providing a second axis of rotation. Combined, these two axis allow the fixture to point nearly anywhere in a spherical range of motion encircling the yoke.
The yoke is connected to a pipe or batten by one of the clamps mentioned below. It may also be affixed to the deck with floor mounts, or attached to the set with a stage screw.
Some yokes are motorized, allowing remote control systems to change where a fixture is pointing during a show.
Attachment apparatus
C-Clamps are hook clamps that use a threaded bolt to attach to a pipe or batten and to hold the instrument secure. Once secured, the fixture can be panned and tilted using adjustment knobs on the yoke and clamp. In addition, safety cables (a loop of aircraft cable terminated with carabiners) are used to support the lighting instrument in case the clamp fails.
A side arm is a metal pole bolted to the instrument with a clamp on the end. This enables the instrument to be hung to the side of an electric as opposed to below it.
Lamp or arc source
All instruments need some type of source to produce light. The bulbs used are referred to as lamps. Stage lighting instruments typically use incandescent lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps, encapsulated arcs, or LEDs. Most theatrical lamps are tungsten-halogen (or quartz-halogen), an improvement on the original incandescent design that used halogen gas instead of an inert gas. Fluorescent lights are rarely used other than as work lights (see below). Although they are far more efficient, they cannot be dimmed (run at less than full power) without using specialized dimmers, cannot dim to very low levels, do not produce light from a single point or easily concentrated area, and have a warm-up period during which they emit no light or do so intermittently. High-intensity discharge lamps (or HID lamps) are now common where a very bright light output is required, for example in large follow spots, HMI (hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide) floods, and modern automated fixtures. Because these types of lamps cannot be electrically dimmed, dimming is done by mechanical dousers or shutters that physically block portions of the lamp to decrease output. Some specially-designed fittings now use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LEDs are ideal where an intense but unfocused light source is required, such as for lighting a cyclorama. LEDs have now been added to fixtures such as the Source Four LED, which looks similar to the source four onstage, but is controlled with LEDs.
Incandescent lamps are most likely the type of light one is used to seeing. They are typical household lights that are usually between 40 and 100 watts. However, the US has been taking them out of production due to their inefficient nature. Typically, an incandescent lamp has a tungsten filament surrounded by an inert gas. This is all encapsulated by a bulb. The inert gas stops the formation of anything that could darken the bulb, such as carbon. The bulb is usually made from Pyrex or synthetic quartz. Incandescent lamps also have a base. The base screws into a socket and serves as an electrical contact point for the socket and the filament inside. For the most part, higher watt bulbs will use larger bases. Incandescent bulbs for stage lighting may have pins on the bottom instead of a screw. This allows them to be positioned properly in relation to a reflector. The filament of the lamp is usually tightly coiled tungsten wire.
Tungsten-Halogen lamps, or T-H lamps, are similar to incandescent bulbs, but instead of an inert gas being used, a halogen gas is used. Halogens are chemically active. Therefore, when the filament releases tungsten particles, the halogen gas forms a compound with them that the filament attracts back. The particles of tungsten then attach to the filament again. Because of this, there are less tungsten deposits on the bulb and the filament is constantly rebuilt, and so the light lasts much longer than a typical incandescent light.
LEDs are of an advantage because they are available in many colors today. LEDs are semiconducting diodes that emit light. The chemical composition of the LED determines the color of the light. Unlike conventional fixtures, LEDs do not need dimmers, but have intensities controlled by wattage. LED lights are much more energy efficient than incandescent or T-H lamps. While a household incandescent may be rated for 100 watts, an LED of the same intensity could be under 15 watts. One of their advantages to T-H and incandescent bulbs is that they do not require colored gels. LED fixtures typically come with multiple colors of LED lights. Color theory shows that mixing the primary colors of light will make white light. Therefore, through color mixing, LED's can form a wide variety of colors from white light to deep primary colors to many others. This reduces the time taken to change the color of an already hung fixture. The introduction of the LED allows much more variety of color and they also require much less power, making them useful to have in a theater or production.
Arc Sources produce an electric arc. Electric current moving in the gap between the two electrodes creates a bright blue light. They can typically be found in follow spots and moving fixtured. One of their downsides is that they cannot be dimmed Therefore, the light can either be turned on or off. They can also use mechanical dimmers, such as dousers, that are made with slats or an iris that moves to limit the light leaving the fixture.
Accessories
Conventional (non-intelligent) fixtures are designed to accept a number of different accessories intended to assist in the modification of the output. The most common, found on almost all stage lights, is the gel frame holder. The gel frame holder is intended to hold gel, mounted in cardboard or metal gel frames. Other common accessories include gobo holders or rotators, iris holders, donuts, barn doors and color scrollers. Gobos are templates made from a thin piece of metal that have designs to project patterns. An Iris is an accessory which can alter the size of the projected beam of light. Color scrollers hold a spool of color media that have been attached to each other. It can then scroll through the gels to change the color.
Transaction
Lighting instruments can be broadly separated into two categories: floodlights, which illuminate a wide area, and spotlights (sometimes known as profiles), which produce a narrower, more controllable light beam. The distinction has to do with the characteristics of the light produced by the instrument. Spotlights produce a potentially tightly focused light, while floodlights produce a much more diffuse light. Instruments that fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum can be classified as either a spot or a flood, depending on the type of instrument and how it is used.
Stagelights
PAR lights
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector lights, or PAR lights, or PAR cans, are used when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a scene. A PAR can is a sealed beam PAR lamp housed in a simple can-like unit. Like an old-fashioned automotive headlight, the reflector is integral to the lamp and the beam spread of the unit is not adjustable except by changing the lamp. PAR lamps are widely used in architectural lighting and may often be found at hardware stores. PAR lights have seen heavy use in rock and roll shows, especially those with smaller budgets, due to their low cost, light weight, easy maintenance, high durability, and high output. They are often used in combination with smoke or haze machines which make the path of the beam visible. They are also often used as top, back, or side lights in the theatre and for special effects.
All PAR lamps except those with narrow or very narrow lenses produce an intense oval pool of light, some with fixed focus and soft edges. In order to adjust the orientation of the oval, the lamp must be rotated. The number associated with a PAR light (e.g.: Par 64, Par 36, Par 16) indicates the diameter of the lamp in eighths of an inch.
Four different beam angles can be obtained on the PAR-64. The beam angle is determined by the lamp. Lamps come in "very narrow" (6° x 12°), "narrow" (7° x 14°), "medium" (12° x 28°), and "wide" (24° x 48°). Each angle has two numerical values since the beams are elliptical rather than circular. PAR 16s are often referred to as "birdies".
PAR-bars are aluminum pipes with par cans permanently attached and circuited through the pipe. Par-bars with 4 instruments are often referred to as 4-bars, and par-bars with 6 instruments are referred to as 6-bars.
In 1995 Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC) introduced the Source Four PAR as an alternative to PAR cans
. The Source Four PAR is similar to the PAR can, but it has differences as well. Unlike the PAR can, the Source Four PAR does not have a movable parabolic reflector. Also, instead of using a PAR lamp, it uses the same lamps as the Source Four Ellipsoidals. Additionally, the Source Four PAR uses changeable lenses that affect the beam.
Strip lights
Strip lights, also known as cyclorama or cyc lights (thus named because they are effective for lighting the cyclorama, a curtain at the back of the stage), border lights, and codas (by the brand name), are long housings typically containing multiple lamps arranged along the length of the instrument and emitting light perpendicular to its length. Lamps are often covered with gels of multiple colors (often red, green, and blue, which, in theory, allow almost any color to be mixed) with each color controlled by a separate electrical dimmer circuit. Many striplights use round pieces of glass (called roundels) rather than plastic gels for color. Roundels can sustain heavy use for a long time without fading and are often found in more permanent installations.
Scoop lights
Scoop lights or scoops are circular fixtures that do not have any lenses. They have an ellipsoidal reflector at the back of the fixture that directs the light out of the fixture. Since they do not have any sort of lens system they are cheaper than other fixtures. However, the light cannot be focused at all (even PARs allow more control than scoops). Scoops are most often used to flood the stage with light from above, or to light backdrops. Scoops can have gels affixed. Occasionally they are used as work lights (see below).
House lights and worklights
House lights provide light on the theater's seats and aisles for the audience before and after performances and during intermissions. They are generally incandescent lights, however fluorescent lights or scoops may be used in some instances. House lights are often controlled by dimmers, but are sometimes on simple switches. Worklights provide general lighting backstage or in the house, and are often fluorescent fixtures. Work lights are almost always non-dimmed.
House and work lights are usually off during performances but are occasionally included in the lighting design to establish focus or emphasize plot elements. When the house lights are not on a dimmer, the switch is usually under the control of the stage manager.
LED stage lights
LED stage lighting instruments are stage lighting instruments that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LED instruments are an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments which use halogen lamp or high-intensity discharge lamps. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with lower power consumption. Most LED fixtures use three or more colors (usually red, green, and blue) which can be mixed to hypothetically create any color.
Types
LED stage lights come in four main types. PAR cans, spotlights, striplights, and "moving head" types. In LED PAR cans, a round printed circuit board with LEDs mounted on is used in place of a PAR lamp. Moving head types can either be a bank of LEDs mounted on a yoke or more conventional moving head lights with the bulb replaced with an LED bank.
Uses
LED instruments can and have been used to replace any conventional lighting fixture, and some shows, such as Radiohead's recent tour, have used only LED lighting instruments. Most shows use LEDs only for lighting cycloramas, or as top, side, or back light due to their low throw distance. They can also be used as audience blinders (lights pointed directly at the audience from a low angle).
Spotlights
A spotlight is any lighting instrument used in theater to create a pool of light on the stage. There are many different types of spotlights which break down into three general areas:
Fresnel lanterns or Fresnels (US) are small fixtures giving a soft-edged spot or pool of light. Their name comes from the distinctive ridged Fresnel lens used on the front.
Profile spots (UK) or ellipsoidal reflector spotlights (US) tend to be longer fixtures containing convex lenses and having a gate at their focal point which enables the insertion of gobos or irises to shape the beam of light. They give a hard-edged beam most often associated in the public mind with "spotlights". Large versions are operated by a technician as a 'followspot' to follow performers on the stage. The term Profile Spot used in the UK refers to a focussing spotlight which may, or may not use the ellipsoidal reflector design, this design was not common in the UK until the 1970s and many UK and European manufacturers have still to adopt this design instead preferring a twin PC lens design.
Pebble Convex lanterns (or "PCs") are similar to Fresnels, but use a plano-convex lens with a pebbled effect on the planar (flat) side, resulting in less "spill" outside the main beam. They are used much more widely in Europe than North America.
Fresnel lantern
A Fresnel lantern (UK), or simply Fresnel (US), employs a Fresnel lens to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens is named after French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, and consequently pronounced with a silent "s". The distinctive lens has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' appearance of those used in other lanterns. The resulting beam of light is wide and soft-edged, creating soft shadows, and is commonly used for back light, top light, and side light. Another method of controlling the spread of light is to use either a top hat (also referred to as a snoot), which generally limits the light coming out, or a barn door, whose flaps work as though they were shutters on an ERS (shown on the right). These methods limit light output and keep excess light from spilling into the eyes of audience members or where it is not desired.
Fresnels use a spherical reflector, with the lamp at the focus point. The lamp and reflector remain a fixed unit inside the housing, and are moved forward and back to focus the light. This is accomplished using a slider on the bottom or side of the lantern, or using a worm track. At very tight focus, the lanterns are the least efficient, as the least light can escape the housing. Therefore, Fresnels are not good for tight focus on small areas. They are most often used at medium distances from the stage for area lighting.
In 1999, ETC introduced a new lighting fixture, the Source Four PARNel, which combined the design of the PAR fixture with that of the Fresnel. The fixture is more versatile, allowing for a flood or a softer spot.
Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
The ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS), also known as profile (after its ability to project the silhouette or profile of anything put in the gate) (UK) and Découpe (French), is the most abundant instrument type currently in theatrical use. The flexibility of the ERS allows it to fulfill the bulk of lighting roles in the theater. They are sometimes known as a profile spotlight (in Europe) or by their brand names, especially the Source Four (a popular lantern from ETC) and 2 the Leko (short for Lekolite, from Strand lighting).
The major components of an ERS light are the casing in which the internal parts are mounted, an ellipsoidal reflector located in the back of the casing(truncated conical ellipse), a lamp mounted to position the filament at the rear focal point of the ellipsoid, a dual plano-convex lens (two plano-convex lenses facing each other in the barrel), and at the front, a gel frame to hold the color gel. The light from the lamp is efficiently gathered by the ellipsoidal reflector and sent forward through the gate, shutters and lens system.
The truncated conical ellipse allows better focusing abilities for the light. If the bulb is placed in the first focus, then all light will pass through the second focus at the same time. This creates a very bright beam of light.
ERS or profile lanterns have many useful features. One of the most useful are the metal shutters at the focal plane of the lens to shape the beam of light. The original shape of the beam is round, but with the use of the shutters one can limit the beam to avoid obstacles or parts of the set that should not be illuminated in a specific look. Another feature is a gate, also in the focal plane, for sliding in gobos (also known as templates or deckles). These have patterns cut into them, like a stencil. These patterns are projected onto the stage. An iris also can be inserted in this position to make the beam smaller in diameter, reducing the light cast without the sharp edges of the shutters. ERS instruments from ETC, Altman, Selecon, and a variety of others have interchangeable lens tubes (or barrels) which can both create a very sharp or very soft beam as well as alter the beam spread. The barrel sizes can range from a narrow, long distance 5- or 10-degree spot to a broad and short-distance 50- or even 90-degree. The first 90-degree profile lantern was developed by Selecon Performance Lighting as part of their "Pacific" range of products. Since its introduction many other manufacturers have introduced their own 90-degree barrels. ERS instruments allow many different lens tubes to be used with the same body. This makes them more versatile, since a venue can purchase varying degrees of barrels without buying as many instruments. Many manufacturers also produce zoom lenses which offer the ability to change the beam angle. Some zoom ranges have a poorer optical quality making them difficult to use in sharp focus.
Field angle
The field angle of an instrument is the angle of the beam of light where it reaches 10% of the intensity of the center of the beam. Most manufacturers now use field angle to indicate the spread that the fixture has. However, older fixtures are described by the width of the lens x focal length of the instrument. For example, a 6x9 ellipsoidal would have a 6" lens and a focal length of 9" (creating an approximately 37° beam angle). This nomenclature was used because traditionally a larger lens directly equated with more light output. This is no longer necessarily true, so most manufacturers now identify their fixtures by beam angle and light output. As the field angle narrows, the instrument can either be used further from the stage to create a similarly sized beam as a closer, larger instrument, or it can be used from the same distance to create a smaller beam.
Beam projector
A beam projector is a lensless instrument with very little beam spread. It uses two reflectors. The primary reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector directs the light into nearly parallel beams, and the spherical reflector is placed in front of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp back to the parabolic reflector, which reduces spill. The result is an intense shaft of light that cannot be easily controlled or modified. The beam projector no longer is used to the extent that it once was, as newer fixtures and PAR lamps have created easier ways to produce the effect.
Followspot
The followspot (also called a spotlight, trackspot, lime (uk), or dome) is a lighting instrument that is moved during a performance by an operator or by DMX control to provide emphasis or extra illumination and usually to follow a specific performer moving around the stage. Follow spots are commonly used in musical theater and opera to highlight the stars of a performance, but may be used in dramas as well. They are also used in sports venues, as well as many other applications.
These lighting instruments come in a variety of sizes with light sources ranging from low power incandescent light bulbs to very powerful xenon arc lamps. Carbon arc lamp spots were common until the 1990s, using the arc between carbon rods as their light source. These follow spots required special installations that include high volume ventilation due to the hazardous fumes produced by the carbon arc. The current generation, xenon, has extremely high internal pressure in the lamp and thus has its own safety concerns.
Followspots contain a variety of operator-controlled optical mechanisms. They may include mechanical shutters, which allow the light to be doused without turning off the lamp, lenses to control and focus beam width, and internal color gels, often in a color magazine.
Intelligent lighting
Moving lights (or intelligent fixtures) began to gain widespread acceptance in the concert industry in the early 1980s. As the digital age progressed, the cost of these fixtures reduced, and they are increasingly used in many major theatrical productions.
Their principal feature is the ability to remotely control the movement and characteristics of the output beam of light. This is achieved by either moving a mirror which reflects the beam, or by moving the entire fixture, which can pan and tilt by means of a motorized yoke. Usually they also contain other controls to shape, texture and color the light, such as gobo or dichroic wheels. Almost all of the parameters are controlled by step motors. These are capable of very precise movement in either direction that can count a specific number of steps. This allows the fixture to quickly and accurately move. This ability to precisely, and repeatedly set the position of the fixture allows one light to perform many functions, lighting multiple different areas in different ways. They can also move 'live' (with the lamp on), to achieve many of the effects used in modern productions.
The majority of intelligent fixtures employ arc lamps as a light source, and therefore use a variety of mechanical methods to achieve the effect of dimming. Some fixtures employ standard halogen lamps. Mechanically, stepper motors connected to various internal optical devices (such as gobos and color wheels) manipulate the light before it escapes the fixture's front lens.
Discharge fixtures are seeing competitive advantages from the LED industry take place, and many companies are now offering an LED-based intelligent lighting fixture across all arenas of intelligent lighting genre, from wash fixtures to spot fixtures, beam-type fixtures and hybrid units that incorporate two or all of these types.
Moving light programs are often much more complex than that of stationary instruments. While it is possible to operate them with any console that uses the DMX512 Protocol, many lighting board operators find a console dedicated to moving light operation to be much more efficient. Oftentimes there will be encoder wheels which will control the Pan, Tilt, Focus, Zoom, Color, and Effects. Many people find visualization software (such as WYSWIG, VectorWorks, and others) to be helpful when programming while other people prefer a hard tactile control.
Intelligent lights are used heavily in shows in very large venues, like events in stadiums, where it is very difficult to reach lighting trusses for manual focusing. Although the fixtures may not be moved during the run of the show, they are focused remotely.
DMX512 is a standard from the United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT). It is a recommended practice to allow lighting systems to "talk." Before DMX512, every manufacturer had its own means of controlling their fixtures. This was inconvenient being that many theatres do not use lights from one single company.
References
External links
Page on lighting instruments
Strand Archive. Information on old lighting instruments |
4396126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20rules%20football%20in%20Canada | Australian rules football in Canada | Australian rules football in Canada (commonly known as "Aussie Rules" or simply "footy") is played in seven provinces - Ontario, Alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The Ontario league, centred on Toronto is a nine-team league, including sides from cities as far afield as Guelph, Hamilton and Ottawa. In western Canada, there are clubs in Edmonton, Calgary and a six-team league in the Vancouver area. There is also a number of junior and women's clubs across Canada.
The sport was first introduced in 1905 in Vancouver, and despite tours involving American and Australian sides in 1912 and 1913, the sport went into permanent recess prior to World War I as a result of Australia's refusal to recognise Canada as a playing nation. Three quarters of a decade later, the then VFL (now Australian Football League), having briefly gained then lost lucrative North American television broadcasts in the 1980s, attempted to rebuild its audience with a series of exhibition matches between 1987 and 1989. These matches generated significant interest and Canada retains the attendance record for the sport outside of Australia, 32,789 set in 1987 at B.C. Place, Vancouver. As a result of the interest generated the sport was established at the grassroots in 1989 with a competition in Toronto that has continued and expanded to the present. Competition spread from Ontario to other provinces culminating in the establishment of a national governing body, AFL Canada, in 2004. The world governing body, the AFL Commission has recently made great efforts to differentiate it from rugby, producing educational videos such as "What is AFL?" aimed at a North American audience ().
Canadians are increasingly being sought after to play the sport professionally in Australia which has helped to increase overall interest in Canada. Mike Pyke (who successfully switched from international rugby in 2008) featured prominently in red and white during his successful 2012 AFL Grand Final appearance, performing a victory lap with the Canadian flag. Pyke has inspired others to follow and in 2016, Canadians featured prominently in AFL and AFL Women's recruitment with Andrew McGrath being taken as the top pick in the 2016 AFL draft and rugby convert Kendra Heil being picked in the 2016 AFL Women's draft.
Canada's best international results were posted in the 2014 International Cup with men's team, the Northwind, reaching 5th and the women's team, the Northern Lights, being crowned international champions.
History
First Establishment: 1904-1911
A request for copies of the Laws of Australian Football by parties from Canada was noted in the Sydney Referee newspaper in 1904. A 1906 report of Australian Football's growth internationally made mention of a Canadian Railway Commissioner early in the century who, while working in Victoria, fell in love with the sport and upon returning to Canada began agitating for it to be played there. He was said to have made several subsequent requests to parties in Australia for support introducing the game.
The game is believed to have been first introduced to British Columbia in 1905, when Canadian-born Captain Robert Nelson Davy of the 6th Regiment began training students of the 101st Canadian Cadet corps in preparation for a planned visit to Australia. The students were from the Vancouver School Board district and included the Vancouver High School Cadet Corps and King Edward High School among others.
Davy wrote to Australia for assistance. However by 1906 the game's newly formed governing body, the Australasian Football Council (AFC) led by the VFL resolved not to support the game being played outside Australasia and declined any support. West Australian Football League secretary John J Simons however pledged his support through the Young Australia League and began assisting to plan a series of tours between the two countries.
Canada vs the United States: 1912
Canadian Schools had been practicing inter-school competition for around 6 years before the arrival of a touring party from the United States including Sydney schoolboy Eric Cullen-Ward, and San Francisco's Columban Park Boys' School in 1912 (who had successfully started Australian rules football in the United States as "field ball" in American schools in 1910). The Americans had come to Vancouver to help prepare Davy's cadets to compete against a touring Young Australia League from Perth scheduled to arrive that year and ultimately to tour Australia as Canada's first national team. They played the first international match between the two countries in 1912 though few if any details of the match survive.
Young Australia League tour: 1912
A Young Australia League touring party left for Canada from the United States in January 1912. Though the majority of the trip was funded from Western Australia, the Australasian Football Council pledged £240, with president of the time the VFL's Con Hickey making funding conditional on tour organisers promoting Universal football believing it would have a better chance of catching on in North America. However the West Australians were determined instead that Australian rules be played.
Following the Young Australian tour the Canadian Cadets team prepared a reciprocal tour of Australia to Sydney, Perth, Fremantle, Kalgoorlie, Adelaide, Ballarat, Tasmania and Melbourne. $11,000 was raised for the tour with a contingent of 60 cadets aged 18 to 20. The Canadians left from Vancouver on July 10, 1912 early July.
Controversial Canadian Cadets tour of Australia: 1912–1913
The Canadian Cadets tour was plagued with trouble from the start. Captain Davy had hoped that Australia would extend a similar reception to the one offered the 1909 American Schoolboys team and had intended to play numerous matches across Australia. However, the team was left in the lurch when the AFC refused to recognise the touring party which was not affiliated to it and officially declined participation from Australia's two most powerful leagues, the Victorian Football League and the South Australian Football Association. Like the American tour, it was supported only by Western Australia's Young Australia League and the New South Wales Football Association (NSWAFA).
New South Wales
A. E. Nash president of the NSWAFA saw it as an opportunity to promote the idea that the game was spreading abroad. This was something that the NSWAFA in particular believed was important to appeal to the Sydney public which had gained enormous interest in representative rugby. The NSWAFA had invested heavily in a thriving schoolboys competition and sending Sydney schoolboy Eric Cullen-Ward to North America had successfully kick-started the code beyond the league's expectations. The AFC led by the VFL however were convinced that the key to converting Sydneysiders was through its promotion of national competition and as a truly national football code featuring its VFL clubs. Much to the chagrin of the touring Canadians and the NSWAFA, the AFC and VFL scheduled a clashing fixture, featuring the Geelong Football Club against the New South Wales state team. However the AFC's exhibition match move backfired and the Queensland vs New South Wales rugby match being played that week dominated Sydney's media attention. The Canadian tour, swept up in anti-VFL sentiment, was afforded the barest of mentions by the media. Canadian tour manager E.R McTaggart made an advanced visit to promote the match only to have the matches postponed due to Australian organisers difficulties scheduling the tour.
The Cadets arrived on HMS Zealandia in Sydney on August 4. The Canadians expressed disappointment from the notably cold reception in Sydney, described as "a freezer" and complained to the Sydney papers claiming that they were booed by the Sydney public and had even been discriminated against and abused on public transport purely on the basis of their chosen football code. Organisers claimed that the abuse was so bad that at one point the touring party, mostly self-funded, considered returning home. Captain Davy commented that "the people of Canada won't understand this treatment. They will wonder if there is any
thing wrong with the boys or with me. We treated the Australian boys who visited us in a very different fashion". Adding insult to injury the NSWAFA public statement on behalf of the Sydney public placed the blame on the Australasian Football Council and the visiting Canadians. Despite the NSWAFA's "apology" the NSW government offered a formal apology and refunded the expenses while visiting the state. Officials from Newcastle and Goulburn made a concerted effort to atone for Sydney's hostile reception for the scheduled visits however the matches were abandoned due to state of the football grounds. The Sydney matches themselves were low key events, and were rescheduled several times during and there was much difficulty securing grounds to play from rugby authorities. Reportedly skills, particularly bouncing the ball, let the touring side down, though they were competitive against the Australians.
Victoria
In contrast to the New South Wales tour, the cadets received a parade in Melbourne and a full page welcoming in The Argus. However they faced a stern lack of support from Victorian football authorities, the cadets who had trained to play in the home of football, instead competed and lost in other sports including lacrosse at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. A rare exception was during the visit to Newport a local amateur team agreed to play an unsanctioned match and were completely shocked to have been soundly beaten by the visitors.
Western Australia
The Canadians went on to Western Australia where they were greeted with much fanfare and were hosted by the WAFL (who had sponsored the Young Australia League) where they would play several matches and with the experience gathered on the tour, displayed much improved performance. In Perth, the West Australian Football League organised a match featuring the Young Australia League Matches in West Australia drew by far the largest attendances of the Australian tour.
Australia declines support and demise of the game: 1914–1919
Upon returning to Vancouver, the game continued be played with the Vancouver School Board thanking the hospitality of the local leagues in Western Australia, but critical of the Australasian Football Council who had refused support it, and just prior to World War I extending an invitation for another tour from the Young Australia League. Following the North American tour from and to Australia, the AFC demanded that the West Australian Football Association stop all of its financial subsidies of international football, which it did in 1913.
There were reports that despite the failed tour the sport continued to be played in the high schools at least until the war though the Vancouver Board began increasingly playing rugby after the successful 1912 Vancouver rugby tour against Stanford Rugby in the United States.
A proposal was debated by the Australasian Football Council in 1915 of a tour to Canada, with a decision deferred until after the war.
Canada was never granted membership to the council and the game appears to have died out there during World War I.
Exhibition matches and revival: 1987-1989
In the late 1980s, TSN broadcasts in Canada showed highlights of the Victorian Football League from Australia. However the league's once lucrative North American broadcast rights dried up and in response it initiated a series of exhibition matches between 1987 and 1989 in an attempt to rebuild its audience.
The first major exhibition matches in Canada attracted three of the largest crowds for the sport in the world, along with much interest. The 1987 game holds the record for a VFL/AFL match held outside Australia.
Local development and the Canadian Australian Football Association: 1989–1993
The Canadian Australian Football Association was established in May 1989 when two clubs, the Mississauga Mustangs and the Toronto Panthers were formed and played in the inaugural Conacher Cup game in Toronto, Ontario. Since then, the game of Australian football in Canada has expanded considerably nationwide.
In 1990, the Scarborough Rebels, the North York Hawks and the Hamilton Wildcats joined, with the Balmy Beach Saints coming on board in 1992. The North York Hawks later relocated and became known as the Broadview Hawks.
The Brampton Wolverines, the league's seventh team, were formed in 1993. The Scarborough Rebels relocated and became the Lawrence Park Rebels.
Canada gains a national team: 1993–2002
In 1993, a Canadian representative team, known as the Northwind, beat a British (BARFL) representative team.
In 1994 and 1995, the Canadians again defeated the British at home.
In 1995, several local CAFA games were broadcast on a Hamilton cable television channel.
In July 1995, the Hamilton Wildcats played a Canadian All-Star team in front of 21,000 fans during the half-time break at a Canadian Football League (gridiron) match.
In 1999, the first USA v Canada game was played (49th Parallel Cup, named after the 49th parallel north). The Revolution narrowly defeated Team Canada (Northwind). Later matches enforced strict rules based on player origins. The 49th Parallel Cup is held every two years.
In 2002, Canada participated in the inaugural Australian Football International Cup, with Canada represented by the Northwind team consisting purely of Canadian-born players. The Canadian national team has competed in every International Cup since its inception and now competes with its national women's team named the Northern Lights.
Continued grassroots growth and the emergence of AFL Canada: 2003–
In 2003, the first junior league in Canada, the North Delta Junior Australian Football League, was formed.
AFL Canada was formed as governing body on 30 July 2004, when the Canadian Australian Football League changed its official name. The move corresponded with funding from the Australian Football League, and a junior participation program was put in place. The clubs were split into two regional leagues, the Ontario Australian Football League and the North West Pacific Football League. The remaining Alberta-based clubs participate in AFL Canada organised regional conferences such as the British Columbia Cup.
In 2005, the Northwind participated in the 2005 International Cup.
In early 2006, AFL Canada sent a small delegation to the AFL exhibition match in Los Angeles. London and Windsor folded due to distance but the new OAFL club, the Central Blues, formed and began competing. In Alberta, the Calgary Bears also formed and the Westcoast challenge commenced.
In early 2007, the Ottawa Swans formed, and affiliated with the OAFL, and the Demons relocated from Mississauga to High Park in Toronto.
In late 2007, AFL Canada hosted the Ironbark challenge, including the 49th Parallel Cup between Canada vs United States, including historic first women's and junior (under 17) tests between the two countries. Canada defeated the United States for the first time at both senior and junior level, but were soundly defeated in the women's match. The tournament also included a touring Japanese team and attracted a record attendance of 2,500 at Thunderbird Stadium in Vancouver.
Notable players with connections to Canada
Several professional and international players have strong connections to Canada.
In early 2008, junior Northwind representative Scott Fleming moved to Australia to play with the Broadbeach Cats semi-professional club in the AFL Queensland State League at 17 years of age.
Later the same year, former Canadian rugby union international Mike Pyke was signed by the Sydney Swans AFL team as an international rookie at 24 years of age.
Andrew McGrath, who was born in Canada, was drafted first overall in the 2016 AFL draft by Essendon.
Kendra Heil signed with Collingwood of AFL Women's in 2017.
World XVIII members
Men's World XVIII
Eric Klein (2017)
Scott Fleming (2008)
Emmanuel Mattata (2008)
Stefan Leyhane (2002)
Steve Rutledge
Rob McEwan
Paul Loghanne
Women's World XVIII
Valerie Moreau
Lara Hilmi
Aimee Legault
Nicola Kirwan
Hilary Perry
Governing body
The governing body for Aussie Rules in Canada is AFL Canada.
National team
Team Canada for men is known as the Northwind.
Team Canada for women is known as the Northern Lights.
Participation
In 2019, there were a total of 875 registered senior players in organised competitions across 41 clubs with more than 20,000 junior registrations.
Participation has more than doubled since 2006, when there were over 420 senior (approximately 250 Canadian national) Australian rules football players in Canada out of a total of 484, an increase of 25% from 2005. By the end of 2007, this figure had increased to a total of 825 players in organised competitions across 21 clubs, of which 525 were senior and 300 were junior, an increase of over 70% from 2006, and a total of 95% increase over 2 years.
Women's football
Canada boasts 9 women's football clubs nationwide. Youth girls development programs operate in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. The national team, formed in 2007, is known as the "Northern Lights". They were formerly known as the "Eagles". They played in the first women's international footy matches during 2007, when they lost twice to the USA Freedom. In 2011 the national women's team competed in the inaugural women's division of the Australian Football International Cup, where they came second to Ireland.
In 2014 the Northern lights became world champions when they defeated the Irish Banshees at the AFL International Cup.
In 2015 the Northern Lights defeated the USA Freedom to win the annual 49th Parallel Cup.
Leagues and clubs
Alberta
Alberta Footy Men's League
2016 Banff is under development.
Alberta Footy Women's League
British Columbia
British Columbia Australian Football League
North Delta Junior Australian Football League
Ontario
AFL Ontario
Quebec
Nova Scotia
2014 Halifax Dockers founded
Major Tournaments
Domestic
West Coast Challenge
BC Cup
International
49th Parallel Cup
Australian Football International Cup
Audience
Television
TV coverage of the AFL in Canada has historically included the weekly highlights program going back to the 1980s. In the mid-1990s when ESPN briefly reacquired the rights to the AFL in US again (due to lobbying by fans associated with AFANA), the sport first appeared on The Sports Network, better known as TSN. In succeeding years, the sport moved between several networks but was primarily on TSN. Coverage remained limited to highlights programs save for one time each year, where the Grand Final (championship game) was usually live. In 2006, due to growing demand and lobbying by AFANA for regular live coverage, the new Setanta Sports acquired rights in both Canada and the USA. In mid-season that year, live matches began appearing regularly on television in Canada for the first time on Setanta Sports (STS). When Setanta's North American operations failed in August 2010, the sport briefly moved to Rogers Sportsnet. Following ESPN winning the rights once again in the US, the sport returned to TSN, where it remains. TSN now airs one live match and one delayed match each round of the AFL season, both available in HD. For many years, fans in extreme western Canada have been able to see coverage via mid-size or large satellite dishes able to catch signals low on the horizon intended for the Pacific via first Australia TV and now by its successor Australia Plus. AFANA provides listings of Canadian TV schedules on its web site along with information on the coverage.
In 2011, the first televised all-Canadian Aussie Rules match was shown on Rogers TV, and featured the Ottawa Swans hosting the Toronto Rebels.
In 2017, they began broadcasting Canada's national teams
Attendance records
Exhibition matches
Canada holds the world record for attendance at a match outside Australia.
32,789 (1987). Melbourne v. North Melbourne (B.C. Place, Vancouver)
International tests
2,500 (2007). 49th Parallel Cup. Canada vs United States. Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver
References
AFL Canada
AFANA
External links
AFL Canada
Australian Football Association of North America |
4396171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20rotation | Earth's rotation | Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the northern polar star Polaris, Earth turns counterclockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to other distant stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that the modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend; the length of a day increased by about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.
Scientists reported that in 2020 Earth had started spinning faster, after consistently spinning slower than 86,400 seconds per day in the decades before. On June 29, 2022, Earth's spin was completed in 1.59 milliseconds under 24 hours, setting a new record. Because of that trend, engineers worldwide are discussing a 'negative leap second' and other possible timekeeping measures.
This increase in speed is thought to be due to various factors, including the complex motion of its molten core, oceans, and atmosphere, the effect of celestial bodies such as the Moon, and possibly climate change, which is causing the ice at Earth's poles to melt. The masses of ice account for the Earth's shape being that of an oblate spheroid, bulging around the equator. When these masses are reduced, the poles rebound from the loss of weight, and Earth becomes more spherical, which has the effect of bringing mass closer to its centre of gravity. Conservation of angular momentum dictates that a mass distributed more closely around its centre of gravity spins faster.
History
Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of Earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.
A more conventional picture was supported by Hicetas, Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that Earth rotated but did not suggest that Earth revolved about the Sun. In the third century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos suggested the Sun's central place.
However, Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about Earth. This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought Earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.
In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata suggested that the spherical Earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction, in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward."
In the 10th century, some Muslim astronomers accepted that Earth rotates around its axis. According to al-Biruni, al-Sijzi (d. c. 1020) invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky." The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisīn), the Earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars." Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it. At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, Earth's rotation was discussed by Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.
In medieval Europe, Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle's view and so, reluctantly, did John Buridan and Nicole Oresme in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of Earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of Earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central Sun.
Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws of planetary motion, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary Earth. In 1600, William Gilbert strongly supported Earth's rotation in his treatise on Earth's magnetism and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries. Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of Earth about the Sun are called "semi-Copernicans". A century after Copernicus, Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating Earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies; such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect. However, the contributions of Kepler, Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of Earth.
Empirical tests
Earth's rotation implies that the Equator bulges and the geographical poles are flattened.
In his Principia, Newton predicted this flattening would amount to one part in 230, and pointed to the pendulum measurements taken by Richer in 1673 as corroboration of the change in gravity, but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite.
However, measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the oblateness of Earth, thus confirming the positions of both Newton and Copernicus.
In Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the Northern Hemisphere (and left in the Southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the opposite directions of cyclone rotation in the Northern and Southern hemispheres (anticlockwise and clockwise, respectively).
Hooke, following a suggestion from Newton in 1679, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of , but definitive results were obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna, Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg, using taller towers and carefully released weights. A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m departed by 27.4 mm from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm.
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.
Periods
True solar day
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two. The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about longer to do so. Conversely, it is about shorter near aphelion. It is about longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about . Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near by solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near when it is only longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near and by and , respectively.
Mean solar day
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds. Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms. The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun. These tables were used to calculate the world's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the ephemeris second. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.
The apparent solar time is a measure of Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time.
Stellar and sidereal day
Earth's rotation period relative to the International Celestial Reference Frame, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is seconds of mean solar time (UT1) , ). Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is of mean solar time (UT1) , ). Thus, the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about .
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about . This is a result of the Earth turning 1 additional rotation, relative to the celestial reference frame, as it orbits the Sun (so 366.24 rotations/y). The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods and .
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between and , which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day).
Angular speed
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is ± . Multiplying by (180°/π radians) × (86,400 seconds/day) yields , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 degrees relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun. Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of . Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or . This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by . However, the use of the solar day is incorrect; it must be the sidereal day, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude. For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos(28.59°) × 1,674.4 km/h = 1,470.2 km/h. Latitude is a placement consideration for spaceports.
The peak of the Cayambe volcano is the point of Earth's surface farthest from its axis; thus, it rotates the fastest as Earth spins.
Changes
In rotational axis
Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.
Precession is a rotation of Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.
In rotational speed
Tidal interactions
Over millions of years, Earth's rotation has been slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. Thus angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to , where is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process has gradually increased the length of the day to its current value, and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with Earth.
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented by estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites; a compilation of these measurements found that the length of the day has increased steadily from about 21 hours at 600 Myr ago to the current 24-hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.
Resonant stabilization
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600 Myr ago. Some models suggest that Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian. This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally driven atmospheric tide; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600 Myr ago; the simulated results agree quite closely with existing paleorotational data.
Global events
Some recent large-scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by reducing Earth's moment of inertia. Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last ice age, is also changing the distribution of Earth's mass, thus affecting the moment of inertia of Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, Earth's rotation period.
The length of the day can also be influenced by man-made structures. For example, NASA scientists calculated that the water stored in the Three Gorges Dam has increased the length of Earth's day by 0.06 microseconds due to the shift in mass.
Measurement
The primary monitoring of Earth's rotation is performed by very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite geodesy techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession and nutation.
The absolute value of Earth rotation including UT1 and nutation can be determined using space geodetic observations, such as very-long-baseline interferometry and lunar laser ranging, whereas their derivatives, denoted as length-of-day excess and nutation rates can be derived from satellite observations, such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and satellite laser ranging to geodetic satellites.
Ancient observations
There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data are consistent with a shorter day, meaning Earth was turning faster throughout the past.
Cyclic variability
Around every 25–30 years Earth's rotation slows temporarily by a few milliseconds per day, usually lasting around five years. 2017 was the fourth consecutive year that Earth's rotation has slowed. The cause of this variability has not yet been determined.
Origin
Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust, rocks and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System. This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas. As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.
However, if the giant-impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact. Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
See also
Allais effect
Diurnal cycle
Earth's orbit
Earth orientation parameters
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geodesic (in mathematics)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesy
History of Earth
History of geodesy
Inner core super-rotation
List of important publications in geology
Nychthemeron
Rossby wave
Spherical Earth
World Geodetic System
Notes
References
External links
USNO Earth Orientation new site, being populated
USNO IERS old site, to be abandoned
IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
Dynamics of the Solar System
Rotation
Rotation |
4396259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Reid | Winston Reid | Winston Wiremu Reid (born 3 July 1988) is a New Zealand former footballer who last played as a defender for club West Ham United. He captained the New Zealand national team. He has also played for Midtjylland with loan periods at Sporting Kansas City and Brentford.
Early life
Both Reid's parents have Māori ancestry. He affiliates to Tainui through his father and to Te Rarawa through his mother. He was born in North Shore, Auckland, and started playing football at the age of four at local club Takapuna. Reid moved from New Zealand to Denmark at the age of 10 with his mother and Danish stepfather, but always maintained contact with his father and his family in New Zealand.
Club career
FC Midtjylland
Reid signed a youth contract with SUB Sønderborg. In 2004, the then 16-year-old Reid joined the academy of Danish Superliga club FC Midtjylland on a three-year youth contract. He was one of the first players to graduate from FCM's football academy, the first of its kind in Denmark, coming through the system alongside Midtjylland teammates Jesper Weinkouff, Christian Sivebæk and former teammate, Simon Kjær. While coming through the system, Reid helped the U19 win their first U19 Danish championship.
In November 2005, Reid signed a professional contract with FC Midtjylland. At the same month at aged 17, he made his FC Midtjylland debut in the Royal League tournament against Norwegian side Vålerenga in a 4–0 win. Reid made his league debut for FC Midtjylland, making his first start and played 60 minutes before being substituted in the 60th minute, in a 2–2 draw against SønderjyskE on 27 November 2005. It was not until on 19 March 2006 when he made another appearance for the side, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against Aarhus GF. Reid then received a handful of first team football towards the end of the 2005–06 season, which lead him to make nine appearances for the side.
At the start of the 2006–07 season, Reid appeared in the first three league matches before being sidelined with an injury. After missing three matches, he made his return from injury, coming on as a 76th-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against Silkeborg on 10 September 2006. However, his return was short–lived when Reid suffered another injury, resulting him out for two months. Reid later featured in and out of the first team towards the end of the season. By the end of the season, he went on to make 11 appearances in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2007–08 season, Reid signed a contract extension with Midtjylland, keeping him until 2012. Shortly after, he made his first appearance of the season against AaB and helping the side win 2–1 on 8 August 2007. Reid continued to be featured in and out of the first team for the next three months. However, he was plagued with injuries and was out of the starting line–up for most of the season. By the end of the season, Reid went on to make nine appearances in all competitions.
At the start of the 2008–09 season, Reid became a first team regular and established himself in the starting eleven. He scored his first goal for Midtjylland in a 6–1 win against Bangor City in the first round of the UEFA Cup on 17 July 2008. Against Manchester City in the second leg of the UEFA Cup second round on 28 August, Reid successfully converted his penalty in the shootout, though Midtjylland lost 4–2 in the penalty shootout. Shortly after, he was linked with a move to City. On 29 September, Reid was sent–off for a straight red card in a 1–0 loss against Akademisk Boldklub in the third round of the Danish Cup. By the end of the year, he had been demoted to the substitute bench amid injury concerns. Reid was able to regain his first team place for the rest of the season. On 23 March 2009, he scored his first league goal in a 3–2 loss against Aab. This was followed up by scoring his second goal and setting up the club's second goal of the game, in a 3–1 win against AC Horsens. But during the match, Reid injured his right foot after clashing with Besart Berisha. After the match, he publicity criticised Berisha, calling him an "idiot" and rejected his apology. Despite missing two more matches later in the season, Reid went on to make 29 appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Reid continued to be linked a move away from the club, as Serie A clubs were interested in signing him. But Reid responded to the transfer speculation, saying that he was not in a rush to leave the club. At the start of the season, Reid continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, playing in the centre–back position. and started the first 17 league matches until he missed one match against FC Nordsjælland on 6 December. Reid then returned to the starting line–up, starting the whole game, in a 2–2 draw against Odense BK on 6 March 2010. He then followed up by keeping three consecutive clean sheets between 14 March and 25 March. During a 3–2 win against Copenhagen on 17 April, Reid suffered a shoulder injury that saw him miss two matches. On 13 May 2010, Reid started in the Danish Cup Final against Nordsjælland, and played 120 minutes after the game went extra time, as FC Midtjylland lost 2–0. Overall, he made 32 appearances during the season.
Following his performance at the World Cup, Reid was linked a move away from Midtjylland, with clubs from Europe interested in signing him. However, at the start of the 2010–11 season, he suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the first two league matches. But Reid made his return to the starting line–up, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Brøndby on 1 August 2010, which turns out to be his last appearance for the club. After leaving Midtjylland, Reid was named the club's Best Eleven by the fans.
West Ham United
Reid signed for West Ham United on 5 August 2010, on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. His transfer fee was the subject of a dispute between West Ham and Midtjylland, as West Ham withheld the fee to bring to UEFA's attention fees owing to them from the sale of Alessandro Diamanti to Brescia.
Reid made his Premier League debut on 14 August, playing the whole game in a 3–0 loss to Aston Villa in the opening game of the season. After making another appearance in a follow–up match, he was dropped and found himself on the substitute bench, as well as playing in the reserve side for the next three months. It was not until on 27 November when Reid made his first team return, coming on as a 50th-minute substitute in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic. Between January and February, he made six starts for the side. Reid played an important role against Nottingham Forest in the fourth round of the FA Cup, assisting a goal for Victor Obinna, who scored a hat–trick, in a 3–2 win on 30 January 2011. He then scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win against Burnley in the fifth round of the FA Cup on 21 February. After the match, Reid said he dedicated to the victims and his families following an earthquake in Christchurch. Once again, however, Reid spent the rest of the 2010–11 season sidelined from the starting eleven, which saw him placed on the substitute bench, as well as, his own injury concern. In his first season at West Ham, which saw them relegated to the Championship, he made 12 appearances in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2011–2012 season, Reid stayed at West Ham despite being linked with a move away from the club. At the start of the season, he regained his first team place, playing in the centre–back position after the arrival of Sam Allardyce. Reid then scored his first league goal for West Ham in a 4–1 away win over Nottingham Forest on 28 August. Since the start of the season, Reid started in the first eight league matches until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out for two matches. Reid suffered a shoulder injury in the first half during a 0–0 draw against Bristol City on 2 November, resulting in him being sidelined for a month. It was not until on 31 December 2011 when Reid returned to the starting line–up, in a 2–1 loss against Derby County. He regained his first team place following his return from a shoulder injury. Reid scored the winning goal against arch-rivals Millwall in a 2–1 home win on 4 February 2012. However at the beginning of March, he suffered ankle injury that kept him out for a month. It was not until on 6 April when Reid returned to the starting line–up, in a 4–0 win against Barnsley. Two weeks later on 23 April, he scored his third goal of the season, in a 2–1 win against Leicester City. Reid played all three matches in the Championship Play–offs, as West Ham finished the season by winning the Football League play-offs against Blackpool at Wembley Stadium, and gaining promotion back to the Premier League at the first attempt. In his second season, he made 33 appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Reid opted to stay and train with his West Ham teammates ahead of the new Premier League season rather than represent New Zealand at the London Olympics. Reid started the season well when he helped West Ham United keep a clean sheet in a 1–0 win against Aston Villa in the opening game of the season. On 1 September, Reid scored his first Premier League goal in West Ham's 3–0 victory against Fulham. Despite helping the club collect four points throughout December, Reid's performance was a standout that he was named December's SBOBET Player of the Month by the club's supporters. Reid captained West Ham for the first time in his career against Manchester United in the third round replay of FA Cup and helped the side lose 1–0. Two months later, he became a stand in captain once again following injuries to Kevin Nolan and Mark Noble, coming against Stoke City and Chelsea. However, by April, he suffered a thigh injury that saw him miss two matches. Reid returned to the starting line–up against Manchester United on 17 April 2013, helping the side draw 2–2. It was announced on 1 May that Reid signed a two-year extension to his contract until the end of the 2014–15 season. Arguably his best season since joining the club, Reid was rewarded for his form on 8 May when he was named Hammer of the Year, as West Ham went on to finish the season in 10th. In his third season, he made 37 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.
At the start of the 2013–14 season, Reid started the season well when he helped the side keep two clean sheets in the first two league matches. Reid scored the opening goal in a 3–0 away win against rivals Tottenham Hotspur on 6 October 2013, ending the club's five league match losing streak. However, a month later, he suffered an ankle injury in training which required surgery. By late–January, Reid made a return to full training. It was not until on 1 February 2014 when he made his return from injury, starting the whole game, in a 2–0 home win against Swansea City. Following his return, Reid regained back his first team place for the closing months of the season and helped the club retain their status in the league, finishing thirteenth place. He made his 100th appearance for West Hamin all competitions on 15 April in a 1–3 defeat away to Arsenal. In his fourth season at the club, Reid made 22 appearances and scored once in all competitions.
On 20 September 2014, Reid scored the first goal after just two minutes in a 3–1 win against Liverpool at Upton Park. Reid started the first twelve matches of the season until he was sidelined for one game in late–November for his fifth booking of the season. He regained his first team place for the next 11 matches between December and February. This lasted until Reid sustained a hamstring injury during a 2–0 loss against Liverpool on 31 January 2015 and was sidelined for weeks. It was announced on 1 March that Reid signed a new six-and-a-half-year contract with West Ham, after much speculation over his future at the club, after being linked with London rivals Arsenal and Tottenham. Over the closing months of the season, Reid continued to be in and out of the first team, as he was plagued from injuries. In his fifth season at West Ham United, Reid made 33 appearances and scored once in all competitions.
At the start of the 2015–16 season, Reid made his UEFA Europa League debut against Birkirkara in the first leg of the second round. In mid–October, Reid suffered a hip injury while on international duty and was sidelined for weeks, making his return on 7 November in a 1–1 draw against Everton. Reid captained the side for the first time in the season against West Brom on 29 November, but scored an own goal in a 1–1 draw. In a follow–up match against Manchester United, his performance was praised by ESPN. However, he was sidelined with a hamstring injury that kept him out for a month. It was not until on 9 January 2016 when Reid made his return from injury, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the third round of the FA Cup. He, once again, became a captain for the second time this season, as West Ham drew 0–0 against Liverpool in the fourth round of the FA Cup. But Reid suffered another hamstring injury that kept him out for a month. It was not until on 19 March when Reid made his return from injury, starting the whole game, in a 2–2 draw against Chelsea. He later regained his first team place over the closing months of the season despite suffering from injuries. On 10 May, Reid wrote his name into West Ham folklore when he scored the last ever goal at Upton Park in a 3–2 win against Manchester United. In his sixth season at West Ham, Reid made 30 appearances and scored once in all competitions.
At the start of the 2016–17 season, Reid played all three matches of the Europa League Qualifying match, as they did not progress to the Group Stage after losing 2–1 on aggregate against Astra Giurgiu. Reid scored his first goal of the season in a 1–0 win against Sunderland on 22 October. After serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards, he returned to the starting line–up against Tottenham Hotspur on 19 November and set up two goals, but was later–off for second bookable offence, in a 3–2 loss. On 26 December, Reid scored his second goal of the season, in a 4–1 win against Swansea City. Reid regained his first team place for the next three months. He also became a stand in captain following Noble's absence for a number of matches towards the end of the season. Despite suffering from abductor problems later in the season, in his seventh season at West Ham, Reid made 36 appearances and scored two times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Reid returned to full training following a knee injury. He also signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2023. In early January 2018, Reid suffered a groin injury, keeping him out until 3 March when he played against Swansea, only to be taken off on a stretcher with an oxygen mask over his face after being knocked unconscious and twisting a knee, resulting in him being substituted in the 27th minute. After the match, it was announced that Reid was sidelined for the rest of the season. In his eighth season at West Ham, he made 20 appearances in all competitions.
However, Reid did not play for the 2018–19 season, as he continued to recover from a knee injury. Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Reid made his first appearance in a friendly match against SCR Altach and helped them win 3–2 on 11 July 2019. After the match, he said: "You sometimes forget what it's like to play, so I was really looking forward to it. " However, Reid suffered a knee injury that kept him out for further three months. It was not until on 30 October when he returned from injury, playing 64 minutes for the reserve side, in a 3–2 loss against VfL Wolfsburg II. Reid made another appearance for the reserve side, in a 4–0 win against Aston Villa U23 on 22 November.
On 21 September 2021 West Ham announced that Reid had departed the club by mutual consent.
Sporting Kansas City (loan)
On 14 February 2020, Reid went to Sporting Kansas City on loan. Upon joining the club, he said: "The last 19 months hasn't been the easiest time in my career, but hopefully we’ve crossed that bridge now. I'm just looking forward to a new challenge. Whatever happened back in the UK happened, so I'm just happy to be here and I'm really excited for it.". In December 2020, Sporting Kansas City announced that they would not be signing Reid on a permanent transfer at the end of his loan and that he would return to West Ham.
Brentford (loan)
On 1 February 2021, Reid joined EFL Championship club Brentford on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. On 3 February, Reid made his debut for Brentford in a 3–2 win against Bristol City, coming on late in the game as a substitute. It was his first senior game in English football since 2018. He played in the play-off final, helping Brentford gain promotion to the Premier League for the 2021–22 season. Reid was hailed as "a giant" by Brentford manager Thomas Frank for helping to get their promotion push back on track following his arrival at the club in February.
International career
Denmark
Reid received Danish citizenship in 2006 and was subsequently called up for the under-19 national team. He played for various Danish age-grade representative teams, in particular the under-19s and under-21s, and played in the 2009 European Under-21 Championship qualification tournament. During a match against Serbia U21 on 11 October 2008, Reid was subjected to racism by the opposition supporters.
New Zealand
On 11 March 2010, Reid stated that he wanted to play for New Zealand's senior team, and on 13 March 2010 he made himself available for New Zealand's 2010 World Cup selection. On 10 May 2010, Reid was included in New Zealand's 2010 World Cup squad even though New Zealand national coach Ricki Herbert had never seen him play. He made his international debut in a friendly against Australia in Melbourne two weeks later. His second appearance came in the All Whites' shock 1–0 victory over Serbia, leaving Ricki Herbert "suitably impressed" with Reid's performance, supplanting Ben Sigmund on the right side of Herbert's three-man defence. On 15 June 2010, Reid scored an equalising goal in stoppage time against Slovakia in their opening game of the 2010 World Cup, thus securing a draw as well as his first ever international goal and New Zealand's first ever point in a World Cup finals match. He later made two more appearances in the tournament, as New Zealand was eliminated in the Group Stage. Despite the elimination, Reid later reflected on the tournament, saying it has changed his life.
On 12 October 2010, Winston picked up his first international red card against Paraguay in Wellington for a "vicious" studs-up tackle on striker Federico Santander in the 90th minute of the All Whites' 2–0 defeat.
Following the retirement of Ryan Nelsen from international football in 2013, Reid was named captain of the All Whites. His first match as captain came on 22 March 2013 against New Caledonia and set up a goal for Tommy Smith, who scored the winning goal, in a 2–1 win. Later in the same year on 7 November 2013, Reid was ruled out of the All Whites' FIFA World Cup playoff against Mexico, not only leaving a void on defence, but also with his successor as captain uncertain. It was not until on 9 September 2014 when he made his first appearance for the national side in almost a year, as they lost 3–1 against Uzbekistan. Reid made his only national side appearance a year later on 7 September 2015 against Myanmar, helping the side draw 1–1.
It was not until on 9 October 2016 when Reid made another national side appearance a year later against Mexico, which saw them lose 2–1. However, he missed a year from the national side once again, including missing out in the FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. It was not until October 2017 when Reid was called up to the national side. He started the whole game against Japan on 6 October 2017, as they lost 2–1. The following month, Reid played in both legs against Peru, the world's 10th ranked team at the time, for a place at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, as New Zealand lost 2–0 on aggregate. After a two-year absence from the national side, he was called up to the national side in November. Reid made his first national side appearance in two years, coming against Republic of Ireland, where he captained and played 45 minutes before being substituted, as they lost 3–1. In July 2021, Reid was confirmed as a member of the New Zealand team at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
In August 2022, Reid announced his international retirement with the home-and away series against Australia being his final games. He played his final match on 25 September at Eden Park.
Personal life
In addition to speaking English, Reid is fluent in Danish. In July 2015, Reid became a first time father when his wife, Yana, gave birth to twins, Ariana and Damien.
In August 2015, Reid launched a footballing scholarship at Scots College, which were won by Sarpreet Singh and Max Mata.
As of August 2022, Reid and his family are based in Dubai.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list New Zealand's goal tally first.
Honours
West Ham United
Football League Championship play-offs: 2012
Sporting Kansas City
MLS Western Conference: 2020
Brentford
EFL Championship play-offs: 2021
Individual
Hammer of the Year: 2012–13
NZF Footballer of the Year: 2011
NZPFA Players' Player of the Year: 2011
New Zealand Footballer of the Year: 2014
IFFHS OFC Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
IFFHS Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021
See also
List of sportspeople who competed for more than one nation
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Te Rarawa people
Tainui people
Danish people of New Zealand descent
People from North Shore, New Zealand
Association footballers from Auckland
New Zealand Māori sportspeople
New Zealand men's association footballers
Danish men's footballers
FC Midtjylland players
West Ham United F.C. players
Sporting Kansas City players
Danish Superliga players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Denmark men's youth international footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
New Zealand men's international footballers
2010 FIFA World Cup players
New Zealand emigrants
Immigrants to Denmark
Naturalised citizens of Denmark
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Men's association football defenders
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
FC Sønderborg players
Brentford F.C. players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic association footballers for New Zealand
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the United States |
4396310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC%20Trojans%20men%27s%20basketball | USC Trojans men's basketball | The USC Trojans men's basketball program is a college basketball team that competes in the Pac-12 Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, representing the University of Southern California.
The Trojans' head coach is Andy Enfield.
History
The USC Trojans are 1,500–1,097 (.578) all-time in intercollegiate basketball games. They boast 25 All-Americans, 14 league
championships, one conference tournament title, 16 NCAA tournament appearances, five Sweet Sixteen appearances, four Elite Eight appearances, and two Final Four appearances. Sam Barry and four of his USC players (Jack Gardner, Alex Hannum, Tex Winter and Bill Sharman) have been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as coaches. (Sharman was also inducted as a player.)
The early years (1906–28)
On December 7, 1906 the Los Angeles Herald declared: "Basketball Is Started At U.S.C." The first official game of USC basketball was an interclass drubbing by the freshman over the sophomores, 25–2. USC would later host its debut intercollegiate basketball game, the first of its kind in Southern California, on January 16, 1907 with an 18–15 win over Occidental College.
After a standout season in 1910, when USC placed second in the league, the Methodists (as they had been known at the time) slowly grew the program under the direction of a series of player-managers and part-time coaches. Several football headmen served as basketball coaches during that time, including Ralph Glaze, Dean Cromwell, Elmer "Gloomy Gus" Henderson, and Leo Calland. In addition, USC's basketball team was often littered with football standouts such as USC Athletic Hall of Famers Morley Drury and Jess Mortensen.
In 1922 USC joined the Pacific Coast Conference. The Trojans then won their first conference title in 1928 under Calland's leadership, edging past the Washington Huskies in the second and final game of the conference championship series. With a see-sawing score for most of the game, Charley Bone buried two shots in the last minute to secure the 27–26 victory and begin a new era of achievement for USC basketball.
The Sam Barry era (1929–50)
When football assistant and basketball head coach Leo Calland left USC in the summer of 1929 to become the football head coach and athletic director of the University of Idaho, legendary USC football coach Howard Jones found himself in need of a new assistant and the university in need of a new basketball head coach. Jones recommended Sam Barry, one of his former assistants at the University of Iowa who had also coached Hawkeye basketball for seven years. Barry agreed to follow Jones west, once more joining his football staff while also taking control of the basketball program.
Building a national power (1929–41)
Barry brought with him an aggressive style of play uncommon outside the Midwest. His strategic innovations would lay the groundwork for the Triangle offense and his campaign to do away with the center jump after each basket would change the game forever. "It is rumored that other conference coaches are eyeing the Trojans with no little anxiety," the Daily Trojan mused in the lead up to Barry's first season. The Trojans finished the 1929–30 season with an overall record of 15–5. USC defeated the Washington Huskies in three games to win the PCC championship for the second time in school history. Guard Johnny Lehners and center Jess Mortensen received All-America honors at the end of the season, becoming the first two All-Americans in program history.
Producing three more All-Americans (Jerry Nemer, Lee Guttero [2-time], Eddie Oram), USC dominated the PCC South Division for much of the 1930s, with five straight division titles from 1932 to 1936 and a title in 1939. In 1935 the Trojans also won the conference title with a victory over Oregon State in Corvallis. After falling to the Beavers in the first game of the series, USC won the second to tie the series. USC won the third contest by a score of 32–31, with All-Southern Division forward Ernie Holbrook making the game-winning shot in the final seconds of the game.
USC won its ninth division title in 12 years in the 1939–40 season after defeating Oregon State in two games at the Shrine Auditorium. Led by All-American Ralph Vaughn, USC received its first invitation to the eight-team NCAA tournament and was considered a favorite to challenge for the national title. The Trojans defeated Colorado, 38–32, in the first round to face Phog Allen's Kansas in the semi-finals. Senior Keith Lambert gave the Trojans the lead with less than a minute remaining in the game, but Howard Engleman scored with 16 seconds remaining to give Kansas the 43–42 win.
World War II and the coaching carousel (1942–45)
In January 1942, Barry, then-head coach of the three major sports at USC, enlisted in the Navy as a lieutenant commander and was appointed athletic director for the Navy's western V-5 physical training school in St. Marys, Georgia. Assistant coach Julie Bescos assumed head-coaching responsibilities in Barry's absence, finishing the season until he too left for service in the Navy later in 1942. Jack Hupp, two-time All-Southern Division forward for USC in 1935 and 1936, was then named head coach in October, but in November he joined the Air Force. Ernie Holbrook, Hupp's former teammate and star of the 1935 PCC champion team, then became head coach after the first game of the season and led the Trojans to a 23–5 record and their tenth PCC South Division title in the 1943–44 season. Gene Rock and Ted Gossard were named All-Americans. The following year, however, Holbrook was called to service in the Army, becoming the fourth USC basketball coach to leave for military service in two years.
Bobby Muth, a former teammate of both Hupp and Holbrook, was chosen to be the newest replacement head coach. Muth struggled to match the performance of his predecessor, with no returning players from 1943's division-winning team due to the war. In his first year as head coach, he managed a disappointing 8–12 record, USC's first losing record in 11 years.
Julie Bescos returned to USC after the war's end in 1945 as an assistant football coach, having earned a Silver Star for overseeing the rescue and evacuation of wounded sailors as a flight deck officer on the kamikaze-damaged USS Saratoga. He was posthumously inducted into the USC Athletics Hall of Fame in 2007.
Former player and coach Ernie Holbrook died during combat in Europe. As a private in the 28th "Keystone" Infantry Division, Holbrook was killed during the early stages of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944. Each year, the Ernie Holbrook Memorial Award is given in his memory to the team's most inspirational basketball player.
Sam Barry returns (1945–50)
With the surrender of the Japanese in August 1945, Sam Barry was discharged from the Navy, receiving a Naval Commendation for his work in the physical and military training of Navy personnel in the South Pacific. He then returned to his pre-war post as head basketball coach. Barry never managed to truly to regain his pre-war success, however. Before the war, Barry compiled a win–loss record of 208–95, winning 68% of his games. In games after the war, his winning percentage fell to 58%, with an overall record of 68–49. Despite this decline in performance, Barry's teams still finished second in the division in all but one season during the final five years of his career.
Barry's 1949–50 USC team produced another All-American in Bill Sharman. On September 23, 1950, while scouting for football at Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, Barry suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 57. He remains USC's all-time winningest coach, with an overall record of 260–138. In his 17 years as head coach, his teams won eight division titles and three conference titles, and featured eight All-Americans. His 40 consecutive wins over crosstown rival UCLA stand as the longest winning streak by any coach against a single opponent in the history of college basketball.
The Forrest Twogood era (1951–66)
In the wake of Sam Barry's sudden death in September 1950, USC turned to assistant coach Forrest Twogood, who had previously been the head coach at the University of Idaho and the University of San Francisco. Mr Twogood had worked as an assistant to Barry, coaching the Trojan freshmen, and had played for Barry at the University of Iowa.
The Final Four (1954)
Two weeks before the 1953–54 season's end and in third place in the PCC, USC won two games against then-second-place California. The Trojans' next and final conference series of the regular season came against the first-place UCLA Bruins. Coming into the series, John Wooden's Bruins—winners of four division titles in five years—were on a 13-game win streak, had not been defeated at home all season, had not lost both games of a series at home in six years, and needed just one win in two games to secure the division title.
USC's third team All-America center, Roy Irvin, scored 29 points in the first game in leading the Trojans past the Bruins, 79–68. In the second contest, another strong performance from Irvin saw the Trojans with the lead late in the game, until UCLA tied the score in the final minute. Trojan substitute Chet Carr made a 10-foot jump-shot in the waning seconds, securing the win and the Trojans' first outright division championship in 11 years.
USC faced the Oregon State Beavers and their 7-foot, 3-inch center, Wade Halbrook in the PCC Championship series to determine which team would represent the PCC in the NCAA Tournament. In the opening game of the series, the Trojans contained Halbrook and came away with a 65–47 victory. In the second game, Halbrook scored 12 points and stifled the USC offense with his rebounding and defense. The Beavers outscored the Trojans 20–6 in the final ten minutes of the first half, and despite a third-quarter comeback attempt, USC was defeated for the first time in six games.
The final game was a close affair throughout. Halbrook and Irvin led their teams' efforts in the final minutes, trading baskets and the lead until Irvin's hook shot gave the Trojans the lead for good with under a minute remaining. Two free throws from captain Dick Welsh with 27 seconds remaining secured the 48–45 win for USC.
USC advanced to the 16-team NCAA Tournament and began tournament play in Corvallis, where the Trojans defeated Idaho State in the first round, 73–59. In the second-round game, the Trojans faced the Santa Clara Broncos, a team that had played in three consecutive NCAA Tournaments. The game was closely contested throughout, with 13 lead changes and eight ties. The third quarter saw a forward surge from the Trojans, which the Broncos matched as the quarter closed. Santa Clara entered the final 40 seconds of a low-scoring fourth quarter with a three-point lead. USC's Irvin was fouled as he scored on a lay-in, and his made free throw tied the game at 57–57. The score remained tied at the end of the regulation period. In the final minute of the overtime period, the Trojans again trailed by three points. Welsh scored to bring the Trojans within one point of Santa Clara. Guard Tony Psaltis then tied the score at 65–65 with a free throw, forcing a second overtime period.
A single point—coming on a free throw from USC's Welsh during the first 30 seconds of the second five-minute overtime period—provided the winning margin for the Trojans. In the same year the NBA introduced the 24-second shot clock, Santa Clara held the ball to stall the game for four minutes and seven seconds. With 17 seconds remaining, the Broncos' Ken Sears attempted to drive to the basket. Several Trojans surrounded him and forced a turnover. Time expired and the Trojans advanced to the Final Four in Kansas City.
USC faced the Bradley Braves in the Final Four game. The Trojans maintained a lead for most of the contest, but Bradley mounted a comeback in the fourth quarter. Holding a one-point lead with one minute remaining, the Trojans were without leading scorer Roy Irvin, who had fouled out of the game. Bradley scored five unanswered points in the final minute to take a 74–70 lead, securing the win. USC's Jack Dunne scored with six seconds remaining, but the score was not sufficient to erase the Trojans' deficit. USC fell to Penn State in the national third-place game, 70–61, after the Trojans' late comeback attempt, begun as they trailed by 20 points, fell short.
The USC student-run newspaper, the Daily Trojan, reflected on the season:
The fact remains that what they already have done is simply phenomenal. They have defied all the "impossible," "can't do," "never," and "too much" odds to rise to this station today. On their way they won the PCC Southern Division, Pacific Coast Conference and NCAA Western Regional titles. This should seem "enough" for a team that was once pronounced "dead."
- Jack McCurdy, March 19, 1954
The Bob Boyd era (1967–79)
In a 13-year career as head coach of the USC basketball team his teams went 216–131 overall and played in the post-season four times (the 1979 NCAA playoffs, 1973 NIT and 1974 and 1975 Commissioner's Conference tourney). His 1971 team, which went 24–2 and was ranked fifth in the nation (USC was ranked first at midseason), is regarded among USC's best (he also won 24 games in 1974). His wins over UCLA in 1969 and 1970 were the UCLA's first losses in Pauley Pavilion, built in 1966. He was twice named the conference Coach of the Year. He sent ten players into the NBA, including Paul Westphal and Gus Williams.
Morrison and Raveling (1980–94)
In seven seasons at USC, Stan Morrison had a record of 103–95 and finished first in the Pac-10 in 1985. George Raveling took over the program in 1987, leading the Trojans to two NCAA tournament appearances. He compiled a 115–118 overall record in eight seasons.
The Henry Bibby era (1995–2005)
In 1995, Former UCLA great Henry Bibby was named head coach of USC men's basketball. In ten seasons, Bibby had an overall won-loss record of 131–111 at USC. He led his 1997, 2001 and 2002 teams to the NCAA tournament, including an "Elite Eight" appearance in 2001, but was fired after four games into his final season.
Recent success
USC advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the 2007 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, led by future NBA players Nick Young, Taj Gibson, and Gabe Pruitt, with Tim Floyd as their head coach. This was the first time since 2001, and the second time since 1961. This team defeated Kevin Durant and the Texas Longhorns before facing Tyler Hansbrough and the UNC Tar Heels in the Sweet Sixteen. USC had built a sizable lead in the first half against UNC before multiple questionable foul calls against Taj Gibson forced USC to sit Taj Gibson for an extended period of time in the second half, whereby the Tar Heels were able to take the lead and win the game.
2007–08
In the 2007–08 season, USC featured guard O. J. Mayo from Huntington High School. He had been ranked by several major sports publications as the top prospect of the 2007 recruiting class. During the 2007–2008 season, the Trojans played the Kansas Jayhawks and the Oklahoma Sooners at home. They also played in the Anaheim Classic from November 22–25, 2007. Each night, USC played a team from the Big Ten, Big East, SEC, and Big 12. Additionally, they had a return game against the South Carolina Gamecocks in Columbia, South Carolina. After the regular season and Pac-10 Tournament had ended, USC earned a #6 seed in the NCAA Tournament. The Trojans were seeded against the #11 seed Kansas State Wildcats. This first-round game gained heavy media attention because of the matchup between college phenoms O. J. Mayo and Michael Beasley. Although the game was relatively close throughout the first half and early second half, the Wildcats came away with the victory by a score of 80–67. As expected by many, Mayo entered the NBA draft at the end of the 2007–08 season. He was selected as the 3rd overall lottery pick by the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Trojans finished the 2007–08 season with a record of 21–12. However, on January 3, 2010, the University concluded its internal investigation over allegations that Mayo received improper benefits during his stay at USC in 2007–08. The University concluded that Mayo did receive improper benefits and that head coach Tim Floyd was an active participant in ensuring that Mayo continued to receive money and gifts on behalf of a sports agent, in violation of NCAA rules. Therefore, USC declared Mayo ineligible to play in 2007–08, and USC Basketball has voluntarily vacated all regular season wins from the 2007–08 season. The USC record for 2007–08 thus is 0–12, a result of the peculiar scoring rules for marking vacated wins as no contests.
2008–09
The 2008–09 Trojans team featured the 3rd-ranked recruit in the nation according to Rivals.com, All-American forward DeMar DeRozan. USC also received a commitment from point guard Percy Romeo Miller, Jr aka Lil Romeo, the son of Master P. The team opted not to have an October 17, 2008 Midnight Madness celebration.
Building upon the success of previous years, the Trojans defeated Arizona State in the Pac-10 Championship Game and clinched their third straight NCAA Tournament appearance. They defeated Boston College to reach the second round, where they lost 74–69 to eventual runner-up Michigan State.
Sanctions
On January 3, 2010, USC announced that it had implemented self-imposed sanctions for violations of NCAA rules related to Mayo. The sanctions include a one-year ban on postseason competition following the 2009–2010 regular season, a reduction of one scholarship for the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 academic years, and reductions in the numbers of recruiting days and coaches participating in off-campus recruiting through 2011. The school also vacated all wins earned during the 2007–2008 season, due to Mayo's ineligibility at that time.
Andy Enfield and return to prominence (2013–present)
After becoming the first head coach to lead a 15-seed to the Sweet 16, guiding his Florida Gulf Coast Eagles to upsets of Georgetown and San Diego State, Andy Enfield was hired as the new head coach at USC on April 1, 2013. Enfield replaces interim coach Bob Cantu, who substituted for fired coach Kevin O'Neill, terminated after a 7–10 start to the Trojans' season. The Trojans had finished the season 14–18 and had missed the NCAA Tournament the previous two years.
Enfield's first two assistant hires were Tony Bland from SDSU with a reported contract of $300,000 per year, and Jason Hart from Pepperdine University. Both have strong reputations as recruiters.
On September 26, 2017, federal prosecutors announced bribery, soliciting a bribe and wire fraud charges against assistant coach Tony Bland.
Facilities
The stage of Shrine Auditorium served as home court for USC basketball for much of the 1940s. However, the nature of hosting a basketball game in a theater meant that visibility was limited except in the center section of the audience. "If you had a seat on the extreme right or left, you missed seeing one basket," said Alex Omalev, a Trojan forward from 1940 to 1943. The score was kept by two men seated on an elevated platform and a gun blast marked the end of each half.
Beginning in 1949 the Pan-Pacific Auditorium in the Fairfax District hosted USC basketball until 1959 at which point the Trojans moved into the nearby Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, where they would remain for close to the next 50 years.
USC had talked about building an on-campus arena for the better part of a century and that dream finally came to fruition when Louis Galen, successful banker and long-time Trojan fan, donated a total $50 million to ensure the facility was built. They broke ground in 2004 and the Galen Center officially opened its doors in 2006, becoming the new home of USC basketball.
The facility is 255,000 square feet (23,700 m2), with a 45,000 square foot (4,200 m2) pavilion, and has three practice courts and offices. The seating capacity is 10,258, and there are 22 private suites. Total construction cost was an estimated $147 million.
The first men's basketball game was held on November 16, 2006 against the University of South Carolina. The first sellout crowd was the men's basketball game against the UCLA Bruins on January 12, 2007 with an attendance of 9,682. On January 31, 2008 the USC men's basketball game against the Arizona Wildcats set the arena's attendance record with a crowd of 10,258 in attendance. That record has been matched four times since: February 17, 2008 vs UCLA; January 11, 2009 vs UCLA; January 9, 2011 vs UCLA, and February 13, 2022 vs. UCLA (which also saw the largest student section to date).
Coaches
The following are the USC men's head basketball coaches who have led the Trojans against conference competition. Prior to fielding conference teams, USC men's basketball was also coached by notable USC coaches such as Dean Cromwell who was a track and field and baseball coach as well as Elmer "Gloomy Gus" Henderson who also coached baseball and football at USC.
Bill Hunter (1922)
Les Turner (1923–27)
Leo Calland (1928–29)
Sam Barry (1930–41, 1946–50)
Julie Bescos (1942)
Ernie Holbrook (1943–44)
Bobby Muth (1944–45)
Forrest Twogood (1951–66)
Bob Boyd (1967–79)
Stan Morrison (1980–86)
George Raveling (1987–94)
Charlie Parker (1994–1995)
Henry Bibby (1995–2005)
Jim Saia (2004–05, interim head coach)
Tim Floyd (2005–09)
Kevin O'Neill (2009–2013)
Bob Cantu (2013, interim head coach)
Andy Enfield (2013–present)
Postseason
NCAA tournament results
The Trojans have appeared in twenty NCAA Tournaments (with one appearance vacated), including two Final Four appearances. USC's combined record is 17–21* (17–20).
* 2008 tournament appearance and loss to Kansas State were vacated due to NCAA penalty. The revised record is 12–17 all-time.
NCAA tournament seeding history
The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition.
NIT results
The Trojans have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) five times. Their combined record is 3–5.
CCA/NCIT results
The Trojans appeared in both the 1974 CAA Tournament and the 1975 NCIT Tournament. Their combined record was 2–2.
All-time record vs. Pac-12 opponents
The USC Trojans lead the all-time series vs. three of the other 11 Pac-12 opponents. They trail the series vs. seven opponents and are even vs. one more.
Note all-time series includes non-conference matchups.
Vacated wins are not counted in this table.
Retired numbers
The Trojans have retired seven jersey numbers.
Notable players
Jack Gardner (1930–1932)
1932 captain, Naismith Basketball Hall of Famer, National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Famer, USC Athletics Hall of Famer, first head coach to lead two different schools (Kansas State and Utah) to the Final Four twice.
Tex Winter (1946–1947)
Innovator of the triangle offense, nine-time NBA champion as an assistant coach (Bulls, Lakers), UPI Coach of the Year (1958), Naismith Basketball Hall of Famer, National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Famer, USC Athletics Hall of Famer, Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame John Bunn Award (lifetime achievement) honoree, NBA Coaches Association Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award honoree, USC Athletics Hall of Famer.
Bill Sharman (1946–1950)
All-American, 2-time All-Pacific Coast Conference, PCC MVP, 4-time All-NBA First Team, 8-time NBA All-Star (1953–1960) NBA All-Star Game MVP (1961), 4-time NBA champion as a player (Celtics), NBA champion as a coach (Lakers), NBA Coach of the Year (1972), first coach to win championships in three different pro leagues (ABL, ABA, NBA), Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer as a coach and player, USC Athletics Hall of Famer.
Alex Hannum (1943, 1946–1947)
1948 captain, 2-time NBA champion as a coach (Hawks, 76ers), NBA Coach of the Year (1964), ABA Coach of the Year (1969), Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer.
Paul Westphal (1969–1972)
1972 captain, All-American, 3-time All-Pac-10, NBA champion as a player (Celtics), 5-time NBA All-Star, 3-time All-NBA First Team, #44 retired by the Phoenix Suns.
Gus Williams (1971–1975)
All-American, 2-time All-Pac-10, NBA champion as a player (SuperSonics), 2-time All-Star, All-NBA First Team (1982), #1 Retired by the Seattle SuperSonics.
Harold Miner (1989–1992)
3-time All American, 3-time All-Pac-10, Pac-10 Freshman of the Year (1990), Sports Illustrated National Player of the Year (1992), Pac-10 Player of the Year (1992), 2-time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion
Brian Scalabrine (1998–2001)
3-time All-Pac-10, Pac-10 Newcomer of the Year (1999), NBA Champion with the Boston Celtics (2008)
David Blu (1998–2002)
American-Israeli 2-time Euroleague Champion (Maccabi Tel Aviv)
Nick Young (2004–2007)
2-time All-Pac-10
Taj Gibson (2006–2009)
2009 captain, 2-time All-Pac-10, Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year (2009), NBA All-Rookie First Team
O. J. Mayo (2007–2008)
2008 captain, All-Pac-10, NBA All-Rookie First Team. Mayo was also the recipient of improper benefits and USC was forced to vacate the 21 wins from the 2007–08 season.
DeMar DeRozan (2008–2009)
Pac-10 All-Freshman Team, Pac-10 Tournament Most Valuable Player (2009), NBA All-Star (2013–14, 2015–17).
Nikola Vučević (2008–2011)
2-time All-Pac-10, AP All-American Honorable Mention, NBA Rising Star, NBA All-Star (2019, 2021).
Dewayne Dedmon (2011–2013)
Multi year NBA starter.
Chimezie Metu (2015–2018)
2018 NBA Draft Second Round Draft Pick
De'Anthony Melton (2016–2018)
2018 NBA Draft Second Round Draft Pick
Jordan McLaughlin (2014–2018)
2018 First Team All-Pac-12, 3rd player in conference history to record over 1,600 points and 600 assists, current point guard for the Minnesota Timberwolves
Kevin Porter Jr. (2018–2019)
2019 NBA Draft First Round Draft Pick
Onyeka Okongwu (2019–2020)
First Team All-Pac-12, 2020 NBA Draft First Round Draft Pick
Evan Mobley (2020–2021)
In his one season with USC, he led the Trojans to the Elite Eight. He was awarded Pac 12 Player of the Year, Pac 12 Freshman of the Year, Pac 12 Defensive Player of the Year, First Team All Pac 12, Pac 12 All Defensive Team, Pac 12 All Freshman Team, and was a Consensus Second-Team All American. Mobley was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the 3rd overall pick of the 2021 NBA draft.
Records
Career leaders
References
External links |
4396519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20National%20Guard | Massachusetts National Guard | The Massachusetts National Guard is the National Guard component for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Founded as the Massachusetts Bay Colonial Militia on December 13, 1636, it contains the oldest units in the United States Army. What is today's Massachusetts National Guard evolved through many different forms. Originally founded as a defensive militia for Puritan colonists in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the militia evolved into a highly organized and armed fighting force. The Massachusetts militia served as a central organ of the New England revolutionary fighting force during the early American Revolution and a major component in the Continental Army under George Washington.
It is currently headquartered at Hanscom Air Force Base and commanded by Major General Gary W. Keefe. Massachusetts National Guard soldiers and airmen are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army and Air Force, and identical ranks and insignias are utilized. National Guardsmen are eligible for all US military awards in addition to state awards. Soldiers and Airmen are held to the same uniform, physical fitness, and marksmanship standards as their Active Duty counterparts.
History of the Massachusetts Militia and National Guard
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Soon after the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, efforts were made to organize the colony's militia. All male residents between the ages of 16 and 60 were required for service. These militiamen would be well trained and well armed. Each militiaman would be trained in the same manner which was a major difference between the training of Elizabethan militias which maintained well trained units (trainbands) alongside less well trained and less well armed groups of militia. Another major difference between the New England militias and their counterparts in England was these militiamen were allowed to nominate and select their own officers. New England society at the time was organized around congregational lines and this method was to be extended to the militia as well. This nominating process extended all the way to the nomination of province-wide commanders, whose selection needed only General Court assent for outside approval. A company of men had a minimum of 64 soldiers and was to be drilled 6 days a year.
Up until the mid-1630s, each town had its own militia company (also known as "trained bands") which was commanded by an officer with the rank of captain. After December 13, 1636, this changed. That day that the Massachusetts militia was organized into the North, South, and East Regiments. Today's 181st Infantry Regiment, 101st Field Artillery Regiment, and 101st Engineer Battalion (United States) respectively trace their origins to these three regiments. The militia companies were nominally under the command of the colonial governor, but, in practice, operated as independent units. The regimental organization did much to improve the organization and leadership of the militia. Three years later the Hampshire Regiment was raised in Springfield, MA; today's 104th Infantry Regiment traces its origins to that unit.
During King Philip's War (1675-1678), 25 of New England's 90 towns were attacked and pillaged by native tribal warriors and a further 17 colonial towns such as Springfield and Scituate were burnt to the ground. Approximately 3,000 colonists perished. A colonial force of about 1,000 militiamen (mostly from Massachusetts but also from Plymouth Colony and Connecticut) fought a brutal and punishing campaign of reprisal which resulted in the deaths of about 6,000 Native Americans and thousands more being sold into slavery in the West Indies. This war was the bloodiest, in terms of the percentage of the population that died in it, in American history. More than 10% of the total population (native and colonial) of New England perished. The economic, social, and political consequences of King Philip's War (named after the Wampanoag sachem that led them) would echo into the following centuries.
As time progressed, larger towns would usually have more than one militia company and the companies of adjacent towns would be organized into regiments commanded by colonels. The regiments, in turn, were organized into brigades commanded by brigadier generals.
In 1692 Plymouth Colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and its militia became part of the Massachusetts Militia. The military history of Plymouth Colony began in February 1621 when Captain Myles Standish was named commander of the colony's militia - then consisting of every able bodied adult male in the colony. On October 2, 1658 the militia companies of each town were organized into a regiment under the command of Major Josiah Winslow who served until he was elected governor on June 3, 1673, when he was succeeded by Major William Bradford the Younger. On June 2, 1685, Plymouth Colony was divided into three counties (Plymouth, Barnstable and Bristol) and each county had its own regiment of militia. Upon the merger of the colonies, the Plymouth Colony militia became a brigade within the Massachusetts Militia.
American Revolution
Prior to the American Revolution, Massachusetts' armed citizens were organized into two major elements. There was the "regular" militia, which consisted of all white males age 16 to 60, and the minutemen who were better trained and equipped and who could react more quickly to an emergency - theoretically on a minute's notice.
In the early morning hours of April 19, 1775, the militia company of Lexington, commanded by Captain John Parker, confronted British forces heading to Concord to search for stores of munitions. This led to the "shot heard round the world" and the beginning of the American Revolution. While the Lexington militia retreated in the face of superior British forces, militiamen continuously engaged the British as they retreated from Concord back to Boston later the same day.
After the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Massachusetts militia units were called into service, along with militia units from New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Island, to form the Army of Observation whose purpose was to ensure that the British did not travel to locations outside of Boston which they occupied. The Army of Observation fought the British at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775.
General George Washington assumed command of the Army of Observation at Cambridge in July 1775 and the militia units then became units in the newly formed Continental Army. Massachusetts regiments were a major component of the Continental Army throughout the Revolution.
War of 1812
After the British seizure of Eastport and Castine, Maine in 1814 there was great concern that the British would attack other cities on the New England coast. Massachusetts militia units were called into service to reinforce coastal fortifications protecting Boston and other locations.
The 181st Infantry Regiment (United States), 182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 101st Field Artillery Regiment and the 772nd Military Police Company are four of only twenty Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812, as they gained the campaign credit through their antecedent units' service.
Militia Law of 1840
The Massachusetts Militia Law of 1840 brought significant changes to the Massachusetts Militia. The first change was that it drew a distinction between the enrolled militia and the volunteer militia. The enrolled militia was simply a list of able bodied men age 18 to 45 which would only be called upon in time of war. There was no military training requirement for members of the enrolled militia.
The volunteer militia, named the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia (MVM) were those individuals who joined MVM and conducted regular training. The MVM was organized into three divisions with two brigades each. Each brigade consisted for two or three regiments. Regiments were organized into companies which would be from one or more municipalities.
Mexican War
During the Mexican War the Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers was formed. It served from January 1847 to July 1848. Its first commander was former congressman and future United States attorney general Caleb Cushing.
American Civil War
At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, Massachusetts Militia units were mobilized to serve in the Union Army. From April to December 1864 at total of 27 Unattached Companies Massachusetts Volunteer Militia were called to active service to garrison coast defense forts in Massachusetts. Most of these companies were drawn from existing units of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Terms of service ranged from 90 days to one year and all of the companies had been demobilized by July 1865.
Spanish–American War
During the Spanish–American War six Massachusetts Volunteer Militia regiments were called into Federal service between May and July 1898. The regiments were the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 8th and 9th infantry regiments and the 1st Heavy Artillery regiment.
The 2nd, 8th and 9th regiments engaged in combat in Cuba and the 6th saw action in Puerto Rico. All units were demobilized by May 1899.
Dick Act of 1903
The Dick Act of 1903 brought into being the National Guard in its current form. In exchange for federal funding, state militia units could join the National Guard with the obligation to serve in the event of a federal emergency.
The name National Guard was applied to units receiving Federal financing and subject to Federal mobilization and regulation. The primary result of the Dick Act was that the state militias were transformed into better trained, better equipped and more professional military forces.
The National Defense Act of 1916 built upon the Dick Act by requiring National Guard units to increase their number of annual training assemblies (commonly called "drills") from 24 to 48 and the number of annual training days from 5 to 15.
The result of these reforms is that when National Guard units were called into Federal service during the First World War, they were better prepared than their forebears in previous wars.
World War I
During the First World War, the 26th Division (nicknamed the "Yankee Division") was formed from units of Massachusetts National Guard. The division spent 210 days in combat and participated in the St. Mihele and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Additionally, Guard units were mobilized for coastal defense at forts in the Boston and New Bedford areas.
After the First World War, the 110th Cavalry Regiment, still horsed cavalry, was established. It was assigned in the 1920s to the 23rd and then after July 1924 to the 22nd Cavalry Division. From May to October 1940 the regiment was broken up and reorganized as coastal and field artillery.
World War II
As in the First World War, Massachusetts National Guard units were called into Federal service. Most units were either in the 26th Infantry Division or the 241st Coast Artillery. The 241st Coast Artillery was disestablished in 1944. The 181st Infantry Regiment patrolled the coasts of Massachusetts and other locations in New England.
Post–World War II
The Massachusetts Army National Guard reorganized in 1946 after five years of active duty. The 26th Infantry Division was the largest formation; however, there were now two major non-divisional units in the state: the 182d Infantry Regimental Combat Team and the 104th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. The Guard was still in the process of rebuilding when the Korean War broke out in June 1950. The 26th Division was considered for active duty, but eight non-divisional units were ordered into active duty as part of the Army's expansion instead. In 1963 the 26th Cavalry was created to provide the divisional reconnaissance squadron.
During the Vietnam era (1965-1972) service in the National Guard was used by tens of thousands of men as a means of avoiding being drafted into the active Army and, probably, being sent to fight in Vietnam. While this enabled the National Guard to fill its personnel requirements there was a diminishing of readiness as many members of the Guard had a low level of motivation for military service.
In the early 1980s the National Guard received more Federal funding and evolved into a better trained, better equipped and more professional force. The National Guard was in a high state of readiness when units were activated to serve in the Gulf War of 1990 to 1991.
The end of the Cold War resulted in force restructuring and reductions. As a result, the Army decided to downsize the 26th Infantry Division into a brigade, and put it under the command of the 29th Infantry Division. On 1 September 1993, the division was inactivated, and the 26th Infantry Brigade remained in its place, based in Springfield. The 3rd and 43rd brigades, 26th Infantry Division were inactivated, and the 86th Infantry Brigade was put under the command of the 42nd Infantry Division. On 1 October 1995, the brigade was formally designated the 26th Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. The divisional cavalry was retitled into the 110th Cavalry, but then disestablished in 1996.
In 2004, the 26th Brigade transitioned into the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Brigade Combat Team.
Post-9/11 era
Numerous Massachusetts National Guard units have been called into Federal service to serve in both Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and in Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq from 2003 to 2011.
In 2005 the 26th Infantry Brigade was reorganized into the 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 42nd Infantry Division. In 2008, the 26th IBCT was reorganized as the 26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB), a combat support brigade, located at Camp Curtis Guild, MA.
In 2005 the long-serving 104th Infantry Regiment was inactivated, followed by the 102nd Field Artillery Regiment in 2006.
On October 29, 2007, Major Jeffrey R. Calero was killed in Kajaki, Afghanistan by a roadside bomb during a combat patrol. He was part of Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group.
Organization and missions
The Massachusetts National Guard is divided into the Massachusetts Army National Guard and the Massachusetts Air National Guard. Officers in the Guard hold two commissions - one from the Governor of Massachusetts and the other from the President of the United States. This emphasizes the Guard's dual role as both and state and national military force.
In its mission as a state organization, the National Guard can be called on by the Governor to assist in national disasters and public safety emergencies. In its national role, the National Guard can be mobilized for active service with the United States Armed Forces. Units of the Massachusetts National Guard have been mobilized during the First World War, Second World War, Korean War, Gulf War, the War in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
The National Guard is technically commanded by the governor, who is assisted by the state adjutant general when not Federalized, who holds the rank of major general.
National Guard members, as with all other Reserve Components, train one weekend a month and conducts Annual Training (15–30 days).
The now deactivated Massachusetts State Defense Force (MSDF) was a state military force which could be mobilized by the governor to augment the National Guard. The MSDF was composed of former members of the United States Armed Forces who live in Massachusetts and serve on a voluntary basis unless called to active duty. The MSDF's three major specialties were administrative support, professional support and medical support. Upon entering office in 2016 Governor Baker declined to sign the re-authorization bill concerning the guard and it was deactivated.
COVID-19 Pandemic Response efforts
The Massachusetts National Guard has helped to administrate the COVID-19 vaccine in places such as Springfield, East Boston, and Danvers to civilians.
Up to 250 members of the Massachusetts National Guard were activated and trained to drive school transport vans, known as 7D vehicles after a mass shortage of bus drivers due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Units of the Massachusetts Army National Guard
Camp Edwards in the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts is the major training site for Army National Guard units. Armories for the MA ARNG include Hudson Armory.
Current units of the Massachusetts Army National Guard include the following:
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
101st Field Artillery Regiment
101st Engineer Battalion
151st Regional Support Group
164th Transportation Battalion
3rd Battalion, 126th Aviation Regiment
D Company, 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion
1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment (part of 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, NJ Army National Guard (ARNG))
1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment (Part of 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, New York ARNG)
Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group
211th Military Police Battalion ("First Corps of Cadets")
101st Regiment (Regional Training Institute)
54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment
Former Units:
101st Infantry Regiment (1798)
Massachusetts Air National Guard
Otis Air National Guard Base and Barnes Air National Guard Base are the major Massachusetts Air National Guard bases.
Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives
The Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives is located in the armory in Concord, Massachusetts (not the historic Concord Armory.)
See also
Massachusetts Naval Militia
National Lancers
References
Further reading
Captain Robert K. Wright Jr. Massachusetts Militia Roots: A Bibliographic Study. (1986) 116th Military History Detachment Virginia Army National Guard. Available at the United States Army Center of Military History
*
External links
Bibliography of Massachusetts Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Massachusetts National Guard Magazine - Minuteman printed by AQP Publishing, Inc
The Nation's First Public Web site
Change of command for 79th Troop Command
National Guard (United States)
Military in Massachusetts |
4396843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20drying | Wood drying | Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) reduces the moisture content of wood before its use. When the drying is done in a kiln, the product is known as kiln-dried timber or lumber, whereas air drying is the more traditional method.
There are two main reasons for drying wood:
WoodworkingWhen wood is used as a construction material, whether as a structural support in a building or in woodworking objects, it will absorb or expel moisture until it is in equilibrium with its surroundings. Equilibration (usually drying) causes unequal shrinkage in the wood, and can cause damage to the wood if equilibration occurs too rapidly. The equilibration must be controlled to prevent damage to the wood.
Wood burning When wood is burned (firewood), it is usually best to dry it first. Damage from shrinkage is not a problem here, as it may be in the case of drying for woodworking purposes. Moisture affects the burning process, with unburnt hydrocarbons going up the chimney. If a 50% wet log is burnt at high temperature, with good heat extraction from the exhaust gas leading to a 100 °C exhaust temperature, about 5% of the energy of the log is wasted through evaporating and heating the water vapour. With condensers, the efficiency can be further increased; but, for the normal stove, the key to burning wet wood is to burn it very hot, perhaps starting fire with dry wood.
For some purposes, wood is not dried at all, and is used green. Often, wood must be in equilibrium with the air outside, as for construction wood, or the air indoors, as for wooden furniture.
Wood is air-dried or dried in a purpose built oven (kiln). Usually the wood is sawn before drying, but sometimes the log is dried whole.
Case hardening describes lumber or timber that has been dried too rapidly. Wood initially dries from the shell (surface), shrinking the shell and putting the core under compression. When this shell is at a low moisture content it will 'set' and resist shrinkage. The core of the wood is still at a higher moisture content. This core will then begin to dry and shrink. However, any shrinkage is resisted by the already 'set' shell. This leads to reversed stresses; compression stresses on the shell and tension stresses in the core. This results in unrelieved stress called case hardening. Case-hardened [wood] may warp considerably and dangerously when the stress is released by sawing.
Types of wood
Wood is divided, according to its botanical origin, into two kinds: softwoods, from coniferous trees, and hardwoods, from broad-leaved trees. Softwoods are lighter and generally simple in structure, whereas hardwoods are harder and more complex. However, in Australia, softwood generally describes rain forest trees, and hardwood describes Sclerophyll species (Eucalyptus spp).
Softwoods such as pine are typically much lighter and easier to process than hardwoods such as fruit tree wood. The density of softwoods ranges from to , while hardwoods are to . Once dried, both consist of approximately 12% of moisture (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996). Because of hardwood's denser and more complex structure, its permeability is much less than that of softwood, making it more difficult to dry. Although there are about a hundred times more species of hardwood trees than softwood trees, the ability to be dried and processed faster and more easily makes softwood the main supply of commercial wood nowadays.
Wood–water relationships
When green wood dries, free water from the cell lumina, held by the capillary forces only, is the first to go. Physical properties, such as strength and shrinkage, are generally not affected by the removal of free water. The fibre saturation point (FSP) is defined as the moisture content at which free water should be completely gone, while the cell walls are saturated with bound water. In most types of woods, the fibre saturation point is at 25 to 30% moisture content. Siau (1984) reported that the fibre saturation point
The timber of living trees and fresh logs contains a large amount of water which often constitutes over 50% of the wood's weight. Water has a significant influence on wood. Wood continually exchanges moisture or water with its surroundings, although the rate of exchange is strongly affected by the degree to which wood is sealed.
Wood contains water in three forms:
Free water The bulk of water contained in the cell lumina is only held by capillary forces. It is not bound chemically and is called free water. Free water is not in the same thermodynamic state as liquid water: energy is required to overcome the capillary forces. Furthermore, free water may contain chemicals, altering the drying characteristics of wood.
Bound or hygroscopic water Bound water is bound to the wood via hydrogen bonds. The attraction of wood for water arises from the presence of free hydroxyl (OH) groups in the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin molecules in the cell wall. The hydroxyl groups are negatively charged. Because water is a polar liquid, the free hydroxyl groups in cellulose attract and hold water by hydrogen bonding.
Vapor Water in cell lumina in the form of water vapour is normally negligible at normal temperature and humidity.
Moisture content
The moisture content of wood is calculated as the mass change as a proportion of the dry mass, by the formula (Siau, 1984):
Here, is the green mass of the wood, is its oven dry mass (the attainment of constant mass generally after drying in an oven set at () for 24 hours as mentioned by Walker et al., 1993). The equation can also be expressed as a fraction of the mass of the water and the mass of the oven dry wood rather than a percentage. For example, (oven dry basis) expresses the same moisture content as 59% (oven dry basis).
Fibre saturation point
When green wood dries, free water from the cell lumina, held by the capillary forces only, is the first to go. Physical properties, such as strength and shrinkage, are generally not affected by the removal of free water. The fibre saturation point (FSP) is defined as the moisture content at which free water should be completely gone, while the cell walls are saturated with bound water. In most types of woods, the fibre saturation point is at 25 to 30% moisture content. Siau (1984) reported that the fibre saturation point (kg/kg) is dependent on the temperature T (°C) according to the following equation:
(1.2)
Keey et al. (2000) use a different definition of the fibre saturation point (equilibrium moisture content of wood in an environment of 99% relative humidity).
Many properties of wood show considerable change as the wood is dried below the fibre saturation point, including:
volume (ideally no shrinkage occurs until some bound water is lost, that is, until wood is dried below FSP);
strength (strengths generally increase consistently as the wood is dried below the FSP (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996), except for impact-bending strength and, in some cases, toughness);
electrical resistivity, which increases very rapidly with the loss of bound water when the wood dries below the FSP.
Equilibrium moisture content
Wood is a hygroscopic substance. It has the ability to take in or give off moisture in the form of vapour. Water contained in wood exerts vapour pressure of its own, which is determined by the maximum size of the capillaries filled with water at any time. If water vapour pressure in the ambient space is lower than vapour pressure within wood, desorption takes place. The largest-sized capillaries, which are full of water at the time, empty first. Vapour pressure within the wood falls as water is successively contained in smaller capillaries. A stage is eventually reached when vapour pressure within the wood equals vapour pressure in the ambient space above the wood, and further desorption ceases. The amount of moisture that remains in the wood at this stage is in equilibrium with water vapour pressure in the ambient space, and is termed the equilibrium moisture content or EMC (Siau, 1984). Because of its hygroscopicity, wood tends to reach a moisture content that is in equilibrium with the relative humidity and temperature of the surrounding air.
The EMC of wood varies with the ambient relative humidity (a function of temperature) significantly, to a lesser degree with the temperature. Siau (1984) reported that the EMC also varies very slightly with species, mechanical stress, drying history of wood, density, extractives content and the direction of sorption in which the moisture change takes place (i.e. adsorption or desorption).
Moisture content of wood in service
Wood retains its hygroscopic characteristics after it is put into use. It is then subjected to fluctuating humidity, the dominant factor in determining its EMC. These fluctuations may be more or less cyclical, such as diurnal changes or annual seasonal changes.
To minimize the changes in wood moisture content or the movement of wooden objects in service, wood is usually dried to a moisture content that is close to the average EMC conditions to which it will be exposed. These conditions vary for interior uses compared with exterior uses in a given geographic location. For example, according to the Australian Standard for Timber Drying Quality (AS/NZS 4787, 2001), the EMC is recommended to be 10–12% for the majority of Australian states, although extreme cases are up to 15 to 18% for some places in Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia and Tasmania. However, the EMC is as low as 6 to 7% in dry centrally heated houses and offices or in permanently air-conditioned buildings.
Shrinkage and swelling
Shrinkage and swelling may occur in wood when the moisture content is changed (Stamm, 1964). Shrinkage occurs as moisture content decreases, while swelling takes place when it increases. Volume change is not equal in all directions. The greatest dimensional change occurs in a direction tangential to the growth rings. Shrinkage from the pith outwards, or radially, is usually considerably less than tangential shrinkage, while longitudinal (along the grain) shrinkage is so slight as to be usually neglected. The longitudinal shrinkage is 0.1% to 0.3%, in contrast to transverse shrinkages, which is 2% to 10%. Tangential shrinkage is often about twice as great as in the radial direction, although in some species it is as much as five times as great. The shrinkage is about 5% to 10% in the tangential direction and about 2% to 6% in the radial direction (Walker et al., 1993).
Differential transverse shrinkage of wood is related to:
the alternation of late wood and early wood increments within the annual ring;
the influence of wood rays on the radial direction (Kollmann and Cote, 1968);
the features of the cell wall structure such as microfibril angle modifications and pits;
the chemical composition of the middle lamella.
Wood drying may be described as the art of ensuring that gross dimensional changes through shrinkage are confined to the drying process. Ideally, wood is dried to that equilibrium moisture content as will later (in service) be attained by the wood. Thus, further dimensional change will be kept to a minimum.
It is probably impossible to completely eliminate dimensional change in wood, but elimination of change in size may be approximated by chemical modification. For example, wood can be treated with chemicals to replace the hydroxyl groups with other hydrophobic functional groups of modifying agents (Stamm, 1964). Among all the existing processes, wood modification with acetic anhydride has been noted for the high anti-shrink or anti-swell efficiency (ASE) attainable without damage to wood. However, acetylation of wood has been slow to be commercialised due to the cost, corrosion and the entrapment of the acetic acid in wood. There is an extensive volume of literature relating to the chemical modification of wood (Rowell, 1983, 1991; Kumar, 1994; Haque, 1997).
Drying timber is one method of adding value to sawn products from the primary wood processing industries. According to the Australian Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC), green sawn hardwood, which is sold at about $350 per cubic metre or less, increases in value to $2,000 per cubic metre or more with drying and processing. However, currently used conventional drying processes often result in significant quality problems from cracks, both externally and internally, reducing the value of the product. For example, in Queensland (Anon, 1997), on the assumption that 10% of the dried softwood is devalued by $200 per cubic metre because of drying defects, saw millers are losing about $5 million a year. In Australia, the loss could be $40 million a year for softwood and an equal or higher amount for hardwood. Thus, proper drying under controlled conditions prior to use is of great importance in timber use, in countries where climatic conditions vary considerably at different times of the year.
Drying, if carried out promptly after felling of trees, also protects timber against primary decay, fungal stain and attack by certain kinds of insects. Organisms, which cause decay and stain, generally cannot thrive in timber with a moisture content below 20%. Several, though not all, insect pests can live only in green timber.
In addition to the above advantages of drying timber, the following points are also significant (Walker et al., 1993; Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996):
Dried timber is lighter, and the transportation and handling costs are reduced.
Dried timber is stronger than green timber in most strength properties.
Timbers for impregnation with preservatives have to be properly dried if proper penetration is to be accomplished, particularly in the case of oil-type preservatives.
In the field of chemical modification of wood and wood products, the material should be dried to a certain moisture content for the appropriate reactions to occur.
Dry wood generally works, machines, finishes and glues better than green timber (although there are exceptions; for instance, green wood is often easier to turn than dry wood). Paints and finishes last longer on dry timber.
The electrical and thermal insulation properties of wood are improved by drying.
Prompt drying of wood immediately after felling therefore significantly upgrades and adds value to raw timber. Drying enables substantial long-term economy by rationalizing the use of timber resources. The drying of wood is thus an area for research and development, which concern many researchers and timber companies around the world.
Mechanisms of moisture movement
Water in wood normally moves from zones of higher to zones of lower moisture content (Walker et al., 1993). Drying starts from the exterior of the wood and moves towards the centre, and drying at the outside is also necessary to expel moisture from the inner zones of the wood. Wood subsequently attains equilibrium with the surrounding air in moisture content.
Moisture passageways
The driving force of moisture movement is chemical potential. However, it is not always easy to relate chemical potential in wood to commonly observable variables, such as temperature and moisture content (Keey et al., 2000). Moisture in wood moves within the wood as liquid or vapour through several types of passageways, based on the nature of the driving force, (e.g. pressure or moisture gradient), and variations in wood structure (Langrish and Walker, 1993), as explained in the next section on driving forces for moisture movement. These pathways consist of cavities of the vessels, fibres, ray cells, pit chambers and their pit membrane openings, intercellular spaces and transitory cell wall passageways.
Movement of water takes place in these passageways in any direction, longitudinally in the cells, as well as laterally from cell to cell until it reaches the lateral drying surfaces of the wood. The higher longitudinal permeability of sapwood of hardwood is generally caused by the presence of vessels. The lateral permeability and transverse flow is often very low in hardwoods. The vessels in hardwoods are sometimes blocked by the presence of tyloses and/or by secreting gums and resins in some other species, as mentioned earlier. The presence of gum veins, the formation of which is often a result of natural protective response of trees to injury, is commonly observed on the surface of sawn boards of most eucalypts. Despite the generally higher volume fraction of rays in hardwoods (typically 15% of wood volume), the rays are not particularly effective in radial flow, nor are the pits on the radial surfaces of fibres effective in tangential flow (Langrish and Walker, 1993).
Moisture movement space
The available space for air and moisture in wood depends on the density and porosity of wood. Porosity is the volume fraction of void space in a solid. The porosity is reported to be 1.2 to 4.6% of dry volume of wood cell wall (Siau, 1984). On the other hand, permeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids are transported through a porous solid under the influence of some driving forces, e.g. capillary pressure gradient or moisture gradient. It is clear that solids must be porous to be permeable, but it does not necessarily follow that all porous bodies are permeable. Permeability can only exist if the void spaces are interconnected by openings. For example, a hardwood may be permeable because there is intervessel pitting with openings in the membranes (Keey et al., 2000). If these membranes are occluded or encrusted, or if the pits are aspirated, the wood assumes a closed-cell structure and may be virtually impermeable. The density is also important for impermeable hardwoods because more cell-wall material is traversed per unit distance, which offers increased resistance to diffusion (Keey et al., 2000). Hence lighter woods, in general, dry more rapidly than do the heavier woods. The transport of fluids is often bulk flow (momentum transfer) for permeable softwoods at high temperature while diffusion occurs for impermeable hardwoods (Siau, 1984). These mechanisms are discussed below.
Driving forces for moisture movement
Three main driving forces used in different version of diffusion models are moisture content, the partial pressure of water vapour, and the chemical potential of water (Skaar, 1988; Keey et al., 2000). These are discussed here, including capillary action, which is a mechanism for free water transport in permeable softwoods. Total pressure difference is the driving force during wood vacuum drying.
Capillary action
Capillary forces determine the movements (or absence of movement) of free water. It is due to both adhesion and cohesion. Adhesion is the attraction between water to other substances and cohesion is the attraction of the molecules in water to each other.
As wood dries, evaporation of water from the surface sets up capillary forces that exert a pull on the free water in the zones of wood beneath the surfaces. When there is no longer any free water in the wood capillary forces are no longer of importance.
Moisture content differences
The chemical potential is explained here since it is the true driving force for the transport of water in both liquid and vapour phases in wood (Siau, 1984). The Gibbs free energy per mole of substance is usually expressed as the chemical potential of that substance (Skaar, 1933). The chemical potential of water in unsaturated air or wood below the fibre saturation point influences the drying of wood. Equilibrium will occur at the equilibrium moisture content (as defined earlier) of wood when the chemical potential of water in the wood becomes equal to that in the surrounding air. The chemical potential of sorbed water is a function of wood moisture content. Therefore, a gradient of wood moisture content (between surface and centre), or more specifically of water activity, is accompanied by a gradient of chemical potential under isothermal conditions. Moisture will redistribute itself throughout the wood until its chemical potential is uniform throughout, resulting in a zero potential gradient at equilibrium (Skaar, 1988). The flux of moisture attempting to achieve the equilibrium state is assumed to be proportional to the difference in its chemical potential, and inversely proportional to the path length over which the potential difference acts (Keey et al., 2000).
The gradient in chemical potential is related to the moisture content gradient as explained in above equations (Keey et al., 2000). The diffusion model using the moisture content gradient as a driving force was applied successfully by Wu (1989) and Doe et al. (1994). Though the agreement between the moisture-content profiles predicted by the diffusion model based on moisture-content gradients is better at lower moisture contents than at higher ones, there is no evidence to suggest that there are significantly different moisture-transport mechanisms operating at higher moisture contents for this timber. Their observations are consistent with a transport process that is driven by the total concentration of water. The diffusion model is used here based on this empirical evidence that the moisture-content gradient is a driving force for drying this type of impermeable timber.
Differences in moisture content between the surface and the centre (gradient, the chemical potential difference between interface and bulk) move the bound water through the small passageways in the cell wall by diffusion. In comparison with capillary movement, diffusion is a slow process. Diffusion is the generally suggested mechanism for the drying of impermeable hardwoods (Keey et al., 2000). Furthermore, moisture migrates slowly due to the fact that extractives plug the small cell wall openings in the heartwood. This is why sapwood generally dries faster than heartwood under the same drying conditions.
Moisture movement directions for diffusion
It is reported that the ratio of the longitudinal to the transverse (radial and tangential) diffusion rates for wood ranges from about 100 at a moisture content of 5%, to 2–4 at a moisture content of 25% (Langrish and Walker, 1993). Radial diffusion is somewhat faster than tangential diffusion. Although longitudinal diffusion is most rapid, it is of practical importance only when short pieces are dried. Generally the timber boards are much longer than in width or thickness. For example, a typical size of a green board used for this research was 6m long, 250 mm in width and 43 mm in thickness. If the boards are quartersawn, then the width will be in the radial direction whereas the thickness will be in tangential direction, and vice versa for plain-sawn boards. Most of the moisture is removed from wood by lateral movement during drying.
