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null | creative_writing | If you were a waiter and had a rude customer, what would you do? | If I was a waiter and had a rude customer, first I would see what I could do to help the customer. I would try to get to the bottom of this customer's needs by asking questions to understand if they were unhappy with the service or just having a bad day. If I was able to help improve the service we were offering, I would attempt to rectify the situation. If the person was just having a bad day, I would try to make it make their day better by offering better service. I would also understand that sometimes people are rude, and I would not let it impact my day. Its better to put good vibes into the world and provide great service. | null | null | null | 11700 |
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null | open_qa | Who was the coach for the Chicago Bulls when they won the NBA championship? | Phil Jackson was the head coach of the Chicago Bulls and led them through 6 NBA championships. | null | null | null | 11701 |
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null | brainstorming | Who is god | I think Sun is good, If sun does not rise we all will be die, | null | null | null | 11702 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract the most recent stable version of C# | C# (pronounced C sharp) is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.
The C# programming language was designed by Anders Hejlsberg from Microsoft in 2000 and was later approved as an international standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23270) in 2003. Microsoft introduced C# along with .NET Framework and Visual Studio, both of which were closed-source. At the time, Microsoft had no open-source products. Four years later, in 2004, a free and open-source project called Mono began, providing a cross-platform compiler and runtime environment for the C# programming language. A decade later, Microsoft released Visual Studio Code (code editor), Roslyn (compiler), and the unified .NET platform (software framework), all of which support C# and are free, open-source, and cross-platform. Mono also joined Microsoft but was not merged into .NET.
As of November 2022, the most recent stable version of the language is C# 11.0, which was released in 2022 in .NET 7.0. | As of November 2022, the most recent stable version of the language is C# 11.0 | null | null | null | 11703 |
null | summarization | What is the etymology of the word cookie? | The word cookie dates from at least 1701 in Scottish usage where the word meant "plain bun", rather than thin baked good, and so it is not certain whether it is the same word. From 1808, the word "cookie" is attested "...in the sense of "small, flat, sweet cake" in American English. The American use is derived from Dutch koekje "little cake," which is a diminutive of "koek" ("cake"), which came from the Middle Dutch word "koke". Another claim is that the American name derives from the Dutch word koekje or more precisely its informal, dialect variant koekie which means little cake, and arrived in American English with the Dutch settlement of New Netherland, in the early 1600s. | The earliest known usage of the work cookie comes from 1701 in Scotland, where it meant "plain bun". Starting in 1808 the term was associated with small, flat, sweet cakes as part of American English, which is believed to be derived from the Dutch word keokie. | null | null | null | 11704 |
null | information_extraction | In the paragraph below, what are the major sources of methane emissions? | Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil and gas companies. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases (GHGs). Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.
Electricity generation, heat and transport are major emitters; overall energy is responsible for around 73% of emissions. Deforestation and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and methane. The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide partly due to fertilizers. Similarly, fluorinated gases from refrigerants play an outsized role in total human emissions. | The largest source of methane emissions is agriculture. Gas venting and emissions from the fossil-fuel industry are the next major sources. | null | null | null | 11705 |
null | summarization | How long is the Georgia State Route 49 | State Route 49 (SR 49) is a 122.8-mile-long (197.6 km) state highway that travels southwest-to-northeast through portions of Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Peach, Houston, Bibb, Jones, and Baldwin counties, mainly in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects SR 45 north of Dawson to SR 22/SR 24 in Milledgeville.
The segment from Fort Valley to Byron is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbia to Augusta. It may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of Interstate 14 (I-14), which is currently entirely in Central Texas, and may be extended into Augusta. | The Georgia State Route 49 is 122.8-mile-long (197.6 km) | null | null | null | 11706 |
null | open_qa | Why does the US Federal Reserve raise interest rates? | One of the primary roles of the US Federal Reserve is to control the supply of money within the economy. During times when the economy is doing incredibly well, a.k.a. running hot or facing inflation (rise of prices of goods and services), the Federal Reserve will need to reduce the supply of money by increasing the cost of borrowing.