Reasons for splits and cracks during timber drying and their control
The chief difficulty experienced in the drying of timber is the tendency of its outer layers to dry out more rapidly than the interior ones. If these layers are allowed to dry much below the fibre saturation point while the interior is still saturated, stresses (called drying stresses) are set up because the shrinkage of the outer layers is restricted by the wet interior (Keey et al., 2000). Rupture in the wood tissues occurs, and consequently splits and cracks occur if these stresses across the grain exceed the strength across the grain (fibre to fibre bonding).
The successful control of drying defects in a drying process consists in maintaining a balance between the rate of evaporation of moisture from the surface and the rate of outward movement of moisture from the interior of the wood. The way in which drying can be controlled will now be explained. One of the most successful ways of wood drying or seasoning would be kiln drying, where the wood is placed into a kiln compartment in stacks and dried by steaming, and releasing the steam slowly.
Influence of temperature, relative humidity and rate of air circulation
The external drying conditions (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) control the external boundary conditions for drying, and hence the drying rate, as well as affecting the rate of internal moisture movement. The drying rate is affected by external drying conditions (Walker et al., 1993; Keey et al., 2000), as will now be described.
Temperature If the relative humidity is kept constant, the higher the temperature, the higher the drying rate. Temperature influences the drying rate by increasing the moisture holding capacity of the air, as well as by accelerating the diffusion rate of moisture through the wood. The actual temperature in a drying kiln is the dry-bulb temperature (usually denoted by Tg), which is the temperature of a vapour-gas mixture determined by inserting a thermometer with a dry bulb. On the other hand, the wet-bulb temperature (TW) is defined as the temperature reached by a small amount of liquid evaporating in a large amount of an unsaturated air-vapour mixture. The temperature sensing element of this thermometer is kept moist with a porous fabric sleeve (cloth) usually put in a reservoir of clean water. A minimum air flow of 2 m/s is needed to prevent a zone of stagnant damp air formation around the sleeve (Walker et al., 1993). Since air passes over the wet sleeve, water is evaporated and cools the wet-bulb thermometer. The difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, the wet-bulb depression, is used to determine the relative humidity from a standard hygrometric chart (Walker et al., 1993). A higher difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures indicates a lower relative humidity. For example, if the dry-bulb temperature is 100 °C and wet-bulb temperature 60 °C, then the relative humidity is read as 17% from a hygrometric chart.
Relative humidity The relative humidity of air is defined as the partial pressure of water vapour divided by the saturated vapour pressure at the same temperature and total pressure (Siau, 1984). If the temperature is kept constant, lower relative humidities result in higher drying rates due to the increased moisture gradient in wood, resulting from the reduction of the moisture content in the surface layers when the relative humidity of air is reduced. The relative humidity is usually expressed on a percentage basis. For drying, the other essential parameter related to relative humidity is the absolute humidity, which is the mass of water vapour per unit mass of dry air (kg of water per kg of dry air). However, its influenced by the amount of water in the heated air.
Air circulation rate Drying time and timber quality depend on the air velocity and its uniform circulation. At a constant temperature and relative humidity, the highest possible drying rate is obtained by rapid circulation of air across the surface of wood, giving rapid removal of moisture evaporating from the wood. However, a higher drying rate is not always desirable, particularly for impermeable hardwoods, because higher drying rates develop greater stresses that may cause the timber to crack or distort. At very low fan speeds, less than 1 m/s, the air flow through the stack is often laminar flow, and the heat transfer between the timber surface and the moving air stream is not particularly effective (Walker et al., 1993). The low effectiveness (externally) of heat transfer is not necessarily a problem if internal moisture movement is the key limitation to the movement of moisture, as it is for most hardwoods (Pordage and Langrish, 1999).
Classification of timbers for drying
The timbers are classified as follows according to their ease of drying and their proneness to drying degrade:
Highly refractory woods These woods are slow and difficult to dry if the final product is to be free from defects, particularly cracks and splits. Examples are heavy structural timbers with high density such as ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), blackbutt (E. pilularis), southern blue gum (E. globulus) and brush box (Lophostemon cofertus). They require considerable protection and care against rapid drying conditions for the best results (Bootle, 1994).
Moderately refractory woods These timbers show a moderate tendency to crack and split during seasoning. They can be seasoned free from defects with moderately rapid drying conditions (i.e. a maximum dry-bulb temperature of 85 °C can be used). Examples are Sydney blue gum (E. saligna) and other timbers of medium density (Bootle, 1994), which are potentially suitable for furniture.
Non-refractory woods These woods can be rapidly seasoned to be free from defects even by applying high temperatures (dry-bulb temperatures of more than 100 °C) in industrial kilns. If not dried rapidly, they may develop discolouration (blue stain) and mould on the surface. Examples are softwoods and low density timbers such as Pinus radiata.
Model
The rate at which wood dries depends upon a number of factors, the most important of which are the temperature, the dimensions of the wood, and the relative humidity. Simpson and Tschernitz have developed a simple model of wood drying as a function of these three variables. Although the analysis was done for red oak, the procedure may be applied to any species of wood by adjusting the constant parameters of the model.
Simply put, the model assumes that the rate of change of the moisture content M with respect to time t is proportional to how far the wood sample is from its equilibrium moisture content , which is a function of the temperature T and relative humidity h:
where is a function of the temperature T and a typical wood dimension L and has units of time. The typical wood dimension is roughly the smallest value of () which are the radial, tangential and longitudinal dimensions respectively, in inches, with the longitudinal dimension divided by ten because water diffuses about 10 times more rapidly in the longitudinal direction (along the grain) than in the lateral dimensions. The solution to the above equation is:
Where is the initial moisture content. It was found that for red oak lumber, the "time constant" was well expressed as:
where a, b and n are constants and is the saturation vapor pressure of water at temperature T. For time measured in days, length in inches, and measured in mmHg, the following values of the constants were found for red oak lumber.
a = 0.0575
b = 0.00142
n = 1.52
Solving for the drying time yields:
For example, at 150°F, using the Arden Buck equation, the saturation vapor pressure of water is found to be about . The time constant for drying a red oak board at 150°F is then days, which is the time required to reduce the moisture content to 1/e = 37% of its initial deviation from equilibrium. If the relative humidity is 0.50, then using the Hailwood-Horrobin equation the moisture content of the wood at equilibrium is about 7.4%. The time to reduce the lumber from 85% moisture content to 25% moisture content is then about 4.5 days. Higher temperatures will yield faster drying times, but they will also create greater stresses in the wood due because the moisture gradient will be larger. For firewood, this is not an issue but for woodworking purposes, high stresses will cause the wood to crack and be unusable. Normal drying times to obtain minimal seasoning checks (cracks) in 25mm (1inch or 4/4 lumber) Red Oak ranges from 22 to 30 days, and in 8/4, (50mm or 2inch) it will range from 65 to 90 days.
Methods of drying timber
Broadly, there are two methods by which timber can be dried:
natural drying or air drying
artificial drying
Air drying
Air drying is the drying of timber by exposing it to the air. The technique of air drying consists mainly of making a stack of sawn timber (with the layers of boards separated by stickers) on raised foundations, in a clean, cool, dry and shady place. Rate of drying largely depends on climatic conditions, and on the air movement (exposure to the wind). For successful air drying, a continuous and uniform flow of air throughout the pile of the timber needs to be arranged (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996).
The rate of loss of moisture can be controlled by coating the planks with any substance that is relatively impermeable to moisture; ordinary mineral oil is usually quite effective. Coating the ends of logs with oil or thick paint improves their quality upon drying. Wrapping planks or logs in materials which will allow some movement of moisture, generally works very well provided the wood is first treated against fungal infection by coating in petrol/gasoline or oil. Mineral oil will generally not soak in more than 1–2 mm below the surface and is easily removed by planing when the timber is suitably dry.
Benefits: It can be less expensive to use this drying method (there are still costs associated with storing the wood, and with the slower process of getting the wood to market), and air drying often produces a higher quality, more easily workable wood than with kiln drying.
Drawbacks: Depending on the climate, it takes several months to a number of years to air-dry the wood.
Kiln drying
The process of artificial or 'oven' drying consists basically of introducing heat. This may be achieved directly, using natural gas and/or electricity, or indirectly, through steam-heated heat exchangers. Solar energy is also an option. In the process, deliberate control of temperature, relative humidity and air circulation creates variable conditions to achieve specific drying profiles. To achieve this, the timber is stacked in chambers that are fitted with equipment to control atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and circulation rate (Walker et al., 1993; Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996).
Chamber drying provides a means of overcoming the limitations imposed by erratic weather conditions. With kiln drying, as is the case with air drying, unsaturated air is used as the drying medium. Almost all commercial timbers of the world are dried in industrial kilns. A comparison of air drying, conventional kiln and solar drying is given below:
Timber can be dried to any desired low moisture content by conventional or solar kiln drying, but in air drying, moisture contents of less than 18% are difficult to attain for most locations.
The drying times are considerably less in conventional kiln drying than in solar kiln drying, followed by air drying.
This means that if capital outlay is involved, this capital sits for a longer time when air drying is used. On the other hand, installing, operating and maintaining an industrial kiln is expensive.
In addition, wood that is being air dried takes up space, which could also cost money.
In air drying, there is little control over the drying conditions, so drying rates cannot be controlled.
The temperatures employed in kiln drying typically kill all the fungi and insects in the wood if a maximum dry-bulb temperature of above 60 °C is used for the drying schedule. This is not guaranteed in air drying.
If air drying is done improperly (exposed to the sun), the rate of drying may be overly rapid in the dry summer months, causing cracking and splitting, and too slow during the cold winter months.
Significant advantages of conventional kiln drying include higher throughput and better control of the final moisture content. Conventional kilns and solar drying both enable wood to be dried to any moisture content regardless of weather conditions. For most large-scale drying operations solar and conventional kiln drying are more efficient than air drying.
Compartment-type kilns are most commonly used in timber companies. A compartment kiln is filled with a static batch of timber through which air is circulated. In these types of kiln, the timber remains stationary. The drying conditions are successively varied according to the type of timber being dried. This drying method is well suited to the needs of timber companies, which have to dry timbers of varied species and thickness, including refractory hardwoods that are more liable than other species to check and split.
The main elements of chamber drying are:
Construction materials The chambers are generally built of brick masonry, or hollow cement-concrete slabs. Sheet metal or prefabricated aluminium in a double-walled construction with sandwiched thermal insulation, such as glass wool or polyurethane foams, are materials that are also used in some modern timber ovens. However, brick masonry chambers, with lime and (mortar) plaster on the inside and painted with impermeable coatings, are used widely and have been found to be satisfactory for many applications.
Heating Heating is usually carried out by steam heat exchangers and pipes of various configurations (e.g. plain, or finned (transverse or longitudinal) tubes) or by large flue pipes through which hot gases from a wood-burning furnace are passed. Only occasionally is electricity or gas employed for heating.
Humidification Humidification is commonly accomplished by introducing live steam into the kiln through a steam spray pipe. In order to limit and control the humidity of the air when large quantities of moisture are being rapidly evaporated from the timber, there is normally a provision for ventilation of the chamber in all types of kilns.
Air circulation Air circulation is the means for carrying the heat to and the moisture away from all parts of a load. Forced circulation kilns are most common, where the air is circulated by means of fans or blowers, which may be installed outside the kiln chamber (external fan kiln) or inside it (internal fan kiln).
Throughout the process, it is necessary to keep close control of the moisture content using a moisture meter system in order to reduce over-drying and allow operators to know when to pull the charge. Preferably, this in-kiln moisture meter will have an auto-shutoff feature.
Kiln drying schedules
Satisfactory kiln drying can usually be accomplished by regulating the temperature and humidity of the circulating air to control the moisture content of the lumber at any given time. This condition is achieved by applying kiln-drying schedules. The desired objective of an appropriate schedule is to ensure drying lumber at the fastest possible rate without causing objectionable degrade. The following factors have a considerable bearing on the schedules.
The species Variations in anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties between species affect drying times and overall results.
The thickness of the lumber Drying time is inversely related to thickness and, to some extent, the width of the lumber.
Whether the lumber boards are quarter-sawn, flat-sawn, or bastard-sawn (mixed-sawn) Sawing pattern influences the distortion due to shrinkage anisotropy.
Permissible drying degrade Aggressive drying schedules can cause timber to crack and distort.
Intended use of timber Mechanical and aesthetic requirements will necessitate different moisture targets depending on the intended use.
Considering each of the factors, no one schedule is necessarily appropriate, even for similar loads of the same species. This is why there is so much timber drying research focused on the development of effective drying schedules.
Dehumidification kiln
A dehumidification chamber can be an unvented system (closed loop) or a partially vented system which uses a heat pump to condense moisture from the air using the cold side of the refrigeration process (evaporator.) The heat thus gathered is sent to the hot side of the refrigeration process (condenser) to re-heat the air and returns this drier and warmer air inside the kiln. Fans blow the air through the piles as in a normal kiln. These kilns traditionally operate from 100 °F to 160 °F and use about half the energy of a conventional kiln.
Vacuum kiln
These kilns can be the fastest to dry and most efficient with energy usage. In a vacuum, water boils at a lower temperature. In addition to increased speed, a vacuum kiln can also produce an improved quality in the wood.
Low ambient pressure does lower the boiling point of water but the amount of energy required to convert the liquid to vapor is the same. Savings come from not being required to heat a huge building and not being required to vent the heat while lowering humidity.
Since all free water can be removed at below 115 °F, quality is improved.
While conventional drying uses warm, dry air to skim water off the surface, vacuum kilns can boil water from within the wood. This enables a good vacuum kiln to dry very thick wood very quickly. It is possible to dry 12/4 Red Oak fresh off the saw to 7% in 11 days.
Since wood is dried with a vapor gradient - vapor pressure to ambient pressure - humidity can be kept very high. Because of this, a good vacuum kiln can dry 4.5" thick White Oak fresh off the saw to 8% in less than a month, a feat that was previously thought to be impossible.
Solar kiln
A solar kiln is a cross between kiln drying and air drying. These kilns are generally a greenhouse with a high-temperature fan and either vents or a condensing system. Solar kilns are slower and variable due to the weather, but are low cost.
Water seasoning
Immersion in running water quickly removes sap and then the wood is air dried. "...it reduces the elasticity and durability of the wood and also makes it brittle." But there are competing perspectives, e.g., "Duhamel, who made many experiments on this important subject, states, that timber for the joiner's use is best put in water for some time, and afterwards dried; as it renders the timber less liable to warp and crack in drying; but, he adds, 'where strength is required it ought not to be put in water.'"
Boiling or steam seasoning
Submersion in boiling water or the application of steam speeds the drying of wood. This method is said to cause less shrinkage "… but it is expensive to use, and reduces the strength and elasticity of the timber."
Chemical or salt seasoning
Salt seasoning is the submersion of wood in a solution of urea, sodium nitrate, all of which act as dehydrating agents. Then the wood is air dried.
Electrical seasoning
Electrical seasoning involves running an electric current through the lumber causing heat to be generated and drying the wood. This method is expensive but is fast and uniform quality.
Freeze drying
Freeze drying is accomplished by lowering the pressure in a chamber containing the wood to a few millibars, while lowering the temperature of the chamber to below the eutectic point of the material. Heat is typically added slowly to the material to allow the water contained in the wood to sublimate directly into vapor, and be deposited on the sides of the vacuum chamber or in the cold trap through which the chamber is evacuated. Freeze drying through sublimation typically takes about 10 times the energy that is taken through evaporation of water by heat. In practice, freeze drying of wood can be accomplished by placing room temperature wood in a vacuum chamber that can be chilled to -30 degrees C or lower, evacuating the chamber to a few millibars, and at the same time cooling the chamber to a freezing temperature. The latent heat of the ice in the wood will come out through the water vapor, which will condense as ice on the inside of the chamber. After a few hours under vacuum and freezing conditions, the chamber is returned to normal pressure, the wood removed and bagged in plastic to keep water from condensing on it, and allowed to return to room temperature over a few hours to a day. The cycle is then repeated, each time the latent heat in the wood is removed through the water content in the wood sublimating and/or evaporating and condensing on the sides of the container and in the cold trap. The cycles are repeated until the moisture content of the wood is at a pre-determined acceptable level. Instead of cycling the wood in the chamber, heat can be added to the wood at a rate that matches the rate of sublimation of ice in the wood to water vapor, which is deposited on the inside of the chamber or in the cold trap. An advantage of freeze drying wood is that the form of the wood is maintained, and shrinkage does not typically occur. Shrinkage will occur over time after the wood is freeze dried, but this typically will not cause defects in the wood.
Drying defects
Drying defects are the most common form of degrade in timber, next to natural problems such as knots (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996).
There are two types of drying defects, although some defects involve both causes:
Defects from shrinkage anisotropy, resulting in warping: cupping, bowing, twisting, crooking, spring and diamonding.
Defects from uneven drying, resulting in the rupture of the wood tissue, such as checks (surface, end and internal), end splits, honey-combing and case hardening. Collapse, often shown as corrugation, or so-called washboarding of the wood surface, may also occur (Innes, 1996). Collapse is a defect that results from the physical flattening of fibres to above the fibre saturation point and is thus not a form of shrinkage anisotropy.
The standard organizations in Australia and New Zealand (AS/NZS 4787, 2001) have developed a standard for timber quality. The five measures of drying quality include:
moisture content gradient and presence of residual drying stress (case-hardening);
surface, internal and end checks;
collapse;
distortions;
discolouration caused by drying.
Wood-drying kiln
A variety of wood drying kiln technologies exist today: conventional, dehumidification, solar, vacuum and radio frequency.
Conventional wood dry kilns (Rasmussen, 1988) are either package-type (sideloader) or track-type (tram) construction. Most hardwood lumber kilns are sideloader kilns in which fork trucks are used to load lumber packages into the kiln. Most softwood lumber kilns are track types in which lumber packages are loaded on kiln/track cars for loading the kiln.
Modern high-temperature, high-air-velocity conventional kilns can typically dry green lumber in 10 hours down to a moisture content of 18%. However, 1-inch-thick green Red Oak requires about 28 days to dry down to a moisture content of 8%.
Heat is typically introduced via steam running through fin/tube heat exchangers controlled by on/off pneumatic valves. Less common are proportional pneumatic valves or even various electrical actuators. Humidity is removed via a system of vents, the specific layout of which are usually particular to a given manufacturer. In general, cool dry air is introduced at one end of the kiln while warm moist air is expelled at the other. Hardwood conventional kilns also require the introduction of humidity via either steam spray or cold water misting systems to keep the relative humidity inside the kiln from dropping too low during the drying cycle. Fan directions are typically reversed periodically to ensure even drying of larger kiln charges.
Most softwood lumber kilns operate below temperature. Hardwood lumber kiln drying schedules typically keep the dry bulb temperature below . Difficult-to-dry species might not exceed .
Dehumidification kilns are very similar to conventional kilns in basic construction. Drying times are usually comparable. Heat is primarily supplied by an integral dehumidification unit which also serves to remove humidity. Auxiliary heat is often provided early in the schedule where the heat required may exceed the heat generated by the DH unit.
Solar kilns are conventional kilns, typically built by hobbyists to keep initial investment costs low. Heat is provided via solar radiation, while internal air circulation is typically passive.
In 1949 a Chicago company introduced a wood drying kiln that used infrared lamps that they claimed reduced the standard drying time from 14 days to 45 minutes.
Newer wood drying technologies have included the use of reduced atmospheric pressure to attempt to speed up the drying process. A variety of vacuum technologies exist, varying primarily in the method heat is introduced into the wood charge. Hot water platten vacuum kilns use aluminum heating plates with the water circulating within as the heat source, and typically operate at significantly reduced absolute pressure. Discontinuous and SSV (super-heated steam) use atmosphere to introduce heat into the kiln charge. Discontinuous technology allows the entire kiln charge to come up to full atmospheric pressure, the air in the chamber is then heated, and finally vacuum is pulled. SSV run at partial atmospheres (typically around 1/3 of full atmospheric pressure) in a hybrid of vacuum and conventional kiln technology (SSV kilns are significantly more popular in Europe where the locally harvested wood is easier to dry versus species found in North America). RF/V (radio frequency + vacuum) kilns use microwave radiation to heat the kiln charge, and typically have the highest operating cost due to the heat of vaporization being provided by electricity rather than local fossil fuel or waste wood sources.
Valid economic studies of different wood drying technologies are based on the total energy, capital, insurance/risk, environmental impacts, labor, maintenance, and product degrade costs for the task of removing water from the wood fiber. These costs (which can be a significant part of the entire plant costs) involve the differential impact of the presence of drying equipment in a specific plant. An example of this is that every piece of equipment (in a lumber manufacturing plant) from the green trimmer to the infeed system at the planer mill is the "drying system". Since thousands of different types of wood products manufacturing plants exist around the globe, and may be integrated (lumber, plywood, paper, etc.) or stand alone (lumber only), the true costs of the drying system can only be determined when comparing the total plant costs and risks with and without drying.
The total (harmful) air emissions produced by wood kilns, including their heat source, can be significant. Typically, the higher the temperature the kiln operates at, the larger amount of emissions are produced (per pound of water removed). This is especially true in the drying of thin veneers and high-temperature drying of softwoods.
OSHA Standards regarding Dry Kiln Facilities
1910.265(f)(3)(i)(a): Main kiln doors shall be provided with a method of holding them open while kiln is being loaded.
1910.265(f)(3)(i)(b): Counterweights on vertical lift doors shall be boxed or otherwise guarded.
1910.265(f)(3)(i)(c): Adequate means shall be provided to firmly secure main doors, when they are disengaged from carriers and hangers, to prevent toppling.
1910.265(f)(3)(ii)(a): If operating procedures require access to kilns, kilns shall be provided with escape doors that operate easily from the inside, swing in the direction of exit, and are located in or near the main door at the end of the passageway.
1910.265(f)(3)(ii)(b): Escape doors shall be of adequate height and width to accommodate an average size man.
1910.265(f)(4): Pits. Pits shall be well ventilated, drained, and lighted, and shall be large enough to safely accommodate the kiln operator together with operating devices such as valves, dampers, damper rods, and traps.
See also
Shakes (timber)
References
Further reading
ABARE (2000). National Plantation Inventory, March, 2000. 4p.
Anon. (1997). Timber markets, home and away: Australian growers capitalising on international demand. Pie, Newsletter of Australia's International and National Primary Industries and Energy (PIE) R&D Organisations. Volume 7 (Summer Issue): p14.
Bootle, K.R. (1994). Wood in Australia: Types, Properties and Uses. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney. 443p.
Desch, H.E. and Dinwoodie, J.M. (1996). Timber: Structure, Properties, Conversion and Use. 7th ed. Macmillan Press Ltd., London. 306p.
Doe, P.D., Oliver, A.R. and Booker, J.D. (1994). A Non-Linear Strain and Moisture Content Model of Variable Hardwood Drying Schedules. Proc. 4th IUFRO International Wood Drying Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand. 203-210pp.
Haque, M.N. (1997). The Chemical Modification of Wood with Acetic Anhydride. MSc Dissertation. The University of Wales, Bangor, UK. 99p.
Innes, T. (1996). Improving Seasoned Hardwood Timber Quality with Particular Reference to Collapse. PhD Thesis. University of Tasmania, Australia. 172p.
Keey, R.B., Langrish, T.A.G. and Walker, J.C.F. (2000). Kiln-Drying of Lumber. Springer, Berlin. 326p.
Kollmann, F.F.P. and Cote, W.A.J. (1968). Principles of Wood Science and Technology. I. Solid Wood. Springer-Verlag, New York. 592p.
Kumar, S. (1994). Chemical modification of wood. Wood and Fiber Sci., 26(2):270-280.
Langrish, T.A.G. and Walker, J.C.F. (1993). Transport Processes in Wood. In: Walker, J.C.F. Primary Wood Processing. Chapman and Hall, London. pp121–152.
Panshin, A.J. and de Zeeuw, C. (1970). Textbook of Wood Technology. Volume 1, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 705 p.
Pordage, L.J. and Langrish, T.A.G. (1999). Simulation of the effect of air velocity in the drying of hardwood timber. Drying Technology - An International Journal, 17(1&2):237-256.
Rowell, R.M. (1983). Chemical modification of wood. Forest Product Abstract, 6(12):363-382.
Rowell, R.M. (1991). Chemical Modification of Wood. In: Hon, D.N.-S and Shiraishi, N. (eds), Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry. pp. 703–756. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Siau, J.F. (1984). Transport processes in wood. Springer-Verlag, New York. 245p.
Sjostrom, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press Limited, London. 293p.
Skaar, C. (1988). Wood Water Relations. Springer-Verlag, New York. 283p.
Stamm, A. J. (1964). Wood and Cellulose Science. Ronald Press, New York. 509p.
Standard Australia (2000). Timber - Classification into Strength Groups. Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) 2878. Sydney. 36p.
Standard Australia (2001). Timber - Assessment of Drying Quality. Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) 4787. Sydney. 24p.
Strumillo, C. and Kudra, T. (1986). Drying: Principles, Applications and Design. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York. 448p.
Walker, J.C.F., Butterfield, B.G., Langrish, T.A.G., Harris, J.M. and Uprichard, J.M. (1993). Primary Wood Processing. Chapman and Hall, London. 595p.
Wise, L.E. and Jahn, E.C. (1952). Wood Chemistry. Vol 2. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. 1343p.
Wu, Q. (1989). An Investigation of Some Problems in Drying of Tasmanian Eucalypt Timbers. M.Eng. Sc. Thesis, University of Tasmania. 237p.
External links
Drying Technology journal
Bois, Paul J.. "Handling, Drying, and Storing Heavy Oak Lumber" U. S. Forest Products Laboratory technical bulletin #8 1978.
Drying processes
Timber seasoning
Woodworking
Drying, Wood |
4396940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Deer%20Hole%20Creek | White Deer Hole Creek | White Deer Hole Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clinton, Lycoming and Union counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, the White Deer Hole Creek watershed drains parts of ten townships. The creek flows east in a valley of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians, through sandstone, limestone, and shale from the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian periods.
As of 2006, the creek and its watershed are relatively undeveloped, with 28.4 percent of the watershed given to agriculture and 71.6 percent covered by forest, including part of Tiadaghton State Forest. The western part of White Deer Hole Creek has very high water quality and is the only major creek section in Lycoming County classified as Class A Wild Trout Waters, defined by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission as "streams which support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a long-term and rewarding sport fishery." The rest of the creek and its major tributary (Spring Creek) are kept stocked. There are opportunities in the watershed for canoeing, hunting, and camping, and trails for hiking and horseback riding.
Historically, two paths of the native indigenous peoples ran along parts of White Deer Hole Creek. Settlers arrived by 1770, but fled in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. They returned and the creek served as the southern boundary of Lycoming County when it was formed on April 13, 1795. A logging railroad ran along the creek from 1901 to 1904 for timber clearcutting, and small-scale lumbering continues. During World War II a Trinitrotoluene (TNT) plant, which became a federal prison in 1952, was built in the watershed. Most development is in the eastern end of the valley, with two unincorporated villages, a hamlet, and most of the farms (many Amish).
Name
Two etymologies have been suggested for White Deer Hole Creek's unusual name. According to Donehoo, it is a translation of the Lenape (or Delaware) Woap-achtu-woalhen (meaning "white-deer digs a hole"). It is Opauchtooalin on the earliest map showing the creek (1755), while a 1759 map has both Opaghtanoten and its translation, "White Flint Creek". By 1770 (when the first settlers arrived) a map has "White Deer hole".
In 1870, 88-year-old John Farley gave a second explanation of the name. His family had settled on the banks of White Deer Hole Creek in 1787, and John's father John built a mill on the creek by 1789. The creek was named because "a white deer is said to have been killed at an early day in a low hole or pond of water that once existed where my father built his mill". The hole was "a large circular basin of low ground of some ten acres [(four ha)] in extent....after my father's mill and dam were built the water of the dam overflowed and covered the most of the hollow basin of ground." The mill was just west of the mouth at the unincorporated village of Allenwood (then called Uniontown), now in Gregg Township in Union County.
The name "White Deer Hole Creek" is unique in the USGS Geographic Names Information System and on its maps of the United States. Although the whole creek is now referred to by this name, in 1870 the name applied only to the section from the confluence with Spring Creek east to its mouth, while the main branch west of Spring Creek was called "South Creek". Meginness used this name in 1892 and it appeared on a 1915 state map of Union County (but not the 1916 Lycoming County map). As of 2022 the name "South Creek" has disappeared, but there is still a "South Creek Road" on the right bank of the creek in Gregg Township from near the mouth of Spring Creek west to the county line.
According to Meginness, the long and wide White Deer Hole Creek valley was just called "White Deer valley" by many in 1892, and this is still common. Confusion about the names arises since White Deer Creek is the next creek south of White Deer Hole Creek (they are on opposite sides of South White Deer Ridge). The Lenape name for White Deer Creek was Woap'-achtu-hanne (translated as "white-deer stream").
Spring Creek is the only named tributary of White Deer Hole Creek. Five unnamed tributaries flow through named features of South White Deer Ridge. Going upstream in order they are: Beartrap Hollow, First Gap, Second Gap, Third Gap, and Fourth Gap.
Course
Lycoming County is about northwest of Philadelphia and east-northeast of Pittsburgh. The source of White Deer Hole Creek is in Crawford Township, just over the Clinton County line. Both it and the western half of the creek are within Tiadaghton State Forest. The creek flows east and soon crosses a natural gas pipeline and the Lycoming County line into Limestone Township.
It soon flows into Washington Township, which has more of White Deer Hole Creek than any other township. It receives unnamed tributaries in the Fourth, Third, Second, and First Gaps of South White Deer Ridge on the south or right bank. The creek leaves Tiadaghton State Forest after the Third Gap (the forest itself continues along the ridge to the river), and stops being "Class A Wild Trout Waters" between the Second and First Gaps. It receives the unnamed tributary in Beartrap Hollow upstream of its mouth, then passes south of the unincorporated village of Elimsport.
White Deer Hole Creek then flows east into Gregg Township in Union County, receiving its major tributary, Spring Creek, on the left bank upstream of its mouth. Spring Creek rises north of Elimsport in Washington Township and flows east-southeast, passing through Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 252 and just south of the Federal Correctional Institute, Allenwood.
The creek next flows just south of the hamlet of Spring Garden, then south of the village of Allenwood, where it has its confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River. The direct distance between the source and mouth is only . U.S. Route 15 and the Union County Industrial Railroad run north-south here along the river and cross the creek just before its mouth; however, this track is not in service as of 2022. Pennsylvania Route 44 runs east-west roughly parallel to the creek between Elimsport and Allenwood. Township roads run along the eastern two-thirds of the creek, and smaller, more primitive roads follow it to near its source.
From the mouth of White Deer Hole Creek it is along the West Branch Susquehanna River to its confluence with the Susquehanna River at Northumberland. The elevation at the source is , while the mouth is at an elevation of . The difference in elevation, , divided by the length of the creek of gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 84.6 feet/mile (16.0 m/km). The meander ratio is 1.14, so the creek's path is not entirely straight in its bed. The meandering increases near the mouth.
For its entire length, White Deer Hole Creek runs along the north side of South White Deer Ridge, an east-west ridge of the Appalachian Mountains. North White Deer Ridge and Bald Eagle Mountain form the northern edge of the creek valley. There are 24 unnamed tributaries on the south side of the creek, all flowing down the side of South White Deer Ridge, while there are only 11 tributaries on the north side, including Spring Creek.
White Deer Creek, the next major creek to the south, flows along the other side of South White Deer Ridge in Union County and is just away (as measured along the West Branch Susquehanna River). The next major creek to the north is Muncy Creek, away along the river, but on the opposite bank. The next creek to the north on the same bank (except for the small Black Run) is Black Hole Creek, on the south side of Bald Eagle Mountain. It has a watershed area of and enters the river away at the borough of Montgomery.
White Deer Hole Creek joins the West Branch Susquehanna River upstream of its mouth.
Geology
White Deer Hole Creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, entirely in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. South and North White Deer Ridge and Bald Eagle Mountain are composed of sedimentary Ordovician rock, while the valley rock is Silurian, with a small Devonian region closer to the river, in the north. The watershed has no deposits of coal, nor natural gas or oil fields. The creek is in a narrow mountain valley with steep slopes in its upper reaches. In its middle and lower reaches it has steep mountain slopes to the south, and a wide valley with rolling hills and gentle slopes to the north. The channel pattern is transitional, with a trellised drainage pattern.
From 1961 to 1995, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operated one stream gauge on White Deer Hole Creek at the Gap Road bridge (upstream of Elimsport), for the uppermost of the watershed. The highest yearly peak discharge measured at this site was per second and the highest yearly peak gauge height was , both on June 22, 1972, during Hurricane Agnes. The lowest yearly peak discharge in this time period was per second and the lowest yearly peak gauge height was , both on November 26, 1986. The USGS also measured discharge at Allenwood, very near the creek's mouth, as part of water quality measurements on seven occasions between 1970 and 1975. The average discharge was per second, and ranged from a high of per second to a low of per second. There are no other known stream gauges on the creek.
Watershed
The White Deer Hole Creek watershed consists of 0.08 percent of the area of Clinton County, 4.40 percent of the area of Lycoming County, and 3.67 percent of the area of Union County. Neighboring watersheds are the West Branch Susquehanna River and its minor tributaries (north and east), White Deer Creek (south), and Fishing Creek (west).
In 2000, the White Deer Hole Creek watershed population was 2,672. In the 1970s, Amish began moving to the Elimsport area from Lancaster County. In 1995 there were over 200 Amish in more than twenty families. In comparison, Washington Township's population was 1,619 in 2010 (and 1769 in 2020).
Elimsport has Amish harness, machine repair, and food shops, and a new one-room school was built nearby in 1997.
The watershed area is , with of forest and for agriculture. By area, 1.1 percent of the watershed lies in Clinton County (in Crawford and Greene Townships), 81.6 percent lies in Lycoming County (in Brady, Clinton, Limestone, and Washington Townships), and 17.3 percent lies in Union County (in Gregg, Lewis, West Buffalo, and White Deer Townships).
Spring Creek is the major tributary, draining an area of or 31 percent of the total White Deer Hole Creek watershed. No other tributaries are named and only the area of the tributary in Beartrap Hollow is known, with or 0.63 percent of the total.
Water quality and pollution
Clearcutting of forests in the early 20th century and the ordnance plant in the Second World War adversely affected the White Deer Hole Creek watershed's ecology and water quality. Agricultural runoff was and is another potential source of pollution. Gregg Township had no wastewater treatment plant until an 800,000-gallon/day (304 m3/day) plant was built along the river just north of the creek for the federal prison (90 percent) and village of Allenwood (10 percent). The drainage basin has been designated by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as "a high quality watershed" since 2001.
The mean annual precipitation for White Deer Hole Creek is 40 to 42 inches (1,016 to 1,067 mm). Pennsylvania receives the most acid rain of any state in the United States. Because the creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, it has a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid. This makes it especially vulnerable to acid rain, which poses a threat to the long term health of the plants and animals in the creek. The total alkalinity of the "Class A Wild Trout Waters" is 2 for the of White Deer Hole Creek so classified, and 13 for the unnamed tributary in the Fourth Gap.
Recreation
Edward Gertler writes in Keystone Canoeing that White Deer Hole Creek "offers a good springtime beginner cruise through a pretty, agricultural valley" with "many satisfying views" and "good current and many easy riffles". Canoeing and kayaking are possible in spring and after hard rain, with of Class 1 whitewater on the International Scale of River Difficulty from Back Road bridge east to U.S. Route 15 (the mouth). One can start further upstream at the Gap Road bridge, for of Class 2 whitewater, but strainers are more of a problem here.
White Deer Hole Creek is designated by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission as a "Class A Wild Trout Waters" stream, from the source downstream to the Township Road 384 (Gap Road) bridge. The unnamed tributary in Fourth Gap is also "Class A Wild Trout Waters". The creek downstream from the bridge, as well as Spring Creek, have been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission and are stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season. Other fish found in the creek and river include carp, catfish, pickerel, and pike.
Hunting, trapping, and fishing are possible with proper licenses in Tiadaghton State Forest and the in State Game Lands No. 252. In 2002, a Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources report on "State Forest Waters with Special Protection" rated White Deer Hole Creek from its source to Spring Creek as a "High Quality-Cold Water Fishery". In addition to these public lands, there are private hunting and fishing clubs and cabins along White Deer Hole Creek and its tributaries. Popular game species include American black bear, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse, and wild turkey.
Part of the Pennsylvania Mid State Trail, marked with orange blazes to indicate it is solely for hiking, runs along a section of White Deer Hole Creek from west of the Fourth Gap to beyond the source. There are other hiking trails in the watershed, and the Third Gap, Metzger, Mud Hole, Pennsylvania Mid State, Sawalt, and Mountain Gap trails are part of the Central Mountains Shared Use Trails System, marked with red blazes, in Tiadaghton and Bald Eagle State Forests in Union, Lycoming, and Clinton Counties.
Roads and trails in the state forest are also open for horseback riding and mountain biking. Some trails are dedicated to cross-country skiing and snowmobiling in winter. The state forest is open for primitive camping, although certain areas require a permit. Small campfires are allowed, except from March to mid-May and October through November, or by order of the district forester, when self-contained stoves are allowed.
History
Native American paths
The first recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Susquehannocks, an Iroquoian speaking people. Their name meant "people of the muddy river" in the Algonquian, but their name for themselves is unknown. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had largely died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes by the early 18th century. The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape (or Delaware), and were under the nominal control of the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois. Two important paths of these native indigenous peoples ran along parts of White Deer Hole Creek.
The Great Island Path was a major trail that ran north along the Susquehanna River from the Saponi village of Shamokin at modern Sunbury, fording the river there and following the west bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River north until White Deer Hole valley. The path turned west at Allenwood and followed White Deer Hole Creek until about the present location of Elimsport. There it headed northwest, crossed North White Deer Ridge and passed west through the Nippenose valley, then turned north and crossed Bald Eagle Mountain via McElhattan Creek and ran along the south bank of the river to the Great Island (near the present day city of Lock Haven). The stretch from the mouth of the creek to the Nippenose valley is approximately followed by Route 44. From the Great Island, the Great Shamokin Path continued further west to the modern boroughs of Clearfield and Kittanning, the last on the Allegheny River.
Culbertson's Path followed White Deer Hole Creek west from Allenwood, then followed Spring Creek north, crossed Bald Eagle Mountain and followed Mosquito Run to the river at the current borough of Duboistown. Here it crossed the river to "French Margaret's Town" (western modern day Williamsport) before joining the major Sheshequin Path, which led north up Lycoming Creek to the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, modern New York, and the Iroquois there. These trails were only wide enough for one person, but settlers in White Deer Hole valley broadened the path to DuBoistown to take grain to Culbertson's mill on Mosquito Run, hence the name. Culbertson's Path was used as a part of the Underground Railroad until the American Civil War began in 1861. Escaped slaves would often wade in creeks to hide their scent from pursuing bloodhounds. In 2009, there is still a "Culbertson's Trail", for hiking over Bald Eagle Mountain from Pennsylvania Route 554 to Duboistown.
Lycoming County boundaries
When Lycoming County was organized on April 13, 1795, the bill passed by the Pennsylvania legislature defined the new county's boundaries thus:
The borders of the county have changed considerably since, but the White Deer Hole Creek watershed still approximates the county line in the south. Until 1861, what is now Gregg Township in Union County was a part of Brady Township in Lycoming County. Thus, until the start of the American Civil War, almost all of White Deer Hole Creek and its watershed were part of Lycoming County.
Early inhabitants
Prior to construction, the site of the wastewater treatment plant yielded archeological evidence of habitation by indigenous peoples from the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Woodland periods. The only Native American inhabitant of the valley whose name is known, "Cochnehaw", lived near the mouth of White Deer Hole Creek. White Deer Hole Creek was acquired by the colonial government of Pennsylvania on November 5, 1768, as part of the "New Purchase" in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. The first settlers came to the valley in 1769 or 1770, and by 1778 there were 146 landowners on the township tax rolls (though many likely resided elsewhere.)
In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled from feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Settlers abandoned their homes and fields, drove their livestock south, and towed their possessions on rafts on the river to Sunbury. Their abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway".
Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war. However, in 1787 there were only fourteen families in the valley: five on the river banks, five on White Deer Hole Creek between Spring Creek and the river, two on Spring Creek, and two on the creek west of Spring Creek. Six families left the area not long after 1787. The first grist mill was built on the creek in 1789, and four more were built in 1798, 1815, 1817, and 1842.
Lumber and logging railroad
Beginning with the first settlers, much of the land along White Deer Hole Creek was slowly cleared of timber. Small sawmills were constructed in the 19th century, and a much larger lumber operation was run by the Vincent Lumber Company from 1901 to 1904. The company built a narrow gauge railroad from Elimsport west into timber, and a line east to Allenwood and the Reading Railroad there. The lumber railroad, which ended near the Fourth Gap, ran parallel to the creek. It was incorporated on June 24, 1901, (around the time of construction) as the "Allenwood and Western Railroad". The lumbering operation ceased in 1904 when the forests were gone. The railroad was torn up, and its one second-hand Shay locomotive was moved to the Vincent Lumber Company operation at Denholm in Juniata County.
From 1900 to 1935, much of what is now Tiadaghton State Forest was purchased by Pennsylvania from lumber companies that had no further use for the clear-cut land. In the 1930s there were seven Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps to construct roads and trails in the forest. CCC Camp S-125-Pa (Elimsport) was located west of Allenwood along the creek, between the Third and Fourth Gaps.
Small-scale lumbering continues in the watershed, but the forest is certified as well-managed "in an environmentally sensitive manner" and lumber from it qualifies for a "green label". Gertler reports lumber operations along White Deer Hole Creek near Elimsport in the early 1980s. A sawmill owned and operated by Amish on Route 44 in Elimsport burned down on May 10, 2006, causing $500,000 in damages, but was expected to be back in operation in a month; it has since reopened. Despite this small-scale lumbering, the forests have grown back since the clear cutting of the 19th century, and are mixed oak, with blueberry and mountain laurel bushes. White Deer Hole Creek and its tributaries also have stands of hemlock and thickets of rhododendron along them.
Ordnance plant to federal prison and game lands
During the Second World War, the federal government built the $50 million Susquehanna Ordnance Depot to make TNT on , partially in the White Deer Hole Creek watershed. In the spring of 1942, residents were evicted by eminent domain from 163 farms and 47 other properties in Gregg Township in Union County and Brady, Clinton, and Washington Townships in Lycoming County. The village of Alvira in Gregg Township disappeared. Alvira was founded in 1825 as "Wisetown" and had 100 inhabitants by 1900. Although the inhabitants were told they could return after the war, almost all the buildings seized were razed. Only some cemeteries and the nearby "Stone Church" remain. Construction of the plant involved some 10,000 people, and it took 3,500 to 4,500 employees to run the plant with its more than 200 buildings and 149 storage bunkers for TNT and high explosives, as well as storage racks of bombs. However, the need for TNT was lower than originally estimated and the project was nearly abandoned. By 1945, the only workers left at the depot were guards.
The depot closed after the war and the land was used by the United States Army for testing. In 1950, the Federal Bureau of Prisons was given of the plant site, and began housing prisoners from the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary there in 1952. In 1957 the "Allenwood Prison Camp" was built, which became the "Federal Correctional Institute, Allenwood". This was greatly expanded in the early 1990s to become "the largest federal prison facility" in the United States. North of the White Deer Hole Creek watershed, some of the land was sold to make the "White Deer Golf Course" in Clinton Township, and in 1973, of prison land in Brady Township were leased to Lycoming County for its landfill (which serves five counties).
The remaining were given to Pennsylvania and became State Game Lands 252. Many of the 149 concrete bunkers remain, but it is "a diverse mix of mature forest, impoundments, and brushy thickets, as well as a local hotspot for a variety of birds during migration". The watershed is a haven for wildlife. Common animals in the game lands include painted and common snapping turtles, muskrats, frogs, eastern cottontails, red foxes, and white-tailed deer, while birds include golden-winged, hooded, and blue-winged warblers, red-shouldered hawks, wood ducks, tundra swans, pied-billed grebes, American bitterns, herons, and belted kingfishers. The first barn owls to be banded in Lycoming County were in a barn near Elimsport in 2006. Gray squirrels, groundhogs, raccoons, crows, red-tailed hawks, downy woodpeckers, cardinals, blue jays, American robins, nuthatches, titmice, and sparrows are also found in the White Deer Hole Creek watershed.
See also
Delaware Run, next tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River going downriver (left bank)
Black Run (West Branch Susquehanna River), next tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River going upriver (right bank)
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
Susquehanna River Watersheds Map
Official Clinton County Map of Crawford Township, showing source of White Deer Hole Creek (unlabeled)
Official Lycoming County Floodplain map
Official Union County map
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River
Rivers of Clinton County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Union County, Pennsylvania |
4397369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20whitening | Skin whitening | Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles. This includes mercury compounds which may cause neurological problems and kidney problems.
In a number of African countries, between 25 and 80% of women regularly use skin whitening products. In Asia, this number is around 40%. In India, specifically, over half of the skin care products are sold to whiten skin. In Pakistan, where skin lightening products are popular, creams have been found to contain toxic levels of hydroquinone and mercury.
Efforts to lighten the skin date back to at least the 16th century in Asia. While a number of agents—such as kojic acid and alpha hydroxy acid—are allowed in cosmetics in Europe, a number of others such as hydroquinone and tretinoin are not. While some countries do not allow mercury compounds in cosmetics, others still do, and they can be purchased online.
Use
Areas of increased pigmentation such as moles may be depigmented to match the surrounding skin. Effective agents for specific areas include corticosteroids, tretinoin, and hydroquinone. These agents, however, are not allowed in cosmetics in Europe due to concerns about side effects. Attempts to whiten large areas of skin may also be carried out by certain cultures. This may be done for reasons of appearance, politics, or economics.
Skin whiteners can help achieve lighter skin tones, but many of them contain harmful ingredients like the steroid clobetasol propionate, inorganic mercury (mercuric chloride or amalgamated mercury), glutathione (an antioxidant traditionally used in cancer treatment), and the organic compound hydroquinone. Skin lighteners' main health risks are linked to (i) The overuse of topical clobetasol, which can cause systemic steroid effects from daily usage, especially on broad skin regions; and (ii) concealed mercury content, which can lead to mercury poisoning depending on individual susceptibility. Many skin whiteners contain a toxic form of mercury as the active ingredient. Their use, therefore, may harm a person's health and is illegal in many countries.
Hydroquinone is a commonly used agent in skin whiteners, though the European Union banned it from cosmetics in 2000. It works by decreasing melanin production. Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid, may be used to whiten specific areas. It may be used in combination with steroids and hydroquinone.
Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) is also used as a skin bleacher, but its biochemical mechanism is unclear. Side effects may include sun sensitivity, skin redness, thickening, or itching. Low concentrations may be used in cosmetics. Kojic acid has been found to be an effective lightener in some studies and is also allowed to be used in cosmetics. Side effects, however, include redness and eczema.
Glutathione is the most common agent taken by mouth in an attempt to whiten the skin. It may also be used as a cream. It is an antioxidant normally made by the body. Whether or not it actually works is unclear as of 2019. Due to side effects that may result from intravenous use, the government of the Philippines recommends against such use.
One 2017 review found tentative evidence of benefit of tranexamic acid in melasma, while another 2017 review found that evidence to support its use was insufficient. Azelaic acid may be a second-line option for melasma. A number of types of laser treatments have been used in melasma with some evidence of benefit. Reoccurrence, however, is common, and certain types of lasers can result in more pigmentation.
Side effects
Skin lightening creams have commonly contained mercury, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids. Because these compounds can induce both superficial and internal side effects, they are illegal to use and market in multiple nations. However, various chemical studies indicate that these compounds continue to be used in sold cosmetic products, though they are not explicitly declared as ingredients.
Prolonged usage of mercury-based products can ultimately discolor the skin, as mercury will accumulate within the dermis. Mercury toxicity can cause acute symptoms such as pneumonitis and gastric irritation. However, according to a study by Antoine Mahé and his colleagues, mercurial compounds can also contribute to long-term renal and neurological complications, the latter of which includes insomnia, memory loss, and irritability.
Other studies have explored the impact of hydroquinone exposure on health. Hydroquinone rapidly absorbs into the body via dermal contact; long-term usage has been found to cause nephrotoxicity and benzene-induced leukemia in the bone marrow. A study by Pascal del Giudice and Pinier Yves indicated that hydroquinone usage is strongly correlated with the development of ochronosis, cataracts, patchy depigmentation, and contact dermatitis. Ochronosis can subsequently lead to lesions and squamous cell carcinomas. While hydroquinone has not been officially classified as a carcinogen, it can metabolize into carcinogenic derivatives and induce genetic changes in the form of DNA damages.
Additionally, corticosteroids have become some of the most commonly incorporated lightening agents. Long-term usage over large areas of skin may promote percutaneous absorption, which can produce complications such as skin atrophy and fragility, glaucoma, cataracts, edemas, osteoporosis, menstrual irregularities, and growth suppression. A 2000 study performed in Dakar, Senegal, indicated that chronic usage of skin lighteners was a risk factor for hypertension and diabetes.
Chemically lightened skin is also more highly susceptible to sun damage and dermal infection. Long-term users of skin bleachers can easily develop fungal infections and viral warts. Pregnant users may also experience health complications for both them and their children.
Rate of usage
According to Yetunde Mercy Olumide, advertisements for skin lighteners often present their products as stepping stones to attain greater social capital. For example, representatives of India's Glow & Lovely cosmetics asserted that their products allowed for socioeconomic mobility, akin to education.
Skin whiteners typically range widely in pricing; Olumide attributes this to the desire to portray whitening as financially accessible to all. These products are marketed to both men and women, though studies indicate that, in Africa, women use skin bleachers more than men do. A study by Lester Davids and his colleagues indicated that nations in Africa present high rates of usage for skin bleachers. Though many products have been banned due to toxic chemical compositions, Davids found that regulating policies are often not strictly enforced.
In India, the sales of skin lightening creams in 2012 totaled around 258 tons, and in 2013 sales were about US$300 million. By 2018, the industry for lightening cosmetics in India had achieved a net worth of nearly $180 million and an annual growth rate of 15%. As of 2013, the global market for skin lighteners was projected to reach $19.8 billion by 2018 based on sales growth primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
In the United Kingdom, many skin whiteners are illegal due to possible adverse effects. Such products are frequently still sold even after shops have been prosecuted. Trading standards departments lack the resources to deal with the problem effectively.
Motivations
Historian Evelyn Nakano Glenn attributes sensitivities to skin tone among African Americans to the history of slavery. Lighter-skinned African Americans were perceived to be more intelligent and skilled than dark-skinned African Americans, who were relegated to more physically taxing, manual labor.
Studies have additionally linked paler skin to achieving various forms of social standing and mobility. A study by Kelly Lewis and her colleagues found that, in Tanzania, residents choose to bleach their skin to appear more European and impress peers and potential partners. Both advertisements and consumers have suggested that whiter skin can enhance individual sexual attractiveness. Sociologist Margaret Hunter noted the influence of mass-marketing and celebrity culture emphasizing whiteness as an ideal of beauty. A study by Itisha Nagar also revealed that lighter skin tones in both men and women in India improved their prospects for marriage.
Skin whitening is common throughout Asia. In South Korea, light skin is considered an ideal of beauty, and most South Koreans believe that having paler skin is the only way to look beautiful. In South Korea, skin whitening is a multi-billion-dollar industry. The K-pop and K-drama industries are saturated with fair-skinned celebrities, some of whom serve as brand ambassadors and beauty ideals. The increasing popularity of K-pop and K-beauty has driven the skin-whitening trend elsewhere in Asia, especially in poorer countries like Thailand, where many have begun to use unsafe skin-whitening products. In Nepal, cultural influence from Bollywood, which prominently features lighter skinned lead actors, has been linked to the use of skin whitening creams among some darker-skinned men.
Other motivations for skin whitening include desiring softer skin and wanting to conceal discolorations arising from pimples, rashes, or chronic skin conditions. Individuals with depigmenting conditions such as vitiligo have also been known to lighten their skin to achieve an even skin tone.
Mechanism of action
Skin whitening agents work by reducing the presence of melanin pigment in the skin. To accomplish this, there are several possible mechanisms of action:
Inhibition of the activity of tyrosinase|Inhibition of the activity of tyrosinase: The catalytic action of tyrosinase is inhibited by the skin whitening agent.
Inhibition of the expression or activation of tyrosinase: The anti melanogenic agent causes less tyrosinase to be generated or prevents tyrosinase from being activated to its functional form.
Scavenging of the intermediate products of melanin synthesis.
Preventing the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes.
Directly destroying existing melanin.
Destroying melanocytes.
Inhibition of tyrosinase
Upregulation of tyrosinase caused by tyrosinase inhibitors. Several skin whitening agents, including tyrosinase inhibitors, have been found to cause an increase in the expression of tyrosinase, which by itself would increase melanin synthesis.
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master transcription factor that controls the expression of TYR, TRP1, and TRP2, MART1, PMEL17, and many other important proteins involved in the function of melanocytes. Downregulation of MITF decreases melanogenesis and is a mechanism of action of some skin whitening agents. Various signaling pathways and genetic mutations influence the expression of MITF.
MC1R receptor and cAMP
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptor expressed in melanocytes. MC1R is an important target for the regulation of melanogenesis. Agonism of MC1R increases the ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin and increases the generation of melanin overall.
The MC1R and cAMP signaling pathway starts with the activation of MC1R, which causes activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC), which produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (PKA), which activates by protein phosphorylation cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which upregulates MITF, of which CREB is a transcription factor.
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-MSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone are endogenous agonists of MC1R. Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) appears to be the only endogenous antagonist of MC1R. Synthetic MC1R agonists have been designed, such as the peptides afamelanotide and melanotan II.
Mutations of the MC1R gene correlate are at least partially responsible for red hair, white skin, and an increased risk for skin cancer in some individuals.
Transfer of melanosomes
Within the skin, melanocytes are present in the basal layer of the epidermis; from these, melanocytes originate dendrites that reach keratinocytes.
Melanosomes, along with the melanin they contain, are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes when keratinocytes are low in the epidermis. Keratinocytes carry the melanosomes with them as they move toward the surface. Keratinocytes contribute to skin pigmentation by holding the melanin originating in melanocytes and inducing melanogenesis through chemical signals directed at melanocytes. The transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes is a necessary condition for the visible pigmentation of the skin. Blocking this transfer is a mechanism of action of some skin whitening agents.
The protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptor expressed in keratinocytes and involved in melanocyte transfer. Antagonists of PAR2 inhibit the transfer of melanosomes and have skin whitening effects, while agonists of PAR2 have the opposite effect.
Destroying melanocytes
Some compounds are known to destroy melanocytes; this mechanism of action is often used to remove the remaining pigmentation in cases of vitiligo.
History
Early skin whitening practices were not well-documented. Skin whitening is a practice that has made its way across the entire globe with a multitude of cultures adopting the practice under various ideologies. Commonly, the practice has been marketed towards women under the pretense that porcelain skin was the ideal representation of beauty and status. The first recorded practices of skin whitening can be traced back to over 200 B.C. across a multitude of civilizations that utilized natural sources of ingredients to facilitate the production of skin whitening substances. For example, one of these methods include the use of honey and olive oil as a method of whitening the skin in different civilizations such as in Egypt as well as in Greek culture. According to anthropologist Nina Jablonski, these practices did not become publicized until famous figures, such as Cleopatra and Queen Elizabeth, began to use them regularly. Cosmetic formulas initially spread from continental Europe and China to Britain and Japan, respectively. Various historians argue that, across cultures, skin lightening became a desirable norm due to implications of wealth. Although the majority methods of which the skin whitening process is undertaken have been deemed unsafe due to various side effects, they are still used for a range of purposes; one of which includes the desire for improvement of one's socioeconomic status as well as the socialization in some cultures of one's perceived inferiority based on having darker or lighter skin than others. This process through which perceived inferiority can be exercised physically can be looked back on through a foundational perspective of the "Nigrescence Theory". This theory explains the distinction of one's own socialized identity through various stages, and the pigmentation of the skin that someone is born with that is associated with the socialization process within a culture. More specifically, out of the four stages associated with this theory, the first one, named the "pre-encounter" stage, highlights the underlying concept one not associating themselves with their own culture or values due partly to the misinformation one has been taught to believe and therefore seeks validation and worthiness from those who have misinformed that person.
Asia
The history of skin whitening in East Asia dates to ancient times. To be light in an environment in which the sun was harsh implied wealth and nobility because those individuals were able to remain indoors while servants had to labor outside.
Ancient Asian cultures also associated light skin with feminine beauty. "Jade" white skin in Korea is known to have been the ideal as far back as the Gojoseon era. Japan's Edo period saw the start of a trend of women whitening their faces with rice powder as a "moral duty". Chinese women valued a "milk white" complexion and swallowed powdered pearls towards that end.
Skin-lightening practices had achieved great importance in East Asia as early as the 16th century. Similar to early European cosmetics, white makeup was reported to cause severe health problems and physical malformations. In Japan, samurai mothers who used lead-based white paint on their faces often had children who exhibited symptoms of lead toxicity and stunted bone growth. Japanese nobility, including both men and women, often applied white lead powder to their faces prior to the Meiji restoration. Following the Meiji restoration, men and women reserved white lead makeup and traditional attire for special occasions. In China, Korea, and Japan, washing one's face with rice water was also practiced, as it was believed to naturally whiten skin. Historians also noted that as East Asian women immigrated to the United States, immigrant women engaged in skin lightening more frequently than women who did not immigrate. Advertisements were a large influence in the marketable appeal of skin whitening in China and Taiwan. Skincare products that are recognized to protect the skin included chemicals that assist in skin whitening. These products were marketed and promoted as the solution to appearing young forever. Skincare products have been predominantly created to serve as anti-aging to women in China and Taiwan of all ages.
Nina Jablonski and Evelyn Nakano Glenn both assert that skin whitening in many South and Southeast Asian nations such as the Philippines grew in popularity through these nations' histories of European colonization. Multiple studies find that preferences for lighter skin in India were historically linked to both the Indian caste system and centuries of outside rule by light-skinned nations. In the Philippines and many Southeast Asian countries, lighter skin was associated with higher social status. Historians indicate that the social hierarchies in the Philippines encompasses a spectrum of skin tones due to intermarriages between indigenous populations, East Asian settlers from Japan and China, and European and American colonists.
In South Asia, the colour of one's skin determined social status as it implied the circumstances of one's positionality. While pale skin suggested being away from the sun, darker skin signified the result of working in external conditions. With colonial influence from Britain's occupation, there was a distinction in superiority and inferiority. With those in power attributing pale complexions, there was an association tied among class and position. The South Asian film industry was a contributing factor from colonialism in the reinforcement of these narratives. Turmeric was a used ingredient in lightening skin tone complexion to be seen as desirable.
Europe
Skin whitening practices have been documented in ancient Greece and Rome. Bleaching cosmetics often incorporated white lead carbonate and mercury as lightening agents. These products were ultimately known to cause skin erosion.
Skin whitening was frequently documented during the Elizabethan era. Queen Elizabeth's own usage of skin lighteners became a prominent standard of beauty. Additionally, according to medieval historians, light skin was an indicator of aristocracy and higher socioeconomic class, as laborers were more frequently exposed to outdoor sunlight. Men and women lightened their skin superficially and chemically, using white powder and Venetian ceruse, respectively. Venetian ceruse consisted of a lead and vinegar mixture, known to cause hair loss, skin corrosion, muscle paralysis, tooth deterioration, blindness, and premature aging. Venetian ceruse was also reported as a source of lead poisoning. Lye and ammonia, found in other skin whiteners, compounded the toxic effects of lead. Other practices done in the name of skin whitening included washing one's face in urine and ingesting wafers of arsenic.
United States
According to scholar Shirley Anne Tate, skin whiteners in the United States were initially predominantly used by white women. European immigrants introduced recipes for cosmetic skin lighteners into the American colonies, where they eventually evolved to incorporate indigenous and West African herbal traditions. Skin whitening grew in popularity in the 1800s, as white women in the United States began to emulate the skin-whitening practices performed by those in Europe. As such, American women similarly used ceruse, arsenic wafers, and products that contained toxic dosages of lead and mercury.
Skin lightening was often not well-received; women who used skin whiteners were described as artificial, while men who used skin whiteners were described as overly effeminate. Despite this reception, skin whitening remained a popular practice. Historians also note that advertisements for skin whiteners in the 20th century often associated pale skin with gentility.
According to historian Kathy Peiss, skin whitening among black American women had been documented starting in the mid-nineteenth century. Historians credited the increased marketing of skin whiteners to the culture of the Jim Crow era, as black Americans faced continued social and legal restrictions. Cosmetic advertisements directed at black consumers often framed resulting lighter complexions as cleaner and better. Simultaneously, however, cosmetic and beauty magazines often published criticisms of black women who used skin bleachers, arguing that they appeared unnatural and fraudulent.
In the 1930s, tanned skin became popular among white women as a new symbol of wealth; some historians assert that industrialization had created indoor settings for labor, causing tanned skin to be associated more with sunbathing, travel, and leisure. The growth of the Black is Beautiful movement in the 1960s, combined with greater awareness of potential health hazards, also temporarily slowed the sale and popularity of skin bleachers. However, by the 1980s, paler skin once again became more desirable, as tanning became linked to premature aging and sun damage.
Latin America
Skin whitening practices have also been well documented in South America and the Caribbean. Sociologists such as Jack Menke noted that early skin-lightening practices among indigenous women were motivated by the attentions of conquistadores. Recovered journals from women in Suriname indicated that they used vegetable mixtures to lighten their skin, which produced painful side effects.
Various studies have linked the prevalence of skin whitening in Latin American nations to their histories and legacies of colonization and slavery. Witness accounts in colonial Jamaica reported that women practiced "flaying" and "skinning" on themselves, using astringent lotions to appear lighter. Caribbean creole women were also observed to treat their skin with cashew nut oil, which burned the external layers of skin.
Skin whitening practices grew in popularity, partly as a consequence of blanqueamiento in Latin America. The ideologies behind blanqueamiento promoted the idea of social hierarchy, based on Eurocentric features and skin tone.
Africa
Records indicate prominent usage of skin lighteners in South Africa beginning in the 20th century. Historians suggest that this may be associated with the passage of the Colored Labor Preference Act, in 1955. Skin lighteners in South Africa were first marketed to white consumers, then eventually to consumers of color. Initially, skin whitening was typically practiced by rural and poor South African women; however, studies indicate that the practice has become increasingly prevalent among black women with higher incomes and levels of education. Historian Lynn Thomas attributes the initial popularity of these skin whiteners to the socially desired implications of limited outdoor labor, sexual relationships with lighter-skinned partners, and lighter-skinned heritage. Starting in the 1970s, the South African government established regulations for skin whitening products, banning products that contained mercury or high levels of hydroquinone. By the 1980s, critiques of skin whitening had become incorporated into the anti-apartheid movement, given skin whitening's adverse consequences on health and its social implications of colorism.
In Ghana, preferences for lighter skin had been documented beginning in the 16th century. Shirley Anne Tate attributes this to the aesthetics and statuses promoted during the period of colonial rule, citing the social influence and wealth of notable Euro-Ghanaian families. Other studies found that, in Tanzania, skin bleaching has been regularly practiced by middle and working classes, as light skin was perceived to facilitate social mobility.
Skin whitening practices in several other African countries increased following the onset of independence movements against European colonial rule. Maya Allen attributed this to the increased flow of European products and commercial influence into colonized regions. Several historians have suggested that the increased prevalence of skin whitening in "the Global South" is potentially tied to both precolonial notions of beauty and post-colonial hierarchies of race.
Movement against skin whitening
There has been a growing movement against skin whitening, involving protests. Some Bollywood actors have been criticized for promoting such products.
Health Hazards
Several chemical substances have been found to be effective in skin whitening, but some have been proven or suspected to be toxic. This includes compounds containing mercury, which can cause neurological and kidney problems. These products also contain collagen, which can be harmful to the skin. It is present in day creams and beauty masks. Collagen is an insoluble fibrous protein that is too large to penetrate the skin, thus it can clog pores.
The use of these products can be hazardous to health, potentially causing acne, stretch marks, skin cancer, hypertension, or diabetes, especially when the product contains hydroquinone, mercury, cortisone, or vitamin A. Allergic reactions or undesirable effects such as uneven hyperpigmentation or patchy depigmentation can also occur.
Among the ingredients, hydroquinone is also commonly found and is responsible for multiple side effects. It can interfere with the reagents used in capillary blood glucose meters, artificially raising blood glucose levels.
In 1997, in Paris, the French police dismantled a network involved in the illegal trafficking of skin lightening products, primarily targeting Congolese migrants. Such products represent a significant market despite their health risks. Users resort to preparations containing mercury or bleach, or products containing corticosteroids or quinine. The Saint-Louis Hospital in Paris had to establish a specialized department to deal with the skin disorders caused by skin bleaching.
In a note published in, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted the significant presence of inorganic mercury added to skin lightening products, which is known to be associated with skin cancer.
See also
Colorism
Light skin
Sun tanning
Ethnic plastic surgery
Anal bleaching
Hypopigmentation
Depigmentation
Albinism
Xeesal
Venetian Ceruse white lead based cosmetic
Racial whitening
Colonial mentality
Notes
Italics have been preserved whenever they appear in quotations. Text between square brackets are additional notes not present in the source.
References
Discrimination based on skin color
Light skin |
4397458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Line | Connecticut Line | The Connecticut Line was a formation within the Continental Army. The term "Connecticut Line" referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Connecticut at various times by the Continental Congress, the size of its allocation determined by the size of its population relative to that of other states. These, together with similarly apportioned contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.
In the course of the war, 27 infantry regiments were assigned to the Connecticut Line. This included the eight provincial regiments of 1775, Wooster's Provisional Regiment (formed by consolidation of the remnants of the original 1st, 4th, and 5th Regiments), the five numbered Continental regiments of 1776, the eight Connecticut regiments of 1777, S.B. Webb's Additional Continental Regiment, which later became the 9th Connecticut Regiment, and four new regiments created by consolidation in 1781.
Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These “dictatorial powers” included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.
Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to Samuel Blatchley Webb, who accepted. Webb had formerly served as one of Washington's personal aides. Webb's Regiment was allotted to the Connecticut Line on July 24, 1780, and officially designated the 9th Connecticut Regiment. The 9th Connecticut Regiment was consolidated with the 2d Connecticut Regiment on January 1, 1781.
Half of Sherburne's Additional Continental Regiment was drawn Rhode Island and half from Connecticut.
Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. Elmore's Regiment, raised in 1776 for the defense of Canada, was an example of such an “extra” regiment.
Connecticut Provincial Regiments, 1775
On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress voted to raise a
volunteer force of 13,600 men, and it called upon the other New England colonies for
assistance in raising an army of 30,000 men.
In response, the Connecticut Assembly voted, on April 27, 1775, to contribute 6,000 men to this army. The Connecticut troops were formed into six infantry regiments. Connecticut infantry regiments had an official establishment of 1,046 officers and men in ten companies. The troops were enlisted to serve until December 10, 1775.
The New England delegates to the Continental Congress urged that the Congress assume responsibility for the provincial troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that were blockading Boston. This was done on June 14, 1775, and these troops were designated the Continental Army. George Washington was selected as commander in chief of this force, and all other Continental Army troops, the following day.
In an effort to weld the separate New England armies into a single "Continental" Army, on August 5, 1775, General Washington ordered that a board be convened to determine the rank of the regiments at Boston. The board was to consist of a brigadier general as moderator and six field officers as members. It completed its task on August 20, 1775, and reported its decision to Washington. The regiments of infantry in the Continental Army were accordingly numbered without reference to their colony of origin. There were thirty-nine "Regiments of Foot in the Army of the United Colonies." In General Orders, Washington often referred to his regiments by these numbers; and they appear in the strength reports compiled by Adjutant General Horatio Gates.
The 1st Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel David Wooster. Wooster's Regiment was assigned to the Separate, or New York, Department in 1775 and did not receive an additional designation in August.
The 2d Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Joseph Spencer. In August 1775, Spencer's Regiment was designated "The 33d Regiment of Foot."
The 3d Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Israel Putnam. In August 1775, Putnam's Regiment was designated "The 34th Regiment of Foot."
The 4th Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Benjamin Hinman. Hinman's Regiment was assigned to the Separate, or New York, Department in 1775 and did not receive an additional designation in August.
The 5th Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel David Waterbury. Waterbury's Regiment was assigned to the Separate, or New York, Department in 1775 and did not receive an additional designation in August.
The 6th Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Samuel Holden Parsons. In August 1775, Parsons' Regiment was designated "The 13th Regiment of Foot."
Massachusetts requested reinforcements from the other New England colonies following the Battle of Bunker Hill. Connecticut responded by raising two more infantry regiments. They were authorized by the Connecticut Assembly on July 1, 1775, and placed on the Continental establishment on July 19, 1775,
The 7th Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Charles Webb. In August 1775, Charles Webb's Regiment was designated "The 39th Regiment of Foot."
The 8th Connecticut Provincial Regiment (1775) was commanded by Colonel Jedediah Huntington. In August 1775, Huntington's Regiment was designated "The 29th Regiment of Foot."
Numbered Continental Regiments, 1776
On November 4, 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that on January 1, 1776, the Continental Army, exclusive of artillery and extra regiments, should consist of 27 infantry regiments. The troops were to be enlisted to serve until December 31, 1776. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 1 from Pennsylvania, 3 from New Hampshire, 16 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, and 5 from Connecticut.
Each regiment was to have an official establishment of 728 officers and men in eight companies.
The regiments were to receive numbers instead of names. For the campaign of 1776 Connecticut was to provide the 10th, 17th, 19th, 20th, and 22d Continental Regiments.
The 10th Continental Regiment was commanded by Colonel Samuel Holden Parsons from 1 January to 9 August 1776. Parsons became a brigadier general in the Continental Army on the latter date. John Tyler, who had been the lieutenant colonel of the regiment since 1 January 1776, served as its colonel from 10 August to 31 December 1776.
The 17th Continental Regiment was commanded by Colonel Jedediah Huntington from 1 January to 31 December 1776.
The 19th Continental Regiment was commanded by Colonel Charles Webb from 1 January to 31 December 1776. Nathan Hale, who was captured by the British and hanged as a spy on 22 September 1776, was one of the captains in this regiment.
The 20th Continental Regiment was commanded by John Durkee, with the rank of lieutenant colonel from 1 January to 12 August 1776 and with the rank of colonel from 12 August to 31 December 1776. Benedict Arnold had been appointed the colonel of this regiment as of 1 January 1776, but on that date he was serving in Quebec and, on 10 January 1776 he was made a brigadier general in the Continental Army.
The 22nd Continental Regiment was commanded by Colonel Samuel Wyllys from 1 January to 31 December 1776.
Connecticut Line, 1777
During 1776, the Continental Congress gradually overcame its ideological objections to a standing army, and, on September 16, 1776, it resolved that, on January 1, 1777, the Continental Line should consist of 88 infantry regiments, to be maintained for the duration of the war.
The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 4 from New York, 4 from New Jersey, 12 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 15 from Virginia, 9 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia.
The quotas for states outside New England included regiments that had been on the Continental establishment earlier, but the term Continental Line was now broadened to include the lines of all the states.
The 1st Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel Jedediah Huntington from 1 January to 12 May 1777. On the latter date, Colonel Huntington became a brigadier general in the Continental Army. He was succeeded, on 27 May 1777, by Colonel Josiah Starr, who served as the regiment's colonel until 1 January 1781
The 2nd Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel Charles Webb from 1 January 1777 until his resignation on 13 March 1778. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Zebulon Butler from 13 March 1778 to 1 January 1781.
The 3rd Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel Samuel Wyllys from 1 January 1777 to 1 January 1781.
The 4th Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel John Durkee from 1 January 1777 to 1 January 1781. Colonel Durkee was wounded at the Battle of Monmouth.
The 5th Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel Philip Burr Bradley from 1 January 1777 to 1 January 1781.
The 6th Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel William Douglas from 1 January 1777 until his death on 28 May 1777. Colonel Douglas had been an aide de camp to General Wooster, and had been wounded at Harlem Plains on 16 September 1776. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs from May 1777 until 1 January 1781.
The 7th Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel Heman Swift from 1 January 1777 to 1 January 1781.
The 8th Connecticut Regiment (1777) was commanded by Colonel John Chandler from 1 January 1777 until his resignation on 5 March 1778. He was succeeded on the latter date by Colonel Giles Russell, who died on 28 October 1779. The regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Sherman [son of American founding father Roger Sherman] from 28 October 1779 to 1 January 1781.
Reorganization of the Connecticut Line, 1778-1779
While the Main Army, that portion of Washington's army under his immediate command, was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the Congress acted to reduce the size and increase the tactical efficiency of the Continental Army.
On May 27, 1778, it resolved that the number of infantry regiments be reduced from 88 to 80. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 5 from New York, 3 from New Jersey, 11 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 11 from Virginia, 6 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. Under this reorganization, the number of regiments in the Connecticut quota was unchanged.
The official establishment of a regiment was reduced to 582 officers and men. Each regiment was to consist of nine rather than eight companies. The ninth company was to be a company of light infantry, and was to be kept up to strength by drafting men from the regiment's eight other companies if necessary. During the campaigning season, the light infantry companies of the regiments in a field army were to be combined into a special corps of light infantry.
Because the Continental Congress passed this resolve at the beginning of the campaigning season, it was nearly a year before this reorganization was completed. The reorganization of the Continental Line was finalized on March 9, 1779.
On July 24, 1780, S.B. Webb's Additional Continental Regiment was officially redesignated the 9th Connecticut Regiment.
Reorganization of the Connecticut Line, 1781
In October 1780, the Continental Congress, in consultation with General Washington, passed resolutions providing for what would be the last reorganization of the Continental Army before its final disbandment.
On January 1, 1781, the Continental Line was to be reduced from 80 regiments to 50. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 2 from New Hampshire, 10 from Massachusetts, 1 from Rhode Island, 5 from Connecticut, 2 from New York, 2 from New Jersey, 6 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 5 from Maryland, 8 from Virginia, 4 from North Carolina, 2 from South Carolina, 1 from Georgia. In addition, one regiment (Colonel Moses Hazen's Canadian Regiment) was to be raised at large . Under this reorganization, the number of regiments in the Connecticut quota was reduced from eight to five.
The official establishment of an infantry regiment was increased to 717 officers and men. Each regiment continued to have nine companies, including a light infantry company, but the companies were made larger. For the first time, each regiment was to have a permanent recruiting party of 1 lieutenant, 1 drummer, and 1 fifer. Thus, there were to be five recruiting parties in Connecticut to systematically find and forward recruits to the Connecticut regiments in the field.
On January 1, 1781, the Connecticut Line was reorganized to consist of five regiments.
The 1st Connecticut Regiment (1781) was constituted in the Connecticut Line by consolidation of the 3rd and 4th Connecticut Regiments of 1777. The regiment was commanded by Colonel John Durkee from 1 January 1781 until his death on 29 May 1782. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Grosvenor from the latter date until 1 January 1783.
The 2d Connecticut Regiment (1781) was constituted in the Connecticut Line by consolidation of the 5th and 7th Connecticut Regiments of 1777. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Heman Swift from 1 January 1781 until June 1783.
The 3d Connecticut Regiment (1781) was constituted in the Connecticut Line by consolidation of the 2d Connecticut Regiment of 1777 and the 9th Connecticut Regiment (formerly S.B. Webb's Additional Continental Regiment). The regiment was commanded by Colonel Samuel Blatchley Webb from 1 January 1781 until June 1783.
The 4th Connecticut Regiment, under this reorganization, was a redesignation of the 6th Connecticut Regiment of 1777. In the reorganization of 1781, Colonel Zebulon Butler transferred from the old 2d Connecticut Regiment to take command of this regiment. Colonel Butler served as colonel until 1 January 1783.
The 5th Connecticut Regiment (1781) was constituted in the Connecticut Line by consolidation of the 1st and 8th Connecticut Regiments of 1777. The regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Sherman from 1 January 1781 to 1 January 1783.
Demobilization of the Connecticut Line
January 1, 1783.
The 1st Connecticut Regiment.
The 2d Connecticut Regiment.
The 3d Connecticut Regiment.
(The 4th Connecticut Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1783).
(The 5th Connecticut Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1783).
June 15, 1783.
The 1st Connecticut Regiment was redesignated the Connecticut Regiment.
(The 2d Connecticut Regiment was furloughed).
(The 3d Connecticut Regiment was furloughed).
November 15, 1783.
The three remaining regiments in the Connecticut Line were disbanded.
Notes
References
Carrington, Henry B. Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Promontory Press (Reprint Edition. Originally Published, 1877).
Fitzpatrick, John C. Editor. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Available from the University of Virginia website.
Force, Peter American Archives. Available, in part, from the Northern Illinois University website.
Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967 (Originally published, 1914).
Lesser, Charles H. Editor. The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Peterson, Harold L. The Book of the Continental Soldier. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968.
Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1983. Available, in part, online from the U.S. Army website.
External links
Bibliography of Connecticut's participation in the Continental Army compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Roster of Colonel Waterbury's regiment |
4397529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20Line | Massachusetts Line | The Massachusetts Line was those units within the Continental Army that were assigned to Massachusetts at various times by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. Line regiments were assigned to a particular state, which was then financially responsible for the maintenance (staffing and supplying) of the regiment. The concept of the line was also particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.
The size of the Massachusetts Line varied from as many as 27 active regiments (at the outset of the war) to four (at its end). For most of the war after the siege of Boston (April 1775 to March 1776) almost all of these units were deployed outside Massachusetts, serving as far north as Quebec City, as far west as present-day central Upstate New York, and as far south as Yorktown, Virginia. Massachusetts line troops were involved in most of the war's major battles north of Chesapeake Bay, and were present at the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781. General officers of the line included Major Generals Artemas Ward, William Heath, and Benjamin Lincoln, and Brigadier Generals John Glover and John Nixon.
History
The line's history began in the immediate aftermath of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, after which the Massachusetts Provincial Congress raised 27 regiments as a provincial army. These units, which were mostly organized by mid-May, were adopted into the first establishment of the Continental Army in June 1775. These units were generally referred to by the names of their colonels, and were numbered one way by the state and another by the Continental Army.
At the end of 1775 the army was reorganized into its second establishment; a number of Massachusetts units were disbanded, but some were retained and others established. In the 1776 establishment regiments from the northern states identified as Continental regiments. At the end of 1776 the army was again reorganized. The third establishment restored a state-based regimental numbering scheme which was retained until the end of the war. After two major reorganizations (at the start of 1781 and 1783) the army was almost completely disbanded in November 1783, leaving a single regiment under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson.
Non-line units
Not all Continental infantry regiments raised were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These "dictatorial powers" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.
Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Henley of Massachusetts, who accepted. Henley had been adjutant general on the staffs of Generals William Heath and Joseph Spencer, and was briefly lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment.
Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to William Raymond Lee of Massachusetts, who accepted. In 1776, Lee had been the major of John Glover's famous Marblehead regiment, the 14th Continental Regiment.
Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Henry Jackson of Massachusetts, who accepted. These three regiments were raised in Massachusetts in the spring of 1777. Much of the recruiting for them was done in the Boston area, which until then had been unable to raise troops because of the British occupation.
Henley's and Lee's Regiments were consolidated into Jackson's Regiment on April 9, 1779. Jackson's Regiment was allotted to the Massachusetts Line on July 24, 1780, and officially designated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. The 16th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. Colonel Jackson remained in service until 1784, leading the last remaining regiment in the Continental Army.
1775 establishment
On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force of 13,600 men, and it called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army of 30,000 men. The Massachusetts provincials were raised in the spring of 1775 and were eventually formed into twenty-six infantry regiments. Massachusetts also took responsibility for a twenty-seventh regiment, originally raised in
New Hampshire. Massachusetts regiments had an official establishment of 599 officers and men in ten companies (but five regiments had an eleventh company). The troops were enlisted to serve until December 31, 1775. The commissions of all Massachusetts officers were dated May 19, 1775. Subsequently, the regiments were numbered, although in Massachusetts the regiment was commonly identified by the name of its colonel.
The New England delegates to the Continental Congress urged that the Congress assume responsibility for the provincial troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that were blockading Boston. This was done on June 14, 1775, and these troops were designated the Continental Army. George Washington was selected as commander in chief of this force, and all other Continental Army troops, the following day.
In an effort to weld the separate New England armies into a single "Continental" Army, on August 5, 1775, General Washington ordered that a board be convened to determine the rank of the regiments at Boston. The board was to consist of a brigadier general as moderator and six field officers as members. It completed its task on August 20, 1775, and reported its decision to Washington. The regiments of infantry in the Continental Army were accordingly numbered without reference to their colony of origin. There were thirty-nine "Regiments of Foot in the Army of the United Colonies." In General Orders, Washington often referred to his regiments by these numbers; and they appear in the strength reports compiled by Adjutant General Horatio Gates.
1776 establishment
On November 4, 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that on January 1, 1776, the Continental Army, exclusive of artillery and extra regiments, was to consist of 27 infantry regiments. The troops were to be enlisted to serve until December 31, 1776. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 1 from Pennsylvania, 3 from New Hampshire, 16 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, and 5 from Connecticut.
Each regiment was to have an official establishment of 728 officers and men in eight companies. The regiments were to receive numbers instead of names. For the campaign of 1776 Massachusetts was to provide the 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Continental Regiments.
The reduction of the Massachusetts Line from an establishment of 16,468 officers and men in 275 companies to an establishment of 11,648 officers and men in 128 companies required a difficult reorganization.
The numbered Continental regiments raised in Massachusetts were widely scattered in the campaign of 1776. In April, following the British evacuation of Boston, five regiments (the 6th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 27th) were ordered to remain in Massachusetts, four of them occupying Boston. Three of these regiments (the 14th, 16th, and 27th) joined the Main Army in July. The 6th and 18th regiments joined the Northern Army in August, and never rejoined the Main Army. Of the eleven regiments that moved to New York City in April, three regiments (the 15th, 24th, and 25th) were ordered to Canada as reinforcements. One of these regiments (the 15th) rejoined the Main Army in November, and served at Trenton and Princeton. The 24th and 25th regiments, that had served in the Northern theater, also rejoined the Main Army in November, but marched directly to the army's winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Finally, the 7th Continental Regiment, which served in Parsons' Brigade, was assigned to the Highlands Department in November.
Disbanded 1775 units
The remnants of the regiments of Asa Whitcomb, James Frye, Ebenezer Bridge, Ephraim Doolittle, and Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge were disbanded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 31, 1775.
1777 establishment
During 1776, the Continental Congress gradually overcame its ideological objections to a standing army, and, on September 16, 1776, it resolved that, on January 1, 1777, the Continental Line was to consist of 88 infantry regiments, to be maintained for the duration of the war. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 4 from New York, 4 from New Jersey, 12 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 15 from Virginia, 9 from North Carolina, 6 from
South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. The quotas for states outside New England included regiments that had been on the Continental establishment earlier, but the term Continental Line was now broadened to include the lines of all the states.
Disbanded 1776 units
The remnant of the 12th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Moses Little, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey in February 1777.
The remnant of the 13th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Joseph Read, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777. However, the remnant of Peters' Company was consolidated with Bailey's Regiment and reorganized as Warren's Company; and the remnant of Walbridge's Company was consolidated with Putnam's Regiment and reorganized as Goodale's Company.
The remnant of the 14th Continental Regiment, under Colonel John Glover, was disbanded in eastern Pennsylvania on December 31, 1776. Glover later returned to the Continental service as a general officer and commanded one of the Continental Army's Massachusetts brigades. His third in command, Major William Raymond Lee, became the colonel of Lee's Additional Continental Regiment.
1778-1779 reorganization
While the Main Army, that portion of Washington's army under his immediate command, was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the Congress acted to reduce the size and increase the tactical efficiency of the Continental Army. On May 27, 1778, it resolved that the number of infantry regiments be reduced from 88 to 80. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 5 from New York, 3 from New Jersey, 11 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 11 from Virginia, 6 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was unchanged.
The official establishment of a regiment was reduced to 582 officers and men. Each regiment was to consist of nine rather than eight companies. The ninth company was to be a company of light infantry, and was to be kept up to strength by drafting men from the regiment's eight other companies if necessary. During the campaigning season, the light infantry companies of the regiments in a field army were to be combined into a special corps of light infantry.
Because the Continental Congress passed this resolve at the beginning of the campaigning season, it was nearly a year before this reorganization was completed. The reorganization of the Continental Line was finalized on March 9, 1779.
On July 24, 1780, Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment was officially redesignated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment.
1781 reorganization
In October 1780, the Continental Congress, in consultation with General Washington, passed resolutions providing for what would be the last reorganization of the Continental Army before its final disbandment. The Congress determined that on January 1, 1781, the Continental Line was to be reduced from 80 regiments to 50. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 2 from New Hampshire, 10 from Massachusetts, 1 from Rhode Island, 5 from Connecticut, 2 from New York, 2 from New Jersey, 6 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 5 from Maryland, 8 from Virginia, 4 from North Carolina, 2 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. In addition, 1 regiment (Colonel Moses Hazen's Canadian Regiment) was to be raised at large.
Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was reduced from fifteen regiments to ten. Accordingly, the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Massachusetts Regiments were disbanded on January 1, 1781.
The official establishment of an infantry regiment was increased to 717 officers and men. Each regiment continued to have nine companies, including a light infantry company, but the companies were made larger. For the first time, each regiment was to have a permanent recruiting party of 1 lieutenant, 1 drummer, and 1 fifer. Thus, there were to be ten recruiting parties in Massachusetts to systematically find and forward recruits to the Massachusetts regiments in the field.
Peace negotiations
The prolonged period of peace negotiations following the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, presented the Continental Congress with the dilemma of keeping up a military force until the definitive peace treaty was signed, even though the national finances were exhausted. On August 7, 1782, the Continental Congress resolved that the states should reduce their lines on January 1, 1783. Each regiment retained in service was then to contain not less than 500 rank and file.
The preliminary peace treaty was signed on November 30, 1782.
1783 reorganization
On January 1, 1783, the 9th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at West Point and the 10th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at Verplanck's Point, New York, reducing the Massachusetts Line to eight regiments.
Great Britain signed preliminary articles of peace with France and Spain on January 20, 1783, and, on February 4, 1783, Britain announced the cessation of hostilities. The Continental Congress received the text of the preliminary peace treaty on March 13, 1783, and proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on April 11, 1783. It ratified the preliminary peace treaty on April 15, 1783.
In General Orders issued at Newburgh, New York, April 18, 1783, Washington announced that the armistice would go into effect at noon, April 19, 1783 - the eighth anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord.
Demobilization
The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were placed on furlough on June 12, 1783, and were never recalled to active duty.
The final treaty of peace was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. On October 18, 1783, the Continental Congress proclaimed that Continental troops on furlough were to be discharged on November 3, 1783. The Main Army, with the exception of a small observation force in the Hudson Highlands under the command of General Henry Knox, was disbanded on November 3, 1783. The disbanded units included the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Massachusetts Regiments. After this date no part of the Massachusetts Line remained in the field, although the four furloughed regiments were still not formally disbanded.
The Northern Army was disbanded on November 5, 1783, and the Southern Army was disbanded on November 15, 1783. On the latter date the furloughed 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were formally disbanded, and the Massachusetts Line ceased to exist.
New York City was evacuated by British troops on November 25, 1783. The
British fleet left New York City on December 4, 1783, and on the same day Washington bid farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern.
First American Regiment of 1784
After November 3, 1783, the Continental Line was reduced to a handful of units. These disbanded in November and December. The single regiment remaining in service after the new year began was under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson, and was known as the 1st American Regiment.
The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and the United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784. The 1st American was disbanded at West Point, New York, on June 2, 1784.
Notes
References
Boatner, Mark M. III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: David McKay Co., Inc. (Bicentenniel Edition, 1974. Originally Published, 1966).
Carrington, Henry B. Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Promontory Press (Reprint Edition. Originally Published, 1877).
Chamberlain, George Walter. "Soldiers of the American revolution of Lebanon Maine"
Fitzpatrick, John C. Editor. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Available from the University of Virginia website.
Force, Peter. American Archives. Available, in part, from the Northern Illinois University website.
Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967 (Originally published, 1914).
Lesser, Charles H. Editor. The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Martyn, Charles. The Life of Artemas Ward, First Commander-in-Chief of the American Revolution. New York: Artemas Ward, 1921.
Massachusetts. Office of the Secretary of State. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. A compilation from the archives, prepared and published by the Secretary of the Commonwealth in accordance with chapter 100, resolves of 1891. 17 vols. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1896–1908. Online at
Peterson, Harold L. The Book of the Continental Soldier. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968.
Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1983. Available online
External links
Bibliography of the Continental Army in Massachusetts compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 4 1898
Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 10 1902
Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 14 1906 |
4397587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20in%20the%20American%20Revolution | Pennsylvania in the American Revolution | Pennsylvania was the site of many key events associated with the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War. The city of Philadelphia, then capital of the Thirteen Colonies and the largest city in the colonies, was a gathering place for the Founding Fathers who discussed, debated, developed, and ultimately implemented many of the acts, including signing the Declaration of Independence, that inspired and launched the revolution and the quest for independence from the British Empire.
Founding Father Robert Morris said, "You will consider Philadelphia, from its centrical situation, the extent of its commerce, the number of its artificers, manufactures and other circumstances, to be to the United States what the heart is to the human body in circulating the blood."
The American Revolution included both the political and social development of the Thirteen Colonies of British America, and the Revolutionary War. John Adams wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1815: "What do we mean by the revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution. It was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected, from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was drawn at Lexington. The records of thirteen legislatures, the pamphlets, newspapers in all the colonies ought be consulted, during that period, to ascertain the steps by which the public opinion was enlightened and informed concerning the authority of parliament over the colonies."
Military
First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry - The oldest continuously serving unit in the United States military
Pennsylvania Line of the Continental Army
Pennsylvania Militia Units
Pennsylvania Navy
Government
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
Pennsylvania Provincial Conference
Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Key events
Philadelphia Tea Party (October 16, 1773)
First Continental Congress (September 5 to October 26, 1774)
Continental Association created (October 20, 1774)
Petition to the King ratified (October 25, 1774)
Second Continental Congress (convened on May 10, 1775)
Hanna's town resolves (May 16, 1775)
Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (July 1775)
Continental Marines formed by act of Congress (November 10, 1775) with the following decree:
Pennsylvania Provincial Conference (June 18–25, 1776)
The Lee Resolution (also known as "The Resolution for Independence") (July 2, 1776)
Declaration of Independence (1776)
George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River (December 25, 1776) to attack the Crown Forces' German auxiliaries at Trenton. The decisive American victory was a significant morale boost to the demoralized, shrinking American army that was teetering on collapse due to impending enlistment expirations. The American victory at Trenton, together with American victories at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton helped inspire the Patriots and keep the Continental Army intact.
Continental Congress adopts the 13-star US flag: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." (June 14, 1777)
Philadelphia campaign (1777–1778)
Conway Cabal (1777–1778)
Battle of Brandywine (September 11, 1777) - the largest battle of the American Revolution by number of troops engaged, and the longest single-day battle of the war, with continuous fighting for 11 hours
During the battle, famed British army marksman Patrick Ferguson, leading the Experimental Rifle Corps equipped with fast breech-loading Ferguson rifles, had the chance to shoot a prominent American officer, accompanied by another in distinctive hussar dress, but decided not to do so, as the man had his back to him (Ferguson) and was unaware of his presence. A surgeon told Ferguson in the hospital that some American casualties had said that General Washington had been in the area at the time. Ferguson wrote that, even if the officer were the general, he did not regret his decision. The officer's identity remains uncertain; historians suggest that the aide in hussar dress might indicate the senior officer was Count Casimir Pulaski.
Brandywine was the first battlefield command of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. The American retreat was well-organized, largely due to his efforts. Although wounded, he created a rally point that allowed for a more orderly retreat before being treated for his wound. Lafayette returned to visit Brandywine during his Grand tour of the United States in 1824–25, after which he was returned to France aboard the USS Brandywine.
In addition to Lafayette, Polish Count Casimir Pulaski was another foreign officer present at Brandywine — his first military engagement against the British. When the Continental Army troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat. Washington ordered him to collect, as many as possible, the scattered troops who came his way, and employ them according to his discretion to secure the retreat of the army. His subsequent charge averted a disastrous defeat of the Continental Army cavalry, earning him fame in America and saved the life of George Washington. As a result, on September 15, 1777, on the orders of Congress, Washington made Pulaski a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry. At that point, the cavalry was only a few hundred men strong organized into four regiments. These men were scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties. Pulaski immediately began work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.
Battle of the Clouds (September 16, 1777) - an aborted engagement in the area surrounding present day Malvern, Pennsylvania. After the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine, the British Army remained encamped near Chadds Ford. When British commander William Howe was informed that the weakened American force was less than ten miles (16 km) away, he decided to press for another decisive victory. George Washington learned of Howe's plans, and prepared for battle. Before the two armies could fully engage, a torrential downpour ensued. Significantly outnumbered, and with tens of thousands of cartridges ruined by the rain, Washington opted to retreat. Bogged down by rain and mud, the British allowed Washington and his army to withdraw. The storm, which historian Thomas McGuire describes as "a classic nor'easter," raged well into the next day.
Battle of Paoli (Also known as the Paoli Massacre) (September 20, 1777)
Siege of Fort Mifflin (September 26 to November 16, 1777)
Explosion and destruction of HMS Augusta - an explosion that smashed windows in Philadelphia and was heard 30 miles (48 km) away (October 22, 1777)
Battle of Germantown (October 4, 1777)
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union created (November 15, 1777)
Battle of White Marsh (December 5–8, 1777)
Battle of Matson's Ford (December 11, 1777)
Valley Forge winter encampment of the Continental Army (December 1777 to June 1778)
Battle of Crooked Billet (May 1, 1778)
The Meschianza (May 18, 1778) - an elaborate fête given in honor of British General Sir William Howe in Philadelphia on May 18, 1778
Battle of Barren Hill (May 20, 1778)
Carlisle Peace Commission (1778)
The Big Runaway (June and July 1778)
Wyoming Valley battle and massacre (July 3, 1778)
Treaty of Fort Pitt (September 17, 1778) - the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape (Delaware Indians) in this case
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (March 1, 1780) passed by the Pennsylvania legislature - one of the first attempts by a government in the Western Hemisphere to begin an abolition of slavery
Sugarloaf Massacre (September 11, 1780)
Pennsylvania Line Mutiny (January 1, 1781)
Convention Army moved to Pennsylvania in 1781 (1781 to 1783) - an army of British and allied troops captured after the Battles of Saratoga. They were held prisoner at Camp Security in York County, PA. Located in present-day Springettsbury Township.
Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 (June 20, 1783)
Key historical sites, museums, and institutions
Battlefields
Battle of Brandywine, parts of the vast battlefield, largely on private property, are preserved as municipal parks, trail easements, and preservation easements:
Birmingham Hill (Chadds Township), established in 2010, the footpath at Birmingham Hill allows public access to a portion of the Brandywine Battlefield. The Footpath follows a 1.1 mile trail.
Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse, across the street from the Birmingham Hill trail. During the Battle of Brandywine, British forces attempted to flank the Continental Army under General George Washington. The Continental forces rushed north to meet the British in the area of the meetinghouse. It was used as a hospital first for the Americans, and after the battle for British officers. The stone wall around the cemetery was used as a defensive position by the Americans. After the battle, dead British and American soldiers shared a common grave in the cemetery, which is now marked by a memorial stone.
Sandy Hollow Heritage Park (Birmingham Township), 42 acres of preserved open space, much as it was in 1777, allows public access for passive recreation to a portion of the Brandywine Battlefield National Historic Landmark. Established in 2002, the park has a 1.1 mile asphalt path for pedestrians.
John Chads House, historic house on the battlefield - near the beginning of the battle. Artillery fire was exchanged by both sides around the house.
Dilworthtown, site of the end of the battle
William Brinton 1704 House, fighting and troop movements at the end of battle occurred around this house
Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site (Delaware and Chester Counties), historic park and museum that includes headquarters locations of Generals Washington and Lafayette from the Battle of Brandywine (September 11, 1777)
Battle of Germantown
Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House) (Philadelphia, PA), site of part of the Battle of Germantown (1777)
Wyck House, served as a hospital during the battle
Peter Wentz Homestead, historic site that served as headquarters for General George Washington before and after the Battle of Germantown, October 2–4 and 16–21, 1777
Siege of Fort Mifflin
Fort Mifflin, Philadelphia site of the Siege of Fort Mifflin, which delayed the entry of the British Navy into the Port of Philadelphia, allowing the successful repositioning of the Continental Army for the Battle of White Marsh and subsequent withdrawal to Valley Forge. Modified over time for changing needs of the Army, some of the original Revolutionary War walls are preserved in the fort's expanded walls. Marks from artillery that sieged the fort are visible.
Battle of Paoli (Paoli Massacre)
Paoli Battlefield Historical Park in Malvern, site of the Paoli Massacre
Battle of White Marsh
Fort Washington State Park, preserves part of the site of the Battle of White Marsh
Battle of Wyoming (also known as the Wyoming Valley Massacre)
Wyoming Monument, monument located at the battle site
Museums, parks and other historic sites
Camp Security Park (Springettsbury Township, York County, PA), site of the 1781 to 1783 Prisoner of War camp for prisoners from the Convention Army taken at the Battles of Saratoga - Crown forces (largely German auxiliaries - commonly called "Hessians").
Carpenters' Hall (Philadelphia, PA), meeting site of First Continental Congress (1774).
Fort Pitt Museum (Pittsburgh, PA)
George Taylor House (Catasauqua, PA)
Gen. Horatio Gates House and Golden Plough Tavern (York, PA), historic site and interpretive center centered around the Continental Congress's temporary relocation from Philadelphia to York, where the Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted.
Graeme Park (Horsham, Montgomery County, PA), including the Keith House, the only surviving residence of a colonial-era Pennsylvania governor and later a headquarters of George Washington
Hope Lodge (Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, PA)
Independence National Historical Park, including: Independence Hall, City Tavern, Franklin Court and Benjamin Franklin Museum, First Bank of the United States, Liberty Bell, and others) (Philadelphia, PA)
Liberty Bell Museum (Allentown, PA), museum commemorating the hiding of the Liberty Bell inside this Allentown church for nine months during the British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777-1778
Moland House Historic Park (aka Washington's Headquarters Farm) (Warwick Township, Bucks County, PA)
Museum of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, PA), museum presenting the history of the American Revolution through interpretive programs, permanent exhibits, and temporary exhibits.
Summerseat (Morrisville, Bucks County, PA), also known as the George Clymer House and Thomas Barclay House, is a historic house museum. Built about 1770, it is the only house known to have been owned by two signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, George Clymer and Robert Morris, and as a headquarters of General George Washington during the Revolutionary War.
Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial (Philadelphia, PA), historic site commemorating and interpreting the contributions of Tadeusz Kościuszko - Continental Army general and engineer.
Valley Forge National Historical Park (Montgomery and Chester Counties, PA), National Park Service unit preserving the site and interpreting the history of the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, 1777–1778, including Washington's Headquarters.
Washington Crossing Historic Park (Washington Crossing, Bucks County, PA), historic site and museum interpreting the crossing of the Delaware River by the Continental Army, December 25–26, 1776, for its surprise attack on Trenton.
Fort Roberdeau (Altoona, Blair County, PA), historic site consisting of an American Revolution era fort and lead mine.
Libraries, archives, and historical societies
American Philosophical Society, the David Library of the American Revolution transferred its extensive collection to the society, establishing the David Center for the American Revolution at the American Philosophical Society in 2020. The David Library's location in Washington Crossing, PA closed December 31, 2019.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), extensive historical archives and book holdings related to Pennsylvania history. Located on the same block as the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Library Company of Philadelphia, library founded by Benjamin Franklin with extensive historical archives and book holdings, as well as exhibits. Located on the same block as the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Other
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier (Philadelphia, PA)
Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route (Bucks, Philadelphia, and Delaware counties, PA), National Historic Trail established in 2009 that passes through Pennsylvania, interpreting and marking the route of forces under generals George Washington and Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau during their 1781 march from Newport, Rhode Island to the site of the decisive Siege of Yorktown, Virginia.
Significant documents originating in Pennsylvania during the Revolution
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania - a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson, leading up to the start of the Revolutionary War (1767 - 1768)
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (1774)
Petition to the King - a petition sent to King George III by the First Continental Congress, calling for repeal of the Intolerable Acts (1774)
Letters to the inhabitants of Canada (1774, 1775 and 1776)
Olive Branch Petition - adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8, in a final attempt to avoid a full-scale war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
Common Sense - pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1775-1776)
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 (1776)
The American Crisis - pamphlet series by Thomas Paine (1776-1777)
Articles of Confederation - adopted by the Continental Congress at their temporary meeting location of York, PA while Philadelphia was under occupation by Crown forces (1777)
Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1780)
The Captivity of Benjamin Gilbert and His Family, 1780-83 - a captivity narrative by William Walton relating the experiences of a Quaker family of settlers near Mauch Chunk in present-day Carbon County, Pennsylvania. (1784)
Pennsylvania Archives (A series of books published between 1838 and 1935 by acts of the Pennsylvania legislature - creating an official archive covering the early history of Pennsylvania, including many documents from the American Revolution - unrelated to the state agency, the Pennsylvania State Archives)
Key people
Ann Bates - loyalist spy
William Bradford
Dr. Thomas Cadwalader
Benjamin Chew
George Clymer
John Dickinson - Solicitor and politician, known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768. Member of the First Continental Congress, signee to the Continental Association, drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King, member of the Second Continental Congress, wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition. When these two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain failed, Dickinson reworked Thomas Jefferson's language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. When Congress then decided to seek independence from Great Britain, Dickinson served on the committee that wrote the Model Treaty, and then wrote the first draft of the 1776–1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Later served as President of the 1786 Annapolis Convention, which called for the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Dickinson attended the Convention as a delegate from Delaware. He also wrote "The Liberty Song" in 1768, was a militia officer during the American Revolution, President of Delaware, President of Pennsylvania.
Thomas Fitzsimons
Benjamin Franklin - author, printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. U.S. Ambassador to France. President of Pennsylvania. Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Joseph Galloway - Delegate to the First Continental Congress, Loyalist
Gen. Edward Hand
Jared Ingersoll - lawyer, statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress, signer of the United States Constitution
Brigadier General William Irvine
Timothy Matlack
Brigadier General Hugh Mercer
Major General Thomas Mifflin
William Montgomery
Robert Morris - Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. Superintendent of Finance of the United States. Known as the "Financier of the Revolution."
John Morton - Delegate to the Continental Congress, signatory to the Continental Association and the Declaration of Independence. Provided the swing vote that allowed Pennsylvania to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence. Chaired the committee that wrote the Articles of Confederation.
Peter Muhlenberg
Samuel Nicholas
Joseph Reed - Delegate to the Continental Congress, signed the Articles of Confederation, President of Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council
George Ross
Dr. Benjamin Rush - Signer of the Declaration of Independence, a civic leader in Philadelphia, physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, founder of Dickinson College
Peggy Shippen - Spy and second wife of Major General Benedict Arnold
James Smith
Major General Arthur St. Clair
Gen. Walter Stewart
George Taylor
Samuel Van Leer - well known local ironmaster, supplier for army during the war and officer. His Reading Furnace was used for musket repairs after the battle of Battle of Brandywine.
Brigadier General Anthony Wayne
Benjamin West
Thomas Wharton Jr.
James Wilson - Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Member of the Continental Congress, and a major force in drafting the U.S. Constitution. A leading legal theorist, he was one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Sarah ("Sally") Wister - A girl living in Pennsylvania during the American Revolution who was the author of Sally Wister's Journal, a firsthand account of life in the nearby countryside during the British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777–78.
Legacy and influence: Colony to super-power
The American Revolution had wide-reaching, long-lasting impact around the world — not the least of which were the U.S. impact on republicanism internationally, numerous unilateral declarations of independence, and its eventual emergence as the world's only super-power following the Second World War and the Cold War. Unparalleled in wealth and power, the United States has remained the world's only super-power since the fall of the Soviet Union — for nearly three decades.
The Revolutionary War entangled Great Britain in conflict with its rival empires of France and Spain; and also ignited open conflict between Great Britain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic).
Ultimately, the Declaration of Independence would influence many similar declarations of independence for over two-hundred years. The U.S. Declaration of Independence was considered dangerous to imperial power by some, and the Spanish-American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration (although it was widely transmitted and translated). In the Russian Empire, the full text of the Declaration of Independence was outlawed until the reign and reform era of Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881).
Preservation and memorialization
Nineteen Pennsylvania counties (almost a third of its 67 counties) are named for military and political figures from the American Revolution: Adams, Armstrong, Bradford, Butler, Crawford, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Jefferson, Luzerne, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Potter, Sullivan, Warren, Washington, and Wayne counties.
A convention held in Independence Hall in 1915, presided over by former US president William Howard Taft, marked the formal announcement of the formation of the League to Enforce Peace, which led to the League of Nations and eventually the United Nations. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.
The site of the Valley Forge winter encampment has been a National Historical Park since it was given as a gift to the nation during the U.S. bicentennial, and transferred from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the National Park Service in 1976.
The American Battlefield Trust is working with various organizations and governments in Pennsylvania to preserve battlefields of the American Revolution, including Brandywine battlefield. As of the 2010s, Chester County's government is working with the local municipalities at the sites of the Battles of Brandywine, Paoli and the Clouds, to preserve key areas in the increasingly-dense suburban communities.
Many monuments and memorials exist throughout Pennsylvania dedicated to revolutionary-era figures, events, and war dead. Examples include the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier in Philadelphia; the National Memorial Arch, in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Chester County — a monument built to celebrate the arrival of the Continental Army at Valley Forge; various battle monuments at Brandywine, Paoli, Wyoming, and elsewhere; and numerous statues across the state.
Several lineage societies related to the revolution currently have an organized presence in Pennsylvania, including the Society of the Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, Sons of the Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution, Children of the American Revolution, and Society of the Cincinnati.
See also
History of Pennsylvania
History of Philadelphia
Province of Pennsylvania
Thirteen Colonies
References
Further reading
Fleming, Thomas. Washington's Secret War: The Hidden History of Valley Forge. 2005. .
Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing. 2006. .
Frantz, John B. and Pencak, William. Beyond Philadelphia: The American Revolution in the Pennsylvania Hinterland. 1998. .
Frazer, Persifor. General Persifor Frazer, A Memoir. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: no publisher listed, 1907. .
Harris, Michael C. Brandywine: A Military History of the Battle that Lost Philadelphia but Saved America, September 11, 1777. 2014. .
Knouff, Gregory T. The Soldiers' Revolution: Pennsylvanians in Arms and the Forging of Early American Identity. 2003. .
Lockhart, Paul. The Drillmaster of Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army. 2010. .
McGuire, Thomas J. Battle of Paoli. 2000. .
McGuire, Thomas J. The Philadelphia Campaign: Volume One: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia. 2006. .
McGuire, Thomas J. The Philadelphia Campaign: Volume Two: Germantown and the Roads to Valley Forge. 2007. .
Nagy, John A. Spies in the Continental Capital: Espionage Across Pennsylvania During the American Revolution. 2011. .
Pencak, William. Pennsylvania's Revolution. 2010. .
Quinch, Josiah, ed. The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw. Boston, Massachusetts: Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847. .
Ruby, Glenn, et al., ed. Pennsylvania 1776. 1990. .
Seymour, Joseph. The Pennsylvania Associators, 1747-1777. Westholme Publishing. 2012. .
Linn, John Blair and Egle, William H. Pennsylvania in the War of the Revolution: Battalions and Line, 1775-1783, Volume 1. 1880. .
Linn, John Blair and Egle, William H. Pennsylvania in the War of the Revolution: Associated Battalions and Militia, 1775-1783, Volume 2. 1880. .
External links
Bibliography
Bibliography of the Continental Army in Pennsylvania compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Bibliography of Continental Army Operations: Pennsylvania Theater compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
The Online Books Page: Pennsylvania - History - Revolution, 1775-1783 - Bibliography of books available online (By the University of Pennsylvania Library)
Maps
9/11/1777 - Battle of Brandywine
9/16/1777 – Battle of the Clouds
9/20/1777 – Battle of Paoli
10/4/1777 – Battle of Germantown
Philadelphia Campaign – Overall
Troop Movements in Delaware Valley - Interactive Map
Valley Forge / Tredyffrin Encampments | September & December 1777 |
4397943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABka%20Ichiban%21 | Chūka Ichiban! | is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Etsushi Ogawa. It was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Magazine Special from October 1995 to November 1996; a follow-up sequel, , was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine from January 1997 to May 1999. Both series' overall chapters were collected in seventeen tankōbon volumes. The story is centered on Liu Mao Xing, a boy whose aim is to become the best chef he could be. In November 2017, Ogawa started a sequel entitled Chūka Ichiban! Kiwami, published in Kodansha's Magazine Pocket app.
A 52-episode anime television series adaptation by Nippon Animation aired on Fuji TV from April 1997 to September 1998. In some other countries, the anime adaptation was also called Cooking Master Boy. A second 24-episode anime television series adaptation of Shin Chūka Ichiban!, or True Cooking Master Boy, produced by NAS and Production I.G, aired for two seasons from October to December 2019 and January to March 2021, respectively.
Plot
The story takes place in 19th-century China during the Qing dynasty, where the Emperor was weakened, and the country was close to chaos. It is also during a fictitious era called "The Era of the Cooking Wars". It was an era in which top chefs with different cooking styles tried their best to improve their skills and to become the best chef in China. It is a country where insulting a high-grade chef or fooling around with cooking could land a person in a jail, and impersonating a top-chef is as bad as usurpation of authority. Chefs compete with each other in order to gain respect and even power, but also with the risks of losing everything.
After the death of Mao's mother, Pai, who was called the "Goddess of Cuisine", Mao becomes a Super Chef in order to take the title as Master Chef of his mother's restaurant. However, before he takes his mother's place as Master Chef, he continues to travel China in order to learn more of the many ways of cooking, in the hopes of becoming a legendary chef, just like his mother. During his journey, he meets great friends and fierce rivals who wish to challenge him in the field of cooking.
Characters
Main characters
A 13-year-old boy. Mao basically grew up in the kitchen watching his mother cook in her restaurant. Due to this, he grew up learning his mother's cooking skills and also ended up with the same love for cooking his mother had. Although he had that kind of knowledge, Mao did not cook much, and everyone just thought of him as a kid who just played around and who did not even know how to cook. It was not until his mother's restaurant was in jeopardy that he decided to cook. To everyone's surprise, Mao was a genius chef. Seeing his talent, General Lee sends him on a journey to become a Super Chef. Eventually, Mao becomes the youngest Super Chef in history and decides to travel the country even more, so he can learn more about cooking techniques.
Even though he does not have much experience, Mao has the pride of a truly experienced chef and having learned from his mother that a chef's purpose is to create a dish that makes people happy, he always put his customers' needs first and is always able to make a creative dish that greatly satisfies them. Along with his curiosity in wanting to learn more about cooking, Mao also has unique taste buds; having the ability to remember every single food he has eaten and its ingredients, he could even identify or name all of the ingredients in the food he is currently eating. These traits make Mao a strong contender in the battlefield of cooking.
The 16-year-old daughter of Chouyu. Originally, she was a helper at the Yang Spring Restaurant. She fell in love with Mao after seeing how much he loves cooking and how he also cares about others. She only knows a little about the cooking field, but she is useful when it comes to little facts and often tries to help Mao with various other things. After finding out that Mao was leaving the Yang Spring Restaurant to travel China, she was heartbroken since she thought that she could live a life with him. She eventually made up her mind and decided to also leave the restaurant, in order to travel with him (In the manga, she did not accompany Mao in his journey around China). Mei often gets into arguments with Shirou and always ends up slapping or hitting him. She also gets very jealous every time another woman gets near Mao. An example of her animosity towards women that gets close to Mao is when his sister, Karin, visits him to bring their mother's cooking materials; she says that Karin will never be good for Mao, until she finds out that she is his sister. On another occasion, when the female chef, Anzu, finally realized the way of making singe cuisine, she kissed Mao as a sign of gratitude, but Mei Li became angry and began to express her anger by hitting Shirou. However, she says that her number one rival for Mao's heart is his love for cooking. She is a spitting image of her deceased mother, Meika.
Si Lang/
A 12-year-old mischievous traveling companion. His mother is Japanese, making him half Japanese and half Chinese. He first met Mei Li and Mao when they found him passed out, due to hunger, in the forest (In the manga, he bumped into Mao after stealing food from people). He left his village when he was 10 so he could fulfill his promise of becoming a Super Chef. Although he did not become one during his two-year travel, he pretended to be one when he returned to his village (which was moments before meeting Mao and Mei Li). He was soon found out when a cooking official said his Super Chef badge was fake. After finding out that Mao was a Super Chef, he made himself Mao's apprentice and decided to travel with him. He often teases Mei Li and constantly grabs her breasts, resulting in him being constantly hit by her. He may not be a cooking genius, but he knows more about cooking than Mei Li and is only somewhat average in cooking. Shirou often gets into trouble and also causes trouble for the other group members. He later becomes a chef-in-training at Yang Spring Restaurant.
A Dim Sum master from San Sei. He is also called "Steel Staff Xie". He is in his twenties and is considered to be the youngest Dim Sum Master. He always carries with him a heavy steel staff, which he uses as both a weapon and a cooking utensil. Several yellow stars are engraved on the end of the staff, signifying the number of Super Chefs he has defeated. After challenging Mao to a cooking battle, he engraved a black star on his staff because he had lost. He one day hopes to replace that black star with a yellow one.
Xie Lu is considered to be a nomad; he often encounters Mao and his friends during their travel. Starting at a young age, he has traveled around China in order to learn more about cooking. He has a very optimistic view on life and often scolds Shirou (he had a bad impression of Shirou ever since Shirou unknowingly made him a bad plate of food).
Xie Lu is very athletic and also happens to be good at math. He later travels with Mao and the others in search for the Legendary Cooking Utensils. His fookien name is Ji Long.
Lei En/
Leon initially introduced himself as a member of the Dark Cooking Society; he is known for using seafood as primary ingredients for his dishes and can prepare them to their utmost potential thanks to his superior knives and the skills to wield them. He first appeared at the Yang Spring Restaurant demanding that Ruoh give him one of the Legendary Cooking Utensils that he says he is entitled. Ruoh then said that he had to battle Mao in order to find out the utensil's true successor. The battle was won by Mao and Leon soon revealed everything to him after realizing that he still loves cooking, and like Mao, Leon is also the successor to the Ever-Soul knife. Leon revealed that he betrayed and escaped the Dark Cooking Society after realizing the kind of organization they are.
It turns out that a young Leon was a cook for the Yang Spring Restaurant a few years ago. Like Mao, Leon was a natural genius in the field of cooking, having learned and comprehended just about everything Chouryuu had to teach him in just one month. He was also a kind child; not wanting to kill animals, but when he does, he places a red paper talisman on the dead animal and prays for it. Since he wanted to learn more about cooking, he left the restaurant and ventured around China. During his travels, he began to grow a strong urge to become a better cook, but when he could not find anymore suitable things to learn, he decided to join the Dark Cooking Society in order to learn their Dark Cooking Techniques. While in the Underground, his knife skills evolved to an unreachable level. Corrupted by the organization, he became even more obsessed in becoming the best chef. He sought out Luo Xie, the best knife forger in China, and had him forge the best knives. Luo Xie called his creation the Seven-Star Knives, the best knife set in all of China. On a cliff top, when Luo Xie said that he will one day create a better set, Leon was enraged, and in a fit of anger, stabbed him in the abdomen, causing him to fall off. This traumatized Leon and began to make things right from that point. He is the only person who possesses the coveted Seven-Star knives. Although, on the episode "The True Owner of the Seven-Star Knives", he encounters an Underground female chef, Shan An, who possesses duplicates.
He travels with Mao retrieving the Legendary Cooking Utensils, in order to prevent the Dark Cooking Society from possessing them.
A 14-year-old chef from Shanghai who used to be a 4th level chef at Yang Spring Restaurant. Initially, he did not like Mao because he knew that Mao would eventually take his spot at the restaurant and then he would have to leave. He was not liked much in the restaurant since everyone thought that he was a lazy cook who did not even like cooking in the first place. It was not until Mao found him practicing his cooking skills, late at night, that Mao realized that he likes to cook. San Jie revealed to him that his father was a great chef, but he had extremely strict teaching methods. Due to the stress, Sanche ended up cutting his hand and instead of being worried, his father scolded him even more causing his mother to interfere. Since she interfered, she ended up getting the blame. Not being able to stand it anymore, San Jie ran away from home and started working in the Yang Spring Restaurant. He ended up getting a scar from when he cut his hand and he says that he has difficulty cutting ingredients because every time he sees his scar, he is reminded of all those terrible events. After talking San Jie into not giving up as a chef, they worked all night to come up with an idea that would convince Zhou Yu, the Vice Chef at Yang Spring, to not kick San Jie out of the restaurant. Though they succeeded in doing so, Sanche decided that he would go back home to make up with his father, since he still loves him, and to also take up his father's strict training again, so he can hone his skills even more.
When San Jie encountered Mao and his group in Shanghai, he was already a Head Chef at his father's restaurant and had greatly improved his cooking skills, especially his knife skills.
A handsome 16-year-old genius chef. Although he is considered to be a more knowledgeable chef than Mao, he is the one chef that could be considered as Mao's true rival in cooking. Unlike Mao, Fei is a calm and collected chef who can always do things in an organized manner. He was first introduced as one of Mao's opponents during the Super Chef tournament. Even though he was an opponent who seemed to have a cold personality, he helped Mao a few times during the competition. He, along with Mao, made history when they both passed the Super Chef test at the same time. It turned out that he knows about Mao's mother, and that he sees her as his savior.
When he was young, his entire family was killed by the Underground Cooking Society that also kidnapped him. He was brought to them and went through strict training in order to create perfect dishes and see who has the greatest potential to become a member of the Underground Cooking Society. He was forced to go through torturous training everyday or face death or torture. When he escaped, he passed out in front of Kikkaro Restaurant. Pai found him, treated his wounds, and fed him herbal soup that rejuvenated his body. Before meeting her, Fei thought of cooking as this horrible thing that caused him so much pain. When he met her, he realized that cooking was something where you create dishes that would make people happy. After learning from her he went to travel around China.
When Mao encountered Fei again, Fei was a chef working for the Dark Cooking Society and was about to become the Head Chef of the Imperial Kitchen. Mao could not believe that Fei was a bad guy and challenged him to a cooking battle that would be judged by the Emperor himself. Mao ended up winning the battle and found out that Fei was being manipulated by the Underground. After being healed by the Legendary Cooking Utensils, Fei revealed that he was drugged by the Dark Cooking Society, so he would turn evil and become one of their pawns in taking over China. When he found out that the organization that killed his parents and kidnapped him was the Dark Cooking Society, he wanted to seek revenge and infiltrated their headquarters. Unfortunately, that was when he was captured and drugged. Even though he was being manipulated, his actions were still bad. General Lee ordered Fei to protect Mao as he looks for the Legendary Cooking Utensils (not to make it obvious that he was being lenient to Fei). So, Fei ended up traveling with the rest of the group.
The legendary chef from Sichuan and Mao's deceased mother. She was the former Master Chef of Kikkaro Restaurant. Pai was called the 'Sichuan Fairy', or the 'Fairy of Cuisine', and was one of the most respected chefs in all of China. Even though she did not directly teach Mao her cooking techniques, she did teach him her ideals. She taught him how to use cooking to make people happy and healthy.
Pai was such a great chef that she was considered a threat to the Underground Cooking Society. In her early years as a chef, the Underground would always send chefs to battle her, which she always won. She even made a notebook compiling all the information she gained from battling chefs from the Dark Cooking Society, which would include the Dark Cooking Techniques that they used against her. Mao would eventually come to have possession of this book.
In the manga, it is revealed that she died from exhaustion. After her former pupil, Shao An, became a Super Chef, he stole all the chefs that were cooking in her restaurant, making her do all the work on her own. Though she died, her teachings would live on in her son, Mao.
Minor characters
The Vice Chef of Yang Spring Restaurant. Zhou Yu is known to be one of the best chefs in Guangzhou. He is usually the main chef in the restaurant since Ruoh rarely cooks anymore. He has strict rules for the chefs-in-training in the kitchen. Many say he has a steel heart and barely changes his expressions, but they still respect him greatly. Ruoh seems to be the only person that he listens to and is also the only person that can irritate him. He becomes Mao's Master and is also Mei's father. Even though he is very skilled in cooking, he is a bad fisherman. He tried to challenge Ruoh in fishing, but just ended up irritated by Ruoh's win.
The Master Chef of Yang Spring Restaurant. A skilled, experienced, and very well-respected Chef in Guangzhou. He may not seem like it at first glance, but he is an extremely well-built man with amazing power. He has the nickname of 'Superman Chef' in Guangzhou. He uses the Devil Cow Knife (which is used to chop cows' heads in one swing, and butcher it in another) to display his skill, 'The Skill of God', which uses his extreme strength (though, he no longer uses it too often due to his old age). Ruoh is often seen drinking alcohol. He is also Chouyu's Master and is one of the four Cooking Elders of Guangzhou.
Mao's first cooking rival. He used to be Pai's best apprentice until an accident left him scarred and unable to cook properly. After quitting, he turned rotten and returned to take over Kikkaro Restaurant. He ended up being the major contributor to Pai's death & even had the gall to take his anger out on her youngest offspring. Although after losing a cooking battle, judged by General Lee, against Mao, he was forced to permanently quit as a chef, which was the consequence of losing. Although he did not stay gone for too long, later showing up to challenge Mao once again, but this time as a chef for the Underground. After once again losing to Mao, he was prepared to sacrifice himself, along with everyone else, by blowing up the boat they were on. When he was about to fall to his death, Mao grabbed his arm and tried to save him. After a few words by Mao, Shao An understood his love for cooking and was able to let go of his hatred for Mao and Pai. Unfortunately, it was too late, and if Mao did not let go of Shao An's hand, Mao would fall with him. Having turned good again & feeling he should atone for all his terrible deeds, he saved Mao from falling with him by cutting his own hand off and falling to his death (In the anime, Shao An simply slipped from Mao's hand and fell to his death). Before he died, he also gave Mao the other half of Pai's book, which had detailed information on the Underground.
An Admiral for the Imperial Army of China. He is the Master Chef of the Emperor's Imperial Kitchen which makes him a highly skilled chef and basically the number one ranked chef in China. He is the one who sent Mao on his journey in becoming a Super Chef after seeing his natural talent and infinite potential. Lee often bumps into Mao during their journey and usually gives him other tasks, in the hopes of making Mao a great chef.
Mao's older sister. She works at the Kikkaro Restaurant as a waitress. When her mother died, she was the one left to take care of the restaurant.
Media
Manga
Chūka Ichiban!, written and illustrated by Etsushi Ogawa, was first serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine from October 11, 1995, to May 29, 1996. It was later moved to the publisher's Magazine Special, where it ran from July 5 to November 5, 1996. Kodansha collected its chapters in five tankōbon volumes, released from February 14, 1996, and December 11, 1996.
A follow-up sequel, , was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine from January 1, 1997, to May 19, 1999. Its chapters were collected in twelve tankōbon volumes, published between May 14, 1997, and June 15, 1999.
Ogawa started a sequel, titled , published in Kodansha's Magazine Pocket app since November 10, 2017. Kodansha has compiled its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was published on April 9, 2018. As of September 8, 2023, fifteen volumes have been published.
Anime
1997 series
An anime television series adaptation by Nippon Animation aired on Fuji TV from April 27, 1997, to September 13, 1998.
Episode list
2019 series
In 2019, it was announced that Shin Chūka Ichiban!, or True Cooking Master Boy manga would receive an anime television series adaptation produced by NAS, with animation by Production I.G. It is directed and written by Itsuro Kawasaki, with characters designs by Saki Hasegawa and music composed by Jun Ichikawa. The series aired from October 12 to December 28, 2019, on MBS's Animeism programming block.
After the final episode, it was announced that the series will be receiving a second season, with the staff and cast are reprising their roles. The second season aired from January 12 to March 30, 2021, on Tokyo MX, MBS, and BS-NTV.
China Film Animation licensed the series in Mainland China and Southeast Asia, and is streaming it on iQIYI.
Episode list
Season 1
Season 2
Anime theme songs
Chūka Ichiban!
Opening themes
by Maki Ohguro (episodes 1–18)
by Zard (episodes 19–36)
by Deen (episodes 37–52)
Ending themes
by (episodes 1-20)
by (episodes 21–36)
by Keiko Utoku (episodes 37–52)
Shin Chūka Ichiban!
Opening theme
by (season 1)
"Tough Heart" by Aika Kobayashi (season 2)
Ending theme
by Brian the Sun (season 1)
"COLORS" by (season 2)
See also
Dark cuisine or hei an liao li, a term coined from the series for bizarre food combinations
The God of Cookery (1996), a Stephen Chow cooking film
Yakitate!! Japan (2002 debut), a cooking manga and anime series
Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma (2012 debut), a cooking manga and anime series
Notes
References
External links
1997 anime television series debuts
2019 anime television series debuts
Anhui in fiction
Anime and manga set in China
Animeism
Beijing in fiction
Comics set in the Qing dynasty
Cooking in anime and manga
Crunchyroll anime
Fuji TV original programming
Guangzhou in fiction
Japanese webcomics
Kodansha manga
Nippon Animation
Production I.G
Shanghai in fiction
Sichuan in fiction
Shōnen manga
Tokyo MX original programming
Webcomics in print
Xinjiang in fiction |
4398024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiku%20Abubakar | Atiku Abubakar | Atiku Abubakar (; born 25 November 1946) is a Nigerian politician and businessman who served as the vice president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 during the presidency of Olusegun Obasanjo. He ran as governor of Adamawa State in 1990, 1996, and in 1998, when he was finally elected before he became Obasanjo's running mate during the 1999 presidential election and was re-elected in 2003.
Atiku Abubakar ran unsuccessfully for President of Nigeria six times, in 1993, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. He ran in the Social Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1993, but lost to Moshood Abiola and Baba Gana Kingibe. He was a presidential candidate of the Action Congress in the 2007 presidential election coming in third to Umaru Yar'Adua of the PDP and Muhammadu Buhari of the ANPP. He contested the presidential primaries of the People's Democratic Party during the 2011 presidential election losing out to incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. In 2014, he joined the All Progressives Congress ahead of the 2015 presidential election and contested the presidential primaries losing to Muhammadu Buhari. In 2017, he returned to the Peoples Democratic Party and was the party presidential candidate during the 2019 presidential election, again losing to incumbent President Muhammadu Buhari.
In May 2022, he was chosen as the Peoples Democratic Party presidential candidate again, this time for the 2023 general election after he defeated Nyesom Wike, the Governor of Rivers State, in the primaries. He came in second in the general election, being defeated by Bola Tinubu, though Abubakar joined other opposition candidates in demanding a revote.
Background
Family
Atiku Abubakar was born on 25 November 1946 in Jada, a village which was then under the administration of the British Cameroons – the territory later joined with the Federation of Nigeria in the 1961 British Cameroons referendum. His father, Garba Abubakar was a Fulani trader and farmer, and his mother was Aisha Kande. He was named after his paternal grandfather Atiku Abdulqadir who hails from Wurno, Sokoto State and migrated to Kojoli village at Jada, Adamawa State, his maternal grandfather called Inuwa Dutse migrated to Jada, Adamawa State from Dutse, Jigawa State he became the only child of his parents when his only sister died at infancy. In 1957, his father died by drowning while crossing a river to Toungo, a neighbouring village to Jada.
Education
His father was opposed to the idea of Western education and tried to keep Atiku Abubakar out of the traditional school system. When the government discovered that Abubakar was not attending mandatory schooling, his father spent a few days in jail until Aisha Kande's mother paid the fine. At the age of eight, Abubakar enrolled in the Jada Primary School, Adamawa. After completing his primary school education in 1960, he was admitted into Adamawa Provincial Secondary School in the same year, alongside 59 other students. He graduated from secondary school in 1965 after he made grade three in the West African Senior School Certificate Examination.
Following secondary school, Abubakar studied a short while at the Nigeria Police College in Kaduna. He left the College when he was unable to present an O-Level Mathematics result, and worked briefly as a Tax Officer in the Regional Ministry of Finance, from where he gained admission to the School of Hygiene in Kano in 1966. He graduated with a Diploma in 1967, having served as Interim Student Union President at the school. In 1967 he enrolled for a Law Diploma at the Ahmadu Bello University Institute of Administration, on a scholarship from the regional government. After graduation in 1969, during the Nigerian Civil War, he was employed by the Nigeria Customs Service.
In 2021, Abubakar successfully completed and passed his Master's degree in International Relations at Anglia Ruskin University.
Marriages and personal life
Abubakar has four wives and twenty eight children. Atiku explains: "I wanted to expand the Abubakar family. I felt extremely lonely as a child. I had no brother and no sister. I did not want my children to be as lonely as I was. This is why I married more than one wife. My wives are my sisters, my friends, and my advisers and they complement one another."
In 1971, he secretly married Titilayo Albert, in Lagos; her family was initially opposed to the union. His children from her include: Fatima, Adamu, Halima and Aminu. In 1979, he married Ladi Yakubu as his second wife. He has six children with Ladi: Abba, Atiku, Zainab, Ummi-Hauwa, Maryam and Rukaiyatu. In 1983, he married his third wife, Princess Rukaiyatu, daughter of the Lamido of Adamawa, Aliyu Mustafa. The children from her are: Aisha, Hadiza, Aliyu (named after her late father), Asmau, Mustapha, Laila and Abdulsalam. Abubakar later divorced Ladi, allowing him to marry, as his fourth wife (the maximum permitted him as a Muslim), Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas. In 1986, he married his fifth wife (only his fourth legal wife at the time, owing to his earlier divorce from Ladi), Fatima Shettima. Her children include: Amina (Meena), Mohammed and the twins Ahmed and Shehu, the twins Zainab and Aisha, and Hafsat.
On 1 February 2022, Jennifer Douglas confirmed her divorce from Abubakar in a statement to the media. According to her, their union broke down due to disagreements over her continued residence in the United Kingdom, amongst other long-standing issues.
Business career
Customs
Abubakar worked in the Nigeria Customs Service for twenty years, rising to become the Deputy Director, as the second highest position in the Service was then known; he retired in April 1989 and took up full-time business and politics. He started out in the real estate business during his early days as a Customs Officer.
Real estate
In 1974, he applied for and received a 31,000 naira loan to build his first house in Yola, which he put up for rent. From proceeds of the rent, he purchased another plot and built a second house. He continued this way, building a sizeable portfolio of property in Yola, Nigeria. In 1981, he moved into agriculture, acquiring 2,500 hectares of land near Yola to start a maize and cotton farm. The business fell on hard times and closed in 1986. "My first foray into agriculture, in the 1980s, ended in failure," he wrote in an April 2014 blog. He then ventured into trading, buying and selling truckloads of rice, flour and sugar.
Transportation
Abubakar's most important business move came while he was a Customs Officer at the Apapa Ports. Gabrielle Volpi, an Italian businessman in Nigeria, invited him to set up Nigeria Container Services (NICOTES), a logistics company operating within the Ports. NICOTES would later go on to become Intels Nigeria Limited and provide immense wealth to Abubakar. Abubakar is a co-founder of Intels Nigeria Limited, an oil servicing business with extensive operations in Nigeria and abroad. Atiku's other business interests are centred within Yola, Adamawa; and include the Adama Beverages Limited, a beverage manufacturing plant in Yola, an animal feed factory, and the American University of Nigeria (AUN), the first American-style private university to be established in Sub-Saharan Africa. He retired in April 1989 and took up full-time business and politics.
Involvement in business
Conflict of interest accusations has since trailed him on account of his involvement in business while a civil servant, who exercised supervisory authority. On his part, Abubakar has defended the decision, saying his involvement was limited to the ownership of shares (which government rules permitted), and that he was not involved in the day-to-day running of the business. His company NICOTES would later be rebranded into INTELS and would later go on to feature prominently in accusations of money laundering levelled against n Abubakar by the U.S. government during his vice presidency.
Early political career
Abubakar's first foray into politics was in the early 1980s, when he worked behind-the-scenes on the governorship campaign of Bamanga Tukur, who at that time was managing director of the Nigeria Ports Authority. He canvassed for votes on behalf of Tukur, and also donated to the campaign.
Towards the end of his Customs career, he met General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, who had been second-in-command Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters between 1976 and 1979. Abubakar was drawn by Yar'Adua into the political meetings that were now happening regularly in Yar'Adua's Lagos home, which gave rise to the People's Front of Nigeria. The People's Front included politicians such as Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, Baba Gana Kingibe, Bola Tinubu, Sabo Bakin Zuwo, Rabiu Kwankwaso, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila and Abubakar Koko.
In 1989, Abubakar was elected the National Vice-Chairman of the Peoples Front of Nigeria in the build-up to the Third Nigerian Republic. Abubakar won a seat to represent his constituency at the 1989 Constituent Assembly, set up to decide a new constitution for Nigeria. The People's Front was eventually denied registration by the military government (none of the groups that applied was registered), and merged with the government-created Social Democratic Party (SDP).
On 1 September 1990, Abubakar announced his Gongola State gubernatorial bid. A year later, before the elections could hold, Gongola State was broken up into two – Adamawa and Taraba States – by the Federal Government. Abubakar fell into the new Adamawa State. After the contest he won the SDP Primaries in November 1991, but was soon disqualified by the government from contesting the elections.
In 1993, Abubakar contested the SDP presidential primaries. The results after the first ballot of the primaries held in Jos was: Moshood Abiola with 3,617 votes, Baba Gana Kingibe with 3,255 votes and Abubakar with 2,066 votes. Abubakar and Kingibe considered joining forces combining 5,231 votes to challenge Abiola. However, after Shehu Yar'Adua asked Atiku Abubakar to withdraw from the campaign, with Abiola promising to make him his running mate. Abiola was later pressured by SDP governors to select Kinigbe as his Vice-presidential running mate, in the June 12 presidential election.
After the 12 June and during the General Sani Abacha transition, Abubakar showed interest to contest for the Gubnetorial seat of Adamawa State under the United Nigeria Congress Party, the transition program came to an end with the death of General Abacha. In 1998, Abubakar joined the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and later secured nomination for Governor of Adamawa State, winning the December 1998 governorship elections, but before he could be sworn in he accepted a position as the running mate to the PDP presidential candidate, former military head of state General Olusegun Obasanjo who went on to win the 1999 presidential election ushering in the Fourth Nigerian Republic.
Vice President of Nigeria
First term
On 29 May 1999, Abubakar was sworn in as Vice President of Nigeria. His first term was mainly characterized by his role as Chairman of the National Economic Council and head of the National Council on Privatization, overseeing the sale of hundreds of loss-making and poorly managed public enterprises alongside Nasir El Rufai.
Second term
Abubakar's second term as vice president was marked by a stormy relationship with President Obasanjo. In 2006, Abubakar was involved in a bitter public battle with his boss, President Olusegun Obasanjo, ostensibly arising from the latter's bid to amend certain provisions of the constitution to take another shot at the presidency (Third Term Agenda).
Third term agenda
The controversy generated by the failed constitutional amendment caused a rift in the People's Democratic Party. The National Assembly eventually vetoed the amendments allowing, Obasanjo to run for another term. In 2006, Abubakar fell out with President Olusegun Obasanjo, and switched parties, from the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) to the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), in preparation for the 2007 elections.
In a November 2013 interview regarding Obasanjo's alleged attempts to justify his third term bid, Abubakar is quoted as saying: On 30 March 2014, Nigerian media reported that a delegation from the Northern Youth Leaders Forum visited Obasanjo at his home in Abeokuta and pleaded with him to "forgive your former vice-president, Alhaji Atiku Abubakar of whatever political sin or offence he might have committed against you." In response, Obasanjo is quoted as saying that "as a leader and father, I bear no grudge against anybody and if there is, I have forgiven them all."
Presidential election of 2007
On 25 November 2006 Abubakar announced that he would run for president. On 20 December 2006, he was chosen as the presidential candidate of the Action Congress (AC). On 14 March 2007, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) released the final list of 24 aspirants for 21 April presidential election. Abubakar's name was missing from the ballot. INEC issued a statement stating that Abubakar's name was missing because he was on a list of persons indicted for corruption by a panel set up by the government. Abubakar headed to the courts on 16 March to have his disqualification overturned. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled on 16 April that INEC had no power to disqualify candidates. The ruling allowed Abubakar to contest the election, although there were concerns that it might not be possible to provide ballots with Abubakar's name by 21 April, the date of the election. On 17 April, a spokesman for INEC said that Abubakar would be on the ballot. According to official results, Abubakar took third place, behind PDP candidate Umaru Yar'Adua and ANPP candidate Muhammadu Buhari, with approximately 7% of the vote (2.6 million votes). Abubakar rejected the election results and called for its cancellation, describing it as Nigeria's "worst election ever." He stated that he would not attend Umaru Yar'Adua's inauguration on 29 May due to his view that the election was not credible, saying that he did not want to "dignify such a hollow ritual with my presence".
Post–vice presidency
Return to the PDP
Following the 2007 elections, Abubakar returned to the People's Democratic Party. In October 2010 he announced his intention to contest for the Presidency. On 22 November, a Committee of Northern Elders selected him as the Northern Consensus Candidate, over former Military President Ibrahim Babangida, former National Security Adviser Aliyu Gusau and Governor Bukola Saraki of Kwara State. In January 2011, Abubakar contested for the Presidential ticket of his party alongside President Jonathan and Sarah Jubril, and lost the primary, garnering 805 votes to President Jonathan's 2736.
In August 2013, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) registered two new political parties. One of them was the Peoples Democratic Movement. Local media reports suggested that the party was formed by Abubakar as a back-up plan in case he was unable to fulfil his rumoured presidential ambitions on the PDP platform. In a statement Abubakar acknowledged that the PDM was founded by his "political associates", but that he remained a member of the PDP.
All Progressives Congress
On 2 February 2014, Abubakar once again left the Peoples Democratic Party and became a founding member All Progressives Congress, with the ambition of contesting for the presidency ahead of the 2015 presidential election. The results of the APC presidential primaries results held in Lagos was: Muhammadu Buhari with 3,430 votes, Rabiu Kwankwaso with 974 votes, Atiku Abubakar with 954 votes, Rochas Okorocha with 400 votes and Sam Nda-Isiah with 10 votes. On Friday, 24 November 2017, Abubakar announced his exit from the All Progressives Congress (APC), and returned to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) on 3 December 2017. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved.
2019 presidential campaign
In 2018, Abubakar began his presidential campaign and secured the party nomination of the PDP in the presidential primaries held in Port Harcourt on 7 October 2018. He defeated all the other aspirants and got 1,532 votes, 839 more than the runner-up, the Governor of Sokoto State Aminu Tambuwal. Atiku Abubakar continued his campaign rally in Kogi State as he promised to complete abandoned projects in the state. On 30 January, he participated in the town hall meeting tagged #NGTheCandidate. And in the meeting, he declared that he will grant amnesty to looters and he vowed to privatize 90% of NNPC, Nigeria's primary source of income. Atiku took his campaigns to Katsina, visit Emir of Daura on 7 February 2019 On 27 February 2019, Atiku lost the presidential election to incumbent President Muhammadu Buhari by over 3 million votes. The appealed at the Supreme Court and described the election as the "worst in Nigeria's democratic history."
2023 presidential campaign
Atiku Abubakar emerged as the presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party for 2023 election after he defeated 12 other candidates in a keenly contested presidential primary held at the Moshood Abiola Stadium in Abuja on 28 May 2022. Of the 767 accredited ballots at the election, he polled 371 votes while his closest challenger, Governor of Rivers State, Nyesom Wike, came second with 237 votes.
Nigeria's former Senate President, Bukola Saraki, scored 70 votes to come a distant third while Governor of Akwa Ibom, Udom Emmanuel, came fourth with 38 votes.
Ideology and public image
Federalism
Abubakar launched the True Federalism campaign in 2017. He has delivered speeches around the country on the need to restructure the country.
He recently declared at an event where he was conferred the award Hero Of Democracy by Hall of Grace Magazine.
"Political decentralization will also help to deepen and strengthen our democracy as it will encourage more accountability. Citizens are more likely to demand accountability when governments spend their tax money rather than rent collected from an impersonal source."
He also said: "True Federalism will encourage states to compete, to attract investments and skilled workers rather than merely waiting for monthly revenue allocation from Abuja"
Many of his speeches have received praise as some Nigerians have supported the idea of True Federalism, which involves allowing states to have control over their resources, most notably the South-South and South East of Nigeria.
Education
In his speeches and commentary, Abubakar is a vocal advocate of the importance of Nigeria's educational system. He is also the founder of the American University of Nigeria (AUN) in Yola, Adamawa. It was founded in Yola, the capital of Adamawa State as American University of Nigeria (AUN) by Abubakar in 2005. He has said that having benefited from the U.S. system of instruction as a young man, he was eager to make available in Nigeria an American styled faculty – emphasizing critical thinking, small classes, student participation, problem-solving. AUN has received special recognition from Google.
In August 2014, Abubakar said in a statement:
″Our country's educational institutions are clearly not providing quality learning. Our teachers need to be taught. This situation is a new development—of the past 10 years or so. The steady decline of education in Nigeria is a reflection of our country's relegation of education to the background of national essentialities. That is where the change must begin. Teachers are important—as important as senators and doctors. Indeed, teachers determine the quality of senators and doctors. And so, the entire country stands to suffer the effects of this neglect in future. Nigeria must once again make education a priority. We must return to the basics.″
In a bid to alleviate the educational decadence in the North East, Abubakar issued scholarships to 15 escapees of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping.
Corruption
Atiku was implicated in an international bribery scandal along with William Jefferson and one of Atiku's wives, Jennifer Atiku Abubakar. Following rumours by pundits that Atiku was unable to visit the United States, in January 2017, the U.S. government released a statement saying it would need the consent of the politician before it can disclose the true state of his immigration status to the United States. Abubakar has publicly claimed that the true reason is that his visa is still being processed. However, In recent times, Atiku in company with Bukola Saraki, visited the United States 17 January 2019 with the aid of Brian Ballard.
Titles and honours
Traditional titles
In 1982, Abubakar was given the chieftaincy title of the Turaki of Adamawa by his future father-in-law, Adamawa's traditional ruler Alhaji Aliyu Mustafa. The title had previously been reserved for the monarch's favourite prince in the palace, as the holder is in charge of the monarch's domestic affairs. In June 2017, Abubakar was given the chieftaincy title of the Waziri of Adamawa, and his previous title of Turaki was transferred to his son, Aliyu, his first son with his third wife.
International honours
In 2011, while celebrating the 50th anniversary of the US Peace Corps in 2011, the National Peace Corps Association (NPCA) – an independent 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organisation, separate from the Peace Corps, that serves as an alumni association for Returned Peace Corps Volunteers – honoured Abubakar with the Harris Wofford Global Citizen Award. At the presentation of the award, the National Peace Corps Association described Abubakar as one individual who contributed to the development of higher education on the continent of Africa. "No private businessman in Africa has worked harder for democracy or contributed more to the progress of higher education than Atiku Abubakar," the NPCA said. This was after, in 2012, when Abubakar donated $750,000 to the National Peace Corps Association in the United States, "to fund a new initiative featuring global leaders who will discuss Peace Corps's impact." It was the largest ever individual donation in the Association's history.
References
External links
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1946 births
Action Congress of Nigeria politicians
All Progressives Congress politicians
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
People from Adamawa State
Peoples Democratic Party vice presidents of Nigeria
Vice presidents of Nigeria
Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2007
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian businesspeople
University and college founders
Founders of Nigerian schools and colleges
Nigerian philanthropists
Nigerian company founders
People named in the Panama Papers
Candidates for President of Nigeria
Candidates in the 2019 Nigerian general election
Ahmadu Bello University alumni |
4398124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying%20Freeman | Crying Freeman | is a Japanese manga series written by Kazuo Koike and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. Crying Freeman follows a Japanese assassin hypnotized and trained by the Chinese mafia (called the "108 Dragons") to serve as its agent and covered in a vast and complex dragon tattoo. A quiet but complicated killer, Freeman reflexively sheds tears after every killing as a sign of regret.
The manga was originally serialized by Shogakukan in its magazine Big Comic Spirits from 1986 to 1988. It was first published in North America by Viz Media in comic book form. Viz later republished the series in graphic novel form in two versions: an initial set and longer volumes that combined the initial volumes together, dubbed "Perfect Collections." From 2006 to 2007, the manga was republished by Dark Horse Comics in five volumes.
The story was adapted into an anime OVA by Toei Animation, released from 1988 to 1994. Crying Freeman has also been adapted into three live-action films: two 1990 Hong Kong films in Cantonese (Killer's Romance and The Dragon from Russia) and a 1995 French-Canadian production in English.
Plot
Yō Hinomura, a Japanese potter, comes into the possession of some film showing an assassination by an agent of the 108 Dragons, a powerful Chinese mafia. Seeking its return, they kidnap him. Subjected to forced hypnosis, Yo is effectively brainwashed into acting as the 108 Dragons' principal assassin yet - cruelly - is permitted to remember his innocent past at the moment he kills, shedding a tear unconsciously each time that he does so. He is given the codename "Crying Freeman" as a result.
One of his killings is witnessed by Emu Hino, a lonely and beautiful Japanese artist. Knowing he must kill her; she paints his portrait and waits for him to come. When he does so, she tells him that she is tired of being alone and wishes to end her life. She asks for a favor before he kills her - to make love to her, so that she will not die as a virgin. He grants her wish but finds he cannot kill her and they fall in love. The killing she witnessed was of a yakuza boss, however, so the yakuza want to find her so that they can find the killer. One of the yakuza attempts to enter Emu's home and force her to disclose the name of the killer, critically injuring her. Freeman takes her to the hospital and tells her to meet him at Hinomura Kiln, where he intends to part with her. Instead, she accompanies him back to the 108 Dragons, where he tattoos her with tigers, and they marry.
The heads of the 108 Dragons decide to name Freeman as their heir. He is given the Chinese name Lóng Tài-Yáng, and Emu is renamed Hǔ Qīng-Lán, as both pass the tests given to them. It proves not as easy as that, however, as they must contend with challenges to the leadership from Bái-Yá Shàn, the granddaughter of the leaders of the 108 Dragons, and attempts to destroy the Dragons from other underground organizations.
Characters
108 Dragons
The is a Chinese Mafia that rose to prominence in the 1970s. It holds numerous assets around the world, including its own nuclear submarine. As a rule in the organization, succession by blood inheritance is prohibited.
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Portrayed by: Mark Dacascos
The son of a famous potter and a rising pottery star himself. During a visit to America to showcase his works, a photographer hid secret pictures of the 108 Dragons in one of his pots. Yo found the photos and was asked by the Dragons to surrender them but refused. As retribution, Father Dragon had him kidnapped and put under hypnosis, as he was considered the perfect candidate to lead the 108 Dragons.
Yo was then trained by Mother Tiger in assassination techniques and martial arts. After his training was complete, he received a giant dragon tattoo covering his body. Because he cries in remorse for his victims after he snaps out of his trance (it seems later to just become habit due to the fact that he willingly takes on missions), he earned the name Crying Freeman. As Freeman, Yo possesses incredible agility and strength, and is considered the strongest man in the world. Each of his senses have been honed and sharpened and he is able to adapt to any situation. Initially shown to use guns, he comes to prefer daggers, which he can proficiently wield with both his hands and feet.
In addition to being the strongest man in the world, Lóng Tài-Yáng is also one of the most handsome, and no woman has been able to resist his charms, which he takes full sexual advantage of even after Emu Hino becomes his wife.
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Portrayed by: Julie Condra
A young artist whose father had died; Emu Hino was once a rich girl whose wealth disappeared with his death. All that was left to her was the old family mansion. One day, she witnesses Freeman chasing and killing a Japanese crime boss in Hong Kong, after which she asks his name, to which he only replied "Yo". When she sees his tears after the murder, she is intrigued and immediately falls in love with him.
Soon, she becomes witness to Freeman's murder of Shudo Shimazaki, the head of the Hakushin Society, which causes both the police and the Yakuza to tail her. She returns home only to find that Freeman is waiting for her. Emu then requests that Yo take her virginity before killing her, to which he complies. Later, Yo cannot bring himself to kill her as he has fallen in love with her, and the two eventually escape to Hong Kong. At first, Mother Tiger disapproves of her, thinking that Emu was weak, but Emu's strong will and resolve earns her the respect of the 108 Dragons. She is given the name Hǔ Qīng-Lán by Grandfather Dragon and is married to Freeman, who is renamed Lóng Tài-Yáng. Emu has a giant tiger tattooed on her back and two cubs on her torso for the children that she and Yo cannot have.
In the middle of the series, Emu gains possession of the legendary cursed katana Muramasa from an assassin who targets Freeman. She travels to the Kowloon Walled City to learn swordsmanship skills from an unlicensed dentist named Gouken Ishida. Despite being crafted during a time women were not allowed to wield swords, the Muramasa recognizes her as its true owner. As one of the leaders of the 108 Dragons, Emu is more resourceful and cleverer than even her husband, and as fearless as he is in the face of opposition. The first true owner of the Muramasa, she is quite dangerous as a sword master.
Also known as Mother Tiger, she is the former female head of the 108 Dragons. She took on the task of training Freeman, honing him into the best assassin in the world and the strongest man alive. Like Emu Hino, she has a Tiger tattooed on her body, which signifies her position in the 108 Dragons. She has adopted Freeman as a son and Emu as a daughter-in-law. While skeptical of Emu at first, she came to recognize her strength. Grandmother Tiger had a son in violation of the 108 Dragons' rule that the leaders are sterilized to prevent them from having children, as the organization survives on individual talent and not on heritage or legacies. Mother Tiger came to regret her decision as her son became a cold-blooded killer even in his early youth and was exiled to a remote island.
The granddaughter of Father Dragon and Mother Tiger who challenges Freeman for the leadership of the 108 Dragons shortly after his succession. She attempts a coup d'état immediately after Freeman and Emu's wedding, with the aid of Camorra and Elder Mercury, one of the Ten Planets who was loyal to her father. Bái-Yá Shàn is defeated by Freeman and subsequently forgiven and accepted back into the 108 Dragons, from then on becoming his faithful and devoted "little sister", acting as a personal maid and bodyguard for her older brother and his wife. A giant woman in both aspects of height and weight, Bái-Yá Shàn is practically invulnerable to most attacks, as she has survived multiple gunshot wounds. She often goes into missions naked, which is quite nauseating for her opponents. Her weapons of choice are two butterfly swords, but she also likes to keep an automatic rifle handy. Bái-Yá Shàn is very emotional, openly crying in moments of fear, doubt, and sorrow; at times, she still seems rather like a little girl despite her age.
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Portrayed by: Byron Mann
A member of 108 Dragons and assistant to Freeman on his missions, who first worked with him after his kidnapping and hypnosis. After Freeman forces him to assist in helping save a critically wounded Emu Hino, he realizes that the two are meant for each other and defends Freeman's actions to Mother Tiger. After Freeman takes over leadership of the 108 Dragons, Huáng Dé-Yuán becomes his right-hand man. He dies from wounds sustained while fighting the Camorra assassin Kitche and is buried at sea after Freeman defeats her.
Hakushin Society
Portrayed by: Mako
Leader of the Yakuza, which has a workforce of 26,000 men across Japan. His organization controls all aspects of organized crime except drug trafficking. Knowing that the 108 Dragons have sent Freeman to assassinate him in order to fully infiltrate Japan's criminal underground, Shimazaki goes to a police precinct for protection and to give vital information on the Chinese Mafia but is eventually shot in the head by a masked Freeman. Emu Hino is immediately marked as a witness when she immediately notices the tears flowing through Freeman's mask as he runs away.
Portrayed by: Masaya Kato
The second most powerful member of the Hakushin Society, he takes over the group after Shimazaki is assassinated by Freeman. Nicknamed , Ryuji attempts to kidnap Emu with the tacit support of the police. He is wounded by Freeman but survives and manages to see his face. Ryuji is later on assassinated by Freeman and Huang.
Portrayed by: Yoko Shimada
The wife of Ryuji Hanada and the most powerful woman in the Hakushin Society hierarchy. Following Ryuji's death, she ensnares Detective Nitta by managing to get compromising photos of them together taken, securing his cooperation in her scheme to locate Emu and avenge Ryuji's death, although she and Nitta quickly become lovers. Kimie and Nitta are stabbed in the chest by Freeman, but their lives are spared when Freeman forces them to accept his alibi that Yo Hinomura and Emu Hino committed suicide after killing Shimazaki over a past dispute. Later on, Kimie becomes a follower of Kumagaism and assists its leader Naiji Kumaga in his plot to seize control of the 108 Dragons by creating a clone of Freeman. Tasked by Kumaga to sleep with Freeman in order to learn his sexual habits and patterns to then pass them on to the clone, she subsequently falls in love with him and betrays Kumaga.
Portrayed by: Tchéky Karyo
A police detective assigned to interrogate Emu after identifying Freeman as "Yo" during his assassination of Shudo Shimazaki. He becomes romantically involved with Kimie Hanada after she blackmails him for his cooperation to locate Freeman and Emu. He and Kimie are forced by Freeman to tell the press of Yo Hinomura and Emu Hino's suicide in exchange for their lives. Later in the series, Nitta joins Kimie in becoming a follower of Kumagaism. When he learns that Kimie betrayed Kumaga by falling in love with Freeman, Nitta holds her hostage and demands for the 108 Dragons to send them back to Japan. His demands fall on deaf ears, as members of the 108 Dragons quickly subdue and kill him.
Camorra
Leader of the , one of the oldest and most powerful Italian Mafias in the world. With the aid of Bái-Yá Shàn and Elder Mercury, Don Carleone instigates a coup d'état to overthrow the 108 Dragons. When Don Carlone has his subordinates kill Elder Mercury and attempt to wipe out the entire hierarchy of the 108 Dragons, Freeman swiftly kills him, effectively crippling the Camorra.
A female assassin of the Camorra and Don Carleone's lover who has excellent marksmanship with a .223 Calico. Of African descent, she disguises herself as a blond-haired white woman and stabs a 108 Dragons subordinate to force him to leave a trail for her to follow all the way to Freeman. Wearing a special titanium body suit that blocks knife attacks and emits a 50,000-volt current that shocks anyone who attempts to stab her, Kitche severely wounds Huáng Dé-Yuán so he can lead her to Freeman. After killing Huáng, Kitche engages Freeman in a knife fight on the 108 Dragons' submarine, but when she lures him into the water and electrocutes him with her body suit, she realizes that Freeman has slit her wrist and the seawater is accelerating her blood loss. Freeman kisses Kitche before she dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
Askari
Leader of the (also known as the ), a nomadic terrorist group that instigates riots and political uprisings in the African continent. Naming himself after an African god, Jigon is a master of an onzil called the "Bird's Head". After killing Jigon's right-hand-man Shikebaro, Freeman follows Shikebaro's mistress Miranda towards Jigon's hideout before he plants a foot knife on Jigon's head. Jigon pulls out the knife and kills Miranda with it before succumbing to his wound.
Jigon's second-in-command in the Askari Group. Highly skilled in using the chakram, Shikebaro has personally assassinated 30 European and African VIPs. Freeman proposes for the 108 Dragons to eliminate the Askari Group after thwarting an airliner hijacking by one of Shikebaro's henchmen, but the elders vote against him. After the Askari Group sends an assassin to wipe out the elders, Freeman follows the trail of the scent of Shikebaro's ambergris musk cologne and kills him outside his hotel.
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The secret leader of the Askari group, Bugnug is an exotic and muscular African beauty specializing in the mambele. She controls the organization through her lieutenants Jigon and Shikebaro. After Freeman kills Jigon and Shikebaro, Bugnug launches a surprise attack on him. Despite losing a lot of blood, Freeman wins her over in the middle of the fight, resulting in a truce and halt to the fighting between the 108 Dragons and Askari. Bugnug saves Freeman's life through a blood transfusion, as they both share the same blood type. Bugnug falls in love with Freeman, who gives her the name "Dark Eyes", although she knows that he is already married. Since then, the Askari have been a valuable ally to the 108 Dragons, and Bugnug occasionally assists Freeman on assassination missions.
Kumagaism
Leader of the cult. He has professional wrestler Oshu Tohgoku abduct Freeman to clone him to make the 108 Dragons part of his cult and arm them with 1,000 Type 100 submachine guns to take over Japan. Kumaga also has Kimie seduce Freeman for his clone to learn more about him. Little does Kumaga know that Kimie allows Freeman to switch places with his clone, letting Freeman play along with Kumaga's scheme until he traps Kumaga in the 108 Dragons' headquarters. Kumaga recites the "curse of the bear" chant to immobilize Freeman, but he is decapitated by Emu and the Muramasa.
A championship pro wrestler, Oshu is a massive, powerful man, standing over two meters tall. It is implied that Oshu secretly assists the Hakushin Society with its killings, and fights with a large dagger designed in the sword breaker style. Oshu is also a member of Kumagaism, and is instrumental in Kumaga's plot to kidnap Freeman to clone him, nearly killing Bugnug after capturing and raping her. During Freeman's captivity, he comes to develop respect for him, and does not reveal that Freeman had successfully converted Kimie to his side and was posing as the Freeman clone. In a death match with Freeman, his superior size and strength are defeated by Freeman's agility. After Bugnug hits him with a thrown knife as the coup de grâce, Oshu asks that the 108 Dragons adopt his family before committing suicide.
Kidnappers Organization (K.O.)
A blond-haired woman who leads the . She first learned about Freeman a few years ago during one of his earlier assassinations at a hotel, where she worked as a receptionist and took photos of him during the hit. Ever since that day, she has been sexually obsessed with Freeman. Ten years later, Nina uses the K.O. to lure him in by kidnapping a prominent family in Los Angeles' Chinatown. She succeeds in capturing Freeman, but she is unable to have sex with him due to his lack of interest in her. Meanwhile, Emu leads a mission to rescue her husband and the hostages, as well as to wipe out K.O. for its audacity to attack the 108 Dragons. Nina is killed in the aftermath of this incident. (Note: In the manga, Nina is decapitated by a grenade during the assault. In the anime, Nina attempts to shoot Freeman, but he stabs her in the heart before throwing her off a cliff.)
A large, muscular, American ex-soldier with a tattoo of the Japanese deity, Kishimojin, on his back who serves as the leader of the ex-Green Berets in the Kidnappers Organization. During his tour of duty in the Vietnam War, he was somehow rendered impotent. Within K.O., Larry has found a purpose in life to create a place where people like himself can belong to - a country for soldiers. Larry is pitted against Freeman in a duel to the death by Nina and is eventually slain by the assassin.
Lucky Boyd
A member of the Kidnappers Organization. He is killed by Bái-Yá Shàn during the 108 Dragons' assault on K.O.'s island.
Others
Boss Wong
Leader of the Wong family, which has controlled Chinatown in Los Angeles for over 60 years. When the Kidnappers Organization abducts his first daughter and her family, Wong calls Freeman to rescue them.
Wonshaku
The second daughter of Boss Wong. Wonshaku works for The Pentagon in the computer strategy division. Because of this, she is called upon by Wong to assist Freeman in learning more about the Kidnappers Organization. Wonshaku is wounded in an ambush staged by the K.O.; this attack reveals the fact that the K.O.'s true target is Freeman. While Freeman is captured by the K.O., Wonshaku plants a virus in the K.O.'s mainframe before flying to their island to infiltrate their base and recover her sister's family, but her cover is blown when her niece Woh Pei recognizes her.
A young wakagashira (underboss) of a Yakuza group, Tsunaike harbors ambitions to eventually become the leader of all crime syndicates of Asia. His plan to do this involves igniting a gang war between the Yakuza and the 108 Dragons, then taking over their operations with the help of his contacts in the Russian Connection, a Russian mafia. Tsunaike is assisted in his efforts by Tanya, a beautiful Russian assassin who is also his lover. Attacking both Yakuza and members of the 108 Dragons, Tsunaike gradually becomes bolder and eventually sets a trap for Freeman. However, he and Tanya severely underestimate Freeman's abilities as an assassin, and both are killed.
Tanya
A beautiful Russian woman with short, bobbed hair and pale skin, Tanya is a highly skilled assassin affiliated with the Russian Connection. Originally sent to aid Tsunaike in his efforts to take over the Yakuza operations in Japan, Tanya eventually becomes Tsunaike's lover and faithful follower. She takes part in several missions to eliminate high-level Yakuza and 108 Dragons leaders on Tsunaike's behalf. When Tsunaike sets a trap to kill Freeman, Tanya challenges the assassin to a duel and is killed.
A master assassin nicknamed the . Tateoka ambushes Freeman with his bladed getas laced with poison. Despite being wounded and poisoned, Freeman kills Tateoka by shoving his head under a light post.
Media
Manga
The manga was published in nine volumes, from 29 March 1986 to 1988 (Weekly Big Comic Spirits 1986 #7 to 1988 #21).
Original video animation
The manga was adapted into a six-part anime OVA series by Toei Animation that was released from September 1988 to January 1994.
An English dub of the OVA was produced and distributed on VHS by Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom. In the United States, Streamline Pictures produced an English dub of the first five episodes, which were released by Orion Home Video on individual VHS tapes from January 1994 to February 1995. Streamline also planned an English dub of the sixth episode, but Orion declined to have it produced. Between 2003 and 2004, A.D. Vision (ADV) released all six episodes to DVD across three separate sets and a combined set entitled Crying Freeman: The Complete Collection. ADV used the Streamline dub for the first five episodes and produced an English dub for the sixth, with Streamline leads Steve Bulen and Edie Mirman reprising their roles as Freeman and Emu. Discotek Media reissued the Complete Collection boxed set on February 22, 2011. In 2023, Discotek released the OVA to Blu-ray with the Manga and Streamline/ADV dubs.
References
External links
ADV Films
Dark Horse Comics titles
Discotek Media
Fictional assassins in comics
Kazuo Koike
Manga adapted into films
Organized crime in anime and manga
Ryoichi Ikegami
Seinen manga
Shogakukan manga
Triad (organized crime)
Toei Animation original video animation
Viz Media manga |
4399237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%20II | Disk II | The Disk II Floppy Disk Subsystem, often rendered as Disk ][, is a -inch floppy disk drive designed by Steve Wozniak at the recommendation of Mike Markkula, and manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. It went on sale in June 1978 at a retail price of US$495 for pre-order; it was later sold for $595 () including the controller card (which can control up to two drives) and cable. The Disk II was designed specifically for use with the Apple II personal computer family to replace the slower cassette tape storage. These floppy drives cannot be used with any Macintosh without an Apple IIe Card as doing so will damage the drive or the controller.
Apple produced at least six variants of the basic -inch Disk II concept over the course of the Apple II series' lifetime: The Disk II, the Disk III, the DuoDisk, the Disk IIc, the UniDisk 5.25" and the Apple 5.25 Drive. While all of these drives look different, and use four different connector types, they're all electronically extremely similar. They can all use the same low-level disk format, and are all interchangeable with the use of simple adapters, consisting of no more than two plugs and wires between them. Most DuoDisk drives, the Disk IIc, the UniDisk 5.25" and the AppleDisk 5.25" even use the same 19-pin D-Sub connector, so they are directly interchangeable. The only " drive Apple sold aside from the Disk II family was a 360k MFM unit made to allow Mac IIs and SEs to read PC floppy disks.
This is not the case with Apple's -inch drives, which use several different disk formats and several different interfaces, electronically quite dissimilar even in models using the same connector; they are not generally interchangeable.
History
Disk II
Apple did not originally offer a disk drive for the Apple II, which used data cassette storage like other microcomputers of the time. Apple early investor and executive Mike Markkula asked cofounder Steve Wozniak to design a drive system for the computer after finding that a checkbook-balancing program Markkula had written took too long to load from tape. Wozniak knew nothing about disk controllers, but while at Hewlett-Packard he had designed a simple, five-chip circuit to operate a Shugart Associates drive.
The Apple II's lack of a disk drive was "a glaring weakness" in what was otherwise intended to be a polished, professional product. Speaking later, Osborne 1 designer Lee Felsenstein stated, "The difference between cassette and disk systems was the difference between hobbyist devices and a computer. You couldn't have expected, say, VisiCalc, to run on a cassette system." Recognizing that the II needed a disk drive to be taken seriously, Apple set out to develop a disk drive and a DOS to run it. Wozniak spent the 1977 Christmas holidays adapting his controller design, which reduced the number of chips used by a factor of 10 compared to existing controllers. Still lacking a DOS, and with Wozniak inexperienced in operating system design, Steve Jobs approached Shepardson Microsystems with the project. On April 10, 1978 Apple signed a contract for $13,000 with Shepardson to develop the DOS.
Shortly after the disk drive project began in late 1977, Steve Jobs made several trips to Shugart's offices announcing that he wanted a disk drive that would cost just $100. After Wozniak finished studying IBM disk controller designs, Jobs then demanded that Shugart sell them a stripped disk drive that had no controller board, index sensor, load solenoids, or track zero sensor. Although puzzled by this request, Shugart complied and provided Apple with 25 drive mechanisms that they could use as prototypes in developing a disk system for the Apple II. The prototypes received the designation of SA-390.
Wozniak studied North Star Computers and others' more complex floppy controllers. He believed that his simpler design lacked their features, but realized that they were less sophisticated; for example, his could use soft-sectored disks. Following the Shugart controller's manual, Wozniak attempted to develop an FM-type controller with 10 sector per track storage, but realized that Group Coded Recording could fit 13 sectors per track. Wozniak called the resultant Disk II system "my most incredible experience at Apple and the finest job I did", and credited it and VisiCalc with the Apple II's success.
Fellow engineer Cliff Huston came up with several procedures for resuscitating the faulty drives on the assembly line. When Apple sent an order into Shugart for more SA-390s, a Shugart engineer admitted that the disk drive manufacturer had been scamming Apple and that the SA-390s were actually rejected SA-400s that had failed to pass factory inspection. The idea was that Apple couldn't get the drives to work and would be forced to go back and purchase more expensive SA-400s.
The Disk II was very successful for Apple, being the cheapest floppy disk system ever sold up to that point and immensely profitable for the company, in addition to having nearly 20% more storage space than standard FM drives. For a while, the only direct competitor in the microcomputer industry was the TRS-80 Model I, which had used only standard FM storage for 85k. The Atari 8-bit's disk drives' throughputs were much slower than the Disk II's 15 KB/s, seriously affecting their ability to compete in the business market. However, the advantage of Wozniak's design was somewhat nullified when the cost of double-density MFM controllers dropped only a year after the Disk II's introduction.
The initial Disk II drives (A2M0003) were modifications of the Shugart SA-400, which was the first commercially available -inch diskette drive. Apple purchased only the bare drive mechanisms without the standard SA-400 controller board, replaced it with Wozniak's board design, and then stamped the Apple rainbow logo onto the faceplate. Early production at Apple was handled by two people, and they assembled 30 drives a day. By 1982, Apple switched to Alps drives for cost reasons.
Normal storage capacity per disk side was 113.75 KiB with Apple DOS 3.2.1 and earlier (256 bytes per sector, 13 sectors per track, 35 tracks per side), or 140 KiB with DOS 3.3 and ProDOS (256 bytes per sector, 16 sectors per track, 35 tracks per side). The 16-sector hardware upgrade introduced in 1980 for use with DOS 3.3 modified only the controller card firmware to use a more efficient GCR code called "6 and 2 encoding". Neither the drive itself nor the physical bit density was changed. This update had the disadvantage of not automatically booting older 13 sector Apple II software.
Since the Disk II controller was completely software-operated, the user had total control over the encoding and format so long as it was within the physical limits of the drive mechanism and media. This also allowed software companies to use all sorts of ingenious copy protection schemes.
The Shugart SA-400, from which the Disk II was adapted, was a single-sided, 35-track drive. However, it was common for users to manually flip the disk to utilize the opposite side, after cutting a second notch on the diskette's protective shell to allow write-access. Most commercial software using more than one disk side was shipped on such "flippy" disks as well. Only one side could be accessed at once, but it did essentially double the capacity of each floppy diskette, an important consideration especially in the early years when media was still quite expensive.
In the Disk II, the full-height drive mechanism shipped inside a beige-painted metal case and connected to the controller card via a 20-pin ribbon cable; the controller card was plugged into one of the bus slots on the Apple's mainboard. The connector is very easy to misalign on the controller card, which will short out a certain IC in the drive; if later connected correctly, a drive damaged this way will delete data from any disk inserted into it as soon as it starts spinning, even write-protected disks such as those used to distribute commercial software. This problem resulted in numerous customer complaints and repairs, which led to Apple printing warning messages in their user's manuals to explain how to properly install the connector. They used different connectors that could not be misaligned in later drives. DB-19 adapters for the original Disk II were eventually available for use with Apple's later connector standard.
Up to 14 drives could be attached to one Apple II or Apple IIe computer - two drives per controller card, one card per slot, and there were seven usable slots per computer. While the DOS and ProDOS operating systems worked equally well with the card in any of the normal slots (i.e. all except slot 0 of the Apple II/II+ or the special memory expansion slots of the later models), Apple's printed manuals suggested using slot 6 for the first controller card; most Apple II software expects this slot to be used for the main -inch disk drive and fails otherwise. A Bell & Howell version of the Disk II was also manufactured by Apple in a black painted case, which matched the color of the Bell & Howell version of the Apple II Plus, which Apple was already manufacturing.
Disk III
In 1978, Apple intended to develop its own "FileWare" drive mechanism for use in the new Apple /// and Lisa business computers then being developed. They quickly ran into difficulties with the mechanisms, which precluded them from being incorporated in the Apple ///. That machine thus continued to use the same Shugart design as the Disk II.
The first variation of the Disk II introduced for the Apple ///, called the Disk III (A3M0004), used the identical drive mechanism inside a modified plastic case with a proprietary connector. With some modification both drives are interchangeable. Though Apple sought to force the purchase of new drives with the Apple ///, many former Apple II users quickly devised a way to adapt their existing and cheaper Disk II drives; however, only one external Disk II was supported in this manner. The Disk III was the first to allow daisy chaining of up to three additional drives to the single 26-pin ribbon cable connector on the Apple ///, for a total of 4 floppy disk drives – the Apple /// was the first Apple to contain a built-in drive mechanism. The Apple III Plus changed its 26-pin connector to a DB-25 connector, which required an adapter for use with the Disk III.
FileWare
In 1983, Apple finally announced a single and dual external drive (UniFile and DuoFile) implementing the 871-kilobyte "FileWare" mechanism used in the original Apple Lisa, as a replacement for the Disk II & /// drives. However, due to the reliability problems of the Apple-built "Twiggy" drive mechanisms, the products never shipped.
DuoDisk
In 1984, shortly after the introduction of the Apple IIe the previous year, Apple offered a combination of two, two third-height, 140-kilobyte Disk II drive mechanisms side-by-side in a single plastic case, called the DuoDisk (A9M0108), which could not be daisy-chained. The unit was designed to be stacked on top of the computer, and beneath the monitor. Each unit required its own disk controller card (as each card could still control only two drives) and the number of units was thus limited to the number of available slots; in practice, few uses of the Apple II computer can make good use of more than two -inch drives, so this limitation mattered little. Originally released with a DB-25 connector to match that of the Apple III Plus, it was the first to adopt Apple's standard DB-19 floppy drive connector.
Disk IIc
The Disk IIc (A2M4050) was a half-height -inch floppy disk drive introduced by Apple Computer in 1984 styled for use alongside the Apple IIc personal computer, the only Apple II to contain a -inch built-in disk drive mechanism. The disk port on the original IIc was only designed to control one additional, external -inch disk drive, and as such, this particular drive omitted a daisy-chain port in back. It was possible to use it on other Apple II models, so long as it came last in the chain of drive devices (due to lacking a daisy-chain port); but since the Disk IIc was sold without a controller card, the Apple IIc computer needing none, it had to be adapted to an existing Disk II controller card in this case. Essentially the same as the full-height Disk II, Apple sold the Disk IIc for US$329, and other companies later sold similar drives for less.
UniDisk and Apple 5.25 Drive
Just over a year after the release of the DuoDisk, Apple introduced the UniDisk (A9M0104) in a plastic case whose styling was similar to that of the DuoDisk. After the release of the UniDisk 3.5 a few months later, the UniDisk was often informally referred to as the "UniDisk 5.25" to distinguish the similarly-named drives.
Since the UniDisk could fully replace the Disk II in all its uses, the original Disk II was discontinued at this point.
In 1986 a Platinum-gray version of the drive named the Apple 5.25 Drive (A9M0107) was introduced alongside the first Platinum-colored computer, the Apple IIGS. The drive's name was similar to that of the Apple 3.5 Drive, also released with the IIGS.
Like the DuoDisk and Disk IIc before them, the UniDisk and Apple 5.25 Drive were half-height disk mechanisms inside an individual drive enclosure. Both drives featured a daisy chain pass-through port. While the drives were essentially interchangeable among Apple II computers, both with each other and with the earlier drives, minor electrical differences dictated that only the Apple 5.25 Drive could be used with the later (ROM 3) version of the Apple IIGS and with the Apple IIe Card on a Macintosh LC.
-inch drive
In 1984, Apple had opted for the more modern, Sony-designed -inch floppy disk in late-model Lisas and the new Apple Macintosh. Accordingly, they attempted to introduce a new -inch 800-kilobyte floppy disk format for the Apple II series as well, to eventually replace the 140-kilobyte Disk II format. However, the external UniDisk 3.5 drive required a ROM upgrade (for existing Apple IIc machines; new ones shipped after this time had it from the factory) or a new kind of disk controller card (the so-called "Liron Card", for the Apple IIe) to be used. The much larger capacity and higher bitrate of the -inch drives made it impractical to use the software-driven Disk II controller because the 1-megahertz 6502 CPU in the Apple II line was too slow to be able to read them. Thus, a new and much more advanced (and correspondingly expensive) hardware floppy controller had to be used. And many original Apple IIs could not use the new controller card at all without further upgrades. Also, almost all commercial software for the Apple II series continued to be published on -inch disks which had a much larger installed base. For these reasons the -inch format was not widely accepted by Apple II users. The Apple 3.5 Drive used the same 800-kilobyte format as the UniDisk 3.5", but it did away with the internal controller, which made it cheaper. Unlike all earlier Apple II drives, it was designed to work with the Macintosh too, and among Apple II models, it was compatible only with the Apple IIGS and the Apple IIc+ models, which both had a faster main CPU. On the Apple IIGS, whose improved audiovisual capacities really demanded a higher-capacity disk format as well, the -inch format was accepted by users and became the standard format. Though Apple eventually offered a 1.44-megabyte SuperDrive with matching controller card for the Apple II series as well, the -inch Disk II format drives continued to be offered alongside the newer -inch drives and remained the standard on the non-IIGS models until the platform was discontinued in 1993.
Officially, the following -inch drives could be used on the Apple II:
Apple 3.5" External (A9M0106) – Designed for Apple IIs with the Liron or Superdrive controller or all Macintoshes with an external 19-pin floppy port (Mac 512s must be booted from the internal 400-kilobyte drive with the HD20 INIT, which provides HFS file system support – the Macintosh 128K will not work with this). The drive can be daisy chained, however this feature is not supported on the Macintosh.
Unidisk 3.5" Drive (A2M2053) – Designed for Apple IIs with the Liron or Superdrive controller (not compatible with Macintoshes) Recommended only for 8-bit Apple IIs as the A9M0106 operates faster on the IIGS
Apple FDHD External (G7287) – Supports 720-kilobyte/1.44-megabyte MFM floppy disks in addition to 800-kilobyte GCR. Designed for Apple IIs and Macs with the Superdrive controller, but will also work on machines with the older 800-kilobyte controller (as an 800-kilobyte drive – note that the G7287 is not compatible with the Mac 128/512)
The 400-kilobyte and 800-kilobyte Macintosh external drives (M0130 and M0131) are incompatible with standard Apple II controllers as they do not support the drives' automatic disk-eject feature, although they could be used with third-party controllers.
Apple PC 5.25" Drive
There is one -inch drive made by Apple that is completely incompatible with all the drives named above. In 1987, Apple sought to better compete in the IBM dominated business market by offering a means of cross-compatibility. Alongside the release of the Macintosh SE & Macintosh II, Apple released the Apple PC 5.25" Drive which required a separate custom PC 5.25 Floppy Disk Controller Card, different for each Mac model. It is the only -inch drive manufactured by Apple that can be used by the Macintosh.
This drive was for use with industry standard double-sided -inch 360-kilobyte formatted flexible disks. It was similar in appearance to the Disk IIc. Through the use of a special Macintosh Apple File Exchange utility shipped with it, the drive could read files from, and write files to, floppy disks in MS-DOS formats. Software "translators" could convert documents between WordStar and MacWrite formats, among others. The drive is incompatible with all Apple II computers and the Apple IIe Card for the Macintosh LC as well; it also does not allow a Macintosh to read from or write to -inch Apple II-formatted disks.
This drive was made obsolete by the industry-wide adoption of -inch disks and was replaced by the -inch Apple FDHD Drive, which could read and write every existing Macintosh, DOS and Windows format, and the Apple II ProDOS format as well.
Disk II cable pinout
This table shows the pinout of the original 1979 Disk II controller and newer 1983 Uni/Duo Disk I/O controller (655-0101).
The circuitry of these two controllers are identical. The Disk II header pin numbering is per the Disk II controller card silkscreen and the circuit schematic given in the DOS 3.3 manual. The Uni/Duo Disk D-19 pinout is taken from the Apple //c Reference Manual, Volume 1.
NOTES:
Active low signals are suffixed with a "*"
Since most signals are shared with both drive 1 and drive 2, the logic in each drive uses the ENABLE* signal to activate appropriately.
Pin 14 for Disk II drive 1 and drive 2 have separate enable signals (14a and 14b)
Pin 17 for Uni/Duo Disk is chained to first drive (drive 1) and second drive (drive 2) is enabled via other logic in the first drive.
The EXTINT* signal is not present on the Disk II controller card. In the Apple //c computer, it is routed to the DSR* signal of the internal 6551 ACIA (UART) chip.
See also
List of Apple drives
References
External links
Apple II History - Chapter 5 (Disk II)
Apple Floppy Disk II
Apple Floppy Drives
Disk II programming example
Disk II Controller hardware article
Apple II Diskette FAQ and Apple II Drive FAQ at comp.sys.apple2 FAQ mirror
Apple II History - Chapter 8 (The Apple IIc)
Apple floppy drive schematics
The untold story behind Apple's $13,000 operating system
Apple II peripherals
Apple II family
Floppy disk drives |
4399248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Xenophon | Nick Xenophon | Nick Xenophon ( Nicholas Xenophou; born 29 January 1959) is an Australian politician and lawyer who was a Senator for South Australia from 2008 to 2017. He was the leader of two political parties: Nick Xenophon Team federally, and Nick Xenophon's SA-BEST in South Australia.
In October 2017, Xenophon resigned from the Australian Senate to contest a seat in the House of Assembly at the 2018 South Australian state election. From 1997 to 2007, he was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council, serving as an independent on a No Pokies policy platform. When the Nick Xenophon Team changed its name to Centre Alliance, Xenophon himself ceased to be directly involved with the party.
Xenophon initially focused on his central anti-gambling policy, but also embraced other issues in federal parliament such as civil liberties, defence, education, foreign policy, health, infrastructure, manufacturing, national security, and regional affairs.
Xenophon failed in his central mission to have poker machines curbed or eliminated in a lasting way, but was instrumental in the Rudd government's repeal of WorkChoices legislation and the passage of the economic stimulus package, as well as the Abbott government's repeal of the Clean Energy Act 2011. Additionally, Xenophon was pivotal in the obstruction of the Abbott government's 2014 austerity budget, the plan to build next generation submarines overseas, and the Pyne higher education reforms.
Early life
Nick Xenophon (born Nicholas Xenophou) was born in Adelaide, South Australia, the older of two children to Theo Xenophou from Cyprus, and Georgia from Greece.
Xenophon attended Prince Alfred College, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws at the University of Adelaide. From 1976 until 1981, he was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia and the Young Liberals. In his first year, Xenophon was elected on the Adelaide University Liberal Club ticket to On Dit student magazine. At the end of his eighteen-month term, Xenophon wrote as a whistleblower in On Dit that the Young Liberals had rigged the vote in order to secure the unlikely victory of their editing team.
According to Xenophon, the party politics of the On Dit incident disenchanted him, although some Labor members maintain that he considered joining the Australian Labor Party while at university.
In 2015, the publishers of former Labor Prime Minister Julia Gillard's 2014 memoir, My Story, retracted an allegation that Xenophon had been "infamously excluded from university for a period as punishment for stuffing a ballot box full of voting papers he had somehow procured".
Legal career
In 1982 and 1983, Xenophon worked as a lawyer in the private practice of Jacob van Dissel. In 1984, van Dissel gave Xenophon the personal injury part of his practice, enabling Xenophon to become principal of his new firm, Xenophon & Co. Lawyers. The firm continues and deals primarily with workers compensation and personal injury claims on a no-win-no-fee basis.
In 1994 and 1997, Xenophon served as President of the South Australian branch of the Australian Plaintiff Lawyers' Association. During this time, he also taught law at the University of South Australia, where his future political opponent Christopher Pyne was among his students.
In 2019, the Australian Financial Review reported that his law firm was representing Chinese telecommunications firm Huawei, who Xenophon claims have "been treated incredibly unfairly". He also represents the military whistleblower, David McBride.
Political views
Xenophon considers himself to be a centrist politician with strong views against poker machine gambling.
In 2008, The Australian quoted many Liberal and Labor politicians who believed Xenophon had shown himself to be a "lightweight" political opportunist during his decade in state politics.
In 2010, Xenophon sought to introduce anti-cult legislation similar to that of France's anti-cult legislation, primarily targeting the Church of Scientology and its tax-exempt status.
In 2012, Xenophon co-sponsored a bill with Victorian Senator John Madigan to restrict federal government subsidies for wind farms. Xenophon's concerns about wind turbines were predominantly related to anecdotal evidence of health problems and the reliability of wind-sourced power.
In 2015, Xenophon appealed in person to Indonesia's largest Islamic body to support a reprieve for two Australian convicted drug smugglers sentenced to death in Bali. Xenophon's translator reportedly stated, “We are aware that the death penalty is the right of the Indonesian government. Therefore, we do not ask that it be cancelled but plead that it be delayed”.
In 2018 during the 2018 South Australian state election, Xenophon and his party pushed for a law that crystal methamphetamine users in South Australia will be forced into drug rehabilitation.
Political career
South Australian Legislative Council (1997–2007)
At the 1997 state election, Xenophon stood for the South Australian Legislative Council under an Independent No Pokies ticket, advocating the reduction and abolition of poker machines (colloquially known as "pokies"). He received a vote of 2.86 percent, a statewide total of 25,630 votes – much less than the 8.33 per cent needed to be elected in his own right – but by receiving a large number of preferences first from microparties and then from Grey Power, he went from a quota of 0.34 to 1.08 and was therefore elected. This made Xenophon the first independent elected to the Legislative Council in 60 years.
Following the 1997 election, the Olsen Liberal government needed the support of an additional two non-Liberal upper house members in order to pass legislation, with the Australian Democrats retaining the balance of power on three seats. However, defectors from Labor in the upper house, Terry Cameron and Trevor Crothers, often brought Xenophon in to play. In 1998, Xenophon voted with Cameron and the government to proceed with the second reading of the ETSA power sale bill. The bill became law when Cameron and Crothers voted with the Liberal government, although Xenophon voted against the bill in its final form. Following the election of the Rann Labor government at the 2002 state election, the government needed an additional five non-Labor upper house members to pass legislation, giving a shared balance of power to the Democrats on three seats, incumbent independents Xenophon and Cameron, with the Family First Party winning their first seat.
Xenophon was an activist for a range of issues apart from the elimination of poker machines, speaking out on consumer rights, essential services, the environment, taxation, and perks for politicians. Xenophon was also vocal in the Eugene McGee hit and run affair, becoming an advocate for the victim's wife, with public opinion eventually forcing the Kapunda Road Royal Commission that led to harsher laws for hit and run offences.
At the 2006 state election, he ran an aggressive campaign and attracted considerable publicity through a range of imaginative stunts, including riding a model locomotive "gravy train" outside Parliament House to protest MPs' superannuation entitlements, parading along Rundle Mall wearing a sandwich board to advertise his campaign, and bringing a small goat to Parliament urging voters not to "kid around" with their vote.
Despite media speculation that he would struggle to be re-elected due to the major parties preferencing against him, he attracted sufficient funding and volunteers to staff most state booths on polling day. He received 190,958 first preferences or 20.51 per cent of the total vote, enough to not only be re-elected himself, but also to elect the second No Pokies candidate, Ann Bressington. His total was 5.46 per cent less than the Liberal Party, and he outpolled the Liberals in some booths, including the electoral district of Enfield. With the Labor government needing four non-Labor upper house members to pass legislation, No Pokies on two seats shared the balance of power with Family First on two seats, the Democrats on one seat, with the SA Greens winning their first seat.
Australian Senate (2008–2017)
2007 election campaign
On 11 October 2007, Xenophon called a press conference at the Adelaide Zoo in front of the giraffe enclosure, declaring he would "stick his neck out for South Australia" by announcing his resignation from the South Australian Legislative Council in an attempt to gain election to the Australian Senate at the 2007 federal election. His platform consisted of anti-gambling and consumer protection measures, attention to the water crisis affecting the Murray River, ratifying Kyoto, opposition against a "decrease in state rights", and opposition to WorkChoices. Nick Minchin, a Liberal senator from South Australia, urged people not to vote for Xenophon. Due to running as an independent Xenophon's name did not appear above the line on the ticket, instead he was represented only by the letter "S" above the line, with voters having to search for his details.
As Xenophon had vacated his Legislative Council seat to run for the Senate, a joint sitting of the South Australian parliament was convened for 21 November 2007 to select Xenophon's replacement. Former valuer-general John Darley, who had stood as the third candidate on Xenophon's ticket in 2006, was appointed. During the joint sitting convened to confirm the nomination, Ann Bressington criticised Xenophon, questioning his integrity and suitability for federal parliament, suggesting that his "anti-politician" image was more spin than reality. She also said Xenophon had demanded she contribute AU$50,000 towards campaign expenses at the 2006 state election. Xenophon said in response that he was "shocked and hurt" and "deeply upset" that she had failed to share her concerns with him in person, saying "privately and publicly, I have been very supportive of her."
Some whose causes Xenophon had championed also came forward to defend Xenophon, including Di Gilcrist, whose husband's hit and run death resulted in the Kapunda Road Royal Commission. In an interview the following day, Gilcrist said "based on my experience not only as a victim who's dealt with Nick but also somebody who's worked with Nick and his office... Nick is passionate and he cares and he is empathetic. And he is truly committed." Lower House independent Kris Hanna also defended Xenophon, arguing Bressington had "obviously been out to do some damage" and injure Xenophon's election chances.
Towards the end of the campaign, Xenophon walked a large mule down Rundle Mall to symbolise his stubbornness. He received 14.78 percent of the vote. This was down from his 2006 state election result of over 20%.
First term (2008–2014)
Xenophon shared the balance of power in the Senate with the Australian Greens and the Family First Party. The First Rudd government required the support of two crossbench senators or the opposition to pass legislation.
In February 2009, the Rudd government needed to pass its AU$42 billion economic stimulus package. Xenophon initially voted against the package, but ultimately voted in favour after amendments were made. Xenophon persuaded the government to bring forward AU$900 million in Murray-Darling basin funds and other water projects, which included AU$500 million over three years for water buybacks.
In November 2009, Xenophon labelled the Church of Scientology as a criminal organisation, alleging members had experienced blackmail, torture and violence, labour camps and forced imprisonment, and coerced abortions. On 7 September 2010, a Senate committee recommended that a charities commission be formed with the purpose of investigating and monitoring transparency of charitable organisations. This recommendation received bipartisan support.
In July 2011, Xenophon lost the balance of power to the Greens, however his anti-pokies stance was bolstered when independent Andrew Wilkie was elected to the lower house at the 2010 election, resulting in a hung parliament. Wilkie had campaigned heavily against pokies at the election. In exchange for Wilkie's support, the Gillard government legislated for mandatory precommitment technology which would require people using high-bet machines to pre-commit how much they were willing to bet on a machine before actually playing, as well as introducing safer AU$1 maximum bet per spin machines, which would not require pre-commitment. The plan came under sustained attack from sporting clubs and various businesses that financially benefit from poker machine use.
In September 2011, Xenophon controversially used parliamentary privilege to accuse a Catholic priest of rape, in regard to accusations around events that occurred in the 1960s. He also accused Monsignor David Cappo and Philip Wilson, the Catholic Archbishop of Adelaide, of failing to properly investigate the allegations in 2007. All three men denied the senator's claims. Xenophon chose such action after receiving an "unsatisfactory" response from the Church when advising them of his intentions and ultimatum. Cappo subsequently stepped down from several of his public positions. Several days later, after high-level media coverage, Xenophon indicated he might not have used parliamentary privilege had he known the person he accused was about to take a period of leave.
In November 2011, Xenophon voted against the Clean Energy Bill. The carbon pricing scheme passed with the Labor government receiving Green support for the legislation in the Senate.
In May 2012, Xenophon – a vocal supporter of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim – visited Malaysia to independently observe anti-government protests. The New Straits Times questioned Xenophon's impartiality in an article, which included part of his 2009 speech criticising Scientology. The newspaper replaced Scientology with the word Islam. Xenophon threatened to sue for defamation, and the article was removed from the newspaper's website.
In February 2013, Xenophon attempted independently to revisit Malaysia but was detained by immigration authorities at Kuala Lumpur airport. He was later sent back to Australia. It was confirmed that Xenophon was not on an Australian Delegation list scheduled to meet the Malaysian parliamentary affairs minister.
2013 election campaign
During the 2013 federal election, Xenophon nominated four key policy issues; gaming machine reforms, stopping palm oil from being sold in Australia, breaking up the supermarket duopoly, and better deals for Riverland irrigators in the Murray-Darling basin rescue plan. Xenophon's voting result increased to 24.9 percent, a few percent short of two quotas. A record number of candidates stood at the election. Group voting tickets came under scrutiny because multiple candidates were provisionally elected with the vast majority of their 14.3 percent quotas coming from the preferences of other parties across the political spectrum.
Second term (2014–2016)
After returning to a balance of power position in the Senate, Xenophon focused on defence (particularly the Collins-class submarine replacement project) and cuts made by the Abbott government in the 2014 Australian federal budget.
In October 2014, Xenophon supported the Abbott government's Direct Action plan for combatting Climate Change, enabling it to pass the Senate. However, he later stated that the plan had been "neutered" because of changes made to it via regulation.
In December 2014, Xenophon voted against the tertiary education reforms proposed by Minister for Education and Training Christopher Pyne which would have seen a shift towards privatisation of universities in Australia.
In March 2015, Xenophon opposed the amendments to the national security legislative framework, particularly on the issue of telecommunications data retention. In his 2014 "spycatcher" speech to the Senate, Xenophon stated that the new laws would have a chilling effect on investigative journalism in Australia. Xenophon negotiated with then Minister for Immigration and Border Protection Scott Morrison for the reintroduction of the Temporary Protection Visa.
In March 2015, Xenophon independently travelled to Indonesia with an Adelaide sheikh to unconvincingly seek clemency for the Bali Nine duo who were on death row.
In November 2015, Xenophon joined calls for a royal commission into the Australia-East Timor spying scandal.
In February 2016, Xenophon joined with the Australian Greens and the Government to support a reform of the Senate election system. Other crossbench senators, including John Madigan and David Leyonhjelm, whose re-election prospects would be bleak under the new voting arrangements, accused Xenophon of "political trickery of the highest order".
2016 election campaign
During the 2016 federal election campaign, Xenophon was the subject of attacks from both major political parties, including his failure to declare a directorship of Adelaide Tower Pty Ltd, which involved his father. Xenophon accused proponents of a "partisan and personal campaign". Labor requested the Australian Electoral Commission investigate questionable loans given to Xenophon by businessman Ian Melrose.
Third term (2016–2017)
In August 2016, Xenophon and NXT colleagues opposed the proposed same-sex marriage plebiscite on the basis that it was not binding and a waste of public resources.
In March 2017, Xenophon announced that he would launch a new party in time for the 2018 South Australian state election. In July 2017, Nick Xenophon's SA-BEST was registered by the Electoral Commission of South Australia.
In August 2017, Xenophon became embroiled in the 2017 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis and asked to be referred to the High Court for clarification of his 2016 eligibility. On 27 October 2017, the High Court found he had been eligible in 2016 to nominate and be validly elected.
In September 2017, the Turnbull government with the support of Nick Xenophon (by a vote of 31–27), was able to pass changes to media legislation including the repealing of the "two-out-of-three" rule (which allowed a company to own a TV station, newspaper and radio station in a single market) and the "reach rule" (which prevented a single TV broadcaster from reaching more than seventy-five per cent of the population).
On 6 October 2017, Xenophon announced that he would resign in order to stand for the Parliament of South Australia at the 2018 South Australian general election. On 31 October 2017, Xenophon resigned from the Senate, and was replaced by his party's senior advisor Rex Patrick.
Constitutional eligibility (2017)
On 19 August 2017, Xenophon announced that British authorities had confirmed that he was a British Overseas Citizen because his ethnic Greek father was born in Cyprus when it was a British colony. Xenophon's subsequent application to renounce that citizenship became effective on 30 August. Separately, Xenophon later said that he had already renounced Greek citizenship acquired through his mother. Xenophon asked the Australian government to have him referred to the High Court in the Court of Disputed Returns for consideration and clarification of his 2016 eligibility. On 27 October 2017, the High Court found that Xenophon had been eligible in 2016 to nominate and be validly elected.
South Australian House of Assembly (2018)
On 17 March 2018, Xenophon unsuccessfully contested the seat of Hartley in the South Australian House of Assembly at the 2018 South Australian state election. Although he came second on the primary vote ahead of Labor's Grace Portolesi by 202 votes, upon the preference distribution of the eliminated fourth-placed Greens candidate, Xenophon's 99 vote lead over Labor became a 357-vote deficit. Third-placed Xenophon was therefore eliminated, with Hartley reverting to the traditional Liberal vs Labor contest.
2022 election campaign
Xenophon announced on 24 March 2022 that he will once again run for the Australian Senate at the 2022 Australian federal election.
After politics
On 2 December 2019, Huawei Australia announced that it had engaged Xenophon's services as an "external lawyer". The company was banned by the Australian government from providing 5G infrastructure. Xenophon said he would not be lobbying members of parliament on behalf of Huawei.
In 2022 Xenophon attempted to make a comeback into federal politics, by running again for Senate in South Australia as the lead candidate of the Group O ticket above Centre Alliance Senator Stirling Griff, although both of them failed to get elected.
Xenophon continues to advocate for poker machine gambling reforms.
Personal life
In 1990, Xenophon married physiotherapist Sandra Kazubiernis. When their only child was born in 1992, Xenophon changed his own surname by deed poll from Xenophou to Xenophon, his paternal grandfather's surname. Kazubiernis and Xenophon separated in 1995 and later divorced.
Xenophon had his second child in early 2019.
Allegations of abuse
In 2017, former staffer Jenny Low claimed, in response to an article appearing in The Australian, that she had been in a seven-year secret relationship with Xenophon that was psychologically abusive, "destructive" and detrimental to her career. Xenophon admitted that a relationship had commenced in 2007, but rejected any negative assertions.
Filmography
Kitchen Cabinet (2013) - Himself
The House with Annabel Crabb (2017) - Himself
The Ex-PM (2017) - Prime Minister
References
External links
NickXenophon.com.au official website
Parliamentary biography
Maiden speech, South Australian Legislative Council, (4 December 1997)
Maiden speech, Australian Senate, (27 August 2008)
Summary of parliamentary voting: TheyVoteForYou.org.au
1959 births
Australian people of Greek Cypriot descent
Critics of Scientology
Independent members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
People educated at Prince Alfred College
Politicians from Adelaide
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Australia
Adelaide Law School alumni
Nick Xenophon Team members of the Parliament of Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
Leaders of political parties in Australia
Anti-gambling advocates |
4399396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored%20Fleet%20Dairugger%20XV | Armored Fleet Dairugger XV | is a mecha anime series aired in Japan from 1982 to 1983. It is also referred to as Dairugger 15, Dairugger XV, Armored Armada Dairugger XV, Armored Squadron Dairugger XV, or Machine Platoon Dairugger. It ran for 56 episodes (52 regular episodes and four recap episodes).
In the United States, it was heavily edited to become part of the Voltron series. The Dairugger footage was the primary source for the "Vehicle Voltron" episodes, though various footage was also inserted into the more commonly known "Lion Voltron" episodes (themselves adapted from another, unrelated Japanese series, Beast King GoLion).
Story
The Rugger Team is an exploration, planetary survey, and defensive force. Planet Earth is in a time of prosperity. The Galaxy Garrison launches a mission to explore the galaxy, colonize, and build new maps of the stars. Soon after commencing the mission, the Rugger Team and their starship, the Rugger Guard, are attacked by the xenophobic Galveston Empire. The Galveston homeworld is dying and their space fleet are also on a mission of exploration and colonization. Dairugger, the super robot, must defend the Rugger Guard and its fleet as they attempt to continue their mission. When Galveston repeatedly refuses to accept peaceful coexistence, the Rugger Guard mission turns to finding the Galveston homeworld, liberating its people from their despotic Emperor, and helping them find a new planet before their world collapses.
Characters
Dairugger pilots
The Rugger Team is made of three smaller teams of five members each: "Aki Team" (Air), "Keets Team" (Sea), and "Walter Team" (Land), after each team's leader. Each of the 15 parts is referred to as a "Rugger" and can combine into larger machines as separate teams called Kurugger (Air), Kairugger (Sea), and Rickrugger (Land), as well as together to form the super-robot Dairugger. The 15 separate Rugger units as well as the name come from the sport of rugby, since 15 players are required to form a rugby union team.
Aki Team
is the air division of the Dairugger team. Their vehicles combine to form the .
Leader of the Aki Team and main pilot of Dairugger XV. Aki pilots Rugger #1, which forms Dairugger's head. His teammates address him as .
Pilot of Rugger #2, which forms Dairugger's upper torso.
Pilot of Rugger #3, which forms Dairugger's right shoulder and bicep. Shota is from the planet .
Pilot of Rugger #4, which forms Dairugger's left shoulder and bicep. Mutsu is the youngest member of the Dairugger team.
Female pilot of Rugger #5, which forms Daiugger's chest.
Keets Team
is the sea division of the Dairugger team. Their vehicles combine to form the .
Leader of the Keets Team and pilot of Rugger #6, which forms Dairugger's mid-torso. A native of the planet , Keets is gifted with precognitive abilities that warn him of incoming threats.
Female pilot of Rugger #7, which forms Dairugger's right thigh. She is close friends with Aki and Mutsu.
Pilot of Rugger #8, which forms Dairugger's left thigh. Like Shota, Saruta is from the planet Sala.
Pilot of Rugger #9, which forms Dairugger's right shin.
Pilot of Rugger #10, which forms Dairugger's left shin.
Walter Team
is the land division of the Dairugger team. Their vehicles combine to form the .
Leader of the Walter Team and pilot of Rugger #11, which forms Dairugger's waist.
Female pilot of Rugger #12, which forms Dairugger's right forearm. Like Keets, Moya is from the planet Mira.
Pilot of Rugger #13, which forms Dairugger's left forearm.
Pilot of Rugger #14, which forms Dairugger's right foot.
Pilot of Rugger #15, which forms Dairugger's left foot.
Galaxy Garrison
is a planetary union of Earth, Sala, and Mira.
Second-in-command of the . He is the first member of Galaxy Garrison to establish diplomatic negotiations with the Galveston Empire through Captain Drake. By episode 17, Ise becomes the captain of the Rugger Guard after Dick Asimov is reassigned to Earth.
Captain of the Rugger Guard. In episode 17, Asimov is reassigned to become Supreme Commander Dewa's aide-de-camp on Earth. In episode 33, he is commissioned as the commander of the Three Allied Planets fleet to attack planet Galveston. In episode 43, Asimov holds peace talks with Teles on the Number 3 Planet of the Number 37 Star System and offers to give the Galveston Empire full ownership of the planet on the conditions that the empire cease their aspirations of global conquest, that they leave the planet's indigenous human population in peace, and that they disarm their military. The negotiation falls through due to Supreme Commander Caponero's insistence of driving out the indigenous population. Teles leaves the planet, but Asimov has a small fleet stay to protect the inhabitants from an attack by Galveston. Asimov leads the Alliance to successfully invade planet Galveston. After the fall of the Galveston Empire in episode 52, Asimov informs Socrat Tes that the surviving citizens will be migrated to the Number 3 Planet.
Commander of the Galaxy Garrison's space fortress. In episode 22, Dewa sends a fleet led by Commander Date to rendezvous with the Rugger Guard on Planet K and prepare for an all-out war with the Galveston Empire.
The Rugger Guards doctor and head of the Research Department.
Dewa's second-in-command. Date leads a fleet as part of the Galaxy Garrison's war with the Galveston Empire. In episode 32, he and his crew sacrifice themselves by ramming their ship towards the Galveston Frontline Command's hangar doors to help the Dairugger team escape from the base's destruction.
Director of Galaxy Garrison.
A Galaxy Garrison officer under Commander Date. In episode 31, Yamamoto offers to command a ship on a suicide mission through the mine-laden asteroid belt to clear a path towards the Galveston Frontline Command.
and
Two Galaxy Garrison officers stationed at the Number 3 Planet of the Number 37 Star System in episode 45. When Morikawa is wounded during Commander Zukka's invasion, Aki fends off the invaders while Morikawa and Satou run to safety. They are both killed by Galveston forces after finding a cave for shelter.
Galveston Empire
The is an advanced alien civilization in search for planets to colonize, as their home planet is rapidly dying from depletion of its natural resources and the deterioration of its Van Allen radiation belt. Aside from a massive fleet of spaceships, the empire is equipped with mechanized and . The Galveston Empire is named after Galveston Island, a barrier island in Texas with a history of piracy.
Commander of the Galveston Empire's Frontline Command. While the Galveston Empire starts the war with the Rugger Guard, Teles believes that both factions should explore the galaxy together. In episode 22, he is relieved of his duty by Commander Luciano and sent back to planet Galveston to become Garrison Commander. Upon his return to the planet, Teles is reassigned as Frontline Exploration Base Commander. Shortly after the destruction of Frontline Command, he is given new orders to attack and destroy the Earth fleet. Teles defies these orders and pursues a ceasefire with Galaxy Garrison. In episode 43, he meets with Captain Asimov to negotiate peace talks over the Number 3 Planet of the Number 37 Star System. The negotiations, however, fall through, due to the Supreme Command's insistence of taking the planet by force. He is then dismissed and placed on house arrest upon returning to Galveston. With the aid of Sirk, Teles is freed from captivity to lead the resistance forces against the government. In episode 51, the resistance succeeds after Emperor Corsair is killed during the uprising. While leading his people to evacuate the dying planet in episode 52, Teles is assassinated by three soldiers who blame him and the government for the planet's destruction. Teles is named after Teles of Megara, a Cynic philosopher from Ancient Greece.
A female member of the Galveston Royal Guard who is assigned as Teles' adjutant upon his return to the planet Galveston. Following Teles' house arrest on episode 47, Sirk is abducted by a guerrilla faction, who asks her to join their quest to overthrow Emperor Corsair. She collaborates with the guerrilla faction to free Teles from his house arrest. Following Teles' death at the hands of three assassins in episode 52, the Dairugger team urges Sirk to carry on his will to rebuild Galveston.
General commander of the Galveston Empire. Ignoring the deteriorating state of his planet, Caponello oversees the attacks on Galaxy Garrison to ensure Galveston's dominance in the galaxy. Once the Three Planets Alliance invades the planet, Caponello retreats to the palace and urges Emperor Corsair to migrate to another planet, but Corsair refuses the offer. Caponello, Gomez, and Ventura pilot a Battle Attacker in an attempt to escape from the Alliance, but are intercepted and destroyed by Dairugger. Caponello is named after the American gangster Al Capone.
Teles' father and Internal Secretary of the Galveston Empire. The Galveston supreme command holds Tes responsible for the ongoing riots in the country and dismisses him of his position upon Teles' return. In episode 34, upon his reinstatement in the government, he urges Teles to follow Emperor Corsair's orders to destroy the Earth fleet. By episode 51, Tes sides with his son and the resistance forces against the government. Once the empire falls, Tes offers to meet with Captain Asimov to negotiate the safe migration of his people to a new planet. Socrat Tes is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates.
Emperor of the Galveston Empire. When planet Galveston's defenses fall to the Three Planets Alliance in episode 51, Corsair refuses to leave the planet despite Caponello's pleas to do so and the resistance close to overthrowing the government. Corsair meets his fate by a stray shot from one of his fallen commanders.
Science secretary of the Galveston Empire. He is killed alongside Caponello and Ventura by Dairugger in episode 51.
A Galveston commander sent as reinforcement to Teles' fleet in episode 34. Rocher and his crew are immediately at odds with Teles' pacifistic approach to the Galaxy Garrison. In episode 36, Teles has Rocher negotiate a ceasefire with the Rugger Guard, but Rocher uses the negotiation to ambush the fleet. His plans, however, are thwarted by Dairugger. In episode 44, Rocher becomes Frontline Exploration Base Commander after Teles is dismissed for attempting to make peaceful negotiations with Galaxy Garrison. During the fall of the Exploration Base in episode 46, Rocher commandeers a Battle Attacker in a last-ditch effort to wipe out the Three Planets Alliance fleet, but is ultimately killed by Dairugger.
Second-in-command of the Galveston Empire's Frontline Command. In episode 22, Luciano replaces Teles as Frontline Commander with the intent of wiping out Earth from the galaxy. He is killed after the Aki and Keets teams detonate bombs in the Frontline Command's power source. Luciano is named after Italian-American mobster Lucky Luciano.
, , , and
Rocher's subordinates. In episode 42, Jackson's fleet lands on the Number 3 Planet of the Number 37 Star System in response to Gallo evacuating the planet upon the Earth fleet's arrival. He defies Teles' orders and proceeds to advance towards the Earth fleet before Nolan arrives and stops him in time for peace talks. In episode 43, when the negotiation falls through and Teles has his fleets leave the planet, Rocher has Jackson return and attack the Earth fleet protecting the planet. Jackson's fleet is wiped out by the Earth forces.
A Galveston commander who attacks the Rugger Guard during a planetary exploration in episodes 1-3. He is killed when the planet explodes from the Frontline Command's photon missile bombardment. The Rugger Guard crew posthumously names the planet .
A Galveston infantry pilot. In episode 11, he is involved in a mid-air collision during training and crash lands near the vicinity of the Rugger Guard. Ise does not take Sim as a prisoner of war, but welcomes him as a guest of the ship. Izumo initially shows hostility towards Sim, but they shortly become friends. Once the Rugger Guard crew repairs Sim's ship, he bids them farewell and heads back to the Galveston fleet, only to be shot down and killed by Lafitte. In episode 52, Sim's younger brother is one of the three soldiers who assassinates Teles.
A Galveston captain loyal to Teles. In episode 15, Drake establishes diplomatic communication with Ise. When Teles is relieved of his duty as Frontline Commander, Drake is torn between following the Galveston Higher Command's orders and fulfilling Teles' wish of coexistence between Earth and Galveston. In episode 23, Drake's fleet attacks Commander Date' fleet, but he is killed after his entire fleet is wiped out in the battle. Drake is named after Francis Drake, an English privateer who carried out the second circumnavigation of Earth in a single expedition.
Drake's second-in-command. He is killed alongside Drake in episode 22 while battling Date's fleet. Roche is named after Roche Braziliano, a Dutch pirate who operated in Brazil and Jamaica during the mid-17th century.
A Galveston captain who only believes in the superiority of his race. In episode 7, he leads the Fleet patrolling/investigating Zone Violet. In episode 16, Lafitte participates in the mutiny led by Captain Barataria, but he surrenders after Barataria takes his own life. Despite Lafitte's treason, Teles is ordered by the Supreme Command to release him and reinstate him as the commander of the Galveston Expeditionary Fleet. Lafitte abuses his position by interfering with other captains' involvement with the Rugger Guard and destroying the Galaxy Garrison's base on Planet K. In episode 22, his fleet conquers Planet K after forcing the Rugger Guard to retreat in a lengthy space naval battle. The Rugger Team launches a counterattack in episode 23, forcing Lafitte to withdraw from the planet. In episode 27, Lafitte's fleet attacks the Galaxy Garrison's Space Fortress, but is killed when the Space Fortress launches a fierce counterattack after destroying the fleet's Battle Machine. Lafitte is named after Jean Lafitte, a French pirate who operated in the Gulf of Mexico during the early 19th century.
A Galveston captain who disagrees with Teles' handling of the conflict with the Rugger Guard. In episode 16, Barataria and Lafitte stage a mutiny against Teles, which ends in failure. Rather than surrender to Teles, Barataria shoots himself in the head while Lafitte and the surviving mutineers are arrested. Barataria is named after Barataria Bay, a bay in Louisiana known for being Jean Lafitte's base during the early 19th century.
A Galveston captain loyal to Teles. In episode 18, Marius leads his fleet in a joint planetary expedition with the Rugger Guard, but he is forced by Lafitte to break the alliance and destroy the planet's forestry to make room for a Galveston base. Marius is named after Simon Marius, the German astronomer who discovered the four major moons of Jupiter before Galileo Galilei.
A Galveston commander who lures the Rugger Guard into a trap on a planet with inadequate oxygen in episode 26. His plan backfires when the affected Walter Team members regain consciousness and Dairugger is formed to fight his fleet's Battle Machine. When his fleet is wiped out, he attempts a Kamikaze run on the Rugger Guard, but his flagship is destroyed by Dairugger.
A Galveston commander who holds the male population of the planet Eldora captive in his underground base in episode 28. When Dairugger appears on the planet, the Eldorans stage an uprising and kill Sheela.
A Galveston commander who leads the Earth invasion fleet. In episode 30, he successfully penetrates Earth's defenses and bombards Galaxy Garrison's capital city, despite his fleet sustaining heavy losses. Upon his retreat to the Frontline Command, Ducas defies Luciano's orders and decides to attack the Earth fleet from behind, only to be killed by Dairugger. Ducas is named after Doukas, the family of noble Byzantine Greeks who ruled the Byzantine Empire in the 9th–11th centuries.
A Galveston commander of the expeditionary fleet at Sector NS71. In episode 33, Blanc's fleet attacks the Rugger Guard on a planet within the sector, but is wiped out by the incoming Three Planets Alliance fleet.
Rocher's female subordinate. In episode 38, after failing to destroy Dairugger on Planet J, Emma is ordered by Rocher to intercept the Rugger Guard on Planet 58 at all costs. Her plan to lure the Dairugger team through a narrow valley goes wrong when she is injured by a swarm of the planet's birds and captured by Aki Team. Emma promptly escapes from the Rugger Guard and returns to her fleet. Despite her injuries, she defies Teles' orders to retreat and proceeds to attack the Earth fleet, only to see her fleet wiped out before she is killed in a failed kamikaze run on the Rugger Guard.
Emma's adjutant. In episode 38, Sams is briefly forced to command Emma's fleet after she is injured during a scouting run on Planet 58 and captured by Aki Team. He is killed alongside Emma during a naval battle with the Rugger Guard.
A Galveston military officer stationed at the Number 21 Star System supply base. In episode 39, after the Rugger Guard attacks and captures the base, Antonov is held prisoner along with his comrades, but he offers to play a game of rugby with the Earth officers until Danton's fleet arrives to retake the base. During the battle, Antonov is torn between peace with the Earth forces and his loyalty to the empire until he sees Danton's forces indiscriminately massacring his comrades. While trying to retrieve the rugby ball, he is killed by Danton's Battle Attacker during its fight with Dairugger.
A Galveston captain who is ordered by Teles to set course for the unexplored sector near the Number 21 Star System supply base, but decides to take Rocher's orders to recapture the base from the Earth fleet. During the assault, Danton is killed by Dairugger while his fleet is wiped out by the Rugger Guard.
A Galveston commander whose exploration fleet discovers a habitable planet in the form of the Number 3 Planet of the Number 37 Star System in episode 41. He orders his fleet to leave the planet upon the presence of the Dairugger team. Despite his fleet's efforts to destroy their research information, the Dairugger team acquires vital exploration data from the abandoned base.
A Galveston commander, that leads the Fleet patrolling/investigating Zone Yellow. He is sent by Teles to the Number 3 Planet to open peace talks with the Earth fleet in episodes 42-43. He arrives and stops Jackson from attacking the Rugger Guard before discussing with Ise on a meeting between Asimov and Teles.
A Galveston commander sent by Caponello to dismiss Teles as the Frontline Exploration Base Commander and hand the position to Rocher.
A Galveston commander who leads an assault on the Number 3 Planet on episode 45. After destroying Galaxy Garrison's base, Zukka is killed by Dairugger.
A Galveston commander stationed on the Number 11 Planet of the Galveston System. In episode 46, Caponello instructs Garrey to wipe out the invading Three Planets Alliance fleet with the Space Impulse, a series of missiles with anti-radar coating. The Alliance manages to destroy the stealth missiles by using their searchlights to spot them.
A Galveston commander assigned by Caponello to man the final line of defense against the approaching Three Planets Alliance fleet in episode 49. Holtes turns down Caponello's offer to send him two Battle Attackers, as he feels offended that his defensive fleet is thought to be unreliable. The fleet, however, is low on resources and poorly equipped. Holtes' fleet is wiped out during the battle and he goes down with his base from Dairugger's Miracle Beam.
In episode 7, he leads the Fleet patrolling/investigating Zone Silver.
In episode 7, he leads the Fleet patrolling/investigating Zone Black.
Others
Queen of the planet in episode 27. The female Eldorans are extremely distrustful of outsiders and initially mistake the Dairugger Team as members of the Galveston Empire, which have taken the planet's male population hostage. Aki attempts to open diplomatic relations with Zuno, hoping to form an alliance with the Eldorans. Commander Dorn, however, tricks Zuno into thinking the Dairugger Team is one of theirs, resulting in the Eldorans fighting the Dairugger Team while Dorn launches a Battle Machine to kill Zuno. When Dairugger and the Rugger Guard wipe out Dorn's fleet, a critically injured Zuno realizes Earth's true intent and reveals the location of Galveston's Frontline Base to Aki before she dies.
Leader of a technologically advanced humanoid tribe on Planet J in episode 37. Darl's tribe captures the Kurugger and interrogates Aki, learning that the Dairugger team is not a hostile threat like the Galveston Empire. The Aki Team discovers that the tribe previously lived on a planet with a red moon that the Rugger Guard recently explored. It is revealed that the tribe fled the planet and limited their use of technology after rendering the planet uninhabitable from years of nuclear testing. After Dairugger defeats a Battle Attacker launched by Emma's fleet, Darl forms an alliance with the Rugger Guard and pledges to support the fleet in their war against the Galveston Empire.
A boy that Walter Team encounters on Planet 71 in episode 40. When Denon falls off a waterfall while carrying a fawn, Izu and Nagato save them from drowning before they run away, leading Walter Team to the planet's inhabitants. Walter Team learns that the inhabitants are of the same race as Darl's tribe on Planet J. When Butler's fleet attacks the planet, Denon helplessly watches his fawn get killed by a Battle Attacker. Just as Dairugger is on the losing end of the battle, Denon's adult elk climbs up the Battle Attacker and rams its front monitor before falling to its death, allowing Dairugger to destroy the Battle Attacker.
Leader of the anti-government guerrilla faction on planet Galveston. He also acts as a spy, working as a palace servant.
Dairugger specifications
Dairugger is made of 15 vehicle parts, and is tall. The command line to combine the Rugger Machines is .
Weapons
Beam Attacks
Episodes
The series' opening theme is and the ending theme is ; both songs are performed by Koichi Kawazu.
Staff
Planning Susumu Yoshikawa Yasuo Oyobe Yu Saito
Original concept Saburo Hatte
Chief Director Kozo Morishita
Series Composition Keisuke Fujikawa
Script Keisuke Fujikawa Shigemitsu Taguchi
Character Design Shigetaka Kiyoyama
Mechanical Design Katsushi Murakami Takayuki Masuo Yoshiroh Harada Yutaka Izubuchi
Music Seiji Yokoyama
Production Toei Toei Agency TV Tokyo Daiwon Animation Toei Animation
Merchandise
In 1982, the original DX Dairugger XV toys were released by Popy Pleasure under the toy release number of GB-72, as part of the Chogokin label, and constructed of high-quality die-cast materials, with transforming gimmicks, which could separate only into the three larger combined vehicles. GB-73, a cheaper, ST (standard) version would follow, only Rugger #5 could separate from the robot. A larger version of Dairugger XV was also released, which did not contain die-cast materials, as the metal content was too heavy for the design and for the friction motors installed in many of the vehicles. The smallest non-transforming ST Dairugger and the fully transforming plastic Dairugger XV would be resold in the U.S. as part of the Voltron series by Matchbox in 1984, entirely under the Voltron name. However, the Matchbox version omitted the Dairugger Sword, Rugger units #6, #9, and #10's chrome antenna parts, and the sticker sheets of the Popy version. In addition to the toys above, Popy released a smaller, rubber-based combining Dairugger toy that was molded only in light blue. LJN released this toy in the Voltron series in 1985, with all of the parts remolded in roughly their proper colors and the sword in yellow.
Because Dairugger had 15 pieces, and was a highly playable figure compared to many of the other fixed-state super robots of the early 1980s, there were many imitations and bootlegs of Dairugger. Some were cheap plastics, did not assemble well, and had neon-glowing colors dissimilar to the show. Even approved brands such as Big Bear were spawned to rejuvenate the toyline. However, no version is identical in quality, packaging, or comes with all the pieces as does the Japanese original.
Toynami released a 24-inch soft vinyl Dairugger toy under their Shogun Warriors line in 2011.
In 2013, Miracle Productions released a new Dairugger toy as MA-01 "Voltron Vehicle Force". The initial release was limited to a few hundred units and was plagued with quality control issues and design flaws. A second version was released, with many of the parts redesigned and the build quality improved. This toy is considered an unofficial release, as Miracle Productions lost their license to produce the toy before its release.
A new Dairugger toy was released on October 26, 2019 as Soul of Chogokin No. GX-88 by Bandai Spirits. To promote the toy's release, Bandai uploaded the series on their YouTube channel. Like the SOC GoLion, Dairugger includes a weapons rack with the option to use either the Dairugger XV or Voltron nameplate.
Home media
The entire series, in 3 volumes, has been released on DVD in region 1. Collection 1 was released on February 23, 2010, Collection 2 on May 25, 2010, and Collection 3 on January 4, 2011. All three volumes are now out-of-print.
Changes for Voltron version
Note: for this section, names in parentheses are Voltron names
Dairugger XV and GoLion are not related in any way, in contrast to the U.S. version (the coincidental similarities in design, most notably in the face, are due to having the same mechanical designer and a significant portion of the same animation staff).
Scenes of Earth and Galaxy Garrison were edited into Lion Voltron episodes, but do not exist in GoLion (the Lion Voltron source material), only in Dairugger XV, since Earth in GoLion has been destroyed in a thermonuclear war.
Many allied and enemy soldiers and commanding officers die in Dairugger, as opposed to disappearing without any explanation in the U.S. Voltron series (Voltron omitted almost all blood and death). The finale of Dairugger XV was different in its Voltron form — the U.S. footage had no depiction of Emperor Corsair's (Zeppo's) true fate, which left a lot of questions for U.S. viewers (although one shot of Corsair dead on the throne remained intact). The scene of Emperor Corsair's death, perishing in an assassination attempt by Teles (Hazar) and the resistance, who want freedom for their people, was cut due to violence.
In Voltron, Vehicle Voltron only has five minutes of stored nuclear/solar energy once combined and is thus used only as a last resort against the Drule Empire's Robeasts. This has resulted in numerous plot holes, as Vehicle Voltron is seen participating in lengthy space battles exceeding five minutes.
In Dairugger, Teles (Hazar) dies a martyr, and there is a sad scene where his body is left to die on Galveston at his request. In Voltron, he becomes the new leader of his people.
Sirk (Dorma) is Teles's adjutant, not his sister as in Voltron.