The primary lever to increase the cost of borrowing is by increasing the Federal Funds rate (the rate for banks to borrow and lend their excess reserves to meet liquidity requirements). Increasing the Federal Funds rate results in more expensive borrowing costs, which can reduce demand among banks to borrow money. Less money is borrowed to help fund the economy resulting in a reduction in purchasing power and the money supply. This will slow down the pace of economic growth and help ease inflation. | null | null | null | 11707 |
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null | classification | Classify each of the following animals as ectothermic or endothermic: alligator, snake, frog, goat, human, gorilla | Alligator: Ectothermic
Snake: Ectothermic
Frog: Ectothermic
Goat: Endothermic
Human: Endothermic
Gorilla: Endothermic | null | null | null | 11708 |
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null | creative_writing | Write an friendly, convincing e-mail to my landlord asking whether I can get a dog. | Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this email finds you well.
I'm reaching out with a request regarding the property I rent from you. I'm interested in getting myself a dog and I noticed there wasn't a clause in our rental agreement specifying if this was allowed or not so I would like to consult you about that.
I work from home most days of the week and have a very laidback lifestyle, so I'm looking for a dog that can keep me company but also take me out of the house for walks. I'm looking into a small breed that is also calm and friendly - likely a french bulldog. They are easy to train and known for spending most of their day sleeping, this is also a very quiet breed that doesn't have a lot of complains of barking.
Is that something you would permit?
I am also happy to hop on a call or meet in person to discuss further in case you have any follow-up questions.
Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Kind regards | null | null | null | 11709 |
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null | classification | Classify each of the following as old or young: baby, child, grandma, elderly, grandpa, octogenarian, infant | Baby: Young
Child: Young
Grandma: Old
Elderly: Old
Grandpa: Old
Octogenarian: Old
Infant: Young | null | null | null | 11710 |
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null | closed_qa | Based on the reference text, what were the main reasons homeless people from outside of San Francisco went to San Francisco? | Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area
One of the primary causes of homelessness in the Bay Area is an insufficient supply of affordable housing. Mass homelessness has several contributing factors, including: "Economic Dislocation", "Reduced Social Safety Nets", "Failed Housing Policy", "Mass Incarceration", "Family Instability", and other "Individual Causes" including mental health and physical wellness. Reasons cited for homelessness in the 2019 survey commissioned by the City of San Francisco include job loss (26%), alcohol/drug use (18%), eviction (13%), argument/asked to leave by friend/family (12%), mental health issues (8%), and divorce/separation (5%). 70% of people homeless in San Francisco in 2019 reported most recently becoming homeless while living in San Francisco: 22% came from another county within California, and 8% came from another state. However, of the 70% who had become homeless while living in San Francisco, 45% had only been in San Francisco for ten years or less, and 6% had only been in San Francisco for one year or less. Reasons for coming from outside San Francisco at the time of homelessness include seeking a job (25%), LGBTQ acceptance (11%), accessing homeless services (22%), was visiting and decided to stay (17%), accessing VA services or clinic (5%), and family/friends are here (13%). | The reasons homeless people not from San Francisco went to San Francisco include:
1. Seeking a job
2. LGBTQ acceptance
3. Accessing homeless services
4. Was visiting and decided to stay
5. Family or friends live in San Francisco
6. Accessing VA services or clinic | null | null | null | 11711 |
null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph on Lady Gaga, tell me where she was born, the middle and high school she attended and how she considered herself in high school. | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986, at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, to an upper middle class Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry. Her parents are Cynthia Louise (née Bissett), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta, and she has a younger sister named Natali. Brought up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga said in an interview that her parents came from lower-class families and worked hard for everything. From age 11, she attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school. Gaga has described her high-school self as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure". She considered herself a misfit and was mocked for "being either too provocative or too eccentric" | Lady Gaga was born at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City. From age 11 Lady Gaga attended Convent of Sacred Heart, an all-girls Roman Catholic school. In high school she considered herself a misfit. | null | null | null | 11712 |
null | creative_writing | Write a letter to a home seller named Ms Johnson explaining why we are interested in purchasing her home. We are a person from Washington and a person from Colorado. Focus on the natural beauty of the home, the location, and the extra space for pottery and woodworking. | Dear Ms. Johnson,
We recently made the decision to relocate and feel that your property
will be the perfect place for us to begin our new chapter. It is clear to see the care and
attention you have put into expanding and maintaining this home over the years and
we look forward to continuing to do the same as homeowners.
I am originally from Washington, and my partner is from Colorado. We met in college and have grown our life out of state together for the past twelve years. The last
two years have given us more flexibility and helped us realize that what is most
important to us is building a home together where we feel safe and close to family, but
also inspired and fulfilled.
We feel that is exactly what your home will bring to our lives. The unique, natural
design of the house and the stunning and spacious lot provide both an immediately
comfortable home with room to grow over the years. We look forward to building out
the garage with a woodworking shop, setting up the artist shed on the river as a
pottery studio, cooking meals for friends and family in the wonderful
kitchen, and finding a perfect spot in the yard for a vegetable garden.