Aki (Jeff) and Haruka (Lisa) have a closer relationship, which is not clearly shown in Voltron. The lucky charm that Haruka gives to Aki is left with Teles (Hazar) after his death on Galveston.
Dick Asimov (Captain Newley) was Shinji Ise's (Commander Hawkins) superior officer in the original series. The dialogue was rewritten in Voltron to suggest that Hawkins was Newley's superior. There were inconsistencies, however that reveal the original ranks of the two officers.
Korean version
Super Titan 15 (슈퍼타이탄15) is a 1982 South Korean animated film that features a copy of Dairugger XV, as well as characters and vehicles derived from Galaxy Express 999.
Appearances in other media
The show was spoofed on an episode of Robot Chicken. Dairugger's Voltron incarnation is called to action by an outpost being attacked by a Robeast, but the vehicles take too long to combine (partly because they messed up halfway through). By the time Dairugger gets there, most of the crew is dead, and the sole survivor shoots himself when he realizes it's not the Lion Voltron.
References
External links
Dairugger XV uncut scenes and comparison
1982 anime television series debuts
1982 Japanese television series debuts
1983 Japanese television series endings
Japanese children's animated action television series
Japanese children's animated space adventure television series
Japanese children's animated science fiction television series
Super robot anime and manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Voltron
Toei Animation television
Environmental television
Anti-war works
Extraterrestrials in anime and manga |
4399486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20Many%20Cooks%20%28novel%29 | Too Many Cooks (novel) | Too Many Cooks is the fifth Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout. The story was serialized in The American Magazine (March–August 1938) before its publication in book form in 1938 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. The novel was collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces, published in 1969 by the Viking Press.
Plot introduction
Wolfe, a knowledgeable gourmet as well as a detective, attends a meeting of great chefs, Les Quinze Maîtres, at a resort in West Virginia, and jealousies among them soon lead to strife; then, one of the chefs is murdered. Wolfe sustains his own injury in the course of finding the culprit but also obtains the secret recipe for saucisse minuit.
Plot summary
Nero Wolfe accepts an invitation to address Les Quinze Maîtres ("The Fifteen Masters"), an international group of master chefs, on the subject of American contributions to fine cuisine. The group is meeting at the Kanawha Spa resort in West Virginia (possibly based on the famous actual resort The Greenbrier.) To attend, Wolfe must suppress his loathing of travel and trains on the 14-hour train ride from New York City. As a courtesy to Wolfe, Archie has been invited to the gathering by Marko Vukcic, Wolfe's oldest friend and one of Les Quinze Maîtres, so that he can accompany Wolfe.
During the trip, Vukcic introduces Wolfe to another member of Les Quinze Maîtres, Jerome Berin, the originator of saucisse minuit. Wolfe tasted the sausage once and has coveted Berin's closely guarded recipe for years. Berin is flattered, but scorns Wolfe's offer of $3,000 for the private use of the recipe. In the course of this discussion, Berin angrily denounces Philip Laszio, another Maître, who serves an inferior substitute for saucisse minuit in his restaurant. Laszio also stole Vukcic's ex-wife Dina from him and the position of Head Chef at New York's Hotel Churchill from Leon Blanc, another Maître. His passion inflamed, Berin threatens to kill Laszio.
The next night, at a welcoming dinner for Les Quinze Maîtres, Philip Laszio insults the host, Louis Servan, another Maître, and his head chef when he criticises the cooking. Tensions are further increased when Blanc refuses to tolerate Laszio's company and Vukcic begins to succumb to the charms of his ex-wife, who appears to be seducing him. After the dinner, a tasting test is held, based on a challenge made to Laszio. Laszio prepares nine numbered dishes of Sauce Printemps, with each dish missing a different vital ingredient. The other nine Maîtres present, and Wolfe, are challenged to taste each dish, and write down the missing ingredients.
Wolfe is the last contestant to taste the dishes, but halfway through he summons Archie into the private dining room where the tasting is taking place; Philip Laszio has been murdered, stabbed in the back and hidden behind a room divider. The authorities are called, led by Barry Tolman, a local prosecutor who happened to arrive on the train with Wolfe and Goodwin. At Wolfe's suggestion, Tolman examines the results of the taste testing, on the theory that the murderer, either tense before committing murder or shaken afterwards, would be unable to determine accurately the missing ingredients. Jerome Berin has the lowest score and, based on Wolfe's theory, he is subsequently charged with murder. This drives a wedge between Tolman and Constanza Berin, Jerome's daughter, who have been developing a romantic attachment.
The next morning, Wolfe receives a visit from Laszio's employer at the Churchill, Raymond Liggett, and Laszio's assistant Alberto Malfi. They want Wolfe's help in securing a replacement for Laszio at the Churchill. Although Wolfe is scornful of Liggett's request and refuses his employment, when Berin is arrested he is skeptical that Berin could be the murderer and sees an opportunity to get the master chef into his debt. Wolfe decides to investigate Laszio's murder and exonerate Berin. Wolfe learns from Lio Coyne, the wife of one of the guests, that she saw two men in waiter's uniforms in the dining room around the time of the murder, with one of them hushing another.
Consequently, Wolfe gathers together the African-American kitchen and serving staff and questions them. In contrast to the racist and abusive attitudes of the local authorities, Wolfe is courteous, respectful, and civil to the men, but they are nevertheless skeptical and uncooperative until he appeals to their sense of equity and justice. He argues that if they shield the murderer solely because of his skin colour then they are “rendering your race a serious disservice” and are “helping to perpetuate and aggravate the very exclusions which you justly resent." Impressed by the speech, Paul Whipple—a waiter and college student—admits that he was one of the men in the dining room that night. But the other man was not African-American; he was wearing blackface. It is also revealed that Laszio himself had switched around the sauce dishes before Berin's turn, to humiliate him; this explains Berin's low score.
This information is sufficient to get Berin released from custody. Having accomplished his objective — to put Berin in his debt – Wolfe turns his attention to the speech he is to give. While rehearsing the speech in his room, however, Wolfe is shot through an open window. Wolfe is only grazed by the bullet but is enraged. He returns his attention to Laszio's murder: clearly, the same person who killed Laszio tried to kill Wolfe, and Wolfe intends to deliver the murderer to Tolman. He initiates further inquiries, carried out mainly by Saul Panzer and Inspector Cramer in New York, and later presides over a dinner for the remaining members of Les Quinze Maîtres, composed exclusively of American cuisine. The Maîtres are very impressed by the quality of the dinner, and Wolfe has the chefs responsible brought to the room to be applauded by the diners — all are black men.
After the meal and despite the handicap of the facial wound, Wolfe delivers his speech on American cuisine, and — to the surprise of the gathered masters — continues by delivering the evidence that will convict Laszio's murderer and Wolfe's assailant. He reveals that the murderer was Raymond Liggett, who secretly flew into West Virginia the night of the murder, disguised himself as one of the wait staff, and murdered Laszio. He attempted to hire Wolfe to cover his tracks and to bribe Wolfe subtly not to interfere. When Wolfe secured Berin's release, he panicked and shot him. Liggett was aided by Dina Laszio, whom he coveted; she betrays him and confesses her part in order to prevent arrest.
The same night, Wolfe and Archie depart for New York, once again on the same train as Berin, Constanza, and Tolman. While Archie helps Constanza and Tolman mend their fractured relationship, Wolfe reminds Berin that Berin is in his debt, demanding the recipe for saucisse minuit as payment. Berin is outraged, but is eventually shamed into providing the recipe.
The unfamiliar word
"Nero Wolfe talks in a way that no human being on the face of the earth has ever spoken, with the possible exception of Rex Stout after he had a gin and tonic," said Michael Jaffe, executive producer of the A&E TV series, A Nero Wolfe Mystery. Nero Wolfe's erudite vocabulary is one of the hallmarks of the character. Examples of unfamiliar words — or unfamiliar uses of words that some would otherwise consider familiar — are found throughout the corpus, often in the give-and-take between Wolfe and Archie. These examples occur in Too Many Cooks:
Surprise. Chapter 1. Highly unusual in the context, but allowed by the Random House Dictionary.
Coquine. Chapter 2.
Sinuosities. Chapter 4.
Werowance. Chapter 5.
Gyves. Chapter 5.
Gibbosity. Chapter 13.
The American Magazine and the Cooks tour
To coincide with the serialization of Too Many Cooks in 1938, The American Magazine sent Rex Stout on a national tour, described by Stout's biographer John McAleer:
<blockquote>
The Americans spring tour was perhaps the most famous promotional show in publishing history. It was indeed a travelling road show, actors, actresses, and models as well as well-known writers or subjects of articles which had appeared in the magazine. The cast was transported in a chartered Pullman; there was a baggage car for the scenery, and a revolving stage — the first of its kind. The show was scripted by Borden Chase, the Hollywood writer and novelist.
</blockquote>
Together with golf star Gene Sarazen, Stout visited a dozen U.S. cities: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Cleveland, Akron, Cincinnati, Louisville, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Louis. An editorial luncheon was given in each of the cities, with the menu made up from Too Many Cooks. As a keepsake for guests, The American Magazine created a small red box in the shape of a book, containing the menu of the "Living Issue Luncheon," a statement by Nero Wolfe, and the 35 recipes that appear in Too Many Cooks. The recipe box was wrapped with a reproduction of the title page from the story's March 1938 debut. Made up in a limited edition of 1,000 copies, the recipe box is described by McAleer as "one of the most sought-after items of Stoutiana."
In April 2018, partial sets of the recipes were distributed to diners at a reenactment of one of the meals described in Too Many Cooks—the "American Dinner". The Wolfe Pack event took place at The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.
Reviews and commentary
Jacques Barzun and Wendell Hertig Taylor, A Catalogue of Crime — The masterpiece among three or four by Stout that deserve the name. In addition, it is the most amusing, thanks to such incidents as Nero's being shot in yellow pajamas, the altercation over saucisse minuit, and the triangle of Archie, the young lawyer, and the beautiful girl.
Agatha Christie — I have enjoyed a great many of his books. Archie is a splendid character to have invented and his first person remarks and descriptions are always most entertaining to read. I must also reveal that greed and the general enjoyment of food is one of my main characteristics and the descriptions of the meals served and prepared by Nero Wolfe's cook have given me a lot of pleasure and a great wish to have occasionally tasted these suggestions myself. Perhaps for that reason, I particularly liked Too Many Cooks.
Nora Ephron — Best meal in English literature? The banquet in Too Many Cooks by Rex Stout.
Clifton Fadiman, The New Yorker — Nero Wolfe, bigger and better than ever, is a guest of Les Quinze Maîtres, a society of world famous chefs, at a West Virginia spa. As murder is Mr. Wolfe's business, the polite chefs oblige. By far the best and funniest of Mr. Stout's books.
M.F.K. Fisher — I think I have read everything Mr. Stout has written about Wolfe and Goodwin, and I have a standing offer for second-hand copies of Too Many Cooks; it is more comfortable to give them to people than to know who has stolen mine, which happened three times before I learned that trick.
Marcia Kiser, Nero Wolfe: A Social Commentary on the U.S. — Referring to Wolfe's speech to the staff at the spa, "… the ideal human agreement is one in which distinctions of race and color and religion are totally disregarded." Please note Wolfe does not include "sex" in his list.
John McAleer, Rex Stout: A Biography — Too Many Cooks is one of the finest Wolfe stories. It is the closest thing to a locked-room mystery that Rex wrote. Accounting for his failure to work in this area, Rex said: "Since the interest is focused on one spot, Nero Wolfe would have to go there, and he wouldn't like that."
Time (August 29, 1938) — Of last month's 13 mysteries, five stood out as best bets: Too Many Cooks — Rex Stout — Farrar & Rinehart ($2). Smooth concoction of crime and cooking in which Nero Wolfe, assisted by faithful, wisecracking Archie Goodwin, solves the murder of one of the world's 15 best chefs.
J. Kenneth Van Dover, At Wolfe's Door — The occasion of Wolfe's brief foray beyond the walls of his brownstone produces an unusual variety of characters and a very unusual non-urban setting. It also results in the fullest portrait of his gastronomical interests. The chefs are all temperamental artists, and there is much incidental discussion of the fine points of gourmet cooking. Wolfe delivers a formal address on the supremacy of American cuisine. Race relations become an issue. Archie, prosecutor Tolman, and Sheriff Pettigrew casually employ denigrative epithets ... Wolfe condescends to the black service staff no more than he does to anyone else, and he even surprises one of the waiters, Paul Whipple, by citing a line from Paul Laurence Dunbar. Tolman and Pettigrew protest Wolfe's misguided decency. ...
Adaptations
Zu viele Köche (NWRV)
The North and West German Broadcasting Association adapted Too Many Cooks for a black-and-white miniseries that first aired February 27, 1961. Heinz Klevenow starred as Nero Wolfe, and Joachim Fuchsberger portrayed Archie Goodwin. After Rex Stout protested that his story was used without permission, he received a $3,500 settlement.
Salsicce 'Mezzanotte (Radiotelevisione Italiana)
Too Many Cooks was adapted for one of a series of Nero Wolfe films produced by the Italian television network RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana). Directed by Giuliana Berlinguer from a teleplay by Belisario L. Randone, Nero Wolfe: Salsicce 'Mezzanotte''' first aired February 23, 1971.
The series of black-and-white telemovies stars Tino Buazzelli (Nero Wolfe), Paolo Ferrari (Archie Goodwin), Pupo De Luca (Fritz Brenner), Renzo Palmer (Inspector Cramer), Roberto Pistone (Saul Panzer), Mario Righetti (Orrie Cather) and Gianfranco Varetto (Fred Durkin). Other members of the cast of Salsicce 'Mezzanotte include Corrado Annicelli (Servan), Carlo Bagno (Berin), Gianni Galavotti (Liggett), Loris Gizzi (Blanc), Evelina Gori (La signora Mondor), Guido Lazzarini (Mondor), Tana Li (Lio Coyne), Walter Maestosi (Vukcic), Giuseppe Mancini (Laszio), Enrico Osterman (Coyne), Luciana Scalise (Constance Berin), Paolo Todisco (Procuratore Tolman) and Halina Zalewska (Dina Laszio).
Publication history
1938, The American Magazine, serialized in six issues (March–August 1938)
1938, New York: Farrar & Rinehart, August 17, 1938, hardcover
In his limited-edition pamphlet, Collecting Mystery Fiction #9, Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe Part I, Otto Penzler describes the first edition of Too Many Cooks: "Red cloth, front cover and spine printed with black; rear cover blank. Issued in a full-color pictorial dust wrapper … The first edition has the publisher's monogram logo on the copyright page. The second printing, in October 1938, is identical to the first except that the logo was dropped."
In April 2006, Firsts: The Book Collector's Magazine estimated that the first edition of Too Many Cooks had a value of between $2,500 and $5,000.
1938, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1938, hardcover
1939, London: Collins Crime Club, September 12, 1938, hardcover
1940, New York: Grosset and Dunlap 1940, hardcover
1941, New York: Triangle #180, June 1941, hardcover
1941, Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1941, hardcover
1944, New York: Dell (mapback by Gerald Gregg) #45, 1944, paperback; new edition (with new mapback by Robert Stanley) #540, 1951, paperback
New York: Lawrence E. Spivak, Jonathan Press #J-2, not dated, abridged, paperback
1951, London: Pan, 1951, paperback
1963, New York: Pyramid (Green Door) #R-894, August 1963, paperback with second and third printings in the same format in June 1966 and May 1968 respectively.
1969, New York: The Viking Press, Kings Full of Aces: A Nero Wolfe Omnibus (with Plot It Yourself and Triple Jeopardy), January 28, 1969, hardcover
1972, London: Fontana, 1972, paperback
1973, London: Tom Stacey, 1973, hardcover
1976, New York: Garland, Fifty Classics of Crime Fiction 1900–1950, #45, 1976, hardcover
1979, New York: Jove #M4866, February 1979, paperback
1995, New York: Bantam Books November 1995, trade paperback
2004, Auburn, California: The Audio Partners Publishing Corp., Mystery Masters May 2004, audio CD (unabridged, read by Michael Prichard)
2009, New York: Bantam Dell Publishing Group (with Champagne for One'') April 28, 2009, trade paperback
2010, New York: Bantam July 21, 2010, e-book
References
External links
1938 American novels
Nero Wolfe novels by Rex Stout
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The American Magazine
Farrar & Rinehart books
Novels set in West Virginia
American novels adapted into films |
4399502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misaki%20Chronicles | Misaki Chronicles | is an anime sequel to Divergence Eve. It follows smoothly from the previous series. The characters are the same and the plot is similar, but the theme of the episodes is much different. In this series, the elite team at Watcher's Nest is traveling through time, fighting the Ghoul at different points in time during Earth's history, mostly in Japan. There's also some discussion about the fact that the different times to which they are traveling may also be different versions of Earth, on which the time-line is slightly altered. This series is also distinct from its predecessor in that it is more plot- and character-driven, with less in the way of fan service.
Episodes
2315 – Allied Forces Military Academy (8 May 2302, 20 May 2315)
The first episode begins with a flashback to Misaki's childhood, depicting her relationship with her father. Back in 2315, Misaki is just starting her military training in boot camp. In the present time, Lyar is prepared to begin her hunt for the GHOUL on Earth, armed with newly developed technology and a newly upgraded Kotoko.
2316 – Field Training
Misaki and her new team begin field training. When a friend from her future visits, the mission becomes much more real. At the end of the episode, Lyar comments on Misaki's performance during the field training exercise to Kiri, whose group she was shown being a part of. Kiri explains she and Misaki never worked together. The first time the two even met was after her assignment to Watcher's Nest.
1594 – The Assassination of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Lyar travels back into feudal Japan during the sixteenth century to find a ghoul. She meets a man who helps her complete her mission. A failed assassination attempt leaves Kurenai-no-ha mortally wounded.
1594 – Grotesque Shadow
Still in feudal Japan, Lyar encounters another spectral that appears to be Misaki in her ghoul form. Misaki attempts to make contact with Lyar, but she dismisses it as an illusion of the GHOUL and eradicates the creature, causing the Misaki of that time period to drop dead, as the apparition of her younger self looks on in sadness. Lyar is forced to leave prematurely, as the rift is near closing. Lyar must ultimately choose to leave her newest ally as opposed to helping him. When asked for his real name, he finally reveals his name is Ishikawa Goemon. Young Misaki follows Lyar and Kotoko back through the time portal. Kotoko reveals there was a record of a Goemon, who attempted to assassinate a man who ruled Japan during the era, but was unsuccessful and executed as a result.
1936 – The 2-2-6 Incident
A bloody coup attempt is taking place in pre-World War II Japan. The team is alerted to a ghoul presence in the middle of that coup and Kiri and Kotoko are dispatched to attack it. When they arrive, Kiri finds that Misaki is already there and learns about what has been causing all of the strange ghoul events.
2305 – Allied Military Naval Base
Misaki travels to a time in which her father is still alive and is preparing to go to Watcher's Nest.
The Two Watcher's Nests
Watcher's Nest comes into contact with a version of itself on another time-line. The team, including Suzanna, travels to it to gather information.
Soldiers Return
The Ruin's Secret
Hidden Past
Overlapping Timelines
Mission 4
Ghouls have begun invading from all Inflation Holes in the universe. Suzanna is dispatched to sever the link between LeBlanc's link with the control room. Lyar destroys the Necromcaners. Misaki, Lyar and Kiri enter the ruins, only to enter a battle with a GHOUL used by LeBlanc to hold them off. They manage to dodge the GHOUL's attacks, and trap the creature in a micro-quantum barrier. As Misaki flies over the creature to stop LeBlanc, the GHOUL manages to fire a final shot before being completely trapped by the barrier. With no way of avoiding the shot, Kiri intercepts the blast head-on, dying as a result. Misaki confronts LeBlanc, but is unable to fire due to his control over the environment. As he shoots at Misaki using his rampant armor, Prim delivers her own body to the Integral System using Kotoko-02's body, and manages to hold LeBlanc at bay long enough for Misaki to finish him off. As LeBlanc resists, it causes damage to the Integral System, harming Prim's physical body. LeBlanc informs Misaki she will destroy Prim's mind if she fires on her now. Prim explains she is the only one who can stop her brother's madness, and explains their familiar relation as being due to being two subjects created from the same set of genes. After learning the truth behind their connection, Misaki tearfully fires the final shot, killing LeBlanc and Prim in the process. Unfortunately, it was too late. The information she provided to LeBlanc while under his control was complete, allowing him to transfer his mind to a host body that would go on to merge with the GHOUL. LeBlanc's goal has been to achieve an existence of utter nothingness. LeBlanc was created as a test subject at the hands of Alchemy, an organization form that wanted to make science the religion of the new age. Both are in the GHOUL-form, and just as LeBlanc appears to be gaining the upper hand, Misaki manages to tip the balance in her favor. Misaki connects the last Inflation Hole connecting their current location and Earth, and sends Lyar, Kotoko, Suzanna, and all of the people aboard the ring back to Titan, the site of the Inflation Hole.
Misaki (14 June 2318 – 2327)
One year after the events of the previous episode, Lyar receives permission to visit the families of those who died at Watcher's Nest. She first pays a visit to Luxandra's mother. Woern's receives confirmation those displaced from Watcher's Nest cannot return to Earth. She next visits Kiri's brother. A visit to see Kotoko prior to these visits revealed no information about an individual named Misaki. Her last trip takes her to Alchemy to explain Prim's death, which had been blamed on an accident with the accelerator. Suzanna submits an application to become join on at the engineering department for the emigration project, which involves the use of interstellar spacecraft. Prim informs Jalabert on the collapse of the Inflation Hole near Titan. Her reports also indicate that Juzoh Kureha had no children, and he in turn confirms that Lyar von Ertiana is the last survivor of the Kessler Project.
2327 – Lt. Commander Ertiana is keeping a journal, and explains that it's been sixty-years since they've set out into the Solar System. Due to her being the captain, it's necessary for her to stay awake, along with the crew, to make sure nothing goes wrong on the journey. She will spend approximately twenty-years of their mission awake while alternating shifts with two vice captains. A mission is patched in to the ship, which is from Misaki telling the potential receiver to inform Lt. Commander Ertiana that she is ok. The vessel comes in contact with Watcher's Nest, which indicates that there's still signs of a collapse. Lyar decides to explore the region and comes across Misaki's old room. She finds her journal there, which describes her experiences after first arriving at Watcher's Nest. After Lyar regains hope of making contact with Misaki, she can be seen running through Watcher's Nest as power is restored and the people are let out of their ships. There are a number of minor appearances from characters who had appeared in the previous series, and even this one, in periphery roles, including Luke Walker, the ice cream vendor from the Divergence Eve episodes Specular and Designer's Children, and the girl who witnessed the specular of the Ghoul in Specular. A woman can be made out prominently from the back, dressed in clothes similar to Luxandra in the opening theme song, looking at the schedule of flights. She is joined by a woman whose outfit greatly resembles Kiri's from the theme song and Misaki's memories. These two doppelgängers exchange glances, but only their faces above the nose are visible. The Luxandra-like woman's scars are noticeably absent from her face. Suzanna can also be seen working in a similar maintenance position as she was after her memories were altered in Divergence Eve. Professor Jalabert and Prim are also seen arriving, but not without the introduction of a woman whose face below the nose are not shown. Her appearance, including the color of the uniform, her eyes and the braid wrapped around her forehead, all resemble Lyar from her cadet days in the tenth episode, Hidden Past. Guided by an apparition of Young Misaki, Lyar discovers Misaki materializing in her room, along with her journal. Misaki explains she's been waiting there for her the whole time. Lyar embraces Misaki in a warm hug, which closes out the series.
Characters
Main characters
Misaki's the main character after which the series is named. For most of the series, she does not appear in human form. She reveals herself to other characters as a translucent apparition of herself in a yellow dress. She seems to mature during the series and as she does, her ghostly form grows up. In the beginning, she usually looks like herself as a child, but later in the series she becomes an adolescent, then an adult. In episode 5, it's revealed that she has been the cause of the time fluctuations at Watcher's Nest and it's because of her that there have been so many ghoul invasions. She tells Kiri that she's trying to alter the past to prevent herself from losing her friends, which happened in the previous series, Divergence Eve.
Young Misaki
This was the name of an apparition who appeared in the last episode of Divergence Eve. There, she asked Misaki if she was truly sure she wanted to proceed. She makes an appearance in the first episode, as the object of Lyar's pursuit. She is a translucent apparition who appears at different time periods, especially when different versions of Misakis integrated into time appearances are present. She is a separate entity from Misaki herself. She demonstrates complete autonomy from Misaki, as she was seen discussing Misaki's decisions and emotions with her. It was revealed in the fourth episode to Lyar, Grotesque Shadow, where the apparition stated she was made from Misaki, but represents a different version of Misaki.
Having been murdered by a ghoul in Divergence Eve, Luxandra doesn't play much of a part in the series except that she's one of the people that Misaki is trying to save. Misaki hopes to travel back in time and prevent both her death and Suzanna's decision to leave the force and have her memory erased. She briefly appears in the first episode as part of a group considered elite by other students, along with Suzanna and Kiri. Luxandra appears in the second episode, this time, shown as being a part of a group consisting of herself, Misaki, Kiri and Suzanna. She is shown demonstrating her intelligence and aptitude, which she had been identified as having in the first series, when she manages to take an entire time out without a single missed shot. She also makes an appearance in the third episode, The Assassination of Totomi Hideyoshi but only in the form of a flashback. As Misaki of the sixteenth century stares at a painting, an apparition of her younger form tells her she wants to escape into the memories of the dead. Misaki then recalls Luxandra discussing about how she wanted to prove that she was just as capable a soldier as Lt. Commander Ertiana during their training mission. But she laments towards the end about how it didn't work out that way, followed by several scenes of her death at the hands of a GHOUL in the tenth episode of Divergence Eve bearing the same name.
Suzanna's memories have been restored so that she can return to active duty. Suzanna makes a fleeting appearance in the first episode, shown to be amongst a group of students deemed elite at the Allied Forces Military Academy by their peers, consisting of herself, Misaki, Luxandra and Kiri. Suzanna, along with the other three, would be teamed together in the following episode for a field training exercise. Suzanna's next appearance is in the fifth episode, where she encounters Kiri for the first time since her resignation from the service. She expressed a desire to once become an officer, but backed out after thinking she wouldn't be capable. When encouraged to dig deeper, Suzanna's heartbeat began to race.
Kiri has to take over the investigation after Lyar is overcome by too many passages through the time barrier. Of the four who started at the previous series, Kiri appeared most frequently over the course of the series. Her first appearance at the beginning of the series is brief: she, along with Luxandra and Suzanna, are seen dining together at a table, and are observed by Misaki and her classmates as being of an elite status. She appears in the following episode, teamed up with Luxandra, Suzanna and Misaki. Unlike her other teammates, she was much less tolerant of Misaki's clumsiness. After Misaki accidentally shot her gun at her own teammates, a shot in which Kiri intercepted with a single hand, she moved ahead of the group for the next group. However, she was shown to be openly worried about Misaki later on. Kiri next appearances in the
Lyar is charged with investigating apparent GHOUL sightings that correspond to significant instances in Japan's past. She and Kiri attempt to convince Misaki to stop trying to change the past.
Having destroyed in a battle with a Ghoul towards the end of Divergence Eve, but her mind and memories still intact, Kotoko's body is rebuilt and upgraded. She considers her new appearance "much cuter", which Lyar agrees. Physically her body is slightly more mature and her voice also no longer has the slight metallic tone to it. Throughout the series Kotoko plays a more prominent role than in Divergence Eve, maintaining both her memories and relationship with Lyar.
In episode 10, Hidden Past, a model even older than Kotoko-01 appeared. She was presumably Kotoko-00 and may have been the first model of android used on Watcher's Nest. Her appearance appeared to have traits of both the -01 and -02 model. She had a shade of pink hair closer to the -01 model, which was secured by clips that held them in Bunch-like pigtails while her outfit was sleeveless, more in line with the -02 model. She was under the command of a superior office during a time when Lyar was a new cadet. She had no dialogue in her short appearance, and unlike either of the upgraded versions, appeared colder and emotionless in comparison to the more inquisitive nature of -01 and exuberant nature of -02.
In episode 11, Hidden Past, while Kotoko is backing her memories up in the event of her destruction, LeBlanc is able to disable Kotoko after she discovers his plan to link the computer systems in Watcher's Nest to the mainframe in the ruins. Despite this, Prim is able to take control of Kotoko's body in order to help her stop Le Blanc.
In episode 13, Misaki, Lyar returns to greet Kotoko-02 after her repairs have been complete by Nodera. When she inquires as to the nature of Misaki, Kotoko reveals there is nothing in her memory banks about an individual with that name. She then inquires if Lyar is ok.
When the crew reenters Watcher's Nest, they find Prim in a comatose after she freed Misaki from Jean-Luc's control over her in the last episode of Divergence Eve and remains in a coma for the majority of the series.
In episode 11, Prim attempts to takeover Kotoko's body after LeBlanc disables Kotoko. She gains control of it by the twelfth episode and manages to deliver her body to the Integral System. Before LeBlanc can fire a fatal shot from his Rampant Armor, Prim manages to restrict the computer systems in his rampant armor, long enough for Misaki to fire the finishing shot. Misaki cannot initially bring herself to take the shot. Prim reveals why she had followed LeBlanc. The two are brother and sister, having been created from the same set of genes. LeBlanc's resistance causes greater damage to Prim's physical body, with LeBlanc eventually gaining the upper hand and telling Misaki that if she fires, she'll be killing Prim. She manages to hold LeBlanc at bay long enough for Misaki to fire, shattering the rampant armor and killing Prim.
In episode 13, Misaki when Lyar returns to Earth to inform her "family" of her demise, she encounters Jalabert. She begins to explain that Prim died in an accident involving an accelerator, but he informs her that Prim was never dispatched to Watcher's Nest. Prim would later be assigned to the project that intended to carry the displaced refugees back into the solar system in search of a planet, after Earth rejected their attempts to return to the planet. She and Suzanna would be seen working together, and Prim's background in theoretical physics allowed her to give further insight to parallel universes and how someone trapped in one could get back.
Antagonists
His first appearance within the series was during the second episode 2316 – Field Training, musing about the possibility of there not being any talent amongst the new recruits after hearing Luke Walker's men inquire about their potential. This was all the while using a laptop to research information related to Misaki. His rank at the time appeared to be "Inspector from H.Q.". He appeared at the end as the form of an image of himself on computers in the Watcher's Nest systems.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
He appeared in the third episode, 1594 – The Assassination of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He is first seen as the target of a ninja, who attempts to take his life. However, he appears to be invulnerable, as weapons strike an energy barrier. The would-be assassin is then killed by a shadow, which was in actuality a GHOUL. Kurenai-no-Ha would later make an attempt on his life, but he was shown to be shielded by the force of a GHOUL.
Others
Bernard makes a single appearance in the second episode in the series. While in pursuit of the source of time fluctuations, Lyar stumbles across the field training group he's a part of. Both sides have their weapons drawn until she reveals her rank, and then discovers Bernard is one of its members. Before she's able to gather any information, her attention is diverted to the mysterious apparition, which she goes off in pursuit of. He is shown not having any idea of her identity when asked by his teammates.
Lieutenant Yun in Japanese
Known as LT. JG Yung in the English rendering, she appeared infrequently throughout Divergence Eve, and this series as well. The two would often quip about nothing bad happening to Lt. Commander Ertiana since she still had to get married.
Lieutenant Azebed in Japanese & Lt. Azevedo in English
Known as Lt. Azevedo in the English rendering, he appeared infrequently throughout Divergence Eve, and this series as well. He was always paired with Lieutenant Yun, and the two would often quip about nothing bad happening to Lt. Commander Ertiana since she still had to get married.
Ishikawa Goemon
He first appeared in the third episode, 1594 – The Assassination of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Mistaking Lyar for a man, he almost engaged her in a battle in the dead of night. When asked, he identified himself as Kurenai-no-Ha He accompanied Lyar to the city she was searching for before setting out on his own mission. Lyar would have to apply an artificial skin graft to his body in order to keep him from losing too much blood. He appeared in the subsequent episode, 1594 – Grotesque Shadow, where he came in contact with Misaki's Specular form. Although she had the upper hand, he was saved when Lyar used the technology to terminate her GHOUL form on Earth. Due to the temporal barrier having a limited opening through which it could be passed, Lyar was unable to assist him in his mission. He identifies Lyar by her real name before she departs, which he claimed to have heard from Kotoko-01. Before she left, Lyar asked for his real name, to which he responded Ishikawa Goemon. As Lyar and Kotoko made their escape, Kotoko revealed there was a record of someone by that name. He tried to take the life of the current ruler and was executed as a result. When Lyar reflects on her experience, she realizes that Kurenai-no-Ha sounded very similar to Kureha, Misaki's surname, strongly implying he is an ancestor of hers. This is lent further credence by the fact that the apparition of Young Misaki was concerned with making sure he was tended to after being injured, even after the GHOUL had retreated and his target had been left wide open. Given Misaki's wish to avert the pain and suffering she and others had experienced, it's highly likely this was her intent.
Isuzu Moira
She appeared only in the fifth episode, 1936 – The 2-2-6 Incident.
Comrie Rotblat
She is the orange-haired technician who appeared infrequently during Divergence Eve. She appears in the same capacity. Her Here, though, she is shown prepping Suzanna for crossing the temporal barrier in the seventh episode The Two Watcher's Nests. She offers words of encouragement to Suzanna after seeing her worry and tells her to believe in Major Ertiana. She was last seen in episode 13, Misaki, handing Nodera's baby to Lyar so she could name it. Along with Nodera and his wife, she expressed an interest in the Lt. Commander naming the baby.
Nodera
Nodera appears closer towards the end of the first episode. Here he is shown preparing Lyar by showing her how to use the recently developed GHOUL technology on Earth. He is also the one to report Lyar of the stress crossing the temporal barrier is taking on her body in the fifth episode, 1936 – The 2-2-6 Incident. In the thirteenth episode, Misaki, Nodera's wife gives birth to the first baby since their journey back out into deep space. Nodera's wife requests that she name the baby, to which her husband, Nodera, and Lt. Comely agree. She decides to name the child Misaki, which means cape and promontory.
Juuzou Kureha (2275-2306)
He was the father of Misaki. After making a number of appearances in flashbacks in Divergence Eve, but appears in full during an early scene in the first episode. His name later appears atop a headstone, just as it did in Divergence Eve, but his year of death appears completely unobscured in the first episode of Misaki Chronicles. He is shown being training for deep space travel by diving to deep depths in the ocean. Yet another version of Misaki makes an appearance here, this time as a technician helping him prep. He asks Misaki if they knew each other, as she looks familiar. She coyly replies by that he "probably says that to all of the girls," to which he replies that it was just her. Her father is one of the many people's death she's trying to avert. In his case, she hopes to stop him from going to Watcher's Nest, the location he would later die at.
Akari Kureha (2279-2303)
She was the mother of Misaki. Her name previously appeared on a headstone in the eleventh and thirteenth episodes of Divergence Eve. She makes her first physical appearance in the series was during an early scene in the first episode, set on 2302-05-08, with a younger Misaki, awaiting her husband's arrival. Akari appears in the tenth episode, Hidden Past as Misaki learns of her father's life. She is the mother of Misaki, and is seen in the flashbacks of Juzoh Kureha's life. She was one of the first responders on the scene of Juzoh's accident and was the attending nurse who helped him regain their mobility. The two would later fall in love and get married. Later on, she would give birth to Misaki. Although the family would live happily together, their time together was short. After Juzoh returned from his first trip, he came to find that his wife in the hospital. Akari expressed thoughts about some of the things she wished she would've been able to do. In episode 13, Misaki Prim revealed that Akari Kureha had died of a terminal illness at a young age.
Luke appears in the first episode of the series. He is the drill sergeant at the Allied Forces Military Academy, and is shown to be a tough leader. He forces Misaki to do extra laps for falling behind her comrades and not being able to answer why she had enlisted at the academy. He also appears in the second episode, with a group of others in a tent, monitoring the progress of the field training exercise. He also has a brief cameo in the thirteenth episode, Misaki, where he is shown coming back to Watcher's Nest. He appears in the twelfth episode,
Luxandra's Mother
Luxandra's Mother makes an appearance in the last episode. Lyar makes a visit to the families of the soldiers who lost their lives at Watcher's Nest. It is at her house where Lyar discovers how much Luxandra idolized her, and also discovers she was aboard the vessel saved by Lyar that gave Luxandra her scars. Luxandra's official cause of death was reported as being an accident, and Lyar informs her that her daughter died saving the lives of other people at the base. Lyar is also given her first clue as to the existence of Misaki Kureha when Luxandra's mother tells her to give her regards to the two cadets Luxandra always talked about.
Kiri's Brother
Kiri's Brother makes an appearance in the last episode. Lyar informs Kiri's brother of her death at Watcher's Nest. He reveals she wrote a letter to him, and with it, a picture of the Kiri, Luxandra, Suzanna and Misaki from the fourth episode of Divergence Eve. This is the second clue Lyar receives in regards to the existence of Misaki Kureha.
Music
Kiss Kiss Kiss by Nao Nagasawa
Sora by Nao Nagasawa
References
External links
Radix page
Media Factory page
ADV Films page
Sentai Filmworks page: DEMC
2004 anime television series debuts
ADV Films
Adventure anime and manga
Horror anime and manga
Mecha anime and manga
Sentai Filmworks |
4399619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20era | Modern era | The modern era is the period of human history that succeeds the Middle Ages (which ended around 1500 AD) up to the present. This terminology is a historical periodization that is applied primarily to European and Western history.
The modern era can be further divided as follows:
The early modern period lasted from c. AD 1500 to 1800 and resulted in wide-ranging intellectual, political and economic change. It brought with it the Age of Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution and an Age of Revolutions, beginning with those in America and France and later spreading in other countries, partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars.
The late modern period began around 1800 with the end of the political revolutions in the late 18th century and involved the transition from a world dominated by imperial and colonial powers into one of nations and nationhood following the two great world wars, World War I and World War II.
Contemporary history refers to the period following the end of World War II in 1945 and continuing to the present. It is alternatively considered either a sub-period of the late modern period or a separate period beginning after the late modern period. It includes the currently-ongoing 21st century.
The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science, politics, warfare, and technology. It has also been an age of discovery and globalization. During this time, the European powers and later their colonies, began a political, economic, and cultural colonization of the rest of the world.
By the late 19th and early 20th century, modernist art, politics, science, and culture has come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America, but almost every civilized area on the globe, including movements thought of as opposed to the western world and globalization. The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism, capitalism, urbanization, and a belief in the positive possibilities of technological and political progress.
The brutal wars and other problems of this era, many of which come from the effects of rapid change, and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms, have led to many reactions against modern development. Optimism and the belief in constant progress have been most recently criticized by postmodernism, while the dominance of Western Europe and North America over the rest of the world has been criticized by postcolonial theory.
Terminology
Eras can not easily be defined more exactly than by centuries. 1500 is an approximate starting period for the modern era because many major events caused the Western world to change around that time: from the Fall of Constantinople (1453), Gutenberg's moveable type printing press (1450s), completion of the Reconquista (1492) and Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Americas (also 1492), to the Protestant Reformation begun with Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses (1517).
The term "modern" was coined shortly before 1585 to describe the beginning of a new era.
The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form).
Sometimes distinct from the modern periods themselves, the terms "modernity" and "modernism" refer to a new way of thinking, distinct from medieval thinking.
The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630) is an important transition period beginning between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, which started in Italy.
"Postmodernism", coined 1949, on the other hand, would describe rather a movement in art than a period of history, and is usually applied to arts, but not to any events of the very recent history. This changed, when postmodernity was coined to describe the major changes in the 1950s and 1960s in economy, society, culture, and philosophy.
These terms stem from European History; in worldwide usage, such as in China, India, and Islam, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discoveries.
Characteristics
The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient or medieval world rests on a sense that the modern world is not just another era in history, but rather the result of a new type of change. This is usually conceived of as progress driven by deliberate human efforts to better their situation.
Advances in all areas of human activity—politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology, and culture—appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of the old Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern.
Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblical-oriented value system, revalued the monarchical government system, and abolished the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics.
Some events of modern history, though born out of context not entirely new, show a new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments. Historians analyse the events taking place in Modern Times, since the so-called "Middle Ages" (between Modern and Ancient Times).
Early modern period
Late 15th to 17th century
Renaissance and early Reformation (–1600)
Gutenberg's moveable type printing press (1450s): information age and newspapers.
Discovery of America (1492): Voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Machiavelli's Il Principe (The Prince) started to circulate.
Copernicus and the beginning of the Scientific Revolution
Martin Luther challenges the Church on 31 October 1517 with the 95 Theses: Reformation.
Age of Discovery
Mercantilist economic theory and policy
Fall of the Spanish Armada 8 August 1588 enabled the Rise of the British Empire
Late Reformation and early Baroque (–1700)
The "Baroque" is a term usually applied to the history of art, architecture and music during this period.
Thirty Years' War 1618–1648 in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%.
The treaties of the Peace of Westphalia are signed in 1648, which ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 establishes modern parliamentary democracy in England.
Continuation of the Scientific Revolution
The beginning of the reign of Louis XIV r. 1643–1715, an example of the Age of Absolutism.
18th century
Age of Enlightenment and early Age of Revolution (ca. 1700–1800)
War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
The 1713 Peace of Utrecht marked the change from Spanish to British naval supremacy.
War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
Seven Years' War (1754–1763)
American Revolution (1765–1783)
French Revolution (1789–1799)
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1760.
Late modern period
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. It began with the mechanisation of the textile industries and the development of iron-making techniques, and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads, and then railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.
The date of the Industrial Revolution is not exact. Eric Hobsbawm held that it "broke out" in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 (in effect the reigns of George III, The Regency, and George IV).
The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting the majority of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic Revolution, when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle.
The First Industrial Revolution gave way to the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.
It has been argued that GDP per capita was much more stable and progressed at a much slower rate until the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, and that it has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries.
Napoleonic era
The Napoleonic era is a period in the History of France and Europe. It is generally classified as the fourth stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory and ends at the Hundred Days and his defeat at Waterloo (November 9 1799 – June 28 1815). The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days.
19th century
Historians sometimes define a nineteenth century historical era stretching from 1815 (the Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (the outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "long nineteenth century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914.
During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman Empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal Empires ceased.
Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the World's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy.
Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Slavery was then abolished in Russia, America, and Brazil (see Abolitionism).
Following the abolition of the slave trade, and propelled by economic exploitation, the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884–1885. All the major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The French gained major ground in West Africa, the British in East Africa, and the Portuguese and Spanish at various points throughout the continent, while Leopold II of Belgium was able to retain his personal fiefdom, Congo.
Electricity, steel, and petroleum fuelled a Second Industrial Revolution which enabled Germany, Japan, and the United States to become great powers that raced to create empires of their own. However, Russia and China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires.
20th century
Above all, the 20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature.
Economic development was the force behind vast changes in everyday life, to a degree which was unprecedented in human history. The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas, religion or military conquest, and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people. Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five , much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world’s rich and poor grew much wider than it had ever been in the past, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.
Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization.
Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.
Major political developments included the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, two world wars, and the Cold War. It also saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over commonwealth countries, most notably by ways of the dividing of the British crown into several sovereignties by the Statute of Westminster, the patriation of constitutions by the Canada Act 1982 and the Australia Act 1986, and by the independence of countries like India, Pakistan, South Africa, and Ireland.
World War I
The First World War was a world conflict, raging from July 1914 to the final Armistice on 11 November 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires — the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones — as well as radical change in the European and Middle Eastern maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are sometimes referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are sometimes referred to as the Triple Alliance.
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "no man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and — for the first time — from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.
Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later.
Interwar period
The Interwar period was the period between the end of World War I in 1918 and the beginning of World War II in 1939. It included the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and the rise of communism in Russia and fascism in Italy and Germany.
World War II
World War II was a global military conflict that took place in 1939–1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history, culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb.
Even though Japan had been fighting in China since 1937, the conventional view is that the war began on September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, even though the fighting was confined to Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17, 1939, to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe.
The Allies were initially made up of Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK, such as the Indian Empire. All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939.
Following the lull in fighting, known as the "Phoney War", Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. Six weeks later, France, in the mean time attacked by Italy as well, surrendered to Germany, which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain. On September 27, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement, the Tripartite Pact, and were known as the Axis Powers.
Nine months later, on June 22, 1941, Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which promptly joined the Allies. Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts. This proved to be a mistake by Germany; many historians believe that if Germany had successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and put forth their best effort, the war may have turned in favor of the Axis.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.
Italy surrendered in September 1943 and split in a northern Germany-occupied puppet state and in an Allies-friendly state in the South; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered, marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945.
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.
The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.
After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.
Cold War and 1990s
The Cold War between the "West" (the United States, Western Europe, and Japan) and the "East" (the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China) dominated politics from the end of World War II in 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, at which point the Cold War ended and the post–Cold War era began (which includes most of the 1990s, the last decade of the 20th century).
The Korean War, Vietnam War, and later the Soviet–Afghan War, dominated the political life, while the counterculture of the 1960s and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.
At the end of the twentieth century, the world was at a major crossroads. Throughout the century, more technological advances had been made than in all of preceding history. Computers, the Internet, and other technology radically altered daily lives. However, several problems faced the world during the Cold War period and the 1990s that followed.
First of all, the gap between rich and poor nations continued to widen. Some said that this problem could not be fixed, that there were a set amount of wealth and it could only be shared by so many. Others said that the powerful nations with large economies were not doing enough to help improve the rapidly evolving economies of the Third World. However, developing countries faced many challenges, including the scale of the task to be surmounted, rapidly growing populations, and the need to protect the environment, and the cost that goes along with it.
Secondly, disease threatened to destabilize many regions of the world. Viruses such as West Nile and Avian influenza continued to spread quickly and easily. In poor nations, malaria and other diseases affected the majority of the population. Millions were infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, which was becoming an epidemic in southern Africa and around the world.
Increased globalization, specifically Americanization, was also occurring. While not necessarily a threat, it was causing anti-Western and anti-American feelings in parts of the world, especially the Middle East. English was quickly becoming the global language, with people who did not speak it becoming increasingly disadvantaged.
Terrorism, dictatorship, and the spread of nuclear weapons were also issues requiring immediate attention. Dictators such as Kim Jong-il in North Korea continued to lead their nations toward the development of nuclear weapons. The fear existed that not only are terrorists already attempting to get nuclear weapons, but that they have already obtained them.
21st century
The 2000s decade refers to the years from 2000 to 2009 inclusively. The 2000s were marked generally with an escalation of the social issues of the 1990s, which included the rise of terrorism, stress, the rapid, exponential expansion of economic globalization on an unprecedented scale, the rapid expansion of communications and telecommunications with mobile phones and the Internet and international pop culture.
In North America and the Middle East, most major political developments in the 2000s revolved around the War on Terrorism and the Iraq War. Elsewhere, the major theme was the rapid development of Asia's economic and political potential, with China, experiencing immense economic growth, moving toward the status of a regional power and billion-consumer market. India, along with many other developing countries, were also growing rapidly, and began integrating themselves into the world economy.
A trend connecting economic and political events in North America, Asia, and the Middle East was the rapidly increasing demand for fossil fuels, which, along with fewer new petroleum finds, greater extraction costs (see peak oil), and political turmoil, saw the price of gas and oil soar ~500% between 2000 and 2005. In some places, especially in Europe, gas could be $5 a gallon, depending on the currency.
The entire written works of humanity, from the beginning of recorded history to 2003, in all known languages, are estimated to be at five exabytes of data. Since 2003, with the beginning of social media and "user-generated content", the same amount of data is created every two days. The growth of human knowledge and information continues at an exponential rate.
Telecommunications in the early 21st century are much more advanced and universal than they were in the late 20th century. Only a few percent of the world's population were Internet users and cellular phone owners in the late 1990s; as of 2023, 64.4% of the world's population is online, and as of 2019, an estimated 67% own a cell phone. In the 2010s, artificial intelligence, mainly in the form of deep learning and machine learning, became more prevalent and is prominently used in Gmail and Google's search engine, in banking, with the military and other areas. In 2020, 9% of the world's population still lacked access to electricity.
In 2001, Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, beginning the era of commercial spaceflight. Entrepreneurs Elon Musk and Richard Branson are working towards commercial space exploration, colonization and tourism, while China and India have made substantial strides in their space programs. On 3 January 2019, China landed a robotic spacecraft on the far side of the Moon, the first to do so.
Major events relating to the War on Terrorism included the September 11, 2001 Attacks, the Moscow theater hostage crisis, the 2003 Istanbul bombings, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the Beslan school siege, the 2005 London bombings, the 2005 Delhi bombings, and the 2008 Mumbai Hotel Siege.
The violence in Iraq, even after democratic elections on January 30, 2005, caused much political stir in all countries occupying the country (United States, Britain, Australia, etc), and political debates of these countries in 2006 and 2007 were highly influenced by the unstable situation in the Near East, especially Iraq and the discussion over Iran's nuclear weapons program.
Less influential, but omnipresent, was the debate on Turkey's participation in the European Union.
New virus strains, such as SARS and swine flu, emerged and spread during the 2000s.
The 2010s featured several major events in the Middle East which had effects elsewhere in the world. These events included the Arab Spring, the Syrian civil war, and the expansion of the extremist terrorist group ISIL. Beginning in 2015, Europe was affected by a migrant crisis. Several terrorist attacks occurred in Europe during the 2010s, including the November 2015 Paris attacks.
In 2016, nationalist political movements led to the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald Trump as the President of the United States.
The 2020s have so far been dominated by a global pandemic and the first major war in Europe since World War II.
In 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, a major escalation of a conflict that has lasted since 2014.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
COVID-19 pandemic
In 2020, an outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, first documented in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, spread to other countries becoming a global pandemic, which caused a major socio-economic disruption all over the world. Many countries ordered mandatory lockdowns on movement and closures of non-essential businesses. The threat of the disease caused the COVID-19 recession, although the distribution of vaccines has since eased the economic impact in many countries.
More generally, COVID-19 has been held up as an example of a global catastrophic risk unique to the modern era's ease of travel. New diseases can spread far faster and further in the contemporary era than any previous era of human history; pandemic prevention is one resulting field to ensure that if this happens with a sufficiently deadly virus, humanity can take measures to stop its spread.
The 2020s began with the COVID-19 pandemic—the first reports of the virus were published on December 31, 2019, though the first cases are said to have appeared nearly a month earlier—which caused a global economic recession as well as continuing financial inflation concerns and a global supply chain crisis.
Population growth
On 15 November 2022, the world population grew to over 8 billion people, and in 2023, India overtook China as the most populous country in the world.
See also
Post-classical history
Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
Timelines of modern history
Notes
References
External links
China and Europe
Historical eras
Modern history
Western culture |
4399897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across%20the%20Universe%20%28film%29 | Across the Universe (film) | Across the Universe is a 2007 jukebox musical romantic drama film directed by Julie Taymor, centered on songs by the Beatles. The script is based on an original story credited to Taymor, Dick Clement, and Ian La Frenais, and based on the song of the same name by Lennon–McCartney. It incorporates 34 compositions originally written by members of the Beatles. The film stars Evan Rachel Wood, Jim Sturgess, Joe Anderson and T.V. Carpio, and introduces Dana Fuchs and Martin Luther McCoy as actors. Cameo appearances are made by Bono, Eddie Izzard, Joe Cocker, and Salma Hayek, among others.
Across the Universe premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2007, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 12 by Columbia Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the visuals, cast, and singing performances, though criticized the plot and direction. The film was a major box-office bomb, failing to earn even half of its total production budget at the box office. The film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and an Oscar nomination for Best Costume Design. Two members of the supporting cast, Carol Woods and Timothy T. Mitchum, performed as part of a special Beatles tribute at the 50th Grammy Awards.
Plot
In the 1960s, Jude Feeney, a shipyard worker in Liverpool, heads to the US to find his G.I. father who conceived him during World War II, whom he has never met. He promises his girlfriend Molly he will stay in touch while he is away.
Meanwhile, in New Jersey, Lucy Carrigan worries about her boyfriend Daniel, who is headed for service in the Vietnam War. In Dayton, Ohio, cheerleader Prudence pines for a fellow female cheerleader and then drops out of school in shame.
Jude meets his father Wes, a janitor at Princeton University, but does not particularly bond with him. While on campus, he meets and befriends slacker student Max, who brings him home for Thanksgiving. He introduces Jude to his family, including Lucy, his younger sister.
Max drops out of college; he and Jude move into a bohemian enclave in Greenwich Village run by a singer, Sadie. Jude becomes a freelance artist, and Max is a cab driver. Daniel is killed in Vietnam, and Lucy attends his funeral. In Detroit, a young African-American boy is killed in the 1967 riot. His adult brother Jo-Jo, a guitarist, moves to New York for a change of scenery and auditions for Sadie's band. They are soon joined by Prudence, who had hitchhiked there.
Lucy visits Max in New York before starting college, and she and Jude fall in love. Max, initially displeased upon learning they slept together, finally gives them his blessing. Later, Max is drafted into the army and sent to Vietnam, as he is no longer a college student protected from the draft. Prudence is attracted to Sadie and becomes depressed when Sadie and Jo-Jo begin a relationship.
Lucy becomes increasingly involved in the anti-war movement. Jude remains comparatively apolitical but devoted to her. Sadie is offered a chance to go on a solo tour as a headliner, leading to a bitter breakup between her and Jo-Jo. Jude dislikes the increasing amount of time Lucy spends with the Students for a Democratic Republic, led by activist Paco, as he suspects that Paco is attempting to seduce her.
Jude storms into the SDR office, leading to an argument with Lucy and a fight with Paco, after which Jude is thrown out and she breaks up with him. Some time later, Jude follows her to an anti-war demonstration at Columbia University. When the police arrest Lucy, Paco, and the other activists, Jude's attempts to reach her lead to his arrest as well.
With Jude facing deportation, Lucy contacts his father. Wes visits him in jail but has no legal proof that Jude is his son and thus an American citizen. As a result, Jude is sent back to England. Returning to his job at the Liverpool shipyards, he runs into his former girlfriend Molly and sees that she is heavily pregnant by her current partner. She met him around the time Jude stopped writing her (when he started seeing Lucy).
Jo-Jo continues playing solo guitar in bars, while the highly successful Sadie drowns her sorrow and loneliness in alcohol on tour. Max is wounded in Vietnam and sent home. Lucy visits him in the hospital, but he is traumatized and dependent on morphine. Meanwhile, she continues her activities with the SDR and is involved with Paco, but is uncomfortable with him leading the movement deeper into violence.
Lucy leaves Paco and the organization when she finds him making bombs, and she is surrounded by constant reminders of Jude. One of Paco's homemade bombs explodes, killing him and his confederates. Upon reading this news, Jude fears Lucy is also dead. He learns from Max over the phone that she had left the group beforehand and is alive, and he arranges to return to NYC legally.
Jo-Jo and Sadie, who have reconciled, put on a rooftop concert. Max brings Jude to the rooftop. When the police arrive to break up the concert, Jude manages to remain on the roof and begins to sing. The police allow the band to rejoin him. He notices Lucy on the opposite rooftop, standing and looking at him. Lucy and Jude gaze smilingly at each other as the performance concludes.
Cast
The names of the six main characters (and most minor characters) were inspired by Beatles song titles and lyrics.
Evan Rachel Wood as Lucy ("Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds")
Jim Sturgess as Jude ("Hey Jude")
Joe Anderson as Max ("Maxwell's Silver Hammer")
Dana Fuchs as Sadie ("Sexy Sadie")
Martin Luther McCoy as Jo-Jo ("Get Back")
T.V. Carpio as Prudence ("Dear Prudence")
Spencer Liff as Daniel, Lucy's high school boyfriend ("Rocky Raccoon")
Lisa Hogg as Molly, Jude's Liverpool girlfriend ("Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da")
Angela Mounsey as Martha Feeny, Jude's mother ("Martha My Dear")
Robert Clohessy as Wesley "Wes" Hubert, Jude's father
Dylan Baker and Linda Emond as Lucy's parents (the Carrigans, Jerry Carrigan opened the Beatles' first performance in America)
Lynn Cohen as Grandmother Carrigan
Bill Irwin as Uncle Teddy ("Teddy Boy")
Timothy T. Mitchum as Jo-Jo's younger brother
Carol Woods as Gospel singer at the brother's funeral ("Let It Be")
Joe Cocker as Bum / Pimp / Mad Hippie
Jacob Pitts as Rat magazine employee
Staceyann Chin as Rat magazine employee
Harry Lennix as army sergeant
Logan Marshall-Green as Paco
James Urbaniak as Bill, Sadie's manager ("The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill")
Bono as Dr. Robert ("Doctor Robert")
Daniel Ezralow as Mother Superior ("Happiness Is a Warm Gun")
Eddie Izzard as Mr. Kite ("Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!")
Arabella Holzbog as Prankster
Ekaterina Sknarina as Rita, Prudence's girlfriend, a contortionist for Mr. Kite's circus. ("Lovely Rita")
Salma Hayek as Bang Bang Shoot Shoot Nurses ("Happiness Is a Warm Gun")
Music
Musical numbers
List of 33 Beatles compositions on the soundtrack in order, including three compositions heard twice, totalling 34 individual music cues:
"Girl" — Jude
"Helter Skelter" — Sadie
"Hold Me Tight" — Lucy, Molly, and Prom Night singers
"All My Loving" — Jude
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" — Prudence
"With a Little Help from My Friends" — Max, Jude, and Dorm buddies
"It Won't Be Long" — Lucy and Students
"I've Just Seen a Face" — Jude
"Let It Be" — Gospel singer, Jojo's brother, and Church choir
"Come Together" — Pimp, Bum, Mad Hippie, Jojo, and Prostitutes
"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" — Sadie
"If I Fell" — Lucy
"I Want You (She's So Heavy)" — Max, Sadie, Prudence, Uncle Sam, and Soldiers
"Dear Prudence" — Sadie, Jude, Lucy, and Max
"Flying" (instrumental) — The Secret Machines
"Blue Jay Way" — The Secret Machines
"I Am the Walrus" — Dr. Robert
"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" — Mr. Kite
"Because" — Lucy, Jude, Max, Sadie, Prudence, and Jojo
"Something" — Jude
"Oh! Darling" — Sadie and Jojo
"Strawberry Fields Forever" — Jude and Max
"Revolution" — Jude
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps" — Jojo and Jude
"Across the Universe" — Jude (interwoven with "Helter Skelter")
"Helter Skelter (Reprise)" — Sadie (interwoven with "Across the Universe")
"And I Love Her" (brief extract incorporated into the orchestral score during the "Across the Universe"/"Helter Skelter (Reprise)" sequence, also sung by McCoy in a deleted scene)
"Happiness Is a Warm Gun" — Max, Bang Bang Shoot Shoot nurses, and Soldiers
"A Day in the Life (Instrumental)" — Jeff Beck
"Blackbird" — Lucy
"Hey Jude" — Max, Jude's mother, Children and Immigrants
"Don't Let Me Down" — Sadie and Jojo
"All You Need Is Love" — Jude, Sadie, Prudence, Max, and Jojo
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" — Bono and The Edge (end credits)
Extended musical numbers
There is extra music, such as in "Hold Me Tight", to have more opportunity for things such as dance sequences. In "Come Together" on the special features, there is extra music for a dance solo and a well-planned "Six Degrees of Separation" which connects the main characters as they enter New York lifestyle. "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" is also extended to add time for Max's medical check-up that is shown and for the dialogue about Max eating cotton balls and other theories to get out of the draft. The extended music is used as underscoring for dialogue after "Dear Prudence", "Something", and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Some songs are not extended, but also have dialogue, such as "Revolution" and "All My Loving." Other extended songs include "I Am the Walrus", "Oh! Darling", "Across the Universe", and "Helter Skelter".
Soundtrack
The film's end credits identify 33 Beatles compositions featured in the film, either in their entirety or in part. All of these songs were written from 1962 to 1969 by the members of the Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr) and recorded by the Beatles. Twenty-nine of them are compositions that are officially credited to the songwriting partnership of Lennon–McCartney. Three are credited to George Harrison. One title ("Flying") is a 1967 instrumental composition credited to all four members of the Beatles (Lennon–McCartney–Harrison–Starr).
Thirty of the soundtrack's songs feature vocals. Two of them ("And I Love Her" and "A Day in the Life") are brief instrumental versions of songs that were originally written with lyrics, although "And I Love Her" is sung in a deleted scene. One song ("Flying") was originally written as an instrumental.
Twenty-five of the vocal tracks are performed by one or more of the six lead cast members. Four of the songs are sung by stars with cameo roles (Bono, Eddie Izzard, Salma Hayek and Joe Cocker). One song ("Let It Be") is sung by supporting members of the cast. Another song ("Blue Jay Way") is sung by indie Texan trio the Secret Machines. In 29 of the vocal tracks, the vocalists are singing on-screen. Two of the vocal tracks ("Blue Jay Way" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds") are sung by off-screen vocalists.
The remaining three of the 33 tracks are instrumentals. "Flying" is performed by the Secret Machines, "And I Love Her" is heard briefly as part of the orchestral score, and "A Day in the Life" is performed on guitar by Jeff Beck in a version recorded for Sir George Martin's 1998 album In My Life.
In addition to the Beatles compositions, the soundtrack features an original score composed by Elliot Goldenthal. Goldenthal worked on Taymor's previous films Titus and Frida. (Goldenthal and director Taymor have been romantic partners since 1982.)
Interscope Records has released three variations of the soundtrack from the film—a standard edition and two deluxe editions. The standard edition contains 16 tracks from the film soundtrack, although "Let It Be" is shortened, missing the third verse. The first version of the deluxe edition features 31 tracks—all of the vocal performances and one of the three instrumental tracks. In the US, this 31-track version is available solely at Best Buy stores and in a digital version from iTunes, while in Europe it is available at other retail outlets. A second version of the deluxe edition is available at other retail outlets and digital download suppliers. The second version differs from the 31-track version in that it omits two tracks ("Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" and "I Want You (She's So Heavy)").
The song "It Won't Be Long" was released as a single on iTunes on September 11, 2007. From October 15 to 17, 2007, and again from October 22 to 23, 2007, the 31-track deluxe edition was the #1 downloaded album on iTunes.
The soundtrack includes seven songs from The Beatles (also known as The White Album), five from Magical Mystery Tour, five from Abbey Road, four from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, three from With the Beatles, two from A Hard Day's Night, two from Let It Be, one from Help!, one from Rubber Soul, and three other non-album singles.
Production
In March 2007, the media reported a dispute over the final cut of the film. Concerned with the length of director Julie Taymor's cut of the film, Revolution Studios chairman Joe Roth tested a sneak preview of a shortened version without first informing Taymor. The incident sparked some heat between the two, later involving Sony Pictures' Amy Pascal urging Taymor to agree to the shorter version. After several months of dispute, Taymor's version was eventually reinstated as the theatrically released version. While the production budget was originally reported as $45 million, documents from Roth's sale of Revolution Studios revealed the actual cost of the film to be $70.8 million.
Release and reception
The film's release date and release pattern became the subject of some media and public discussion. The film had been originally scheduled for release in 2006. The release was postponed as the editing process became extended and internal disputes arose. The film was subsequently scheduled for a wide release on approximately 1000 US screens on September 28, 2007. In early September 2007, Sony announced that the release would be brought forward to September 14, 2007, with a "platform release" pattern starting on a small number of screens—with additional screens to be added in subsequent weeks.
The film received its world premiere on Monday, September 10, 2007, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was then given a very limited "platform release" on 27 screens in the US on Friday, September 14. The film had the second-highest "per-screen" average on its opening weekend. In the following three weeks, the release was gradually expanded to select regions. After four weeks in limited release, on October 12, the film was elevated to a comparatively broader release on 954 US screens, breaking into the US box office top ten at #8.
Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, Paul McCartney and Olivia Harrison praised the film after seeing it. Julie Taymor, the director of the film was interviewed about her screening with McCartney: "At the end of the screening I did the classic thing. I asked him, 'Was there anything you didn't like?' He said, 'What's not to like?'"
The DVD, UMD, and Blu-ray formats were released on February 5, 2008. On January 9, 2018, the film was re-released as an Ultra HD Blu-ray.
Critical reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 53% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Psychedelic musical numbers can't mask Across the Universes clichéd love story and thinly written characters." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was extremely positive towards the film, giving it four out of four stars, calling it "an audacious marriage of cutting-edge visual techniques, heart-warming performances, 1960s history and the Beatles songbook" and calling Julie Taymor an "inventive choreographer".
The film appeared on a few notable critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2007, including 34 from American film critics:
1st – Carrie Rickey, The Philadelphia Inquirer
7th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
9th – Stephen Holden, The New York Times
Awards
65th Golden Globe Awards
Nominee for Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
80th Academy Awards
Nominee for Best Costume Design
19th GLAAD Media Awards
Nominee for Best Film – Wide Release
Sequel
In October 2020, Julie Taymor announced that developments were underway for a sequel. Jim Sturgess and Evan Rachel Wood have had discussions with the filmmaker to reprise their roles, while the story would take place during the 1970s and feature additional songs by the Beatles.
See also
List of cover versions of Beatles songs
The Beatles' influence on popular culture
References
External links
The Beatles tribute albums
2007 films
2000s musical films
2007 romantic drama films
American musical drama films
American romantic drama films
American romantic musical films
Anti-war films about the Vietnam War
British musical films
British romantic drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Revolution Studios films
The Beatles in film
Films directed by Julie Taymor
Films set in Liverpool
Films set in New Jersey
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1960s
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films set in Columbia University
American historical romance films
Hippie films
Jukebox musical films
Vietnam War films
Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal
British historical romance films
Films with screenplays by Dick Clement
Films with screenplays by Ian La Frenais
American historical musical films
Films produced by Suzanne Todd
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films |
4400374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20runoff | Surface runoff | Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow). It occurs when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil. This can occur when the soil is saturated by water to its full capacity, and the rain arrives more quickly than the soil can absorb it. Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas (such as roofs and pavement) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes.
Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent of soil erosion by water. The land area producing runoff that drains to a common point is called a drainage basin.
Runoff that occurs on the ground surface before reaching a channel can be a nonpoint source of pollution, as it can carry human-made contaminants or natural forms of pollution (such as rotting leaves). Human-made contaminants in runoff include petroleum, pesticides, fertilizers and others. Much agricultural pollution is exacerbated by surface runoff, leading to a number of down stream impacts, including nutrient pollution that causes eutrophication.
In addition to causing water erosion and pollution, surface runoff in urban areas is a primary cause of urban flooding, which can result in property damage, damp and mold in basements, and street flooding.
Generation
Surface runoff is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail) that reaches a surface stream without ever passing below the soil surface. It is distinct from direct runoff, which is runoff that reaches surface streams immediately after rainfall or melting snowfall and excludes runoff generated by the melting of snowpack or glaciers.
Snow and glacier melt occur only in areas cold enough for these to form permanently. Typically snowmelt will peak in the spring and glacier melt in the summer, leading to pronounced flow maxima in rivers affected by them. The determining factor of the rate of melting of snow or glaciers is both air temperature and the duration of sunlight. In high mountain regions, streams frequently rise on sunny days and fall on cloudy ones for this reason.
In areas where there is no snow, runoff will come from rainfall. However, not all rainfall will produce runoff because storage from soils can absorb light showers. On the extremely ancient soils of Australia and Southern Africa, proteoid roots with their extremely dense networks of root hairs can absorb so much rainwater as to prevent runoff even with substantial amounts of rainfall. In these regions, even on less infertile cracking clay soils, high amounts of rainfall and potential evaporation are needed to generate any surface runoff, leading to specialised adaptations to extremely variable (usually ephemeral) streams.
Infiltration excess overland flow
This occurs when the rate of rainfall on a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground, and any depression storage has already been filled. This is also called Hortonian overland flow (after Robert E. Horton), or unsaturated overland flow. This more commonly occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, where rainfall intensities are high and the soil infiltration capacity is reduced because of surface sealing, or in urban areas where pavements prevent water from infiltrating.
Saturation excess overland flow
When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff. The level of antecedent soil moisture is one factor affecting the time until soil becomes saturated. This runoff is called saturation excess overland flow, saturated overland flow, or Dunne runoff.
Antecedent soil moisture
Soil retains a degree of moisture after a rainfall. This residual water moisture affects the soil's infiltration capacity. During the next rainfall event, the infiltration capacity will cause the soil to be saturated at a different rate. The higher the level of antecedent soil moisture, the more quickly the soil becomes saturated. Once the soil is saturated, runoff occurs. Therefore, surface runoff is a significantly factor in the controlling of soil moisture after medium and low intensity storms.
Subsurface return flow
After water infiltrates the soil on an up-slope portion of a hill, the water may flow laterally through the soil, and exfiltrate (flow out of the soil) closer to a channel. This is called subsurface return flow or throughflow.
As it flows, the amount of runoff may be reduced in a number of possible ways: a small portion of it may evapotranspire; water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions; and a portion of it may infiltrate as it flows overland. Any remaining surface water eventually flows into a receiving water body such as a river, lake, estuary or ocean.
Human influence
Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer. It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains, where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when flooding is not. Increased runoff reduces groundwater recharge, thus lowering the water table and making droughts worse, especially for agricultural farmers and others who depend on the water wells.
When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff, the human impact is expanded to create water pollution. This pollutant load can reach various receiving waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and oceans with resultant water chemistry changes to these water systems and their related ecosystems.
As humans continue to alter the climate through the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, precipitation patterns are expected to change as the atmospheric capacity for water vapor increases. This will have direct consequences on runoff amounts.
Urban runoff
Industrial runoff
Effects of surface runoff
Erosion and deposition
Surface runoff can cause erosion of the Earth's surface; eroded material may be deposited a considerable distance away. There are four main types of soil erosion by water: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion. Splash erosion is the result of mechanical collision of raindrops with the soil surface: soil particles which are dislodged by the impact then move with the surface runoff. Sheet erosion is the overland transport of sediment by runoff without a well defined channel. Soil surface roughness causes may cause runoff to become concentrated into narrower flow paths: as these incise, the small but well-defined channels which are formed are known as rills. These channels can be as small as one centimeter wide or as large as several meters. If runoff continue to incise and enlarge rills, they may eventually grow to become gullies. Gully erosion can transport large amounts of eroded material in a small time period.
Reduced crop productivity usually results from erosion, and these effects are studied in the field of soil conservation. The soil particles carried in runoff vary in size from about .001 millimeter to 1.0 millimeter in diameter. Larger particles settle over short transport distances, whereas small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column. Erosion of silty soils that contain smaller particles generates turbidity and diminishes light transmission, which disrupts aquatic ecosystems.
Entire sections of countries have been rendered unproductive by erosion. On the high central plateau of Madagascar, approximately ten percent of that country's land area, virtually the entire landscape is devoid of vegetation, with erosive gully furrows typically in excess of 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide. Shifting cultivation is a farming system which sometimes incorporates the slash and burn method in some regions of the world. Erosion causes loss of the fertile top soil and reduces its fertility and quality of the agricultural produce.
Modern industrial farming is another major cause of erosion. Over a third of the U.S. Corn Belt has completely lost its topsoil. Switching to no-till practices would reduce soil erosion from U.S. agricultural fields by more than 70 percent.
Environmental effects
The principal environmental issues associated with runoff are the impacts to surface water, groundwater and soil through transport of water pollutants to these systems. Ultimately these consequences translate into human health risk, ecosystem disturbance and aesthetic impact to water resources. Some of the contaminants that create the greatest impact to surface waters arising from runoff are petroleum substances, herbicides and fertilizers. Quantitative uptake by surface runoff of pesticides and other contaminants has been studied since the 1960s, and early on contact of pesticides with water was known to enhance phytotoxicity. In the case of surface waters, the impacts translate to water pollution, since the streams and rivers have received runoff carrying various chemicals or sediments. When surface waters are used as potable water supplies, they can be compromised regarding health risks and drinking water aesthetics (that is, odor, color and turbidity effects). Contaminated surface waters risk altering the metabolic processes of the aquatic species that they host; these alterations can lead to death, such as fish kills, or alter the balance of populations present. Other specific impacts are on animal mating, spawning, egg and larvae viability, juvenile survival and plant productivity. Some research shows surface runoff of pesticides, such as DDT, can alter the gender of fish species genetically, which transforms male into female fish.
Surface runoff occurring within forests can supply lakes with high loads of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus leading to eutrophication. Runoff waters within coniferous forests are also enriched with humic acids and can lead to humification of water bodies Additionally, high standing and young islands in the tropics and subtropics can undergo high soil erosion rates and also contribute large material fluxes to the coastal ocean. Such land derived runoff of sediment nutrients, carbon, and contaminants can have large impacts on global biogeochemical cycles and marine and coastal ecosystems.
In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the aquifer is abstracted for human use. Regarding soil contamination, runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in the form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences.
Agricultural issues
The other context of agricultural issues involves the transport of agricultural chemicals (nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) via surface runoff. This result occurs when chemical use is excessive or poorly timed with respect to high precipitation. The resulting contaminated runoff represents not only a waste of agricultural chemicals, but also an environmental threat to downstream ecosystems. Pine straws are often used to protect soil from soil erosion and weed growth. However, harvesting these crops may result in the increase of soil erosion.
Economic Issues
Surface run-off results in a significant amount of economic effects. Pine straws are cost effective ways of dealing with surface run-off. Moreover, Surface run-off can be reused through the growth of elephant mass. In Nigeria, elephant grass is considered to be an economical way in which surface run-off and erosion can be reduced. Also, China has suffered significant impact from surface run-off to most of their economical crops such as vegetables. Therefore, they are known to have implemented a system which reduced loss of nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus) in soil.
Flooding
Flooding occurs when a watercourse is unable to convey the quantity of runoff flowing downstream. The frequency with which this occurs is described by a return period. Flooding is a natural process, which maintains ecosystem composition and processes, but it can also be altered by land use changes such as river engineering. Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage. Agriculture along the Nile floodplain took advantage of the seasonal flooding that deposited nutrients beneficial for crops. However, as the number and susceptibility of settlements increase, flooding increasingly becomes a natural hazard. In urban areas, surface runoff is the primary cause of urban flooding, known for its repetitive and costly impact on communities. Adverse impacts span loss of life, property damage, contamination of water supplies, loss of crops, and social dislocation and temporary homelessness. Floods are among the most devastating of natural disasters. The use of supplemental irrigation is also recognized as a significant way in which crops such as maize can retain nitrogen fertilizers in soil, resulting in improvement of crop water availability.
Mitigation and treatment
Mitigation of adverse impacts of runoff can take several forms:
Land use development controls aimed at minimizing impervious surfaces in urban areas
Erosion controls for farms and construction sites
Flood control and retrofit programs, such as green infrastructure
Chemical use and handling controls in agriculture, landscape maintenance, industrial use, etc.
Land use controls. Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary hardscape. Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes (zoning and related ordinances) for land developers that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of pavers set in earth for driveways and walkways and other design techniques to allow maximum water infiltration in urban settings. An example of a local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in Santa Monica, California.
Erosion controls have appeared since medieval times when farmers realized the importance of contour farming to protect soil resources. Beginning in the 1950s these agricultural methods became increasingly more sophisticated. In the 1960s some state and local governments began to focus their efforts on mitigation of construction runoff by requiring builders to implement erosion and sediment controls (ESCs). This included such techniques as: use of straw bales and barriers to slow runoff on slopes, installation of silt fences, programming construction for months that have less rainfall and minimizing extent and duration of exposed graded areas. Montgomery County, Maryland implemented the first local government sediment control program in 1965, and this was followed by a statewide program in Maryland in 1970.
Flood control programs as early as the first half of the twentieth century became quantitative in predicting peak flows of riverine systems. Progressively strategies have been developed to minimize peak flows and also to reduce channel velocities. Some of the techniques commonly applied are: provision of holding ponds (also called detention basins or balancing lakes) to buffer riverine peak flows, use of energy dissipators in channels to reduce stream velocity and land use controls to minimize runoff.
Chemical use and handling. Following enactment of the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976, and later the Water Quality Act of 1987, states and cities have become more vigilant in controlling the containment and storage of toxic chemicals, thus preventing releases and leakage. Methods commonly applied are: requirements for double containment of underground storage tanks, registration of hazardous materials usage, reduction in numbers of allowed pesticides and more stringent regulation of fertilizers and herbicides in landscape maintenance. In many industrial cases, pretreatment of wastes is required, to minimize escape of pollutants into sanitary or stormwater sewers.
The U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that local governments in urbanized areas (as defined by the Census Bureau) obtain stormwater discharge permits for their drainage systems. Essentially this means that the locality must operate a stormwater management program for all surface runoff that enters the municipal separate storm sewer system ("MS4"). EPA and state regulations and related publications outline six basic components that each local program must contain:
Public education (informing individuals, households, businesses about ways to avoid stormwater pollution)
Public involvement (support public participation in implementation of local programs)
Illicit discharge detection & elimination (removing sanitary sewer or other non-stormwater connections to the MS4)
Construction site runoff controls (i.e. erosion and sediment controls)
Post-construction (i.e. permanent) stormwater management controls
Pollution prevention (e.g. improved chemical handling, including management of motor fuels and oil, fertilizers, pesticides and roadway deicers) and "good housekeeping" measures (e.g. system maintenance).
Other property owners which operate storm drain systems similar to municipalities, such as state highway systems, universities, military bases and prisons, are also subject to the MS4 permit requirements.
Measurement and mathematical modeling
Runoff is analyzed by using mathematical models in combination with various water quality sampling methods. Measurements can be made using continuous automated water quality analysis instruments targeted on pollutants such as specific organic or inorganic chemicals, pH, turbidity etc. or targeted on secondary indicators such as dissolved oxygen. Measurements can also be made in batch form by extracting a single water sample and conducting any number of chemical or physical tests on that sample.
In the 1950s or earlier hydrology transport models appeared to calculate quantities of runoff, primarily for flood forecasting. Beginning in the early 1970s computer models were developed to analyze the transport of runoff carrying water pollutants, which considered dissolution rates of various chemicals, infiltration into soils and ultimate pollutant load delivered to receiving waters.
One of the earliest models addressing chemical dissolution in runoff and resulting transport was developed in the early 1970s under contract to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This computer model formed the basis of much of the mitigation study that led to strategies for land use and chemical handling controls.
Increasingly, stormwater practitioners have recognized the need for Monte Carlo models to simulate stormwater processes because of natural variations in multiple variables that affect the quality and quantity of runoff. The benefit of the Monte Carlo analysis is not to decrease uncertainty in the input statistics, but to represent the different combinations of the variables that determine potential risks of water-quality excursions. One example of this type of stormwater model is the stochastic empirical loading and dilution model (SELDM) is a stormwater quality model. SELDM is designed to transform complex scientific data into meaningful information about the risk of adverse effects of runoff on receiving waters, the potential need for mitigation measures, and the potential effectiveness of such management measures for reducing these risks. SELDM provides a method for rapid assessment of information that is otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain because it models the interactions among hydrologic variables (with different probability distributions) that result in a population of values that represent likely long-term outcomes from runoff processes and the potential effects of different mitigation measures. SELDM also provides the means for rapidly doing sensitivity analyses to determine the potential effects of different input assumptions on the risks for water-quality excursions.
Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters.
See also
Flash flood
– U.S. Research program
Safe water
References
Further reading
Gebert, W. A., D.J. Graczyk, and W.R. Krug. (1987). Average annual runoff in the United States, 1951-80 [Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-710]. Reston, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Shodor Education Foundation (1998)."Surface Water Runoff Modeling."
External links
USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook, Stage Discharge Relationships, Ch. 14
NutrientNet, an online nutrient trading tool developed by the World Resources Institute, designed to address water quality issues related to surface runoff and other pollution. See also the PA NutrientNet website designed for Pennsylvania's nutrient trading program.
Bioretention as a low impact development method of treating surface runoff
Stormwater Model USGS Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)
Aquatic ecology
Earth phenomena
Environmental chemistry
Soil erosion
Hydrology
Irrigation
Soil contamination
Water pollution
Ocean pollution |
4400487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20translations%20of%20the%20Quran | List of translations of the Quran | This is list of translations of the Quran.
This is a sub-article to Qur'an translations.
Historical (up to the 21st century)
7th–10th centuries
Salman the Persian translated the first chapter of the Qur'an, Al-Fatiha, from Arabic to Persian.
Greek: The purpose is unknown but it is confirmed to be the first-ever complete translation of the Quran. It is known (and substantial fragments of it are preserved) because it was used by Nicetas Byzantius, a scholar from Constantinople, in his 'Refutatio' written between 855 and 870.
Although not existing today, a Sindhi translation was completed in 884 in Alwar (present-day Sindh, Pakistan), which had been commissioned by Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz.
This is inferred from two references:
"... an anonymous early 9th century Kashmiri Hindu king ..." wrote a letter to Amir Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz of Mansura, requesting him to dispatch a scholar to his court who could explain the tenets of the Islamic shariah in the language "al-Hindia".
The 9th-century Persian traveller Buzurg bin Shahryar mentions in his travelogue, Ajaib-ul Hind [The Wonders of India], that the Hindu king of Mehroke in Kashmir had commissioned the preparation of a Kashmiri translation of the Quran.
An incomplete Berber translation may have been promulgated by the Barghawata King Salih ibn Tarif in the 8th century, radically expanded with original, non-Quranic material which he claimed had been revealed to him.
10th century
Tafsir-e Tabari: The first complete translation of the Quran in Persian, along with its tafsir, which has survived till today. The book is a translation of Tafsir al-Tabari in Arabic.
11th century
Persian translation which is called "Qur'an Quds" was translated by an unknown translator.
Kashf al-Israr wa 'Eddat al-Abrar (lit. Unveiling of the Mysteries and Provision of the Righteous): Complete translation and tafsir of Quran in Persian by one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari. The book is available and has been published.
12th century
1143, Latin, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, by a group led by Robert of Ketton and Hermann of Carinthia, under direction of Peter the Venerable
Tafsir Nasafi: Complete Persian translation, along with the Quran exegesis, by Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi. The work has recently been published.
Punjabi- Quran was translated into Punjabi by Sufis of Punjab in Shah Mukhi Script for ease of understanding for the local population (Punjabis). Same sufis had earlier created "Shah Mukhi" script by combining Arabic and Persian alphabets
13th century
1193–1216, Latin, an improved Latin translation from Arabic by Mark of Toledo (fl. 1193–1216)
16th century
1543 reprint Latin text of Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete (1143), edited by Theodor Bibliander.
1547 enigmatical Italian edition, printed at Venice
Belarusian Tatars` manuscripts (kitabs)
17th century
17th century Malay, Tafsir Tarjuman al-Mustafid by Shaikh Abdur Ra'uf al-Fansuri from Aceh Sultanate. This is the first translation in Malay. The translation is in the classical Malay language (not to be confused with Malaysian) before it evolved into Indonesian and Malaysian in recent times. This translation was written with Jawi script.
1616, German, Alcoranus Mahometicus from Italian by Salomon Schweigger, Nuremberg.
1632, Latin, Turcarum Alcoranus from Arabic by Johann Zechendorff (1580-1662), unpublished manuscript
1647, French, L'Alcoran de Mahomet from Arabic by Andre du Ryer, the third from the original Arabic directly into a European language, the first two being to Latin (12th century, 13th century).
1649, English, Alcoran of Mahomet from the French by Alexander Ross.
1657, Dutch, Mahomets Alkoran translated from the French by Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker.
1686, Polish, the “Minsk tafsir”, first suras were written in Turkish, but from the 19th and onwards they were written in Polish using the Arabic alphabet, translation by Tatars.
1698, Latin, a third Latin translation from Arabic, extensively annotated, sometimes from a Christian perspective, preceded by a biography of the Prophet and a discussion of Islamic doctrines, by Father Louis Maracci, Padua.
18th century
1716, Russian, «Алкоран о Магомете, или Закон турецкий» (Al-Koran of Mahomet, or the Turkish Law) by P. V. Postnikov.
1734, English, The Koran by George Sale, Translated into English immediately from the original Arabic with explanatory notes and commentaries and evidently making use of the Latin translation of Maracci (1698).
1749, Sindhi, "Tafsir-e-Hashmi" by Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi. First commentary of the Quran in Sindhi and the most ancient translation of Quran in Sindhi that could be found. Popularly called as the first Sindhi translation that got to be known also.
1790, Russian, "Книга Аль-Коран аравлянина Магомета ..." by M. I. Veryovkin.
1792, Russian, "Ал-Коран Магомедов ..." by A. V. Kolmakov.
19th century
1828, Urdu, Muzihul-al-Quran by Shah Abdul Qadir Dehlvi, first Urdu translation of Quran
1834, Gustav Leberecht Flügel's text formed the foundation of modern Qur'an research and the basis for several new translations into European languages.
1858, Polish, Quran (al Quran) by Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki.
1861, English, The Koran by John Medows Rodwell.
1864, Russian, "Коран Магомеда" by K. Nikolayev.
1871 (issued 1995), Russian, "Коран Магомеда" by D. N. Boguslavsky.
1878 (reissued a lot of times), Russian, "Коран, законодательная книга мохаммеданского вероучения" by G. S. Sablukov.
1880, English, The Koran, by Edward Henry Palmer.
1886, Bengali, by Girish Chandra Sen
1895, Serbian, "Коран" by Mićo Ljubibratić
1896, Urdu,Tarjuma-i Qur’an by Nazeer Ahmad Dehlvi
20th century
later translated into various other languages including English.
1902, Urdu, Tarjamul Quran by Maulana Aashiq Ilahi Meeruti.
1905, Urdu, Bayanul Quran by Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi.
1909, Western Armenian, Ղուրան by Abraham Amirkhanyan.
1911, Western Armenian, Քուրան (Հանդերձ Մուհամմէտի կենսագրութեամբ) by Levon Larents.
1912, Western Armenian, Գուրան by Hagop Kurbetian.
1912, Urdu, Kanzul Iman by Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan.
1912, Romanian, Coranul by Silvestru Octavian Isopescul
1915–19, Urdu, Tarjuma Shaikhul Hind by Maulana Mahmud ul Hasan Deobandi.
1917, English, The English Translation of the Holy Qur'an with Commentary by Maulana Muhammad Ali.
1961 Urdu, Mafhoom-ul-Quran by Ghulam Ahmed Perwez.
1930, English, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, by Marmaduke Pickthall.()
1934, English, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.()
1936, Bosnian, Kur'an by Hafiz Muhamed Pandža and Džemaludin Čaušević
1936, Hebrew, AlQur'an, by Josef Rivlin.
1943-1955/1980, Turkish, Tanrı Buyruğu: Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Tercüme ve Tefsiri (İstanbul 1943, 1947, 1955, 1980), by Ömer Rıza Doğrul
1955, English, The Koran Interpreted: A Translation, by Arthur John Arberry.()
1963 (reissued a lot of times), Russian, "Коран" by I. Yu. Krachkovsky.
1971, English, The Quran, by Muhammad Zafrulla Khan.
1971, Hebrew, HaQur'an, by Aharon Ben-Shemesh.
1974, English, The Message of the Qur'an : Presented in Perspective by Hashim Amir Ali (Hyderabad, Deccan, India). He translated the Qur'an into English and arranged it according to chronological order.
1978, Kannada, Divya Qur'an, Qur'an Majid, (An effort of six scholars: Mawlana Shah Abd al-Qadir, Mawlana Sayyid, Abu Raihan Ahmed Noori, Abd Allah Sahib, I’jaz al-Din and Abd al-Ghaffar), 2 volumes, Bangalore.
1980, Kurdish, Tefsîra Şîrîn by Mula Muhammad Shirine Nivili.
1980, English, The Message of The Qur'an by Muhammad Asad (born as Leopold Weiss a Polish Jew, converted to Islam in 1926).
1981, English, Al Qur'aan, by As Sayyid Imam Isa Al Haadi Al Mahdi, founder of the Ansaaru Allah Community of the West.
1985, English, Noble Qur'an, by Muhammad Muhsin Khan.
1985, English, The Qur'an: First American Version, by T. B. Irving.
1986, Polish Koran by Józef Bielawski.
1987, Kurdish Nami Tafsir by Abdul Karim Mudarris.
1987, Hungarian Korán by Róbert Simon.
1989-05, English, The Qur'an, by Muhammad Habib Shakir.
1989, Kurdish Hazhar Tafsir by Abdurrahman Sharafkandi.
1990s, Khowar also known as Chitrali Language, spoken in the North West of Pakistan bordering Afghanistan, by Qari Syed Bazurg Shah Al-Azhari (Sitara Imtiaz).
1990, Belarusian, Свяшчэнны Каран. Анталогія, by Tomasz Tamaszewicz, Hrodna, Belarus
1991, English, The Clarion Call of the Eternal Qur-aan, by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman from Dhaka, Bangladesh.
1991, Hindi, Quran Sharif: Anuwad awr Vyakhya by Jamiat Ulama Hind, New Delhi, India.
1993, Sindhi, Kanzul-i-iman by Mufti Muhammad Raheem Sikandri Pir jo Goth Dargah Shareef Pir Pagara.
1993, English, A Simple Translation of The Holy Qur'an (with notes on Topics of Science), by Mir Aneesuddin.
1994, Kurdish, "Qurana Pîroz û Arşa Wê ya Bilind" by Abdullah Varli.
1995, Russian, «Коран» by T. A. Shumovsky.
1995, Russian, «Коран» by M.-N. O. Osmanov.
1996, English, El's Holy Qur'an, by Malachi Z. York for the Holy Tabernacle Ministries.
1997, Russian, "Коран" by V. M. Porokhova.
1998, Swedish, Koranens budskap, by Mohammed Knut Bernström
1998, Urdu, English Bayan-ul-Quran by Israr Ahmed
2000, Romanian, Coranul by George Grigore
21st century
2001, Kurdish, "تەفسیرا ژیان" by Ismail Sgeri.
2002, Russian, "Коран" by E. R. Kuliyev.
2003, Kurdish, "Meala Fîrûz Şerha Qur’ana Pîroz" by Mula Muhammad Garsi Farqini.
2004, Kurdish, "تەفسیری ئاسان" by Burhan Muhammad Amin.
2005, Kurdish, "تەفسیری ڕامان" by Ahmed Kaka Mahmood.
2005 (January), Bengali, "Al-Qur-aa-nul-Hakeem" by Professor Maulana Hafez Shaikh Ainul Bari Aliavee, Published by Sufia Prakashani, Kolkata (INDIA).
2006, Eastern Armenian, Սուրբ Ղուրան by Eduard Hakhverdyan.
2007, Kurdish, "Ronahîya Qur’ana Pîroz" by Mula Muhammad Hakari.
2007, English, The Noble Quran: Meaning With Explanatory Notes by Taqi Usmani
2007 Quran: a Reformist Translation (Non-sexist, non-sectarian translation). Edip Yüksel, Layth al-Shaiban, Martha Schulte-Nafeh, .
2007, Urdu, "Noor e Imaan" by Moulana Syed Abid Khundmeeri
2008, Kurdish, "تەفسیرا ساناهی" by Tahsin Ibrahim Doski.
2009, Kurdish, "Qur’ana pîroz Kurdî" by Tenvir Neshriyat.
2010, Kurdish, "Nura Qelban" by Muhammad Shoshiki.
2010, Telugu, Divya Quran Sandesham by Abdul-Raheem Mohammed Moulana
2011, English, "AL Quran: By Allah" by Muhammad Kamran Khan.
2013, Bengali, "Tafseerul Quran" by Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib, Published by Hadeeth Foundation Bangladesh, can be downloaded in PDF from:
2013, Georgian "The Quran" by Giorgi Lobzhanidze.
2013, English, The Qur'an: A New Annotated Translation, AJ Droge, Equinox Publishing Ltd,
2014, Kurdish, "تەفسیری تەوحید" by Abdul Qadir Tawhidi.
2014, Kurdish, "Qur’ana Kerîm û meala wêya Kurdî" by Fikri Amedi.
2014, Urdu, "MUTALAEH QURAN مطالعہ قرآن" by ABDULLAH can be downloaded in PDF from Google
2014, Urdu "Mukammal Tafseerul Quran" by Mufti shaukat Ali Fehmi, Published by Din Dunia Publishing Co. jama masjid Delhi
2015, Kurdish "پوختەی تەفسیری قورئان" by Muhammad Mula Saleh Bamoki.
2015, Western Armenian, Գուրան-ը քերիմ and Eastern Armenian, Ղուրան-ը քերիմ.
2016, English," Selected collections of Holy Quran in English: A companion for Young Muslims to understand the Divine Messages of Prophet Mohammad" by Syed N Asad, MD
2016, English, "The Quran: A Complete Revelation" by Sam Gerrans.
2016, "The Holy Quran and its meaning translation in Georgian language" by
2017, Slovene, "Koran, prevod iz arabskega izvirnika" by Mohsen Alhady and Margit P. Alhady,
2018, Polish, "Koran" by Musa Çaxarxan Czachorowski, Polish Tatar, .
2018, Kurdish, "Reber Kurdish Tafsir" by Salahadin Abdul Karim.
2018, Kurdish, "تەفسیری پێشەنگ" by Anwar Aziz Koye.
2022, English, The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English. Translated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. 2022, (originally published independently, 2019). (https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran).
2023, Bangla, "Tarjamatul Quran" by Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib
2023 Memoni, "Noor-Ul-Quran Al-Kareem" ‘‘نور القرآن الکریم ’’ Memoni translation of "Kanz-Ul-Iman" (in Urdu alphabets) by Muhammad Younus Ibrahim Chhotani. "Kanz-Ul-Iman" is a Urdu translation of Holy Quran by Aala Hazrat Ahmed Raza Khan barelvi.
2023. Memoni, "Noor-Ul-Quran Al-Hameed" ’’نورالقرآن الحمید‘‘ Memoni translation of "Fateh-Ul-Hameed" (in Urdu alphabets) by Muhammad Younus Ibrahim Chhotani. "Fateh-Ul-Hameed " is a Urdu translation of Holy Quran by Hazrat Fateh Muhammad Khan Jalandhary.
2023 Memoni, "Noor-Ul-Quran Shareef ": Memoni translation of "Kanz-Ul-Iman" (in Roman Memoni- English alphabets) by Muhammad Younus Ibrahim Chhotani. "Kanz-Ul-Iman" is a Urdu translation of Holy Quran by Aala Hazrat Ahmed Raza Khan barelvi.
2023 Memoni, "Noor-Ul-Quran Al-Hakeem" Memoni translation of "Fateh-Ul-Hameed" (in Roman Memoni-English alphabets) by Muhammad Younus Ibrahim Chhotani. "Fateh-Ul-Hameed " is a Urdu translation of Holy Quran by Hazrat Fateh Muhammad Khan Jalandhary.
By writer and language
Adyghe
The Adyghe translation of the Quran was completed by Ishak Mashbash. A Kabardian edition was also published.
Acehnese
Translation in Acehnese poem, by Teungku Mahyiddin Yusuf in 1995. The manuscript is written in Jawi script but later converted into Latin script in printed version. (see PDF)
Afrikaans
Die Heilige Qur'ān, by Imam Muhammad A Baker. First edition 1961. The style of Afrikaans dates from the 1940s–1960s. The author deliberately used spelling which mimicks Arabic pronunciation even if those words have been taken up into mainstream Afrikaans with a different spelling or pronunciation. It is a literal translation, but the text reads like normal, idiomatic Afrikaans, with a few errors. The word "surah" was translated "hoofstuk" (meaning "chapter"). The book does not contain the Arabic text.
A newer Afrikaans translation of the Qur'an was made using the principles of dynamic equivalence, but that version is not popular among Afrikaans Muslims.
Albanian
Ilo Mitkë Qafëzezi, 1921.
Feti Mehdiu, 1985.
Hasan Efendi Nahi, 1988.
H. Sherif Ahmeti, 1988.
Kurani Kerim, by Muhammad Zakria Khan. First published in UK in 1990. Second revised edition in 2003. Islam International Publications. ().
Armenian
Ղուրան by Abraham Amirkhanyan (1909, Western Armenian)
Քուրան (Հանդերձ Մուհամմէտի կենսագրութեամբ) by Levon Larents (1911, Western Armenian)
Գուրան by Hagop Kurbetian (1912, Western Armenian)
Սուրբ Ղուրան by Eduard Hakhverdyan (2006, Eastern Armenian)
Գուրան-ը քերիմ (2015, Western Armenian), and Ղուրան-ը քերիմ (2015, Eastern Armenian)
Assamese
Zohurul Hoque. Second revised edition published in 2007 by Bina Library. The book has parallel transliteration of Arabic text into Assamese.
Azerbaijani
Mir Məhəmməd Kərim ağa (1906)
Mahammad Hasan Movlazadeh Shakavi (1908)
Vasim Mammadaliyev (1971)
Ziya Bunyadov
Alikhan Musayev
Balochi
by Moulana Huzoor Bakhsh
Mawlana Khair Ali Nadwiجمال القرآن by Mawlana Khair Mohammad Nadwi
by Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Zamurani
Allama Qazi Abdul Samad Sarbazi and Mawlana Khair Mohammad Nadwi
Belarusian
Kitabs written in Belarusian Arabic alphabet during 15th — 19th centuries.
Tomasz Tamaszewicz
Bengali
A partial translation of only the 30th para by Maulana Amir Uddin Basunia of Rangpur in 1808.
Girish Chandra Sen (1886), first complete translation. He is usually credited as the first Bengali translator of Quran.
Maulana Muhiuddin Khan.
Abbas Ali (West Bengal).
Muhammad Mustafizur Rahman (Died Jan 2014), কোরআন শরীফ (বঙ্গানুবাদ) Koran Sharif (Bengali translation). Published from, Dhaka Bangladesh. Publisher: Khoshroz Kitab Mahal.
Nurur Rahman, 1984, (Bengali translation of the work by Ashraf Ali Thanvi).
2005 (January), Bengali, "Al-Qur-aa-nul-Hakeem" (আলকুরআ-নুল হাকীম) by Professor Maulana Hafez Shaikh Ainul Bari Aliavee, Published by Sufia Prakashani, Kolkata (INDIA).
Rafiqur Rahman Chowdhury, 2011, (Bengali translation of the English translation of Quran by Abdullah Yusuf Ali).
Justice Habibur Rahman
2013: Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib,"Tafseerul Quran" Published by Hadeeth Foundation Bangladesh.
2023: Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib,"Tarjamatul Quran" . A full Bangla translation of the noble Quran with short exegesis.
Dr Zōhurul Hoque
Muhammad Mujibur Rahman. Published bt Darus Salam.
D. Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria.
Panna Chowdhury, Chhondoboddho Bangla Quran (2006), First complete poetic translation in Bengali.
Bosnian
Džemaludin Čaušević and Muhamed Pandža: Kur'an. Translated from Turkish (Ömer Rıza Doğrul). Sarajevo, 1937, Zagreb (editors: Omer Mušić and Alija Nametak), 1969, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, Dubai, 1993, Sarajevo, 2011, 2012, 2014.
Ali Riza Karabeg: Kur'an. A compilation of the Serbian translation (Mićo Ljubibratić). Mostar, 1937, Sarajevo, 1942, Zagreb, 1991.
Besim Korkut: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 1977, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017, Medina, 1991, Tuzla, 1993, Novi Pazar, 2011.
Mustafa Mlivo: Kur'an. Bugojno, 1994, 1995, 2004.
Enes Karić: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 1995, Bihać, 2006, 2008, 2013.
Esad Duraković: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 2004.
Ramo Atajić: Kur'an. Translated from German. München, 2001.
Hilmo Ćerimović: Kur'an. Translated from English (Muhammad Asad). Sarajevo, 2004.
Fahrija Avdić and Wasim Ahmad: Kur'an. Translated from English (Maulvi Sher Ali Ranjha). Frankfurt am Main, 2007.
Nurko Karaman: Kur'an. Sarajevo, 2018.
Burushaski
Dr professor Allama Nasir ud din Hunzai (In 2002). The scholar is amongst the founding fathers of Brushaski(Baba e Burushaski). He has the credit of being the first scholar to give script to the Brushaski and writing related to the esoteric interpretation of the Holy Qur’a more then 150 books indifferent languages and also his poetry on sufism is famous around the world eg Burushaski, Urdu , Persian, Arabic, Turkish ,Franch, English Etc. and also the first person to have Diwan in his language Burushaski.
The government of Pakistan had conferred on him Sitara-e-Imtiaz, one of the state’s highest civilian awards. His work has also been translated into several languages, including English , Persian , Arabic Turkish,French Etc Allama Nasir, as he was popularly known, had also served as a soldier in the Gilgit Scout.
Although never schooled formally, the University of Montreal, Canada, had conferred on him an honorary degree of doctorate, in acknowledgement of his work.
He is the co-author of a German-Burushaski dictionary published by Heidelberg University, Germany and “Hunza Proverbs” published by the Calgary University of Canada. Breathed his last today in Austin, USA. He had recently celebrated his centennial birthday.his contribution books, booklets and papers on spirituality, Islam, the Holy Quran, religion, spiritual sciences and other topics.
Buginese
1994: Tafsir by K.H. Abdul Muin Yusuf et al. in Lontara script.
Bulgarian
Tzvetan Teophanov: 1997, 1999, 2006. ().
Catalan
Mikel de Epalza: 2001. ().
Chinese
The Holy Quran with Chinese translation and Commentary. Printed by Bestprint Printing Company, Singapore. Published by Islam International Publications 1990. ().
Yusuf Ma Dexin, 宝命真经直解 (True Revealed Scripture)
Muhammad Ma Jian
A Dachang Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing.
Czech
Some excerpts are translated in polemic treatise Antialkorán (Counter-Quran) by Václav Budovec z Budova, 1614 and 1989.
Korán, translated by Ignác Veselý, 1912.
Korán, translated by Alois Richard Nykl, 1938.
Korán, translated by Ivan Hrbek, 1972, 1991, 2000, 2006, 2007 and 2012 (the most widely used translation today).
Danish
Ellen Wulff (translated in 2006)
Koranen med dansk oversaettelse og noter (Qur'an with Danish translation and notes) by Abdul Salam Madsen. Published by Islam International Publications Limited. ().
Dari
Quran translation in Dari language.
Dogri
Pavittar Quran पवित्तर क़ुरान by Azra Chowdhury in 2019.
Dutch
(in chronological order of publication)
Barent Adriaensz Berentsma, 1641, De Arabische Alkoran, Door de Zarazijnsche en de Turcksche Prophete Mahometh, In drie onderscheyden deelen begrepen, Hamburg [= Amsterdam], Barent Adriaensz Berentsma. Based on the German translation (1616) by Salomon Schweigger.
Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker, 1657, Mahomets Alkoran, Door de Heer Du Ryer uit d'Arabische in de Fransche taal gestelt, Amsterdam, Jan Rieuwertsz. Based on the French translation (1647) by André du Ryer; reprinted in 1658, 1696, 1698, 1707, 1721 and 1743.
Ludovicus Jacobus Antonius Tollens, 1859, Mahomed's Koran, gevolgd naar de Fransche vertaling van Kasimirski, de Engelsche van Sale, de Hoogduitsche van Ullmann en de Latijnsche van Maracci, Batavia, Lange en Co.
Salomon Keyzer, 1860, De Koran, voorafgegaan door het leven van Mahomet, eene inleiding omtrent de godsdienstgebruiken der Mahomedanen, enz., Haarlem, J.J. van Brederode. Reprinted in 1879, 1905, 1916 and 1925.
Sudewo Partokusomo Kertohadinegoro, 1934, De Heilige Qoer-an, vervattende den Arabischen tekst met ophelderende aanteekeningen en voorrede, Batavia, Drukkerij Visser & Co. Based on the English translation (1917) by Muhammad Ali. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1968, 1981 and 1996.
Nasirah B. Zimmermann, 1953, De Heilige Qor'aan, met Nederlandse vertaling, Rabwah/[The Hague]: "The Oriental & Religious Publishing Corporation"/Zuid-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1969, 1983 and 1991.
Johannes Hendrik Kramers, 1956, De Koran uit het Arabisch vertaald, Amsterdam/Brussels, Elzevier. Many reprints.
Fred Leemhuis, 1989, De Koran: Een weergave van de betekenis van de Arabische tekst, Houten, Het Wereldvenster. Also includes the Arabic text; many reprints.
Sofjan S. Siregar, 1996, De Edele Koran, en een vertaling van betekenissen ervan in de Nederlandse taal, The Hague, Islamitische Cultureel Centrum Nederland. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 1998, 2000 and 2001.
Jeroen Rietberg, 2004, De Heilige Korān, Nieuwe Nederlandse Vertaling: Arabische Tekst met Nederlandse Vertaling en Commentaar, Ohio: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore Inc. U.S.A., 2004. Based on the English translation (1951) by Muhammad Ali. Also includes the Arabic text.
Kader Abdolah, 2008, De Koran: Een vertaling, Breda, De Geus. Reprinted in 2010.
Rafiq Ahmed Fris, Mehmet Fatih Özberk & Mohammed Aarab, 2013, De Glorieuze Qorʼān En De Nederlandse Vertaling Ervan, Istanbul, Hayrât Neşriyat. Also includes the Arabic text.
Özcan Hıdır & Fatih Okumuş, 2013, De Levende Koran: Een Nederlandse vertaalversie met weergave van de Arabische tekst en met commentaar, Rotterdam, IUR Press/Stichting Lezen & Leven. Also includes the Arabic text.
Aboe Ismail [= Jamal Ahajjaj] & Studenten, 2013, De interpretatie van de betekenissen van de Koran, The Hague, Stichting as-Soennah. Also includes the Arabic text; reprinted in 2014.
Stichting OntdekIslam, 2013, Interpretatie van de betekenis van de Heilige Koran, Rotterdam/Alexandria, Stichting OntdekIslam/Conveying Islamic Message Society.
Ali Soleimani, 2014, De Koran: Een woordelijke vertaling uit het Arabisch, Drachten, Het Talenhuis.
Eduard Verhoef, 2015, De Koran, heilig boek van de Islam, Maartensdijk, Uitgeverij Verhoef.
Ali Ünal, 2018, De Koran, Rotterdam, Uitgeverij de Rijn.
English
(In chronological order of publication)
Alexander Ross, 1649, The Alcoran of Mahomet: Translated out of Arabique into French by the Sieur Du Ryer.
George Sale, 1734, Koran, Commonly called The Alcoran of Mohammed, Translated into English immediately from the Original Arabic; with Explanatory Notes, taken from the most approved Commentators. To which is prefixed a Preliminary Discourse.
John Meadows Rodwell, 1861, The Koran. ().
E.H. Palmer, 1880, The Qur'an: The Sacred Books of the East Part Nine. ().
Mohammad Abdul Hakim Khan, 1905, The Holy Qur'an, Patiala.
Hairat Dehlawi, 1912, The Koran Prepared, Delhi.
Mirza Abul Fazl, 1911, The Qur'an, Arabic Text and English Translation Arranged Chronologically with an Abstract, Allahabad.
Maulana Muhammad Ali, 1917 The Holy Qur'an: Text. ().
Al-Hajj Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar, 1929, Translation of the Holy Qur'an, Singapore and Woking, England.
Marmaduke Pickthall, 1930, The Meaning of the Glorious Qu'ran. ().
Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 1934, The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an, Lahore. ().
Maulvi Sher Ali, 1936, The Holy Quran with English translation. ().
Richard Bell, 1937–39, The Qur'an. Translated, with a critical re-arrangement of the Surahs.
Abdul Majid Daryabadi, 1941, The Holy Qur'an, English Translation, Lahore.
Arthur John Arberry, 1955, The Koran Interpreted: A Translation. ().
N. J. Dawood, 1956, "The Koran". ()
Khadim Rahmani Nuri, 1964. "The Running Commentary of the Holy Qur-an". Shillong
Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, 1970, "The Qur'an: The Eternal Revelation vouchsafed to Muhammad the Seal of the Prophets".()
Muhammad Asad, 1980, The Message of The Qur'an.().
M. H. Shakir, 1981, The Quran, Arabic and English. (). (Controversial, see English translation controversy)
T. B. Irving, 1985, The Qur'an: First American Version. ().
Zafar Ishaq Ansari, 1988 Towards Understanding the Qur'an, translated from Abul Ala Maududi's Urdu translation Tafhim al Qur'an.
Rashad Khalifa, (died on 31 January 1990), Quran: The Final Testament, Universal Unity, ().
Allamah Nooruddin, Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar 1990, The Holy Qur'an - Arabic Text and English Translation ().
T. B. Irving, 1991 Noble Qur'an: Arabic Text & English Translation ()
Mir Aneesuddin, 1993 "A Simple Translation of The Holy Qur'an (with notes on Topics of Science)"
AbdalHaqq and Aisha Bewley, 1999&2005 The Noble Qur'an: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English, Bookwork. ().
Emily Assami, Mary Kennedy, Amatullah Bantley: 1997, The Qur’ān Saheeh International Translation
Muhammad Muhsin Khan and M. Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali, 1999. The Noble Quran ()
Zohurul Hoque, 2000, Translation and Commentary on The Holy Quran, Holy Qur'An Pub. Project. ().
S.M. Afzal-ur-Rahman, 2001, The Holy Quran.
Ahmed Ali, 2001, Al-Qur'an, a Contemporary Translation.() ().
Muhammad Taqiuddin Sarwar, 2001, The Holy Qur'an, Islamic Seminary Inc. ().
Shabbir Ahmed, 2003, Galaxy.
The Message: God's Revelation to Humanity, 2003, by ProgressiveMuslims.Org, iUniverse, Inc.()()
Kanzul Iman by Professor Shah faridul Haque, 1990, The Qur'an "Kanzul Iman" With a Phrase-by-Phrase English Translation, from Pakistan.
Ali Quli Qara'i, 2005, The Qur'an With a Phrase-by-Phrase English Translation, ICAS Press. ().
Muhammad Abdel-Haleem, 2004, The Qur'an (Oxford World Classics). ().
Thomas Cleary, 2004, The Qur'an: A New Translation.()
Ali Ünal, 2006 The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English. ().
Alan Jones, 2007, The Qur'an Translated into English, Oxford, Gibb Memorial Trust. ().
Edip Yüksel, Layth al-Shaiban, Martha Schulte-Nafeh, 2007 Quran: a Reformist Translation (Non-sexist, non-sectarian translation). ().
Laleh Bakhtiar, 2007 The Sublime Quran.
Syed Vickar Ahamed, 2007, The Glorious Qur'an (Interpretation of the Meaning of).()
Tahereh Saffarzadeh, translated Qur'an in Persian and English (bilingual).
Justice Mufti Taqi Usmani, 2008, comprehensive Translation with explanatory notes, THE NOBLE QURAN, ()
The Quran: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text (2009) by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. Published in India.
Tarif Khalidi, 2009, The Qur'an: A New Translation, Penguin Classics ().
P. JainulAbideen, 2010, Al-Quran, (Beta Translation).
Tahir-ul-Qadri, 2011, The Glorious Qur'an, Minhaj-ul-Qur'an publications. ()
Tahir Mahmood Kiani, 2022, The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English., Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. 2022, (originally published independently, 2019). (https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran)
Mufti Afzal Hoosen Elias, 2007, Quran Made Easy - Arabic & English
AJ Droge, 2013, The Qur'an: A New Annotated Translation,
Talal Itani, 2012, Quran in Modern English: Clear and Easy to Read, ClearQuran Publishing ()
Syed Vickar Ahamed, 2015, Interpretation of the Meaning of The Glorious Qur'an, Library of Congress Control Number 2004096319,
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Maria Dakake, Caner K. Dagli and Joseph E. B. Lumbard, 2015, The Study Quran Translation, Published by HarperOne: New York and San Francisco (
Mustafa Khattab, 2015, The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation, Published by SirajPublications.com ()
Safi Kaskas, 2015: The Qur'an: A Contemporary Understanding ()
Sam Gerrans, 2016, The Quran: A Complete Revelation ()
Musharraf Hussain al Azhari, 2018, The Majestic Quran: A Plain English Translation, Published by Invitation Publishing. ().
Sheikh Nuh Ha Meem Keller, 2022, "The Quran Beheld" https://www.quranbeheld.com/
Esperanto
Italo Chiussi, La Nobla Korano.
Muztar Abbasi, La traduko de la Sankta Kuraano.
Estonian
Haljand Udam, Koraan. ().
Finnish
Georg Pimenoff, Koraani Ahsen Böre,1943
Jussi Aro, Armas Salonen ja Knut Tallqvist. Koraani WSOY, 1957
Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Koraani Basam Books, 1995 (re published in 2005). ().
French
L'Alcoran de Mahomet / translaté d'arabe françois par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, André Du Ryer, Paris.
Le Coran / traduit de l'arabe, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un abrégé de la vie de Mahomet, tiré des écrivains orientaux les plus estimés, M. Savary, 1787, 1821, 1826, Paris.
Le Koran: traduction nouvelle faite sur le texte arabe / par M. Kasimirski interprète de la legation Française en Perse; revue et précédée d'une introduction par G. Pauthier., 1840, 1841, 1844 Biberstein-Kasimirski, Paris, 1970 Garnier Flamarion. Nouvelle édition. Le Coran, traduction de Kasimirski, suivie du Petit dictionnaire de l'islam par Thomas Decker, Maxi-livres, 2002.
Le Coran, translated by Régis Blachère, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1950 reedited en 2005, ().
Le Coran, translated by Muhammad Hamidullah and Michel Leturmy, 1959, first French translation from the Arab text made by a Muslim ().
Le Coran, translation and notes by Denise Masson, Gallimard, 1967, ().
Le Saint Coran, Arabic text with French translation. First Edition published in 1985 by the London Mosque, second and present edition published by Islam International Publications Limited (1998), 'Islamabad', Sheephatch Lane, Tilford, Surrey. ().
Le Coran, l'appel, translation by André Chouraqui, Robert Laffont, 1990, ().
Le Coran, trial at translation by Jacques Berque, Albin Michel, 1995, ().
Le Coran, translation by Hamza Boubakeur, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1995, 2 volumes ().
Le Coran, translation by Malek Chebel, Payot, 2001, 2 volumes ().
Le Coran: Nouvelle traduction française du sens de ses versets, translation by Mohamed Chiadmi, prefaced by par Tariq Ramadan, Shaykh Zakaria, Shaykh Yusuf Ibram, 2005, ().
Georgian
Giorgi Lobzhanidze, Tbilisi, 2013.
Emamqoli Batvani, 2016
German
Alcoranus Mahometicus: das ist, der Türcken Alcoran, Religion und Aberglauben: auss welchem zu vernemen wann unnd woher ihr falscher Prophet Machomet seinen Ursprung oder Anfang genommen, mit was Gelegenheit derselb diss sein Fabelwerck, lächerliche und närrische Lehr gedichtet und erfunden ... / erstlich auss der arabischen in die italianische, jetzt aber inn die teutsche Sprach gebracht durch, 1616, S. Schweigger, Nuremberg.
Die türkische Bibel, oder der Koran. Megerlin, 1772.
Der Koran, oder Das Gesetz für die Muselmänner, durch Muhammed den Sohn Abdall. Nebst einigen feyerlichen koranischen Gebeten unmittelbar aus dem Arabischen übersetzt. Friedrich Eberhard Boysen, 1773.
Der Koran, oder Das Gesetz für die Moslemer, durch Muhammed den Sohn Abdall ... übersetzt. Friedrich Eberhard Boysen, 1775.
Henning, Max. Der Koran. Übers. Leipzig, Reclam, (1901) 1968.
Theodor Friedrich Grigull, Der Koran, Otto Hendel, Halle 1901.
Sadr ud-Din (Übers. + Hrsg.): Der Koran. Arabisch-Deutsch; Übersetzung, Einleitung und Erklärung von Maulana Sadr ud-Din; Verlag der Moslemischen Revue (Selbstdruck); Berlin 1939; 2. unveränderte Auflage 1964;
Der Koran, Kommentar und Konkordanz vor Rudi Paret, Kohlhammerverlag, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, 1971.
Der Koran, Übersetzung von Rudi Paret, Kohlhammerverlag, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, 1979.
Khoury, Adel Theodor. Der Koran. Übersetzung von Adel Theodor Khoury. Unter Mitwirkung von Muhammad Salim Abdullah. Mit einem Geleitwort von Inamullah Khan. Gütersloher Verlagshaus G. Mohn: Gütersloh, 1987
Die Bedeutung des Korans. 5 Bände. München: SKD Bavaria. 1996 und 1997
Rassoul, Abu-r-Rida' Muhammad Ibn Ahmad. Die ungefähre Bedeutung des Al-Qur'an al-Karim in deutscher Sprache. Hrsg. von der Muslim-Studenten-Vereinigung in Deutschland e.V. 9. Aufl. Marburg, 1997
Al-Muntakhab : Auswahl aus den Interpretationen des Heiligen Koran; arabisch-deutsch / Arabische Republik Ägypten, Al-Azhar, Ministerium für Awqâf, Oberster Rat für Islamische Angelegenheiten. [Übersetzt von Moustafa Maher]. – Kairo : Ministerium für Awqâf / Oberster Rat für Islamische Angelegenheiten, 1999. – [46], [2104] S.
Ömer Öngüt, Der Quran, Hakikat, Istanbul 1999
Amir M.A. Zaidan. At-Tafsir. Eine philologisch, islamologisch fundierte Erläuterung des Quran-Textes. ADIB Verlag Offenbach 2000
Ahmad von Denffer. Der Koran. Die Heilige Schrift des Islam in deutscher Übertragung mit Erläuterungen nach den Kommentaren von Dschalalain, Tabari und anderen hervorragen-den klassischen Koranauslegern. 8. verbesserte Auflage. München: Islam. Zentrum, 2001
Max Henning (Übers.), Murad Wilfried Hofmann (Überarb. & Komm.): Der Koran. Diederichs, München 2001
Nadeem Ata Elyas und Scheich Abdullah as-Samit Frank Bubenheim. Der edle Qur'an und die Übersetzung seiner Bedeutungen in die deutsche Sprache. Medina, 1422/1423 A.H. (2002)
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Hrsg.): Koran. Der Heilige Qur-ân. Arabisch und Deutsch.; Verlag Der Islam; Frankfurt 1954, letzte überarbeitete Auflage 1996, unv. nachgedruckt 2003
Maulana Muhammad Ali, Der Heilige Koran, aus dem Englischen übersetzt v. Petewr Willmer, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha'at Islam Lahore Inc. Dublin OH/USA; 2006
Ali Ünal: Der Koran und seine Übersetzung mit Kommentar und Anmerkungen. Englische Originalausgabe: The Qur´an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English (2006). Übersetzung ins Deutsche: Fatima Grimm / Wilhelm Willecke. Lektorat: Muhammed Mertek / Wilhelm Willeke. Offenbach: Fontäne 2009,
Der Koran: das heilige Buch des Islam / [nach der Übertragung von Ludwig Ullmann neu bearbeitet und erläutert von L. W.-Winter]. – 1. Auflage. – München : Goldmann, 2007. – 506 S.
Amir M.A. Zaidan. At-tafsiir - Der Quraan-Text und seine Transkription und Übersetzung, Islamologisches Institut, 2009,
Der Koran / vollständig und neu übersetzt von Ahmad Milad Karimi. Mit einer Einführung herausgegeben von Bernhard Uhde. – Freiburg, Breisgau [u.a.] : Herder, 2009. – 575 S.
Die Botschaft des Koran : Übersetzung und Kommentar / Muhammad Asad. Übersetzt von Ahmad von Denffer; Yusuf Kuhn. – Düsseldorf : Patmos, 2009. – 1262 S.
Der Koran / aus dem Arabischen neu übertragen von Hartmut Bobzin unter Mitarbeit von Katharina *Bobzin. [121 Kalligraphen von Shahid Alam]. – München : Beck, 2010. – 821 S. (Neue orientalische Bibliothek)
Der Koran / übersetzt und eingeleitet von Hans Zirker. – 4., überarbeitete Auflage. -[Darmstadt] : Lambertus-Schneider-Verlag, 2014. – 387 S.
Gojri
Faiz al-Mannān, the first ever translation of the Qur'an in Gojri language, authored by Faizul Waheed.
Gorontalo
Translation by team in 2007.
Greek
Το Ιερό Κοράνιο (Greek). Islam International Publications Limited (1989). ().
Gujarati
Kanz-ul-Imaan wa Khazain-ul Irfan *Quran-e-Karim Saral Gujarati Tarjuma-Tafseer : This Gujrati translation is based on Urdu Translation by Fazil-e-Barelvi Imam Ahmed Raza Khan. This was translated by Maulana Hasan Aadam Kolvanvi, (Fazil-e-Dar-ul-Uloom Sha-e-Aalam) and published by Darul Uloom Moinul Uloom, Raza Nagar, At & post: Tham, Dist: Bharuch, Gujarat, INDIA.
Kanz-ul-Imaan: Based on Urdu Translation by Fazil-e-Barelvi Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Gujarati Translation by Ghulam Razique Shaikh published From Himmatnagar, Gujarat, INDIA.
Quran Majeed Gujarati Tarjuma Sathe (Means The holy Quran with Gujarati Translation) Ahmedbhai Sulaiman Jumani had translated the holy Quran. Its first edition was published from Karachi, Pakistan, in 1930.
Divya Quran: This is a Gujarati translation of Maulana Abul Aala Maudoodi's Urdu Translation. Its eight editions published by Islami Sahitya Prakashan, Kalupur, Ahmedabad-380 001. Gujarat, INDIA.
Hebrew
Der Koran / aus dem Arabischen ins Hebräische übersetzt und erläutert von Herrmann Reckendorf., 1857 H. Reckendorf, Leipzig.
Yosef Yoel Rivlin.
Aharon Ben-Shemesh.
Uri Rubin, HaQur'an, 2005.
Subhi 'Ali 'Adwi, HaQur'an BeLashon Akher, 2015.
King Fahad Complex, 2018.
A group of translators, 2019.
()
Hindi
Kanzul Iman by Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Alaihirrahma translated in the early 1910
Quran Sharif: Anuwad awr Vyakhya by Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman., 1991 H. Jamiat Ulama Hind, New Delhi, India.
Hindi Transliteration of "Quran Shareef" By Allama, Syed Ali Imam Zaidi (Gauhar Lucknavi)" Great Grand Son Mir Baber Ali Anees" Published by:- Nizami press, Victoria Street Lucknow-226003.
Irfan-ul-Quran Urdu Translation by Tahir-ul-Qadri, Anuwad and Hindi Translation by Ghulam Razique Shaikh published on 18 February 2011 From Minhaj-ul-Quran International India, Umaj Road, At & Post Karjan, Dist: Vadodara, Gujarat, INDIA.
Maulana Azizul Haq Umri
Hungarian
Kassai Korán, 19th century.
A Korán szemelvényekben by Hollósi Somogyi József, Officina, 1947.
Korán translated by Róbert Simon. Budapest: Helikon, 1987.
Kurán – The Holy Quran by Mihálffy Balázs, Edhi International Foundation Inc., Karachi, Pakistan.
Icelandic
Helgi Hálfdanarson, (1993 and revised 10 years later), publisher: Mál og menning, Reykjavík ().
Indonesian/Malay
Tafsir Tarjuman al-Mustafid by Shaikh Abdur Ra'uf al-Fansuri in the 17th century from Aceh Sultanate. This is the first translation in Malay. The translation is in classical Malay (not to be confused with Malay) before it evolved into Indonesian and Malaysian in modern time. This translation was written with Jawi script.
Translation by A. Hasyim in 1936, but not complete.
Tafsir al-Nur by Prof. T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddiqi in 1956.
Tafsir al-Azhar by Hamka.
Tafsir Al-Mishbah by Quraish Shihab.
Italian
Ventura, Alberto, Milano, 2010. p. LXXII+900 (traduzione di Ida Zilio-Grandi).
Piccardo, Hamza Roberto, 1994: Saggio di Traduzione Interpretativa del Santo Corano inimitabile.
Bausani, Alessandro, Firenze 1955, p.lxxix+779, Firenze 1978, p. lxxix+771.
Bonelli, Luigi, new ed. Milano 1929, p. 31+524, reprint 2nd rev. ed., Milano: Ulrico Hoepli 1972, p. 614. (4)
Branchi, Eugenio Camillo, Roma 1913, p. 437.
Calza, Caval. Vincenzo, Bastia 1847, p. xiv+330.
Aquilio, Milano 1914, p.lxx+[6]+340+359.
Moreno, Martino Mario, Torino 1967, p. viii+605, Torino 1969, p. viii+605\ 2nd ed. [n.p.] 1971, p. vii+608.
Violante, Alfredo, Rome: Casa Ed. Latina 1912.
Il Corano, Milano 1882/ Milano 1913.
L'Alcorano di Macometto: nel qual si contiene la dottrina, la vita, i costumi, et le leggi sue / tradotto nuovamente dall' Arabo in lingua Italiana., 1547, Venise.
Japanese
There are at least seven complete translations of Qur'an:
Sakamoto, Ken-ichi, 1920, Kōran Kyō (コーラン經), in Sekai Seiten Zenshū 14–15 (Sacred Writings of the World), Tokyo: Sekai Seiten Zenshū Kankoukai. (translated from Rodwell's English version)
Takahashi, Goro, et al. 1938, Sei Kōran Kyō (聖香蘭經), Tokyo: Sei Kōran Kyō Kankoukai.
Okawa, Shumei, 1950, Kōran (古蘭), Tokyo: Iwasaki Shoten.
Izutsu, Toshihiko, 1957, rev. 1964, Kōran (コーラン), 3 vol. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. (translated from Arabic)
Fujimoto, Katsuji, et al. 1970, Kōran (コーラン), in Sekai no Meicho 15 (Masterpieces of the World), Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha. (republished in 2002, in Chūkō Classics E6-7, 2 vol.)
Mita, Ryoichi, 1972, Sei Kurān (聖クラーン), Tokyo: Japan Muslim Association; 2nd. ed. 1983, Sei Kuruān (聖クルアーン) (bilingual in Arabic and Japanese)
Holy Quran with Japanese translation. Islam International Publications Limited.
Javanese
KH. Bisri Mustofa, Tafsir Al-Ibriz Li Ma`rifati Tafsiir Al-Qur'an Al-`Aziiz, Menara Kudus Publishing Agency, Rembang, Indonesia. (with Pegon script).
Maulana Muhammad Ali, Qur'an Suci Jarwa Jawi, Darul Kutubil Islamiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2001.
Kannada
There are at least three complete translations of Qur'an:
Divya Qur'an, Qur'an Majid, (An effort of six scholars: Mawlana Shah Abd al-Qadir, Mawlana Sayyid, Abu Raihan Ahmed Noori, Abd Allah Sahib, I'jaz al-Din and Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia), 2 vol. Bangalore 1978, p. 1400.
Pavitra Qur'an by Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia.(online version available)
Qur'an Vyakhyana by Shaikh Abdul Gaffar Sullia
Kannada Meaning of Holy Qur'an, Part 30 (Juz 'Amma) by Iqbal Soofi. (online version and)
Sarala Quran: Surah Al Fatihah, Al-Baqarah, Aali Imran, An-Nisaa, Al-Maaidah, Al-An'aam, Al-Aaraf, Al Anfal, At-Tawbah, Yunus, Hud, Ar-Raad, Yusuf, Ibraheem and Al-Hijr by Iqbal Soofi. The web version also contains translation of all the 37 Surahs of last/30th part of Qur'an. Translation from Al-Fathiah to Hud is also published to the web. (it is an ongoing project, online edition)
Holy Qur'an is a free Kannada Quran applet for Android smartphones / tablets. The original Arab pages are derived from http://tanzil.net and translated into Kannada transliteration by Muhammed Hamza Puttur, Umar Ibn Ahmed Madini, Ahmad SM and Abu Bakr Nazir Salafi reviewed 'PAVETHRA QURAN' Complete Kannada Meaning' (publisher: Salafi Publishing House Mangalore).
"Pavithra Quran" Kannada translation quran: all quran (translator and publisher South karnataka salafi movement ® ( SKSM) Mangalore 2016)
Pavithra Qur'an - Translated by Muhammad Yusuf Sahib of Mangalore. Edited by M.P. Ibrahim Sahib of Manjeshwer.
Kashmiri
Qur'ān Majīḍ Te Tameuk Kashur Tafsīr, Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah.
Kazakh
by Musa Bigiev, 1912, unpublished
by Aqıt Ulimjiulı, lost
by Sadwaqas Ghylmani, 1970s
by Ğazez Aqıtulı & Maqaş Aqıtulı, 1990, Arabic script
by Halife Altay, 1991
by Ratbek Nysanbayev, 1991
by Nuralı Öserulı, 1991
Kurdish
Central Kurdish
Nami Tafsir by Abdul Karim Mudarris, 1987.
Hazhar Translation of Holy Quran by Hazhar, 1989.
Asan by Burhan Muhammad Amin, 2004.
Raman by Ahmed Kaka Mahmood, 2005.
Tawhid by Abdul Qadid Tawhidi, 2014.
Puxta Translation by Muhammad Mula Saleh Bamoki, 2015.
Reber Kurdish Tafsir by Salahadin Abdul Karim, 2018.
Peshang translation of Quran by Anwar Aziz Koye, 2018.
Northern Kurdish
Tefsîra Şîrîn by Mula Muhammad Shirine Nivili, 1980.
Qurana Pîroz û Arşa Wê ya Bilind by Abdullah Varli, 1994.
تەفسیرا ژیان by Ismail Sgeri, 2001.
Meala Fîrûz Şerha Qur’ana Pîroz by Mula Muhammad Garsi Farqini, 2003.
Ronahîya Qur’ana Pîroz by Mula Muhammad Hakari, 2007.
تەفسیرا ساناهی by Tahsin Ibrahim Doski, 2008.
Qur’ana pîroz Kurdî by Tenvir Neshriyat, 2009.
Nura Qelban by Muhammad Shoshki, 2010.
Qur’ana Kerîm û meala wêya Kurdî by Fikri Amedi, 2014.
Khowar/Chitrali
Qari Syed Bazurg Shah Al-Azhari (Sitara Imtiaz) in the early 1990s.
Korean
by Hamid Choi in 2021.
Latin
First translation (1141–1143) under the auspices of Peter the Venerable, made by a group led by Robert of Ketton (or Roberto Ketenese, or Robertus Retenensis), known as the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete; later criticized for its partiality towards the Catholic church.
Second translation (c. 1193–1216) by Mark of Toledo, regarded as a noticeable improvement.
First printing ( Bibliander ) of the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete made in Bâle (1543), during the Protestant Reformation. Machumetis Saracenorum Principis, eiusque successorum vitae, ac doctrina, ipseqve Alcoran: quo uelut authentico legum diuinarum codice Agareni & Turcae, alijq[ue] Christo aduersantes populi regu[n]tur, quae ante annos CCCC ... D. Petrus Abbas Cluniacensis per uiros eruditos ... ex Arabica lingua in Latinam transferri curauit: his adiunctae sunt confutationes multorum, & quidem probatissimorum authorum, Arabum, Graecorum, & Latinorum, unà cum ... Philippi Melanchthonis praemonitione ... : adiunctae sunt etiam, Turcaru[m] ... res gestae maximè memorabiles, à DCCCC annis ad nostra usuq[ue] tempora: haec omnia in unum uolumen redacta sunt, 1543, I. Oporinus, Basileae.
Third translation from Arabic 1691–1698, by Ludovico Marracci (Padua).
First ever published Quraan in Latin Words One to One (2022) by Maqsood Ahmad Naseem with
Macedonian
Hasan Džilo, 1997, Курʼан со превод ("the Qurʼan with a Translation"), King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran (Medina, Saudi Arabia).
Elena Trenčevska–Čekoviḱ, Mersiha Smailoviḱ, Jasmin Redžepi, 2011, Превод на значењето на Благородниот Куран ("Translation of the meaning of the Noble Qurʼan"), ArtBooks (Skopje, North Macedonia) ().
Madura
Translation by Jamaah Pengajian Surabaya (JPS) led by K.H. Sattar.
Malayalam
Visudha Quran Vivaranam: Translation and commentary by Mohammed Amani Moulavi
Cheriyamundam Abdul Hameed Madani and Kunhi Mohammed Parappoor with online links.
'Albayan Fee Ma’anil Quran' by Sayyid Ahmed Shihabuddeen Imbichikkoya Thangal, former Chief Qazi of Kozhikode.
'Fathahu-rahman Fee Thafseeril Quran’ by KV Muhammed Musliyar Koottanad, former Joint Secretary of Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama
Tafheem ul Quran by Abul Aála Maudoodi with online links.
Quran Lalitha Saram Translation By Sheik Muhammed Karakunnu and Vanidas Elayavur.
Quran Bodhanam By TK Ubaid.
Translation by Muttanisseri Koyakutty Maulavi.
Translation by K. Abdul Rahiman and P.A. Karim and K.A. Raoof (D.C. Books).
Translation by Adonne Publishing Group, Thiruvananthapuram.
Translation by Current Books Kottayam.
Translation by Rahmathullah Qasimi
Translated by Muhammad Abul Wafa Sahib (Marhoom) of Kozhikode. Edited by Moulvi Muhammad Ismail Saheb of Aleppey and some distinguished Quran Scholars.
Quran Akam Porul, Translated by C. H. Mohammed Mustafa Moulavi
Maldivian
Quran Tharujamaa by Shaikh Abu Bakr Ibrahim Ali. This is the first translation in Maldivian.
Mandar
Translation by Muh. Idham Kholid Budi in 2005 available online.
Mande
Souleymane Kante
Moulana Abul A'la Moudoodhi
Manipuri
Manipuri translation of Holy Quran
The Holy Quran, Arabic text with Manipuri translation. Translated into Manipuri from English translation by Ahmad Hasan (Manipuri) under the auspices of Mirza Tahir Ahmad. ().
Norwegian
Einar Berg, Universitetsforlaget, 1980. ().
Pashto
There are numerous translations of the Qur'an in Pashto. Some of the most famous are listed below:
Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas (Akhunzada): The most first translation of Quran as well as Fakhr-ut-Tafseer was written by him in the 18th century in Afghanistan (original versions are placed in Kandahar), He then came to Peshawar (warsak road mathra kochian) & wrote many more Islamic books as well as search prescription of different kind of diseases, he was a Mowlana as well as a complete doctor & chemist.
Fakhr-ut-Tafaaseer and Mukhzin-ut-Tafeer by Muhammad Ilyas Akhunzada Peshawari Kochiani is considered one of the famous Tafseers of the Quran in Pashto.
Muhammad Fathullah Khan Kandahari's translation: Printed in the 18th century, Bhopal, India, Translates the Quran in Pashto. It was translated from Shah Abdul Qadar Dehlavi's Urdu translation of the Quran. The hand-written versions of this translation are saved in Raza library of Rampur and Idara-e-Adabyat-e-Urdu library of Deccan, Hyderabad, India.
Tafseer Yaseer by Mulavi Murad Ali Khan Sahibzada, it was the first Tafseer and second translation in Pashto. The first volume of this Tafseer was completed in 1912 and the second in 1917 It was the most famous Tafseer of its time. Murad Ali Sahebzada was born in 1223 H.q. He studied the traditional subjects of that time like Sarf, Nahwa, Hekmat, Fiqh & Meerath, Tafseer, Hadith, Uruz and Literature and he was also the Hafiz of the Quran. He was a good writer, author, teacher, and Poet of his time. His son Mohammad Sahebzada writes about him "He has written unlimited number of poems in Pashto, Dari, Arabic and Hindi. Writing poem was such easy for him, that he won't feel any difference between poem and prose. He has written a lot of Ghazals on Monotheism and Wisdom. His handwriting was very good and quick." <Akser Al Qoloub></Mohammad Sahibzadah.
Mawlana Abdullah and Mawlana Abdul Aziz: It is a translation of the Tafseer of Abdul Haq Darbangawi and Wa'iz Kashifi. Translated by Abdullah and Abdul Aziz, it was printed in 1930 in Mumbai, India.
Din Muhammad Khan: It is a word by word translation of the Quran printed in early years.
Janbaz Sarfaraz Khan: It is printed in early years and is considered of the famous translation.
Aziz-ut-Tafaaseer by Mulavi Sultan Aziz Khan.
Mulavi Farooq Khan Ghalzi: It is a Pashto translation of the Quran printed in early years.
Persian
There are more than 60 complete translations of Qur'an in Persian and many partial translations. In the past some Tafsirs which had included Qur'an were translated like translation of Tafsir al-Tabari in 10 CE.
Salman the Persian (7th century) (partial translation)
Qur'an Quds, translator unknown – (before the 10th century)
A translation in 556 AH
Saiyad Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Simnani (1308–1405 CE) Original Manuscript at Mukhtar Ashraf Library in Kichoucha Shareef (U.P.)
Shah Waliullah (1703–1762)
Mahdi Elahi-Ghomshei, (مهدی الهیقمشهای).
Mahdi Fouladvand (مهدی فولادوند) available online.
Naser Makarem Shirazi (ناصر مكارمشيرازی), translation includes his inline tafsir within parenthesis.
Malik Fahd Council, Sunni branch.
Ghodratollah Bakhtiarinejad (قدرت الله بختياری نژاد) available online.
Tahere Saffarzadeh, translated Qur'an in Persian and English (Bilingual) in 2001.
Polish
Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki.
Józef Bielawski.
Jarosław Surdel, 2011, ISBN 9781597845014.
Musa Çaxarxan Czachorowski, Polish Tatar. Koran, First edition, Bialystok 2018, ; Second edition, Warszawa 2020, , Third edition (bilingual), Bialystok 2021, ISBN 9788365802361).
Rafał Berger, Shia Muslim, „Koran” , Bydgoszcz 2021, ISBN 9788394799373.
Portuguese
Helmi Nasr, Tradução do Sentido do Nobre Alcorão. Medina (Arábia Saudita), Complexo de Impressão do Rei Fahd, 2005 (1426 A.H.), edição bilíngüe (árabe/português).
Samir El Hayek, O Significado dos Versículos do Alcorão Sagrado. São Paulo, Ed. Marsam, 1994. [1ª ed. 1974].
Mansour Challita, O Alcorão – Livro Sagrado do Islã. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Record, 2013.
José Pedro Machado, Alcorão. Lisboa, Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar 1979.
Américo de Carvalho, Alcorão. Mem Martins, Publicações Europa-América, 1978.
M. Yiossuf Mohamed Adamgy, Alcorão Sagrado. Loures, Al Furqán, 1991, edição bilíngüe (árabe/português).
Bento de Castro, Alcorão / Muhamad. Lourenço Marques (Moçambique), Oficinas Gráficas de J. A. Carvalho, 1964.
Aminuddin Mohamed, Interpretação do Significado dos Versículos do Nobre Al-qurÁn. Maputo (Moçambique), IDM Publications, 2022
Punjabi
。Gurmukhi script
Muhamad Habib and Bhai Harpreet Singh, 2017
Arif Halim "Tafsir Ahsan ul Kalam", 2015
。Shahmukhi script
Taquir Aman Khan, 2012
Romanian
Silvestru Octavian Isopescul, Coranul, 1912 (first edition)
Islamic and Cultural League of Romania, Traducerea Sensurilor Coranului Cel Sfânt în Limba Română, 1997 (first edition)
George Grigore, Coranul, 2000 (first edition)
Mustafa Ali Mehmed, Coran: Ultima Carte Sfântă, 2003 (first edition)
Romani
Muharem Serbezovski is known as a singer in North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina where he issued his translation.
Russian
P. V. Postnikov.
M. I. Veryovkin.
A. V. Kolmakov.
K. Nikolayev.
D. N. Boguslavsky.
G. S. Sablukov.
I. Yu. Krachkovsky.
T. A. Shumovsky.
B. Y. Shidfar.
M.-N. O. Osmanov.
V. M. Porokhova.
E. R. Kuliev.
Sh. R. Alyautdinov
Nazim Zeynalov, Russian Islamologist, This translation in 2015 is the first Shia translation of the Holy Quran into Russian, he won the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Book of the Year Award.
Sanskrit
Rahul Sankrityan, 1945.
Prof. Satya Dev Verma, 1984.
Razia Sultana of deoband, 2010.
Pandit Ghulam Dastgir Gazi, Maharastra, India.
Prof. Rampriya Sharma of Bihar, India.
Saraiki
There are more than twenty translations of Quran in Saraiki.
Hafizur Rahman, in the 1930s
Meher Abdul Haq.
Prof. Dilshad Klanchvi, in the 2000. Published by Ibn-e-Kaleem titled as "SAUKH-E-SARAIKI TARJAMAY WALA QURAN SHAREEF"
Riaz Shahid.
Sadeeque Shakir.
G. R. Sevra.
Tahir Khakwani, complete video translation in Saraiki.
Serbian
Mićo Ljubibratić: Koran. Translated from Russian or French. Beograd, 1895, Sarajevo, 1990 (reprint), 2016.
Sindhi
According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270/883 by an Arab scholar. This one might be the same as the one mentioned above. The first extant Sindhi translation was done by Akhund Aziz ulllah Muttalawi (1160-1240/1747-1824) and first published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq (Lahore 1867).
First ever translation of Quran to any other language was in Sindhi by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Madni.
Maulana Abdul Waheed Jan Sirhindi, a contemporary scholar and writer of Sunni Islam.
Allama Ali Khan Abro, wrote Sindhi translation of Quran and intended to give the Qur'an a practical contemporary interpretation also wrote separate translation for non-Muslims from the request of Sindh's great freedom fighter Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi.
Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
Maulana Ghullam Mustafa Qasmi's Sindhi Translation of the Quran.
Maulvi Ahmad Mallah's poetic Sindhi Translation of the Quran.
Maulana Abdul Karim Qureshi of Bair Shareef District Kambar Shahdadkot- Sindhi Translation of the Quran.
Maulana Taj Mohammad Amroti's Sindhi Translation of the Quran.
Amir Bakhsh Channa's Sindhi Translation of the Quran.
Mufti Muhammad Raheem Sikandri resident of Pir jo Goth Dargah Shareef Pagara Sindh,
[Molana Abdul Salam soomro Advocate (from khanpur District shikarpur) Sindhi Translation of the Quran word by word in fist time, published by sindhica Academy, Karachi, in year 2017. and second publication was made in 2018 with translation of molana taj mohammad Amroti it is called dual translation of the holy Quran, Pakistan
Sinhala
ACJU Translation of the Holy Quran with exegesis
Al Asheik Zafrulla Bahji,
Al Asheik Salsabil, Al Hafiz Al Alim M.S.M Yunus, H.M.M Saleem Jem, Ajmal Rafeek, 2019.
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Spanish
Anonymous morisco'''s translation, made in 1606, published in 2001 by Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona.
Julio Cortes translation El Coran is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an publishing house.
Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos, two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published El Sagrado Coran (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).
Kamal Mustafa Hallak fine deluxe Hardback print El Coran Sagrado is printed by Maryland-based Amana Publications.
Abdel Ghani Melara Navio a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran was originally published by Darussalam Publications, Riyadh, in December 1997. The King Fahd Printing Complex has their own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.
"El Sagrado Corán", translated by Antonio Carrillo Robles and published in 1988 by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (considered heretic by orthodox Muslims) in Córdoba, Spain.
Sundanese
Tafsir Al-Foerqan Basa Sunda by A. Hassan, 1937.
Nurul-Bajan: Tafsir Qur’an Basa Sunda by H. Mhd. Romli and H.N.S. Midjaja, 1960.
Al-Amin: Al-Qur’an Tarjamah Sunda by K.H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, H.A.A. Dahlan, and Yus Rusamsi, 1971.
Translation and commentary by K.H. Anwar Musaddad, K.H. Mhd. Romli, K.H. Hambali Ahmad, K.H.I. Zainuddin, K. Moh. Salmon et al., 1978.
Tafsir Ayat Suci Lenyepaneun by Moh. E. Hasim, 1984.
Nur Hidayah: Saritilawah Basa Sunda in Sundanese poem by H.R. Hidayat Surayalaga, 1994.
Al-Munir: Al-Qur’an Tarjamah Basa Sunda by H.M. Djawad Dahlan, 2005.
Swahili
At least 7 complete translations in Swahili have appeared and dozens of partial translations.
Tafsiri ya Kurani ya Kiarabu kwa lugha ya Kiswahili pamoja na Dibaji na maelezo Machache by Godfrey Dale, 1923
Kurani Tukufu by Mubarak Ahmad Ahmadi, 1953
Qur' ani Takatifu by Abdallah Saleh al-Farsy, 1969
Tarjama ya al-muntakhab katika tafsiri ya Qur' ani tukufu by Ali Muhsin Al-Barwani, 1995
Kitabu kinachobainisha by Ali Juma Mayunga, 2003
Asili ya Uongofu by Said Moosa al-Kindy, 1992–2013 (final volume expected 2014)
Al-Kashif by Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya translated in Swahili by Hasan Mwalupa
Swedish
Carl Johan Tornberg, 1875.
Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen, 1917.
Mohammed Knut Bernström
Tamil
Iqbal Madani
A.K. Abdhul Hameed Bakavi, 1929, Madras
K.A. Nizamudeen Manbavee
Moulavi P. Jainulabdeen Ulavi
Mohamed Rifash
Tatar
Musa Bigiev
Telugu
Divya Quran Sandesham by Abdul-Raheem Mohammed Moulana
Divya Quran by Janab Hamidullah Sharief Saheb first translator of Telugu Quran
Bhavamrutam by Janab Aburl Irfan Saheb
Quran Avagahanam by Janab S M Mallick Saheb. This is a translation of Tafheemul Quran by Maulana Sayyed AbulAla Maudoodi
The Holy Quran In Telugu With Notes By Muhammad Qasim Khan Volume - I, Intellectual, Author, An Expanatory Translation of the Holy Quran in Teleugu With Notes Published by Hyderabad Teleugu Academy in 1945
The Holy Quran In Telugu With Notes By Muhammad Qasim Khan Volume - II
Comparative Studies on Religion - Islam- Christianity- Hinduism By Muhammad Qasim Khan Volume - III
Article on Islam in Sub Continent: Telugu Translation of Holy Quran
Thai
King Fahad Quran Complex (also available as e-book at Department of Religion Affairs)
Abu Israfil al-Fatani, 2009
GoodWord Books, 2020 ()
Turkish
Over fifty translations of the Koran have appeared in Turkish. Although it has been claimed that the Koran was first translated into Turkish on the instructions of Kemal Atatürk, other sources claim that Turkish translations have existed since the beginning of the Muslim era
Sheikh Al-Fadl Mohamed Ben Idriss.
Tafsir al-Tibyiin, 1842, Cairo.
Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah, 1875, Tafsir-e zubdat al-athar, 2 vol. Istanbul 1292-1294/1875-77, p. 448+464.
Ibrahim Hilmi, 1913 Terjumat el Koran, Istanbul
Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır, 1935, Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili yeni mealli Türkçe tafsir, 9 vol. Istanbul 1935–1938\ 9 vol. 2nd ed. Istanbul 1960–1962, p. 6632+229\ 9 vol. 3rd ed. Istanbul 1970, p. 6432+229.
Ömer Rıza Doğrul, 1943-1955/1980, Tanrı Buyruğu: Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Tercüme ve Tefsiri, İstanbul 1943, 1947, 1955, 1980
Syed Mahmood Tarazi Al Madani Bin Syed Nazir Trazi (D:1991) translated Qur'an in Turkistani (Chag'atay Uzbek) in 1956, (First Published: 1956 Bombay )
Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, 1955, Istanbul 1968, p. 688\ 2 vol. Istanbul 1955, p. (38l)+(381 +Cxxxviii)
Huseyin Atay and Yasar Kutluay, 1961, 3 vol. Ankara 1961, p. 32+814+7\ 1 vol. 5th ed. Ankara: Diyanet isleri Baskanligi (The Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs), 1980, p. 34+604
Süleyman Ateş, 1975, 1st ed. Istanbul 1975. p. 592\ Ankara: KilicKitabevi 1977, p. 2+604+3+xxx
Ali Bulaç, 1985, Istanbul: Birim 1985, p. xxxviii+605.
Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, 1993.
Edip Yüksel, 2000, Mesaj Kuran Çevirisi, ().
Ahmed Hulusi, 2009, Allâh İlminden Yansımalarla KUR'ÂN-I KERÎM ÇÖZÜMÜ (The Key to the Quran)
Hakkı Yılmaz, 2012, NÜZUL SIRASINA GÖRE NECM NECM KUR'AN MEALİ
Tajik
From Maktabat Al MujaddadiyahSheikh Khoja Mirov Khoja Mir
Ukrainian
Mykhaylo Yakubovych, "Preslavnyj Koran: pereklad smysliv Ukrajns'koju movoju", 2012.
Urdu
Kanzul Iman by Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi.url=
Tazkirul Quran by Wahiduddin Khan (1985)
Noor Ul Irfan by Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi
Shah Abdul Qadir Dehlvi, Muzihul-al-Quran, 1829
Nazeer Ahmad Dehlvi, Tarjuma-i Qur’an, 1896
Anwaar-Al-Quran by Zeeshan Haider Jawadi. First edition published in 1990 by Tanzeem-Al-Makatib, Golaganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Hafiz Syed Farman Ali Qibla Published by Nizami Prees, Chandanpatti, Darbhanga, Bihar.India
Syed Ahmed Saeed Kazmi, Al-Bayan.
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafheem-ul-Quran (6 Vols) .
Israr Ahmed. Bayan-ul-QuranAl-Bayan by Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, founding President of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences and Ghamidi Centre of Islamic Learning. Publisher : Al Bayan (January 1, 2017)
Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, Mafhoom-ul-Quran (3 Vols).
Ameen Ahsan Islahi, Tadabbur-i-Qur'an (9 Vols), 1961.
Ashraf Ali Thanvi, "Bayanul Quran".
Hafiz Muhammad Junagarhi, "Ahsan ul Bayan"
Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari.
Muhammad Taqi Usmani , Asan Tarjuma e Quran, with explanatory notes, 2009
S.M. Afzal Rahman, "Taleem-ul-Quran", 2001.
Abul Kalam Azad, Tarjuman-Al-Quran (Four Volumes), 1930-1936
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani "Tafsir E Usmani"
Yusuf Motala "Idhwaa-ul-Bayaan"
Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan, Akram ut Tarajim, published by Qudratullah company, 2011.
"Mutalaeh Quran مطالعہ قرآن" by ABDULLAH, 2014, can be downloaded in PDF form from google.
Following translations are known to exist, but need more information, such as publisher, title, year of publication etc.
Aashiq Ilahi Meeruti, Tarjama Quran.
Translation By Majils-e-Fikr o Nazar-Matalib-ul-Quraan.
Hakeem Yaseen Shah.
Mufti Imdadullah Anwar.
Muhammad Din Peshaweri Taleem ul Quran a word to word and idiomatic rendering of the Holy Quran. 2000.
Mahmood Hassan.
Abdur-Raoof, Ferozsons Publishers.
Abdul Bari, Hederabadi Daccni, India.
Sufi Abdul Hameed Sawati.
Ishaaq Kashmeri (Dubai) Zubdatul-Quraan.
Abdul Majjid Daryabadi, India.
Aashiq Illahi Merathi, India.
Ahmad Ali Lahori.
Hamid Hasan Bilgarami, Fayuz ul Quraan 2 Vols.
Abdul Kareem Pareekh, India.
Aashiq Illahi Bulandshaheri.
Abu Haq Haqani Dehlvi.
Shah Rafi al-Din.
Shah 'Abd al-Qadir.
Fatheh Mohammad Khan.
Muhammad Ali (India).
Maqbool Ahmed Dehlvi (Known as Maqbool).
Allama Azad Subhani (1897–1964) wrote Tafsir e Rabbani Mukaddama Tahir ul Qadri, Irfan-ul-Quran''.
Khwaja mohsin Nizami in 1330
Hajeem Ahmad Shajah and Maulana Abulhasnaat in Lahore
Amin Mian in 1429
Uyghur
Muhammed Saleh.
Yiddish
Selected parts translated in 1987
See also
English translations
List of Ahmadi translations of the Quran
References
External links
Tanzil
Al-Quran project includes 140+ translations in more than 30 languages.
Downloadable Taleem-ul-Quran
Translations
Qur'an
Quran translations by language
ms:Penterjemahan Al-Quran |
4400883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20%28surname%29 | Cooper (surname) | Cooper is an English surname originating in England; see Cooper (profession). Occasionally it is an Anglicized form of the German surname Kiefer. Cooper is the 8th most common surname in Liberia and 27th most common in England.
A
Adam Cooper (dancer) (born 1971), actor, choreographer, dancer and theater director
Adrian Cooper (born 1968), American football tight end
Adrienne Cooper (1946–2011), American Yiddish singer, musician and activist
Afua Cooper (born 1957), Jamaican-Canadian poet and academic
Alan Cooper (bishop) (1909–1999), British Anglican bishop
Alan Cooper (born 1952), American creator of Visual Basic
Alan Cooper (biblical scholar), American
Albert Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Cooper (architect) (born 1936), American architect
Alex Cooper (sailor) (born 1942), Bermudian Olympic sailor
Alex Cooper (footballer) (born 1991), Scottish footballer
Alexander Cooper (1609–1660), English painter
Alfred Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Alice Cooper (born 1948), born Vincent Damon Furnier, American Singer and musician
Alison Cooper (born 1966), British businesswoman
Allen Foster Cooper (1838–1918), American politician
Amari Cooper (born 1994), American football wide receiver
Anderson Cooper (born 1967), American journalist
Andre Cooper (born 1975), American footballer wide receiver
Andrew Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Angus Cooper (born 1964), New Zealand hammer thrower
Ann Cooper Whitall (1716–1797), American Quaker
Ann Nixon Cooper (1902–2009), African-American representative
Anna J. Cooper (1859–1964), African-American educator
Anthony Ashley-Cooper (disambiguation), 10 of the 12 Earls of Shaftesbury
Anton Cooper (born 1994), New Zealand cross-country mountain biker
Arif Cooper (died 2023), Jamaican musician
Armando Cooper (born 1987), Panamanian footballer
Artemis Cooper (born 1953), British writer
Ashley Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Astley Cooper (1768–1841), English surgeon
Audrey Cooper (born 1977), American journalist
B
B. Cooper (born 1984), American Christian hip-hop musician
Barbara Cooper (politician) (1929–2022), American politician
Barbara Cooper (RAF officer) (born 1959), British Royal Air Force officer
Barry Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Ben Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Bernard Cooper (born 1951), American novelist
Bert Cooper (American football) (born 1952), American football player
Bert Cooper (1966–2019), American boxer
Bertie Cooper (1892–1916), Australian rules footballer
Besse Cooper (1896–2012), American supercentenarian and world's oldest person during 2011–2012
Bette Cooper (1924–2017), Miss America 1937
Bill and Billy Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Bill Cooper (American football) (born 1939), professional football player for the San Francisco 49ers
Bill Cooper (hurler) (born 1987), Irish hurler
Billy Cooper (footballer) (born 1917), English footballer
Billy Cooper (Canadian football) (born 1945), Canadian football player
Billy Cooper (trumpeter), cricket supporter and trumpet player for the Barmy Army
Blake Cooper (born 2001), American actor
Bob Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Bob Cooper (musician) (1925–1993), American jazz musician
Bob Cooper (racing driver) (born 1935), American NASCAR Cup Series driver
Bob Cooper (politician) (1936–2004), politician and activist in Northern Ireland
Bob Cooper (speedway rider) (born 1950), English speedway rider
Bob Cooper (journalist) (born 1954), freelance writer and Runner's World columnist, ultramarathoner
Bob Cooper (rugby league), Australian former professional rugby league footballer
Bonnie Cooper (1935–2018), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player.
BP Cooper, American screenwriter, film and commercial producer
Brad Cooper (born 1954), Australian Olympic swimmer
Bradley Cooper (athlete) (born 1957), Bahamian discus thrower and shot putter
Bradley Cooper (born 1975), American actor
Bransby Cooper (1844–1914), Australian cricketer
Brenda Cooper, American author
Brent Cooper (judoka) (born 1960), New Zealand Olympic judoka and judo administrator
Bret Cooper (born 1970), American football player
Brett Cooper (footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
Brett Cooper (fighter) (born 1987), American mixed martial artist
Brett Cooper (political commentator) (born 2001), American actress and political commentator
Brian Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Britney Cooper (born 1989), West Indian cricketer from Trinidad
Brittnee Cooper (born 1988), American volleyball player
Bryan Cooper (politician) (1884–1930), Irish politician
Bryan Cooper (jockey) (born 1992), Irish National Hunt jockey
Buster Cooper (1929–2016), American jazz trombonist
C
Caitlin Cooper (born 1988), Australian soccer player
Calico Cooper (born 1981), American actor, dancer, and singer, the daughter of rock singer Alice Cooper and dancer Sheryl Cooper
Camille Cooper (born 1979), American basketball player
Carl Cooper (born 1960), British Anglican bishop
Carolyn Cooper (born 1950), Jamaican author
Cary Cooper (born 1940), American-born British psychologist
Cathy Cooper (born 1960), American artist
Cec Cooper (1926-2010), Australian rugby league footballer
Cecil Cooper (bishop) (1882–1964), British Bishop
Cecil Cooper (born 1949), American baseball player
Charles Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Charlotte Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Chris Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Christin Cooper (born 1959), American skier
Clarence Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Colin Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Colm Cooper (born 1983), Irish Gaelic footballer
Courtney Ryley Cooper (1886–1940), American circus clown
Craig Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Curtis Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Cynthia Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Cyrus Cooper, rheumatologist
D
Daniel C. Cooper (1773–1818), early American surveyor and politician
D. B. Cooper, epithet for an unknown airline hijacker from 1971
D. C. Cooper (born 1965), American heavy metal singer
D. J. Cooper (born 1990), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
David Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Darren Cooper (died 2016), British Labour Party politician
Dennis Cooper (born 1953), American poet and writer
Dewey Cooper (born 1974), American kickboxer and boxer
Lady Diana Cooper (1892–1986), British actress
Dolores G. Cooper (1922–1999), American politician
Dominic Cooper (born 1978), British actor
Don Cooper (born 1957), American baseball player
Don Cooper, American curler
Douglas Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Duff Cooper (1890–1954), British politician and writer
E
Earl Cooper (1886–1965), American race car driver
Eddie Cooper (actor) (born 1987), British actor
Eddie Cooper (cricketer) (1915–1968), English cricketer
Edmund Cooper (1926–1982), English writer
Edward Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Edwin Cooper (1785–1833), English artist
Ethan Cooper, American football player
Elizabeth Cooper (died 1960), Filipino-American actress
Emma Lampert Cooper (1855–1920), American painter
Eric Cooper (1966–2019), American professional baseball umpire
Eric Thirkell Cooper, British soldier and war poet during World War 1
F
Frank Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Frederic Taber Cooper (1864–1937), American writer, editor and academic
Frederick Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
G
G. Cooper (Surrey cricketer), English amateur cricketer
Gareth Cooper, Wales rugby union player
Garrett Cooper, American baseball player
Gary Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
George Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Gladys Cooper (1888–1971), English actress
Gordon Cooper (1927–2004), American astronaut
Graham Cooper (cricketer) (1936–2012), English cricketer
Grant Cooper (born 1982), Spanish millionaire
Grey Cooper (1720–1801), English politician
H
Harry Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Helen Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Helene Cooper (born 1966), Liberian-American author and journalist
Henry Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Hugh Lincoln Cooper (1865–1937), American engineer
Humility Cooper, English passenger on the Mayflower
I
Ian Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Ivan Cooper (1944–2019), Northern Ireland politician
J
Jack Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Jackie Cooper (1922–2011), American actor
Jacqui Cooper (born 1973), Australian skier
Jade Holland Cooper (born 1986/1987), British fashion designer
James Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Jeanne Cooper (1928–2013), American actress
Jeff Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Jenny Cooper (born 1974), Canadian actress
Jenny Cooper (lawyer), corporate lawyer and Queen's Counsel from New Zealand
Jere Cooper (1893–1957), American politician
Jerry W. Cooper (1948–2020), American politician
Jessica Cooper (born 1967), British artist
Jessie Cooper (1914–1993), Australian politician
Jilly Cooper (born 1937), English novelist
Jim Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Jimmy Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Joan Cooper (social worker) (1914–1999), English civil servant and social worker
Job Adams Cooper (1843–1899), American politician
Joe Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
John Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Johnny Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Jonathon Cooper (born 1998), American football player
Joseph Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Joshua Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Julie Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Justin Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Justine Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
K
Kenneth H. Cooper (born 1931), American Air Force colonel, doctor and aerobics pioneer
Kenny Cooper (born 1984), American soccer player
Kenny Cooper Sr. (born 1946), former English soccer goalkeeper and coach
Kevin Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Kevon Cooper (born 1989), Trinidadian cricketer
Kitty Cooper, American bridge player
Korey Cooper (born 1972), American musician, member of Skillet
Kyle Cooper (born 1962), American designer of motion picture title sequences
Kyle Cooper (rugby union) (born 1989), South African rugby union player
L
Lamart Cooper (born 1973), American football player
Leigh Cooper (born 1961), English footballer
Leon Cooper (born 1930), American physicist
Les Cooper (1921–2013), American musician
Lettice Cooper (1897–1994), English writer
Levi Cooper – The Maggid of Melbourne, Australian Orthodox Jewish teacher
Lindsay Cooper (1951–2013), English musician (bassoon and oboe), composer and activist
Lindsay L. Cooper (1940–2001), Scottish musician (double-bass and cello)
Lionel Cooper, Australian rugby league player
Lionel Cooper (1915–1979), South African mathematician
Louise Cooper (1952–2009), British writer
M
MacDella Cooper (born 1977), Liberian philanthropist
Malcolm Cooper, British sport shooter
Malcolm Cooper (footballer), Aboriginal Australian footballer
Marc Cooper, American journalist and blogger
Marianne Leone Cooper (born 1952), American actress
Mark Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Marquis Cooper (1982–2009), American football player
Martha Cooper (born c. 1940), American photojournalist
Martin Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Matt Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Matthew Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Merian C. Cooper (1893–1973), American movie actor, director, screenwriter and producer
Michael Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Mike Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Milton William Cooper (1943–2001), American writer
Miranda Cooper (born 1975), British songwriter
Mort Cooper (1913–1958), American baseball player
Muriel Cooper (1925–1994), American artist and designer
Myers Y. Cooper (1873–1958), American politician
N
Nancy Cooper, American journalist, editor of Newsweek
Nathan Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Neale Cooper (born 1963), Scottish football manager
Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12th Earl of Shaftesbury (born 1979), Earl of Shaftesbury
P
Pat Cooper (1929–2023), American comedian
Paul Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Paulette Cooper (born 1944), American journalist
Peter Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Philip Cooper (1885–1950), English cricketer
Philip H. Cooper (1844–1912), American admiral
Priscilla Cooper Tyler (1816–1889), de facto First Lady of USA 1842–44
Q
Quade Cooper (born 1988), Australian rugby union player
R
Ray Cooper (born 1942), English musician
Revel Cooper (died 1983), Australian artist
Richard Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Riley Cooper (born 1987), US American Football player
Risteárd Cooper, Irish comedian
Robert Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Roger Cooper (born 1944), Minnesota politician
Roger Cooper (British businessman) (born 1935), jailed as spy in Iran
Roger Cooper (paleontologist) (1939–2020), New Zealand paleontologist
Rosa Cooper (1829–1877), English actress in Australia.
Rosie Cooper (born 1950), British politician
Roxanne Cooper, British singer
Roy Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Rusi Cooper (1922–2023), Indian cricketer
Russell Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
S
Samuel Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Sarah Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Selina Cooper (1864–1946), English suffragist and politician
Shane Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Shani Cooper, Israeli diplomat
Sharife Cooper (born 2001), American basketball player
Shaun Cooper (born 1983), English footballer
Sherry Cooper, Canadian-American, Chief Economist of BMO Capital Markets
Sheryl Cooper (born c. 1957), dancer and stage performer, wife of rock singer Alice Cooper
(Thomas) Sidney Cooper (1803–1902), English painter
Simon Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Stoney Cooper (1918–1977), American country musician
Susan Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
T
Tarzan Cooper (1907–1980), American basketball player
Terence Cooper (1933–1997), Northern Irish actor
Terry Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) (1944–2021), with Leeds United
Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1950), Welsh footballer with Lincoln City
Theodore Cooper (1839–1919), American engineer
Thomas Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people, including
Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759) (1759–1840), American educationalist and political philosopher in South Carolina
Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1764) (1764–1829), U.S. congressman from Delaware
Thomas Cooper (bishop) (c. 1517–1594), English bishop of Lincoln and Winchester
Thomas Cooper (brewer) (1826–1897), founder of Coopers Brewery
Thomas Cooper (Parliamentarian) (died 1659), colonel in the Parliamentary Army and politician
Thomas Cooper (poet) (1805–1892), English poet and Chartist
Thomas Cooper de Leon (1839–1914), American journalist, author and playwright
Thomas Apthorpe Cooper (1776–1849), English actor
Thomas E. Cooper (born 1943), Assistant Secretary, U.S. Air Force
Thomas Edwin Cooper (1874–1942), English architect
Thomas Frederick Cooper, Tommy Cooper (1921–1984), British comedian and magician
Thomas Frederick Cooper (watchmaker) (1789–1863), English watchmaker
Thomas Haller Cooper (1919–1987), member of the British Free Corps and convicted traitor
Thomas Joshua Cooper (born 1946), American landscape photographer
Thomas Buchecker Cooper (1823–1862), U.S. congressman from Pennsylvania
Thomas Sidney Cooper (1803–1902), English painter
Thomas Thornville Cooper (1839–1878), English traveller in China
Thomas Valentine Cooper (1835–1909), American politician from Pennsylvania
Thomas Cooper, 1st Baron Cooper of Culross (1892–1955), Scottish politician, judge and historian
Tim Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people, including
Tim Cooper (brewer), managing director of Coopers Brewery
Tim Cooper (footballer), New Zealand international
Tina Cooper (1918–1986), English paediatrician
Tom Cooper (baseball) (1927–1985), American Negro league baseball player
Tom Cooper (cricketer) (born 1986), Netherlands and South Australia cricketer
Tom Cooper (cyclist) (1874–1906), American racing cyclist and early automobile driver
Tom Cooper (footballer) (1904–1940), England international footballer
Tom Cooper (rugby union) (born 1987), English rugby union player
Tommy Cooper (1921–1984), British magician and comedian
W
Walker Cooper (1915–1991), American baseball player
Warren Cooper (born 1933), New Zealand politician
Whina Cooper (1895–1994), New Zealand Māori leader
Wilbur Cooper (1892–1973), American baseball player
W. E. Shewell-Cooper (1900–1982), British organic gardener
Wilhelmina Cooper (1939–1980), American model
William Cooper (disambiguation), multiple people
Wilson Marion Cooper (died 1916), American Sacred Harp teacher
Wyatt Emory Cooper (1927–1978), American screenwriter
Wyllis Cooper (1899–1955), American radio writer
Y
Yvette Cooper (born 1969), British Labour Party politician and 2015 Labour leadership contender
Fictional characters
Alison Cooper, character from Ghosts 2019 TV series
Barbara Cooper, character from One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)
Betty Cooper, character from Archie Comics
Buzz Cooper, character from the soap opera Guiding Light
Dale Cooper, character from the TV show Twin Peaks
Gwen Cooper, character from the Doctor Who spinoff series Torchwood
Gwendolyn "Winnie" Cooper, character from The Wonder Years TV Series
Harriet Cooper, character from the 1966 Batman series
Kaitlin Cooper, character from the TV series The O.C.
Lauren Cooper, character in The Catherine Tate Show
Marina Cooper, character from the soap opera Guiding Light
Marissa Cooper, character from the TV series The O.C.
Mark Cooper, character from the TV series Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
Mike Cooper, character from the 2019 TV series Ghosts
Sheldon Cooper, character from the American TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory
Sly Cooper, character from the Sly Cooper video games
Tamia "Coop" Cooper, a character in the television series All American
Valerie "Val" Cooper, character from the Marvel Universe
K.C. Cooper and other members of her family, from K.C. Undercover
See also
Cooper (given name)
Cooper (disambiguation)
Justice Cooper (disambiguation)
Couper, a surname
Cowper (surname)
Kupper, a related surname of Germanic origin
Hooper (surname)
Coopes, a surname
Coops, a surname
Coope, a surname
Coop (surname)
Botero
Notes
English-language surnames
Occupational surnames
Surnames of English origin
Surnames of Liberian origin
English-language occupational surnames
Surnames of Romani origin |
4400953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20DC%20Universe%20locations | List of DC Universe locations | This page lists the locations in the DC Universe, the shared universe setting of DC Comics.
Sites
the Arrowcave – The former base of operations of the Green Arrow and Speedy.
Avernus Cemetery – A burial ground in Central City for the enemies of the Flash known as the Rogues; it is in a hidden location.
the Batcave – The headquarters of Batman. Located directly beneath Wayne Manor.
Burnside – A borough of Gotham City that is connected to Gotham by the Burnside Bridge. Burnside Heights is the trendy neighborhood in Burnside where The New 52 version of Batgirl (Barbara Gordon) lives and incorporated into Batman 89 as the birthplace of Drake Winston and Harvey Dent.
the Casanova Club – A nightclub owned by Alex Logue in Newcastle, England. It was there that a demon was summoned and John Constantine failed to save a young girl who was taken to Hell.
Crime Alley – The most dangerous area of Gotham City, where Thomas and Martha Wayne were killed by Joe Chill during a mugging.
the Daily Planet Building – The home office of the Daily Planet, Metropolis' main newspaper.
Danny the Street – A sentient street and a member of the Doom Patrol.
the Flash Museum – A memorial to the Flash (Barry Allen). Located in Central City.
the Fortress of Solitude – An Arctic fortress used by Superman as a secret base. Located near the North Pole.
the Hall of Doom – The home base of the Legion of Doom.
the Hall of Justice – The one-time home base of the Justice League. A version of this is the headquarters of the Justice League in the animated series Super Friends. Another version of this appears in both Justice League Unlimited, and Young Justice, where the Hall appears as the headquarters of the Justice League to the public eye.
the House of Mystery – The extradimensional structure presided over by Cain.
the House of Secrets – The extradimensional structure presided over by Abel. A version of this is also the headquarters of the Secret Six.
the Reichuss Mansion – A mobile haunted house that served as the House of Secrets in the 1990s Vertigo series of that name.
the Iceberg Lounge – A nightclub and base of operations for the Penguin. Located in Gotham City. The club is featured in Gotham, The Lego Batman Movie, and The Batman.
Justice Society Headquarters – Current version built on the foundation of the former brownstone headquarters and museum. The former headquarters in Gotham City, the latter in Manhattan. Sometimes called Dodds Mansion.
the LexCorp Towers complex – The former headquarters of Lex Luthor. Located in Metropolis.
Lux – The bar/nightclub based in Los Angeles owned by Lucifer Morningstar and his mistress Mazikeen.
the Netherworld – A fictional area of the city of Chicago.
the Oblivion Bar – An extradimensional bar used as a gathering place/hangout for magic users, as well as the headquarters for the Shadowpact.
Project Cadmus – An experimental genetics lab. Located in Metropolis. The Young Justice animated series has it located in Washington, D.C.
the Sanctum of Doctor Fate – Located in Salem, Massachusetts.
the Secret Sanctuary – The original headquarters of the Justice League of America and briefly headquarters of the Doom Patrol. Located in Happy Harbor, Rhode Island.
Sherwood Florist – Originally in Seattle and now in Star City, the business operated by Black Canary.
Suicide Slum – A dangerous part of Metropolis.
Titans Tower – The headquarters of the Teen Titans, originally located in New York City. Currently located in San Francisco.
the Underworld – A place in Metropolis's sewers which is rejected by society and where the Warworlders took control.
Valhalla Cemetery – A burial ground located in Metropolis for superheroes who have died in the line of duty; it is meant to be a sacred resting place for superheroes.
Wayne Manor – The ancestral home of Bruce Wayne. Located outside Gotham City.
Wayne Tower – The location of the main offices of Wayne Enterprises. It is located in downtown Gotham City.
Correctional facilities
Arkham Asylum – An asylum used to house criminally insane convicts in Gotham City.
Belle Reve – A high security metahuman prison located in St. Roch, Louisiana and the headquarters of the Suicide Squad. In Smallville, Belle Reve Sanitarium is a prison for "meteor freaks" (metahumans), and the mentally ill located near Kansas. Belle Reve Special Security Barracks appears in the DC Extended Universe, as the location where Lex Luthor was sent at the end of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and in Suicide Squad where it is revealed to be a Black Site where the Suicide Squad is recruited. In The Suicide Squad the location has been renamed Belle Reve Correctional Center (and is also referred to in some paperwork as Belle Reve Penitentiary), and is implied to be under the authority of both A.R.G.U.S and US Department of Corrections (a fictional version of the US Bureau of Prisons).
Blackgate Penitentiary – Located near Gotham City and also called Blackgate Prison, it is a prison known to house mostly non-metahuman criminals in Gotham City like Rupert Thorne, Carmine Falcone, The Penguin, Arnold Wesker/Ventriloquist, and Victor Zsasz. A version of Blackgate prison appears in The Dark Knight Rises as the new home for criminals under the "Dent Act" but was broken into by the terrorist Bane and his army. It also appears in several episodes of Gotham.
Gotham State Penitentiary – A prison located in the Sommerset neighborhood, which is 12 miles from Arkham Asylum. It housed inmates like the Penguin, Catman, Deadshot, Tony Zucco, Mortimer Kadavar and the Cavalier, but shortly after Crisis on Infinite Earths, it was the site of a breakout by Ra's al Ghul. It appears in several episodes of Batman.
Iron Heights Penitentiary – A high security prison devised for many of the foes of either version of the Flash. Located near Keystone City.
Peña Duro – Also called Hard Rock in English, it is the former prison of the villain Bane that is located in Santa Prisca. Alluded to in the final season of Gotham, where Bane aka Edmund Dorrance was held prisoner but rescued by Nyssa al Ghul.
Rock Falls Penitentiary – A prison in Rock Falls, Iowa where Dr. Sivana is imprisoned in after the events of Shazam!.
Ravenscar Secure Facility – A mental asylum in Yorkshire that John Constantine was committed to after the Newcastle Incident.
Slabside Island – Also called the Slab and Slabside Penitentiary, it is a high security metahuman prison. Originally in New Jersey, it was later transported to Antarctica after what happened in the Joker's "Last Laugh" riot. Shilo Norman was the original warden of Slabside Penitentiary. A version of it appears in Arrow called Slabside Maximum Security Prison where Oliver Queen is sent to for crimes as the Green Arrow.
Stryker's Island – A prominent penitentiary in Metropolis specifically New Troy's West River. It's featured in DC Animated Universe media such as Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League Unlimited, Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, and All Star Superman. Stryker's is also featured in Lego DC Super Villains as a main hub and in the climax in Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice as an abandoned island between Gotham City and Metropolis.
Industrial sites
Ace Chemicals – A chemical plant in Gotham City where the Joker supposedly originated. Ace Chemicals is present in several films and TV shows – Batman: The Animated Series, Batman (1989; renamed as Axis Chemicals), The Flash episode "Back to Normal", and Gotham as the site of Jeremiah Valeska turning into the Joker. In the DC Extended Universe film Suicide Squad, flashbacks show Joker convinced Harley Quinn to bath in the same chemicals as he did. After their break up, a drunken Harley blew up Ace in Birds of Prey.
AmerTek Industries – A military arms dealer previously in Washington, D.C. John Henry Irons worked there until he discovered his inventions were being used for evil purposes. The company appears in a Season 5 episode of Arrow and alluded to via Deadshot in Batman: Arkham Origins and continuing in Batman: Arkham Knight.
Big Belly Burger – A popular fast food restaurant chain owned by LexCorp. Seen in the Arrowverse and Blue Beetle.
Daggett Industries – A pharmaceutical company founded and owned by Roland Daggett. It appears in Batman: The Animated Series and The Dark Knight Rises, via John Daggett.
Ferris Aircraft – Coast City aerospace company originally founded and owned by Carl Ferris and Conrad Bloch and now run by his daughter, Carol Ferris. It appears in other media like Justice League: The New Frontier, Green Lantern, Green Lantern: First Flight and mentioned in the Arrowverse.
GothCorp – A company based in Gotham City, founded and owned by Ferris Boyle, targeted by ex-employee Victor Fries. The company is seen in Batman: The Animated Series and in the Arkhamverse.
Steelworks – Located in Metropolis, founded and owned by John Henry Irons.
Kord Industries – An industrial firm founded and owned by Ted Kord. Kord Industries is mentioned in several episodes of Arrow and seen in Smallville episode "Booster".
LexCorp – An international multi-corporation founded and owned by Lex Luthor.
Lord Technologies – Founded and owned by Maxwell Lord in the Arrowverse. In Wonder Woman 1984, Black Gold Cooperative, also known as simply Black Gold, was an oil cooperative founded by Max Lord during the Cold War with Simon Stagg.
Rathaway Industries – Founded by Osgood Rathaway, father of the Pied Piper.
Queen Industries – An international corporation founded and owned by Robert and Moira Queen and later run by their son, Oliver Queen.
Stagg Enterprises – A research and development firm in genetics research founded by Simon Stagg.
S.T.A.R. Labs – Laboratories for scientific research on metahuman studies located in various facilities.
Wayne Enterprises – An international multi corporation owned by Bruce Wayne.
Extraterrestrial sites
Hardcore Station – A lawless space-city run by corporations.
the Justice League Satellite – The headquarters of the Justice League of America. It is located in orbit 22,300 miles above the surface of the Earth. It is destroyed during the Crisis on Infinite Earths but rebuilt in Justice League of America Vol. 2 #7 after Infinite Crisis, later destroyed in Forever Evil. A third one was gifted by LexCorp under the title "Watchtower".
the Justice League Watchtower – Originally a White Martian base located on the Moon, it is later used as the headquarters of the JLA during the run of JLA equipping with advanced technology from races like New Genesis/Apokalitian, and Kryptonian.
Portworld – An intergalactic spaceport and home of Green Lanterns Wyxla and Tahr.
Starlag – A prison station used by the Alien Alliance. First appeared in Invasion! #1 (January 1989).
Ranx the Sentient City – A sentient city and member of the Sinestro Corps. It was first mentioned in the story "Tygers", in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #2 (1986). It was destroyed by Green Lantern Sodam Yat.
Warworld – An artificial planet used by Mongul and Brainiac.
Schools and universities
Burnside College – The private college that Batgirl (Barbara Gordon) attends in the New 52 universe.
Gotham Academy – As of DC Rebirth continuity, it is a prestigious private boarding school that many of Gotham City's elite have attended. Previous incarnations of institutes with the name "Gotham Academy" includes The Batman and Young Justice television series, where it was the school of Dick Grayson, Artemis Crock, Barbara Gordon, and others.
Gotham Military Academy – A military academy located in Gotham City. Colonel Sophie Moore, a former classmate and girlfriend of Kate Kane when the two attended West Point, is an instructor there.
Gotham University – Also called Gotham State University, it is located in Gotham City. In the Golden Age story "The Man Behind the Red Hood!", Batman and Robin, while teaching a criminology class, discovered that the Joker was the criminal formerly known as the Red Hood. Other staff and students include Dr. Jonathan Crane and Stephanie Brown.
Holliday College – The main university in Gateway City. Wonder Woman met the Beeta Lambda sorority members the Holliday Girls and Etta Candy there.
Hudson University – A university located in New Carthage, New York. Notable former students and staff include Dick Grayson, Professor Martin Stein and Duela Dent. It was first mentioned in Batman comics in the late 1940s. Hudson University has also appeared in the Law & Order franchise and other TV series.
Ivy University – Located in Ivy Town. The Atom (Ray Palmer) used to work in the physics department.
Legion Academy – A training school for the Legion of Super Heroes. Located in Metropolis in the 31st century.
Metropolis University – The main university in Metropolis. Clark Kent is an alumnus of MU.
Midwestern University – Located in Keystone City, this university is the alma mater of Jay Garrick. In some stories, the school is called Western State University.
Sanford Military Academy - An international boarding school with a reputation as a "dumping ground" for problem children from wealthy families.
Stanhope College – A college located just outside Metropolis. Linda Lee, the Silver Age Supergirl, was a former student. Post-Crisis, the school, now located in Leesburg, Virginia, is renamed Stanhope University; Linda Danvers is enrolled here.
Université Notre Dame des Ombres (Our Lady of the Shadows University) – A college in France specifically for the training of spies and super-enhanced humans. The headmistress is the former Phantom Lady Sandra Knight. Graduates include the future Phantom Lady Dee Tyler, and Vivian and Constance D'Aramis.
Sites that exist exclusively in other DC media
Stonegate Prison – A prison that is analogous to Blackgate Prison in Batman: The Animated Series and the greater DC Animated Universe.
Cities of the DC Universe Earth
Fictional cities
Amnesty Bay – The surface-home of Aquaman and his father, Thomas Curry. Located in Maine, but relocated in Massachusetts during The New 52.
Baralsville – A small mining town that is visited by Clark Kent. Located in northern Pennsylvania.
Blüdhaven – The former home of Dick Grayson (Nightwing) of the Post-Zero Hour continuity that was destroyed by the Secret Society of Super Villains, who dropped Chemo on it during Infinite Crisis. In the New 52 universe, during the DC Rebirth event, the Dick Grayson of that continuity later settled in his reality's version after the Pre-Flashpoint Superman told him the story about his alternate universe counterpart. Located near Gotham City in southern New Jersey. Mentioned various times in The Lego Batman Movie as the southerly twin city of Gotham City. The city was also mentioned in Birds of Prey, Arrow, The Flash, Batwoman and The Batman.
Blue Valley – The birthplace of the third Flash (Wally West) and home of Stargirl. Located in Nebraska.
Calvin City – The home of the Golden Age Atom. Located in Pennsylvania.
Central City – The former home of the second Flash (Barry Allen). Its location has been variously stated to be in Ohio, Illinois, and Florida. During the Wally West era, it was shown to be in Missouri, across a river from Keystone City.
Charlton's Point – The home of Miguel Devante, the new Son of Vulcan.
Civic City – The former home of the Justice Society of America. Located in Pennsylvania.
Coast City – The home of Green Lantern Hal Jordan. The city is destroyed by Mongul and the Cyborg Superman during the "Reign of the Supermen!" storyline. It is later restored by the actions of the Spectre and Hal Jordan. Located in California.
Codsville – A small fishing village in Maine for which the original Doom Patrol gave their lives. Renamed "Four Heroes City" after the death of the team.
Cosmos – The hometown of the Teen Titan Risk. Located in Colorado.
Crucible – A city briefly visited by the Resurrection Man. Located in Georgia, on Interstate 285.
Dakota City – The home of Icon, Static, the Shadow Cabinet and the Blood Syndicate.
Delta City – The home of the Heckler and Vext. It is established in Vext #1 that it exists within regular DCU continuity.
Dos Rios – The home of the second El Diablo. Located in Texas.
Elmond – The home of the Hawk and the Dove. Located in Oregon.
Empire City – The home of the second Manhunter, Paul Kirk. Located somewhere in the East Coast of the United States.
Evergreen City – The former home of Green Lantern Hal Jordan. Located in Washington.
Fairfax – A New England town that is home to Chris King and Vicki Grant.
Fairfield – The former home of Billy Batson (Captain Marvel), Mary Batson (Mary Marvel), and their adopted parents. Destroyed by Mister Atom.
Fawcett City – The home of Captain Marvel, the Marvel Family, Bulletman and Bulletgirl, Ibis the Invincible, and several other characters formerly associated with Fawcett Comics.
Feithera – A hidden city of bird-people. The home of Northwind. Located in Greenland (destroyed).
Freeland - Originally depicted as a neighborhood in the city of Metropolis. Reinvented for the Black Lightning TV show as a large city in Georgia. Home to Black Lightning and filled with metas (people with powers).
Gateway City – The former home of Wonder Woman, the first Mister Terrific, and the Spectre. Located in California.
Gorilla City – A hidden city populated by super-intelligent gorillas, and even chimpanzees; reminiscent of Mangani from Tarzan, and even Planet of the Apes. Home of Detective Chimp, Solovar, Gorilla Grodd, Monsieur Mallah, Titano, and Giganta. Located in Equatorial Africa.
Gotham City – The home of Batman. Former home of Alan Scott. Located in New Jersey across the Delaware Bay.
Happy Harbor – The location of the Secret Sanctuary of the JLA, and former home of Lucas "Snapper" Carr and the Red Tornado. Located in Rhode Island. In Young Justice, it's the base of the League and the Team known as "Mount Justice".
Hatton Corners – A small town saved from Mister Twister by the Teen Titans in their first appearance.
The Hidden City – The home of the magically gifted Homo magi people, including Zatara and Zatanna. Located in Turkey.
Hope Springs – A small mining town which was once part of the Mosaic World. Visited by Hal Jordan and Green Arrow when it was called Desolation. Located in West Virginia.
Hub City – The home of the Question and the first Blue Beetle, Dan Garrett.
Ivy Town – The home of the second and current Atom. Located in Massachusetts. The city appears in the Arrowverse shows Arrow, Legends of Tomorrow and The Flash and is mentioned in a Season 3 episode of Supergirl.
Jump City – The place of origin and first camp of the founding members of the Teen Titans in the 2003 animated series.
Keystone City – The home of both the first and third Flashes: Jay Garrick and Wally West, as well as Jakeem Thunder. In Post-Crisis stories, it is located across a river from Central City, located in Kansas. The city appears in several episodes of The Flash.
Liberty Hill – The hometown of the third Tattooed Man. Located in the Washington metropolitan area.
Littleville – The home of Robby Reed. Located in Colorado.
Manchester – The adopted hometown of Bart Allen/Kid Flash.
Mapleville – A small town Superman visited in Action Comics #179.
Metropolis – The home of Superman. Metropolis is speculated to be located in the city of Cleveland, Ohio or in a region of New York/New Jersey, although the vast majority of sources within DC have placed Metropolis in Delaware, on the opposite side of the Delaware Bay from Gotham City in New Jersey (in the "Bronze Age" continuity, these two cities were considered "twin cities" and were connected by the "Metro-Narrows Bridge", stated to be the longest suspension bridge on Earth-One).
Middleton – The former home of the Martian Manhunter. Located in Colorado, just north of Denver.
Midway City – The former home of Hawkman and Hawkwoman and the Doom Patrol. Located in Michigan, previously in Illinois. The town appears in Suicide Squad, is mentioned several times and appeared in a season 6 episode of The Flash, "License to Elongate".
Midwest City – The former home of Captain Comet (Pre-Crisis only).
Midvale – The home of the Pre-Crisis Supergirl.
Monument Point – The home to the Justice Society of America as they try to rebuild the city after they failed to save it from destruction.
Nanda Parbat – The mystical city hidden in the mountains of Tibet; mostly associated with the hero Deadman. Depicted as the home of the League of Assassins in the TV series Arrow.
National City – The home of Supergirl. Originally created for her eponymous TV series, but was later adapted into the comics, and then used as Supergirl's home starting from DC Rebirth. Located in Southern California. Coincidentally, there is a real-life National City, California.
New Carthage – The location of Hudson University where Dick Grayson (among others) attended college. Located in New York.
New Venice – A partially submerged city used as Aquaman's base of operations for a time. Located in Florida.
Opal City – The home of Starman.
Park City – The former home of the second Black Canary on Earth-Two.
Platinum Flats – The home of the Birds of Prey beginning in 2008. Located in California.
Port Oswego – The home of Naomi, located in Oregon.
Portsmouth – The home of the second Doctor Mid-Nite. Located in Washington.
Radiance – The home of the 1940s hero Little Boy Blue. Located in Pennsylvania.
River City – The home of the Odd Man.
Santa Marta – This city served the Flash briefly as a base of operations. It was all but destroyed by Major Disaster. Located in California.
Science City – The home of the Titan Red Star. Located in Russia.
Slaughter Swamp - A paranormal wetland region found on the outskirts of Gotham City and birthplace of Solomon Grundy. Featured in Super Friends as the home of the Legion of Doom's Hall and briefly in Gotham as the dumping ground of chemicals resulting in Butch Gilzean into Solomon Grundy. Also mentioned in Batman: Arkham City, and Injustice 2 as well as a stage.
Smallville – The former home of Clark Kent and Conner Kent. Located in Kansas.
Solar City, Florida – The home of Bruce Gordon/Eclipso.
Star City – The home of the Green Arrow. Location has varied over the years; however, the DC Rebirth Green Arrow series specifically states it was originally Seattle, only later being renamed Star City. In the Arrowverse, it was originally named Starling City before it was rebranded as Star City by Ray Palmer/Atom.
Sub Diego – A submerged part of San Diego located off the coast of California. It is the home of Aquagirl and served as a base of operations for Aquaman for a time. Run by Mayor Cal Durham.
Superbia – The home base of the Ultramarine Corps. Floated over the radioactive remains of Montevideo, later floated and smashed into Kinshasa.
Tinasha – Located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, it is the base of operations for David Zavimbe, the first Batwing.
Vanity – The home of Aztek. Located in Oregon.
Viceroy – The home of the Resurrection Man. Located in South Carolina.
Violet Valley – The home of the Rachel Pollack version of the Doom Patrol.
Zenith City – A city located near Robby Reed's home in Littleville.
Actual cities that also exist on the DC Universe Earth
Baltimore – The hometown of Guy Gardner.
Boston, Massachusetts – The former home base of Wonder Woman and the occasional residence of Aquaman and his wife, Mera.
Buenos Aires, Argentina: The Home Base of El Gaucho, crime fighter of Argentina and member Of Batman Incorporated
Chicago – The base of operations of Supergirl, Hawkman and Hawkwoman, Ted Kord, the second Blue Beetle, Nightwing, Duela Dent, Batman
Dallas, Texas – The hometown of the third Air Wave.
Dayton – The hometown of Black Alice.
Denver – The former home base of the Martian Manhunter.
Detroit – The hometown of Cyborg, John Stewart, Simon Baz, Lady Shiva, and the former home base of a Justice League branch, Firestorm and Vixen.
El Paso – The hometown of Jaime Reyes, the third Blue Beetle.
Gary, Indiana - The hometown of Erik Storn, the third Fury.
Hoboken, NJ - The hometown of Carlo Sirianni and "Matches" Malone.
Honolulu, Hawaii - The home base of Superboy in his 1990's series.
Houma, Louisiana – The home of the Swamp Thing.
Kansas City, Missouri – The home to the Doom Patrol during the Kupperberg/Morrison run.
London, England – The current home base of Wonder Woman and the occasional residence of John Constantine the Hellblazer.
Los Angeles – The hometown of Kyle Rayner and the former home base of the heroine Manhunter (Kate Spencer), the Outsiders and Blue Devil.
Metropolis, Illinois – It celebrates Superman the fictional character and exists in the DC Universe as celebrating the real Superman.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin – The hometown of Obsidian.
New York City – The home base to many superheroes over the years, including the current incarnation of the Teen Titans. Nicknamed "the Cinderella City" in the DC Universe.
Philadelphia – The hometown of the second Ray and the original Black Condor.
Phoenix, Arizona – The hometown of Starman Will Payton.
Pittsburgh – The hometown for several years of the original Firestorm.
San Diego – Half of this city was submerged under the ocean due to an earthquake, becoming Sub Diego. The outlying suburbs are the home of Animal Man.
San Francisco – The former home base of the Teen Titans, Superboy, Supergirl, the Secret Society of Super Villains, the Power Company, and Zatanna.
Seattle – The current home base of the Green Arrow and his company, Q-Core and the former home city of the Black Canary, where she owned and operated Sherwood Florist, a flower shop.
St. Louis – The hometown of Skyrocket.
St. Roch – The New Orleans neighborhood where the Modern Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl live.
Topeka, Kansas – It was destroyed by an explosion during an alien invasion, but was later restored.
Tokyo, Japan – The home base for the Super Young Team and Big Science Action.
Washington, D.C. – The current home base of Steel, the Alpha Centurion and the Freedom Fighters.
Waverly, Pennsylvania – The home base of the Hellenders.
West Point, New York – The location of the United States Military Academy, where Kate Kane, Sophie Moore, and later Bette Kane were enrolled as cadets.
Cities that exist exclusively in other DC media
Capitol City – A major city near Shusterville, and the location of the office of the Bureau for Extra-Normal Matters, where Clark Kent and Lana Lang are interns. Located in Florida. (Superboy)
Dairyland – The lushest, greenest farmland in America. Located in the Heartland. (Super Friends - Season 1, Episode 7)
Edge City – The metropolitan area mentioned in various episodes of Smallville, including "Stray", "Ryan", "Power", "Doomsday", "Escape", "Prodigal", and "Sneeze".
Freeland – The hometown to Black Lightning in the TV series of the same name. Located in Georgia.
Granville – The small Kansas town mentioned and seen in various episodes of Smallville, including "Skinwalker" and "Lexmas".
Jump City – The hometown of the Teen Titans in the animated TV series of the same name and Teen Titans Go! Located on the West Coast.
Londinium – A fictionalized version of London, England. (Batman - Season 3, Episodes 105–107).
Steel City – The hometown of the Titans East in the Teen Titans series. Located on the East Coast.
Seaboard City – An illusory metropolis on the American East Coast in an alternate Earth in an alternate dimension. Everyday life resembled a late Golden Age to early Silver Age "four-color" superhero comic book, in which the heroes (the Justice Guild of America) constantly fight the villains (the Injustice Guild of America). Green Lantern remembers reading the old comics it was based on as a child. The events on the alternate Earth (similar to DC's Earth-Two) apparently sent out inter-dimensional psychic vibrations. The vibrations then "inspired" the psychically sensitive artists and writers to create the Justice Guild of America comic book in the Justice League's own dimension (presumed to be DC's Earth-One). (Justice League – Season 1, Episodes 16–17)
Shusterville – A small college town where Clark Kent and T.J. White attend the Siegel School of Journalism at Shuster University. Located in Florida. (Superboy)
Tempest Key – The home of Arthur Curry in the unaired CW pilot Aquaman. Located near the Bermuda Triangle, presumably in Florida.
Fictional geographic locations and countries of the DC Universe Earth
Abyssia – An underground nation once infested by vampires, saved by the Outsiders.
Atlantis – The legendary sunken continent. Ruled by Aquaman.
Poseidonis – A major Atlantean city.
Tritonis – An Atlantean city populated by mer-people. Home of Lori Lemaris.
Thierna Na Oge – The city of the Tuatha De Danann, a culture that has a great affinity for magic.
Badhnisia – A small South Seas island nation, in or near present-day Indonesia, where Johnny Thunder was raised.
Bana-Mighdall – A fictional Amazon nation located in the Middle East. Birthplace of Artemis.
Bialya – A fictional Middle Eastern country and former refuge of supervillains, once ruled by the Queen Bee. Its population was nearly wiped out by Black Adam during 52.
Bhutran – A fictional isolated land in southern Asia surrounded by mountains. First appeared in Superman (vol. 2) #97 (February 1995).
Blackhawk Island – The former home base of the Blackhawks.
Bulgravia – A fictional Balkan country. Setting for the first mission of the Human Defense Corps.
Corto Maltese – A war-torn island featured in The Dark Knight Returns, Batman (1989), Smallville, Arrow, The Suicide Squad and Supergirl. Named after a popular comic book character.
Dinosaur Island – An uncharted Pacific island inhabited by dinosaurs that survived beyond the end of the Cretaceous Period in the Mesozoic Era. The setting for "The War That Time Forgot" stories.
Galonia – One of several minor European nations controlled by the Earth-Two Lex Luthor.
Gotham Bay – A river which runs through Gotham City. Speculated to be the Delaware Bay region in geography.
Hasaragua – A fictional South American country. Home of Brutale.
Kahndaq – A fictional Middle Eastern country, home of, and formerly ruled by, Black Adam. It is generally pictured as occupying part of the Sinai Peninsula, the Asian portion of Egypt.
Kasnia – A fictional war torn Balkan country, sometimes spelled Kaznia (DC animated universe). In the CW Arrowverse, it is known as the Kasnia Conglomerate and is ruled by Per Degaton's family. Referred to in films Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman, and Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie.
Kor – The fictional African kingdom of Doctor Mist.
Markovia – The home of Terra and Geo-Force. Referred to in Arrow, Black Lightning and Young Justice: Outsiders.
Molinia – A fictional Latin American country. First appears in "A Job for Superhombre," Superman #53 (August 1948).
Modora – The home of Sonar.
Pokolistan – A nation which now occupies the site of the former Modora. Once ruled by General Zod.
Nairomi – A fictional African country originally referenced in Batman #79. Appears in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
Nyasir – A fictional Eastern-African country; has strong 'Redemption' religious movement. Capital city: Buranda.
Oolong Island – A fictional location in the DC Universe and the home base of Chang Tzu and occasionally the Doom Patrol.
the Quirian Emirates – A fictional country briefly mentioned in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "The Cape and Cowl Conspiracy", which Josiah Wormwood had a connection with (DC animated universe).
Qurac – A fictional Middle Eastern country. It is located on the west side of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula.
Rhapastan – A fictional Middle Eastern country said to border Turkey. Plastic Man and Aquaman attempt to broker a ceasefire there during the "Tower of Babel" storyline.
Rheelasia – A fictional Asian country. First appeared in Birds of Prey #1 (January 1999).
San Monté – A fictional Latin American country. First appeared in "War in San Monté," Action Comics #2 (July 1938).
San Sebor – It was overthrown by the corporate-sponsored Conglomerate.
Santa Prisca – A Caribbean island, homeland of Bane.
Superbia – A mobile city-state which initially floated above the radioactive ruins of Montevideo, Uruguay.
Starfish Island – The island where billionaire Oliver Queen was stranded before becoming the Green Arrow. In the Arrowverse, it is known as Lian Yu and the island is located in the North China Sea.
Syraq – A fictional Middle Eastern country.
Themyscira – Also known as Paradise Island; the home of Wonder Woman and the Amazons.
Toran – One of several minor European nations controlled by the Earth-Two Lex Luthor.
Tropidor – A fictional Central American country.
Tundi – A fictional West African country. After the defeat of their ruler Lord Battle at the hands of David Zavimbe, the U.N. seized control to steer it toward democracy.
Umec – A fictional Middle Eastern country. Its name is an acronym created by Greg Rucka and is short for "unnamed Middle Eastern country".
Vlatava – The homeland of Count Vertigo, destroyed by the Spectre.
Zandia – The homeland of Brother Blood.
Zambesi – The fictional African country of Vixen.
Planetary systems
-7Pi - The homeworld in Green Lantern Sector.
1417.196.E - A planet destroyed by Star 196.
Almerac - The former homeworld of Maxima, Ultraa, and Mongal; speculated to be near the Pisces constellation and Andromeda in Capricorn.
Angor - The homeworld of the Champions of Angor, or the Justifiers (destroyed).
Apiaton - The homeworld of the Insectoids. Insectoids usually imply near Scorpius.
Appellax - The homeworld of the Appellaxians, the original foes of the Justice League.
Aoran - The homeworld of Evil Star, with the entire population killed.
Archos - A primitive planet.
Arden - An agricultural community of Green Lantern Monak.
Astonia - The dying homeworld of Blue Lantern Saint Walker.
Avalon - The homeworld of DC Comics' King Arthur.
Bellatrix - The homeworld of Green Lantern Boodikka.
Beltair IV - The homeworld of the Aquoids.
the Bizarro World - The homeworld of Bizarro, also called Htrae (Earth spelled backwards; Pre-Crisis only).
Biot - The Manhunter manufacturing facility and planet.
Bolovax Vik - The former homeworld of Kilowog; now called Bolovax Vik II, near the Great Bear constellation.
Bryak - A planet ruled by Brainiac.
Calaton - A homeworld monarchy ravaged 250,000 years ago by Doomsday.
Cairn - A planet formerly controlled by a family of intergalactic drug dealers. Later freed by, and made the headquarters of, L.E.G.I.O.N.
the Chthalonia System
Colu - A planet of sentient computers. The homeworld of Brainiac, Vril Dox, Licensed Extra Governmental Interstellar Operatives Network, Midori and Brainiac 5.
Criq - The homeworld of Green Lantern Driq.
Czarnia - The homeworld of Lobo (destroyed). Possibly located near the Great Bear constellation.
the Daffath System - The star system of Sinestro Corps member Bedovian.
Daxam - The homeworld of the Daxamites; hypothetically located in Sagittarius. The homeworld of Mon-El.
Debstam IV - A planet conquered by Mongul.
Dhor - The homeworld of Kanjar Ro.
Exxor - The homeworld of Zan and Jayna the Wonder Twins.
F'py - The homeworld of Green Lantern Gk'd, of Sector 1337.
G'newt - A planet of humanoid dogs. The homeworld of Green Lantern G'nort.
Gallo - A tiny satellite at the edge of the galaxy near Oa. The homeworld of the mysterious Tribune.
Gaolus - A maximum security prison planet.
Galtea - The homeworld of Sarkus the Infinite.
Garon - The homeworld of the Headmen.
Glazzon - The homeworld of Green Lantern Ahtier.
Graxos IV - The homeworld of Green Lantern Arisia in the Gemini constellation.
Graxos V - A planet with a harsh judicial system. The homeworld of Green Lantern Blish Rrab.
Grenda - A planet of sentient robots. The homeworld of Green Lanterns Stel and Yron.
H'lven - The homeworld of Green Lanterns Ch'p (deceased) and B'dg.
Harmony - The homeworld of the now-deceased Goldstar.
Hwagaagaa - A planet seized by Tebans.
Ith'kaa - The base of operations for Captain Comet and the location of Comet City.
Inner Tasnia - The homeworld of Green Lantern Flodo Span.
Planet J586 - A planet of intelligent plants. The homeworld of Green Lantern Medphyll.
Karna - The homeworld of the Gordanians.
Kalanor - A planet possibly located in the Taurus constellation. The homeworld of Despero.
Korugar - The homeworld of Sinestro, Katma Tui, and Soranik Natu of the Green Lantern Corps.
Khondra - The location of the secret military laboratory that created the sentient virus and Sinestro Corps member Despotellis.
Khundia - The homeworld of the Khunds; speculated to be near the Great Bear constellation.
Kreno - A planet where cyborgs are engineered. The homeworld of the cyborg mercenary B'aad.
Krolotea - The homeworld of the Krolotean Gremlins.
Krypton - The homeworld of Superman and Supergirl (destroyed). Formerly located near Pisces in the Andromeda Galaxy, speculated to be pointed north towards Libra in some modern versions. Krypton orbited the red giant Rao within the Pleiades in Post-Modern Age comics. Locations on Krypton include:
M'brai - A planet with a unique evolutionary system.
Maag - The homeworld of the Green Lantern Volk of Maag.
Maltus - The original homeworld of the Guardians of the Universe, the Zamarons and the Controllers; hypothetically located near the Pleiades.
Mogo - A sentient planet who is also a member of the Green Lantern Corps.
Muscaria - A planet of sentient fungi. The homeworld of Green Lantern Amanita.
Myrg - A planet ruled by Princess Ramia and her Terran consort/husband Doiby Dickles.
Naftali - A planet that the Martian Manhunter visited to meet an ancient holy man named K'rkzar (New Earth); the planet's location is officially located in MACS0647-JD accepted and confirmed by Paul Kupperberg himself on Twitter giving the honours to the individual who asked, which is equivalent to 13.26 billion light-years from Earth.
Oa - The homeworld of the Guardians of the Universe, speculated to be near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
the Mosaic World - A chaotic place on Oa where Appa Ali Apsa transported various cities from different galaxies.
Odym - A Paradise-like planet, location of the Blue Lantern Corps Power Battery.
the Obsidian Deeps - A Green Lantern Sector in deep space.
Orinda - A secret base of operations for the Manhunters.
Ovacron Six - The homeworld of Green Lantern Hannu. Its inhabitants disdain the use of any weapons and rely on their own brute strength.
Pandina - The homeworld of Star Sapphire Remoni-Notra.
the Puppet Planetoid – A planet in the DC Universe in the 30th century. According to legend, a race of giants created playthings on this world long ago. It is now mostly uninhabited. A number of notable events took place here for the Legion of Super-Heroes. When under attack from Satan Girl, Supergirl hid the Legion here. Ultra Boy once saved Sun Boy's life here, though this occurred in a backstory. Former Legionnaire Blok eventually found his way to this world and lived in seclusion for many years, until tracked down by the space pirate Roxxas, who used advanced Dominator weapons to kill him as a kind of "demonstration" for the Dominators of his abilities.
Qualar IV - A planet of humanoid chicken-like aliens. The homeworld of Green Lantern Perdoo.
Rann - The adopted homeworld of Adam Strange located in the Polara star system.
Ramnos - A homeworld devastated by the Traitor.
the Rexulus System - A star system of Sinestro Corps member Setag Retss.
Rimbor - The homeworld of Ultra Boy and Timber Wolf.
Rojira - The homeworld of the Ruulan Green Lanterns.
Ryut - A dead planet and location of the Black Lantern Corps Power Battery.
Scylla - A space of the Triarch.
Slyggia - The homeworld of Green Lantern Salaak.
the Sol System
Venus - The former homeworld of Mister Mind.
Earth
Luna - The location of the Justice League Watchtower and the former homeworld of Eclipso.
Mars - The former homeworld of the Martian Manhunter, his fellow Green Martians, and the White Martians.
Saturn - It is orbited by the lunar homeworlds of the Faceless Hunter, Jemm, Son of Saturn, and the Red and White Saturnian races.
Kalamar - A subatomic lunar world.
Sol - The native white-yellow star and the source of Kryptonian superpowers on Earth.
Southern Goldstar - The homeworld of Green Lantern Olapet.
Sputa - The bacterial homeworld of the Green Lantern Larvox.
Takron-Galtos - A prison planet seen in the Justice League of America and Legion of Super-Heroes comic books.
Talok III - The homeworld of former Starman Mikaal Tomas.
Talok IV - The homeworld of Sinestro Corps member Lyssa Drak.
Talok VIII - The homeworld of Legion of Super-Heroes member Shadow Lass.
Tanjent - The homeworld to psionic children.
Tchk-Tchk - The homeworld of the Tchkii Legion.
Thanotopsia - The homeworld destroyed by Lobo using nuclear weapons.
Thanagar - The former homeworld of the Thanagarian race, Hawkman (Katar Hol) and Hawkwoman, located in the Polara star system; destroyed during the "Infinite Crisis" when Superboy-Prime pushed Rann close to its orbit.
Thar - A living star once worshipped by aliens.
Zintha - An icy planet that orbits Thar.
Thordia - A planet located near Cetus. The homeworld to Darkstar's enemy Pay-Back.
Thoron - A planet in the same solar system as Krypton. Its inhabitants gain superpowers under a yellow sun, but are not as strong as Kryptonians. The homeworld of Halk Kar.
Throneworld - The capital of a galactic empire. Ruled by former Starman Prince Gavyn.
Thronn - The homeworld of the Thronnians and the Honor Team of Thronn.
Transilvane - An artificial planet created by NASA to simulate extraterrestrial environments. Notable for having two large horn-like protuberances.
Trigus VIII - The homeworld of the Femazons.
Tristram - The homeworld of Green Lantern M'Dahna of Sector 2751.
Trogk - The homeworld of Sinestro Corps member Moose of Trogk.
Tront - The homeworld of Green Lantern Eddore.
Ungara - The homeworld of Green Lantern Abin Sur.
The Vegan star system - A neighboring star system of 25 planets which are the homeworlds of many races, including the Omega Men.
the Citadel Homeworld
Karna - The homeworld of the Gordanians.
Hnyxx
Okaara - The homeworld of the Warlords of Okaara. Location of the Orange Light, where Larfleeze held the power of Avarice.
Ogyptu - The homeworld of an interplanetary giant race.
Tamaran - The homeworld of Starfire and her evil sister Blackfire.
the Prison Planet
Slagg
Uxor
Wombworld
Ventura - The "gamblers' planet". The homeworld of the villainous Rokk and Sorban.
Vivarium - An artificial planet of the Ayries.
Vulcan - The homeworld of Green Lantern Saarek.
Warworld - An artificial planet created by the Warzoons that is ruled by Mongul, his son and Mongal.
Xanshi - A planet of bird-like beings. Green Lantern John Stewart was blamed for its destruction. The homeworld of the villain Fatality.
Xarda
Xudar - The homeworld of Green Lantern Tomar Re.
Ydoc - A gladiatorial planet. The homeworld of Green Lantern Vandor.
Ysmault - The Guardians-sealed homeworld of the Empire of Tears and the location of the Red Lantern Corps Power Battery.
Zakkaria - The homeworld of the Crimson Star Mob.
Zamaron - The homeworld of the Zamarons and the Violet Lantern Corps. Speculated to be near Sirius. Feminine intelligent Nordic or reptilian species can range anywhere to Virgo-Libra North and from Cetus, in the vicinity of Aquarius.
Zebron - A planet of plant-like people threatened by the Ravagers from Olys.
Planets and moons which exist during the era of the Legion of Super-Heroes
Besides the planets listed above, the following planets exist during the era of the L.S.H.
Aarok - A planet colonized by Earth natives in the future. The homeworld of XS.
Aleph - The homeworld of Kinetix; formerly populated by a magical civilization.
Angtu - The poisonous homeworld of the villainous Mano, who "single-handedly" destroyed his own planet.
Baaldur - The homeworld of Glorith.
Bgztl - The homeworld of Phantom Girl, where the natives have the power of intangibility.
Bismoll - The homeworld of Tenzil Kem (also known as Matter-Eater Lad). The people of Bismoll have the ability to eat and digest all forms of matter.
Braal - The homeworld of Cosmic Boy and his younger brother Magnetic Kid. Braalians possess the power of magnetism.
Cargg - The homeworld of Triplicate Girl/Duo Damsel where the natives have the ability to split into three individuals.
Dryad - The homeworld of Blok.
Durla - The homeworld of Chameleon Boy and his race of shapeshifters.
Hajor - The homeworld of the telekinetic mutant Kid Psycho.
Hykraius - The homeworld of Tellus.
Imsk - The homeworld of Shrinking Violet. Imskians are able to shrink to tiny, even microscopic, size at will.
Kathoon - A perpetually dark planet with no sun. The homeworld of Night Girl.
the Labyrinth - A prison planet that served as a successor to Takron-Galtos.
Lallor - The homeworld of Duplicate Boy, Evolvo Lad, Gas Girl, Life Lass, and Beast Boy.
Lupra - The homeworld of Color Kid.
Lythyl - A harsh and cruel planet of warriors. The homeworld of the second Karate Kid.
Mardru - The homeworld of Chlorophyll Kid.
Myar - The "alchemists' planet" and the homeworld of Nemesis Kid.
Naltor - The homeworld of Dream Girl. The inhabitants of Naltor possess the power of dream-based precognition.
Nullport - A planetoid famed for the construction of spacecraft.
Orando - The medieval homeworld of Princess Projectra (also known as Sensor Girl).
Phlon - The homeworld of Chemical King.
Rigel 9 - A very populous planet of one-eyed aliens. A possible Simpsons reference, it was mentioned in the second episode of Justice League by Green Lantern John Stewart. It is said to lie in Sector 2814.
Shanghalla - A planetoid that serves as a burial place for the galaxy's greatest superheroes.
Shwar - The homeworld of Fire Lad.
Somahtur - The homeworld of Infectious Lass.
Starhaven - A planet colonized by Native Americans. The homeworld of Dawnstar.
Titan - A moon of Saturn and the homeworld of Imra Ardeen (also known as Saturn Girl), and Saturn Queen. All Titanians possess telepathy.
Tharr - The homeworld of Polar Boy, a member of a race of humanoids who can generate intense cold at will.
Toomey VI - The homeworld of Green Lantern Barreer Wot.
Trom - The homeworld of Element Lad, the last survivor of his planet's element-transmuting race.
Vonn - A planet invaded by the Tython.
Vengar - The homeworld of the evil Emerald Empress.
Weber's World - An artificial planet that serves as the headquarters of the United Planets.
Winath - A planet where twin births are the norm. The homeworld of the twins Garth Ranzz (also known as Lightning Lad or Live Wire) and Ayla Ranzz (also known as Lightning Lass or Spark) and their brother Mekt Ranzz (also known as Lightning Lord).
Xanthu - The homeworld of Star Boy and Atmos.
Zerox - The "sorcerer's world". The homeworld of Mordru and the planet where the White Witch learned the practice of magic.
Zoon (or "Zuun") - The homeworld of Timber Wolf.
Zwen - The homeworld of Stone Boy. The inhabitants of Zwen developed the ability to transform themselves into stone.
Extradimensional realms
the Antimatter Universe of Qward
the Antimatter Earth - The homeworld of the Crime Syndicate of America.
Azarath - The homeworld of Raven.
Barter's Shop - The mysterious shop owned by the Hawk and the Dove's foe Barter; it is a dimensional nexus.
the Bleed - A void between dimensions of the Multiverse.
Darkworld - The birthplace of the Atlantean gods.
the Deadlands - The home of demons fought by Fate.
Destiny's Garden of Forking Ways - An endless labyrinth of possible histories.
the Dreaming - The realm of the sleeping mind. Ruled by Dream of the Endless a.k.a. the Sandman.
the Dream Realm - A realm where telepaths such as the Key reside.
Earth D - The home of the Justice Alliance of America, as seen in Legends of the DC Universe: Crisis on Infinite Earths (February 1999).
Emerald Space - The dimensional space for the Green Lanterns who died in action, as seen in Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #9 (March 2017).
Faerie - A mystical realm of the legendary Fair Folk. Ruled by Auberon and Titania.
the Fifth Dimension - An interdimensional reality that exists outside the normal space-time continuum.
Zrrrf - The homeland of Mister Mxyzptlk, Bat-Mite, Qwsp, and the Thunderbolt.
the Fourth World - A dimension that exists between Hell and the Universe. Although it is not considered a universe in itself, it contains several worlds; those being the most important are Apokolips and New Genesis. The only means of transportation from this dimension to the Multiverse is the Boom Tube.
Apokolips - The homeworld of the New Gods of Apokolips, who are led by Darkseid.
the God Wave - An interstellar phenomenon from the previous universe.
New Genesis - The homeworld of the New Gods of New Genesis, who are led by Highfather.
the Promethean Galaxy - The location of the Source.
the Source Wall - The supposed edge of reality itself.
Gemworld - A mystical realm ruled by gem-based royal houses.
the Ghost Zone - A dimension which Prometheus uses to teleport interdimensionally. Wizard also possesses a Key to the Ghost Zone.
the Green Realm - A dimension where the victims of Power Ring's weapon, the Ring of Volthoom, go after they succumb to death from its parasitic power.
Heaven - An afterworld of the blessed.
Hell - An abode of the demons and afterworld of the damned.
Hypertime - The interconnected web of divergent timelines.
Ifé - The other dimensional homeland of the African gods known as the Orishas, visited by the Spectre when he is searching for God.
the Jejune Realm - A land of comical lesser gods from Vext.
the Land of the Nightshades - A realm of shadow-manipulators. Birthworld of Nightshade.
the Land of the Unliving - The home dimension of the cosmic being known as Nekron, Lord of the Unliving.
Limbo - The void between realities. Former prison of the Justice Society of America.
the Magiclands - The Magiclands are seven different realms where magic reigns supreme and can only be accessed by a train station in the Rock of Eternity.
the Darklands - A place where the soul goes upon their death. It is also filled with vampires, mummies, pumpkin monsters, and other spooky creatures.
the Earthlands - See Earth above.
the Funlands - A place that is made up of one big amusement park and is ruled by King Kid. Due to his hatred for adults, any kid who turns 18 will be placed in slavery to help maintain the Funlands.
the Gamelands - A dimension that is based around the video game concept. It requires 1,000,000 points to access the CPU needed to leave the Gamelands.
the Monsterlands - A dimension where the Monster Society of Evil are imprisoned in its Dungeon of Eternity. Each of its inmates are gathered throughout the Magiclands, including some from the Earthlands. Superboy-Prime was also shown to be imprisoned here. Mister Mind stated to Doctor Sivana that the Monsterlands used to be called the Gods' Realm until the day of Black Adam's betrayal, which led them to strip the gods of their powers and close the doors to the Magiclands.
the Wildlands - A dimension populated by anthropomorphic animals and where their humans are extinct. The tiger community is kept in a zoo because one tiger helped the humans during a war between the humans and the animals.
the Wozenderlands - A dimension that is a hybrid of the Land of Oz and Wonderland. It is inhabited by characters from fictional children's novels like the Cheshire Cat, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the White Rabbit, the winged monkeys, the talking trees, and the Wicked Witches of the North, South, East, and West. According to the Scarecrow, Dorothy Gale and Alice united the Land of Oz and Wonderland to save them from the threat of the Monsterlands.
the Meta-Zone - The homeworld of Shade the Changing Man.
the Mirror World - The Fourth Dimension. Home of the Duomalians and the Orinocas. Originally discovered by Zatara, later rediscovered by the Mirror Master.
Mount Olympus - The home of the Greco-Roman gods.
the Multiverse - Formerly infinite, now a series of 52 alternate Earths.
Myrra - A realm of sword and sorcery. Former home of Nightmaster.
the Oblivion Bar - An extra-dimensional bar that only magically talented persons can access. Headquarters of the Shadowpact.
the Omega Realm - An extra-dimensional realm where Darkseid can send a victim who is hit by his Omega Effect.
the Paradise Dimension - A dimension where Superman-Prime gains his powers.
the Pax Dimension - A dimension where the Bloodline Parasites come from.
the Phantom Zone - A prison realm created by the Kryptonians to send Kryptonian criminals.
the pocket universe created by the Time Trapper.
Purgatory - An afterworld where souls atone for their crimes.
Pytharia - An Earth-like realm resembling prehistoric history.
the Rock of Eternity - The home of the wizard Shazam, located at the center of space and time. Surrounding the Rock were mists representing space and time; navigating through them could allow the Marvels to travel to specific locations in time and space.
Savoth - A planet that is the homeworld of the Savothians, a race of camel-like aliens who hold a longstanding friendship with the Flash family. The planet is located in another dimension from Earth, which can only be accessed by the Speed Force.
the Shadowlands - A place of primordial darkness. It is the power source for Obsidian and the Shade, among others.
the Silver City - The abode of the angels and afterworld of the blessed.
the Sixth Dimension - It serves as the "Multiverse Control Room" which is at the top of the Multiverse scale. The Super Celestial Perpetua created her children the Monitor, the Anti-Monitor, and the World Forger here and either one can regenerate here if they are destroyed.
Skartaris - A savage magical dimension "within" the Earth. Current home of Travis Morgan, the Warlord.
the Speed Force - A dimension which all speedsters tap into.
The Tantu Totem worn by Vixen contains the extradimensional home of the African god Anansi.
Teall - An alternate dimension home to microscopic energy beings. Quislet of the Legion of Super-Heroes is a Teallian.
the Timestream - A dimension where time is expressed spatially. Home of the Timepoint; also called Vanishing Point, headquarters of the Linear Men.
Timepoint - A prison outside of time.
Wintersgate Manor - A dimensional nexus and the home of Baron Winters, leader of the Night Force.
Xarapion - The homeworld of Thar Dan, the inventor of the Dimensiometer belt given to the Shadow Thief.
See also
List of DC Comics characters
List of DC Comics teams and organizations
List of alien races in DC Comics
List of criminal organizations in DC Comics
List of fictional towns in comics
List of government agencies in DC Comics
Features of the Marvel Universe
References
Locations
Locations
Locations
DC Locations |
4401095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham%20City%20Transport | Nottingham City Transport | Nottingham City Transport (NCT) is the major bus operator of the city of Nottingham, England. NCT operates extensively within Nottingham as well beyond the city boundaries into Nottinghamshire county. Publicly-owned, it is today the second largest municipal bus company in the United Kingdom after Lothian Buses in Edinburgh, Scotland.
History
Horse-drawn buses operated in Nottingham from 1848. The Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited opened its first routes in 1878 with horse-drawn trams, and experimented with steam traction a few years later. The company was taken over by Nottingham Corporation Tramways in 1898. Electrification followed, with the first electric trams operating in January 1901 and within two years over 100 trams were in service on eight lines. The first motorbuses were introduced in 1906.
The Nottingham trolleybus system was inaugurated in 1927. By 1930 a number of routes had been converted from trams to trolleybuses. A new bus depot was opened on Parliament Street in June 1929 and is still in use today.
By 1935 the trolleybus fleet had reached its peak at 106 vehicles, making it the largest fleet in the country. The last tram ran in September 1936. World War II brought reduced services, economy measures (including diluting diesel with creosote) and blackout screens on vehicles. Before the war some diesel-engined buses were introduced, although large scale deliveries of buses did not take place until after the war. The advent of diesel services enabled the last petrol-engined buses to be withdrawn.
By the end of the 1950s, trolleybuses were in decline, the last new trolleybus joining the fleet in 1952 reaching a maximum fleet of 155 vehicles. The first one-man operated bus appeared in 1951. Trolleybuses were withdrawn between April 1965 and July 1966, and the West Bridgford UDC Transport undertaking came under Nottingham's control in 1968. One-man operation started to come into force in January 1970 and by 1977 nearly all services were one-man operated. In 1974 it was renamed City of Nottingham Transport and by 1976 an all-time peak of 494 operated vehicles was reached.