We want to care and tend this home much as you have for the years you have lived
here, and we sincerely appreciate being considered as the next owners of this beautiful
property. | null | null | null | 11713 |
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null | creative_writing | Write a review of your stay in a AirBnB in Rome that had a great location but poor amenities that is overall a neutral review | A perfectly fine place to stay. Had a really great location - we were able to get to the Colosseum, Pantheon and Roman Forum all within walking distance, and there were lots of great little restaurants and cafes we were able to visit. We felt very safe in the neighborhood, and would definitely stay in this area again. The apartment itself was just okay, with not so amazing furniture and the most basic amenities (eg very few spoons, knives and forks, mismatched bowls and such). Definitely a better place for if you are mostly going to eat out for most meals. Overall, 4/5 stars | null | null | null | 11714 |
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null | general_qa | Extract the current cash rate from the following using the format: {x} percent
At its meeting today, the Board decided to increase the cash rate target by 25 basis points to 3.60 per cent. It also increased the interest rate on Exchange Settlement balances by 25 basis points to 3.50 per cent.
Global inflation remains very high. In headline terms it is moderating, although services price inflation remains elevated in many economies. It will be some time before inflation is back to target rates. The outlook for the global economy remains subdued, with below average growth expected this year and next.
The monthly CPI indicator suggests that inflation has peaked in Australia. Goods price inflation is expected to moderate over the months ahead due to both global developments and softer demand in Australia. Services price inflation remains high, with strong demand for some services over the summer. Rents are increasing at the fastest rate in some years, with vacancy rates low in many parts of the country. The central forecast is for inflation to decline this year and next, to be around 3 per cent in mid-2025. Medium-term inflation expectations remain well anchored, and it is important that this remains the case.
Growth in the Australian economy has slowed, with GDP increasing by 0.5 per cent in the December quarter and 2.7 per cent over the year. Growth over the next couple of years is expected to be below trend. Household consumption growth has slowed due to the tighter financial conditions and the outlook for housing construction has softened. In contrast, the outlook for business investment remains positive, with many businesses operating at a very high level of capacity utilisation. | 3.60 percent | null | null | null | 11715 |
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null | information_extraction | Extract the foreign nationalities living in the city of Lugo, Spain, and list them using bullets in the format {Nationality} - {Percentage} separated by a comma. | Lugo (Galician pronunciation: , Spanish pronunciation: ; Latin: Lucus Augusti) is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is the capital of the province of Lugo. The municipality had a population of 98,025 in 2018, making it the fourth most populous city in Galicia.
The population of the city in 2018 was 98,026 inhabitants, which has been growing constantly since the first census in 1842, despite the fact that the rest of the province is losing population dramatically. The population of the city in 2014 was 98,560 inhabitants (45,948 men and 52,612 women). From INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística).
By April 2020, the population had grown to 99,638. Reaching 100,000 inhabitants is one of the goals of the city Mayor, Lara Méndez.
In 2010 there were 5,373 foreigners living in the city, representing 5.5% of the total population. The main nationalities are Colombians (18%), Moroccans (12%) and Brazilians (11%). | {Colombians} - {18%}, {Moroccans} - {12%}, {Brazilians} - {12%} | null | null | null | 11716 |
null | information_extraction | Which two kings fought at the Battle of Kressenbrunn according to the text? | The Battle of Kressenbrunn (Hungarian: Első morvamezei csata / kroissenbrunni csata) was fought in July 1260 near Groissenbrunn in Lower Austria between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary for the possession of the duchies of Austria and Styria. The Bohemian forces were led by King Ottokar II Přemysl, while the Hungarians were led by his cousin, King Béla IV of Hungary .