To comply with the Transport Act 1985, in 1986 the assets were transferred to a new legal entity. However the company effectively remained in public ownership as Nottingham City Council held full equity of the new entity. In 1988 Stevenson's Bus Services, Ilkeston was purchased and formed a subsidiary company. Erewash Valley Services Limited. These services were integrated with the main company in 1990.
In 1991 South Notts Bus Company was purchased for £1, giving NCT a route from Nottingham to Loughborough and a garage at Gotham. In 1997 Pathfinder (Newark) Limited was purchased, giving NCT a presence in the north of the county. Fleet names are retained within the company but both South Notts and Pathfinder liveries are now extinct, although routes into Clifton and into South Nottinghamshire have navy line branding, taken from the navy blue livery of South Notts.
Despite many offers to buy, Nottingham City Council retained 100% ownership in NCT until May 2001, when 5% of the shares were issued to Transdev. This was related to the Nottingham Express Transit operating contract being awarded to Arrow Light Rail, a consortium between Transdev (later Veolia Transdev), Nottingham City Transport, Bombardier, Carillion, Galaxy and Innisfree. The consortium was contracted to build and operate the light rail for 30.5 years since 9 March 2004, but the contract was ripped up in 2011 when Tramlink Nottingham was selected as the preferred bidder for the construction of Phase 2 of the light rail. The last day of operations of Arrow Light Rail was 16 December 2011.
Another change early in the 2000s was the introduction of 'Go2' and 'Network'. This was a concept whereby every bus route was assigned a colour, and all the routes exiting the city via the same route (or went in the same general direction) had the same colour (e.g. every route using Derby Road to leave the city were coloured orange). This led to the coloured lines system which is still in use. Go2 buses had a colour coded front with white rear, and Network buses had a colour coded area round the front windows and a stripe to the back, on a two-tone dark green base. Buses with no colour coding (used when a correctly coloured one is not available) were plain green or white. The livery went through a change about 10 years after the start of the colour system where Go2 had colour coding on both ends of the bus with a silver centre, and Network the same but with a green centre. The Network brand started to fade away in 2015 as these buses also began having silver centres, and the Network name dropped when a bus was repainted.
Ecolink ethanol buses
In 2007, Nottingham City Transport became the first company in the UK to introduce Ethanol powered "Eco" buses. Named "Ecolink 30", the service used a combination of standard diesel powered Scania OmniCity buses and 3 specially converted ethanol Scania OmniLink buses on its Pink Line 30 route.
The ethanol powered buses were painted in a special "Ecolink" livery which used flowers and leaves along the side of the bus to symbolise the "green-ness" of the buses. They also used the slogan "Go Green", combined with the information that they reduced CO2 emissions by around 30 tonnes.
The ethanol buses were equipped with a colour LED destination display, an LCD screen onboard which allowed advertisements &/or CCTV footage to be played, a Star Trak GPS locating system which allowed for real time ETA's to be displayed at electronic bus stop timetable displays and also allowed for the next stop to be displayed on the buses onboard electronic display (Above the "Bus Stopping" sign). The buses also had a low floor to allow for wheelchair/buggy access and were equipped with an extendable ramp to allow wheelchair users to board the bus when there is a gap between the bus door and the pavement.
The buses were purchased by Nottingham City Council using funding from the East Midlands Development Agency which allowed them to purchase three ethanol powered buses and construct an ethanol fuelling station. The buses are operated and maintained by Nottingham City Transport.
This trial ended in March 2013, when it was no longer viable to source ethanol. The three buses were converted to diesel and were branded for the Pathfinder service to Southwell. They were re-branded again later in a generic silver livery, to be used on any route.
To replace them, three standard Scania OmniCity vehicles from another route were refurbished, and repainted in to green 'Nottingham Network' livery with pink ends to denote the service being part of the pink line. The said formerly ethanol-powered buses were sold in 2019 following the purchase of new Alexander- Dennis Enviro200 MMCs.
Routes
Routes operated by NCT as of 9th September 2023:
Note
Information may become outdated or may be slightly wrong. Check with the NCTX site/app first.
* will indiacate a service that only operates one way
Main Routes
Navy Line
1 - City to Loughborough/Loughborough Endowed Schools, 1A - City to Clifton (The Dip) (via Todd Close), 1B - City to Clifton (The Dip) (via main 1 route), 1E - City to East Leake Academy,
1 will divert via Ashby Rd and Loughborough Rd through Rempstone, Hoton and Cotes if Stanford On Soar is flooded
3 - City to Clifton (via Industrial Estate and Farnborough School), 3A - City to Clifton (via Silverdale)
4 - Nottingham Trent University Clifton Campus to NTU City Campus (4 and N4 routes only operate during term time)
48 - City to Clifton via Riverside Retail Park, 48X - City to Clifton via Queen's Drive
49/49A - City to Boots Estate/Site via Riverside Retail Park and Queens Drive Park and Ride (49A does not serve Queen's Drive P&R) , 49B City to Queens Drive P&R*, 49X - City to Boots site via Queen's Drive (does not serve Riverside Retail Park or Queen's P&R)
Green Line
5 - City to Gamston
6 - City to Edwalton
7 - City to Gamston, 7B(only operates as last bus) Gamston to Trent Bridge, Victoria Embankment*
8,8B,9,9B - City to Willford Hill and Compton Acres, (last bus 9B to City terminates at Trent Bridge, Vic Embk
10 - City to Ruddington, 10C - City to Ruddington Country Park via Ruddington, 10X - City to Ruddington Country Park direct
11 - City to Lady Bay, 11A City to Gamston via Lady Bay, 11C City to National Watersports Centre
Brown Line
15 - City to Rise Park via Beckhampton Road
16/16C - City to Rise Park via Hartcroft Road (16C terminates on Brownlow Drive near the Rise Park Terminus, it will stop at the Rise Park terminus on its route to the City)
17 - City to Bulwell via Hucknall Road
Lilac Line
24 - City to Gedling (Holyoake Road) (Only 1 route per day, weekdays only. leaves King Street at 15:37 to Holyoake Rd, leaves Holyoake Rd at 16:19)
25 - City to Arnold via Carlton, 25B - City to Mapperly Shops*
26 - Nottingham - Southwell, 26A - Nottingham to Lowdham or Southwell Minster School
27 - City to Carlton
Pink Line
28 - City to Bilborough
30 - City to Wollaton
Orange Line
34 - City to University Park Campus, 34C - City to Uni Park Campus, Beeston Lane (All 34 services including 34C operate during term time)
35 - City to Bulwell via Derby Road, 35A - City to Wollaton Vale*, 35B - City to Strelly Rd, ASDA, or Bulwell to Wigman Rd Top
36 - City to Chilwell, 36B - Service possibly ceased. , 36U - City to Chilwell via University Park Campus (Term time only)
Blue Line
39 - City to Calton Valley
40 - City to Edwards Lane Estate and City Hospital via St Ann's, 40B - City to The Wells Road Top*, 40X - City to City Hospital via St Ann's (does not serve Winwood Heights and Edwards Lane Estate like the 40)
41/42 - City to St Ann's, Kildare Rd. 41 via St Ann's Well Road, 42 via Abbotsford Dr and Hungerhill Rd
Red Line
43 - City to Sneinton
44- City to Gedling via Colwick Rd, Daleside Rd and Vale Rd, and Netherfield,(and station), 44A- City to Gedling via Colwick Rd, Daleside Rd, Colwick Industrial Estate
!!! Red Line 44 no longer goes along Wollaton Avenue/Besecar Avenue after it terminates at the terminus in Gedling. It will use the turn-around previously used by Sky Blue Line 45 and go back along Shelford Rd
50 - City to Victoria Retail Park via Daleside Rd and Colwick Industrial Estate
Sky Blue
45 - City to Gedling/Chase Farm via Woodborough Road
!!! Sky Blue Line route 45 no longer teminates at the same terminus as Red Line route 44, it now terminates on Waldrom Rd in Chase Farm.
46 - City to Woodborough THEN Lambley, 47 - City to Lambley THEN Woodborough
Grey Line
53/54 - Arnold to Clifton via ring road and QMC
54 also via Sunmerwood Ln, Rivergreen, and Sunninghill Dr
53B - Valley Rd, Mansfield Rd to Clifton Boulevard North or Clifton to QMC via 53 route, 54B - Clifton to QMC via 54 route*
Lime Green Line
56 - City to Arnold via Whitby Crescent and Plains Estate, 56B - Arnold to Somersby Rd, Melbury Rd*
57 - City to Plains Estate via Whitby Cres, 57X - City to Plains Estate (does not serve Whitby Cres)
58 - City to Arnold(Killisick) via Surgeys Ln, 58X - City to Arnold(Killisick) via Arnold and Coppice Rd
59 - City to Arnold(Killisick) via Rollestone Dr
Yellow Line
68/69 - City to Snape wood via Hempshill Ln and Low Wood Rd (68 to Snape Wood, 69 to City) or Hoewood Rd and Ravensworth Rd (68 to City, 69 to Snape Wood), 68A/69A - City to Snape Wood via 68/69 route and Blenheim Industrial Estate, 68B - Snape Wood to Bulwell Market* or City to Bulwell Bus Station*
70 - City to Bulwell Morrisons or Bulwell Bus station via Nuthall Rd(all 70 routes), Norwich Gardens(only served when routes operate to/from Morrisons), 70B - City to Bulwell Bus station via Nuthall Rd
71 - City to Bulwell Morrisons or Bulwell Bus station via Bagnall Rd(all 71 routes), Main St(only served when routes operate to/from Morrisons), 71B - City to Bullwell Bus station via Bagnall Rd
Turquoise Line
77 - City to Strelley via Aspley Ln, 77C - City to Bells Lane via Flamsteed Rd
78 - City to Strelley via Aspley, Broxtowe
79 - City to Arnold via Aspley, Bulwell, Rise Park, Top Valley(Bewcastle Rd/Oakwood Academy) and Bestwood Park; 79A - City to Arnold via Aspley, Bulwell, Rise Park, Top Valley(Old Farm Rd, Ridgeway) and Bestwood Park;
79B
City to Bulwell Bus Station*
City to Rise Park terminus*
Arnold to Rise Park terminus*
Purple Line
87 - City to Arnold via Edwards Ln, Oxclose Ln and Redhill
88 - City to Top Valley via Bestwood Park
89 - City to Rise Park via Bestwood Park, 89A - City to Rise Park via Oakwood Academy*
Night bus
Navy Line
N4 - NTU Clifton Campus and Clifton to NTU City Campus (term time only)
Lilac Line
N26 - City to Southwell via Daleside Rd, Vale Rd (Southwell bound only) or Calton Hill, Carlton Rd (City bound only)
Orange Line
N34 - City to Beeston via University Park Campus
General Line Areas
Navy Line - Clifton
Green Line - West Bridgeford
Brown Line - Hucknall Rd/ Bestwood
Lilac Line - Carlton
Pink Line - Radford/Bilborough
Orange Line - Derby Rd
Blue Line - St Ann's
Red Line - Colwick, Netherfield
Sky Blue Line - Woodborough Rd
Fleet
As of August 2020, the fleet consisted of 310 buses, including several training buses.
In 2017, Nottingham City Transport won funding from the Office of Low-Emission Vehicles to purchase a fleet of 53 biogas-powered Alexander-Dennis Enviro400 City double decker buses, which were rolled out over 2017 and 2018. By 2018, Nottingham City Transport were running the largest fleet of biogas-powered buses in the world.
In 2019, Nottingham City Transport again successfully bidded for funding from the OLEV to expand the gas refuelling station at its Parliament Street depot, and ordered 67 more gas buses, more than doubling the fleet. One of these was a demonstrator previously in service with National Express West Midlands.
In February 2022, Nottingham City Transport announced that they were ordering 23 more gas buses, which are due in the spring of 2022, bringing the total number of gas buses to 143. (This is partially due to the restructuring of some route-branding of buses that took place in February.) The operator also announced that they and Nottingham City Council had submitted a business case as part of a bid to the UK government's Zero Emission Bus Regional Areas (ZEBRA) Fund for funding the purchase of 78 electric single-decker buses, and the following month they announced that their bid had been successful. The new electric buses, which will replace Nottingham City Transport's entire single-decker fleet, are expected to be introduced between 2023 and 2024; the first 12 of these will be Yutong E12s, with tenders for the remaining 66 buses to be announced in 2023.
Depots
NCT operate two depots in Parliament Street, and Trent Bridge.
Milestones
Nottingham City Transport have introduced many new bus models and transport concepts over the years, including:
Converting the first Scania OmniCity for right-hand drive operation
Converting the first Scania OmniLink for right-hand drive operation
Introduction of EasyRider contactless smartcard, the first in the UK
Introduction of Ethanol powered Scania OmniLink buses (First in the UK)
First Genuine batch of Scania OmniTown buses
First full height Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 Scanias in the UK
First Biogas Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 CBG City.
World's largest fleet of gas-powered buses.
First company to win UK Bus Operator of the Year award 5 times.
Competitors
Stagecoach in Mansfield also serve Nottingham, operating the Pronto service (formerly in partnership with TrentBarton) between Chesterfield, Mansfield and Nottingham, and Stagecoach in Worksop operate the Sherwood Arrow to Worksop via Ollerton, Edwinstowe and White Post Farm. These services both compete with NCT between the Victoria Bus Station and the Redhill area of Nottingham.
YourBus competed directly against NCT with their routes Y28 and Y36 on GO2 Pink 28 to Bilborough and GO2 Orange 36 route to Beeston and Chilwell. However, in August 2016 the Y28 route ceased operation, and at the same time the Y36 stopped serving Chilwell, and therefore only served between Beeston and Nottingham City Centre and in November 2016 the Y36 was cut further with last buses operating between 6PM and 7PM. The Y36 service ceased operating completely with its last day on 11 February 2017. The Yourbus operation ceased permanently on Friday, 4 October 2019.
TrentBarton is also competitor operating services across the East Midlands.
See also
List of bus operators of the United Kingdom
References
External links
Nottingham City Transport official website
Bus operators in Nottinghamshire
Companies based in Nottinghamshire
Companies owned by municipalities of England
Transdev
Transport in Nottingham |
4401143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Kerr%20Theatre | Walter Kerr Theatre | The Walter Kerr Theatre, previously the Ritz Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 219 West 48th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed for the Shubert brothers in 1921. The venue, renamed in 1990 after theatrical critic Walter Kerr, has 975 seats across three levels and is operated by Jujamcyn Theaters. The facade is plainly designed and is made of patterned brick. The auditorium contains Adam-style detailing, two balconies, and murals.
The Shuberts developed the Ritz Theatre after World War I as part of a theatrical complex around 48th and 49th Streets. The Ritz Theatre opened on March 21, 1921, with the play Mary Stuart, and it was leased to William Harris Jr., who operated it for a decade. After many unsuccessful shows, the theater was leased to the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project from 1936 to 1939, then served as a CBS and NBC broadcasting studio. The Ritz briefly hosted legitimate shows in 1942 and 1943, and it again functioned as a studio for ABC until 1965. The Ritz was abandoned for several years until Eddie Bracken took over in 1970, renovating it and hosting several short-lived shows from 1971 to 1973. During the 1970s, the Ritz variously operated as a pornographic theater, vaudeville house, children's theater, and poster-storage warehouse. Jujamcyn took over in 1981 and reopened it two years later following an extensive restoration. The theater was renovated again in 1990 and renamed after Kerr.
Site
The Walter Kerr Theatre is on 219 West 48th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 49th Street and a depth of . The Walter Kerr shares the block with the Eugene O'Neill Theatre to the north and Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan to the east. Other nearby buildings include One Worldwide Plaza and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church to the northwest, the Ambassador Theatre and the Brill Building to the northeast, the Morgan Stanley Building to the southeast, the Longacre Theatre and Ethel Barrymore Theatre to the south, and the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre to the southwest.
Design
The Walter Kerr Theatre (previously the Ritz Theatre) was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed in 1921 for the Shubert brothers. It is part of a group of six theaters planned by the Shuberts after World War I, of which four were built. Edward Margolies was the general contractor who built the theater.
Facade
The facade is simple in design, especially when compared with Krapp's other works for the Shubert family. The Ambassador and Ritz theaters, in particular, were designed in patterned brick, with the only ornamentation being in the arrangement of the brick. This sparse ornamentation may be attributed to the lack of money in the years after World War I. Theatrical historian William Morrison described the design scheme as "utilitarian in the extreme", decorated only by fire escapes in front of the facade, as well as brickwork laid in a diamond pattern. A marquee hangs above the entrance at ground level, and a large sign is mounted on the right side of the facade, facing east.
Auditorium
The auditorium is accessed by a lobby decorated with fake-granite walls and a burgundy ceiling. The Walter Kerr Theatre has an orchestra level and two balconies. The interior layout was similar to Krapp's earlier Broadhurst and Plymouth (now Gerald Schoenfeld) theaters, but the Ritz had fewer seats than either the Broadhurst or the Plymouth, with only about 975 total at the time of opening. The Broadway League cites the theater as having 945 seats, while Playbill gives a figure of 918 seats. Only the orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible; the other seating levels can only be reached by steps. The main restrooms are placed on the first balcony level, but there are wheelchair-accessible restrooms on the orchestra level.
Like Krapp's other Broadway houses, the auditorium's interior is decorated in the Adam style. The interior color scheme was originally purple, vermillion, and gold. The Shubert family's design studio oversaw the decorative scheme. A contemporary newspaper article said the interior used a gold leaf design that was "suggestive of the Italian Renaissance". In 1983, the theater was redecorated in pink, mauve, and gray.
The proscenium arch at the front of the auditorium was tall and wide. Above the proscenium arch is a mural that was restored in a 1983 renovation. This mural depicts Diana with two hounds; it is unknown who originally designed the mural. Two other murals had been planned for the Ritz when it opened, but they were not installed until the 1980s. The theater also contains Art Deco chandeliers, lights, and sconces, which date from 1983.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. During the 1900s and 1910s, many theaters in Midtown Manhattan were developed by the Shubert brothers, one of the major theatrical syndicates of the time. The Shuberts originated from Syracuse, New York, and expanded downstate into New York City in the first decade of the 20th century. The brothers controlled a quarter of all plays and three-quarters of theatrical ticket sales in the U.S. by 1925. After World War I, the Shuberts contemplated the construction of six theaters along 48th and 49th Streets, just north of Times Square. Of these, only four were built, and only three (the Ambassador, O'Neill, and Kerr) survive.
Original Broadway run
1920s
The Shuberts announced plans for their six new theaters in September 1920. The brothers believed that the sites on 48th and 49th Streets could be as profitable as theaters on 42nd Street, which historically was Times Square's legitimate theatrical hub. A site on 48th Street was selected in addition to three on 49th Street, and Krapp was hired to design the theaters. That February, the Shuberts announced that the theater on 48th Street would be called the Ritz and that it would open the next month. Only 66 days had elapsed from the start of construction to the theater's completion, which the New-York Tribune called a "world's record".
The theater opened on March 21, 1921, with John Drinkwater's Mary Stuart. The next month, William Harris Jr. leased the Ritz Theatre for ten years, and he immediately brought the Porter Emerson Browne play The Bad Man to the Ritz. Later that year, the theater hosted its first hit: the play Bluebeard's Eighth Wife, featuring Ina Claire. The Ritz mostly hosted short runs of plays in its early years, such as Madame Pierre in 1922 with Roland Young. The next year, the theater hosted The Enchanted Cottage with Katharine Cornell, as well as In Love with Love with Lynn Fontanne. The play Outward Bound, with Margalo Gillmore, Leslie Howard, and Alfred Lunt, opened at the Ritz in January 1924. That July, Hassard Short leased the theater for his Ritz Revue, which opened in September and was the theater's first musical production. Also that year, Al Jolson's Coolidge-Dawes Theatrical League was established at the theater, and the venue staged the John Galsworthy play Old English with George Arliss.
The play The Kiss in the Taxi opened at the Ritz in 1925 with Claudette Colbert, and Young Blood with Helen Hayes opened later that year. This was followed in 1927 by Bye, Bye, Bonnie with Ruby Keeler, The Legend of Leonora with Grace George, and The Thief with Alice Brady and Lionel Atwill. A. H. Woods leased the Ritz later that year to show his play The First of These Gentlemen. The play Excess Baggage opened at the end of 1927, featuring Frank McHugh and Miriam Hopkins, and lasted through mid-1928. The next production was also a success: Courage with Janet Beecher, which opened in October 1928 and ran until the following June. Subsequently, the theater hosted Broken Dishes, which opened in November 1929 and featured Donald Meek and Bette Davis. The same month, the popular comedy Mendel, Inc. opened with Smith and Dale, running through the next year. By the end of the 1920s, the Shuberts had taken over the Ritz Theatre's bookings from Harris after several flop runs.
1930s
Many of the Ritz Theatre's productions in the 1930s were short-lived. Among these shows was a version of the English play Nine till Six with an all-female cast in late 1930. The next year saw a two-week run of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play Alison's House, as well as Elliott Lester's Two Seconds. Additionally, Ruth Draper performed a series of character sketches at the Ritz in late 1932. The Elizabeth McFadden melodrama Double Door occupied the Ritz during late 1933, while Mildred Natwick and Frank Lawton starred the next year in The Wind and the Rain. Other shows of the period included Petticoat Fever in 1935 with Leo G. Carroll and Dennis King, as well as Co-Respondent Unknown in 1936 with Peggy Conklin and Ilka Chase.
In December 1936, the Works Progress Administration (WPA)'s Federal Theatre Project hosted a week-long run of its dance program, The Eternal Prodigal, at the Ritz after eleven months of preparation. The theater hosted Power, a show produced as part of the WPA's Living Newspaper series, the following February; it lasted for five months. In November 1937, the Surry Players presented their revival of Shakespeare's As You Like It at the Ritz. Next, Gilbert Miller's production of the T. S. Eliot play Murder in the Cathedral opened at the Ritz in February 1938, running for six weeks. The WPA then premiered the musical Pinocchio at the Ritz in January 1939, but the production closed that May after the Federal Theatre Project was dissolved.
Playhouse
Broadcasting studio
Lee Shubert leased the Ritz to CBS in October 1939. Consequently, the Ritz became known as CBS Theater No. 4, supplementing three other broadcast studios at 141 West 45th Street, 251 West 45th Street, and 1697 Broadway. CBS quickly put Theater No. 4 into use for the taping of The Gay Nineties Revue and Walter O'Keefe's Tuesday Night Party. The Ritz had served as a CBS theater for only a few months when NBC signed a 25-week lease for the theater in January 1940. Among other things, the NBC studio was used for taping the TV program 21 Men and a Girl, as well as a speech by 1940 U.S. presidential candidate Wendell Willkie. NBC's lease on the Ritz expired at the beginning of 1942, and the theater returned to legitimate use with the opening of the revue Harlem Cavalcade in May 1942. Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1943 opened that December. This was followed in 1943 by a revival of the long-running play Tobacco Road.
The Blue Network leased the Ritz Theatre in late 1943, initially using the theater for public-relations broadcasts. The Blue Network studio was used to broadcast Radio Hall of Fame, the first regular-network show to be recorded by television cameras, as well as such events as a concert recital by Thomas Beecham. The Hattie Hill estate sold the theater to the Simon brothers in March 1945; at the time, it was a broadcast studio for WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV). That November, the Shubert brothers acquired the theater from Leonard H. Burns, Margaret F. Doyle, and Harriet P. Stieff. ABC, which operated WJZ-TV, was leasing the theater for three-year periods as of 1946. It was one of three studios ABC was using by the late 1940s. ABC's broadcasts at the theater included a game show called Stop the Music (for which a second-floor dressing room was equipped with a telephone switchboard), as well as a Thanksgiving variety show.
ABC upgraded the lighting and expanded the Ritz's stage by about in 1950; this required the removal of all seating in the orchestra. At the time, the Ritz was one of several former Broadway theaters that had been converted to broadcast studios within the last several years. The ABC studio remained in use even as the Shuberts sold the theater to John Minary in July 1956. In turn, Minary sold the theater to real-estate investor Joseph P. Blitz that December; at the time, the venue was reported as having 600 seats. Blitz co-owned the theater with Herbert Fischbach, who in February 1957 bought out Blitz's stake. The Royal Ballet obtained an option on the Ritz in 1962, intending to show four ballets by Alan Carter. Leonard Tow and Roger Euster, owners of the Little Theatre (another Broadway house converted to a studio), acquired the Ritz in 1963. The next year, Euster sold his stake to Leonard B. Moore. Subsequently, the theater was dark from 1965 to 1969.
Brief legitimate return, children's theater
In 1970, Eddie Bracken took over the theater. Scott Fagan and Martin Duberman's rock musical Soon was booked for the Ritz, marking the first legitimate production at the theater in nearly three decades, but Soon soon flopped with three performances in January 1971. This was followed in April 1971 by August Strindberg's Dance of Death, with Rip Torn and Viveca Lindfors, which closed after five performances. Both of these plays used temporary seats that were installed above the concrete orchestra. Subsequently, the theater hosted pornographic films and vaudeville, with a massage parlor backstage.
The producer Arthur Whitelaw and his partners Seth Whitelaw, Ben Gerard, and Joseph Hardy, took a 15-year lease on the Ritz, originally intending to house their Movie Musical Theatre there. They restored the theater in 1972 for $225,000, installing new carpets, chairs, and lighting. The restored theater had 896 seats, though the first two rows of seats could be removed. The Ritz reopened on March 8, 1972, with the musical Children! Children!, featuring Gwen Verdon. The show was so poorly received that it closed the same night. The next show was the play Hurry, Harry in October 1972; like its predecessors, the show was a flop, closing after two performances. This was followed in February 1973 by the British hit No Sex Please, We're British with Maureen O'Sullivan, but it failed on Broadway with 16 performances.
After the Ritz had been vacant for several months, the Robert F. Kennedy Theater for Children took over in September 1973, opening the next month. During this time, the children's theater was fighting lawsuits over whether it could be named after the late politician Robert F. Kennedy. The RFK Children's Theater neglected to pay rent and, in 1976, it was evicted from the Ritz under an action brought by the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia. Afterward, the Ritz was used to store posters. The city government took over the theater, and the venue's roof began to leak.
Jujamcyn operation
1980s
In 1981, developer Jason Carter and Jujamcyn Theaters submitted bids for the Ritz at a foreclosure auction. Carter won the auction, but he sold the theater to Jujamcyn for $1.7 million, keeping its air rights for the construction of a skyscraper called Ritz Plaza. The Ritz had to continue presenting legitimate shows in exchange for the air rights, but Carter had intended to build apartments above the theater. In August 1981, Jujamcyn announced that it had acquired the Ritz and ANTA (now August Wilson) theaters. Jujamcyn announced it would reopen the Ritz to counterbalance the impending demolition of the Helen Hayes and Morosco theaters two blocks south. Roger Morgan Studios and Karen Rosen of KMR Design oversaw the theater's renovation, which cost $1.5 million. New lighting fixtures and seats were installed, along with new stage lighting, plumbing, and air-conditioning. A new stage was built, while the proscenium opening was retained. The second balcony level, used for air-conditioning equipment, was turned into a seating level.
The renovation was actually completed in 1982, but Jujamcyn had not been able to book any shows for the 1982–1983 theatrical season. The show Hell of a Town had actually been booked in 1982 but was later dropped. Finally, on May 10, 1983, The Flying Karamazov Brothers reopened the theater with their eponymous juggling show. The next January, Ian McKellen appeared in a solo show, Acting Shakespeare; it ran for a month. Afterward, the Ritz tried limiting the audiences for several shows to 499 seats, because a 500-seat house would require negotiations with Broadway theatrical unions. Broadway theatrical unions had classified the Ritz as "endangered" because it was consistently underused. Producer Morton Gottlieb first proposed the 499-seat plan for his play Dancing in the End Zone in 1984. This was followed by Doubles in 1985, which subsequently became a success and switched to using the theater's full capacity, as well as the revue Jerome Kern Goes to Hollywood in 1986.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Ritz as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. While the LPC commenced a wide-ranging effort to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters in 1987, the Ritz was among the few theaters for which the LPC denied either exterior or interior landmark status. Among the theater's productions in 1987 were the play A Month of Sundays, the musical Nite Comic, and a Penn & Teller special. In 1989, Rocco Landesman announced that the theater would be refurbished for $1.9 million and that it would be renamed for drama critic Walter Kerr. The last production staged at the Ritz prior to its renaming was Chu Chem, which ran from April to May 1989. By the end of the year, the facade had been cleaned at a cost of $400,000.
1990s and 2000s
The theater reopened on March 5, 1990, with a musical tribute to Walter Kerr. The first production at the newly renovated theater was August Wilson's The Piano Lesson, which opened the next month, running through January 1991. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn formed the Broadway Alliance in June 1990, wherein each company set aside one of its theaters to present dramas and comedies at reduced ticket prices. The program covered the Belasco, Nederlander, and Walter Kerr theaters. The Paul Rudnick play I Hate Hamlet then opened in April 1991 and ran for 80 performances. This was followed in 1992 by Abraham Tetenbaum's short-lived play Crazy He Calls Me and Wilson's Two Trains Running. Tony Kushner's Angels in America: Millennium Approaches, the first part of a two-part play, opened in May 1993. The second part, Angels in America: Perestroika, opened in November 1993; the two parts were performed in repertory until the end of 1994. Terrence McNally's play Love! Valour! Compassion! transferred from off-Broadway in 1995, and Patti LuPone performed a solo concert later that year for 46 performances. Wilson's Seven Guitars premiered at the Walter Kerr in 1996, followed by a revival of Noël Coward's play Present Laughter.
The dance special Forever Tango launched at the Walter Kerr in 1997, running for nine months. The next two productions were hits by Irish playwrights. Martin McDonagh's off-Broadway play The Beauty Queen of Leenane moved to the Walter Kerr in 1998, followed the next year by Conor McPherson's The Weir. Coward's Waiting in the Wings had its first Broadway production at the Walter Kerr in December 1999, relocating three months later to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. The Eugene O'Neill play A Moon for the Misbegotten was then revived in March 2000, running for several months. David Auburn's play Proof transferred from off-Broadway that October, running for 917 performances through January 2003. Next, the comedy Take Me Out opened in February 2003 and ran for a year, This was followed in April 2004 by the short-lived drama Sixteen Wounded, then in December 2004 by Wilson's Gem of the Ocean.
After Jujamcyn president James Binger died in 2004, Rocco Landesman bought the Walter Kerr and Jujamcyn's four other theaters in 2005, along with the air rights above them. Jordan Roth joined Jujamcyn as a resident producer the same year. John Patrick Shanley's play Doubt: A Parable also opened at the Walter Kerr in 2005, running for over a year. Subsequently, the musical Grey Gardens opened in late 2006 for a 307-performance run, and Chazz Palminteri's solo show A Bronx Tale launched at the theater in 2007. The Walter Kerr showed several relatively short runs in 2008 and 2009, including A Catered Affair, The Seagull, and Irena's Vow. In 2009, Roth acquired a 50 percent stake in Jujamcyn and assumed full operation of the firm when Landesman joined the National Endowments of the Arts. At the end of that year, the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music was revived, running until January 2011.
2010s to present
The first new productions of the 2010s were a revival of John Guare's The House of Blue Leaves in 2011, followed the same year by the musical Lysistrata Jones. The Walter Kerr then hosted the plays Clybourne Park, The Heiress, and The Testament of Mary over the next two years, as well as a revival of the Forever Tango dance special in mid-2013. The musical comedy A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder opened in November 2013, and it stayed for almost 1,000 performances through the beginning of 2016, having nearly failed early on. The next two shows were revivals: Arthur Miller's drama The Crucible, which opened in March 2016, and William Finn and James Lapine's musical Falsettos, which opened that October.
The Walter Kerr then hosted an original production of the musical Amélie in April and May 2017. That October, musician Bruce Springsteen commenced his concert special Springsteen on Broadway, which was originally supposed to stay at the theater for eight weeks. The show instantly became popular and was extended three times, the last performance being December 15, 2018. The musical Hadestown was the next show to open at the Walter Kerr, premiering in April 2019; , it is the longest-running show in the theater's history. The theater closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reopening on September 2, 2021, with performances of Hadestown. Jujamcyn and Ambassador Theatre Group agreed to merge in early 2023; the combined company would operate seven Broadway theaters, including the Walter Kerr.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include other live shows or films presented at the theater, nor does it include shows that were taped there.
Ritz Theatre
1921: The Bad Man
1921: Bluebeard's Eighth Wife
1922: It Is the Law
1923: The Humming Bird
1923: The Sporting Thing To Do
1923: The Enchanted Cottage
1924: Outward Bound
1925: A Kiss in a Taxi
1927: The Legend of Leonora
1929: Soldiers and Women
1931: Alison's House
1931: Two Seconds
1933: Before Morning
1935: Abide with Me
1937: As You Like It
1938: Time and the Conways
1938: Murder in the Cathedral
1942: My Sister Eileen
1943: Tobacco Road
1971: Soon
1971: Dance of Death
1972: Children! Children!
1973: No Sex Please, We're British
1983: The Flying Karamazov Brothers
1984: Acting Shakespeare
1988: Penn & Teller
1989: Chu Chem
Walter Kerr Theatre
Since its reopening, the Walter Kerr has housed seven winners of the Tony Award for Best Play: Angels in America: Millennium Approaches, Angels in America: Perestroika, Love! Valour! Compassion!, Proof, Take Me Out, Doubt, and Clybourne Park. It also housed two winners of the Tony Award for Best Musical: A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder and Hadestown.
1990: The Piano Lesson
1991: I Hate Hamlet
1992: Two Trains Running
1993: Angels in America
1995: Love! Valour! Compassion!
1996: Patti LuPone on Broadway
1996: Seven Guitars
1996: Present Laughter
1998: The Beauty Queen of Leenane
1999: The Weir
1999: Waiting in the Wings
2000: A Moon for the Misbegotten
2000: Proof
2003: Take Me Out
2004: Gem of the Ocean
2005: Doubt: A Parable
2006: Grey Gardens
2007: A Bronx Tale
2008: A Catered Affair
2008: The Seagull
2009: Irena's Vow
2009: A Little Night Music
2011: The House of Blue Leaves
2011: Lysistrata Jones
2012: Clybourne Park
2012: The Heiress
2013: The Testament of Mary
2013: A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder
2016: The Crucible
2016: Falsettos
2017: Amélie
2017: Springsteen on Broadway
2019: Hadestown
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1921 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Jujamcyn
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1921 |
4401162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian%20Beaumont%20Theater | Vivian Beaumont Theater | The Vivian Beaumont Theater is a Broadway theater in the Lincoln Center complex at 150 West 65th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Operated by the nonprofit Lincoln Center Theater (LCT), the Beaumont is the only Broadway theater outside the Theater District near Times Square. Named after heiress and actress Vivian Beaumont Allen, the theater was one of the last structures designed by modernist architect Eero Saarinen. The theater shares a building with the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts and contains two off-Broadway venues, the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater and the Claire Tow Theater.
The Beaumont occupies the southern and western sides of its building's first and second floors, while the library wraps above and on top of it. The main facade faces Lincoln Center's plaza and is made of glass and steel, with a travertine attic above. The main auditorium has approximately 1,080 seats across two levels, arranged in a steeply sloped semicircular layout. The Beaumont differs from traditional Broadway theaters because of its use of a flexible stage, which could be extended with a thrust stage of varying length. The layout led to complaints about inferior sightlines and acoustics in the theater's early years. The 299-seat Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater is in the basement and the 112-seat Claire Tow Theater is on the roof.
Allen donated $3 million for the theater's construction in 1958 but died before its completion. The Beaumont opened on October 21, 1965, and was originally operated by Jules Irving and Herbert Blau of the Repertory Theater of Lincoln Center, generally presenting four shows a season. The Beaumont was managed by the New York Shakespeare Festival, under the direction of Joseph Papp, from 1973 to 1977. Richmond Crinkley took over the theater for the next eight years, with the Beaumont only operating for two seasons during that time. Controversies over the Beaumont's operation, a proposed renovation, and financial difficulties led to LCT being reorganized in 1985, with Gregory Mosher and Bernard Gersten taking over as the new Director and Executive Producer. The Beaumont became much more successful and was renovated in 1996. The theater has hosted several popular productions since the late 1980s, including Anything Goes, Contact, The Light in the Piazza, South Pacific, The King and I, and My Fair Lady.
Description
The Vivian Beaumont Theater was designed by Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen, with Broadway scenic designer Jo Mielziner overseeing the design of the interior. It is part of Lincoln Center, a performing arts complex on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. The Beaumont is in the same building as the New York Public Library (NYPL)'s Performing Arts Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Various contractors were also involved in the Beaumont's construction, including general contractor Turner Construction, acoustical engineer Bolt Beranek & Newman, structural engineer Ammann & Whitney and mechanical engineer Syska Hennessy.
The library–theater building is on the western side of Paul Milstein Pool and Terrace, the elevated plaza at the middle of Lincoln Center, just south of 65th Street. The plaza contains a reflecting pool at its center, measuring around wide and long. Inside the plaza, just outside the theater's entrance, is a blackened-steel sculpture by Alexander Calder entitled Le Guichet. Named after the French word for "ticket window", the sculpture measures wide by high. Another sculpture by Henry Moore, entitled Reclining Figure, is in the pool. The structure faces the Metropolitan Opera House to the south; David Geffen Hall to the east; and the Juilliard School to the north, via a pedestrian bridge across 65th Street.
Form and facade
The library–theater building was the third to open at Lincoln Center. Original plans conceived the library and theater as separate buildings, but the structures were combined in the final plan. The theater forms the building's core and occupies the southern and western sides of the building's first and second floors. The library runs along the building's northern and eastern sides, as well as much of the third floor. The theater's stage house protrudes through the third floor, with the library running around it in a "doughnut" shape. Another entrance to the library, facing west toward Amsterdam Avenue, is below the theater. The attic houses the library's stacks.
SOM and Saarinen collaborated on the design of the exteriors. The main facade, along Lincoln Center's plaza, is two stories high and made of glass and steel. The facade consists of a glass curtain wall and two recessed square concrete columns, which create a peristyle flanking the curtain wall. Unlike the travertine surface of the plaza, the columns are finished in exposed aggregate. The columns are attached to the attic via steel pins with large bronze pyramidal covers. The other wall surfaces are clad in travertine.
The exterior of the library–theater building contains a heavy roof that protrudes over the main facade, which is covered in travertine. The roof was designed to screen the library and its performing-arts museum behind it. The top of the roof originally had an exposed-aggregate finish, but this was subsequently covered with stone pavement. On the underside of the roof are coffers containing recessed downlights as well as fluorescent uplights. Similar lighting fixtures are used in the theater's lobby as well as throughout the library's interior. The roof is carried by two Vierendeel trusses measuring high and long. Part of the library, housing the Vincent Astor Gallery, is placed between the trusses.
Interior
The Beaumont contains three theaters operated by Lincoln Center Theater (LCT): the main auditorium, which is classified as a Broadway theater, as well as two off-Broadway venues, the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater and the Claire Tow Theater. The main auditorium is the only Broadway theater outside Manhattan's Theater District, and productions there are eligible for Tony Awards. The off-Broadway houses' productions are not eligible for Tony Awards unless they move to the Beaumont or another Broadway theater.
The Beaumont has two main access points. Vehicular traffic enters through a ramp beneath the theater, where patrons take elevators to the orchestra. Pedestrians enter through the main plaza facing David Geffen Hall and the Metropolitan Opera House. The plaza-level lobby is midway between the orchestra and balcony levels of the primary auditorium. The plaza-level lobby is plain in design and was originally decorated in travertine and bronze, with white wall panels and red carpets. Rather than a traditional coat room, the theater had lockers along its public corridors. Broad, curving double staircases lead to from the lobby to both levels of seating. Below the orchestra, another flight of stairs leads down to the Newhouse Theater. An elevator also connected all the stories.
Primary auditorium
The Beaumont uses steeply sloped stadium seating. Unlike other Broadway theaters, the stage could be configured as a traditional proscenium stage or extended with a thrust stage of varying length. Backstage, there is for set storage. The stage and its backstage facilities take up about 75 percent of the theater's area.
Seating areas
The Broadway League cites the main auditorium as having 1,080 seats, while Playbill gives a figure of 1,069 seats. The main auditorium originally had approximately 1,100 seats, with about 770 in the orchestra level and 330 in the balcony level. The actual capacity depended on the configuration of the stage. Thirty seats at the front of the orchestra can be stored in the basement when thrust stage is used. Additional seats can be removed to make way for vomitories. Consequently, the theater could have 1,146 seats if a proscenium stage were used, or 1,102 seats if there was an orchestra pit in front of the stage. In a thrust-stage configuration, the theater could have 1,113 seats, which was reduced to 1,083 if actors were allowed to pass through the orchestra seating to get to the stage.
The seating is arranged in a semicircle with its ends cut back, allowing adequate sightlines when a traditional proscenium stage is used. A cantilevered walkway leads to the balcony level, which only has five rows of seats, two of which cantilever over the orchestra. In all configurations, every seat is at most from the stage. The American Seating Company installed the seats, which were originally upholstered in red fabric. Plaques were mounted onto the backs of each seat, indicating the seat number and the name of a donor. The seats were covered with deep burgundy fabric in 1990.
The auditorium had a minimalist decorative scheme. The original decorations comprised dark brown wood and metal, as well as red and gray carpets. The design includes curving oval motifs, which visually connect the two levels of seating with the stage and ceiling. The aisle lights were recessed into the ends of the aisles. Typical theaters had lights embedded within the risers of the stairs in each aisle, but the theater's semicircular arrangement meant that such lights could be distracting to patrons on the opposite side of the auditorium.
Other design features
There are seven removable panels placed across the proscenium opening. When all the panels are removed, the proscenium is wide; the panels can also be used to seal the proscenium completely. The two outermost panels must be manually removed, while the other five panels can be lifted mechanically using a counterweight system. Because of the presence of the removable panels, the stage curtain is placed in front of the proscenium opening, contrary to in most theaters. The stage curtain is mounted on a curving steel frame, which runs parallel to the stage apron. The entire stage was illuminated with 565 spotlights, hung from four semicircular catwalks and hidden behind "fins" on the ceiling. The Beaumont was the first Broadway theater with an electronic lighting system because, as Mielziner said, "Economically, we can't afford to use old switchboards and old methods". Speakers were installed during the mid-1990s because, as designed, the auditorium had poor acoustics.
The stage covers . This was far larger than any other Broadway theater's stage at the time; the next largest stage covered . The Beaumont's thrust stage, when fully extended, is deep and wide and is placed on a lift that can descend to the basement. Lincoln Center's drama consultant Robert Whitehead had wanted the thrust stage, saying: "There is something exciting in the way the action spills out into the audience and the audience embraces it." For productions that use only the thrust stage, performers enter from underneath the stage, and the proscenium is closed off. Various tunnels were provided under the seating areas for this purpose. Since the semicircular seating precluded good views of the rear of the proscenium stage, many of the theater's productions were forced to use the front of the apron. The unconventional mixture of stage designs prompted many designers and directors to avoid the theater entirely.
Beneath the stage is a turntable measuring across, which allows the thrust stage to be expanded. When the thrust stage was used, the first seven rows of the orchestra could be lowered into the basement. The turntable carries a semicircular floor panel with rows of orchestra seating (for when the theater is configured as a proscenium stage), as well as another semicircular panel with the thrust stage and three rows of seating. Whenever the stage is reconfigured, the lifts beneath the front orchestra rows and the thrust stage are lowered. The semicircular floor panels are then unlocked from the lift and connected to each other before being rotated, disconnected, and raised. A second platform, measuring wide, surrounds the turntable and can move independently.
Off-Broadway spaces
Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater
In the lower level of the building is the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater, originally known as the Forum when it opened on November 10, 1967. The theater was renamed in 1972 for Mrs. Samuel I. Newhouse, a prominent patron of the theater. Designed by Saarinen and Mielziner, the Newhouse is a 299-seat venue in which Lincoln Center Theater presents its off-Broadway plays and musicals. The Newhouse Theater originally was accessible only through the Beaumont's parking garage. Unlike the larger Broadway theater above, the Newhouse only contains a thrust stage. Its existence came about because, during planning, Lincoln Center's board could not agree on what types of productions the Forum should present.
Claire Tow Theater
In June 2012, LCT opened the Claire Tow Theater on the Beaumont's roof, which features work by emerging playwrights, directors, and designers. The auditorium is named for Claire Tow, whose husband Leonard Tow, an LCT board member, donated $7.5 million. Located on the Beaumont's planted green roof, the Claire Tow Theater seats 112 people and cost about $41 million to construct. The space was designed by Hugh Hardy, who had assisted Mielziner in the Vivian Beaumont Theater's original design. The two-story, glass enclosure has the same width as the Beaumont's base. The theater is accessed by elevators within the NYPL section of the building. In addition to the auditorium, the Claire Tow houses rehearsal space, dressing quarters, offices, and a pocket lobby with a bar. The structure is wrapped inside a grille of aluminum louvers that help screen out the sun. Hardy used simple materials for the interior, including stained oak for the lobby floors and walnut for the theater’s sloping walls. The bar features Overture, a 2012 sculpture by Kiki Smith.
History
Development
The Lincoln Square Renewal Project had been proposed in 1955 as part of urban planner Robert Moses's urban renewal program. The Lincoln Center performing-arts complex became a key part of the urban renewal, though it was not part of Moses's initial intentions for the site. John D. Rockefeller III led Lincoln Center's development, which from the start included venues for the New York Philharmonic, Metropolitan Opera, and New York City Ballet. The first plans for the complex, announced in May 1956, included plans for five commercial theaters. Lincoln Center Inc. was founded in June 1956 to oversee the development, and the company acquired the land in February 1958. Vivian Beaumont Allen, a former actress and heiress to the May Department Stores fortune, donated $3 million in May 1958 for the construction of the repertory theater at Lincoln Center. Lincoln Center's board of directors then pledged to name the theater after Allen, and Rockefeller named Robert Whitehead as the consultant on the repertory theater.
Planning
Wallace Harrison, the architect of the Philharmonic Hall, had declined an offer to design the other buildings in the complex but helped select the other architects. Various prominent architects and engineers were invited as consultants for the development, but Lincoln Center Inc. recommended that only American architects be selected for the final designs. The repertory theater and library were the last two buildings at Lincoln Center for which architects were selected. In November 1958, Eero Saarinen was selected as the architect for the Beaumont Theater, while Gordon Bunshaft was picked to design the performing-arts library. Even though Saarinen was not as well-connected as some of Lincoln Center's other architects, he was both an experienced auditorium designer and a prominent architect in the middle of his career. Whitehead and Harrison had chosen Saarinen for this reason. Shortly afterward, Jo Mielziner was hired to collaborate on the theater's interior design. The complex's general contractors were selected in January 1959.
Originally, the repertory theater and the library were to be separate buildings. Allen expressed concerns that the site allotted to the repertory theater was too small, in part because Robert Moses was intractable in his refusal to reduce the size of the nearby Damrosch Park. After the New York Public Library (NYPL) joined the project in June 1959, the library building and repertory theater were combined by that October, saving both money and space. Saarinen and Bunshaft had decided that "one building could house the two facilities better than two". During late 1959, Elia Kazan was also hired as a consultant for the repertory theater, helping Whitehead select the productions. Whitehead and Kazan established the nonprofit Lincoln Center Repertory Company in February 1960 to oversee the Beaumont's programming.
Only two conflicts between Saarinen and Bunshaft arose during the three-year planning process. Saarinen wanted to use three columns at each of the building's corners, while Bunshaft wanted to use one column; in addition, both architects sought to create the building's technical drawings. In the end, the architects used Bunshaft's column arrangement and Saarinen created the technical drawings. The architects considered and rejected 15 plans for the theater; one such plan envisioned the Beaumont Theater with a concave roof in the center, supported by piers on either side. The final scheme was tested in an unused movie theater in Pontiac, Michigan, where Mielziner drew up plans for theatrical sets he had designed in the past. By August 1960, Saarinen and Mielziner had reportedly finalized their plans for the repertory theater and the basement Forum, but they made minor modifications to these plans before the end of the year.
Construction
In January 1961, the New York state and city governments agreed to fund several buildings in Lincoln Center. The city would provide $12 million in total, including $8.2 million to the library–theater building, but none of the state's funding would go toward the library–theater. The design details were nearly finished when the New York City Council voted that March to withhold its funding for Lincoln Center. This move might have forced a redesign of the theater and library. However, the Rockefeller family (including state governor Nelson Rockefeller) agreed to cover the city's $12 million commitment so the theater could be completed by the 1964 New York World's Fair.
Following Saarinen's sudden death on September 1, 1961, his firm continued to work on the theater's development. The next month, excavation started on the library–theater building's site. That November, Saarinen's firm announced final plans for the repertory theater. Site excavation was more than half finished, and the repertory theater was renamed after Allen at this time. Lincoln Center's directors reported in March 1962 that the Beaumont's completion had been delayed to at least 1964. The delay was caused by the relocation of the repertory group's offices from the Juilliard School building into the library–theater building. Allen never saw her namesake theater completed, as she died in late 1962.
The Lincoln Center Repertory Company intended to premiere productions in 1963, regardless of whether the Beaumont Theater was completed. The theatre company began training in October 1962 and moved into the ANTA Washington Square Theatre, a temporary venue in Greenwich Village, in January 1964. Due to conflicts with Lincoln Center president William Schuman, Whitehead and Kazan resigned and were replaced by Herbert Blau and Jules Irving. By April 1965, Schuman and the repertory company's new president Robert L. Hoguet Jr. promised that the theater would open that June. The next month, a revival of Georg Büchner's play Danton's Death was booked as the Beaumont's inaugural production, and the opening date was pushed to October 21. The library–theater building ultimately cost $17 million, partly funded by $3 million from Allen and $7.5 million from the NYPL. Allen's philanthropic foundation also gave $2.1 million for training the repertory company's members.
Lincoln Center Repertory Company operation
First two seasons
The Beaumont opened to the public on October 12, 1965, with previews of Danton's Death. The Beaumont was dedicated on October 14 and hosted a fundraising gala on October 20, which raised more than $100,000. The theater officially opened on October 21, when regular performances of Danton's Death began. The Beaumont's opening was not as widely reported in the media as some of Lincoln Center's other buildings, but it did receive mostly positive commentary. Progressive Architecture wrote that the theater was "one of the most theater facilities in this country". John Chapman of the New York Daily News called the Beaumont's opening "the most important theatrical event of the 1965–66 season in this city", despite the mediocrity of Danton's Death. Wolf Von Eckardt wrote for The Washington Post that the Beaumont had a "classic" architectural appearance "without sweat or striving". The New York Concrete Board gave the Beaumont an award for the quality of its construction.
The Beaumont frequently starred Philip Bosco, Aline MacMahon, Nancy Marchand, and Robert Symonds in its early productions. The Lincoln Center Repertory Company offered subscriptions to each season of plays at the Beaumont. When the first preview of Danton's Death commenced, there were already 41,500 subscribers for the Beaumont's first season, representing over 90 percent of all available subscriptions. The other productions of the season were revivals of The Country Wife in December 1965, The Condemned of Altona in January 1966, and The Caucasian Chalk Circle in March 1966. While the first season had high grosses, there was much criticism of the plays themselves. Richard P. Cooke of The Wall Street Journal said the Lincoln Center Repertory Company "is still struggling for popular and critical acclaim", despite having both ample funding and up-to-date equipment at the Beaumont. Furthermore, the theater itself ran a deficit of several hundred thousand dollars each season, as the expenses outweighed the profits.
The theater had 31,400 subscribers before the first play of the Beaumont's second season opened in late 1966. The season's first two plays were The Alchemist and Yerma. Blau left at the beginning of 1967, saying: "The climate is no longer right for me to do what I came to do in the form I had in mind." Afterward, the Beaumont produced Galileo in April 1967. Galileo was the first play by an American playwright at the Beaumont, placating critics who objected to the number of plays by foreign authors. Next, Alexander H. Cohen leased the theater for the opening of The Unknown Soldier and His Wife that July. The repertory program was still not successful; The New York Times reported in late 1967 that Lincoln Center's "inability to build a successful repertory theater" was the complex's "greatest shortcoming" creatively. The experimental Forum in the Beaumont's basement opened on November 10, 1967.
Jules Irving management
The third season featured the plays The Little Foxes, Saint Joan, Tiger at the Gates, and Cyrano de Bergerac. As part of the 1968 Lincoln Center Festival, French theatre company Théâtre de la Cité performed The Three Musketeers, George Dandin, and Tartuffe at the Beaumont. This was followed by the play Lovers, also performed as part of the festival. The plays King Lear and A Cry of Players opened at the Beaumont in late 1968, running as a double bill. At the beginning of 1969, Robert Montgomery became the Lincoln Center Repertory Theater's president. The Beaumont hosted the play In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer during much of the remainder of the season, interrupted by a short run of The Miser that May. The Beaumont's fifth season in 1969–1970 featured four American plays: The Time of Your Life, Camino Real, Operation Sidewinder, and Beggar on Horseback. Montgomery resigned in April 1970, a year after his appointment. The sixth season in 1970–1971 was composed entirely of revivals and included The Good Woman of Setzuan, The Playboy of the Western World, An Enemy of the People, and Antigone.
The Beaumont still ran at a deficit, despite near-capacity attendance. Amyas Ames, who had become Lincoln Center's chairman in 1970, found the Beaumont Theater was losing $750,000 a year. Lincoln Center's directors forgave $200,000 of the repertory company's debts and agreed to provide another $125,000 a year to cover high overhead costs. In January 1971, City Center proposed taking over the Beaumont and conducting renovations. The plans included relocating the Forum behind the Beaumont's stage and adding three film screens in the Forum space. Mielziner opposed the plans, saying it would compromise the quality of the Beaumont's design, but supporters said the main auditorium would not be touched and that the Forum would only be relocated to a better location. That September, the New York City Board of Estimate approved $5.2 million for the renovations. After Irving testified against the plans the next month, the Lincoln Center Repertory Theater was given the chance to submit an alternate plan for the theater. The theatre company proposed selling 500 annual subscriptions of $1,000 to cover the remaining debt. City Center formally withdrew its plan in December 1971, citing the opposition.
Throughout the dispute over the planned renovation, the Lincoln Center Repertory Theater had scheduled four shows for the Beaumont's seventh season in 1971–1972. Mary Stuart opened in late 1971, followed the next year by Narrow Road to the Deep North, Twelfth Night, and The Crucible. The musical Man of La Mancha, which was not part of the regular season, was revived in mid-1972 to large success. The Beaumont's 1972–1973 season featured Enemies, The Plough and the Stars, The Merchant of Venice, and A Streetcar Named Desire. By then, the Forum was mostly screening films. The Forum's season was canceled in October 1972 due to a lack of funds, and Irving resigned as the Lincoln Center Repertory Theater's artistic director as a direct result. Lincoln Center had granted $150,000 to fund the Beaumont's eighth season but was unwilling to repeat the grant. With Irving gone, Lincoln Center's board decided that, for the 1973–1974 season, they would book a "guest season" of shows from regional theaters. The guest season would run for one year, allowing the Lincoln Center Theater to search for a new artistic leader and give them time to transition into the job.
Papp operation
In March 1973, Joseph Papp of the New York Shakespeare Festival agreed to take over the Beaumont as long as he were able to raise $5 million. Papp used the Beaumont to present new productions and continued to stage experimental shows at The Public Theater. The Forum in the basement would be used for classical plays, a reversal of Irving's policy. Mitzi Newhouse gave Papp a grant of $1 million that May, the largest individual grant ever made for the Shakespeare Festival, and the Forum was named for Newhouse. The Shakespeare Festival's first production at the Beaumont, David Rabe's play In the Boom Boom Room, opened in November 1973 and was followed the next year by Hugh Miller's The Au Pair Man, Ron Milner's What the Wine Sellers Buy, and Miguel Piñero's Short Eyes. Of these, only Short Eyes was successful. During the 1974–1975 season, the Shakespeare Festival presented Anne Burr's Mert & Phil, Bill Gunn's Black Picture Show, Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, and Anthony Scully's Little Black Sheep. As with the previous season, these plays generally had only lukewarm reception.
Papp announced in early 1975 that he would change the Beaumont's programming to revivals of traditional plays and dramas with established performers, citing "hostility" from the audiences. The previous season had only 22,000 subscribers, compared with 27,000 during the 1973–1974 season. He also wanted to raise $3–4 million to renovate the Beaumont with a permanent proscenium stage. In accordance with his new policy, Papp scheduled four revivals for the 1975–1976 season: Trelawny of the "Wells", Hamlet, Mrs. Warren's Profession, and The Threepenny Opera. These plays were generally much more successful, and The Threepenny Opera was extended through the end of 1976. The lengthy run of The Threepenny Opera, as well as financial shortfalls, prompted Papp to delay the beginning of the following season to February 1977, canceling two of the four shows scheduled for the season. Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard and Aeschylus's classic Agamemnon were the only plays featured during that season. Papp presented plans for a $6.5 million renovation of the Beaumont to Lincoln Center's directors in April 1977. Giorgio Cavaglieri designed a new flexible auditorium, which if approved would be built during the 1978–1979 season.
Papp announced in June 1977 that he would no longer operate the Beaumont, citing increasing operating costs. As a result, The Cherry Orchard was forced to close prematurely in August 1977, with Lincoln Center's directors warning that the theater might be closed for two years. At the time, even a successful season could incur a deficit of $2 million; the previous season had seen operating debts of $6.2 million and ticket sales of only $3.9 million. This was despite the fact that Papp had been able to reach 97 percent of audience capacity for many shows. The theater stayed closed even though there was an ongoing shortage of available theaters for new productions. Lincoln Center's directors said the Beaumont's operating expenses were twice as high as traditional Broadway theaters; it cost $1.55 million to mount a typical production at the Beaumont, compared to $930,000 at a typical Broadway theater.
Attempted revival
Crinkley operation
After Papp's sudden departure, Lincoln Center's directors hurried to make arrangements with other producers and theatrical companies to keep the Beaumont open. During its closure, the Beaumont held a benefit party for Paul Robeson in August 1977. American National Theater and Academy director Richmond Crinkley was named as the Beaumont's director in early 1978. At the end of the year, Woody Allen, Sarah Caldwell, Liviu Ciulei, Robin Phillips, and Ellis Rabb were appointed as the theater's new directors, and Edward Albee was hired as the in-house playwright. The Beaumont's directors leased the theater from Lincoln Center. The following May, the theater signed new contracts with Actors' Equity Association and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees that allowed the Beaumont to operate as a League of Resident Theatres' venue, thereby decreasing operating costs.
The theater's directors wished to raise $2 million in reserves before reopening the theater, and they wanted to operate for at least one full season. Consequently, the planned reopening in 1979 was pushed back by one year. Crinkley's team wanted to present classics alongside the occasional new production. The directors spent $2 million on improvements, including adding a rehearsal room below the stage and renovating the lobby. In July 1980, the directors announced the lineup for the 1980–1981 season, which began in October with a rehearsal of Philip Barry's comedy The Philadelphia Story. The two other plays that season were a revival of Macbeth and Woody Allen's The Floating Light Bulb. The poor reception to the three plays prompted Crinkley to keep the theater closed after the 1980–1981 season, which put him in conflict with Lincoln Center chairman Martin E. Segal.
Canceled renovation and disputes
Crinkley wanted to convert the Beaumont into a proscenium theater, resolving not only poor sightlines but also inferior acoustics that required some of the more recent plays to use amplification. In May 1981, the Fan Fox and Leslie R. Samuels Foundation granted Lincoln Center $4 million each for the renovations of the Beaumont and State (now Koch) theaters. Frederick R. Koch had pledged $1 million to match the Fox/Samuels grant, and another board member of the Lincoln Center Theater had pledged $500,000. Acoustics expert Cyril Harris and architect I. M. Pei were hired to renovate the Beaumont. In addition to changes to the stage and proscenium opening, the theater would be rebuilt with a shallower raked floor, and the seating capacity would be increased to 1,200. The Beaumont's renovation was planned to cost $6.5 million and begin in November 1981, but the renovation soon encountered delays, as Harris and Pei could not reconcile their disagreement over the proscenium opening's acoustic and esthetic features.
Pei resigned from the project in February 1982 after he was unable to propose a design with which Harris agreed. As a result, Koch withdrew his $1 million grant. Though a new restoration architect was not appointed for several months afterward, Philip Johnson was reportedly working with Harris. Due to increasing renovation costs, Lincoln Center's board considered delaying the renovation indefinitely by mid-1982. The Fan Fox and Leslie R. Samuels Foundation withdrew its $4 million grant in November 1982. Leslie R. Samuels said the theater's directors had not raised enough money to cover the rest of the renovation, which had increased to $8 million. By then, Harris was no longer affiliated with the renovation.
Conflicts over the Beaumont's operation persisted through 1983. Lincoln Center's board prioritized reopening the Beaumont for shows, while the theater's directors wanted to renovate the auditorium first. Lincoln Center had requested that the Beaumont's board raise $3 million for a renovation before the end of 1983. Another point of contention was responsibility over maintenance; the NYPL was paying all maintenance expenses for the library–theater building while the Beaumont stood dark, which cost the library an additional $150,000 from 1981 to 1983. Crinkley even objected to the Lincoln Center board's decision in mid-1983 to book the musical La Tragedie de Carmen for the theater, because he had wanted the sole rights to book shows there. In August 1983, Lincoln Center's directors voted to prohibit the Beaumont's board from using either the "Lincoln Center Theater Company" name or $500,000 in annual funds. The Beaumont reopened that November with La Tragedie de Carmen. At the end of Carmen run, Lincoln Center's restrictions against the Beaumont board were still in effect, prompting renewed discussions. The Greek National Troupe performed Oedipus Rex in 1984.
Lincoln Center Theater operation
The directors of Lincoln Center and the Beaumont reached an agreement in June 1984 in which the Beaumont's management would be reorganized in exchange for the lifting of restrictions. Ten board members and a new chairman would be hired, the Beaumont's board had to publish a detailed report about their goals, missions, and operations. Accordingly, former New York City mayor John Lindsay was appointed as the Beaumont's chairman in September 1984, and Crinkley stepped down the next month. Lindsay submitted a report at the end of that November, promising an "artistic purpose" and proposing a partnership with Juilliard. Gregory Mosher was hired as the director of the Lincoln Center Theater in April 1985, and Bernard Gersten was appointed as the Beaumont's executive producer that June. Unlike his predecessors, Mosher believed the Beaumont could operate viably without being renovated.
1980s and 1990s
The Beaumont's leadership hosted a party at the theater in December 1985 to celebrate its upcoming reopening. The Flying Karamazov Brothers performed a live show at the Beaumont in April 1986, the first at the main auditorium under the new leadership. It was followed the same month by a revival of John Guare's play The House of Blue Leaves, which transferred upstairs from the Newhouse. The 1986–1987 season was the first full season since 1980–1981. The season's offerings consisted of Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's comedy The Front Page; Wole Soyinka's drama Death and the King’s Horseman; Bill Irwin's mime show The Regard of Flight and The Clown Bagatelles; and Robert Woodruff and The Flying Karamazov Brothers' version of The Comedy of Errors.
LCT made relatively minor changes to the theater in the late 1980s, spending $25,000 on handrails and having productions use the thrust stage. The next production, a revision of Cole Porter's musical Anything Goes, opened in October 1987 and ran for 804 performances over the next two years. LCT's 1988–1989 season was hosted at the Lyceum Theatre as a result of the extended run of Anything Goes. LCT also planned to raise $900,000 for further improvements to the Newhouse and Beaumont. The 1989–1990 season at the Beaumont consisted of two shows: a revival of Paddy Chayefsky's play The Tenth Man and a transfer of Richard Nelson's play Some Americans Abroad. The Beaumont was renovated between these engagements. The renovation cost $1.6 million and included repairing the roof and travertine surfaces, reupholstering the seats, and adding carpets and handrails.
The Guare play Six Degrees of Separation opened at the Beaumont in November 1990, running for 485 performances. LCT started booking solo engagements during nights when shows did not run, starting with Spalding Gray's Monster in a Box monologue in 1991. After André Bishop replaced Mosher in early 1992, Guare's play Four Baboons Adoring the Sun opened at the Beaumont. The musical version of My Favorite Year opened that December, but it was not a success, and neither was a revival of Jane Bowles's In the Summer House in August 1993. Gray returned in November 1993 for his monologue series Gray's Anatomy, shortly before the play Abe Lincoln in Illinois opened; the engagements ran simultaneously. The theatre next produced a recreation of the Royal National Theatre production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Carousel, which opened in March 1994, followed later the same year by another engagement of Gray's Anatomy. The theater hosted Tom Stoppard's play Arcadia and David Hare's play Racing Demon in 1995. Following complaints over poor acoustics, System for Improved Acoustic Performance installed 88 speakers and some microphones after Arcadia closed.
By the mid-1990s, the Beaumont was finally running a surplus. LCT had a $25 million annual budget and had sold all 41,000 subscriptions to the theater, with 12,000 people on a waiting list. In December 1995, LCT announced it would close the Beaumont for an extensive renovation lasting six to eight months, relocating Broadway shows to the Plymouth Theatre. The project was originally estimated to cost $4.7 million. The renovation, led by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates, involved modifying mechanical systems, improving acoustics, and adding accessible restrooms and seating areas. The work ultimately cost $6.2 million. The Beaumont reopened in November 1996 with the musical Juan Darién: A Carnival Mass. This was followed in 1997 by another revival of The Little Foxes as well as Ivanov. The next year, the theater hosted Eugene O'Neill's comedy Ah, Wilderness!; a revival of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night; and a short-lived musical version of Parade. The last productions of the decade were the revue It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues and the musical Marie Christine in 1999. In addition to these Broadway shows, Spalding Gray returned for two monologues: It's a Slippery Slope in 1996 and Morning, Noon and Night in 1999.
2000s to present
Further modifications to the Beaumont were proposed in the early 2000s, when Lincoln Center planned to renovate the Beaumont's and Newhouse's lobbies for $58 million as part of a larger renovation of the complex. Susan Stroman's musical Contact opened in 2000 and ran for 1,010 performances. The Beaumont continued to host special productions, including concert series and one-time concerts. Two specials ran during Contact engagement: Patti LuPone's concert series Matters of the Heart in 2000 and the play QED in 2001. Barbara Cook performed the concert series Mostly Sondheim in 2002, followed later that year by the play Dinner at Eight. The Beaumont's 2003–2004 season saw the opening of two Shakespeare revivals (Part 1 and Part 2 of Henry IV and King Lear), succeeded by another Barbara Cook concert. During late 2004, the Beaumont hosted the musical The Frogs and the play The Rivals. A new entrance was added from 65th Street to the Beaumont Theater's plaza level as part of a mid-2000s renovation.
The musical The Light in the Piazza opened at the Beaumont in April 2005, followed by Stoppard's three-part play The Coast of Utopia in 2006 and a revival of Shakespeare's Cymbeline in 2007. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific was revived in 2008, running for 1,000 performances. Guare's play A Free Man of Color had a brief run at the Beaumont in 2010. The next year, the play War Horse opened, running for 718 performances. The Claire Tow Theater on the Beaumont's roof was approved in 2010, and the new venue opened in June 2012. The Beaumont then hosted Holland Taylor's solo show Ann, as well as a revival of Macbeth, during 2013. James Lapine's play Act One premiered the following year. Next, a revival of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I opened in April 2015 and ran for 499 performances.
J. T. Rogers's play Oslo and Ayad Akhtar's play Junk were then performed during 2017. The next year, Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner's musical My Fair Lady was revived for 509 performances. Robert Schenkkan's comedy The Great Society had a limited run in late 2019, and the theater was dark when the Broadway industry was shut down in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. The Beaumont reopened on November 11, 2021, with previews of the musical Flying Over Sunset, which had a limited run; a limited revival of Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth then opened at the Beaumont in April 2022. The theater hosted Mike Birbiglia's solo show Mike Birbiglia: The Old Man and the Pool from November 2022 to January 2023. It was followed in April 2023 by the musical Camelot, which closed in July 2023.
Management
The Lincoln Center Theater (LCT) is the nonprofit organization that has operated the Beaumont since 1985, after the Beaumont's management was reorganized. LCT operates the Beaumont, Newhouse, and Claire Tow theaters. André Bishop has served as LCT's director since the beginning of 1992, replacing Gregory Mosher. LCT has not had an executive producer since 2013, when Bernard Gersten resigned from the position.
LCT is one of four nonprofit theater companies to own and operate Broadway theaters, along with the Manhattan Theatre Club, the Roundabout Theatre Company, and Second Stage Theater. Consequently, none of the theatre company's employees personally profit from LCT's shows at the Beaumont. Bishop said in 2011 that all profits from shows are used to fund more shows. Particularly successful shows such as South Pacific are used to finance further productions. LCT mostly hosts its Broadway productions at the Beaumont but uses other theaters when the Beaumont is unavailable, starting in the 1988–1989 season. LCT's Broadway productions were also relocated during the Beaumont's 1996 renovation, as well as in the 21st century, such as during the runs of Contact, The Light in the Piazza, and South Pacific. LCT publishes the Lincoln Center Theater Review, where writers comment on LCT shows.
Notable productions
The following productions are Broadway shows at the Vivian Beaumont Theater's main auditorium. This list does not include shows produced in the off-Broadway venues nor the Lincoln Center Theater's other productions. Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
1965: Danton's Death
1965: The Country Wife
1966: The Condemned of Altona
1966: The Caucasian Chalk Circle
1966: The Alchemist
1966: Yerma
1967: Galileo
1967: The Unknown Soldier and His Wife
1967: The Little Foxes
1968: Saint Joan
1968: Tiger at the Gates
1968: Cyrano de Bergerac
1968: The Three Musketeers
1968: George Dandin
1968: Tartuffe
1968: Lovers
1968: King Lear
1968: A Cry of Players
1969: The Miser
1969: The Time of Your Life
1970: Camino Real
1970: Operation Sidewinder
1970: Beggar on Horseback
1970: The Good Woman of Setzuan
1971: The Playboy of the Western World
1971: An Enemy of the People
1971: Antigone
1971: Mary Stuart
1972: Narrow Road to the Deep North
1972: Twelfth Night
1972: The Crucible
1972: Man of La Mancha
1972: Enemies
1973: The Plough and the Stars
1973: The Merchant of Venice
1973: A Streetcar Named Desire
1973: In the Boom Boom Room
1974: Short Eyes
1975: Black Picture Show
1975: A Doll's House
1975: Trelawny of the "Wells"
1975: Hamlet
1976: Mrs. Warren's Profession
1976: The Threepenny Opera
1977: The Cherry Orchard
1977: Agamemnon
1980: The Philadelphia Story
1981: Macbeth
1981: The Floating Light Bulb
1983: La Tragedie de Carmen
1984: Oedipus Rex
1986: The Flying Karamazov Brothers
1986: The House of Blue Leaves
1986: The Front Page
1987: Death and the King's Horseman
1987: The Comedy of Errors
1987: Anything Goes
1989: The Tenth Man
1990: Some Americans Abroad
1990: Six Degrees of Separation
1991: Monster in a Box
1992: My Favorite Year
1993: Abe Lincoln in Illinois
1993: Gray's Anatomy
1994: Carousel
1995: Arcadia
1995: Racing Demon
1996: Juan Darién: A Carnival Mass
1997: The Little Foxes
1997: Ivanov
1998: Ah, Wilderness!
1998: Twelfth Night
1998: Parade
1999: It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues
1999: Marie Christine
2000: Contact
2001: QED
2002: Dinner at Eight
2003: Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2
2004: King Lear
2004: The Frogs
2004: The Rivals
2005: The Light in the Piazza
2006: The Coast of Utopia
2007: Cymbeline
2008: South Pacific
2010: A Free Man of Color
2011: War Horse
2013: Macbeth
2014: Act One
2015: The King and I
2017: Oslo
2017: Junk
2018: My Fair Lady
2021: Flying Over Sunset
2022: The Skin of Our Teeth
2022: Mike Birbiglia: The Old Man and the Pool
2023: Camelot
See also
List of Broadway theaters
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Official Lincoln Center Theater website
Eero Saarinen structures
Lincoln Center
Broadway theatres
Off-Broadway theaters
1965 establishments in New York City
Theatres completed in 1965
Theatre companies in New York City |
4401184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Schoenfeld%20Theatre | Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre | The Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre, formerly the Plymouth Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 236 West 45th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1917, the theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was built for the Shubert brothers. The Schoenfeld Theatre is named for Gerald Schoenfeld, longtime president of the Shubert Organization, which operates the theater. It has 1,079 seats across two levels. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.
The neoclassical facade is simple in design and is similar to that of the Broadhurst Theatre, which was developed concurrently. The Schoenfeld's facade is made of buff-colored brick and terracotta and is divided into two sections: a stage house to the west and the theater's entrance to the east. The entrance facade is topped by fire-escape galleries and contains a curved corner facing east toward Broadway. The auditorium contains an orchestra level, a large balcony, a small technical gallery, a mostly flat ceiling, and a sounding board. The space is decorated in the Adam style with plasterwork designs. Near the front of the auditorium, flanking the elliptical proscenium arch, are box seats at balcony level.
The Shubert brothers developed the Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters following the success of the Booth and Shubert theaters directly to the east. The Plymouth Theatre was leased to Arthur Hopkins and opened on October 10, 1917, with the comedy A Successful Calamity. The Shuberts retained ownership of the theater and took over after Hopkins's death in 1950. The theater has hosted not only musicals but also revues, comedies, and dramas throughout its history. It was renamed for Gerald Schoenfeld in 2005.
Site
The Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre is on 236 West 45th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 44th Street and a depth of . The Schoenfeld Theatre shares the city block with the Row NYC Hotel to the west. It adjoins six other theaters: the Majestic to the southwest, the John Golden and Bernard B. Jacobs to the west, the Booth to the east, the Shubert to the southeast, and the Broadhurst directly to the south. Other nearby structures include the Music Box Theatre, Imperial Theatre, and Richard Rodgers Theatre to the north; the New York Marriott Marquis to the northeast; One Astor Plaza to the east; and Sardi's restaurant, the Hayes Theater, and the St. James Theatre one block south.
The Schoenfeld is part of the largest concentration of Broadway theaters on a single block. The adjoining block of 45th Street is also known as George Abbott Way, and foot traffic on the street increases box-office totals for the theaters there. The Broadhurst, Schoenfeld, Booth, and Shubert theaters were all developed by the Shubert brothers between 44th and 45th Streets, occupying land previously owned by the Astor family. The Broadhurst and Schoenfeld were built as a pair, occupying land left over from the development of the Shubert and Booth, which were also paired. The Broadhurst/Schoenfeld theatrical pair share an alley to the east, parallel to the larger Shubert Alley east of the Shubert/Booth pair. The Broadhurst/Schoenfeld alley was required under New York City construction codes of the time but, unlike Shubert Alley, it was closed to the public shortly after its completion. The Shuberts bought the land under all four theaters from the Astors in 1948.
Design
The Schoenfeld Theatre was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and constructed in 1917 for the Shubert brothers as the Plymouth Theatre. The Broadhurst and Plymouth were two of Krapp's first theatrical designs as an independent architect. While the facades of the two theaters are similar in arrangement, the interiors have a different design both from each other and from their respective facades. The Schoenfeld is operated by the Shubert Organization.
Facade
Krapp designed the Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters with relatively simple brick-and-stone facades, instead relying on the arrangement of the brickwork for decorative purposes. The Broadhurst and Schoenfeld contain curved corners at the eastern portions of their respective facades, facing Broadway, since most audience members reached the theaters from that direction. The use of simple exterior-design elements was typical of Krapp's commissions for the Shubert family, giving these theaters the impression that they were mass-produced. The Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters' designs contrasted with Henry Beaumont Herts's earlier ornate designs of the Shubert and Booth theaters. Nevertheless, the use of curved east-facing corners was common to all four theaters. The Schoenfeld's facade is divided into two sections: the auditorium to the east and a stage house to the west. The facade is generally shorter than its width.
Auditorium section
The ground floor of the auditorium contains a water table made of granite. The rest of the facade is largely made of architectural terracotta, which surrounds patches of buff brick in Flemish bond. Along the ground floor on 45th Street, there are three glass-and-bronze double doors with aluminum frames and transoms, which lead to the lobby. There are display boxes on either side of the lobby doors, and a bronze stage door is to the right (west) of these doors. A marquee extends above the doors. The northeastern corner of the facade is curved and contains an entrance to the ticket lobby. This entrance contains a double door, above which is a glass transom panel. The corner entrance is topped by a broken pediment, which is supported by console brackets on either side and contains an escutcheon at the center.
Both the curved corner and the 45th Street facade contain terracotta frames, which are flanked by terracotta pilasters with stylized capitals. Along 45th Street, the auditorium's second and third floors contain a fire escape made of cast iron and wrought iron. There are doors and windows on both levels, leading to the fire escape. In addition, the fire escape's third-floor railing contains cast-iron depictions of ribands and shields, while a sheet-metal canopy covers the fire escape. Above the center of the third floor, on 45th Street, is a terracotta cartouche containing depictions of swags. The curved corner contains a third-floor window, topped by an oval escutcheon that is decorated with swags and fleur-de-lis. A terracotta cornice and a brick parapet run above the auditorium facade. The parapet is stepped and contains a coping made of sheet metal.
Stage house
The stage house is six stories high. The 45th Street facade is made of buff brick, containing interspersed diamond patterns, and the side walls are faced with plain brick. The ground floor of the stage house contains a granite water table with two metal doors. The western door is double-height, allowing large sets to be transported into the theaters, while the eastern door contains signboard panels. The stage house has five sash windows on each of the third through sixth stories. These windows are placed within segmental arches made of brick. There is a metal fire escape in front of the stage house, which leads to the fire escape in front of the auditorium's third story. A parapet with corbels runs above the sixth story of the stage house.
Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium's width is greater than its depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in relief. According to the Shubert Organization and The Broadway League, the theater has 1,079 seats, while according to Playbill, there are 1,046 seats. The physical seats are divided into 653 seats in the orchestra, 392 on the balcony, and 24 in the boxes. There are 15 standing-only spots. The orchestra is wheelchair-accessible, but the balcony can only be reached by stairs. In the basement are restrooms and drinking fountains. The Schoenfeld and the neighboring Jacobs are two of the most desired theaters among producers because of their good sightlines from the seating areas.
The Plymouth was originally decorated in a brown, blue, and gold color scheme. Like Krapp's other commissions for the Shuberts, the Schoenfeld's interior was designed with decorative elements in the Adam style. Low-relief plasterwork was used throughout the auditorium to highlight architectural features. These plasterwork decorations generally depict classical figures playing instruments.
Seating areas
The rear or eastern end of the orchestra contains a promenade. It contains four paneled piers supporting the balcony level. The promenade's ceiling is surrounded by a band of modillions and acanthus leaves. There are also rhombus-shaped panels on the promenade ceiling, which contain chandeliers suspended from medallions. Two staircases with metal railings lead from the promenade to the balcony. The orchestra level is raked, sloping down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. The orchestra and its promenade contain walls with plasterwork panels, as well as doorways. On the south (left) and east (rear) walls, the exit doors are placed within deep reveals and are flanked by paneled pilasters, which are topped by brackets. An entablature, a fluted frieze, and a cyma recta cornice run above these doors. The entrance doors on the north (right) wall are more simple in design. On all sides, each doorway has a pediment above the cornice; it consists of a shield with console brackets on either side.
The balcony contains a promenade at its rear, with plasterwork panels on the walls. At the rear of the balcony are four paneled piers (corresponding to those at orchestra level), which are topped by Corinthian-style capitals. These piers support a frieze that depicts sphinxes holding swags, alternating with urns. The balcony's side walls also contain plasterwork panels, above which is an Adam-style cornice. There are doorways with pediments on the side walls, similar to those on the orchestra's south and east walls. Rhombus panels, containing medallions with light fixtures, are placed on the balcony's soffit and underside. There are also air-conditioning vents on the balcony's soffit. In front of the balcony are acanthus-leaf arabesques, which are mostly hidden behind light boxes. There is a small technical gallery above the rear of the balcony. The front railing of the gallery contains moldings of swags.
On either side of the stage is a wall section with three boxes at the balcony level. The boxes step downward toward the stage; the front box curves forward into the proscenium arch, while the rear box curves backward into the balcony. At the orchestra level, there are three rectangular openings, corresponding to the locations of former boxes on that level. The front railings of the boxes contain acanthus-leaf arabesques. The underside of each box is decorated with a medallion containing a light fixture; this is surrounded by a molded band. Above the boxes on either side is an elliptical arch, which contains a curved pediment with acanthus-leaf arabesques on either side of a central medallion. Above the elliptical arch on either side is an arched lunette panel, which supports the ceiling's sounding board.
Other design features
Next to the boxes is an elliptical, splayed proscenium arch. The archway contains an Adam-style band with vine motifs and medallions. The proscenium opening measures about tall and wide. A sounding board curves onto the ceiling above the proscenium arch. The sounding board has a large panel in the center, which is surrounded by a band that depicts acanthus leaves. The outer ends of the sounding board contain circular medallions, from which hang chandeliers. Behind the sounding board and the box seats, a high-relief plasterwork band runs across the ceiling and the side walls. The depth of the auditorium to the proscenium is , while the depth to the front of the stage is .
The ceiling is generally flat, except at the front, where it curves down to meet the sounding board. The flat ceiling is surrounded by a molding with acanthus leaves and modillions. Running around the ceiling's perimeter is an Adam-style band with cameo panels depicting fauns and the god Pan; arabesque vines; and urn-and-sphinx motifs. The center of the ceiling contains latticework panels, which encompass circular medallions with overhanging chandeliers. The rear of the ceiling, above the technical gallery, is separated into panels by moldings; some of the panels are circular and contain light fixtures.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century. From 1901 to 1920, forty-three theaters were built around Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, including the Plymouth Theatre. The Plymouth was developed by the Shubert brothers of Syracuse, New York, who expanded downstate into New York City in the first decade of the 20th century. After the death of Sam S. Shubert in 1905, his brothers Lee and Jacob J. Shubert expanded their theatrical operations significantly. The brothers controlled a quarter of all plays and three-quarters of theatrical ticket sales in the U.S. by 1925.
Development and early years
The Shubert brothers had constructed the Shubert and Booth theaters as a pair in 1913, having leased the site from the Astor family. Only the eastern half of the land was used for the Shubert/Booth project; following the success of the two theaters, the Shubert brothers decided to develop another pair of theaters to the west. Krapp filed plans for a new theater at 234 West 45th Street with the New York City Department of Buildings in December 1916. Theatrical producer Arthur Hopkins leased the theater on 45th Street from the Shuberts in July 1917. Hopkins, who already operated a smaller theater, had wanted to acquire another theater to increase his profits. Hopkins could name the theater as he wished, but the Shuberts' names had to appear on theatrical programs and on the theater itself. The theater was subsequently named the Plymouth. It was the fourth theater developed by the Shuberts in New York City during 1917, as well as the nineteenth such theater overall. With the Plymouth's completion, the surrounding block of 45th Street had four theaters.
The Plymouth opened on October 10, 1917, with the comedy A Successful Calamity, which had transferred from the Booth Theatre. The theater's first original production, Barbara, opened the next month and was unsuccessful. At the end of the year, Roland Young and Ernest Glendinning starred in The Gipsy Trail, which ran for 111 performances. This was followed in early 1918 by Alla Nazimova's presentation of Henrik Ibsen plays in repertory. Later the same year, Hopkins presented the Tolstoy drama Redemption with John Barrymore, and the Shakespeare tragedy Hamlet was revived with Walter Hampden. The Plymouth hosted another Hopkins production in 1919: Sem Benelli's drama The Jest, featuring John Barrymore and his brother Lionel, which ran for 179 performances.
John Barrymore appeared at the theater yet again in 1920, with the opening of Richard III. This was followed the same year by the comedy Little Old New York, a hit with just over 300 performances. The Plymouth hosted the Zoe Akins drama Daddy's Gone A-Hunting, featuring Marjorie Rambeau and Frank Conroy, in 1921. The next year, Hopkins presented Don Marquis's The Old Soak with Harry Beresford and Minnie Dupree. J. P. McEvoy's family comedy The Potters then opened at the end of 1923, running for 245 performances. Another hit was a play Hopkins directed, the wartime drama What Price Glory?, which opened in September 1924 and had 435 performances. Less successful was the Philip Barry drama In a Garden with Laurette Taylor and Louis Calhern, which opened the next year.
The Jest was revived in early 1926, but without the Barrymore brothers in the starring roles, it lasted for only 78 performances. Afterward, Winthrop Ames staged a revival of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas at the Plymouth Theatre. Both of Ames's shows were hits: Iolanthe opened in April 1926 and ran for 255 performances, while The Pirates of Penzance opened that December for a 128-performance run. In 1927, Hopkins renewed his lease on the theater for ten years, paying $60,000 a year and giving one-fourth of his profits to the Shuberts. The same year, Hopkins and George Manker Watters's play Burlesque opened with Hal Skelly and Barbara Stanwyck; it lasted for 372 performances. Hopkins also directed the next show, Sophie Treadwell's Machinal, which opened in 1928 and featured Zita Johann and Clark Gable. The same year, the theater hosted Philip Barry's play Holiday, featuring Hope Williams.
1930s and 1940s
In 1930, the Plymouth Theatre hosted the Donald Ogden Stewart's play Rebound, in which Stewart co-starred with Hope Williams. Elmer Rice's play Counsellor at Law opened the next year with Paul Muni; after a hiatus in mid-1932, the production returned for the rest of that year. Clare Kummer's comedy Her Master's Voice then opened in 1933, featuring Laura Hope Crews and Roland Young. Meanwhile, the theater had gone into receivership in March 1933, though the receiver then deeded the theater to the Plymouth Theatre Corporation. During 1934, the Plymouth hosted Dark Victory with Tallulah Bankhead and Accent on Youth with Constance Cummings. The next year, the theater hosted Sidney Howard's adaptation of the Humphrey Cobb novel Paths of Glory. This was followed the same year by a theatrical version of Pride and Prejudice, which transferred from the Music Box for a six-month run at the Plymouth.
The theater hosted long-lasting productions in the late 1930s and was hosting shows continuously through the next decade. Among those was Robert E. Sherwood's version of Jacques Deval's Tovarich, featuring Marta Abba and John Halliday, which opened in October 1936 and ran until the next August. Rachel Crothers's play Susan and God then opened in October 1937, with Gertrude Lawrence, and lasted until the next June. Sherwood's Pulitzer Prize-winning play Abe Lincoln in Illinois opened in 1938 and starred Raymond Massey; it ran for one year. This was followed by Margin for Error in late 1939, which relocated to another theater the next year. In 1940, the theater hosted William Saroyan's comedy Love's Old Sweet Song, with Jessie Royce Landis and Walter Huston, but it closed after a month. The comedy Separate Rooms, with Alan Dinehart, Glenda Farrell, and Lyle Talbot, moved to the Plymouth the same year to complete its 612-performance Broadway run. The drama Guest in the House ran for 153 performances in the first half of 1942. It was followed that year by Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth with Tallulah Bankhead, which ran for 355 performances.
In 1943, the Plymouth hosted the Dodie Smith play Lovers and Friends with Raymond Massey and Katharine Cornell, which ran for five months. This was followed by a transfer of the comedy Chicken Every Sunday from Henry Miller's Theatre in 1944. The next year, Spencer Tracy starred in The Rugged Path at the theater for 81 performances. In 1946, the theater hosted the musical Lute Song with Mary Martin, Yul Brynner, and Nancy Davis, as well as a revival of Noël Coward's Present Laughter featuring Clifton Webb. Bankhead reappeared at the theater in 1947 for an adaptation of the French play The Eagle Has Two Heads, which lasted for 29 performances. This was followed in 1948 by Joy to the World, featuring Alfred Drake and Marsha Hunt. The same year, Bankhead and Donald Cook appeared in another Coward play, Private Lives, which ran for 248 performances.
1950s to 1970s
Arthur Hopkins continued to operate the Plymouth Theatre until he died in 1950, after which the Shuberts took over. Samuel Taylor's play Happy Time, produced by Rodgers and Hammerstein, opened the same year with Claude Dauphin, Eva Gabor, and Kurt Kasznar; it lasted 614 performances. Subsequently, Don Juan In Hell opened at the Plymouth in April 1952, featuring Charles Boyer, Cedric Hardwicke, Charles Laughton, and Agnes Moorehead. Later that year, the Frederick Knott drama Dial "M" for Murder opened with Maurice Evans and Gusti Huber, staying for 552 performances. Next was Herman Wouk's play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial, with Henry Fonda, John Hodiak, and Lloyd Nolan; it opened in 1954 and had 405 performances. The following year, the Plymouth hosted the revue 3 for Tonight with Gower and Marge Champion, Harry Belafonte, and Hiram Sherman, The comedy Janus also opened in 1955, with Margaret Sullavan and Claude Dauphin. The Plymouth hosted a revival of George Bernard Shaw's comedy The Apple Cart in 1956, with Evans and Signe Hasso.
In 1957, the theater staged Arnold Schulman's play A Hole in the Head, as well as Peter Ustinov's comedy Romanoff and Juliet. Afterward, the comedy The Marriage-Go-Round with Charles Boyer, Claudette Colbert, Julie Newmar, and Edmon Ryan opened at the theater in 1958; it ran for two years. The musical Irma La Douce opened at the Plymouth in 1960, featuring Elizabeth Seal and Keith Michell. The theater next hosted the Paddy Chayefsky play Gideon in 1961, with Fredric March, and Tchin-Tchin in 1962 with Anthony Quinn and Margaret Leighton. In 1963, the Plymouth was home to a short run of Lillian Hellman's play My Mother, My Father and Me, as well as a more successful adaptation of Arnold Wesker's West End play Chips with Everything. The play Dylan opened at the theater in 1964, with Alec Guinness and Kate Reid. It was followed that year by William Hanley's first Broadway play, Slow Dance on the Killing Ground.
The Neil Simon comedy The Odd Couple premiered at the Plymouth with Walter Matthau and Art Carney in 1965, staying for over a year before it transferred. Simon's next show at the theater, The Star-Spangled Girl with Richard Benjamin, Anthony Perkins, and Connie Stevens, opened at the end of 1966, running until August 1967. Edward Albee's play Everything in the Garden followed in 1967. Simon's next hit at the Plymouth was Plaza Suite, which opened in 1968 with Maureen Stapleton and George C. Scott; it had 1,097 performances over the next two years. Simon's drama The Gingerbread Lady premiered in late 1970, featuring Stapleton, and ran for 193 performances.
Even in the 1970s, the Plymouth continued to host successes. The Jean Kerr play Finishing Touches opened in February 1973, featuring Barbara Bel Geddes and James Woods, and ran for 164 performances over the next five months. Later that year, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore collaborated on the revue Good Evening. The theater then hosted Peter Shaffer's West End play Equus in 1974, which ran for the next two years before transferring. Another West End play came to the Plymouth in 1977, Simon Gray's Otherwise Engaged featuring Tom Courtenay; it ran for ten months. The Elizabeth Swados musical Runaways relocated from The Public Theater to the Plymouth in May 1978, with 274 performances on Broadway. Next, the Fats Waller revue Ain't Misbehavin relocated from the Longacre to the Plymouth in 1979, staying for two years.
1980s and 1990s
In 1981, the Plymouth Theatre hosted the play Piaf with Jane Lapotaire, which ran for four months. Later that year, catwalks were installed within the theater to accommodate the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, which ran for three months. The play was unusual not only for its high ticket price of $100 but also for the eight-hour duration of each performance. The next year, the Circle in the Square Theatre presented Ugo Betti's The Queen and the Rebels with Colleen Dewhurst. The New York Shakespeare Festival presented David Hare's play Plenty in 1984, with Kate Nelligan and Edward Herrmann, followed the same year by a revival of the George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart play You Can't Take It With You. In 1984, the Plymouth hosted the play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard, featuring Christine Baranski, Glenn Close, and Jeremy Irons; it ran for 566 performances over the next year and a half. Lily Tomlin appeared in a solo show the next year, The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Plymouth as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Plymouth's facade and interior as landmarks on December 15, 1987. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Plymouth, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
The Plymouth hosted the George Bernard Shaw play Pygmalion in 1987, with Amanda Plummer and Peter O'Toole. It was followed the same year by Lanford Wilson's play Burn This, featuring John Malkovich and Joan Allen, which ran for 437 performances over the next year. Next, Wendy Wasserstein's The Heidi Chronicles moved to the Plymouth from the off-Broadway Playwrights Horizons theater in March 1989, staying for a year and a half. The Plymouth hosted a short run of The Big Love with Tracey Ullman in 1991, followed the same year by the Brian Friel drama Dancing at Lughnasa, the latter of which had 421 performances. The flamenco dance special Gypsy Passion was hosted at the Plymouth in late 1992, following an engagement at Town Hall. The next year, the theater hosted The Song of Jacob Zulu and a short run of Wonderful Tennessee. The Stephen Sondheim musical Passion opened at the Plymouth in 1994, followed by Brian Friel's Translations in 1995 and the Lincoln Center Theater's revival of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance in 1996. The theater's last show of the 20th century was the musical Jekyll & Hyde, which opened in April 1997 and ran for 1,543 performances through the beginning of 2001.
2000s to present
The Plymouth's first new production of the 2000s was a revival of the Betty Comden, Adolph Green, and Jule Styne musical Bells Are Ringing, which opened in April 2001 with Faith Prince; it ran for two months. This was followed the same year by Thou Shalt Not, which ran for three months. The play The Graduate, which opened in April 2002 and was based on the film of the same name, ran for nearly a year. Next to be staged was a revival of Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey into Night as well as the musical Taboo in 2003. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2003, the Shuberts agreed to improve disabled access at their 16 landmarked Broadway theaters, including the Plymouth. The Stephen Belber drama Match was shown at the Plymouth during early 2004.
In September 2004, the Shubert Organization's board of directors voted to rename the Plymouth for then-current president Gerald Schoenfeld, as well as the neighboring Royale for its longtime president Bernard B. Jacobs. The two theaters were officially renamed with a marquee replacement ceremony on May 9, 2005. While Schoenfeld appeared to be proud of the renaming, the renaming was controversial among producers and theatrical fans, despite the longstanding tradition of renaming Broadway houses after their producers. The musical Brooklyn, which had opened in October 2004 before the renaming, had 284 performances. The first two shows at the renamed theater were not successful; Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life opened in late 2005 and ran for two months, while The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial flopped after two weeks in May 2006. Conversely, the musical A Chorus Line opened in October 2006, running for almost two years. This was followed by All My Sons in 2008, as well as Impressionism and A Steady Rain in 2009.
In the early 2010s, the Schoenfeld hosted a mixture of musicals and plays, which generally ran only a few months. The short runs were required because of the shortage of available Broadway theaters. They included A Behanding in Spokane and A Life in the Theatre in 2010; The Motherfucker with the Hat and Bonnie & Clyde in 2011; The Best Man and Glengarry Glen Ross in 2012; and Orphans in 2013. Subsequently, the Schoenfeld was renovated in 2014. The Schoenfeld continued to host short runs of plays and musicals into the mid-2010s, with The Bridges of Madison County and It's Only a Play in 2014; The Audience and China Doll in 2015; and American Psycho in 2016. The play The Humans relocated from the Helen Hayes Theatre to the Schoenfeld in 2016, a relatively rare move that was required because the Hayes was being renovated. The Humans had to close at the beginning of 2017 to make way for the musical Come from Away, which opened in March 2017. Come From Away continued at the Schoenfeld for four years until the theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Schoenfeld reopened on September 21, 2021, with Come From Away, which closed in October 2022 as the theater's longest-running show. This was followed the same month by Take Me Out, which had transferred from the Hayes Theater. Life of Pi opened at the theater in March 2023, running for four months. This is planned to be followed in early 2024 by the musical The Notebook.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
Plymouth Theatre
1917: A Successful Calamity
1918: The Wild Duck
1918: Hedda Gabler
1918: A Doll's House
1918: Redemption
1918: Hamlet
1918: Macbeth
1919: As You Like It
1920: Richard III
1922: The Hairy Ape
1922: The Old Soak
1923: The Potters
1924: What Price Glory?
1926: The Jest
1926: Iolanthe
1926: The Pirates of Penzance
1927: Burlesque
1928: Machinal
1928: Holiday
1930: Rebound
1931: Once in a Lifetime
1931: Counsellor at Law
1933: Her Master's Voice
1934: Dark Victory
1934: Accent on Youth
1935: Pride and Prejudice
1937: Susan and God
1938: Shadow and Substance
1938: Abe Lincoln in Illinois
1939: Margin for Error
1942: The Skin of Our Teeth
1943: The Naked Genius
1944: Chicken Every Sunday
1945: Ten Little Indians
1945: The Rugged Path
1946: Lute Song
1946: Hidden Horizon
1946: Present Laughter
1947: The Eagle Has Two Heads
1947: Call Me Mister
1948: Happy Birthday
1948: Private Lives
1949: Diamond Lil
1950: The Happy Time
1952: Women of Twilight
1952: Don Juan In Hell
1952: Three Wishes for Jamie
1952: Dial M for Murder
1954: The Caine Mutiny Court Martial
1955: 3 for Tonight
1955: Tiger at the Gates
1955: Janus
1956: A Hatful of Rain
1956: The Apple Cart
1957: A Hole in the Head
1957: Romanoff and Juliet
1958: The Marriage-Go-Round
1960: From A to Z
1960: Irma la Douce
1961: Gideon
1962: Tchin-Tchin
1963: The Beauty Part
1963: Chips with Everything
1964: Dylan
1965: The Odd Couple
1966: The Star-Spangled Girl
1967: Everything in the Garden
1968: Plaza Suite
1970: The Gingerbread Lady
1972: Twigs
1974: Equus
1976: Godspell
1977: Otherwise Engaged
1977: The Merchant
1978: The Water Engine
1978: Eliot Feld Ballet
1978: Runaways
1979: Ain't Misbehavin'
1981: Piaf
1981: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby
1983: Plenty
1983: You Can't Take It With You
1984: The Real Thing
1985: The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe
1986: The House of Blue Leaves
1987: Pygmalion
1987: Burn This
1989: The Heidi Chronicles
1991: The Big Love
1991: Dancing at Lughnasa
1993: The Song of Jacob Zulu
1994: Passion
1995: Translations
1995: Chronicle of a Death Foretold
1996: A Delicate Balance
1997: Jekyll & Hyde
2001: Bells Are Ringing
2001: Thou Shalt Not
2002: The Graduate
2003: Long Day's Journey into Night
2003: Taboo
2004: Match
2004: Brooklyn the Musical
Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre
2005: Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life
2006: The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial
2006: A Chorus Line
2008: All My Sons
2009: Impressionism
2009: A Steady Rain
2010: A Behanding in Spokane
2010: A Life in the Theatre
2011: The Motherfucker with the Hat
2011: Bonnie & Clyde
2012: The Best Man
2012: Glengarry Glen Ross
2013: Orphans
2014: The Bridges of Madison County
2014: It's Only a Play
2015: The Audience
2015: China Doll
2016: American Psycho
2016: The Humans
2017: Come from Away
2022: Take Me Out
2023: Life of Pi
2024: The Notebook
Box-office records
The limited engagement drama A Steady Rain achieved the box office record for the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre. The production grossed $1,292,210 over eight performances for the week ending December 6, 2009. This record was surpassed by the 2014 production It's Only a Play, which grossed $1,455,818 over eight performances for the week ending January 4, 2015. The current record for the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre was set by the 2017 musical Come From Away. The production grossed $1,834,218 over nine performances for the week ending December 31, 2017.
See also
List of Broadway theaters
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
1917 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Shubert Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1917 |
4401199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlander%20Theatre | Nederlander Theatre | The Nederlander Theatre (formerly the National Theatre, the Billy Rose Theatre, and the Trafalgar Theatre) is a Broadway theater at 208 West 41st Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1921, it was designed by William Neil Smith for theatrical operator Walter C. Jordan. It has around 1,235 seats across two levels and is operated by the Nederlander Organization. Since 1980, it has been named for American theater impresario David Tobias Nederlander, father of theatrical producer James M. Nederlander. It is the southernmost Broadway theater in the Theater District.
The facade is relatively plain and is made of brick, with a fire escape at the center of the second and third floors. The auditorium was originally designed in the early Renaissance style, which has since been modified several times. Unlike other theaters operated by the Shubert family, the interior contained little plaster decoration. The venue has hosted a variety of shows, including the plays Cyrano de Bergerac, Inherit the Wind, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?; live performances, including those by Lena Horne; and the musical Rent, which is the theater's longest-running production .
The modern-day Nederlander Theatre was developed as a carpenter's shop in 1920 before being converted into the National Theatre the following year. When the National opened on September 1, 1921, the Shubert family managed bookings on Jordan's behalf. The Shubert brothers bought the National in 1927 and operated it for three decades. In 1956, as part of a settlement in an antitrust lawsuit, the Shuberts sold the venue to Harry Fromkes, who died shortly thereafter. The National was acquired in 1958 by theatrical producer Billy Rose, who renovated the venue and renamed it after himself the next year. The Nederlander Organization and the Cooney-Marsh Organization acquired the theater in 1978, first renaming it the Trafalgar Theatre; the theater assumed its current name in 1980. Because there were few other Broadway theaters nearby, the Nederlander housed few productions in the late 20th century, becoming popular only after Rent opened.
Site
The Nederlander Theatre is on 208 West 41st Street, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue near the southern end of Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 41st Street and a depth of . The Nederlander Theatre abuts a hotel and a parking garage, both of which have existed since before the theater was completed in 1921. The city block is shared with the New York Times Building to the west. Additionally, the building is near the Candler Building, Madame Tussauds New York, Empire Theatre, and Eleven Times Square to the northwest; the New Amsterdam Theatre and 5 Times Square to the north; and the Times Square Tower to the northeast.
The Nederlander is the southernmost Broadway theater in the Theater District. When the theater was built, the Metropolitan Opera House and seven other theaters were to the south and east, although all of them were closed and demolished by the late 20th century. The lack of other Broadway theaters nearby, and its location at the extreme south end of the Theater District, contributed to its relative unpopularity in the late 20th century. This sharply contrasted with venues on 42nd Street, a major crosstown artery, and venues on 44th and 45th Streets, which benefited from tourist traffic around Shubert Alley.
Design
The theater was designed by William Neil Smith for Walter C. Jordan. The theater contains a floor area of , as well as of unused air rights.
Facade
The brick facade is relatively plain, blending in with other buildings on 41st Street. At ground level are entrances to the theater. There is an iron fire escape on the second and third floors of the facade. There are doors and windows on both levels that lead to the fire escape, and a metal canopy covers the fire escape. Above ground level, there are three arches on the facade: one to the left of the fire escape and two to the right. These archways originally contained windows at the second and third floors and are topped by keystones. A cornice with modillions runs above the top of the facade. Unlike other Broadway theaters, the Nederlander does not have a dedicated stage door, so all performers use the main entrance.
When the theater was renamed the Billy Rose Theatre in 1959, the facade was repainted white, leading Newsweek magazine to describe it as "an architect's memory of New Orleans' French Quarter". During the production of the musical Rent between 1996 and 2008, the facade was covered with fake graffiti.
Auditorium
The Nederlander Theatre has an orchestra level and one balcony. The theater was built with 1,200 seats. According to the Broadway League, the theater has 1,235 seats; meanwhile, Playbill gives a figure of 1,168 seats. Only the orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible; the other seating levels can only be reached by steps. The restrooms are at the first balcony level. The balcony is raked, sloping downward toward the stage. In contrast to other theaters, the underside of the balcony slopes upward, increasing visibility at the rear of the orchestra. The orchestra level slopes down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. To improve acoustics, the floor of the orchestra pit contained shards of glass, which were then laid atop a concrete slab.
Originally, the auditorium was designed in the early Renaissance style. Unlike other theaters operated by the Shubert family, the interior contained little plaster decoration. The interior was made of concrete, which was decorated to resemble burnished Italian walnut panels decorated with gold. The fake woodwork was decorated with "lyric and epic subjects", which protruded slightly from the walnut panels. The walls and balustrades were grained to give the impression of woodwork. Actual carved wood was used for lintels and sills. There were 18 multicolored lights on the auditorium's ceiling, and a crystal chandelier was suspended from the center of the ceiling. At the rear of the auditorium was a projector. The proscenium arch at the front of the auditorium is tall. The arch contained a few classical details, and its keystone was originally decorated with the letter "N". The arch was initially flanked by one tier of boxes in a streamlined style. The stage itself is wide, with a height of from the floor to the overhead gridiron.
When Billy Rose renovated the theater in 1959, he made a variety of changes, including repainting the auditorium red, white, and gold. The auditorium's light boxes were originally flanked by plaster cornucopias, but Rose largely replaced them with curlicues. In addition, the original lighting fixtures were replaced with 1950s-style chandeliers; the central chandelier was surrounded by four smaller chandeliers. The arch's keystone was replaced with an "R" keystone after Rose renovated the theater. Rose added a second tier of Moorish-style boxes purely for decorative effect. The carpet was redesigned in 1996 and again in 2008. Most of the original decoration was restored in 2008, when Rose's second tier of boxes was redesigned in a streamlined style.
The south wall of the auditorium contained emergency-exit doors to an alleyway, which was converted into a smoking lounge in 1959. Performers used this alleyway during intermissions if they did not want to interact with members of the public. The backstage area contained dressing rooms with bathrooms and windows, which local media described at the time as "the last word in utility and luxury". The theater had been built as a fireproof structure with skylights, water tanks, and hoses. The theater's offices were on the second floor, directly under the balcony, and were accessed from 41st Street. During the 1959 renovation, Rose added a visitors' lounge for performers, and he replaced the roof and water tanks.
History
Development and early years
The Nederlander Theatre was constructed in 1920 as a carpenter's shop; plans filed with the New York City government called for a "3 sty [non-fireproof] brick Carpenter's shop and storage, club rooms, shower, [apartments] and tennis court". It is one of a few Broadway theaters not constructed specifically to host Broadway shows. In 1921, Walter C. Jordan acquired the building and spent $950,000 to convert it into a theater. The stage house, mezzanine, proscenium, fire escape, and other theatrical equipment was built at a cost of $175,000. Work was nearly completed by May 1921. The venue was originally supposed to be known as the Times Square Theatre, but this name was already being used by another structure at 217 West 42nd Street. As such, Jordan renamed the structure the National Theatre at the end of July 1921, shortly after booking Swords (Sidney Howard's first play) as the theater's first production. The Shubert brothers were hired as the theater's managers.
The theater opened on September 2, 1921, with Swords. John Willard's melodrama The Cat and the Canary, which opened at the National in February 1922, was a major critical success and ran for three months. Walter Hampden leased the National for a year beginning in 1923, paying $1 million, which at the time was a record for a Broadway theater. Hampden presented a revival of the play Cyrano de Bergerac, which was a success, lasting for 250 performances. The theater building was less successful, having gone into receivership in November 1923 after Jordan failed to make payments on a mortgage. When his lease expired, Hampden chose to instead operate his own theater.
The National then hosted the melodrama Silence in 1924, with H. B. Warner, and the farce The Bride Retires in 1925, with Lila Lee. Later in 1925, the theater staged The Gorilla, which transferred from the Selwyn, as well as a revival of Hamlet. During 1926, the National hosted live performances by magician Harry Houdini; the play The Half-Caste, starring Fredric March; and George M. Cohan's adaptation of the play Yellow. Jordan, who continued to own the theater, was charged with tax fraud in late 1926 after failing to pay the theater's property taxes.
Shubert management
1920s and 1930s
In February 1927, the Shubert brothers bought the National Theatre from the Sanjor Corporation, which had owned the theater for eight years. Later that year, Willard staged a short-lived play, Fog, at the theater. This was followed in September 1927 by Bayard Veiller's melodrama The Trial of Mary Dugan, which ran at the National for nearly a year before relocating. Subsequently, the Martin Flavin play The Criminal Code opened at the National in 1929 and lasted for 174 performances. A troupe led by Chinese actor Mei Lanfang briefly performed at the theater in early 1930, followed later that year by the play Grand Hotel (based on Vicki Baum's book Grand Hotel), which ran for 459 performances.
At the onset of the Great Depression, many Broadway theaters were impacted by declining attendance, and the theater largely hosted flops in 1932 and 1933. Alfred E. Aarons and Harry J. Sommers leased the National for a year beginning in August 1933, and they renovated the National's auditorium the next month. Meanwhile, the Dry Dock Savings Bank took over the theater that September as a result of a foreclosure auction. By then, the National was in danger of being demolished because of a sharp increase in real-estate values. The theater hosted Sean O'Casey's play Within the Gates in 1934. Subsequently, Guthrie McClintic's production of the drama Ethan Frome was presented there in January 1936, as well as Noël Coward's anthology of plays Tonight at 8:30 that November. The Mercury Theatre company, led by John Houseman and Orson Welles, performed revivals of the plays Julius Caesar and The Shoemaker's Holiday at the National in 1937 and 1938. The Lillian Hellman drama The Little Foxes, starring Tallulah Bankhead, then opened in February 1939 and lasted for 410 performances.
1940s and 1950s
The Emlyn Williams play The Corn Is Green opened at the National in 1940, starring Ethel Barrymore for more than a year. Margaret Webster's staging of Macbeth then opened in late 1941. The Patriots by Sidney Kingsley opened at the National in 1943; it was followed later the same year by Lerner and Loewe's first Broadway musical, What's Up?, which was a flop. A revival of Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard was hosted at the National in 1944, with Joseph Schildkraut and Eva Le Gallienne, and Barrymore appeared later that year in the play Embezzled Heaven. During the mid-1940s, the National hosted several productions with over one hundred performances each. These included Lerner and Loewe's musical The Day Before Spring in 1945; the revue Call Me Mister in 1946; and the tragedy Medea with Judith Anderson in 1947. The next several shows were relatively short-lived, including an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment in 1947, as well as revivals of Tonight at 8:30 and Macbeth in 1948.
The National's next hit was Charles Gaynor's revue Lend an Ear in late 1948. This was followed the next year by Clifford Odets's The Big Knife, as well as a revival of Caesar and Cleopatra with Cedric Hardwicke and Lilli Palmer. In 1950, the theater featured live performances by Les Ballets de Paris and a revival of King Lear with Louis Calhern. The musical Courtin' Time, followed by a revival of The Constant Wife with Brian Aherne, Katharine Cornell, and Grace George, arrived at the theater the following year. Tennessee Williams's play Camino Real was staged at the National in early 1953, and the comedy of manners Sabrina Fair opened later the same year. The National hosted the play Inherit the Wind starting in 1955. With 806 performances, Inherit the Wind was the theater's most successful non-musical to date, as well as its longest-lasting production for several decades.
By the 1950s, the Shubert Organization operated nearly half of all legitimate theaters in New York City, prompting the U.S. federal government to file an antitrust suit against the Shubert family. As part of a settlement made in February 1956, the Shuberts had to sell off some of their theaters. In particular, the Shuberts had to sell the National Theatre within one year of the ruling, and they had to sell three other theaters within two years. That September, the Shuberts sold the National to Harry Fromkes for an estimated $900,000; at the time, Inherit the Wind was still being staged at the theater. Fromkes died after a fall from his apartment in February 1958, prompting the closure of the play Winesburg, Ohio, which was being performed there at the time. Fromkes's firm defaulted on its mortgage after his death, and the New York Supreme Court appointed a receiver to manage the theater that March. The receiver booked the Harry Kurnitz play Once More, with Feeling!, which opened in late 1958 and ran for 263 performances.
Rose management
Theatrical producer Billy Rose bought the National at a foreclosure auction in June 1958 for $849,500. At the time, Rose worked for William Zeckendorf's real-estate company Webb and Knapp; this prompted Zeckendorf to sue Rose for ownership of the theater. Rose spent $500,000 to renovate the theater, hiring Oliver Messel to redecorate the auditorium in a red, gold, and white color scheme. The venue was renamed the Billy Rose Theatre and reopened on October 18, 1959, with the play Heartbreak House, which had 112 performances. The next year, the theater hosted Dear Liar, which was notable as Katharine Cornell's last Broadway appearance, as well as a drama based on John Hersey's novel The Wall. The Billy Rose's next hit was Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, which opened in 1962 and ran for 660 performances over the next two years.
Throughout the 1960s, the theater was often empty for extended periods because of a lack of productions. Albee's play Tiny Alice, featuring John Gielgud and Irene Worth, opened at the theater at the end of 1964, but it was not successful. The theater hosted a variety of repertory productions in the late 1960s. These included Yiddish theater performances by the Jewish State Theater of Poland and performances by the Paul Taylor Dance Company in 1967. The Playwrights Repertory Theatre performed several plays by Albee and Samuel Beckett at the theater in 1968, and the Minnesota Dance Theatre performed two plays there later that year. Following a performance by the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in early 1969, the revival of Noel Coward's Private Lives was presented later the same year.
The Billy Rose hosted two notable shows in 1971: the Royal Shakespeare Company's version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, as well as Harold Pinter's drama Old Times. The City Center Acting Company performed four plays at the Billy Rose in late 1973 and early 1974, marking the company's first Broadway appearance. This was followed in 1974 by Tom Stoppard's play Jumpers, which had 48 performances before closing. The theater's backstage area was damaged by a storm later the same year and was not repaired; as a result, at least two productions were unable to lease the theater in 1975. Several theatrical personalities alleged that the Billy Rose Foundation (which had acquired the theater after Rose died), had allowed the structure to deteriorate. In response, foundation officials said that operating the theater was not its main priority. The Taylor Dance Company returned to the Billy Rose in 1976. The theater's first legitimate show in three years, Gus Weill's The November People, closed after a single performance in January 1978.
Nederlander management
Late 1970s and 1980s
Two theatrical operators, the Nederlander Organization and the Cooney-Marsh Organization (the latter of which was a partnership between producer Ray Cooney and real-estate developer Laurie Marsh), purchased the venue in December 1978. The venue was immediately renamed the Trafalgar Theatre, a reference to the new owners' British backgrounds; the owners hoped that the new name would evoke Trafalgar Square in London or the Battle of Trafalgar. James M. Nederlander of the Nederlander Organization said: "We want to put big English hits in the theater". The Trafalgar hosted two productions under its new name: Whose Life Is It Anyway? in 1979 and Betrayal in 1980. James M. Nederlander renamed the theater again in 1980 in honor of his father, American theater impresario David T. Nederlander, who had died thirteen years prior. The first show at the renamed Nederlander Theatre would have been the musical One Night Stand, which closed during previews in October 1980.
Lena Horne performed her solo show Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music at the theater starting in May 1981; the show lasted for more than a year. In general, the Nederlander Theatre had difficulty securing bookings during the 1980s. The next several productions had relatively short runs, including one show, Teaneck Tanzi: The Venus Flytrap, which closed on its opening day in 1983. The theater's productions in the mid-1980s included 84 Charing Cross Road, Amen Corner, Strange Interlude and Raggedy Ann, as well as a live show taped by Robert Klein in June 1986. In addition, Jerry Weintraub purchased a stake in the operation of the Nederlander Theatre in 1984.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Nederlander as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. While the LPC commenced a wide-ranging effort to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters in 1987, the Nederlander was among the few theaters for which the LPC denied either exterior or interior landmark status. David Wilkerson, founding pastor of the Times Square Church, leased the theater in January 1988, a month after the play Sherlock's Last Case had closed. The theater quickly became overcrowded during church services; by 1989, the 1,150-seat Nederlander Theatre was at standing-room only capacity five days a week. This prompted the Nederlanders to lease the Mark Hellinger Theatre to the Times Square Church in February 1989; the Times Square Church moved to the Hellinger the next month. The Nederlander Theatre's next legitimate show, the musical Dangerous Games, lasted four performances.
1990s and 2000s
The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn formed the Broadway Alliance in June 1990, wherein each company set aside one of its theaters to present dramas and comedies at reduced ticket prices. The program covered the Belasco, Nederlander, and Walter Kerr theaters. The Broadway Alliance's first show at the Nederlander Theatre was the play Our Country's Good, which lasted from April to June 1991. More than one year elapsed before the Nederlander hosted its next production, the one-man show Solitary Confinement with Stacy Keach, which ran for two weeks in November 1992. The theater was still difficult to rent and did not host any Broadway shows for over three years; it cost around $250,000 a year to maintain, regardless of whether it was vacant. The Nederlander hosted concerts by Aretha Franklin in April 1993 and by Jackson Browne that November. The Nederlander Organization unsuccessfully tried to move Cy Coleman's musical The Life there in 1994, but the theater instead hosted auditions for the musical Busker Alley. The next year, the Nederlander hosted another audition, this time for the musical The Capeman.
Jonathan Larson's Pulitzer Prize-winning musical Rent was booked at the Nederlander in early 1996; the musical's producers had selected the Nederlander Theatre specifically because of its dilapidated surroundings, which reflected the show's setting. The theater's facade and interior were remodeled to resemble a lower Manhattan nightclub. Rent premiered in April 1996 and quickly became popular. In contrast to many Broadway productions (in which tickets for seats at the rear of the theater were generally the cheapest), Rent producers reserved the first two rows for the cheapest tickets. This prompted fans to sleep outside the theater to wait for these tickets. The opening of Rent, as well as the renovation of the nearby New Amsterdam Theatre, contributed to the revitalization of the surrounding block of 41st Street. Rent ultimately ran for 5,140 performances through 2008, becoming the theater's longest-running production as well as the seventh-longest-running Broadway show of all time.
After Rent closed, the Nederlander was refurbished to accommodate its next show. Workers expanded the restrooms and restored the original design motifs (which had been largely removed during the 1961 renovation). A revival of Guys and Dolls, starring Oliver Platt and Lauren Graham, opened in March 2009; the show played 113 performances before closing that June. The Neil Simon plays Brighton Beach Memoirs and Broadway Bound were planned to be performed at the theater in late 2009, with alternating performances of each play. Due to poor ticket sales for Brighton Beach Memoirs, the show closed on November 1, 2009, one week after its opening. Simon also canceled the planned production of Broadway Bound, blaming the theater's location for the rapid closure of Brighton Beach Memoirs.
2000s to present
The musical Million Dollar Quartet made its Broadway debut at the theater in April 2010, running for 489 performances before moving off-Broadway in June 2011. Disney's production of the musical Newsies opened in March 2012; the show's run was extended because of its popularity, and Newsies ultimately lasted until August 2014. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2014, the Nederlanders agreed to improve disabled access at their nine Broadway theaters, including the Nederlander Theatre. Love Letters was originally scheduled to run at the Nederlander after Newsies closed. Instead, the musical Honeymoon in Vegas opened at the theater in January 2015, followed by Amazing Grace that July. The Nederlander hosted two short-lived shows in 2016. The musical Disaster! lasted from March to May 2016, while a revival of Motown: The Musical opened that July and ran for less than a month.
The musical War Paint ran at the Nederlander from April to November 2017, followed by Pretty Woman: The Musical from August 2018 to August 2019. The Nederlander then hosted two live appearances in late 2019: Kristin Chenoweth's For The Girls in November and Harry Connick Jr.'s A Celebration of Cole Porter the following month. The Lehman Trilogy was planned to open at the Nederlander in March 2020. The show was in previews when all Broadway theaters were shut down on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Nederlander reopened on September 25, 2021, with previews of The Lehman Trilogy, which ran from October 2021 to January 2022. The musical Mr. Saturday Night then ran from April to September 2022, and it was followed by Jefferson Mays's solo production of A Christmas Carol at the end of the year. The musical comedy Shucked opened at the Nederlander in April 2023, and it is expected to be followed by the musical The Who's Tommy in March 2024.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
National Theatre
1921: Trilby
1922: The Cat and the Canary
1923: Cyrano de Bergerac
1925: The Gorilla
1925: Hamlet
1925: The Monkey Talks
1927: The Trial of Mary Dugan
1929: The Criminal Code
1930: Grand Hotel
1935: Seven Keys to Baldpate
1936: Ethan Frome
1936: The County Chairman
1936: Tonight at 8:30
1937: Red Harvest
1937: Brother Rat
1938: Julius Caesar
1938: The Shoemaker's Holiday
1939: The Little Foxes
1940: Journey to Jerusalem
1940: The Corn Is Green
1941: Macbeth
1942: Billy the Kid
1943: The Patriots
1943: What's Up?
1944: The Cherry Orchard
1945: The Assassin
1945: The Day Before Spring
1946: Call Me Mister
1947: Anna Lucasta
1947: Medea
1947: Crime and Punishment
1948: Tonight at 8:30
1948: Macbeth
1948: Lend an Ear
1949: The Big Knife
1949: Caesar and Cleopatra
1950: King Lear
1951: Courtin' Time
1951: The Constant Wife
1952: Candida
1953: The Bat
1953: Camino Real
1953: Sabrina Fair
1955: Inherit the Wind
1957: The Tunnel of Love
1958: Winesburg, Ohio
1958: Once More, with Feeling!
Billy Rose Theatre
1959: Heartbreak House
1960: Dear Liar
1962: A Family Affair
1962: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1964: Tiny Alice
1965: The Right Honourable Gentleman
1966: Threepenny Opera
1966: The Rose Tattoo
1967: Mirele Efros
1967: Mother Courage and Her Children
1968: Here's Where I Belong
1968: Soldiers
1968: Box & Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
1968: The Death of Bessie Smith & The American Dream
1968: Krapp's Last Tape & The Zoo Story
1968: Happy Days
1968: The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui
1969: Private Lives
1971: A Midsummer Night's Dream
1971: Old Times
1972: The Country Girl
1972: Purlie
1973: The Three Sisters
1973: The Beggar's Opera
1973: Measure for Measure
1973: Scapin
1974: Jumpers
Trafalgar Theatre/Nederlander Theatre
1979: Whose Life Is It Anyway?
1980: Betrayal
1980: One Night Stand
1981: Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1982: 84 Charing Cross Road
1983: Teaneck Tanzi: The Venus Flytrap
1983: Amen Corner
1985: Strange Interlude
1986: Robert Klein on Broadway
1986: Raggedy Ann
1991: Our Country's Good
1996: Rent
2009: Guys and Dolls
2009: Brighton Beach Memoirs
2010: Million Dollar Quartet
2012: Newsies
2015: Honeymoon in Vegas
2015: Amazing Grace
2016: Disaster!
2016: Motown: The Musical
2017: War Paint
2018: Pretty Woman: The Musical
2019: Kristin Chenoweth: For The Girls
2019: Harry Connick, Jr.: A Celebration of Cole Porter
2021: The Lehman Trilogy
2022: Mr. Saturday Night
2022: A Christmas Carol
2023: Shucked
2024: The Who's Tommy
Box office record
Rent set the Nederlander Theatre's box-office record for the week ending November 29, 2005, when it grossed $744,496 while playing to 97 percent capacity. Newsies achieved the box office record for the Nederlander Theatre in 2012, playing to 101 percent capacity and grossed $1,024,516.60 for eight performances the week ending April 15, 2012. This gross was surpassed by War Paint the week ending April 23, 2017, when that show grossed $1,042,449. The current gross record was set by Pretty Woman: The Musical, which grossed $1,266,873 over eight performances for the week ending December 9, 2018.
See also
James M. Nederlander Theatre - Nederlander Organization theater in Chicago
List of Broadway theaters
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Nederlander Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database
1921 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Nederlander Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1921 |
4401207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Box%20Theatre | Music Box Theatre | The Music Box Theatre is a Broadway theater at 239 West 45th Street (George Abbott Way) in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1921, the Music Box Theatre was designed by C. Howard Crane in a Palladian-inspired style and was constructed for Irving Berlin and Sam H. Harris. It has 1,025 seats across two levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.
The facade is made of limestone and is symmetrically arranged, with both Palladian and neo-Georgian motifs. At ground level, the eastern portion of the facade contains the theater's entrance, with a marquee over it, while the stage door is to the west. A double-height central colonnade at the second and third floors conceals a fire-escape staircase; it is flanked by windows in the outer bays. The auditorium contains Adam style detailing, a large balcony, and two outwardly curved box seats within ornate archways. The theater was also designed with a comparatively small lobby, a lounge in the basement, and mezzanine-level offices.
Harris proposed the Music Box Theatre in 1919 specifically to host his productions with Berlin, and the Shubert family gained an ownership stake shortly after the Music Box opened. The theater initially hosted the partners' Music Box Revue nearly exclusively, presenting its first play, Cradle Snatchers, in 1925. Many of the Music Box's early productions were hits with several hundred performances. There were multiple productions by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman in the 1930s, including Once in a Lifetime and The Man Who Came to Dinner. After Harris died in 1941, Berlin and the Shuberts shared ownership of the theater, and the Music Box largely showed dramas rather than musicals. The theater hosted several plays by William Inge in the 1950s. Though the length of production runs declined in later years, the Music Box has remained in theatrical use since its opening. The Shuberts acquired the Berlin estate's ownership stake in 2007.
Site
The Music Box Theatre is on 239 West 45th Street, on the north sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The square land lot covers . The theater has a frontage of on 45th Street and a depth of about 100 feet.
The adjoining block of 45th Street is also known as George Abbott Way, and foot traffic on the street increases box-office totals on the theaters there. The Music Box shares the block with the Richard Rodgers Theatre and Imperial Theatre to the north, as well as the New York Marriott Marquis to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Paramount Hotel to the north; the Hotel Edison and Lunt-Fontanne Theatre to the northeast; One Astor Plaza to the southeast; the Gerald Schoenfeld, Booth, Shubert, and Broadhurst Theatres to the south; and the Majestic, Bernard B. Jacobs, and John Golden Theatres to the southwest.
Design
The Music Box Theatre was designed by C. Howard Crane in a Palladian-inspired style and was constructed from 1920 to 1921 for Irving Berlin and Sam H. Harris. The interior was decorated by Crane and William Baumgarten, with many Adam style details. The Longacre Engineering and Construction Company built the theater, with M. X. C. Weinberger as consulting engineer. Numerous other contractors were involved in the theater's development. The Music Box is operated by the Shubert Organization.
Facade
The facade is made of limestone. It is symmetrically arranged, though the theater is shorter than its width. For the design of the facade, Crane drew from both Palladian and neo-Georgian motifs. The facade's largest feature is a double-height central colonnade at the second and third floors. According to theatrical historian Ken Bloom, the facade design was inspired by that of the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia.
The easternmost side on 45th Street includes four pairs of glass and bronze doors leading to the ticket lobby. There are bronze sign boards on either side, and the entrance is topped by a marquee. Just west of the ticket-lobby entrance is a single doorway. The center of the ground story includes three pairs of glass and bronze doors from the auditorium. There are wood-and-glass sign boards on either side of the central doors, with colonettes on either side and sheet metal-wood pediments above them. A bronze fire-escape gate, accessed by two granite steps, and two wide sign boards are to the west of the center doors. The westernmost part of the facade contains a double door, a narrow sign board, and a single door. These doors, adjacent to the Imperial Theatre's entrance, constitute the stage doors. Above the ground floor is a horizontal band course with motifs of swags, urns, and vertical bars.
At the second and third floors is a colonnade between a pair of outer bays. The colonnade has four fluted columns, which are topped by Corinthian-style decorative capitals. The auditorium facade is slightly recessed behind the colonnade, creating a gallery, which is shielded by decorative iron railings between the columns. The recessed gallery contains the auditorium's fire escape, with stairs leading down to ground level. There are also three double doorways with stone surrounds, which exit onto the gallery. Above each doorway is a frieze with urns and swags; there is a triangular pediment in the outer doorways and scrolled pediment in the center doorway. A pair of pilasters flanks each of the outer bays, with Corinthian capitals atop each pilaster. The second-floor window of each outer bay is a Palladian window, which contains sash window panes. The tympanum is divided into three sections, with an arched tympanum above the center section. The third story has a rectangular sash window with a molded frame. A vertical sign hangs from the easternmost bay on the upper stories.
The top of the facade has a frieze with rosette motifs, as well as a cornice with dentils and modillions. Above the facade is a sloping slate roof with several projecting dormers for windows. There is also a roof balustrade with cast-iron and wrought-iron railings.
Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium is wider than its depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in high relief. According to the Shubert Organization, the auditorium has 1,025 seats; meanwhile, The Broadway League cites a capacity of 1,009 seats and Playbill cites 984 seats. The discrepancy arises from the fact that there are 1,009 physical seats and 16 standing-only spots. The physical seats are divided into 538 seats in the orchestra, 455 at the balcony, and 16 in the boxes. The orchestra seating includes 35 seats in the orchestra pit at the front of the stage. The original color scheme was ivory and dark green. The carpets and curtain were designed in a coral color.
Seating areas
The rear (east) end of the orchestra contains a shallow promenade, and the orchestra level is raked. The rear wall of the promenade (corresponding with the orchestra's aisles) has doorways with Corinthian-style piers, above which is an entablature in the Adam style. The north end of the promenade has a stair that rises to the balcony's foyer, as well as a double stair that leads down to a basement lounge. Both stairs have Adam-style railings. The orchestra and its promenade contain plasterwork panels on the walls. A standing rail is placed at the rear of the orchestra. No boxes were installed at orchestra level per Harris and Berlin's request.
The balcony level is raked and contains plasterwork panels on the walls. An Adam-style entablature runs above the top of the balcony wall, wrapping around to the tops of the boxes and proscenium. The balcony front curves outward and has vine and flower motifs, as well as medallions depicting female characters. Modern light boxes are in front of the balcony, and a technical booth is at the rear. The balcony's soffit, or underside, is divided into panels that contain plaster medallions with light fixtures, as well as air-conditioning vents. The auditorium was originally lit by five-armed sconces on the walls, which were replaced in the 1960s with imitation brass sconces. The original sconces were described in American Architect and Architecture as "Dutch brass with amber crystals".
On either side of the proscenium is an archway with a single box at the balcony level. The boxes were described in American Architect as having "a very decided decorative charm to the motive of the proscenium treatment". Each box is semicircular and is cantilevered from the wall; they are accessed from stair halls leading from the orchestra. The boxes' archways are supported by six Corinthian columns, three on each side, and are additionally flanked by paired Corinthian pilasters. Within each archway, the two center columns flank mirrored panels, which in turn are topped by broken pediments with urns. The fronts of the boxes contain Adam-style metal railings, originally ornamented in silver-gray. An entablature rises above the box seats, topped by a half-dome with a pastoral mural. These murals depict classical ruins. The half-domes are flanked by spandrels with decorations of eagles spreading their wings.
Other design features
Next to the boxes is a flat proscenium arch. The archway is flanked by fluted columns and pilasters in the Corinthian style. The top of the archways contains an entablature with Adam-style decorations of urns, vines, fans, and reeds. The proscenium measures about high and wide. Due to a lack of space backstage, a counterweight system was installed to lift sets and other objects onto the stage. The ceiling contains Adam-style moldings and friezes, which divide it into sections. There are also air-conditioning vents in the ceiling, and four chandeliers originally hung from it. Above the front of the balcony is a wide circular medallion. The rear of the ceiling contains a cove that curves downward onto the wall, supported by modillions at the entablature of the wall.
Other interior spaces
The Music Box's rear promenade is accessed directly from the lobby, which measures wide and long. The lobby was decorated as a simple space, with pink marble baseboards, marble walls, and a plaster cornice. The cornice was decorated with neo-Georgian ornaments. A bronze box-office booth was placed in the lobby. The lobby has a box office because the theater had no dedicated box office when it opened. The floor was made of alternating gray and pink marble tiles. The lobby was separated from the auditorium itself by draped partitions, which removed the drafts that typically occurred behind the last row of seats.
At the balcony level is a mezzanine. This level contained Berlin's studio, as well as ladies' retiring rooms, telephone rooms, and managers' offices. Berlin's studio was designed like an attic, with exposed ceiling rafters, as well as wainscoted walls and a stone fireplace mantel.
Below the auditorium is a basement lounge. Its lavish design contrasted with the lounges of other Broadway theaters, which generally received little attention. Architecture and Building magazine described the lounge as being in the Queen Anne style, "developed more as if in a dwelling than in a club or public place". The staircase to the basement lounge is made of marble and contains an intermediate landing. A tapestry is mounted on the stair landing. The tapestry depicts a reclining figure of a nude woman next to a waterfall. A mirrored panel was hung on the lounge's wall, opposite the tapestry. Siena marble fireplace mantels, with mirrors above them, were placed at each end of the lounge. The basement also has the theater's restrooms.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. During the 1900s and 1910s, many theaters in Midtown Manhattan were developed by the Shubert brothers, one of the major theatrical syndicates of the time. Meanwhile, Sam H. Harris was a producer and Irving Berlin was a songwriter. Prior to the development of the Music Box Theatre, Harris had partnered with George Cohan in the development of several theaters and productions in the 1900s and 1910s.
Development and early years
Venue for revues
According to one account, the name for the Music Box Theatre arose from a conversation between Sam H. Harris and Irving Berlin in 1919. Harris had suggested building a theater, to which Berlin suggested the name "Music Box". Harris liked the name and suggested that Berlin could write a song for the new theater. In March 1920, Harris and Berlin bought the properties at 239 to 245 West 45th Street from L. and A. Pincus and M. L. Goldstone. They then announced plans to build the Music Box Theatre on the site. By that May, Crane had prepared plans for the theater. Harris planned to stage twice-yearly revues, and he subsequently ended his long-running partnership with George M. Cohan. Hassard Short was named as the first general stage director, spending over $240,000 on the first show. The Music Box ultimately cost more than $1 million, $400,000 for the building itself and $600,000 for the land; the theater overran its original budget by about $300,000. The Music Box was one of the only Broadway theaters to be built for specific producers' work.
The Music Box Theatre opened on September 22, 1921, with performances of Music Box Revue. The new theater was praised by both architectural and theatrical critics, and several architectural publications printed pictures of the theater. These included the American Architect and the Architectural Review, which called the theater's design "remarkable" both in design and layout. The New-York Tribune called the facade "singularly successful in its expression of the interior", while Architecture and Building said the "delicacy of domestic architecture" was fitting for the Music Box's design. Among theatrical critics, Jack Lait referred to the Music Box as the "daintiest theatre in America" in Variety magazine. Other reviewers said the theater was "unparalleled" in design and had "dignified architectural decorations" in contrast to other theaters. The comedian Sam Bernard said simply, "It stinks from class." In his autobiography, producer Moss Hart said that the Music Box was "everybody's dream of a theatre", enhancing the quality of the productions staged there.
Film executive Joseph M. Schenck originally was a partner in the Music Box Theatre with Berlin and Harris, though he transferred his stake to the Shubert brothers not long afterward. For the first three years of its operation, the Music Box exclusively hosted the Music Box Revue. The inaugural edition in 1921 starred Bernard and Berlin. Three subsequent editions of the Music Box Revue were hosted in as many years, and each subsequent edition gradually declined in quality. Among the performers who appeared multiple times were the Brox Sisters, Clark and McCullough, Florence Moore, Grace Moore, Joseph Santley, and Ivy Sawyer. One notable performance was the 1924 edition, which featured Fanny Brice of the Ziegfeld Follies. Earl Carroll's Vanities was also staged in 1924, becoming the second production to be presented at the Music Box. Its producer, Earl Carroll, was briefly jailed in November 1924 after showing "obscene" photos outside the Music Box.
1920s and 1930s hit shows
The comedy The Cradle Snatchers, with Humphrey Bogart, was the first play to be staged at the Music Box, opening in 1925. With close to 500 performances, it was a hit. More generally, of the productions staged in the Music Box in its first decade, only two flops with less than 100 performances were staged, both of which ran immediately after The Cradle Snatchers closed. The first was Gentle Grafters in October 1926, while the second was Mozart that November. This was followed by the comedy Chicago, which premiered in late 1926 with Francine Larrimore and Charles Bickford, and a run of the melodrama The Spider in 1927, which transferred from a neighboring theater. By the end of 1927, Hassard Short had given up his stake in managing the Music Box. The play Paris Bound also premiered in 1927, followed the next year by the similarly named Paris with Irène Bordoni. The last show in the 1920s was The Little Show, which premiered in 1929.
The Music Box staged the French play Topaze with Frank Morgan in 1930, followed by the comedy The Third Little Show with Ernest Truex and Beatrice Lillie in 1931. The theater largely hosted works by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman, produced either individually or in partnership, during the 1930s. Immediately following Topaze was Hart and Kaufman's first-ever collaboration, Once in a Lifetime, which premiered in late 1930. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind collaborated in 1931 for Of Thee I Sing, the first Pulitzer Prize-winning musical, and Kaufman joined Edna Ferber the next year to produce Dinner at Eight, which ran 232 performances. The next year, Berlin and Hart staged the revue As Thousands Cheer, which with 400 performances was lengthy for a Great Depression-era musical. Hart and Kaufman again partnered in 1934 for the play Merrily We Roll Along.
Five plays were performed at the Music Box in 1935. These were Rain, Ceiling Zero, If This Be Treason, a theatrical version of Pride and Prejudice, and finally Kaufman and Katharine Dayton's collaboration First Lady. Kaufman and Ferber collaborated again in the 1936 production Stage Door. This was followed the next year by a short run of Young Madam Conti with Constance Cummings, as well as a Kaufman-directed adaptation of the John Steinbeck novel Of Mice and Men. Two Hart and Kaufman productions were staged in 1938: a transfer of I'd Rather Be Right and the original Sing Out the News. The productions in 1939 began with the Noël Coward revue Set to Music, following which was From Vienna, produced by the Refugee Artists Group. The last hit of the 1930s was Hart and Kaufman's The Man Who Came to Dinner, which had 739 performances through 1941. Irving Berlin subsequently recalled that he and Harris had almost lost control of the otherwise financially-successful Music Box Theatre during the Depression. In spite of this, all but three shows had at least 100 performances in the Music Box's first 25 years.
1940s to 1970s
The Music Box Theater underwent several changes in operation during the 1940s. Sam Harris died in July 1941, and his ownership stake in the theater went to his widow Kathleen Marin, pursuant to his will. Additionally, independent producers began to lease the Music Box. The theater also pivoted away from hosting revues and musicals because of its relatively low seating capacity; instead, it mainly hosted small dramas. The burlesque revue Star and Garter opened in 1942, eventually running 609 performances. This was followed in 1944 by a 713-performance run of the comedy I Remember Mama, which featured Marlon Brando in his Broadway debut. Another major production in the 1940s was Summer and Smoke, which premiered in 1948. The next year, the Music Box showed Lost in the Stars, which was the last musical staged at the Music Box until the 1970s.
The long-running comedy Affairs of State transferred to the Music Box from the Royale Theatre in 1950. The same year, Marin sold her one-third ownership stake in the Music Box Theatre to Harris and the Shuberts. In 1952, the Music Box staged a transfer of the hit The Male Animal. The playwright William Inge had three highly successful plays during the 1950s, all of which had over 400 performances. First among these was Picnic, which opened in 1953. This was followed by Bus Stop in 1955 and The Dark at the Top of the Stairs in 1957. Besides Inge's productions, the Music Box hosted a transfer of The Solid Gold Cadillac in 1954, as well as Separate Tables in 1956. The decade ended with the 1959 plays Rashomon, featuring Claire Bloom and Rod Steiger, and Five Finger Exercise, featuring Brian Bedford and Jessica Tandy.
In 1961, the Music Box staged A Far Country, featuring Kim Stanley and Steven Hill. The next year saw the opening of the comedy The Beauty Part with Bert Lahr, which flopped during the city's newspaper strike despite critical acclaim. The Music Box staged a more successful production, Dear Me, the Sky Is Falling with Gertrude Berg, the next year. The theater's most successful play of the 1960s was the comedy Any Wednesday, which opened in 1964 and ran for 983 performances. The decade's other hits included Harold Pinter's The Homecoming, which opened in 1967, and There's a Girl in My Soup, which opened later that year.
The British play Sleuth opened in 1970, featuring Keith Baxter and Anthony Quayle; it became the theater's longest-running production with 1,222 performances. When the Music Box celebrated its 50th anniversary the next year, the theater was still largely successful. Berlin said at the time that he still held part-ownership in the Music Box for sentimental reasons. In 1974, the theater staged its first musical in 25 years: Rainbow Jones, which closed after its only performance. It was followed the same year by the comparatively more successful Absurd Person Singular. The Music Box staged a revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? in 1976, and it hosted a range of Stephen Sondheim songs in the musical Side by Side by Sondheim the next year. The theater's last production of the 1970s was Deathtrap, which opened in 1978. Deathtrap was ultimately transferred four years later and ran 1,793 total performances.
1980s and 1990s
The Music Box had a major hit in the early 1980s with the religious drama Agnes of God, which premiered in 1982 and had 599 performances with Geraldine Page and Amanda Plummer. By contrast, the theater mostly hosted flops during the mid-1980s. The Music Box hosted a revival of Hay Fever in 1985, followed the next year by a revival of Loot, which was Alec Baldwin's first Broadway appearance. In 1987, the Music Box staged Sweet Sue with Mary Tyler Moore, as well as the Royal Shakespeare Company's hit production Les Liaisons Dangereuses. This was followed by several short-lived productions, including Mail and Spoils of War in 1988, as well as Welcome to the Club in 1989. The decade ended with the hit A Few Good Men. Irving Berlin continued to co-own the theater until he died in 1989 at the age of 101; in his final years, Berlin would contact the Shuberts to ask them about the theater's receipts.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started to consider protecting the Music Box as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Music Box's facade and interior as a landmark on December 8, 1987. This was part of the commission's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Music Box, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
In the 1990s, the Music Box continued to have many relatively short runs. The solo play Lucifer's Child with Julie Harris played a limited engagement in April 1991, and Park Your Car in Harvard Yard opened the same year with Judith Ivey and Jason Robards. The next year, the Music Box staged A Small Family Business, which ran for a little over one month. A more successful production was Blood Brothers, opening in 1993 and running 893 performances over the next two years. In addition, a plaque commemorating Irving Berlin was installed at the Music Box in 1994. The musical Swinging on a Star opened in 1995. The next year, the Music Box staged the musical State Fair, the latter of which was the final Broadway show produced by David Merrick. Subsequently, Barrymore ran 238 performances in 1997, and The Diary of Anne Frank opened later that year, running through the next year with 221 performances. Finally, the Music Box staged Closer in 1999, with 173 performances.
2000s to present
The Music Box's tendency for short production runs continued into the 2000s. A revival of the Shakespeare play Macbeth closed in June 2000 after 13 performances, and a more successful production came later that year with The Dinner Party, which ran 364 performances. The 19th-century drama Fortune's Fool was staged in 2002, as was short-lived comedy Amour. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2003, the Shuberts agreed to improve disabled access at their 16 landmarked Broadway theaters, including the Music Box. The Music Box hosted Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 2003 and Dame Edna: Back with a Vengeance in 2004, as well as Antony Sher's solo Primo and the musical In My Life in 2005. These were followed in 2006 by Festen and The Vertical Hour. Meanwhile, the Shubert Organization and Berlin's estate continued to operate the theater jointly. The unusual arrangement, which led to jokes that the Shuberts owned sixteen and a half theaters, continued until 2007, when the Berlin estate sold its interest to the Shuberts.
The Music Box's productions at the end of the 2000s included Deuce and The Farnsworth Invention in 2007; a transfer of the long-running August: Osage County from the Imperial Theatre in 2008; and Superior Donuts in 2009. This was followed by Lend Me a Tenor and La Bête in 2010; Jerusalem and Private Lives in 2011; and One Man, Two Guvnors and Dead Accounts in 2012. The musical Pippin opened in 2013 and ran for two years. Further productions in the mid-2010s included The Heidi Chronicles and King Charles III in 2015, as well as Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed in 2016. The musical Dear Evan Hansen opened at the Music Box in December 2016. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it reopened on December 11, 2021, with performances of Dear Evan Hansen. The theater also hosted a memorial service to the late Shubert chairman Philip J. Smith in March 2022. Due to poor ticket sales, Dear Evan Hansen closed in September 2022. The next month, the theater hosted a limited run of Gabriel Byrne's solo show Walking with Ghosts.
A revival of Bob Fosse's Dancin' opened at the Music Box in March 2023, running for two months; it was followed by the play Purlie Victorious that September. Following the planned closure of Purlie Victorious in February 2024, the musical Suffs is expected to open at the theater in April 2024.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. The Music Box Revue, which has had multiple editions, is listed by the years of the first performances of each edition.
1921–1924: Music Box Revue
1924: Earl Carroll's Vanities
1926: Chicago
1928: Paris
1929: The Little Show
1930: Topaze
1930: Once in a Lifetime
1931: Of Thee I Sing
1932: Dinner at Eight
1933: As Thousands Cheer
1934: Merrily We Roll Along
1935: Rain
1935: Ceiling Zero
1935: If This Be Treason
1935: Pride and Prejudice
1935: First Lady
1936: Stage Door
1937: Of Mice and Men
1938: I'd Rather Be Right
1939: Set to Music
1939: The Man Who Came to Dinner
1941: The Land Is Bright
1942: A Kiss for Cinderella
1942: Star and Garter
1944: Over 21
1944: I Remember Mama
1946: A Flag Is Born
1948: The Linden Tree
1948: Summer and Smoke
1949: They Knew What They Wanted
1949: Mrs. Gibbons' Boys
1949: Lost in the Stars
1950: Daphne Laureola
1950: Affairs of State
1952: Much Ado About Nothing
1952: The Male Animal
1953: Picnic
1954: The Solid Gold Cadillac
1955: Bus Stop
1956: The Ponder Heart
1956: Separate Tables
1957: Miss Lonelyhearts
1957: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
1959: Rashomon
1959: Five Finger Exercise
1961: A Far Country
1961: Daughter of Silence
1962: The Beauty Part
1963: Semi-Detached
1964: Any Wednesday
1966: Wait Until Dark
1967: The Homecoming
1967: There's a Girl in My Soup
1968: Lovers
1968: Harkness Ballet
1969: The Watering Place
1970: Sleuth
1973: Veronica's Room
1974: Absurd Person Singular
1976: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1976: Comedians
1977: Side by Side by Sondheim
1978: Deathtrap
1982: Agnes of God
1984: Open Admissions
1985: The Octette Bridge Club
1985: Hay Fever
1986: Loot
1987: Sweet Sue
1987: Les Liaisons Dangereuses
1989: Welcome to the Club
1989: A Few Good Men
1992: A Small Family Business
1993: Blood Brothers
1995: Swinging on a Star
1996: State Fair
1997: Barrymore
1997: The Diary of Anne Frank
1999: Closer
1999: Amadeus
2000: Macbeth
2000: The Dinner Party
2002: Fortune's Fool
2002: Amour
2003: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
2005: In My Life
2006: Festen
2006: The Vertical Hour
2007: Deuce
2007: The Farnsworth Invention
2008: August: Osage County
2009: Superior Donuts
2010: Lend Me a Tenor
2010: La Bête
2011: Jerusalem
2011: Private Lives
2012: One Man, Two Guvnors
2012: Dead Accounts
2013: Pippin
2015: The Heidi Chronicles
2015: King Charles III
2016: Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed
2016: Dear Evan Hansen
2022: Walking with Ghosts
2023: Dancin'
2023: Purlie Victorious
2024: Suffs
Box office record
Dear Evan Hansen achieved the box office record for the Music Box Theatre. The production grossed $2,119,371 over the eight performances during the week ending December 31, 2017. The same production had also achieved a record earlier in the year, making that record the highest gross for a Broadway house that seats under 1,000.
See also
List of Broadway theatres
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Museum of the City of New York drawing of the Klaw, Imperial and Music Box Theatres
1921 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Irving Berlin
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Shubert Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1921 |
4401218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskoff%20Theatre | Minskoff Theatre | The Minskoff Theatre is a Broadway theater on the third floor of the One Astor Plaza office building in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1973, it is operated by the Nederlander Organization and is named after Sam Minskoff and Sons, the building's developers. There are approximately 1,710 seats in the auditorium, spread across an orchestra level and a balcony. Over the years it has served as host to musicals, dance companies, and concerts.
The Minskoff was designed by Kahn and Jacobs, who designed One Astor Plaza. It was one of the first theaters constructed under the Special Theater District amendment of 1967. The theater's main entrances are from a passageway connecting 44th and 45th Streets, in the middle of a city block between Broadway to the east and Eighth Avenue to the west. There are escalators leading from the ground floor to the lobby, where further escalators lead to the auditorium. One Astor Plaza's eastern section is directly above the theater and has to be supported entirely by the theater's roof.
One Astor Plaza was initially proposed in 1967 without any theaters. The Minskoff Theatre was added during the planning process; in exchange, One Astor Plaza's developers were allowed to erect a taller building with additional floor area. The first major production at the Minskoff, Irene, was followed by a series of short-lived productions in the 1970s. The theater subsequently hosted long runs such as West Side Story, The Pirates of Penzance, Black and Blue, and Sunset Boulevard in the 1980s and 1990s. Though many of the Minskoff's early productions were unprofitable, since 2006 it has housed the musical The Lion King, which became the highest-grossing Broadway musical ever in 2014.
Design
The Minskoff Theatre is on the third floor of One Astor Plaza, also known as 1515 Broadway, along Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Der Scutt designed the Minskoff, with Ben Schlanger as a consulting architect. Jo Mielziner was the consultant for the theater's original operator, Albert Selden. The Minskoff, Gershwin, Circle in the Square, and American Place theaters were all constructed under the Special Theater District amendment of 1967 as a way to give their respective developers additional floor area.
The theater is accessed from a covered arcade under the center of One Astor Plaza, which connects 44th and 45th Streets. The escalators from the arcade lead to the third-floor grand foyer, which has a glass wall overlooking Times Square. Additional escalators lead from here to the seating areas. The grand foyer has bars and coat checks. The glass-walled lobby has also been used for weddings but, according to a 1977 feature in the New York Daily News, weddings were not allowed during performances of shows.
Auditorium
The Minskoff Theatre has approximately 1,710 seats across two levels: a steeply raked orchestra level at the third story and a smaller mezzanine above. When the theater opened in 1973, approximately 1,000 seats were placed on the orchestra level, while 640 were placed on the mezzanine. Unlike other Broadway houses, the theater used a continental seating layout, with no middle aisle. Consequently, rows can have up to 52 seats between egresses. The Minskoff was the first fully wheelchair-accessible Broadway theater in New York City.
The ceiling of the auditorium contains crystal-basket light fixtures and is divided in two sections by a lighting grid. The mezzanine level has narrow protrusions on the side walls instead of box seats. The proscenium arch is designed with mesh panels that can be removed. The stage contains traps at several locations, and the fly system above the stage is placed on the upstage wall, rather than on the sides. Unlike older theaters in New York City, the Minskoff and Gershwin theaters were subject to less stringent building codes. For example, the Minskoff was designed without fire curtains, since the city had allowed sprinkler systems to be installed in both theaters.
Structural features
One Astor Plaza's eastern section is directly above the theater and has to be supported entirely by the theater's roof. The steel was provided by Bethlehem Steel; its supervising engineer Thomas Connolly said One Astor Plaza's superstructure "would have been a snap from an engineering point of view", but the theater's presence made "a humdinger of an engineering feat". The theater roof consists of a Vierendeel truss that rests on two girders, one weighing and the other weighing . These girders were the heaviest in any building at the time, and they had to be delivered in several pieces from the factory, itself an intricate operation. According to Mielziner, the large trusses above the Minskoff's roof provided "a clear example of what expense a builder is willing to go to get that extra rentable space".
History
Construction
Sam Minskoff & Sons had hired Kahn and Jacobs to design One Astor Plaza in 1967, having acquired the site the previous year. At the time, city officials were encouraging the westward expansion of office towers in Manhattan. There were few efforts to preserve existing Broadway theaters, since theatrical experts believed the existing theaters (all built before World War II) were functionally obsolete. Consequently, the plans for One Astor Plaza initially did not include a theater. The Minskoffs had applied for zoning amendments for their new tower, and a member of the New Yaork City Planning Commission (CPC) notified the Urban Design Group (UDG) about the application. This brought the attention of New York City mayor John Lindsay, a fan of Broadway theater. The UDG proposed that One Astor Plaza include a theater, a suggestion that the Minskoffs initially opposed. However, the Minskoffs ultimately relented after appealing to CPC chairman Donald H. Elliott, then to mayor Lindsay.
In October 1967, the CPC proposed the Special Theater District Zoning Amendment, which gave zoning bonuses to office-building developers who included theaters. The proposed legislation would directly allow theaters in One Astor Plaza and the Uris Building, which would be the first completely new Broadway theaters since the Mark Hellinger Theatre was completed in 1930. The CPC approved the theater amendment that November, and the New York City Board of Estimate gave final approval to the proposal the next month. As planning progressed, members of the Broadway-theatre industry expressed concerns that theatrical experts had not been consulted in the design of One Astor Plaza's theater. In March 1968, the CPC scheduled a public hearing to determine whether the Astor and Uris theater permits should be approved, including a second theater in the Uris Building. Six parties testified in favor; the Shubert Organization, the largest operator of Broadway theaters, was the only dissenting speaker. The CPC approved the theater over the Shuberts' objections, as did the Board of Estimate. Albert W. Selden had tentatively agreed to lease the Broadway theater in One Astor Plaza.
Mayor Lindsay attended the groundbreaking ceremony for One Astor Plaza on October 10, 1968. The inclusion of the Broadway theater, and the complex engineering involved in the project, delayed the building's construction. Although Minskoff & Sons president Jerome Minskoff had agreed to the theater as "our way of paying the city back", he said this had increased costs by up to 30 percent, from $55 to $70 million. Furthermore, Selden insisted that a modern technical system be installed in the new theater, which would add $400,000 to the cost. By 1971, though the theater was almost complete, it was still not officially named. The next August, the theater's first production was announced: a revival of the comedy Irene. The developers informed Broadway producers that any production in the theater would need $21,000 a week to break even.
1970s
Theatrical historian Ken Bloom described most of the Minskoff's earliest productions as "a series of concerts, ballets, and flop musicals". The theater hosted several previews of Irene in early 1973 prior to the venue's official opening. The Minskoff officially opened with that musical on March 13, 1973. Within five months, several dancers reported being injured when they fell on the stage, and Actors' Equity threatened to prohibit its dancers from performing there, prompting the theater's operators to make improvements to the stage. Irene lost money despite its popularity with audiences, and it ultimately closed in September 1974 with 605 performances. It was followed by two concerts in late 1974: Charles Aznavour in a solo concert, as well as Tony Bennett and Lena Horne performing together.
Henry Fonda's solo show Clarence Darrow arrived in March 1975, followed by Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue that April and Pearl Bailey and Billy Daniels's production of Hello, Dolly! in November. The Minskoff hosted the rock musical Rockabye Hamlet, which flopped with seven performances in February 1976. The Dutch National Ballet made its United States debut at the Minskoff in November 1976, and the Chinese Acrobats of Taiwan performed the same month. The Merce Cunningham Dance Company had a brief engagement in January 1977, and the Minskoff hosted the final performances of the long-running musical Pippin, which transferred from the Imperial, later that year. Further live appearances included Cleo Laine's concert Cleo on Broadway in October 1977; the laser-light show Star Wars Concert Live in December 1977; and the Murray Louis Dance Company with Rudolf Nureyev in April 1978.
Two short-lived musicals appeared at the Minskoff in 1978: Peter Udell and Gary Geld's Angel, with five performances, and Jacob Brackman and Peter Link's King of Hearts, with 48 performances. That December, the theater hosted a short run of the ice-skating show Ice Dancing. Béjart Ballet performed at the Minskoff for three weeks in March 1979, and the musical Got Tu Go Disco ran for eight performances that June. The Minskoff staged further live performances in late 1979, including appearances from Shirley Bassey in September, Engelbert in November, and the Chinese Acrobats & Magicians of Taiwan in December. At the time, because no hits had opened at the Minskoff Theatre after Irene closed, the Minskoff family was negotiating to have the Nederlander Organization take over the theater. Ultimately, in November 1979, Jerome Minskoff and James M. Nederlander agreed to jointly operate the theater.
1980s and 1990s
In 1980, the Minskoff hosted a revival of the musical West Side Story, which lasted for 333 performances. The next year, Irene Saez of Venezuela was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe 1981 pageant at the Minskoff, and David Merrick's musical 42nd Street was performed at the theater on CBS's Miss Universe telecast. A revival of the musical Can-Can lasted five performances in April 1981, and Joseph Papp's production of The Pirates of Penzance relocated from the Uris to the Minskoff that August, running for a year and three months. Alan Jay Lerner's musical Dance a Little Closer closed on opening night in May 1983, and the musical Marilyn: An American Fable fared little better, running for 16 performances that November. When One Astor Plaza was sold in 1984 to Tishman Speyer and the Equitable Life Assurance Society, Jerome Minskoff and James Nederlander negotiated a long-term lease for the theater.
The musical The Tap Dance Kid relocated from the Broadhurst to the Minskoff in March 1984, closing the next year after 669 total performances. Subsequently, the Minskoff hosted three live appearances in early 1986: the singer Patti LaBelle, the folk group Peter, Paul and Mary, and the vocal groups The Temptations and The Four Tops. The musical Sweet Charity opened in April 1986 and subsequently had 368 performances. During the run of Sweet Charity, the Minskoff hosted its first Tony Awards, the 1986 edition. The musical Teddy & Alice lasted for 77 performances after opening in late 1987, and the long-running Cabaret transferred from the Imperial early the next year. The Minskoff then hosted the 1988 Tony Awards immediately after Cabaret ended that June. The Minskoff's last show of the 1980s was the musical Black and Blue, which opened in January 1989 and had 829 performances over two years.
The Minskoff once again hosted the Tony Awards in 1991, followed that November by a limited run of the musical Peter Pan. The Polish musical Metro flopped in April 1992 with 24 performances, and the theater was largely empty until February 1993, when it was used for a taping of a Great Performances episode about Black and Blue. A revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat came to the theater in November 1993, running for six months. Another musical by Lloyd Webber, Sunset Boulevard, opened at the Minskoff in November 1994. During the run of Sunset Boulevard, the 49th Tony Awards were hosted at the Minskoff in 1995. Sunset Boulevard ran for two years, closing in March 1997 with 977 performances. The musical The Scarlet Pimpernel then opened at the Minskoff in November 1997. After receiving negative criticism, the producers revised the musical over eight days in October 1998; the modified musical ran through May 1999. This was followed in October by Saturday Night Fever, which ran through December 2000.
2000s to present
The Minskoff's first production of the 21st century was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which opened in April 2001 and failed after 21 performances. The empty theater was used for a tribute to the late composer Lee Strasberg in February 2002. The Minskoff did not have another production until December 2002, when the musical Dance of the Vampires opened. The show lost its entire $12 million investment, making it one of the most expensive flops in Broadway history, and closed after 56 performances. The Minskoff again stood empty until February 2004, when the musical Fiddler on the Roof was revived; it ran for 781 performances. By then, some figures in the theatrical industry had begun to believe that the Minskoff was an unlucky theater, as it had rarely hosted a profitable show. Several of the longer-lasting shows, such as Irene and Sunset Boulevard, had closed at a loss.
In November 2005, the long-running musical The Lion King was booked for the Minskoff, having been forced to relocate after eight years at Disney's New Amsterdam Theatre. The theater was then renovated to accommodate The Lion King, which changed theaters in June 2006. The Lion King has run continuously at the Minskoff since its relocation. A new set within the Minskoff Theatre was created in 2007 for the syndicated news magazine The Insider, which broadcast there for a year. In addition, starting in 2011, the Minskoff has hosted the Jimmy Awards for high school students every June. The Lion King became Broadway's highest-grossing musical ever in 2014, and it became the third-longest-running Broadway production in 2015 after overtaking the previous record-holder, Cats.
As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2014, the Nederlanders agreed to improve disabled access at their nine Broadway theaters, including the Minskoff. Subsequently, the Nederlanders added restroom stalls in 2017; the renovation took place when The Lion King was running. The Lion King achieved the box office record for a show at the Minskoff Theatre, grossing $3,696,977 over twelve performances for the week ending January 2, 2019. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened on September 14, 2021, with performances of The Lion King. The pandemic had also forced the cancellation of two Jimmy Awards ceremonies at the theater: the 2020 edition, which was scrapped entirely, and the 2021 edition, which was hosted online.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
1973: Irene
1974: Charles Aznavour on Broadway
1974: Tony & Lena Sing
1975: Bette Midler's Clams on the Half Shell Revue
1975: Hello, Dolly!
1976: Rockabye Hamlet
1976: Debbie
1976, 1978: Dutch National Ballet
1977: Merce Cunningham Dance Company
1977: Pippin
1977: Cleo on Broadway
1978: Angel
1978: King of Hearts
1979: Béjart: Ballet of the Twentieth Century
1979: Shirley Bassey on Broadway
1979: Engelbert on Broadway
1980: West Side Story
1981: Miss Universe 1981
1981: Can-Can
1981: The Pirates of Penzance
1983: Dance a Little Closer
1983: Marilyn: An American Fable
1984: The Tap Dance Kid
1986: Patti LaBelle
1986: Peter, Paul & Mary "From Bleecker to Broadway"
1986: The Temptations and The Four Tops
1986: Sweet Charity
1987: Teddy & Alice
1988: Cabaret
1989: Black and Blue
1991: Peter Pan
1992: Metro
1993: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
1994: Sunset Boulevard
1997: The Scarlet Pimpernel
1999: Saturday Night Fever
2001: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
2002: Dance of the Vampires
2004: Fiddler on the Roof
2006: The Lion King
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1973 establishments in New York City
Broadway (Manhattan)
Broadway theatres
Nederlander Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1973 |
4401239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne%20Theatre | Lunt-Fontanne Theatre | The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, originally the Globe Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 205 West 46th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1910, the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre was designed by Carrère and Hastings in the Beaux-Arts style for Charles Dillingham. The theater is named after theatrical couple Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne; its original name was inspired by that of the Globe Theatre, London's Shakespearean playhouse. The current configuration of the interior, dating to 1958, has about 1,519 seats across two levels and is operated by the Nederlander Organization. The facade is a New York City landmark.
The theater's only surviving facade is on 46th Street and was once the carriage entrance. The ground level contains the theater's entrance on the east, as well as exits from the auditorium and stage house. On the upper stories, the facade contains a five-bay-wide central pavilion with arches, flanked by simpler pavilions on either side. Another entrance on Broadway, with an ornate lobby, was demolished in 1958. The auditorium originally contained three levels and box seating prior to its reconfiguration. The tiled roof and the auditorium's ceiling were designed with retractable sections, which are no longer in use.
The Globe Theatre opened on January 10, 1910. Most of the Globe's early shows were revues and musicals, including several productions by Dillingham. The Globe was converted into a movie house operated by the Brandt chain in the 1930s. City Playhouses Inc., a partnership between developers Robert W. Dowling and William Zeckendorf, bought it in 1957. After the firm Roche and Roche completely renovated the interior, the former Globe was renamed and reopened on May 5, 1958. City Playhouses sold the Lunt-Fontanne to producers Cy Feuer and Ernest H. Martin in 1960, and it was then sold to developer Stanley Stahl in 1965. The Nederlanders have operated the theater since 1973.
Site
The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre is on 206 West 46th Street, on the north sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The rectangular land lot covers . The theater has a frontage of on 46th Street and a depth of about .
The Lunt-Fontanne shares the block with the Paramount Hotel (including Sony Hall) and Lena Horne Theatre to the west, as well as the Hotel Edison to the north. Other nearby buildings include the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre to the northwest; the Ethel Barrymore Theatre and Morgan Stanley Building to the north; the Palace Theatre, Embassy Theatre, and I. Miller Building to the east; the New York Marriott Marquis to the south; and the Richard Rodgers Theatre, Music Box Theatre, and Imperial Theatre to the southwest.
Design
The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre was designed by Carrère and Hastings in the Beaux-Arts style. It was constructed for Charles Dillingham, opening in 1910 as the Globe Theatre. The Lunt-Fontanne is the only surviving theater of four that Carrère and Hastings designed, as well as the last theater designed by that firm. Thompson–Starrett Co. was the main contractor. The Nederlander Organization operates the theater.
Facade
46th Street
The primary elevation of the Lunt-Fontanne's facade is on 46th Street and was originally the carriage entrance. It is symmetrically arranged, though the facade is shorter than its width. The first story, at ground level, was designed as a raised basement. The facade is divided into a central pavilion with five vertical bays, which is flanked by slightly recessed outer pavilions. This arrangement, described as being in a modified Italian Renaissance style, was reminiscent of Carrère and Hastings's earlier design for the Century (New) Theatre on Central Park West. The westernmost portion of the facade contains the stage house, which is faced in brick and is recessed behind the main portion of the facade.
The first story contains a granite water table, blocks of rusticated stone, and doorways in each bay. The recessed doorways are originally designed as archways, which are partially concealed by the marquee. The westernmost door is the stage door. The easternmost two sets of doors lead into the ticket lobby, and the other doors contain auxiliary exits from the auditorium. Each of the lobby and auditorium doors contain paneled-wood doors with bronze handles, and the openings are also flanked by display boxes. The marquee above the doorways was added after the theater opened; it contains a band with foliate decorations, above which acanthus leaves rise vertically. The first story is topped by a frieze containing foliate decorations and flowers. Above the five central doorways are archivolts with sculpted heads, as well as modillion blocks with alternating somber and snarling faces. The arches and faces served to identify the building's theatrical use.
On the upper stories, the five central bays form a pavilion with double-height arches. A terrace projects slightly from the second floor, above the first story's modillions, with a balustrade made of wrought iron. This terrace was originally connected to the auditorium's first balcony level. There are pilasters between each arch, topped by capitals in the Ionic style. Each of the archways contains a multi-paneled window, with a broken pediment and a spandrel bar dividing the second and third floor. Above the centers of the arches are terracotta cartouches. The spandrels at the arches' corners contain semi-nude or nude female figures, holding theatrical masks that depict comedy and tragedy. The fourth floor of the center bays has square openings with sash windows, which are surrounded by eared frames and flanked by carvings of caryatids. The caryatids are topped by depictions of bows and helmets in the center three arches, as well as musical instruments in the outer two arches. A wave molding also runs above the fourth floor.
The outer bays are faced in stucco. These have double-height windows at the second and third floors, with molded window frames and projecting lintels above. There is a circular window at the fourth story above each double-height window. Simple sash windows are placed on the side of the western pavilion, which projects from the stage house. A frieze with panels, as well as a course with dentils, runs above the outer pavilions. Above that is a cornice, which runs the whole width of the facade. The central pavilion has a deeply projecting parapet, below which are brackets and a decorative band of heads, cartouches, and panels. The theater's tiled roof is above the parapet.
Former Broadway entrance
The Globe Theatre was built with an entrance on 1555 Broadway, between 46th and 47th Streets. The Broadway elevation was described in the New York Dramatic Mirror as the main entrance, though other sources stated that the Broadway entrance was secondary to that on 46th Street. The Broadway elevation was four stories high and measured wide. It had been adapted from a brownstone residence and contained signs in front of it. The facade was flanked by Ionic pilasters and contained interspersed stone panels. The second floor was decorated with "elaborately ornamented" arched casement windows. There were also masks, garlands, cherubs, pediments, and a cornice on the facade. The entrance led to the box-office vestibule and a corridor to the auditorium.
The Broadway entrance is no longer extant. It was cut off from the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in 1957 when the theater was renovated. While the Broadway elevation physically existed for half a century afterward, it did not serve as an entrance, and tall signs were built in front of the four-story facade. In 2006, the old Broadway entrance was demolished, along with a neighboring Howard Johnson's restaurant at 1551 Broadway. The Broadway entrance was replaced with an American Eagle Outfitters store.
Interior
Original interior
The Globe Theatre's original interiors included ornamental plaster from Crane & Mahoney, metal lath from Arthur Greenfield Inc., and limestone from Farnum Cheshire. The structural frame was made of steel and concrete. The theater had an Italian Renaissance design with a color palette of gold, blue, and ivory white, as well as "rose du Barry" curtains. At ground level, the promenade from Broadway was decorated in gold and rose. The entire 46th Street frontage functioned as a large exit corridor. The entrance vestibule from 46th Street was designed as a promenade with a similar color scheme to the rest of the theater. The promenade from 46th Street measured long and wide. A foyer at the second story (originally the first balcony level) led to the terrace on the 46th Street frontage of that story. Dillingham's offices were housed on the upper stories, above the auditorium.
The auditorium was designed in a fan shape; according to contemporary publications, that shape allowed both optimal acoustics and sightlines. The fan shape also allowed the audience to be closer to the performers than in other theaters, creating a more intimate house. The auditorium had an orchestra level, two balconies, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. There were 1,416 seats in total; the orchestra alone had 15 rows of seats. The seats could be individually cooled by ice or heated by hot air from vents underneath. At the rear of the second balcony level, three holes could provide spotlight illumination. There were twelve boxes, arranged in two tiers on both sides of the auditorium. The boxes were at the front of the theater and stepped down toward the proscenium; they were separated by Corinthian columns. Rose-colored curtains were also hung above the upper tier of boxes.
The auditorium had a coved ceiling when it was built. The original design included a retractable ceiling, as well as a movable roof above. According to contemporary sources, the ceiling had a retractable oval panel, which would be moved "when weather permits" to allow starlight and keep the auditorium cooler in summer. The historian William Morrison could not find a reference to the ceiling ever opening; he said that retracting the roof would have been difficult because of debris buildup. The proscenium arch was surrounded by a molded frame on all sides in a way that suggested "a rich frame to a picture". The large stage was capable of accommodating all the necessary theatrical equipment.
The backstage areas had "modern and convenient dressing rooms", including showers for the actors. An elevator connected the stage to a six-story dressing room wing in the rear. The theater had provisions for fireproofing, such as modern standpipe and sprinkler equipment, automatic alarms, and watchmen's systems.
Modifications
When the theater was renovated in 1958, most of the old Globe's interiors were removed and redecorated in an 18th-century style. According to Robert Dowling, who helped redevelop the theater, the promenade was redecorated in a rococo style with "exotic" wall decorations. The mezzanine contained a lounge with paneled mirrors, as well as murals depicting opera houses in Europe. Blue rococo floor coverings were installed throughout the theater, with a layer of thick foam underneath.
In the auditorium, the two levels of balconies were removed, and a single balcony level with 700 seats was installed. The orchestra level was arranged with 800 seats. In both levels, the first few rows were upholstered in rococo blue silk above rubber foam cushions, with additional cushions for short guests. Tickets to the front-row seats were higher than those for the remaining seats, which were salvaged from the old Globe's interiors. Modern estimates of the seating capacity vary: Playbill cites a capacity of 1,470 seats, while the Broadway League cites 1,519 seats.
After the renovation, the proscenium measured across, while the stage was deep. A new curtain with a sunburst design was installed, and a mural with depictions of theatrical muses was painted on the ceiling. The ceiling mural, painted by Edward Melcarth, was decorated with clouds, which hid ventilation openings. The retractable ceiling was also removed with the renovation. The rear (west) wall was moved about west, and the remaining walls were retained.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century. From 1901 to 1920, forty-three theaters were built around Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, including the Globe Theatre. The Globe was developed by Charles Dillingham, who first was a theatrical critic and then an associate of impresario Daniel Frohman in the late 1890s. Dillingham began to produce more of his own plays in the first decade of the 20th century, upon Frohman's urging.
Globe Theatre
Development and early years
The Dillingham Theatre Company bought a plot at 1555 Broadway and a assemblage at 203-217 West 46th Street in November 1907. Dillingham hired Carrère and Hastings to design a theater along Broadway and 46th Street. The Dillingham Theatre Company took title to the land in January 1908, and plans for the theater were filed that March. Dillingham originally wanted to call his new theater the Gaiety, but George M. Cohan and Sam H. Harris were also planning a theater with the same name across 46th Street. In March 1909, Thompson-Starrett was hired as the main contractor. The same month, Dillington announced he would name his theater in honor of the Globe Theatre, the Shakespearean playhouse in London. That October, Carrère and Hastings filed plans to renovate the existing brownstone at 1555 Broadway, adapting it as the Globe's entrance.
The theater opened on January 10, 1910, with the musical The Old Town featuring Dave Montgomery and Fred Stone. The year of its opening, the Globe also hosted The Echo, which featured the now-popular song Skidamarink, as well as a four-week limited engagement from French actress Sarah Bernhardt. The theater's early offerings were mostly revues and musicals because Dillingham largely produced musicals. The Slim Princess with Elsie Janis, which premiered in 1911, was the next musical by Dillingham to be staged at the Globe, and Bernhardt returned for another limited engagement the same year. Janis, Montgomery, and Stone returned in 1912 for The Lady of the Slipper, which was a hit with 232 performances. Montgomery and Stone also starred in Chin-Chin, which opened in 1914 and had 295 performances at the Globe. Dillingham also staged the musical Stop! Look! Listen! at the Globe in 1915, with a ragtime score composed by Irving Berlin.
The first straight play at the Globe premiered in 1916, with J. Hartley Manners's The Harp of Life. The play featured Manners's wife Laurette Taylor along with young British actress Lynn Fontanne (a later namesake of the theater). Fred Stone returned the next year in Jack O' Lantern, following the death of Stone's partner Montgomery. The Canary, featuring Julia Sanderson and Joseph Cawthorn, premiered in 1918; the Globe also hosted a limited run of that year's Ziegfeld Follies. The decade ended with She's a Good Fellow with Joseph Santley and the Duncan Sisters in 1919, the run of which was truncated by the 1919 Actors' Equity Association strike. Dillingham had produced all of the theater's musicals and plays during the 1910s, while Jerome Kern and Anne Caldwell collaborated on many of the musical scores.
1920s and early 1930s
Dillingham had originally leased the theater from the Dillingham Theatre Company, operated by the Gould family. In April 1920, he bought the theater outright for $1.25 million, with plans to remodel the property for his offices. That July, W. T. Smith filed plans for a seven-story office wing at 1555 Broadway. Elaborate revues at the Globe, which were staged starting in the late 1910s, continued into the 1920s. These included the 1920 edition of George White's Scandals, the Globe's first show that did not have Dillingham as a writer. It was followed the same year by another Dillingham play, Tip Top with Stone and the Duncan Sisters, running 241 performances. The 1921 edition of the Ziegfeld Follies was staged at the Globe, and Kern and Caldwell's production Good Morning, Dearie opened the same year. Further editions of George White's Scandals premiered in 1922 and 1923. The former edition's score inspired the opera Porgy and Bess, while the latter saw little success.
Dillingham leased the theater to Oliver Morosco in January 1923 for the production of Lady Butterfly at the then-exorbitant price of $6,000 a week. Fred Stone and his daughter Dorothy performed later that year in the musical Stepping Stones, another Dillingham production. This was followed in 1924 by comedian Ed Wynn's The Grab Bag, which ran 184 performances. A major hit came to the Globe in 1925 with the opening of No, No, Nanette, where featured performer Louise Groody became the first musical-comedy performer to earn over $1 million. Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. was slated to run the Ziegfeld Follies at the Globe the following year, but he was not allowed to use the name due to a disagreement with his partners Klaw and Erlanger. As a result, in 1926, he hosted No Foolin (subsequently Ziegfeld's American Revue) at the Globe. The same year, Dillingham produced Criss Cross with Fred and Dorothy Stone, and Oh, Please! featured Beatrice Lillie. Fred Stone also planned to return to the Globe in 1928, appearing in Three Cheers with Dorothy, but he was replaced at the last minute with Will Rogers; the play ran through early 1929.
Bankruptcy and cinematic use
By 1930, the Globe Theatre was leased to Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) as a movie house, at least until a new RKO theater was finished on the site of the old Columbia Theatre. That year, the Dillingham Theater Company obtained a $200,000 second mortgage on the theater. Upon the expiry of RKO's lease in July 1931, the Globe returned to legitimate use. The play The Cat and the Fiddle, which opened later that year, was the last legitimate production at the Globe before the theater became a cinema for 25 years. Due to the Globe's financial troubles, The Cat and the Fiddle was moved to George M. Cohan's Theatre in May 1932. At the time, the second mortgage holder, Spear Securities, sought to foreclose on the theater. Dillingham's friends, including Fred Stone, attempted to recover the theater on his behalf.
Dillingham ultimately went into bankruptcy in 1933 with debts of over $7 million. A major factor in the bankruptcy was the Great Depression, during which many Broadway theaters were impacted by declining attendance. Spear Securities acquired the theater at a foreclosure auction in October 1932 for $1.125 million. Brandt Theatres subsequently began to lease the Globe for films. By the next year, the theater was owned by the Globe Land Corporation, and the New York Public Library held a $1.1 million first mortgage on the theater. Under Brandt's management, the Globe largely showed reruns, which drew complaints from the operator of the rival Roxy Theatre.
In February 1936, Harry Brandt of Brandt Theatres announced that he had purchased the Globe for $1.15 million, subject to existing mortgages. He then announced that he would renovate the Globe to serve as headquarters for his company. Brandt announced in 1938 that the Globe would begin to offer five-act vaudeville, followed by one film. The Globe hosted numerous premieres of films, including The Road Back in 1937 and The Roosevelt Story in 1947. Among the other films screened at the theater were Souls at Sea (1937), One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942), Eagle Squadron (1942), Somewhere in France (1943), The Macomber Affair (1947), Anna (1951), and On the Threshold of Space (1956). In 1951, Al Beckman and Johnny Pransky considered acquiring the Globe for their vaudeville circuit.
Lunt-Fontanne Theatre
Renovation and reopening
By 1955, Roger L. Stevens, Robert Whitehead, and Robert W. Dowling were negotiating to acquire the Globe Theatre for legitimate use. Stevens and Dowling reneged after conducting a study, which found they would have to spend $400,000 to renovate the theater and that the venue would only be able to fit about 1,300 people. The next June, Stevens partnered with William Zeckendorf in another bid to acquire the theater, with Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin as the producers. Despite some delays in September 1956, Stevens, Whitehead, Dowling, and Zeckendorf ultimately acquired the theater in 1957 under the City Playhouses name. Stevens and Whitehead were affiliated with Producers Theatre, while Dowling was affiliated with the City Investing Company, both of which had a 40 percent ownership stake. Zeckendorf's company Webb and Knapp owned the remaining 20 percent of the theater.
The firm of Roche and Roche renovated the interior extensively, replacing the two balcony levels with a single balcony, as well as closing and sealing the Broadway entrance. In addition, the original decorations were largely eliminated and replaced with 18th-century design details. The renovated theater had a plexiglass marquee on 46th Street with scalloped decorations, under which was a black-and-white sidewalk. When the theater was purchased, it was supposed to reopen in January 1958. The premiere attraction was planned to be the musical Zuleika, which was then swapped with Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. In February 1958, the Globe was renamed in honor of Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, who planned to retire after the inaugural show at the theater.
The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre opened on May 5, 1958, with Friedrich Dürrenmatt's The Visit, starring Lunt and Fontanne. Dowling, Stevens, and Whitehead had been threatened with a fine if they had not opened Visit by May 5. This production was the last one to feature Lunt and Fontanne on Broadway. Later that year, Zeckendorf's company Webb and Knapp sold the former entrance building at 1555 Broadway to the Rubinstein-Klein Realty Corporation. The revival of Much Ado About Nothing, with John Gielgud and Margaret Leighton, opened in 1959. It was followed the same year by the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music, which had 1,443 performances during the next three years, including some at the Mark Hellinger Theatre.
1960s to 1980s
In 1960, City Playhouses leased the theater to producers Cy Feuer and Ernest H. Martin for $2 million. The musical Little Me with Sid Caesar opened in 1962; in spite of critical acclaim, the musical's run ended early due to a newspaper strike. The following year, Martha Graham and her dance company performed at the Globe. Richard Burton appeared in a revival of Hamlet in 1964, the longest run of the play on Broadway; it was followed by several short musical runs. Feuer and Martin obtained total control of the Lunt-Fontanne the same year, when they bought the remaining ownership stake from the Kratter Corporation for $1 million. The partners sold the Lunt-Fontanne to developer Stanley Stahl in 1965. That year, the theater staged Skyscraper with Julie Harris's first musical appearance, followed in 1966 by Walking Happy with Norman Wisdom.
Shows of the late 1960s included Marlene Dietrich's Broadway debut in 1967, followed the same year by How Now, Dow Jones. Another revival of Hamlet was staged at the Lunt-Fontanne in 1969, this time with Nicol Williamson. The theater then underwent a renovation and was leased for one year by Lester Osterman. Afterward, Hal Linden and Keene Curtis starred in the musical The Rothschilds. The Nederlander Organization started operating the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in 1973. For much of that decade, the Lunt-Fontanne staged many revivals. Among them were A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum in 1972, The Pajama Game in 1973, Hello, Dolly! in 1978, and Peter Pan in 1979. The theater also hosted original productions during the 1970s, such as Rex in 1976.
In 1981, Duke Ellington's revue Sophisticated Ladies opened at the Lunt-Fontanne, running for 767 performances. This was followed by two revivals staged in 1983 by Zev Buffman: Private Lives and The Corn Is Green. In addition, Peggy Lee made her Broadway premiere the same year in a limited solo engagement. This was followed by a revival of The Wiz in 1984, and Jerry Weintraub purchased a stake in the operation of the Lunt-Fontanne the same year. A revival of The Iceman Cometh followed in 1985. The originals Uptown... It's Hot! and Smile were staged in 1986, as well as a transfer of The Gospel at Colonus in 1988. In addition to these, the Lunt-Fontanne hosted special appearances, including illusionist Doug Henning (1984); Grateful Dead vocalist Jerry Garcia (1987); rock band Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (1989); and singer Freddie Jackson (1989). Stahl and James M. Nederlander considered leasing out the Lunt-Fontanne as a movie theater in 1989, citing a downturn in theatrical bookings; The Threepenny Opera opened later that year. The theater also hosted the 43rd Tony Awards in 1989, followed by the 44th Tony Awards in 1990.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started to consider protecting the Lunt-Fontanne as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Lunt-Fontanne's facade as a landmark on December 8, 1987, but the modified interior was denied landmark status. This was part of the commission's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Nederlanders, the Shuberts, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Lunt-Fontanne, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
1990s to present
A second revival of Peter Pan, featuring Cathy Rigby, was staged at the Lunt-Fontanne in 1990, as was a concert by Harry Connick Jr. A 1991 transfer of Oh, Kay! closed during previews; Catskills on Broadway opened later the same year and ran for 13 months. Afterward, several flops were staged at the Lunt-Fontanne, including the musical Ain't Broadway Grand in 1993, as well as The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public and Comedy Tonight in 1994. Carol Channing, who had previously performed at the Lunt-Fontanne during the 1978 revival of Hello, Dolly!, returned for another revival in 1995, which ran 118 performances. The Royal Shakespeare Company produced A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1996, and the Sovremennik Theatre had eight Russian-language performances of two productions later that year.
The musical Titanic opened in 1997 and was a hit, earning enough money to fund renovations of the theater. In addition, the theater's owners sold some air rights to the developers of the neighboring Planet Hollywood Hotel in 1998. After Titanic run ended in March 1999, the theater was closed for much of the year while Sachs Morgan Studio renovated it, changing the lighting and paint scheme. The Planet Hollywood Hotel was being built during the same time, requiring contractors on that hotel to carefully monitor the Lunt-Fontanne for damage. Beauty and the Beast opened at the Lunt-Fontanne in late 1999, transferring from the Palace Theatre with a downsized cast, and ran until 2007. The Lunt-Fontanne was again renovated, and the bar area was demolished and rebuilt to accommodate a new building to the east. The Lunt-Fontanne reopened later that year with preview performances of The Little Mermaid, which officially opened in 2008 and ran until 2009.
The Lunt-Fontanne generally hosted shorter musicals and appearances in the 2010s. These included The Addams Family in 2010 and 2011; Ghost the Musical and A Christmas Story: The Musical in 2012; Motown: The Musical from 2013 to 2015; and Finding Neverland in 2015. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2014, the Nederlanders agreed to improve disabled access at their nine Broadway theaters, including the Lunt-Fontanne. The theater hosted a limited engagement by Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons and Kristin Chenoweth's solo My Love Letter to Broadway in 2016; the musical Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2017; and Summer: The Donna Summer Musical in 2018. Numerous performers had limited engagements at the Lunt-Fontanne in 2019 before the opening of Tina that November. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reopening on October 8, 2021, with performances of Tina, which ran until August 2022. A revival of Sweeney Todd starring Josh Groban and Annaleigh Ashford opened at the theater in early 2023.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include films screened at the theater. No productions were hosted at the theater between 1936 and 1958.
Globe Theatre
1910: The Girl in the Train
1911: A Gentleman of Leisure
1913: Mlle. Modiste
1915: Stop! Look! Listen!
1916: Betty
1918: Hitchy-Koo
1918, 1921: Ziegfeld Follies
1920, 1922, 1923: George White's Scandals
1922: The Bunch and Judy
1923: Stepping Stones
1925: Aren't We All?
1925: No, No, Nanette
1926: Criss Cross
1928: Three Cheers
1931: The Cat and the Fiddle
Lunt-Fontanne Theatre
1958: The Visit
1958: Goldilocks
1959: Les Ballets Africains
1959: Much Ado About Nothing
1959: The Sound of Music
1962: Little Me
1963: Arturo Ui
1964: Luther
1964: Hamlet
1964: Wiener Blut
1964: Ben Franklin in Paris
1965: Bajour
1965: Skyscraper
1966: Walking Happy
1967: Marlene Dietrich
1967: How Now, Dow Jones
1968: Her First Roman
1968: You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running
1969: Come Summer
1969: Hamlet
1969: La Strada
1970: Look to the Lilies
1970: The Rothschilds
1972: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
1972: Ambassador
1973: 6 Rms Riv Vu
1973: The Pajama Game
1974: The Sunshine Boys
1975: Raisin
1976: Rex
1976: My Fair Lady
1977: Primitive Mysteries
1977: The Shadow Box
1978: Hello, Dolly!
1978: A Broadway Musical
1979: Beatlemania
1979: Peter Pan
1981: Sophisticated Ladies
1983: Private Lives
1983: The Corn Is Green
1984: The Wiz
1985: The Iceman Cometh
1986: Uptown... It's Hot!
1986: Smile
1988: The Gospel at Colonus
1989: The Threepenny Opera
1990: Peter Pan
1991: Oh, Kay!
1994: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public
1995: Hello, Dolly!
1996: Three Sisters
1996: A Midsummer Night's Dream
1997: Titanic
1999: Beauty and the Beast
2008: The Little Mermaid
2010: The Addams Family
2012: Ghost the Musical
2012: A Christmas Story: The Musical
2013: Motown: The Musical
2015: Finding Neverland
2016: Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons on Broadway!
2016: Kristin Chenoweth: My Love Letter to Broadway
2017: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
2018: Summer: The Donna Summer Musical
2019: Morrissey
2019: Pure Yanni
2019: Mel Brooks on Broadway
2019: Regina Spektor: Live On Broadway
2019: Criss Angel Raw—The Mindfreak Unplugged
2019: Dave Chappelle on Broadway
2019: Manilow Broadway
2019: Tina: The Musical
2023: Sweeney Todd
See also
List of Broadway theaters
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Beaux-Arts architecture in New York City
Broadway theatres
Carrère and Hastings buildings
Nederlander Organization
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1910 |
4401254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longacre%20Theatre | Longacre Theatre | The Longacre Theatre is a Broadway theater at 220 West 48th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Opened in 1913, it was designed by Henry B. Herts and was named for Longacre Square, now known as Times Square. The Longacre has 1,077 seats and is operated by The Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium's interior are New York City designated landmarks.
The ground-floor facade is made of rusticated blocks of terracotta. The theater's main entrance is shielded by a marquee. The upper stories are divided vertically into five bays, which contain niches on either side of three large windows. The auditorium contains ornamental plasterwork, a sloped orchestra level, two balconies, and a coved ceiling. The balcony level contains box seats topped by flat arches, and the proscenium opening is also a flat arch. In addition, the Longacre contains two lounges, and the top story formerly had offices.
Theatrical personality Harry Frazee acquired the site in 1911 and developed the Longacre Theatre to accommodate musicals. The Longacre opened on May 1, 1913, with the play Are You a Crook?, but the theater housed several flops in its early years. Frazee, who co-owned the theater with G. M. Anderson, sold his ownership stake in 1917 to focus on baseball. The Shubert brothers acquired the Longacre in 1924 and operated it for two decades before leasing it as a radio and television studio in 1944. The Shuberts returned the Longacre to legitimate theatrical use in 1953. The theater gained a reputation for hosting few successful productions in the late 20th century and was nearly converted to a court in the early 1990s. The Longacre was renovated in 2008.
Site
The Longacre Theatre is on 220 West 48th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The square land lot covers , with a frontage of about on 48th Street and a depth of 100 feet. The Longacre shares the block with the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre to the west, the Ethel Barrymore Theatre to the south, and the Morgan Stanley Building to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and Walter Kerr Theatre to the north; Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan to the northeast; 20 Times Square to the east; the Hotel Edison and Lunt-Fontanne Theatre to the south; and the Lena Horne Theatre and Paramount Hotel to the southwest.
Before the Longacre Theatre was developed, the surrounding area generally had a mixture of low-rise residences and industrial buildings. The site of the Longacre Theatre was previously occupied by a row of four residences, each of which was three stories high. At the time of the theater's construction, the site to the east contained a carriage factory, while the Union Methodist Church was across 48th Street.
Design
The Longacre Theatre was designed by Henry B. Herts and constructed for baseball personality Harry Frazee. Herts had designed several Broadway theaters with his partner Hugh Tallant, including the New Amsterdam Theatre and Lyceum Theatre, but the partnership dissolved in the early 1910s. The Longacre was one of the first Broadway theaters that Herts designed alone.
Facade
The main elevation of the facade faces north on 48th Street and is arranged symmetrically with classical French details. Early news articles about the theater described it as having a facade of gray limestone and terracotta, with the terracotta pieces being painted in several colors. A contemporary New-York Tribune article compared the theater to the Whitehall Palace, while a New York Times article said the theater's exterior "gives a cheerful touch of snap and cheer to the old-time structures formerly characteristic of this block". The west and east elevations contain brick walls with window openings and fire escapes.
At ground level along 48th Street, there is a water table made of granite, above which are rusticated blocks of terracotta. The ground level contains five doorways, separated by sign boards. The three center openings are each approached by a single step; each opening contains a metal-and-glass double door topped by a transom. On either side of the central doors is a recessed doorway containing metal double doors. A frieze decorated with foliate moldings, as well as a horizontal band with facets, runs above the first floor. Above all of these openings is a metal marquee. The stage door is to the left of the main entrance doors. According to early photographs, the ground-floor facade was originally composed of colored terracotta tiles, the color of which complemented the upper stories.
The upper stories are divided into five bays, separated by fluted pilasters. The lower section of each pilaster contains a floral decoration, an urn, and a niche with a female statue personifying Drama; the statues hold masks and scrolls. The pilasters are topped by Corinthian-style capitals. The three inner bays (directly above the marquee) contain double-height openings, each with a window and a transom bar that is divided horizontally into three sections. The bottoms of each window contain sills with brackets and reeded panels, while the spaces above contain curved pediments. A triangular sign is placed over the center window. The outermost two bays contain paneling, as well as corbels that support empty niches. Large billboards were originally hung over the outermost bays.
Near the top of each bay, between the pilasters' capitals, is a frieze panel in each bay. Each panel consists of an oval plaque, which is flanked by circular medallions with scallop and mask motifs. Above this, an entablature wraps across the width of the facade; it contains fluted tiles on either side of an inscription with the words "The Longacre Theatre". The entablature is topped by a cornice with modillions and lions' heads. Above the cornice is an attic story with two recessed sash windows in each bay. The interiors of the recessed window openings are decorated with medallions and foliate motifs. The attic story's bays are separated by projecting pilasters with urns and foliate decoration. There is an architrave and a parapet just below the roof.
Interior
The theater was intended to be fireproof, with stone, brick, steel, terracotta, and reinforced concrete being used in its construction. The auditorium has an orchestra level, two balconies, boxes and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium's width is slightly greater than its depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in relief. The Longacre's operator The Shubert Organization cites the auditorium as having 1,077 seats; meanwhile, Playbill cites 1,045 seats and The Broadway League cites 1,091 seats. These are divided into 508 in the orchestra, 304 in the first balcony, 249 in the second balcony, and 16 in the boxes. The 1,077-seat capacity dates to a 2008 renovation, when 18 seats were removed to improve wheelchair accessibility and sight lines. The orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible via the main doors; the balcony levels are primarily accessed by steps, but there is a small wheelchair lift.
The original color scheme contained Roman gold, with topaz carpets, wisteria seats, and gold draperies. Though the decorative scheme was described in one source as "extremely simple", the decorative motifs that did exist were highly elaborate, and some motifs were repeated multiple times. The auditorium's current color scheme, which consists of gold and green hues, dates to 2008.
The theater's lobby was originally decorated in gray-green colors, with highlights of gold and serpentine marble. The dressing rooms behind the stage are completely insulated from the auditorium by a heavy steel wall. In addition, Frazee's offices were placed above the auditorium. In a 2008 renovation, a basement lounge was excavated, and the attic was turned into an upper lounge with a bar and bathrooms.
Seating areas
The rear of the orchestra contains a promenade. The rear wall of the promenade and the side walls of the orchestra contain plasterwork paneling, as well as doorways with eared frames. The promenade ceiling has molded ribs. Staircases with wrought-iron railings lead from the promenade to the balcony levels. The orchestra is raked, sloping down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. The front walls of the auditorium curve inward toward the proscenium opening. The ground floor formerly had three boxes near the proscenium.
Promenades also exist behind both balcony levels. The balcony walls have similar plasterwork paneling and eared doorway frames to the orchestra level. An entablature runs atop the front portion of the second balcony's walls; it wraps above the boxes on both sides of the auditorium, as well as above the proscenium arch. There are light fixtures and air conditioning vents underneath both balcony levels, as well as a technical booth behind the second balcony's rear wall. The balcony fronts were originally decorated with plasterwork swags and fleurettes. The ornamentation on the undersides and front railings of both balconies was removed at some point after the theater's opening, then restored in 2008. The balconies are shallow and placed at a low height, a deliberate design choice that brought these seats closer to the stage.
On either side of the proscenium is one curved box at the first balcony level. The boxes are housed within flat-arched openings. As with the balconies, the boxes' fronts were originally decorated with plasterwork swags and fleurettes, but the original ornamentation on the boxes' undersides and front railings was removed after the theater's opening. The boxes' ornamentation was also restored in 2008. Above each box is an entablature with foliate motifs and a cornice with dentils. An Adam-style band surrounds each box's arch. In addition, there is an oval medallion depicting a helmet and shield, which interrupts the Adam-style band.
Other design features
Next to the boxes is a flat proscenium arch. The inner edge of the archway contains a molded band of shells. A wider band with foliate and latticework motifs also surrounds the archway. News sources from 1913 describe the band being made of gold and "breccia violet marble". Above the center of the arch is a cartouche, which is decorated with foliate motifs; the cartouche overlaps both the wide band and the entablature above it. The entablature is decorated with helmets and symbols of laurel bands, spears, and shields. The proscenium measures high and wide. The depth of the auditorium to the proscenium is , while the depth to the front of the stage is . The stage measures wide and either or deep.
The ceiling is slightly coved at its edges, though the rest of the ceiling is flat. A coved, molded band separates the ceiling into front and rear sections. A wide panel containing cartouches, foliate decoration, and latticework is placed at the front of the ceiling. Two chandeliers hang from either side of this panel. The rear section of the ceiling is semicircular and is surrounded by a band with foliate decorations.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century. From 1901 to 1920, forty-three theaters were built around Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, including the Longacre Theatre. Harry Frazee was a theatrical personality (and later a baseball executive) from Peoria, Illinois, who entered the industry as a 16-year-old theater usher in 1896. Frazee subsequently moved to Chicago, operating theaters and producing several shows.
Development and early years
In late 1911, the lots at 220 to 228 West 48th Street were sold to Frazee and George W. Lederer. The site would be redeveloped with a theater known as the Longacre, after Times Square's former name. Several architects had already proposed designs for the theater. By January 1912, Henry B. Herts had been selected as the architect, and he filed plans for the theater that month with the New York City Department of Buildings. Frazee planned to house his own musicals at the Longacre. Construction started in May 1912 at an estimated cost of $150,000. By August 1912, the theater was reportedly near completion and scheduled to open that October. The opening was then delayed to November, and the scaffolding in front of the theater was disassembled by October. The theater's completion stalled due to "strikes and contractors' difficulties", including the bankruptcy of a contractor. Philip Bartholomae made an unsuccessful offer of $400,000 for the theater in December 1912, and work resumed shortly afterward. The delays nearly doubled the cost to $275,000.
The Longacre opened on May 1, 1913, with Are You a Crook?, a farce about criminals that closed after 12 performances. It was one of nine theaters to open in Times Square during the 1912–1913 theatrical season. The musical Adele, which opened in August 1913, was much more successful. The Longacre hosted several flops afterward. In April 1914, the theater went into foreclosure to satisfy an outstanding mortgage of $70,000, though the foreclosure proceeding was subsequently withdrawn. The same year, the Longacre hosted the melodrama A Pair of Sixes, which lasted 188 performances, and the farce Kick In with John Barrymore, which had 207 total performances. During 1915, the Longacre's productions included Inside the Lines with Lewis Stone, A Full House with May Vokes, and The Great Lover with Leo Ditrichstein.
In April 1916, Frazee and G. M. Anderson bought the Longacre Theatre; previously, they had leased it from Pincus and Goldstone. The Longacre's next hit was Nothing but the Truth, which opened in 1916 and starred William Collier Sr. for 332 performances. In November 1916, during the run of Nothing but the Truth, Frazee sold his interest in the Longacre to Anderson, L. Lawrence Weber, and F. Ray Comstock. Frazee wished to focus on managing the Boston Red Sox, which he had just acquired. The Longacre then hosted two popular shows in the late 1910s. Guy Bolton, Jerome Kern, and P. G. Wodehouse provided music for the intimate musical Leave It to Jane in 1917, while Bolton and George Middleton collaborated on Adam and Eva in 1919.
1920s to early 1940s
The Longacre hosted Pitter Patter with William T. Kent in 1920 and The Champion with Grant Mitchell the next year. Ethel Barrymore then leased the theater in June 1922, appearing in three plays there: Rose Bernd, Romeo and Juliet, and The Laughing Lady. Another hit in 1923 was Little Jessie James, with music by Harry Archer and Harlan Thompson, which ran for 385 performances. The Shubert brothers acquired the Longacre in May 1924 for $600,000. William B. Friedlander and Con Conrad wrote the music for two of the Longacre's next works: Moonlight and Mercenary Mary. Also in 1925, George S. Kaufman produced The Butter and Egg Man, the only play Kaufman wrote without collaborating. The Longacre then staged An American Tragedy in 1926, featuring Morgan Farley and Miriam Hopkins for 216 performances, and the comedy The Command to Love the next year, which ran for 236 performances.
The Longacre's offerings in the late 1920s included Jarnegan with Richard and Joan Bennett, Hawk Island with Clark Gable, and A Primer for Lovers with Alison Skipworth. In general, the Longacre did not hold any long runs in 1930 or 1931. The shows during this time included The Matriarch in 1930 with Constance Collier and Jessica Tandy, as well as Nikki in 1931 with Fay Wray. The next hit came in 1932, when Blessed Event opened with Roger Pryor. The Longacre then staged Nine Pine Street, and Wednesday's Child. The Longacre hosted many flops during the Great Depression, sometimes with a several-month gap between productions. In March 1935, the Group Theatre premiered Clifford Odets's Till the Day I Die and Waiting for Lefty, which starred Odets, Elia Kazan, and Lee J. Cobb for 135 performances. That December, the Group Theatre staged Paradise Lost, another Odets play, at the Longacre.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA)'s Federal Theatre Project had planned to rent the Longacre in 1936, but the WPA rescinded its plan due to protests from stagehand unions. Artef, a Yiddish theatre group, was also negotiating for the Longacre. The Longacre's productions during this time included a Hedda Gabler revival with Alla Nazimova, followed by The Lady Has a Heart with Elissa Landi. The Longacre hosted Paul Osborn's On Borrowed Time in 1938, which ran for 321 performances. Another Osborn play, Morning's at Seven in 1939, had a 44-performance run at the Longacre (though its 1980 Broadway revival was far more successful). In the early 1940s, the Longacre was generally filled by productions with less than 100 performances. The major exception to this was Three's a Family, which opened in 1943 and ran for 497 performances.
Mid-1940s to 1960s
By April 1944, the Shuberts were planning to relocate Three Is a Family so the Longacre could be leased to the Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS) for use as a broadcast studio. The next month, MBS signed a five-year lease. A year after moving into the theater, MBS added some offices on the Longacre's top story to alleviate crowding at its other buildings. The Longacre also served as the home of AM radio station WOR, which used the theater for shows like Broadway Talks Back, as well as The American Forum of the Air starting in 1947. The Longacre was the only MBS studio that allowed audiences, but WOR (which was operated by MBS) did not allow audiences at its broadcasts. Because the theater was being used as a studio, the Shuberts refused to comply with a 1948 ordinance that would have required any theater showing legitimate plays to give 2 percent of profits to the city government. By 1949, as a result of a shortage of studios in New York City, MBS rival CBS had started broadcasting This is Broadway from the Longacre.
Ultimately, the Longacre was used as a radio and television studio for nine and a half years. The Broadway theatre industry had improved by mid-1953, when a shortage of available theaters prompted the Shuberts to return the Longacre to legitimate productions. The first production at the newly reopened Longacre was Dorothy Parker and Arnaud d'Usseau's Ladies of the Corridor, which opened in October 1953. Ladies of the Corridor was not a success, and neither was Jean Anouilh's Mademoiselle Colombe in 1954. More successful was Lillian Hellman's version of Anouilh's The Lark, which opened in 1955 and featured Julie Harris, Boris Karloff, and Christopher Plummer. This was followed in 1957 by Fair Game, which featured Sam Levene and Ellen Burstyn. Another hit at the Longacre was Samuel Taylor's 1958 comedy The Pleasure of His Company, which featured Cornelia Otis Skinner, Walter Abel, Dolores Hart, George Peppard, Cyril Ritchard, and Charlie Ruggles.
Eugène Ionesco's Rhinoceros opened at the Longacre in 1961 and featured Zero Mostel. A transfer of Ossie Davis's Purlie Victorious followed at the end of the same year. The Longacre also hosted Henry Denker's A Case of Libel in 1963, with Sidney Blackmer, Larry Gates, and Van Heflin, followed in 1964 by Lorraine Hansberry's The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window with Gabriel Dell and Rita Moreno. In 1966, the theater hosted a short run of Tennessee Williams's Slapstick Tragedy (composed of The Mutilated and The Gnadiges Fraulein), Hal Holbrook's solo show Mark Twain Tonight!, and a solo appearance by Gilbert Bécaud. Holbrook, Teresa Wright, and Lillian Gish starred in Robert Anderson's play Never Sang for My Father at the Longacre in 1968. The National Theatre of the Deaf also performed at the Longacre for a limited engagement in 1969.
1970s and 1980s
William Goldman's 1969 book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway had specifically cited the Longacre as a flop theater. Goldman wrote that the Longacre was not near many other theaters, especially as compared with venues on 45th Street, and claimed that the Longacre hosted weak shows because its owners "could only get dreck to play there". According to theatrical historian Louis Botto, this reinforced "the notion that no hits open there", creating a cycle of flops in the early 1970s. Some productions during this time, such as Keep Off the Grass (1972), limited the audience to 499 because a 500-seat house would require negotiations with Broadway theatrical unions. The Longacre finally saw a hit in 1975 with the opening of The Ritz, which featured Moreno, Jerry Stiller, and Jack Weston for 400 performances. Julie Harris starred in the solo The Belle of Amherst in 1976. This was followed by revivals of No Man's Land, The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel, and Jesus Christ Superstar. At some point during the 1970s, the interior was painted over in a cream color.
In 1978, the Fats Waller revue [[Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)|Ain't Misbehavin''']] opened at the Longacre, ultimately seeing 1,604 performances over three theaters.; The Longacre's next hit was Children of a Lesser God with Phyllis Frelich and John Rubinstein, which opened in 1980 and had 887 performances. The Longacre often remained dark for several consecutive months during the 1980s, and a 1987 New York Times article reported that the theater had been empty for 201 of the past 208 weeks. Shows during the decade included Passion, Play Memory, Harrigan 'N Hart, A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, Precious Sons, The Musical Comedy Murders of 1940, Don't Get God Started, and Hizzoner!. A video for the song The Rum Tum Tugger, from the musical Cats, was also shot at the Longacre during one of its dark periods in 1984. During the late 1980s, the Shuberts renovated the Longacre as part of a restoration program for their Broadway theaters.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Longacre as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Longacre's facade and interior as a landmark on December 8, 1987. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Longacre, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
1990s to present
The Longacre hosted the musical Truly Blessed, a showcase of Mahalia Jackson's music, for a month in 1990. No other shows had been staged when, in November 1991, the city and state government officials proposed setting up a community courtroom in the theater to process misdemeanor summonses. The Shubert Organization was to donate the space for three years. Theatrical personalities heavily opposed the plan, not only because it would require extensive renovations, but also because another Broadway house (the Mark Hellinger Theatre) had been converted to non-theatrical use. Another site for the court was eventually identified, and the Longacre returned to legitimate use with a short run of Tango Pasion in April 1993. Frank D. Gilroy's Any Given Day also had a short run of 32 performances the same year. A revival of Medea with Diana Rigg was hosted in 1994, followed by a short run of Phillip Hayes Dean's Paul Robeson with Avery Brooks in 1995.
Horton Foote's The Young Man from Atlanta opened at the Longacre in 1997, followed by David Henry Hwang's Golden Child the next year. The Longacre then hosted The Gershwins' Fascinating Rhythm in April 1999 and John Pielmeier's Voices in the Dark that August. In 2001, the Longacre hosted two brief runs: Judgment at Nuremberg and A Thousand Clowns. The musical One Mo' Time ran for only three weeks in 2002, while Russell Simmons Def Poetry Jam opened later that year and ran six months. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2003, the Shuberts agreed to improve disabled access at their 16 landmarked Broadway theaters, including the Longacre. The Longacre then had two major flops: The Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (2003), which closed after one performance, and Prymate (2004), which lasted five performances. A revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? opened in 2005, followed by a transfer of the off-Broadway hit Well in 2006. The Longacre had no productions for about a year until Talk Radio opened in March 2007.
After Talk Radio ended, the Longacre was closed for a $12 million renovation by Kostow Greenwood Architects. The marquee was replaced and the climate control system was refurbished. The interior spaces were extensively rebuilt with new seats and lounges, as well as restored decorations, including an approximation of the original color scheme. Original decorative elements, removed in previous renovations, were restored to the balcony and boxes. The theater reopened in May 2008 with the farce Boeing Boeing, which ran until the following January; Boeing Boeing 279-performance run was the longest of any production at the Longacre in almost three decades. The next hit was Burn the Floor, which opened in August 2009 and ran for five months.
Productions in the early 2010s included La Cage aux Folles in 2010, Chinglish in 2011, Magic/Bird and The Performers in 2012, First Date the Musical in 2013, and Of Mice and Men and You Can't Take It with You in 2014. This was followed by the musicals Allegiance in 2015, A Bronx Tale in 2016, The Prom in 2018, and The Lightning Thief in 2019. A Bronx Tale achieved the box office record for the theater, grossing $1,293,125.32 over nine performances for the week ending January 1, 2017. During the run of The Prom, in 2019, Broadway's first known onstage wedding happened at the Longacre between two women. On March 12, 2020, the theater closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened on November 2, 2021, with previews of Diana, which ran seven weeks. A limited revival of the play Macbeth opened in April 2022, followed by the play Leopoldstadt in October 2022. The Broadway transfer of the musical Lempicka, based on the life of Tamara de Lempicka, will open at the theater on April 14, 2024.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include programs broadcast from there.
1913: Adele 1914: A Pair of Sixes 1914: Secret Strings 1917: Leave It to Jane 1919: Ghosts 1919: Adam and Eva 1921: Nobody's Money 1923: Rose Bernd 1923: Romeo and Juliet 1923: Little Jessie James 1925: The Butter and Egg Man 1930: Ritzy 1934: Wednesday's Child 1935: Till the Day I Die/Waiting for Lefty 1935: Kind Lady 1935: Paradise Lost 1936: Hedda Gabler 1938: On Borrowed Time 1939: Wuthering Heights 1939: The Three Sisters 1939: Morning's at Seven 1940: Leave Her to Heaven 1940: Johnny Belinda 1942: Hedda Gabler 1954: Mademoiselle Colombe 1954: The Burning Glass 1954: The Tender Trap 1955: Tea and Sympathy 1955: The Honeys 1955: The Lark 1957: Holiday for Lovers 1959: An Evening With Yves Montand 1961: The Rhinoceros 1961: Purlie Victorious 1964: The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window 1966: Mark Twain Tonight 1966: The Mutilated/The Gnadiges Fraulein 1966: A Hand Is on the Gate 1966: Gilbert Becaud on Broadway 1967: Daphne in Cottage D 1968: Cactus Flower 1970: Candida 1970: Les Blancs 1971: The Me Nobody Knows 1972: The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window 1974: Thieves 1975: The Ritz 1976: The Belle of Amherst 1976: Checking Out 1976: No Man's Land 1977: The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel 1977: Jesus Christ Superstar 1978: Ain't Misbehavin' 1979: Faith Healer 1979: Bosoms and Neglect 1979: But Never Jam Today 1980: Children of a Lesser God 1983: Passion 1985: Harrigan 'N Hart 1985: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg 1987: The Musical Comedy Murders of 1940 1993: Tony Bennett: Steppin' Out on Broadway 1994: Medea 1997: The Young Man From Atlanta 1998: Golden Child 2001: Judgment at Nuremberg 2001: A Thousand Clowns 2002: One Mo' Time 2002: Russell Simmons Def Poetry Jam 2005: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 2006: Well 2007: Talk Radio 2008: Boeing Boeing 2009: Burn the Floor 2010: La Cage aux Folles 2011: Chinglish 2012: Magic/Bird 2012: The Performers 2013: First Date the Musical 2014: Of Mice and Men 2014: You Can't Take It with You 2015: Allegiance 2016: A Bronx Tale 2018: The Prom 2019: The Lightning Thief 2021: Diana 2022: Macbeth 2022: Leopoldstadt''
See also
List of Broadway theaters
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1913 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Shubert Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1913 |
4401257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Golden%20Theatre | John Golden Theatre | The John Golden Theatre, formerly the Theatre Masque and Masque Theater, is a Broadway theater at 252 West 45th Street (George Abbott Way) in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1927, the Golden Theatre was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in a Spanish style and was built for real-estate developer Irwin S. Chanin. It has 800 seats across two levels and is operated by the Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.
The facade is designed in a Spanish style with golden brick, terracotta, and stone. The ground floor, which contains the theater's entrance, is clad in rusticated blocks of terracotta above a granite water table. Above are a set of three double-height arches, as well as two terracotta plaques. The facade is topped by a loggia. The auditorium contains Spanish-style detailing, a large balcony, and a rib-arched ceiling. Due to the theater's small size, it lacks box seats. The balcony, proscenium arch, and exit arches are ornately decorated, with geometric panels and twisting colonettes.
The Golden, Majestic, and Bernard B. Jacobs theaters, along with the Lincoln Hotel, were all developed by Chanin and designed by Krapp as part of a theater/hotel complex. The Masque opened on February 24, 1927, and was the second of the three theaters to open. The Shubert family took over the Masque in 1930 but subsequently went into receivership, and producer John Golden leased the theater in 1936. Golden renamed the theater after himself in 1937, and the Shuberts regained full control in 1945. The Golden has mostly remained in legitimate use since then, except from 1946 to 1948, when it was used as a cinema. Over the years, the Golden has largely been used for productions with small casts, as well as revues.
Site
The John Golden Theatre is on 252 West 45th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 44th Street and a depth of . The Golden Theatre shares the city block with the Row NYC Hotel to the west. It adjoins six other theaters: the Bernard B. Jacobs, Gerald Schoenfeld, and Booth to the east; the Broadhurst and Shubert to the southeast; and the Majestic to the south. Other nearby structures include the Music Box Theatre and Imperial Theatre to the north; the New York Marriott Marquis to the northeast; One Astor Plaza to the east; and Sardi's restaurant, the Hayes Theater, and the St. James Theatre one block south.
The Golden is part of the largest concentration of Broadway theaters on a single block. The adjoining block of 45th Street is also known as George Abbott Way, and foot traffic on the street increases box-office totals for the theaters there. The Majestic, Masque (Golden), and Royale (Bernard B. Jacobs) theaters and the Lincoln Hotel (Row NYC Hotel) had all been developed concurrently. The site of all four buildings had previously occupied by twenty brownstone residences. The site was part of the Astor family estate from 1803 to 1922, when it was sold to Henry Claman. The plots collectively measured wide along Eighth Avenue, along 44th Street, and along 45th Street.
Design
The John Golden Theatre, originally the Theatre Masque, was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in the Spanish style and was constructed from 1926 to 1927 for the Chanin brothers. The theater is named after producer John Golden (1874–1955). It was part of an entertainment complex along with the Lincoln Hotel and the Majestic and Royale theaters, which were also designed by Krapp in a Spanish style. The Masque was designed to be the smallest theater in that complex, with about 800 seats. The Chanin Realty and Construction Company constructed all four structures. The Golden is operated by the Shubert Organization.
Facade
The facade is symmetrically arranged. The ground floor is clad in rusticated blocks of terracotta above a granite water table. At ground level, the auditorium entrance includes four pairs of glass and aluminum doors. There is a modern bronze-framed sign board to the left, or east, of the doors. In addition, there are two display boxes on either side of the doors, with volutes on one of the boxes and stylized lions on the other box on either side. A plaque memorializing the theater's namesake is placed beside the doors. The entrance is topped by a marquee. A terracotta cornice and a band course run above the ground floor. The stage door is to the right, or east, of the main facade and is shared with the Majestic and Bernard B. Jacobs theaters.
The upper stories contain gold-colored, bonded Roman brick. The brick facade was designed to relate to the adjacent theaters and hotel. The center of the facade has a set of three arches spanning the second and third stories. The arches have molded Della Robbia foliate decoration, placed on terracotta piers that contain Corinthian-style capitals. On the second story, there are metal-framed casement windows with multiple panes, above which is a horizontal rope molding. The arches do not have windows on the third story. A similar, wider arcade exists on the neighboring Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.
A sign with the theater's name is placed in front of the center arch. Toward the top of the facade, there are terracotta medallions depicting fictional beasts and foliate decorations. The parapet of the facade contains a terracotta balustrade. Above the center portion of the facade is a loggia, which in turn is placed on a balustrade and console brackets. The loggia has six single columns with decorative capitals, which support a cornice with modillions, as well as a Spanish-tile hip roof. The Golden's loggia complements a similar one on the stage-house wing of the Bernard B. Jacobs.
Auditorium
The original color scheme was red and blue, accented with gray, while the seat coverings were colored burnt orange. The interior is laid out in a similar Spanish style to the exterior. The layout was part of an effort by Irwin Chanin, one of the developers, to "democratize" the seating arrangement of the theater. The Golden was designed with a single balcony rather than the typical two, since Chanin had perceived the second balcony to be distant. The Chanin brothers wanted the three theaters' interior designs to be distinct while still adhering to a Spanish motif. Following a 2013 renovation, the theater has had an orange/red and blue/green color scheme, resembling the original.
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium's width is greater than its depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in high relief. According to the Shubert Organization, the auditorium has 802 seats; meanwhile, Playbill cites 787 seats and The Broadway League cites 805 seats. The physical seats are divided into 465 seats in the orchestra, 110 at the front of the balcony, and 227 at the rear of the balcony. The Golden does not have boxes. There are restrooms and drinking fountains below the orchestra. An article from 1927 noted that the theater had 800 seats, which were slightly wider than seats in typical Broadway theaters of the time.
Seating areas
The rear of the orchestra contains doors from the ticket lobby, which leads to a promenade behind a modern wall. There are decorative exit signs above the doorways, which are at the center of the rear wall. The orchestra floor is raked, and the eastern wall is curved inward due to the presence of the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre next door. The orchestra and its promenade contain walls with rough stucco blocks. Lighting sconces are mounted onto the wall. Two staircases lead between the orchestra and the balcony. The orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible, but there are no elevators to the balcony. On either side of the front section of the orchestra, there are pointed arches with two pairs of doors. The doors are flanked by twisting columns and contain decorative exit-sign frames above them. There are also shields on the walls, high above the arches. The doorways originally had red velour curtains, which were restored during a 2013 renovation.
The balcony level is divided into front and rear sections by an aisle halfway across its depth, where ornate metal railings surround the staircases. The front section curves forward toward the walls and contains decorative metal balustrades. As at the orchestra level, the walls contain lighting sconces. The walls consist of paneled stucco blocks with low relief Moorish designs. There are arched doorways with exit doors at the front of the balcony. Above the wall is a geometric frieze, which forms the wall's cornice. Geometric-patterned panels are placed along the front and underside of the balcony. Lights have been installed in front of the balcony.
Other design features
Next to the arched exits at orchestra level is an elliptical proscenium arch. The archway is flanked by a pair of twisted columns, above which are colonettes that rise to the imposts of the arch. There is a band with geometric patterns along the arch itself. The coved ceiling is composed of arched ribs, which separate the auditorium into sections. The arches are supported on corbels on each wall, with twisting colonettes beside each corbel, while the ribs themselves have low-relief cameos, shields, and geometric patterns. A frieze with geometric patterns runs just below the ceiling. At the rear of the auditorium, the ceiling has a flat surface with a technical booth surrounded by grilles. The depth of the auditorium to the proscenium is , while the depth to the front of the stage is .
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. During the 1900s and 1910s, many theaters in Midtown Manhattan were developed by the Shubert brothers, one of the major theatrical syndicates of the time. The Chanin brothers developed another grouping of theaters in the mid-1920s. Though the Chanins largely specialized in real estate rather than theaters, Irwin Chanin had become interested in theater when he was an impoverished student at the Cooper Union. He subsequently recalled that he had been "humiliated" by having to use a separate door whenever he bought cheap seats in an upper balcony level. By October 1926, the Chanins had decided to construct and operate a theatrical franchise "in New York and half a dozen other large cities in the United States". Herbert Krapp had already designed the 46th Street, Biltmore, and Mansfield theaters for the Chanins in 1925 and 1926.
Development and early years
Chanin operation
The Chanin brothers had acquired the Klaman site in May 1925. The Chanins planned to build a hotel on Eighth Avenue and three theaters on the side streets. In March 1926, Krapp filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings for the hotel and theaters, which were projected to cost $4.5 million. Local news media reported that there would be a large theater on 44th Street and a medium-sized theater and a small theater on 45th Street. The brownstones on the site were razed starting in May, and the site was cleared by the next month. That July, the Chanin brothers received a $7.5 million loan for the four developments from S. W. Straus & Co. Irwin Chanin launched a competition the same month, asking the public to suggest names for the three theaters. The names of the three theaters were announced in December 1926. The large theater became the Majestic; the mid-sized theater, the Royale; and the small theater, the Masque. The following month, the Chanins gave A. L. Erlanger exclusive control over bookings at the three new theaters and their five existing houses.
The Theatre Masque opened on February 24, 1927, with the play Puppets of Passion. The Masque was the second of the three new Chanin theaters to open. The opening of the Majestic, Masque, and Royale signified the westward extension of the traditional Broadway theater district, as well as an expansion of the Chanins' theatrical developments. Each of the Chanin theaters was intended for a different purpose: the 1,800-seat Majestic for "revues and light operas", the 1,200-seat Royale for "musical comedies", and the 800-seat Masque for "intimate" plays. The Chanin brothers were especially optimistic about the Masque, which was the closest of their theaters to the new Eighth Avenue subway line. Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times said the "Theatre Masque is pleasing and comfortable", while Burns Mantle of the New York Daily News said that he "liked particularly the curtain and the carpet". However, both men disliked Puppets of Passion, which flopped after twelve performances.
The Masque mostly hosted flops in its first two years. Puppets of Passion was followed by The Comic, which lasted just 15 performances, then by a revival of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta Patience, which ran a similarly short 16 performances. In August 1927, Robert Milton leased the Masque for several years. The rest of 1927 was taken up by three short-running productions: Revelry, The King Can Do No Wrong, and Venus. The Masque fared not much better in 1928, when it hosted eight productions. Relations, a comedy by Edward Clark, was the only production in 1928 to run more than 100 performances, though Scarlet Fox and Young Love both came close. In July 1929, the Shubert brothers bought the Chanin brothers' half-ownership stakes in the Majestic, Masque, and Royale theaters for a combined $1.8 million. In exchange, the Shuberts sold a parcel of land on the Upper West Side to the Chanins, who bought several adjacent lots and developed the Century apartment building there. The Masque's first major hit was Rope's End in 1929, subsequently adapted into the Alfred Hitchcock film Rope. John Drinkwater's Bird in Hand premiered at the Masque that December, and it relocated within a month, eventually playing 500 performances.
1930s and early 1940s
The Shuberts obtained the exclusive rights to operate the Masque in 1930, though the productions of that decade largely flopped. The first production of that year was a transfer of Martin Flavin's hit Broken Dishes, which had transferred from the Ritz Theatre. Also in 1930, the Masque presented Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett's play Up Pops the Devil, with 146 performances. It was succeeded the next year by the DuBose Heyward drama Brass Ankle; a short run of The Venetian; and Norman Krasna's comedy Louder, Please. The original romance Goodbye Again, with Osgood Perkins, opened in 1932 and ran for 212 performances. Tobacco Road, another eventual hit, premiered at the Masque in 1933 and relocated the next month. The Masque's other successes of the mid-1930s included Post Road in 1934, Laburnum Grove in 1935, and Russet Mantle in 1936, all of which had over 100 performances.
The Broadway theater industry declined during the Great Depression, and the Majestic, Masque, and Royale were auctioned in November 1936 to satisfy a $2 million mortgage against the theaters. A representative of the Shubert family bought the rights to operate the theaters for $700,000, but the Bankers Securities Corporation retained a half interest. The Holmeses of Baker Street, which opened in December 1936, was the last show to be produced at the Masque before the theater changed names. At the end of the month, producer John Golden leased the Masque, with plans to renovate the theater and rename it after himself. The name "John Golden Theatre" had previously been applied to the neighboring Royale in 1934, but Golden had lost the right to operate the Royale in the 1936 auction. The Theatre Masque became the John Golden Theatre on January 26, 1937, and the flop And Now Goodbye became the first production in the newly renamed theater the next week.
The Golden continued to host flops after its renaming. One especially short run was Curtain Call in 1937, which had four performances before closing. The Golden's next hit was Paul Vincent Carroll's Shadow and Substance, which opened in 1938 and ran for 206 performances. Another play by Carroll, The White Steed, was moderately successful after relocating to the Golden in 1939. A major hit opened in 1941 with the premiere of Angel Street, which ran nearly 1,300 performances over the next three years. Angel Street became the Golden's longest-running production, despite initial expectations of failure: only three days' worth of playbills were ordered for the initial run. It was followed in 1944 by Rose Franken's comedy Soldier's Wife, which had a successful run of 255 performances.
Later Shubert operation
Mid-1940s to 1960s
The Shubert brothers bought the Majestic, John Golden (Masque), and Royale theaters from the Bankers Securities Corporation in 1945, giving the family full ownership of these theaters. During the mid-1940s, the Golden presented numerous mediocre plays, including The Rich Full Life and Dunnigan's Daughter in 1945, as well as January Thaw and I Like It Here in 1946. In July 1946, the Golden was leased for five years to the Super Cinema Corporation. The lessee planned to show Italian films there, but the Golden instead showed the British film Henry V for nearly a year. The theater was used as a cinema until February 1948, when Maurice Chevalier opened a solo show there. The Golden then hosted several short-run shows with live performers. The cinema's lease did not expire until 1950. That year, the Golden hosted a moderate hit, The Velvet Glove with Grace George and Walter Hampden, as well as the flop Let's Make an Opera, which had five performances. Other works during the early 1950s included The Green Bay Tree; To Dorothy, A Son; and The Fourposter.
Victor Borge's one-man show Comedy in Music, which opened in 1953 and ran 849 performances during the next three years. By sharp contrast, even though Bert Lahr and E. G. Marshall were acclaimed for their performances in the 1956 play Waiting for Godot, it had only 59 performances. The same year, Menasha Skulnik starred in Uncle Willie during its 141-performance run. Look Back in Anger was also a minor hit when it was staged at the Golden for six months in 1958. Starting in the late 1950s, the Golden hosted numerous revues with two performers. First among them was A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green, featuring the duo of Betty Comden and Adolph Green, who premiered in 1958 and returned in 1959. Also presented in 1959 were The Billy Barnes Revue, as well as At the Drop of a Hat with Michael Flanders and Donald Swann. An Evening With Mike Nichols and Elaine May premiered in 1960 and ran for 306 performances, followed the next year by An Evening with Yves Montand.
The Golden hosted a transfer of Sunday in New York with Robert Redford in 1962. Beyond the Fringe premiered later that year, ultimately running over 600 performances. Victor Borge again played the Golden in 1964 with 192 performances of his solo Comedy in Music, Opus 2. This was followed in 1966 by the South African revue Wait a Minim!, which ran more than twice as long, with 457 performances. For the most part, the Golden's other productions during the 1960s were short-lived. Seven productions followed Wait a Minim! in the late 1960s, including After the Rain and Brief Lives in 1967.
1970s and 1980s
The first success in the 1970s was Bob and Ray—The Two and Only, a comedy that starred Bob Elliott and Ray Goulding for 158 performances. The following year, the off-Broadway hit You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown ran at the Golden, though its 32-performance Broadway run was far shorter than its off-Broadway run. In 1972, The Public Theater presented David Rabe's Sticks and Bones, starring Elizabeth Wilson and Tom Aldredge for 245 performances. Sammy Cahn featured in the revue Words and Music in 1974, while Shirley Knight appeared the next year in Kennedy's Children. Two major productions opened in 1977: Dirty Linen & New-Found-Land, a pair of plays by Tom Stoppard, and The Gin Game, a Pulitzer Prize-winning tragicomedy by Donald L. Coburn with 517 performances. By contrast, Murder at the Howard Johnson's was a notable failure with only four performances in 1979.
In 1980, the Golden hosted a short revival of Watch on the Rhine, followed by the premiere of the double bill A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine. Hollywood/Ukraine relocated in June 1980 and the Golden underwent a renovation. The theater reopened that October with Tintypes, a revue that transferred from off-Broadway. The following year, the Golden hosted another off-Broadway transfer, the Pulitzer-winning Crimes of the Heart, which ran for 535 performances. Two other Pulitzer-winning productions were then staged at the Golden: night, Mother in 1983 and Glengarry Glen Ross. This set a record for the number of Pulitzer-winning productions on Broadway, with four such productions in seven years. A revival of Athol Fugard's Blood Knot opened at the Golden in 1985, which was followed in 1987 by Stepping Out and All My Sons. The New York International Festival of the Arts premiered Juno and the Paycock on Broadway in 1988, and Eastern Standard premiered the next year, featuring Richard Greenberg in his Broadway debut. During the 1980s, the Shuberts renovated the Golden as part of a restoration program for their Broadway theaters.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the John Golden Theatre as an official city landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated both the facade and the interior as landmarks on November 17, 1987. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Golden, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
1990s to present
In 1990, Michael Feinstein performed at the Golden with his show Concert: Piano and Voice. This was followed by Falsettos (1992), which had 487 performances, and by the drama Mixed Emotions (1993) with Katherine Helmond, which had 55 performances. The comedian Jackie Mason subsequently starred at the Golden in Politically Incorrect, which opened in 1994 and ran for over 340 performances. It was followed the next year by Master Class, which ran for about 600 performances through 1997. Also successful was a limited engagement of The Chairs in 1998, as well as a transfer of the off-Broadway production Side Man later that year, which then ran until 1999. Mason returned at the end of 1999 for Much Ado About Everything.
The first hit of the 2000s was Stones in His Pockets in 2001, which ran for 198 performances. This was followed by The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? in 2002, as well as Vincent in Brixton in 2003. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2003, the Shuberts agreed to improve disabled access at their 16 landmarked Broadway theaters, including the Golden. The musical Avenue Q, transferred from off-Broadway, opened at the Golden on July 31, 2003, and became a major hit, recovering its production cost within a year. By the time Avenue Q transferred back off-Broadway in 2009, it had become the Golden's longest-running production with over 2,500 performances. Subsequently, the Golden hosted Oleanna in late 2009; Red and Driving Miss Daisy in 2010; The Normal Heart and Seminar in 2011; and Anarchist in 2012. The Shuberts hired Francesca Russo to renovate the John Golden Theatre in 2013. Russo's company removed many later modifications, and they also restored the original appearance using historical pictures, as well as details inspired by structures such as the Taj Mahal.
The John Golden Theatre continued to host small productions in the mid-2010s. These included Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike and A Time to Kill in 2013; Mothers and Sons and A Delicate Balance in 2014, Skylight and a revival of The Gin Game in 2015; and Eclipsed and The Encounter in 2016. Subsequently, the Golden hosted A Doll's House, Part 2 in 2017; Three Tall Women and The Waverly Gallery in 2018; and Hillary and Clinton and Slave Play in 2019. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The production Hangmen, which was supposed to open in mid-2020, did not officially open at that time due to the pandemic. The Golden Theatre reopened October 13, 2021, with performances of Thoughts of a Colored Man, which closed at the end of the year. This allowed Hangmen to be booked for a limited run from April to June 2022, followed by Topdog/Underdog for a limited run from October 2022 to January 2023. The play Prima Facie was staged at the Golden from April to July 2023; it is being followed by The Shark Is Broken from August to November 2023.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include films screened at the theater.
1927: Patience
1929: Rope's End
1931: The Venetian
1931: Louder, Please
1933: Tobacco Road
1935: Eden End
1938: Shadow and Substance
1938: Lightnin
1939: The White Steed
1941: Angel Street
1948: Maurice Chevalier in an evening of Songs and Impressions
1949: Goodbye, My Fancy
1950: Let's Make an Opera
1951: The Green Bay Tree
1951: To Dorothy, A Son
1952: The Fourposter
1953: Comedy in Music
1956: Someone Waiting
1956: Waiting for Godot
1957: The Potting Shed
1958: Look Back in Anger
1958: Epitaph for George Dillon
1958: A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green
1959: Requiem for a Nun
1959: The Billy Barnes Revue
1959: At the Drop of a Hat
1960: An Evening With Mike Nichols and Elaine May
1961: An Evening with Yves Montand
1962: Sunday in New York
1962: Beyond the Fringe
1966: Wait a Minim!
1967: After the Rain
1967: Brief Lives
1968: Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights
1968: The Exercise
1970: Bob and Ray—The Two and Only
1971: You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown
1972: Sticks and Bones
1975: Hughie and Duet
1975: P. S. Your Cat Is Dead!
1975: Kennedy's Children
1976: Going Up
1977: Dirty Linen & New-Found-Land
1977: The Gin Game
1979: Murder at the Howard Johnson's
1980: Watch on the Rhine
1980: A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine
1980: Tintypes
1981: Crimes of the Heart
1983: night, Mother
1984: Glengarry Glen Ross
1985: Blood Knot
1987: Stepping Out
1987: All My Sons
1988: Juno and the Paycock
1989: Eastern Standard
1992: Falsettos
1995: Master Class
1998: The Chairs
1998: Side Man
2001: Stones in His Pockets
2002: The Goat, or Who is Sylvia?
2003: Vincent in Brixton
2003: Avenue Q
2009: Oleanna
2010: Red
2010: Driving Miss Daisy
2011: The Normal Heart
2011: Seminar
2013: Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike
2013: A Time to Kill
2014: Mothers and Sons
2014: A Delicate Balance
2015: Skylight
2015: The Gin Game
2016: Eclipsed
2017: A Doll's House, Part 2
2018: Three Tall Women
2018: The Waverly Gallery
2019: Hillary and Clinton
2019: Slave Play
2021: Thoughts of a Colored Man
2022: Hangmen
2022: Topdog/Underdog
2023: Prima Facie
2023: The Shark Is Broken
See also
List of Broadway theatres
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1927 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Shubert Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1927 |
4401278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric%20Theatre%20%28New%20York%20City%2C%201998%29 | Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998) | The Lyric Theatre (previously known as the Ford Center for the Performing Arts, the Hilton Theatre, and the Foxwoods Theatre) is a Broadway theater at 214 West 43rd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1998, the theater was designed by Richard Lewis Blinder of Beyer Blinder Belle, in collaboration with Peter Kofman, for Garth Drabinsky and his company Livent. The Lyric Theatre was built using parts of two former theaters on the site: the Apollo Theatre, built in 1920 to a design by Eugene De Rosa, and the old Lyric Theatre, built in 1903 to a design by Victor Hugo Koehler. The theater contains 1,622 seats across three levels and is operated by Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG). The theater building is owned by the city and state governments of New York and was developed by New 42nd Street.
Despite having the same name as one of its predecessor theaters, the current Lyric Theatre was built almost entirely from scratch, though many parts of the old theaters were preserved to comply with government regulations. The current theater retains the original Lyric facade on 43rd Street, as well as a smaller arched facade on 42nd Street. The auditorium and stage house are placed within an entirely new structure covered with concrete and brick panels. The lobby contains a domed rotunda, with a basement lounge underneath it. The auditorium contains elements from the old Lyric's and the Apollo's interiors, including a ceiling dome, boxes, and a proscenium arch, which were modified to fit the new theater's dimensions. The large stage and the accompanying stage house were designed to accommodate major musicals.
The old Lyric and Apollo theaters had been proposed for redevelopment since the 1970s, and New 42nd Street took over the theaters in 1990. Livent leased the theaters in 1995, razing them to make way for an 1,821-seat facility named after sponsor Ford Motor Company. The Ford Center was dedicated in December 1997 and officially opened the next month. Livent filed for bankruptcy in late 1998, and the theater subsequently passed to SFX Entertainment and then Clear Channel Entertainment, which renamed it for sponsor Hilton Hotels & Resorts in 2005. The venue was renamed after Foxwoods Resort Casino in 2010 as part of a partnership with Live Nation. ATG acquired the theater in 2013 and renamed it the Lyric the following year. The Lyric's capacity was reduced in a 2017 renovation because of complaints about the theater's excessive size, which had caused several of the theater's productions to lose money.
Site
The Lyric Theatre is at 214 West 43rd Street, on the southern sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot has an area of and a frontage of on 43rd Street. Most of the theater is on a site on 43rd Street, but the theater has wings extending to 42nd Street, making the total depth of the site . The two wings on 42nd Street flank the Times Square Theater; the western wing is wide, while the eastern wing is wide.
The Lyric Theatre is adjacent to the American Airlines Theatre to the west, the Times Square and New Victory theaters to the south, and 3 Times Square to the east. Other nearby buildings include the St. James Theatre and Hayes Theater to the northwest; 229 West 43rd Street and 1501 Broadway to the north; 1500 Broadway to the northeast; One Times Square to the east; the Times Square Tower and 5 Times Square to the southeast, and the New Amsterdam Theatre to the south.
Previous theaters
The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theaters. In the first two decades of the 20th century, eleven venues for Legitimate theatre were built within one block of West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. These venues were mostly converted to movie theaters by the 1930s, and many of them had been relegated to showing pornography by the 1970s. The current Lyric Theatre occupies the sites of the Lyric Theatre, built on the eastern half of the site in 1903, and the Apollo Theatre, built to the west in 1920. The Lyric was designed in the Beaux-Arts style, while the Apollo had decorations in the Adam style. Both theaters had entrances from 42nd Street, flanking the Times Square Theater, although their auditoriums were on 43rd Street. When the theaters were built, 42nd Street was generally considered an upscale address.
The old Lyric was designed by Victor Hugo Koehler and constructed by the Shubert brothers for composer Reginald De Koven. It featured performers such as Fred Astaire, the Marx Brothers, and Douglas Fairbanks until it was converted to a movie theater in 1934. The exterior of the old Lyric still largely survives within the current theater. The interior decorative scheme was relatively plain. The old Lyric contained three levels of seating, topped by a ceiling dome that was surrounded by moldings of lyres and Greek masks. This theater also had 18 boxes.
The Apollo, constructed by the Selwyn brothers to a design by Eugene De Rosa, was originally a film and vaudeville theater. The Apollo was briefly a burlesque venue in the mid-1930s before turning into a movie theater in the late 1930s. The Apollo's facade on 42nd Street was built as part of the Times Square Theater's facade. The old Apollo, decorated in a rose, tan, and blue color scheme with flat decorations, contained 1,194 seats on two levels. There were also four boxes, placed within ornate Palladian arches, as well as an Adam-style proscenium arch that measured wide and high. Both the Lyric and the Apollo were owned by the Brandt Theatres chain by the 1970s; the Brandts renovated both venues as part of a plan to reopen both as legitimate houses. Only the Apollo ultimately reopened, in 1979; it reverted to movies in 1983. The Apollo was then renamed the Academy Theatre and became a nightclub.
Design
The current Lyric Theatre was designed by Beyer Blinder Belle (BBB) and Peter H. Kofman for Garth Drabinsky; it opened as the Ford Center in 1998. According to Richard Blinder of BBB, the current theater's design had to conform with preservation guidelines because it was part of a city-owned district controlled by New 42nd Street. As such, the theater incorporates major architectural elements and structures from both the old Lyric's facade and the Apollo's interior. The interior of the old Lyric was too badly deteriorated for most of the individual elements to be restored. Both of the old theaters' interiors were dismantled to make way for the current theater, but an office wing on 42nd Street was preserved.
Facade
The new Lyric Theatre retains the ornate facades of Koehler's original Lyric Theatre on 42nd and 43rd Street. The 43rd Street facade is divided vertically into five bays. At the center of the facade are three arched doorways topped by corbels. These are flanked by two additional doorways, which are topped by panels with the words "Music" and "Drama". On the second floor, the center of the facade contains a balustrade and three arched windows, which are flanked by banded columns. Above these windows are busts of W. S. Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, and Reginald De Koven. There are three oculi above the arched windows, which are surrounded by floral wreaths and topped by keystones that depict lions' heads. The oculi contain heads of the ancient gods Apollo, Athena, and Hermes. Lampposts, topped by spheres, flank the oculi. On the second story, the outer bays contain rectangular windows flanked by pilasters, above which are entablatures with carved masks of comedy and tragedy. The top of the facade has a copper cornice with medallions. There is also a wrought-iron balustrade with decorations of lyres. The original theater had a sloped tile roof on 43rd Street, as well as a marquee in front of the entrance.
The old Lyric's narrow three-story facade, an arch on 42nd Street, was preserved in the new theater's construction. The first story of this arch contained a portico with a column on either side, above which was a frieze with the words "The Lyric". The second story contained the actual archway, which was decorated with terracotta. The narrowness of the 42nd Street entrance arises from the fact that, when the original theater was built, there were brownstone houses next to the theater, and land values on 42nd Street were high.
The auditorium and stage house facades, built in 1997, are to the west of the old Lyric Theatre's facade. The auditorium structure, measuring long and tall, is just west of the entrance. There is also a stage house at the far west end of the site, measuring tall. Originally, a sign measuring tall was placed atop the stage house. Both the auditorium and the stage house contain prefabricated concrete panels on their exteriors, each measuring . The panels used on the auditorium are covered in brick, while those in front of the stage house are left exposed. These panels do not contain any windows and are mounted directly onto the theater's steel superstructure. Behind the panels are noise-reducing rubber pads.
Interior
Roger Morgan Studio was responsible for the interior design of the new Lyric Theatre. The modern theater's new design elements blend with its historical elements; the design of the lobby was inspired by the old Lyric, while the auditorium was inspired by the old Apollo. BBB initially planned to use a modern decorative scheme that contrasted with the historical design elements, but Richard Blinder said this proposal was "too diagrammatic". Lyres are used as decorative motifs throughout the interior of the new Lyric Theatre. The auditorium also includes furnishings that were constructed specifically for the new theater but were inspired by early-20th-century theaters' decorations. Drabinsky involved himself in many aspects of the new Lyric's design when it was built.
Lobby and adjoining areas
The lobby of the new Lyric Theatre is on the east side of the theater, extending from 42nd to 43rd Street, with an elliptical rotunda on 43rd Street. The floor, dome, columns, and staircases of the rotunda were brand-new elements constructed for the Ford Center. The Italian-marble staircase rises from one side of the rotunda and splits into two flights, wrapping around to the mezzanine. At the top of the stair is a medallion of the Greek god Zeus. The rotunda's walls are covered with canvas panels, designed to imitate the look of cut stone. Mariuca Brancoveanu designed the rotunda's mosaic floor, which contains depictions of the masks on the original Lyric's facade, surrounded by a mosaic border. The mosaic decoration is composed of 172,800 marble pieces covering . The capitals of the rotunda's columns are decorated with gilded guilloche reliefs that depict light bulbs. The dome of the rotunda was taken from the Apollo Theatre and measures . The mezzanine level, overlooking the lobby, contains wrought-iron railings with depictions of lyres.
The lobby and auditorium are separated by vestibules with doors at each end, with fabric panels. This was intended to minimize disruption from guests who left early or arrived late. In venues where the lobbies and auditoriums are directly connected, light and noise from the lobby could disrupt ongoing performances. The old Lyric's lobby connected both of the entrances, on 42nd and 43rd Streets. The old Apollo's lobby from 42nd Street was divided into two sections: an outer portion with rose-and-red marble walls and an Adam style plaster ceiling, and an inner portion with black-and-white marble walls. Both of the former theaters' lobbies to 42nd Street were retained when the Ford Center was built. While the Apollo's lobby to the west kept its bas-relief sculptures and black-and-white marble decorations, the old Lyric's lobby to the east had lost all of its decoration.
Under the lobby is a lounge intended for premium-ticket holders. The lounge, covering , was originally monitored by three attendants and could be used before a performance and during intermission. The lounge also contained coat and parcel checks, dedicated restrooms and telephones, and a snack area. When the theater opened in 1998, architectural critic Herbert Muschamp wrote of the lounge: "Bad paintings hang on walls covered with tasteful vanilla moire". Above the lobby is a space for choreography and a space for rehearsals. There are also three box offices.
Auditorium
The new Lyric Theatre contains an orchestra level and two balconies; the lower balcony is labeled the dress circle. The orchestra level is slightly raked and is composed of concrete over a corrugated metal deck. Both of the balconies are eight rows deep and are slightly raked. The Lyric's seats are larger and deeper than in typical Broadway theaters; each seat is up to wide and the rows are spaced apart. The rear wall is from the proscenium at the front of the auditorium. The side walls are slightly curved to disperse the sound throughout the auditorium, and the rear wall is built as a concave curve for a similar reason. Two box seats on either side are taken from the original Apollo Theatre.
Generally, the color scheme is in gold and red. The ends of each row of seating are decorated in a gold color, while the seats themselves contain crimson-velour upholstery. Axminster designed lattice-patterned carpets for the auditorium's aisles. Damask wall coverings on the side walls were originally colored blue-and-green. The upper sections of the walls are decorated with murals painted by EverGreene Architectural Arts. EverGreene also painted multicolored, glazed Adam-style decorations onto the plaster. The ceiling contains the Apollo Theatre's original dome, which is surrounded by a newer plaster ring to make it appear larger. The ceiling contains six chandeliers, four over the orchestra and two over the boxes; their design is inspired by the old Apollo's chandeliers. Above the second balcony are three smaller domes, salvaged from the old Apollo Theatre and painted in gold leaf.
The new Lyric's interior retains the proscenium arch from the Apollo, which was expanded significantly when the new theater was built. The proscenium opening in the new theater is wide, compared to in the old Apollo. The new theater's proscenium measures around high. To accommodate this, the top of the proscenium arch was widened by about , while its sides were lengthened by . New steel armatures were built for the lengthened proscenium, as well as for damaged sections of plasterwork throughout the theater; plaster was then poured over the armatures. Thirty-six holes were drilled into the ceiling so trusses could be hung for productions. The rigging system consists of 90 line sets perpendicular to the proscenium.
The stage is designed to accommodate large musicals, measuring about deep and about wide. When the theater was built, Drabinsky specified that the fly loft had to be high, and the stage house was to contain dressing rooms for 75 performers. To maximize space within the stage house, its support columns are embedded into the western wall, adjoining the Selwyn (American Airlines) Theatre. Such columns are typically freestanding, but this design added of depth to the stage house. The dressing rooms, as well as various backstage areas, are placed in the basement to free up space for the stage.
History
Planning
Preservation attempts
The City at 42nd Street plan was announced in December 1979 as part of a proposal to restore West 42nd Street around Times Square. Under the plan, the old Apollo Theatre would continue to be used as a legitimate theater, operated by Brandt Theatres. The Lyric Theatre's facade would be restored, but the interior would be modified. Mayor Ed Koch wavered in his support of the plan, criticizing it as a "Disneyland on 42nd Street". Subsequently, Hugh Hardy conducted a report on 42nd Street's theaters in 1980. His report, in conjunction with a movement opposing the demolition of the nearby Helen Hayes and Morosco theaters, motivated the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to survey fifty of Midtown Manhattan's extant theaters in the early 1980s.
The LPC started to consider protecting theaters, including the Apollo and Lyric theaters, as landmarks in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. While the LPC granted landmark status to many Broadway theaters starting in 1987, it deferred decisions on the exterior and interior of the Lyric Theatre, as well as the interior of the Apollo Theatre. Further discussion of the landmark designations was delayed for several decades. In late 2015, the LPC hosted public hearings on whether to designate the Apollo, the Lyric, and five other theaters as landmarks. The LPC rejected the designations in February 2016 because the theaters were already subject to historic-preservation regulations set by the state government.
Redevelopment proposals
The Urban Development Corporation (UDC), an agency of the New York state government, then proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981. The plan centered around four towers that were to be built at 42nd Street's intersections with Broadway and Seventh Avenue, developed by Park Tower Realty and the Prudential Insurance Company of America. It was delayed for several years due to lawsuits and disputes concerning the towers.
From 1987 to 1989, Park Tower and Prudential hired Robert A. M. Stern to conduct a study on the Apollo, Lyric, Selwyn (later American Airlines), Times Square, and Victory theaters on the north side of 42nd Street. Stern devised three alternatives for the five theaters. City and state officials announced plans for the five theaters, along with the Liberty Theatre on the south side of 42nd Street, in September 1988. Stern presented a model of his plan the next month. The plan called for restoring the Apollo Theatre as a legitimate venue and converting the Lyric Theatre's heavily modified interior to a 2,500-seat auditorium. The UDC opened a request for proposals for six of the theaters that October. The Liberty and Victory were to be converted into performing-arts venues for nonprofit organizations, while the Selwyn, Apollo, Lyric, and Times Square were to be converted to commercial use. By the end of the year, the plans were threatened by a lack of money.
In early 1989, several dozen nonprofit theater companies submitted plans to the UDC for the takeover of six theaters. Most of the bids were for the Liberty and Victory, but the Selwyn, Apollo, Lyric, and Times Square theaters received 13 bids between them. That year, The Durst Organization acquired the leases to eight theaters in Times Square, including the Apollo and Lyric. It subsequently announced plans to renovate the eight theaters in February 1990. The New York state government acquired the theater sites that April via eminent domain. The city had planned to buy out the theaters' leases but withdrew after the 42nd Street Company indicated it would lease the theaters to another developer. Although Durst protested the move, a New York Supreme Court judge ruled that the sites could be acquired by condemnation. A nonprofit organization, New 42nd Street, was formed in September 1990 to restore six of the theaters and find uses for them. Government officials hoped that development of the theaters would finally allow the construction of the four towers around 42nd Street, Broadway, and Seventh Avenue. In 1992, New 42nd Street received a $18.2 million grant for restoring the six theaters. By the next year, there were proposals to open an information center in either the Apollo or the Lyric. After Disney committed to restoring the New Amsterdam Theatre in 1994, most of the other theaters around 42nd Street were quickly leased.
Lease and construction
Garth Drabinsky, president of Canadian company Livent, toured the Apollo and Lyric in January 1994. At the time, he was looking for a new Broadway theater for his company. That September, MTV took an option on the Apollo, Lyric, and Times Square theaters, which it planned to convert into a production studio. However, the negotiations with MTV fell through. Livent signed a long-term lease for the Apollo and Lyric theaters in July 1995. Livent planned to combine the theaters into a single 1,850-seat house for large musicals, using architectural elements of both theaters. The proposed large theater, a continuation of Stern's late-1980s plan for the site, would be the second-largest Broadway venue behind the Gershwin Theatre. The combined sites provided a large amount of space, with entrances from both 42nd and 43rd Streets. Ron Delsener, who was leasing the Apollo for rock concerts, objected that Livent could "kick us out when they feel like it" after New 42nd Street refused to renew his lease. Meanwhile, the original Lyric Theatre's marquee on 42nd Street was removed in 1995 during the reconstruction of the New Victory Theater.
Even though the LPC had not designated the Apollo or Lyric theaters as landmarks, parts of the buildings were still subject to preservation guidelines. In conformance with these guidelines, Drabinsky and architect Peter H. Kofman presented their proposal for the new theater in December 1995. The plans called for preserving much more of the theaters' original detail than was required. The next month, Drabinsky announced further details of the project, which was to cost $22.5 million. Livent's new theater would not require public subsidies, If it was completed before December 1997, the theater would qualify for a tax credit given to new developments in Times Square, which would be worth $4–5 million. In addition, Livent would not pay any real-estate taxes on the theater.
While the combined theater was initially advertised as a restoration of the two existing theaters, the former venues were ultimately completely demolished. Beyer Blinder Belle and Peter Kofman were hired to design the new, larger theater, construction of which began in June 1996. About of plaster decorations inside the two former theaters were removed for restoration, including the Apollo's proscenium arch, box seats, and ceiling dome. The architects also preserved a medallion of Zeus from the Lyric's proscenium and three small domes from the Apollo, though they were not required to do so. The larger decorations were cut into several sections using masonry blades, while the smaller decorations were removed intact. These decorations were stored in New Jersey. A team led by Jean-Francois Furieri then restored and cleaned the plaster decorations off-site.
By December 1996, the four-story facade of the old Lyric Theatre was the only portion of the two old theaters that was left in place. The facade was shored up using scaffolding and a steel framework. The next month, the Ford Motor Company announced it would sponsor the theater, which would become the Ford Center for the Performing Arts. According to the New York Daily News, this was the first corporate sponsorship of a Broadway theater "in most theatergoers' memory", as Broadway theaters were typically named for actors or theater operators rather than companies. Work progressed quickly so the theater could be finished by the end of 1997. The steel skeleton was being erected by February 1997 and the prefabricated facade panels were shipped from Canada after the roof was installed in June. The decorative details from the previous theaters were being installed by that August. Upon its completion, the Ford Center had 1,821 seats, making it Broadway's second-largest venue after the Gershwin Theatre.
Operation
Opening and Livent's bankruptcy
Drabinsky, New York governor George Pataki, mayor Rudy Giuliani, and several theatrical personalities dedicated the Ford Center for the Performing Arts on December 12, 1997. Summarizing the reactions from architectural and theatrical critics, The New York Times characterized the Ford Center as "a nearly universally praised building that, with musical theater houses in short supply, Broadway and New York City needed". The editorial board of Architecture magazine said the Ford Center was one of several "glorious recent examples of preservation's virtues". A critic for The Journal News wrote that the Ford Center "shows that you can not only open a new theater, but you can also open a new theater that looks as good as an old one". Conversely, Herbert Muschamp of the Times said the Ford Center "offers an architectural glimpse through the rearview mirror".
The theater's first performance was on December 26, 1997, when previews opened for the musical version of E.L. Doctorow's Ragtime. The musical officially opened on January 26, 1998. By that November, less than a year after the Ford Center opened, Livent had filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Broadway producers attributed the bankruptcy proceedings in part to the costs of the Ford Center's construction and of Livent's frequent full-page advertisements in The New York Times. As a result of the bankruptcy proceedings, Livent faced the prospect of selling its assets, such as the Ford Center; subsequently, several firms sought to buy Livent or its theaters. In August 1999, SFX Entertainment bought Livent's assets, including the Ford Center. The theater also hosted events such as a 52nd-birthday fundraiser for Hillary Clinton, then the First Lady of the United States, in 1999. Ragtime closed in early 2000, after 861 performances, due to extremely high operating costs.
2000s
SFX, and with it the Ford Center, was subsequently acquired by Clear Channel Entertainment in 2000. The Ford Center's first new production of the 2000s was a revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Jesus Christ Superstar, which opened in April 2000. Superstar ran for 161 performances through that September. Despite the high demand for Broadway theaters, the Ford Center was not immediately booked after Superstar closed; the theater had been scheduled to host a revival of Oklahoma!, which was canceled. The problem was in part due to the Ford's large size, which made it unsuitable for small musicals, as well as the Ford's high operating costs and its difficulty in obtaining additional corporate sponsorships. Ultimately, the musical 42nd Street was revived at the Ford in May 2001. Though 42nd Street was profitable during its run at the Ford, the show's producers announced in October 2004 that the show would close due a lack of money. The musical ended at the beginning of 2005 with 1,524 performances.
In November 2004, Clear Channel announced that it had made a ten-year sponsorship agreement with Hilton Hotels & Resorts, with the Ford Center being renamed the Hilton Theatre. The name change happened in advance of the U.S. premiere of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, which opened in April 2005. Chitty only lasted through the end of the year, with 285 performances; its director Frederick Zollo cited the Hilton's poor sight lines as a reason for his show's failure. The musical Hot Feet next opened at the Hilton in April 2006, but it closed after three months, losing money in the process. That November, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! had a limited engagement at the Hilton. It was followed by the musical The Pirate Queen, which opened in April 2007 and ran for only 85 performances. While How the Grinch Stole Christmas! was profitable during its short run, both Hot Feet and The Pirate Queen closed at a net loss, leading theatrical executives to label the theater as "cursed". Among the complaints were that the costs of renting the theater, as well as its large size, which some producers characterized as "barnlike".
Young Frankenstein opened at the Hilton in November 2007; it was one of the few shows to continue operating through the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike, which occurred shortly after the opening. The musical, which ran for 485 performances through January 2009, was shuttered amid the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark was booked for the theater shortly afterward, although previews were not expected to start until early 2010, leaving the Hilton unused for an entire year. This delay was because the Hilton required extensive renovations for Spider-Man. Further issues arose in August 2009 when Spider-Man ran out of money, causing work at the Hilton to be halted, though construction quickly resumed. The opening of Spider-Man was postponed further by financing and technical issues, as well as the need to rewrite the show. The Hilton Theatre ultimately remained dark for nearly two years due to continued complications with Spider-Man.
2010s to present
In August 2010, under an agreement with Foxwoods Resort Casino and Live Nation, the theater was renamed the Foxwoods Theatre for three years. According to the casino's chief marketing officer, the casino had been especially interested in the theater because of the upcoming show. Previews commenced in December 2010, and Spider-Man officially opened on June 14, 2011, after seven months of previews. The New York Times called the two-year delay between the closure of Young Frankenstein and the first previews of Spider-Man "an eon in a Broadway timetable"; the preview period was itself the longest in Broadway history. In May 2013, during the run of Spider-Man, British theater operator Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) paid $60 million to lease the Foxwoods from New 42nd Street for up to 60 years. The transaction marked ATG's first United States acquisition. That November, Spider-Man announced it would close at a net loss; the musical ended at the beginning of 2014 with 1,066 performances.
In March 2014, ATG renamed the venue the Lyric Theatre. The musical King Kong had been slated to open at the Lyric, but On the Town was booked there instead after the name change was announced. The theater reopened that October with a revival of the musical On the Town, which only ran at the theater through September 2015. After On the Town closure was announced, circus producer Cirque du Soleil announced that it would bring the Paramour musical-theater show to the Lyric in mid-2016. The dance-and-musical production Lord of the Dance: Dangerous Games had a limited run during late 2015, after which Paramour opened in May 2016. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child was booked for the Lyric in December 2016, and ATG asked Cirque du Soleil to relocate so the theater could be renovated. When Paramour closed in April 2017, it had run for 366 performances.
During 2017 and early 2018, in preparation for Cursed Child opening, the theater was renovated for $33 million. The changes included the relocation of the main entrance from 42nd to 43rd Street. A large black wing was added on the 43rd Street facade, while a depiction of a child in a nest was added on 42nd Street. The Lyric was decorated with motifs from the Harry Potter franchise and was reduced to 1,622 seats, bringing the theater's capacity closer to that of other large Broadway theaters such as the Majestic, St. James, and Broadway. Cursed Child opened on April 22, 2018, and it ran until the theater closed temporarily on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lyric reopened on November 12, 2021, with performances of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, the run time of which was shortened during the theater's closure. ATG and Jujamcyn Theaters agreed to merge in early 2023; the combined company would operate seven Broadway theaters, including the Lyric.
Productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
1998: Ragtime
2000: Jesus Christ Superstar
2001: 42nd Street
2005: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
2006: Hot Feet
2006: Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
2007: The Pirate Queen
2007: Young Frankenstein
2011: Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark
2014: On the Town
2015: Lord of the Dance: Dangerous Games
2016: Paramour
2018: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Box office records
In 2012, Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark achieved the box office record for the Foxwoods Theatre (and the record for the highest single-week gross of any show in Broadway history, at that time). The production grossed $2,941,794 over nine performances at 100.03% capacity for the week ending January 1, 2012. This record was broken by Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On its third week of previews, Cursed Child had the highest single-week gross reported by a straight play in Broadway history, grossing $2,138,859 over eight performances for the week ending April 8, 2018. Cursed Child largest single gross is $2,525,850 over eight performances for the week ending December 30, 2018.
See also
List of Broadway theaters
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Theatres completed in 1998
1998 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Theater District, Manhattan |
4401292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20O%27Neill%20Theatre | Eugene O'Neill Theatre | The Eugene O'Neill Theatre, previously the Forrest Theatre and the Coronet Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 230 West 49th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed for the Shubert brothers. It opened in 1925 as part of a hotel and theater complex named after 19th-century tragedian Edwin Forrest. The modern theater, named in honor of American playwright Eugene O'Neill, has 1,108 seats across two levels and is operated by Jujamcyn Theaters. The auditorium interior is a New York City designated landmark.
The facade was originally made of brick and terracotta to complement the neighboring hotel. The original facade was removed in a 1940s renovation and replaced with stucco; the modern theater is of painted limestone and contains a large iron balcony. The auditorium contains Adam-style detailing, a large balcony, and box seats within decorative arches. There is also a five-centered proscenium arch and a coved ceiling with medallions.
The Shuberts developed the Forrest Theatre after World War I as part of a theatrical complex around 48th and 49th Streets. When the Forrest Theatre opened on November 24, 1925, its first production was the musical Mayflowers. After a series of unsuccessful shows, the Shuberts lost the theater to foreclosure in 1934, upon which it hosted Tobacco Road, which became the longest-running production in Broadway history. Following a brief run as a broadcast studio in 1944, the theater was sold in 1945 to City Playhouse Theatres, which renovated the theater and renamed it the Coronet. The theater was sold in 1959 to Lester Osterman, who renamed it after Eugene O'Neill. The playwright Neil Simon acquired the theater in 1967, after which he staged several of his own works there. Jujamcyn has operated the theater since 1982 and restored it in 1994. The Eugene O'Neill has hosted the musical The Book of Mormon since 2011.
Site
The Eugene O'Neill Theatre is on 230 West 49th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 49th Street and a depth of . The Eugene O'Neill shares the block with the Walter Kerr Theatre to the south and Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan to the east. Other nearby buildings include One Worldwide Plaza and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church to the northwest, the Ambassador Theatre and the Brill Building to the northeast, the Morgan Stanley Building to the southeast, the Longacre Theatre and Ethel Barrymore Theatre to the south, and the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre to the southwest.
Design
The Eugene O'Neill Theatre (previously the Forrest Theatre and the Coronet Theatre) was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed in 1925 for the Shubert brothers. It is part of a group of six theaters planned by the Shuberts after World War I, of which four were built. The theater was originally named in honor of actor Edwin Forrest (1806–1872) and was developed in tandem with the Forrest Hotel, also designed by Krapp. Since 1959, the theater has been named for playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953). The Eugene O'Neill is operated by Jujamcyn Theaters.
Facade
The Forrest Theatre was originally designed with a facade of brick and terracotta, similar to the Forrest Hotel. At the time, including a theater and hotel in the same project was an uncommon arrangement in New York City. Krapp repeated the theater/hotel arrangement in the late 1920s when he designed the Hotel Lincoln (now Row NYC Hotel) and the Majestic, Masque (Golden), and Royale (Bernard B. Jacobs) theaters. Above the theater's entrance was a wrought-iron balcony on the second story. A three-story stage house adjoined the theater.
The facade was subsequently refaced in plain stucco, and the iron balcony outside the theater was doubled in height. The stucco facade dated to 1945, when the theater was renovated by Walker & Gillette. At the time, the facade was painted in bright colors to evoke the appearance of a closed performance venue in New Orleans. The iron balcony, as well as shutters over the windows, were designed to give this effect. The facade was renovated again in 1980, this time in beige limestone.
Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium is wider than its depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in low relief. Playbill cites the theater as having 1,047 seats and The Broadway League cites 1,066 seats. The Eugene O'Neill Theatre has been cited as having as many as 1,108 seats. As originally configured, the theater could accommodate 1,200 guests, making it suitable for musicals or plays.
The theater was constructed with a steel skeleton frame, which at the time was still mostly used for office buildings and skyscrapers. The auditorium was originally decorated in red and gold, which was changed in 1945 to blue and gray. A paint scheme of purple and gold was added in a 1994 renovation. The auditorium is approached by an entrance lobby with a terrazzo floor and marble decorations. The lobby's plaster ceiling has moldings with acanthus motifs and medallions.
Seating areas
The orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible via the main doors. The rear (east) end of the orchestra contains a shallow promenade, and the orchestra level is raked. The promenade is separated from the main orchestra seating by columns. Originally, the promenade connected directly to the bar of the adjacent Forrest Hotel (later the Time New York). The promenade's rear wall contains pilasters with fluting, between which are wainscoted wall sections. Above the promenade, the underside of the balcony is split into sections, divided by moldings with wave and guilloché motifs. The corners of the promenade have stairs that rise to the rear of the balcony. The stairs have decorated wrought iron railings. The orchestra contains plasterwork panels on the walls. Within the walls are doorways topped by friezes, as well as lighting sconces. There is an orchestra pit at the front of the stage.
The balcony level can only be accessed by steps. The balcony level is raked and is divided into front and rear sections by an aisle halfway across its depth. The crossover aisles are delineated by wrought iron railings. The side walls contain exit doors flanked by Adam-style pilasters. Above the doors are Adam-style latticework containing medallions with classical figures; these are topped by segmental arches with bands of foliate decoration. There are depictions of seated women above each of the arches' keystones. The rest of the balcony's side walls contain Adam-style panels with elliptical arches. The rear wall is divided into panels and contains lighting sconces. A paneled Adam-style frieze with lamps runs near the top of the balcony wall. The balcony front curves outward and has cameo panels and swag motifs. Modern light boxes are in front of the balcony, and a technical booth is at the rear. The balcony's underside contains molded bands, which divide the surface into panels with medallions and crystal light fixtures.
On either side of the proscenium is an elliptically-arched wall section with three smaller arches. The smaller arches correspond to three boxes on the balcony level, which step down nearer to the stage. The spandrels, above the corners of the elliptical arches, contain foliate decorations around motifs of shields. The elliptical arches contain a band with foliate and fruit decorations, bordered on either side by rope moldings. Adam-style latticework fills the space between the smaller arches and the large elliptical arch. The central arch has a foliate band and is wider than the arches to either side. The central box is separated from the other boxes by pilasters with spiral moldings. The fronts of the boxes contain cameo panels and swag motifs. Similar boxes formerly existed at the orchestra level but have been removed. According to writer William Morrison, the box sections' design is reminiscent of Spanish architecture.
Other design features
Next to the boxes is a five-centered proscenium arch. The arch contains a band with foliate and fruit decorations, bordered on either side by rope moldings. The spandrels above the proscenium arch's corners contain foliate decorations around motifs of shields. The stage originally contained a fireproof curtain, which was composed of a layer of asbestos between steel sheets. Krapp designed an electrically-powered system to move objects on the set.
On all sides of the auditorium, the wall curves onto the coved ceiling. The coved section of the ceiling contains Adam-style bands, which divide the ceiling into panels. Each of the coved panels has medallions that depict classical figures. The rest of the ceiling is surrounded by an outer band of rosettes and octagonal panels. At the center of the ceiling is a circular section, surrounded by an inner band with theatrical masks and swags. Cartouches connect the inner and outer bands of the ceiling. Five Adam-style chandeliers hang from the ceiling's corners.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. During the 1900s and 1910s, many theaters in Midtown Manhattan were developed by the Shubert brothers, one of the major theatrical syndicates of the time. The Shuberts originated from Syracuse, New York, and expanded downstate into New York City in the first decade of the 20th century. The brothers controlled a quarter of all plays and three-quarters of theatrical ticket sales in the U.S. by 1925. After World War I, the Shuberts contemplated the construction of six theaters along 48th and 49th Streets, just north of Times Square. Of these, only four were built, and only three (the Ambassador, O'Neill, and Kerr) survive.
Development and early years
1920s
The Shuberts announced plans for their six new theaters in September 1920. The brothers believed that the 49th Street site could be as profitable as theaters on 42nd Street, which historically was Times Square's legitimate theatrical hub. The Shubert brothers erected the Ambassador, Ritz (now Walter Kerr), and 49th Street Theatres from 1920 to 1921, but they paused their development of theaters on 48th and 49th Street for several years afterward. In November 1924, the Shuberts sold eight row houses at 224–238 West 49th Street for $2 million to Daniel Darrow, who planned to build a theater and a 15-story hotel on the site. The Shuberts leased back the theater for 21 years. Construction on the Forrest Theatre began in May 1925. Though the Forrest was technologically advanced and had an elaborate interior design, there was relatively little media coverage about the theater. This might have been in part because of the city's plethora of theaters: just before the Forrest opened, there were 192 legitimate theaters and 548 movie houses in New York City.
The Forrest opened on November 24, 1925, with the musical The Mayflowers featuring Ivy Sawyer, Joseph Santley, and Nancy Carroll. The Mayflowers closed after 81 performances. The Forrest's other productions in the mid-1920s were largely unsuccessful, with a succession of flops including The Matinee Girl, Mama Loves Papa, and Rainbow Rose in 1926. The first hit at the theater was Women Go on Forever with Mary Boland, James Cagney, and Osgood Perkins, which opened in 1927 and ran for 118 performances. This was followed by what theatrical historians Louis Botto and Robert Viagas called "potboilers whose very titles denoted their doom": Bless You, Sister in 1927, as well as Mirrors, The Skull, The Common Sin, and The Squealer in 1928. In between all these flops, the husband-and-wife team of Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn danced at the Forrest in 1929.
1930s and early 1940s
The Forrest finally saw some long-running shows in 1930, when the theater hosted a transfer of John Drinkwater's comedy Bird in Hand, the mystery play The Blue Ghost, and a transfer of the burlesque-themed farce Stepping Sisters. The same year, Edgar Wallace's drama On the Spot ran at the Forrest for 167 performances, and the theater temporarily became Wallace's Forrest Theatre. By then, the Broadway theatrical industry was suffering due to the Great Depression: eighty-seven percent of productions in the 1929–1930 season had flopped. In the Best of Families, which transferred to the Forrest in March 1931, had 141 total performances. None of the seven subsequent shows at the Forrest, within a thirteen-month period starting in October 1931, had more than 36 performances. A minor hit came in November 1932 with a transfer of The Good Fairy, featuring Helen Hayes and Walter Connolly.
Despite the run of flops, the Forrest Theatre initially remained solvent because it had a doorway at the rear of its orchestra, which led to the Forrest Hotel's bar, making it the only Broadway theater with direct access to a bar. This was part of a Depression-era trend in which Broadway theatrical operators had begun offering promotions and services to attract visitors. As Variety magazine reported, the Forrest's bar gave rise to the sentiment that "the show is a flop, but the bar is a hit". However, by January 1933, the Lawyers Title and Guaranty Company moved to foreclose on a $960,000 mortgage loan on the Forrest Theatre and Hotel. The next month, As Husbands Go opened at the Forrest and ran for 144 performances. The Ballets Jooss performed a limited run at the end of 1933, and seven flops followed in the first eight months of 1934. With the mortgage loan in foreclosure, the Forrest Theatre and Hotel were sold to Lawyers Title at an auction in August 1934.
The firm of Sam Grisman and Harry H. Oshrin leased the Forrest Theatre for a year in September 1934 for their play Tobacco Road. The same month, Tobacco Road transferred to the Forrest, having opened at the Masque the previous December. Tobacco Road proved a success and, in September 1936, the producers renewed their lease of the Forrest Theatre for another five years. Tobacco Road became the longest-running Broadway production in 1939 after having performed continuously at the Forrest for five years. When it finally ended in May 1941, Tobacco Run had run for about 3,180 performances, making it Broadway's longest-running play at the time. The Shuberts then reacquired control of the Forrest but had little success for the next four years. Tobacco Road returned in 1942, but the revival closed after just 34 performances; the theater hosted Claudia and Three Men on a Horse the same year.
City Playhouse operation
The empty Forrest Theatre was leased to the Mutual Broadcasting System in March 1944 for six months. Muriel White acquired the theater that July for $260,000 in cash; she was scheduled to take over once the Shuberts' lease expired in August 1945. Just as the lease was set to expire, Louis Lotito of City Playhouse Theatres bought the Forrest for $260,000. Lotito's company renovated the theater with a blue-and-gray color scheme. The dressing rooms and facade were rebuilt, and a cooling system and new seats were installed. The draperies, including the fireproof curtain, were also replaced. In addition, Lotito renamed the Forrest as the Coronet in September 1945, believing that the old name was associated with a "jinx house". Walker & Gillette oversaw the renovations.
The first production at the refurbished theater was Beggars Are Coming to Town on October 27, 1945. Though Beggars only had 25 performances, it was followed the same year by Elmer Rice's Dream Girl, which had a much longer run of 348 performances. This was followed by another hit, All My Sons by Arthur Miller, which opened in January 1947 and featured Ed Begley, Arthur Kennedy, and Karl Malden for 328 performances. The revue Angel in the Wings opened at the Coronet that December, starring Paul and Grace Hartman for 308 performances. Another revue, Burt Shevelove and Gower Champion's Small Wonder, premiered at the Coronet in 1948. Mae West's classic play Diamond Lil was revived in 1949, running for 181 performances. Less successful was a double bill of Terence Rattigan's The Browning Version and Harlequinade the same year.
The revue Tickets, Please! opened at the Coronet in early 1950 and ran for 245 performances. Samson Raphaelson's play Hilda Crane was also hosted at the Coronet later the same year. Revivals of two Lillian Hellman plays were staged next: The Autumn Garden in 1951 and The Children's Hour in 1952. A revival of the play Jane, with Edna Best, was produced in 1952 between the two Hellman plays. Liam O'Brien's play The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker with Burgess Meredith was staged at the end of 1953, followed the next year by All Summer Long and Quadrille. In 1955, the Coronet hosted a transfer of The Bad Seed, as well as a double bill of Arthur Miller's A Memory of Two Mondays and A View from the Bridge. The Coronet's productions in 1956 included The Great Sebastians, The Sleeping Prince, and Saint Joan. This was followed in 1957 by The Waltz of the Toreadors and in 1958 by The Firstborn and The Disenchanted.
Osterman and O'Neill operation
The investor Lester Osterman signed a contract in May 1959 to buy the theater for $1.2 million, to be effective that September. Osterman planned to rename the Coronet after his favorite playwright, Eugene O'Neill, making it the first Broadway house to be renamed for a playwright. O'Neill's widow Carlotta Monterey initially opposed the move, citing concerns that O'Neill would not have wanted a commercial venue to be named for him, but Monterey ultimately relented. In preparation for the renaming, Osterman repainted the theater and commissioned an etched glass portrait of O'Neill. The Phoenix Theatre's version of O'Neill's play The Great God Brown opened in October 1959, just before the renaming. The Coronet was to have been formally renamed at a ceremony on November 27, 1959, with a preview of William Inge's play A Loss of Roses, but this was canceled when the preview was rescheduled at the last minute. The preview of Loss of Roses ultimately opened on November 30, though the production only had 25 regular performances.
The Eugene O'Neill Theatre initially hosted flops when it was renamed. The first hit at the Eugene O'Neill was the Charles Gaynor revue Show Girl with Carol Channing, which opened in 1961 and had 100 performances. This was followed by Terence Rattigan's Ross at the end of 1961 and Herb Gardner's A Thousand Clowns in 1962. Jerry Bock, Sheldon Harnick, and Joe Masteroff's musical She Loves Me was then staged at the Eugene O'Neill in 1963. Osterman sold the Eugene O'Neill Theatre to David J. Cogan, who also owned the Biltmore Theatre, in December 1964 for $1.35 million. Cogan jointly owned the Eugene O'Neill with playwright Neil Simon, who in 1967 bought Cogan's half-ownership stake, thereby acquiring full ownership. During the late 1960s, two hits transferred to the Eugene O'Neill: The Odd Couple in 1966 and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in 1968. This was followed by the West End musical Canterbury Tales in 1969.
Simon's wife Marsha Mason helped manage the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. Simon preserved the theater's name after acquiring full control, but he staged several of his own plays there. Among these productions were Last of the Red Hot Lovers in 1969, The Prisoner of Second Avenue in 1971, The Good Doctor in 1973, and God's Favorite in 1974, all of which were hits. This was followed by one play that Simon did not produce: Leah Napolin and Isaac Bashevis Singer's Yentl, which opened in 1975. Simon staged two more of his own hits in the late 1970s: California Suite in 1976 and a transfer of Chapter Two in 1979. His play I Ought to Be in Pictures was also a hit in 1980. Mason oversaw a restoration of the theater that year, redecorating the interior in beige and red velvet and the exterior in limestone. Conversely, Simon had two flops in the early 1980s: Fools in 1981 and Little Me in 1982. In addition, a transfer of the musical Annie was performed at the Eugene O'Neill in 1981.
Jujamcyn operation
1982 to 1999
Jujamcyn acquired the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in March 1982 from Neil Simon. The theater did not show any hits in the first year that Jujamcyn operated it. The Wake of Jamey Foster and Monday After the Miracle had short runs in 1982, but Moose Murders, which closed after its premiere on February 22, 1983, remained especially notorious in the decades afterward. The theater finally had a moderately successful play later in 1983, when a revival of Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie opened there. This was followed by a major hit, Big River, which opened in 1985 and ran 1,005 performances over the next two years. The Eugene O'Neill's other productions of the decade included a limited concert engagement by Tom Waits in 1987, as well as David Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly in 1988.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started to consider protecting the Eugene O'Neill as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Eugene O'Neill's interior as a landmark on December 8, 1987, though the commission declined to give landmark status to the exterior. This was part of the commission's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. Jujamcyn, the Nederlanders, and the Shuberts collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Eugene O'Neill, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
The first hit to open at the Eugene O'Neill in the 1990s was a revival of Tennessee Williams's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. This was followed in 1991 by the short-lived play La Bête and a magic show by Penn & Teller. The next production, Five Guys Named Moe, opened in 1992 and stayed at the Eugene O'Neill for a year. The play Grease! opened in 1994 and ran for 1,503 performances. During this time, Jujamcyn hired Campagna & Russo Architects to design a $1 million renovation of the theater's interior. Restoration architect Francesca Russo used historical photos to design plasterwork and decorations that approximated the theater's original appearance. The LPC granted an award for the theater's restoration in 1994. After Grease! closed, the Eugene O'Neill saw two flops in 1998: Peter Whelan's 13-performance run of The Herbal Bed and Rob Bartlett's four-performance run of More to Love. The theater's last production of the 1990s was Death of a Salesman, which opened in 1999.
2000s to present
The play Waiting in the Wings transferred to the Eugene O'Neill in early 2000; it was followed later that year by The Full Monty, which ran for over two years. A revival of the musical Nine was then performed at the theater in 2003. The off-Broadway play Caroline, or Change relocated to the Eugene O'Neill in February 2004, but it closed that August due to poor ticket sales. The Eugene O'Neill hosted two productions in 2005: Good Vibrations and Sweeney Todd. Rocco Landesman bought the Eugene O'Neill and Jujamcyn's four other theaters in 2005, along with the air rights above them. Jordan Roth joined Jujamcyn as a resident producer the same year. The Eugene O'Neill then hosted Spring Awakening, which opened in 2006 and ran for two years.
In 2009, Roth acquired a 50 percent stake in Jujamcyn and assumed full operation of the firm when Landesman joined the National Endowments of the Arts. The same year, the Eugene O'Neill hosted 33 Variations and Fela!. The musical The Book of Mormon then opened at the Eugene O'Neill in March 2011. During the run of The Book of Mormon, the Eugene O'Neill held a one-night reading of Dustin Lance Black's play 8 on September 17, 2011. The Book of Mormon was particularly successful compared to other original productions that premiered during the 2010–2011 season, and it recouped its production costs within nine months of opening. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened on November 5, 2021, with performances of The Book of Mormon. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2021, Jujamcyn agreed to improve disabled access at its five Broadway theaters, including the Eugene O'Neill. Jujamcyn and Ambassador Theatre Group agreed to merge in early 2023; the combined company would operate seven Broadway theaters, including the Eugene O'Neill.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
Forrest Theatre
1926: The Woman Disputed
1927: Women Go on Forever
1929: Abraham Lincoln
1930: On the Spot
1931: Lean Harvest
1932: The Good Fairy
1933: As Husbands Go
1934, 1942: Tobacco Road
1942: Three Men on a Horse
1942: Claudia
1943: King Richard III
1943: Bright Lights of 1944
1944: The Man Who Had All the Luck
Coronet Theatre
1945: Dream Girl
1947: All My Sons
1947: Angel in the Wings
1949: Diamond Lil
1949: The Browning Version/Harlequinade
1950: Tickets, Please!
1950: Hilda Crane
1951: Not for Children
1951: The Autumn Garden
1952: Jane
1952: The Children's Hour
1953: The Little Hut
1953: The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker
1954: All Summer Long
1954: Quadrille
1955: The Bad Seed
1955: A Memory of Two Mondays/A View from the Bridge
1956: The Sleeping Prince
1956: Saint Joan
1957: The Waltz of the Toreadors
1958: Summer of the Seventeenth Doll
1958: The Disenchanted
1959: The Great God Brown
Eugene O'Neill Theatre
1960: The Hostage
1961: Let It Ride
1961: Ross
1962: A Thousand Clowns
1963: She Loves Me
1964: Something More!
1966: The Odd Couple
1967: The Freaking Out of Stephanie Blake
1968: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
1969: Canterbury Tales
1969: Last of the Red Hot Lovers
1971: The Prisoner of Second Avenue
1973: The Good Doctor
1974: God's Favorite
1975: Yentl
1976: California Suite
1977: Your Arms Too Short to Box with God
1979: Chapter Two
1980: I Ought to Be in Pictures
1981: Fools
1981: Annie
1982: Little Me
1982: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
1983: Moose Murders
1983: The Glass Menagerie
1985: Big River
1987: Tom Waits in Concert on Broadway
1988: M. Butterfly
1990: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
1991: La Bête
1991: Penn & Teller: The Refrigerator Tour
1991: A Christmas Carol
1992: Five Guys Named Moe
1994: Grease
1998: The Herbal Bed
1999: Death of a Salesman
2000: Waiting in the Wings
2000: The Full Monty
2003: Nine
2004: Caroline, or Change
2005: Good Vibrations
2005: Sweeney Todd
2006: Spring Awakening
2009: 33 Variations
2009: Fela!
2011: 8
2011: The Book of Mormon
Box office record
The Book of Mormon achieved the box office record for the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. The production grossed $2,224,280 over nine performances for the week ending January 4, 2015.
See also
List of Broadway theatres
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1925 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Event venues established in 1925
Jujamcyn
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Theater District, Manhattan |
4401309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena%20Horne%20Theatre | Lena Horne Theatre | The Lena Horne Theatre (previously the Mansfield Theatre and the Brooks Atkinson Theatre) is a Broadway theater at 256 West 47th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1926, it was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in a Spanish Revival style and was constructed for Irwin Chanin. It has 1,069 seats across two levels and is operated by the Nederlander Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.
The facade is divided into two sections: the four-story stage house to the west, covered in buff-colored brick, and the three-story auditorium to the east, designed with yellow-beige brick and terracotta. The ground floor, which contains the theater's entrance, is shielded by a marquee. Above is a set of Palladian windows on the second story, as well as rectangular sash windows with lunettes on the third story. The facade is topped by an entablature and a sloping tiled roof. The auditorium contains ornamental plasterwork, a sloped orchestra level, a large balcony, and a coved ceiling. The balcony level contains box seats near the front of the auditorium, above which are murals.
The Mansfield Theatre was developed with the Biltmore (now Samuel J. Friedman) Theatre across the street, opening on February 15, 1926. The Mansfield struggled to attract hits from its opening until 1945 when Michael Myerberg bought it. In 1950, the Mansfield was leased to CBS for television productions under the name Studio 59. When Myerberg returned it to legitimate use in September 1960, he renamed it after the former New York Times theater critic Brooks Atkinson. The Nederlander Organization purchased a partial ownership stake in the Brooks Atkinson Theatre in 1967 and became a full owner in 1974. Following a renovation in 2000, the theater has hosted several shows in the 21st century, such as the musical Waitress. On November 1, 2022, the theater was renamed after Black singer-actress Lena Horne.
Site
The Lena Horne Theatre is at 258 West 47th Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The square land lot covers , with a frontage of on 47th Street and a depth of 100 feet. The Lena Horne shares the block with the Paramount Hotel to the south and the Hotel Edison and Lunt-Fontanne Theatre to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre to the north; the Ethel Barrymore Theatre and Longacre Theatre to the northeast; the Richard Rodgers Theatre and Imperial Theatre to the south; and the off-Broadway 47th Street Theatre to the west.
Design
The Lena Horne Theatre, originally the Mansfield Theatre, was designed by Herbert J. Krapp in a modern Spanish style and was constructed in 1926 for the Chanin brothers. The theater was originally named for British actor Richard Mansfield (1857–1907). From 1960 to 2022, it was named for Brooks Atkinson (1894–1984), who was the theater critic for The New York Times from 1925 to 1960. Since 2022, the theater has been named for African-American actress and singer Lena Horne (1917–2010). The Lena Horne is operated by the Nederlander Organization.
Facade
The facade consists of two sections. The three-story-tall eastern section is wider and is symmetrical, containing the auditorium entrance. It is made of yellow-beige brick with white terracotta decorations. The western section, which contains the stage house, is four stories high and contains a brick facade. The third story of the auditorium is on an intermediate level between the third and fourth stories of the stage house.
Auditorium section
The first story of the auditorium's facade is symmetrically arranged. There is a water table made of terrazzo, above which are rusticated terracotta blocks made in ashlar. Several openings are placed within the first story. The easternmost opening contains recessed metal doors with sign boards. At the center are five metal double doors connecting with the box office lobby. The westernmost opening consists of a metal stage door. Sign boards are placed on the wall to the left (east) of the center openings, as well as on two of the double doors to the right (west) of center. A marquee hangs over the five center doorways and the immediate adjacent sign boards.
On the upper stories, the auditorium is arranged into three sections from left to right. The auditorium's outermost openings, on the second and third stories, have a single six-over-six sash window on either story. Lunettes with rosettes are placed above each of these windows. These windows are surrounded by a brick band, which is laid in a pattern resembling an arch. At the top of this arch is a molding with corbels, as well as a brick panel with bond work in a basket-weave pattern. Above this are terracotta friezes with fleur-de-lis and rosette patterns, topped by a brick parapet.
The central section contains three Palladian window frames at the second floor, with bracket-shaped keystones above each window. Twisting colonettes divide the openings in each Palladian frame, while the outer sections of the windows are bordered by pilasters with Corinthian-style capitals. The center opening is an open-air loggia, behind which is a fire stair with an iron railing. The other two Palladian openings contain sash windows. At the third story, there are three openings, surrounded by twisting moldings and a terracotta frame. The center opening is a ventilation grate while the other two contain six-over-six sash windows. All three window openings have a lunette with rosette above them. Between the window openings are medallions that depict lyres. A sign with the name "Brooks Atkinson" projects from the western side of the third floor. Brackets run above the third floor, supporting a cornice and a Spanish tile roof.
Stage house section
The Lena Horne Theatre's stage house is much simpler in design, with a terrazzo water table. Unlike in the auditorium section, all four stories are faced in brick. At ground level, there is a doorway and a garage opening, between which are two bricked-up window openings. A string course runs above the ground story. On each of the second through fourth floors, there are three sash windows with two-over-two panes, and a brick lintel is placed above each window. The stage house is topped by a cornice and a parapet.
Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium space is designed with plaster decorations in low relief. According to the Nederlander Organization, the auditorium has 1,069 seats; meanwhile, The Broadway League cites a capacity of 1,094 seats and Playbill cites 1,045 seats. The Lena Horne Theatre is designed in a Spanish style and originally had a seating capacity of 1,125. The interior design scheme was overseen by Roman Meltzer, who was the architect for Russian emperor Nicholas II.
Seating areas
The rear (east) end of the orchestra contains a promenade with paneled walls and a molded cornice. The orchestra is raked, sloping down toward the stage. There are two columns between the orchestra and the promenade, between which is a decorative railing. Two staircases, with decorative metal railings, lead from either end of the promenade to the balcony level. The orchestra's north (right) wall has doors from the lobby, while the south (left) and rear walls contain exit doors. There are foliate swag motifs on either side of the exit signs above the doors. The orchestra's side walls contain decorative panels. Bronze lighting sconces are placed along the walls of the orchestra and its promenade.
The balcony level is divided into front and rear sections by an aisle halfway across the depth. On either side of the crossover aisle are exit doors, which are placed between pilasters and wall panels on either side. Above the exit doors are arch decorations and a frieze with swags. The rest of the balcony's side walls contain panels, which are divided into upper and lower sections, with foliate decorations in the upper panels and plain decorations in the lower panels. A cornice runs above all of the walls. The front rail of the balcony contains shields and foliate decorations. Light boxes are installed on the front rail. The underside of the balcony has plasterwork panels with crystal light fixtures suspended from medallions. Air-conditioning vents are placed along some of the panels under the balcony.
On either side of the proscenium is a curved wall section with three arches, each of which corresponds to a box at balcony level. The wall section is flanked by fluted pilasters with Corinthian-style gilded capitals. At orchestra level, the wall sections contain a false rusticated wall with three rectangular openings. The undersides of the boxes contain crystal light fixtures similar to those on the balcony. The fronts of the boxes are curved outward and contain shields and foliate decorations. Twisting colonettes run beside each arch, while egg-and-dart moldings run along the tops of the arches. The arches are separated by fluted pilasters with Corinthian capitals, above which is a molding. At the tops of the boxes are murals that show commedia dell'arte and muses. These murals were painted by A. Battisti and G. Troombul.
Other design features
There is a three-centered proscenium arch next to the boxes. The archway is surrounded by a molded band with anthemia, egg-and-dart, and rope motifs. The spandrels, above the corners of the proscenium arch, contain Adam-style sphinx motifs. There are fluted pilasters with gilded Corinthian capitals along either side of the arch. Above these pilasters is a frieze containing motifs of arches with fans.
A beam separates the ceiling into front and rear sections. The beam is decorated with a frieze containing arch-and-fan motifs (similar to the frieze above the proscenium). The front section is a coved ceiling, surrounded by a frieze with an arch-and-fan motif. Moldings divide the cove into sections, which are decorated with urns and foliate designs. A crystal chandelier hangs from the center of the cove. The rear section contains molded bands with bead motifs, which divide the ceiling into arch- and lozenge-shaped panels. Near the side walls, the moldings contain cartouches with foliate designs, from which are suspended four chandeliers.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. During the 1900s and 1910s, many theaters in Midtown Manhattan were developed by the Shubert brothers, one of the major theatrical syndicates of the time. The Chanin brothers developed another grouping of theaters in the mid-1920s. Though the Chanins largely specialized in real estate rather than theaters, Irwin Chanin had become interested in theater when he was an impoverished student at the Cooper Union. He subsequently recalled that he had been "humiliated" by having to use a separate door whenever he bought cheap seats in an upper balcony level.
Initial Broadway run
1920s
Irwin Chanin was a newcomer to the Broadway theater industry when he was developing his first theater, the 46th Street (now Richard Rodgers). Chanin hired Herbert Krapp, an experienced architect who had designed multiple Broadway theaters for the Shubert brothers. The 46th Street Theatre opened in early 1925 as Chanin's first Broadway theater. Chanin retained Krapp to design the Biltmore and Mansfield theaters on 47th Street, which at the time was a largely residential street. Irwin Chanin, who built the theater with his brother Henry, acquired the property title to the two theater sites on 47th Street in March 1925. Though the Biltmore was completed that December, the Mansfield was not finished until early the following year. On February 15, 1926, prior to the theater's opening, a luncheon was hosted in honor of Mansfield's widow Beatrice Cameron. Later that night, the theater opened with the melodrama The Night Duel.
Generally, the Mansfield's early productions were flops. The Night Duel lasted for 17 performances before closing, and three similarly short-lived shows followed. The theater's first moderate success was If I Was Rich with Joe Laurie Jr., which opened in September 1926 and had 92 performances. The Ladder with Antoinette Perry opened at the Mansfield the next month, running for several hundred performances across numerous theaters. This was followed by a revival of Eugene O'Neill's Beyond the Horizon. At the end of the year, the Mansfield staged three Hebrew-language plays performed by the Habima Players of Moscow, including The Dybbuk. A revival of the Henrik Ibsen play Ghosts, with Minnie Maddern Fiske, had 24 performances at the beginning of 1927. The theater hosted short-lived plays for the rest of that year. That April, the Mansfield was sold to Irving Lewine, who leased the theater back to the Chanins for 63 years.
In August 1927, Charles L. Wagner arranged to operate the Mansfield for a year. Just before Wagner was scheduled to assume operation that October, Lew Fields took over the lease and Wagner's shows were relocated to another theater. Fields planned to stage at least four shows and rename the theater for himself. The beginning of 1928 saw short runs of the plays Mongolia and Atlas and Eva. The first Fields production at the Mansfield was the Rodgers and Hart musical Present Arms in April 1928, which ran for 147 performances. The theater's sign was changed to display the name "Lew Fields Theatre", though programs referred to the house as "Lew Fields's Mansfield Theatre". Rodgers and Hart also wrote the music for Chee-Chee, which was much less popular than Present Arms. At the end of the year, Lew Fields starred in Hello, Daddy, which was produced by his children Dorothy and Herbert Fields; it had 198 performances. The theater reverted to its original name in March 1929 with the opening of the flop Indiscretion.
1930s and 1940s
The next success at the Mansfield was Marc Connelly's The Green Pastures, which opened in February 1930. With a cast composed entirely of Black actors, it ultimately ran 640 performances. This was followed by numerous flops, which established the Mansfield Theatre as a "jinx house". The Chanins ultimately lost control of the Mansfield and their other theaters during the Depression. In October 1931, the Chanins relinquished their lease on the Mansfield to Irving Lewine. At the end of the year, the Group Theatre began presenting its productions at the Mansfield, first staging 1931- and then The House of Connelly. The Mansfield did not host any productions from March to December 1932. The Mutual Life Insurance Company subsequently foreclosed on the theater, and it was purchased by Nyamco Associates Inc. in October 1932 for $354,000. In the foreclosure process, all the theater's furnishings were removed. The same month as Nyamco's acquisition, Ray K. Bartlett and Edgar Allen took over the Mansfield for two years and reinstalled the furnishings.
The Mansfield reopened in December 1932 with the Shuffle Along of 1933, which closed after just 17 performances. In June 1933, the theater was leased to the syndicate Players League Inc. for 19 months. The theater did not have any particularly distinguished shows in 1933 or 1934, but George Abbott directed the moderately successful comedy Page Miss Glory in late 1934. The next year, the Mansfield had a transfer of Moon Over Mulberry Street, as well as a run of On Stage with Osgood Perkins. This was followed in 1937 by Antony and Cleopatra featuring Tallulah Bankhead, as well as Behind Red Lights, which ran for 176 performances. In 1938, the Shuberts proposed leasing the Mansfield at $14,000 a year, an extremely favorable rate compared to other theaters; they ultimately took the theater for a year and renovated it. The theater then hosted a transfer of the long-running What a Life in 1939, as well as the Group Theatre's Thunder Rock featuring Lee J. Cobb and Frances Farmer.
In 1940, the Mansfield hosted a revival of Juno and the Paycock, a transfer of the long-running comedy Separate Rooms, and the popular revue Meet the People. The theater staged In Time to Come in 1941, as well as a revival of Shakespeare's As You Like It. The theater mostly hosted short runs during 1942 and 1943, and producer Michael Myerberg signed a three-year lease for the Mansfield in June 1943. The comedy Janie was staged at the Mansfield for a short period during late 1943 and early 1944. Myerberg bought the theater outright in March 1944, and Anna Lucasta, an adaptation of an American Negro Theater production, opened that August, starring Hilda Simms for 957 performances. The New York Herald Tribune said at the time that all-Black casts had performed the only two "outstanding hits" in the Mansfield's two-decade history: Anna Lucasta and The Green Pastures.
The Mansfield's next hit was Ruth Gordon's Years Ago, which opened in 1946 which ran for 206 performances. For the most part, the Mansfield hosted short runs during 1947. A revival of the musical The Cradle Will Rock opened at the end of that year and ran for two weeks. The Dublin Gate Theatre performed three shows at the Mansfield in February and March 1948, followed in April by the Billie Holiday Revue. The Mansfield's final productions of the decade included Red Gloves in 1948 and Lend an Ear in 1949. DuMont Television Network considered leasing the Mansfield during the 1949 season, but the Shuberts operated the theater instead when DuMont decided against using it. The Mansfield hosted All You Need Is One Good Break in February 1950, and the Jean Anouilh play Peacock ran just two performances that April.
CBS studio and renaming
The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) leased the Mansfield in August 1950 for five years, paying a very favorable annual rental of between $85,000 and $100,000. Ultimately, CBS used the theater for ten years. Known as CBS Studio 59, the theater was used to broadcast the long-running panel shows What's My Line? and I've Got a Secret. CBS also used the theater for shows such as Showcase, which showed actors in short clips. In 1958, Roger L. Stevens considered leasing the Mansfield Theatre from Myerberg, who still owned it.
Myerberg announced in mid-1960 that the former Mansfield Theatre would be renovated and reopened as a legitimate theater. The Mansfield was renamed after Brooks Atkinson, who had then recently retired as the theatrical critic for The New York Times. The Brooks Atkinson would be the first Broadway theater to be named for a theatre critic, as well as the second named for a newspaper writer, beside the Mark Hellinger Theatre. The theater was renamed at a ceremony on September 7, 1960.
Broadway revival
1960s and 1970s
The first production at the Brooks Atkinson was David Merrick's Vintage 60, which opened on September 12, 1960, and lasted just eight performances. This was followed the same year by Send Me No Flowers, which featured David Wayne and Nancy Olson for 40 performances. The next year, the theater hosted a success with Neil Simon's first play, Come Blow Your Horn, which ran for 677 performances. This was followed in late 1962 by Sidney Kingsley's Night Life and in 1963 by Peter Ustinov's Photo Finish. In early 1964, the Brooks Atkinson staged a five-performance run of Tennessee Williams's The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore and solo appearances by Josephine Baker. The theater then hosted the controversial drama The Deputy, which ran for 318 performances for much of the same year. At the end of 1964, Julie Harris starred at the Brooks Atkinson in Ready When You Are, C.B.!; followed in 1965 by a 176-performance revival of The Glass Menagerie.
The Brooks Atkinson largely hosted flops for two years from November 1965 until Ustinov's Halfway Up the Tree opened in 1967. To combat the theater's unprofitability, the Nederlander Organization bought a half-interest in the Brooks Atkinson in May 1967. The next year, the Brooks Atkinson hosted Peter Nichols's A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, followed by Renée Taylor and Joseph Bologna's Lovers and Other Strangers. Subsequently, Dustin Hoffman appeared in Jimmy Shine during late 1968 and early 1969. The Brooks Atkinson did not see another hit until 1971, when Cliff Gorman starred in Lenny, a biography of Lenny Bruce that ran for 453 performances. The Negro Ensemble Company moved their off-Broadway production of The River Niger to the Brooks Atkinson in 1973, where it had 280 performances.
Myerberg died in early 1974 and the Nederlanders bought his half-interest in the Brooks Atkinson's ownership. Three successful productions were featured at the theater the same year: Find Your Way Home with Michael Moriarty and Jane Alexander; My Fat Friend with George Rose and Lynn Redgrave; and Of Mice and Men with James Earl Jones, Kevin Conway, and Pamela Blair. The two-character comedy Same Time, Next Year opened at the Brooks Atkinson in 1975. The theater celebrated its 50th anniversary in December 1976, ten months after the actual anniversary, because no one had noticed the date beforehand. Same Time, Next Year transferred to another theater in May 1978 and ultimately ran for over 1,400 total performances. The Brooks Atkinson then hosted the play Tribute with Jack Lemmon in 1978, as well as the comedy Bedroom Farce and the drama Teibele and Her Demon in 1979.
1980s and 1990s
The off-Broadway play Talley's Folly moved to the Brooks Atkinson in 1980. This was followed by four short runs: Tricks of the Trade and Mixed Couples in 1980, as well as Lolita and Wally's Cafe in 1981. The Dresser opened later in 1981 and ultimately ran 200 performances. This was followed in 1982 by a short run of the off-Broadway show Beyond Therapy, another revival of Ghosts with John Neville and Liv Ullmann, and the comedy Steaming with Judith Ivey. In 1983, the Brooks Atkinson hosted the mountain-climbing drama K2 as well as the solo show Edmund Kean with Ben Kingsley. At the end of 1983, the Brooks Atkinson staged Noises Off, which ran for one and a half years. Subsequently, Aren't We All? and Benefactors both opened at the Brooks Atkinson in 1985. This was followed in December 1986 by comedian Jackie Mason's solo show The World According to Me!. Mason's show ran for two years, with a gap in early 1988 when Mason was shooting the film Caddyshack II.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started to consider protecting the Brooks Atkinson as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the Brooks Atkinson's facade and interior as landmarks on November 4, 1987. This was part of the commission's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Nederlanders, the Shuberts, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Brooks Atkinson, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
The Brooks Atkinson staged Cafe Crown with Anne Jackson and Eli Wallach in 1989. The same year, the theater had limited appearances by musicians Victor Borge, Peter, Paul and Mary, and Stephanie Mills. This was followed in 1990 by a two-month-long run of The Cemetery Club and an adaptation of William Nicholson's Shadowlands with Jane Alexander and Nigel Hawthorne. The Brooks Atkinson hosted Death and the Maiden with Glenn Close, Richard Dreyfuss, and Gene Hackman in 1992, then the Roundabout Theatre Company's version of She Loves Me in 1993. The theater had two flops in the mid-1990s: Donald Margulies's What’s Wrong With This Picture?, which ran for 12 performances in 1994, and Budd Schulberg and Stan Silverman's On the Waterfront, which had just eight performances in 1995.
The Steppenwolf Theatre Company's production of Buried Child was produced at the Brooks Atkinson in 1996, as was the play Taking Sides with Daniel Massey and Ed Harris. The musical Play On! was hosted in 1997, followed the same year by the musical show Street Corner Symphony. The theatrical adaptation of Wait Until Dark, which featured film actress Marisa Tomei in her Broadway debut, ran for 97 performances in 1998. The next year, the theater hosted a transfer of a West End revival of The Iceman Cometh, featuring Kevin Spacey.
2000s to present
In early 2000, the theater hosted the Roundabout Theatre Company's production of Uncle Vanya. From July to September of that year, Sachs Morgan Studio renovated the theater for $2.2 million. The original chandelier was retrieved from storage and reinstalled; the murals, lobbies, and restrooms were refurbished; and the seats, carpets, and drapes were replaced. The Brooks Atkinson reopened in December 2000 with the musical Jane Eyre, which closed after a short run. A late-2001 revival of Noises Off, two decades after the original production, ran for 348 performances. Next to be shown was a limited run of the tragedy Medea in 2002, as well as the revue The Look of Love and Jackie Mason's short-lived Laughing Room Only. The Brooks Atkinson hosted the dramas Jumpers and Democracy in 2004, as well as limited runs of the solo shows Mark Twain Tonight! and The Blonde in the Thunderbird in 2005.
A revival of The Odd Couple opened at the Brooks Atkinson in late 2005, followed by the dance musical [[The Times They Are a-Changin' (musical)|The Times They Are a-Changin''']] in 2006 and a revival of A Moon for the Misbegotten in 2007. The rock-and-roll musical Grease was revived at the theater in August 2007, and the show ultimately ran for 554 performances over the next year and a half. It was immediately followed by a transfer of the off-Broadway rock musical Rock of Ages, which opened in April 2009 and ran for nearly two years before transferring. In the early 2010s, the Brooks Atkinson hosted both plays and musicals. These included Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles and Relatively Speaking in 2011; Peter and the Starcatcher in 2012; Hands on a Hardbody and After Midnight in 2013; and Love Letters in 2014. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2014, the Nederlanders agreed to improve disabled access at their nine Broadway theaters, including the Brooks Atkinson.
The Brooks Atkinson hosted the comedy It Shoulda Been You in 2015, as well as Deaf West Theatre's production of the musical Spring Awakening the same year. Subsequently, the musical Waitress opened in 2016, with Sara Bareilles and Jason Mraz both performing in the show before it closed in January 5, 2020. Waitress became the Brooks Atkinson's longest-running production in 2019, and it ran through early 2020. The musical Six was in rehearsal and was set to open on March 12, 2020, when the theater was forced to close due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Six premiered when the Brooks Atkinson reopened on September 17, 2021.
During the COVID-19 shutdown, the Shuberts, Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn had pledged to increase racial and cultural diversity in their theaters, including naming at least one theater for a Black theatrical personality. Accordingly, in June 2022, the Nederlanders announced that the Brooks Atkinson would be renamed for singer and actress Lena Horne. Horne's collaborative relationship with the Nederlanders included the Broadway production of Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music in 1981, for which she won a Tony and two Grammy awards. The venue became the first Broadway theater named for a Black woman, as well as the third Broadway theater named after a Black theatrical personality. The Lena Horne's new marquee was unveiled on November 1, 2022.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include shows taped at the theater.
1920s to 1940s
1926: Beyond the Horizon1926: The Dybbuk1927: Ghosts1928: Present Arms1928: Chee-Chee1930: The Green Pastures1931: The House of Connelly1932: Shuffle Along (1933)1934: Page Miss Glory1936: Black Limelight1937: Sea Legs1937: Antony and Cleopatra1939: What a Life1939: Thunder Rock1940: Juno and the Paycock1940: Meet the People1941: As You Like It1944: Anna Lucasta1947: The Cradle Will Rock1948: John Bull's Other Island1948: Red Gloves1949: Lend an Ear 1960s to present
1961: Come Blow Your Horn1963: Phèdre1963: Bérénice1963: Man and Boy1964: The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore1964: The Deputy1965: The Glass Menagerie1967: Love in E-Flat1967: A Minor Adjustment1967: Halfway Up the Tree1968: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg1968: Lovers and Other Strangers1969: Indians1970: Paris Is Out!1970: Charley's Aunt1970: Not Now, Darling1971: Lenny1972: Lysistrata1973: The River Niger1974: My Fat Friend1974: Of Mice and Men1975: Same Time, Next Year1978: Tribute1979: Bedroom Farce1980: Talley's Folly1981: Lolita1981: The Dresser1982: Beyond Therapy1982: Ghosts1982: Steaming1983: K21983: Edmund Kean1983: Noises Off1985: Aren't We All?1985: Benefactors1986: Rowan Atkinson at the Atkinson1986: Jackie Mason's The World According to Me!1989: Cafe Crown1989: The Victor Borge Holiday Show on Broadway1989: Peter, Paul & Mary "A Holiday Celebration"1989: Stephanie Mills Comes "Home" to Broadway1990: The Cemetery Club1990: Shadowlands1992: Death and the Maiden1993: Redwood Curtain1993: She Loves Me1996: Buried Child1996: Taking Sides1997: Play On!1998: Wait Until Dark1998: Fool Moon1999: The Iceman Cometh1999: The Rainmaker2000: Uncle Vanya 2000: Jane Eyre 2001: Noises Off 2002: Medea 2003: The Look of Love 2004: Jumpers 2004: Democracy 2005: Mark Twain Tonight! 2005: The Odd Couple 2006: The Times They Are a-Changin' 2007: A Moon for the Misbegotten 2007: Grease 2009: Rock of Ages 2011: Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles 2011: Relatively Speaking 2012: Peter and the Starcatcher 2013: Hands on a Hardbody 2013: After Midnight 2014: Love Letters 2015: It Shoulda Been You 2015: Spring Awakening 2016: Waitress 2021: Six Box office record Waitress set a box office record for the theater in 2018, grossing $1,626,478 over eight performances for the week ending on January 28, 2018. This was surpassed by Six'', which grossed $1,649,206 over eight performances for the week ending January 1, 2023.
See also
List of Broadway theaters
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1926 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
Nederlander Organization
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1926 |
4401319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadhurst%20Theatre | Broadhurst Theatre | The Broadhurst Theatre is a Broadway theater at 235 West 44th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1917, the theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was built for the Shubert brothers. The Broadhurst Theatre is named for British-American theatrical producer George Broadhurst, who leased the theater before its opening. It has 1,218 seats across two levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks.
The neoclassical facade is simple in design and is similar to that of the Schoenfeld (formerly Plymouth) Theatre, which was developed concurrently. The Broadhurst's facade is made of buff-colored brick and terracotta and is divided into two sections: a stage house to the west and the theater's entrance to the east. The entrance is topped by fire-escape galleries and contains a curved corner facing east toward Broadway. The auditorium contains an orchestra level, a large balcony, a small technical gallery, and a flat ceiling. The space is decorated in the classical Greek and Adam styles, with Doric columns and Greek friezes. Near the front of the auditorium, flanking the flat proscenium arch, are box seats at balcony level.
The Shubert brothers developed the Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters following the success of the Booth and Shubert theaters directly to the east. The Broadhurst Theatre opened on September 27, 1917, with Misalliance; its namesake had intended to use the theater for his own productions. The Shuberts acquired full control of the Broadhurst in 1929 and have operated it since then. The theater has hosted not only musicals but also revues, comedies, and dramas throughout its history. Long-running shows hosted at the Broadhurst have included Hold Everything!, Fiorello!, Cabaret, Grease, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Les Misérables, and Mamma Mia!.
Site
The Broadhurst Theatre is on 235 West 44th Street, on the north sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, near Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 44th Street and a depth of . The Broadhurst Theatre shares the city block with the Row NYC Hotel to the west. It adjoins six other theaters: the Majestic to the west, the John Golden and Bernard B. Jacobs to the northwest, the Gerald Schoenfeld to the north, the Booth to the northeast, and the Shubert to the east. Other nearby structures include the Music Box Theatre and Imperial Theatre one block north; One Astor Plaza to the east; 1501 Broadway to the southeast; and the Sardi's restaurant, the Hayes Theater, and the St. James Theatre to the south.
The Broadhurst is part of the largest concentration of Broadway theaters on a single block. The Broadhurst, Schoenfeld (originally Plymouth), Booth, and Shubert theaters were all developed by the Shubert brothers between 44th and 45th Streets, occupying land previously owned by the Astor family. The Broadhurst and Schoenfeld were built as a pair, occupying land left over from the development of the Shubert and Booth, which were also paired. The Broadhurst/Schoenfeld theatrical pair share an alley to the east, parallel to the larger Shubert Alley east of the Shubert/Booth pair. The Broadhurst/Schoenfeld alley was required under New York City construction codes of the time but, unlike Shubert Alley, it was closed to the public shortly after its completion. The Shuberts bought the land under all four theaters from the Astors in 1948.
Design
The Broadhurst Theatre was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and constructed in 1917 for the Shubert brothers. The Broadhurst and Plymouth were two of Krapp's first theatrical designs as an independent architect after he left the firm of Herts & Tallant. While the facades of the two theaters are similar in arrangement, the interiors have a different design both from each other and from their respective facades. The Broadhurst is designed to complement the Shubert/Booth theatrical pair, with a simple neoclassical facade compared to the Shubert's and Booth's "Venetian Renaissance" designs. The Broadhurst is operated by the Shubert Organization.
Facade
Krapp designed the Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters with relatively simple brick-and-stone facades, instead relying on the arrangement of the brickwork for decorative purposes. The Broadhurst and Plymouth contain curved corners at the eastern portions of their respective facades, facing Broadway, since most audience members reached the theaters from that direction. The use of simple exterior-design elements was typical of Krapp's commissions for the Shubert family, giving these theaters the impression that they were mass-produced. The Broadhurst and Plymouth theaters' designs contrasted with Henry Beaumont Herts's earlier ornate designs of the Shubert and Booth theaters. Nevertheless, the use of curved east-facing corners was common to all four theaters. The Broadhurst's facade is divided into two sections: the auditorium to the east and a stage house to the west. The facade is generally shorter than its width.
Auditorium section
The ground floor of the auditorium contains a water table made of granite, above which are vertical blocks of architectural terracotta. The rest of the facade is made of buff brick in Flemish bond, laid in a diaper pattern. Along the ground floor on 44th Street, there are glass-and-bronze double doors with aluminum frames and transoms. There are display boxes on either side of these doors, and a marquee extends above the doors. The southeastern corner of the facade is curved and contains an entrance to the ticket lobby. This entrance contains a double door, above which is a glass transom panel with the word "Broadhurst" inscribed on it. The corner entrance is topped by a broken pediment, which is supported by console brackets on either side and contains an escutcheon at the center.
Along 44th Street, the auditorium's second and third floors contain a fire escape made of cast iron and wrought iron. There are doors and windows on both levels, leading to the fire escape. In addition, the fire escape's third-floor railing contains cast-iron depictions of ribands and shields. A canopy originally shielded the fire escape at the third floor. Above the center of the third floor, on 44th Street, is a terracotta cartouche containing depictions of swags. The curved corner contains a third-floor window, topped by an oval escutcheon decorated with swags and fleur-de-lis. A terracotta cornice and a brick parapet runs above the auditorium facade. The parapet is stepped and contains a coping made of sheet metal.
Stage house
The stage house is five stories high. The ground floor of the stage house contains a granite water table with terracotta blocks above it. On this story, there are two metal doors and three windows. The stage house has five sash windows on each of the upper stories. These windows are placed within segmental arches made of brick. There is a metal fire escape in front of the stage house, which leads to the fire escape in front of the auditorium's third story. A parapet with corbels runs above the fifth story of the stage house.
Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium has about the same width and depth, and the space is designed with plaster decorations in relief. According to the Shubert Organization, the theater has 1,218 seats; meanwhile, The Broadway League gives a figure of 1,186 seats and Playbill cites 1,163 seats. The physical seats are divided into 733 seats in the orchestra, 429 on the balcony, and 24 in the boxes. There are 32 standing-only spots. The theater contains restrooms in the basement and concessions in the lobby. The orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible and contains an accessible restroom; the balcony is not wheelchair-accessible.
Seating areas
The rear or eastern end of the orchestra contains a promenade, with four paneled piers supporting the balcony level. The promenade's ceiling is surrounded by a Doric-style cornice as well as a frieze designed in the Adam style. There are also plasterwork panels on the promenade ceiling, which contain chandeliers suspended from medallions. Two staircases with metal railings lead from the promenade to the balcony. The orchestra level is raked, sloping down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. The orchestra and its promenade contain walls with plasterwork panels. Doorways on the south (left) wall lead from the lobby, while those on the north (right) and east (rear) walls lead to the exits. The tops of the doorways are flanked by console brackets, which support an entablature and a pediment with anthemia. When the theater was built, the orchestra had a movable floor; half the seating could be removed overnight to accommodate smaller productions.
At the rear of the balcony are four paneled piers (corresponding to those at orchestra level), which are topped by Doric-style capitals. The side walls contain plasterwork panels with swags. There are also doorways with pediments, similar to those on the orchestra. Low-relief panels and air-conditioning vents are placed on the balcony's underside. In front of the balcony is a Panathenaic frieze, based on that of the Parthenon, which is mostly hidden behind light boxes. There is a small technical gallery above the rear of the balcony, the front railing of which contains moldings of swags. A Doric-style cornice runs above the balcony walls, wrapping above the boxes and proscenium.
On either side of the stage is a wall section with three boxes at the balcony level. The boxes step downward toward the stage; the front box curves forward into the proscenium arch, while the rear box curves backward into the balcony. At the orchestra level, there are three rectangular openings, corresponding to the locations of former boxes on that level. The front railings of the boxes contain sections of a Panathenaic frieze, separated by fasces made of plaster; the frieze contained depictions of horsemen. The underside of each box is decorated with a medallion containing a light fixture; this is surrounded by a molded band. Doric-style columns separate the boxes from each other, supporting a molding and panel at the top of each wall section.
Other design features
Next to the boxes is a flat proscenium arch, which consists of Doric pilasters on either side of the opening, as well as an entablature above. The entablature contains a central relief panel with a frieze of horsemen. The theater was also designed with a false proscenium opening, which gave the impression of a smaller stage suitable for dramas and comedies. The proscenium opening measures about tall and wide. The depth of the auditorium to the proscenium is , while the depth to the front of the stage is . The ceiling is flat, containing plasterwork moldings, friezes, and medallions, as well as air-conditioning vents. Chandeliers are suspended from the medallions.
History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century. From 1901 to 1920, forty-three theaters were built around Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, including the Broadhurst Theatre. The Broadhurst was developed by the Shubert brothers of Syracuse, New York, who expanded downstate into New York City in the first decade of the 20th century. After the death of Sam S. Shubert in 1905, his brothers Lee and Jacob J. Shubert expanded their theatrical operations significantly. The brothers controlled a quarter of all plays and three-quarters of theatrical ticket sales in the U.S. by 1925.
Development and early years
The Shubert brothers had constructed the Shubert and Booth theaters as a pair in 1913, having leased the site from the Astor family. Only the eastern half of the land was used for the Shubert/Booth project; following the success of the two theaters, the Shubert brothers decided to develop another pair of theaters to the west. Herbert Krapp was hired as the architect, while Edward Margolies was the builder. Krapp filed plans for a new theater at 235 West 44th Street with the New York City Department of Buildings in January 1917; he revised these plans in March. That August, British-American theatrical producer George Broadhurst leased the theater from the Shuberts, and the venue was renamed for Broadhurst. At the time, Broadhurst was a busy playwright; he staged nearly 30 Broadway and West End plays from 1907 to 1924. He leased the Shubert's new 44th Street venue because he wanted a theater to showcase his own work.
The Broadhurst opened on September 27, 1917, with George Bernard Shaw's comedy Misalliance; the show lasted 52 performances. Despite his early intentions, George Broadhurst did not only stage his own shows at the theater; for example, the Broadhurst hosted a revival of R. C. Carton's Lord and Lady Algy in December 1917. This was followed in 1918 by the musical Maytime with Peggy Wood and the play Ladies First with Nora Bayes and William Kent. Rachel Crothers's comedy 39 East opened at the Broadhurst in 1919, and Jane Cowl and Allan Langdon Martin's collaboration Smilin' Through at the end of that year.
George Broadhurst's adaptation of the play Tarzan of the Apes, with real animals, ran for 13 performances in 1921. The Claw featuring Lionel Barrymore opened the same year. Peggy Wood returned to the Broadhurst for Hugo Felix's Marjolaine in 1922, which had 136 performances. The Broadhurst's productions in 1923 included The Dancers with Richard Bennett and Florence Eldridge, as well as the revue Topics of 1923 with Alice Delysia. In early 1924, the Broadhurst staged Marc Connelly and George S. Kaufman's play Beggar on Horseback with Roland Young, which lasted for 224 performances. This was followed the next year by Michael Arlen's The Green Hat with Katharine Cornell; it had 237 performances.
The Broadhurst next hosted the revue Bunk of 1926, which was forced to close in June 1926 due to an injunction against it. Shortly afterward, Alexander A. Aarons and Vinton Freedley leased the Broadhurst Theatre for several years. Jed Harris's version of the George Abbott and Philip Dunning play Broadway opened that September; it continued for 603 performances, ultimately relocating at the end of 1927. It was immediately followed by Winthrop Ames's version of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, featuring George Arliss and Peggy Wood. The Lew Brown/B. G. de Sylva/Ray Henderson musical Hold Everything! opened later in 1928 and lasted for 413 performances. The Broadhurst's last hit of the 1920s was George S. Kaufman and Ring Lardner's play June Moon, which opened in 1929 for a 273-performance run. That year, the Shuberts took over the theater's operation from George Broadhurst.
1930s and 1940s
In 1931, the Broadhurst staged Herbert Fields and Rodgers and Hart's musical America's Sweetheart, which continued for 135 performances. Aarons and Freedley gave up their lease on the theater that August, and Norman Bel Geddes produced a short-lived revival of Shakespeare's Hamlet that November. This was followed in 1932 by Philip Barry's comedy The Animal Kingdom; the drama The Man Who Reclaimed His Head; and Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's play Twentieth Century. Next, the Group Theatre occupied the Broadhurst during the 1933–1934 season with a production of Sidney Kingsley's play Men in White. Eve Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Company presented several shows at the Broadhurst later in 1934. This included L'Aiglon with Ethel Barrymore, as well as Hedda Gabler and Cradle Song.
The Broadhurst hosted Robert E. Sherwood's play The Petrified Forest, with Humphrey Bogart and Leslie Howard, in 1935. Victoria Regina, featuring Helen Hayes and Vincent Price, opened at the end of that year. It ran for 517 performances through 1937, with a hiatus mid-run. Subsequently, Ruth Gordon's version of the Henrik Ibsen play A Doll's House moved to the Broadhurst in 1938. This was followed in 1939 by Dodie Smith's Dear Octopus; the musical The Hot Mikado, an all-Black version of The Mikado with Bill Robinson; and the revue The Streets of Paris with Carmen Miranda and Abbott and Costello.
During the 1940s, the Broadhurst hosted numerous musicals and revues. These included Boys and Girls Together with Ed Wynn, Jane Pickens, and the DeMarcos in 1940, as well as High Kickers with George Jessel and Sophie Tucker the next year. The drama Uncle Harry with Eva Le Gallienne, Joseph Schildkraut, and Karl Malden ran at the Broadhurst in 1942. Further hits at the Broadhurst included Fats Waller's revue Early to Bed in 1943; the Agatha Christie play Ten Little Indians in 1944, and a transfer of the revue Follow the Girls with Jackie Gleason and Gertrude Niesen in 1945. Morgan Lewis and Nancy Hamilton's revue Three to Make Ready transferred to the Broadhurst in 1946, and Helen Hayes returned the same year in Anita Loos's Happy Birthday, which ran for 564 performances. Four revues were staged during 1948 and 1949: Make Mine Manhattan, Along Fifth Avenue, Lend an Ear, and Touch and Go.
1950s to 1970s
The 1950s saw several long-running shows, though the earliest shows of the decade were short-lived. For example, Martin Balsam and Walter Matthau starred in The Liar, which lasted only 12 performances in May 1950. Douglass Watson and Olivia de Havilland starred in a 49-performance revival of Romeo and Juliet in 1951, while the musical Flahooley ran just 40 performances afterward. Conversely, the musical Seventeen ran for 180 performances later in 1951. Next was the revival of the Rodgers and Hart musical Pal Joey in 1952, featuring Vivienne Segal and Harold Lang, which at 542 performances ran longer than the original production. The Spanish Theatre performed several plays in repertory at the Broadhurst in 1953, followed thereafter by The Prescott Proposals with Katharine Cornell. This was followed by long runs of Anniversary Waltz (1954) with Macdonald Carey and Kitty Carlisle; Lunatics and Lovers (1954) with Sheila Bond, Buddy Hackett, and Dennis King; and The Desk Set (1955) with Shirley Booth.
The Broadhurst hosted Auntie Mame in 1956, starring Rosalind Russell in her last Broadway appearance; it ran for 639 performances. This was followed in 1958 by the play The World of Suzie Wong with France Nuyen and William Shatner, which lasted for 508 performances. Next, Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick's musical Fiorello! opened at the Broadhurst in November 1959, relocating over a year later in May 1961. Noël Coward's musical Sail Away opened at the Broadhurst in October 1961 with Elaine Stritch, running for 167 performances. The next year, the Broadhurst briefly hosted the long-running musical My Fair Lady, and Richard Rodgers's musical No Strings finished its 580-performance run there. The Tom Jones/Harvey Schmidt musical 110 in the Shade opened in 1963 with Robert Horton, Will Geer, Lesley Ann Warren, and Inga Swenson. The next year, the theater hosted the West End musical Oh, What a Lovely War!.
The musical Kelly was a flop in 1965, with just one performance before it closed. It was followed the same year by the West End musical Half a Sixpence with Tommy Steele, which ran for 512 performances. Afterward, in late 1966, the Broadhurst premiered John Kander and Fred Ebb's Cabaret, which only stayed a short time at the Broadhurst but ultimately lasted for about 1,165 performances. More Stately Mansions, the last play by Eugene O'Neill, opened at the Broadhurst in 1967 and featured Ingrid Bergman, Arthur Hill, and Colleen Dewhurst. You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running occupied the Broadhurst for several months in 1968, during the middle of that play's run. The next year, The Fig Leaves Are Falling flopped after four performances, and Woody Allen, Tony Roberts, and Diane Keaton starred in Play It Again, Sam.
The Broadhurst was increasingly hosting musicals, dramas, and comedies by the 1970s, with the decline of revues. George Furth's Twigs, featuring Sada Thompson, opened at the theater in 1971. Next, Grease had a short run at the Broadhurst during 1972; after transferring elsewhere, the show became Broadway's longest-running musical. It was followed at the end of the year by Neil Simon's The Sunshine Boys. Herb Gardner's play Thieves was performed at the Broadhurst in 1974, and the Royal Shakespeare Company's revival of Sherlock Holmes opened that year, with John Wood. Productions shown at the Broadhurst in 1976 included Enid Bagnold's drama A Matter of Gravity, with Katharine Hepburn and Christopher Reeve; a brief run of the musical Godspell, which had been an off-Broadway hit; and A Texas Trilogy, a set of plays by Preston Jones. At the end of the year, the theater hosted Larry Gelbart's farce Sly Fox, starring George C. Scott, which ran for 495 performances.
1980s and 1990s
Bob Fosse's musical Dancin' , starring Ann Reinking and Wayne Cilento, had opened in March 1978. When Dancin''' relocated in December 1980, it had had the longest continuous run at the Broadhurst. Immediately afterward, the Broadhurst hosted Peter Shaffer's Amadeus, with Ian McKellen, Tim Curry, and Jane Seymour; it ran until October 1983. The Tap Dance Kid opened that December, running for three months before transferring. Next was a revival of Death of a Salesman with Dustin Hoffman, which opened in March 1984 and ran until the end of that year. The Broadhurst was then closed for six months, and the firm of Johansen-Bhavnani renovated the venue as part of a project that cost $2 million. The project entailed rebuilding the stage, redecorating the lobby, enlarging a lounge and restrooms, and modifying the seating areas. This was part of a restoration program for the Shubert Organization's Broadway theaters.
The Broadhurst reopened in June 1985 with a gender-swapped version of Neil Simon's play The Odd Couple; it lasted until February 1986. The Eugene O'Neill play Long Day's Journey into Night opened at the theater in April 1986, with Bethel Leslie and Jack Lemmon, followed later that year by the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, with Roger Rees. At the end of 1986, Neil Simon's Broadway Bound opened at the Broadhurst with Jason Alexander, Linda Lavin, and Phyllis Newman; it ran for 756 performances over the next two years. Another Simon play, Rumors, opened at the Broadhurst in November 1988 and ran for just over a year.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Broadhurst as an official city landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the facade as a landmark on November 10, 1987, followed by the interior on December 15. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. The Shuberts, the Nederlanders, and Jujamcyn collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Broadhurst, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.
The Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Aspects of Love opened at the Broadhurst in April 1990; despite running for 377 performances, the show lost its entire investment of $8 million. Several short-lived shows followed, including André Heller's Wonderhouse in 1991, as well as a revival of Private Lives with Joan Collins and the play Shimada in 1992. The next hit was Terrence McNally, John Kander, and Fred Ebb's musical Kiss of the Spider Woman, which opened in May 1993 with Anthony Crivello, Brent Carver, and Chita Rivera; it ran for 906 performances. Next, the New York Shakespeare Festival presented The Tempest in November 1995, starring Patrick Stewart, for 71 performances. The play Getting Away with Murder flopped in March 1996 after 17 performances, and the musical Once Upon a Mattress opened that December with Sarah Jessica Parker, running for 187 performances. In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld performed an original stand-up act at the Broadhurst; his final performance, I'm Telling You for the Last Time, was aired live on HBO. This was followed by Fosse, a revue featuring Bob Fosse shows, which opened in January 1999 and ran for two and a half years.
2000s to present
The Broadhurst hosted a revival of the August Strindberg play Dance Of Death in late 2001, featuring Ian McKellen and Helen Mirren. The next year, the theater revived Stephen Sondheim's musical Into the Woods with Vanessa Williams, which ran for 279 performances. Two short runs followed in 2003: Urban Cowboy, with 60 performances, and Never Gonna Dance, with 84 performances. As part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice in 2003, the Shuberts agreed to improve disabled access at their 16 landmarked Broadway theaters, including the Broadhurst. Billy Crystal's solo show 700 Sundays, which opened in December 2004, ran for 163 performances and at one point was Broadway's highest-grossing non-musical show. The musical Lennon then had 49 performances at the Broadhurst in 2005, followed the next year by Alan Bennett's play The History Boys.
A revival of the musical Les Misérables opened in November 2006, just three years after the long-running original production had closed; it had 463 performances. More revivals followed in 2008, with an all-Black cast in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, as well as a revival of Equus starring Daniel Radcliffe and Richard Griffiths. Next in 2009 was a production of Friedrich Schiller's Mary Stuart, starring Janet McTeer and Harriet Walter, and a West End transfer of Hamlet, starring Jude Law. Meanwhile, the Shuberts sold of unused air development rights above the Broadhurst to a developer in 2007; this allowed the firm to profit from the site, since the theater was landmarked and could not be further developed. A further above the Broadhurst and Booth theaters was sold in 2009, and some was sold in 2012. The Shuberts sold a further of air rights above the Majestic and Broadhurst in 2013.
Lucy Prebble's play Enron flopped at the Broadhurst with 16 performances in 2010, despite critical acclaim on the West End. More successful was the Public Theatre's transfer of The Merchant of Venice, starring Al Pacino, the same year. This was followed in 2011 by Floyd Mutrux's musical Baby It's You!, as well as Hugh Jackman's concert special Back on Broadway. A revival of A Streetcar Named Desire with Blair Underwood and Nicole Ari Parker occupied the Broadhurst in 2012, followed the next year by Nora Ephron's Lucky Guy, with Tom Hanks in his Broadway debut. In 2013, the musical Mamma Mia! transferred from the Winter Garden Theatre to the Broadhurst for the final two years of its 14-year run. The next shows at the Broadhurst were the play Misery in 2015, as well as the musicals Tuck Everlasting and The Front Page in 2016.
The musical Anastasia opened at the Broadhurst in 2017 and ran there for nearly two years. It was followed in May 2019 by Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune and in December 2019 by Jagged Little Pill. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened on October 21, 2021, with performances of Jagged Little Pill, which closed at the end of 2021 due to further pandemic-related issues. It was followed in November 2022 by a limited run of A Beautiful Noise, The Neil Diamond Musical.
Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.
1917: Misalliance1917: Lord and Lady Algy1918: Maytime1918: The Melting of Molly1919: 39 East1919: Smilin' Through1921: Macbeth1921: The Servant in the House1921: Tarzan of the Apes1922: The Faithful Heart1923: The Dancers1924: Beggar on Horseback1925: The Green Hat1926: Broadway1928: The Merchant of Venice1928: Here's Howe1928: Hold Everything!1929: June Moon1931: America's Sweetheart1931: Hamlet1932: The Animal Kingdom1932: The Man Who Changed His Name1932: The Man Who Reclaimed His Head1932: Twentieth Century1933: Men in White1934: L'Aiglon1935: The Petrified Forest1935: Victoria Regina1937: Madame Bovary1938: A Doll's House1938: The Fabulous Invalid1939: Dear Octopus1939: The Hot Mikado1939: The Streets of Paris1940: Night Music1940: Keep Off the Grass1941: Old Acquaintance1944: Ten Little Indians1945: Lady in Danger1945: Follow the Girls1946: Happy Birthday1948: Make Mine Manhattan1949: Lend an Ear1950: The Liar1950: Detective Story1950: Burning Bright1950: An Enemy of the People1951: Romeo and Juliet1951: Flahooley1951: Seventeen1952: Pal Joey1953: The Love of Four Colonels1953: Spanish theater in repertory (8 productions)
1956: Auntie Mame1958: The World of Suzie Wong1959: Fiorello!1961: Sail Away1962: My Fair Lady1962: Bravo Giovanni1962: No Strings1963: 110 in the Shade1964: Oh, What a Lovely War!1965: Kelly1965: Half a Sixpence1966: Luv1966: Cabaret1967: More Stately Mansions1968: Weekend1968: The Only Game in Town1968: You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running1969: The Fig Leaves Are Falling1969: Play It Again, Sam1970: Cry For Us All1970: Private Lives1970: Four on a Garden1971: 70, Girls, 701971: Twigs1972: Vivat! Vivat Regina!1972: Grease1972: The Sunshine Boys1973: Rachael Lily Rosenbloom and Don't You Ever Forget It1974: Thieves1974: Sherlock Holmes1976: A Matter of Gravity1976: The Heiress1976: Godspell1976: A Texas Trilogy1976: Sly Fox1978: Dancin'1980: Amadeus1983: The Tap Dance Kid1984: Death of a Salesman1985: The Odd Couple;
1986: Long Day's Journey into Night1986: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby1986: Broadway Bound1988: Rumors1990: Aspects of Love1992: Private Lives
1992: A Christmas Carol1993: Kiss of the Spider Woman;
1995: The Tempest1996: Getting Away with Murder1996: Once Upon a Mattress1997: Proposals1999: Fosse2002: Into the Woods2003: Urban Cowboy2003: Never Gonna Dance2004: 700 Sundays2005: Lennon2006: The History Boys2006: Les Misérables2008: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof2008: Equus2009: Mary Stuart2009: Hamlet2010: Enron2010: The Merchant of Venice2011: Baby It's You!2011: Hugh Jackman, Back on Broadway2012: A Streetcar Named Desire2013: Lucky Guy2013: Mamma Mia!2015: Misery2016: Tuck Everlasting2016: The Front Page2017: Anastasia2019: Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune2019: Jagged Little Pill2022: A Beautiful Noise''
See also
List of Broadway theaters
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
1917 establishments in New York City
Broadway theatres
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Shubert Organization
Theater District, Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1917 |
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