In 1251, Ottokar's father King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia had not only granted him the title of a Margrave of Moravia, but also installed him as duke of Austria and Styria, territories that were princeless after the ruling Babenberg dynasty had become extinct in 1246. To legitimate his succession, Ottokar in 1252 married the Duchess Margaret of Austria, the sister of the last Babenberg duke and about 26 years his senior. | King Ottokar II and King Béla IV | null | null | null | 11717 |
null | closed_qa | In which century was Denis Thériault born? | Denis Thériault (born August 24, 1959) is a Canadian author, playwright and screenwriter of French-Canadian descent.. | The 20th century | null | null | null | 11718 |
null | general_qa | What is the city of Portsmouth in England famous for? | Portsmouth is a coastal town in the south of England only connected to the mainland by three road bridges built over the sea. Portsmouth has a long and well documented history that is closely associated with the Royal Navy, who are headquartered there, and the sea faring exploits of the British have shaped the modern day culture we see there today. Ship building and Engineering industries are most prevalent in Portsmouth with the local "super" Hospital and University also being amongst the largest employers. It is also worth noting that the local football club is well supported by the community and is famous throughout the English Football Leagues for the passion and commitment shown by their fans - particularly when they travel for away fixtures. | null | null | null | 11719 |
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null | closed_qa | How many iron atoms are in a single molecule of the main component substance of ironsand? | Ironsand, also known as iron-sand or iron sand, is a type of sand with heavy concentrations of iron. It is typically dark grey or blackish in colour.
It is composed mainly of magnetite, Fe3O4, and also contains small amounts of titanium, silica, manganese, calcium and vanadium.
Ironsand has a tendency to heat up in direct sunlight, causing temperatures high enough to cause minor burns. As such it forms a hazard in New Zealand at popular west-coast surf beaches such as Piha. | The main component of ironsand is magnetite, which has chemical formula Fe3O4. Because Fe is the chemical symbol for iron and it is followed by a 3 in this formula, there are 3 iron atoms per magnetite molecule. | null | null | null | 11720 |
null | closed_qa | Suggest an allocation to implement a three portfolio strategy as described in the text below | A three-fund portfolio is based on the fundamental asset classes, stocks and bonds. It is assumed that cash is not counted within the investment portfolio, so it is not included. On the other hand, it is assumed that every investor should hold both domestic and international stocks. The task, then, is to take these three basic non-cash assets — domestic stocks, international stocks, and bonds — decide how much of each to hold (your asset allocation); choose where to hold each of these asset classes, and finally choose a mutual fund to use for each asset class. | From Vanguard's list of "core funds," the funds that are best for a three-fund portfolio are:
Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX)
Vanguard Total International Stock Index Fund (VTIAX)
Vanguard Total Bond Market Fund (VBTLX)
So, a "three-fund portfolio" might consist of 42% Total Stock Market Index, 18% Total International Stock Index, and 40% Total Bond Market fund. | null | null | null | 11721 |
null | open_qa | what is kangen water? | Kangen water is alkaline ionized water produced through a process called electrolysis. Kangen water is also referred to electrolyzed reduced water. This water is characterized by an large negative oxidation reduction potential and a potential hydrogen level > 7.0 making the water alkaline. It is also infused with molecular hydrogen in the amount of 1 - 1.5 parts per million per gallon of water produced. This infused hydrogen has been shown to be a very good anti-inflammatory for the body. | null | null | null | 11722 |
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null | summarization | Give me an example of a screened subnet | A screened subnet is an essential concept for e-commerce or any entity that has a presence in the World Wide Web or is using electronic payment systems or other network services because of the prevalence of hackers, advanced persistent threats, computer worms, botnets, and other threats to networked information systems. | null | null | null | 11723 |
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null | open_qa | Who is the best baseball player of all time? | There is no single answer to this question. The most common candidates are Babe Ruth, Barry Bonds, Willie Mays, or Hank Aaron. | null | null | null | 11724 |
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null | open_qa | What does percolate mean? | Percolation is a way to filter a fluid or other substance through a porous filter media. Substances that can be percolated are water, coffee, etc. The trickling effect of these substances through a porous media implies what comes out of the filter media is better tasting than what was before the filter media. It can also mean it has better quality, less contamination, or reduce acidity. | null | null | null | 11725 |
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null | closed_qa | Given the following paragraph about a film, who directed "Our War"? | Our War (Italian: La nostra guerra) is a 2016 Italian-American documentary film directed by Bruno Chiaravalloti, Claudio Jampaglia and Benedetta Argentieri. It premiered out of competition at the 73rd edition of the Venice Film Festival. It tells the story of three foreign fighters joining the Kurdish forces to fight Deash. | Bruno Chiaravalloti | null | null | null | 11726 |
null | general_qa | If Phil has three siblings, Margaret, Janis, and Louis then what are all are the names of Phil’s mother’s children? | Phil’s mother named her children Phil, Margaret, Janis, and Louis. | null | null | null | 11727 |
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null | classification | Which of these could we use to feed our kid: apple, sandwich, beer, xanax, carrot, rock. | You can feed a kid with an apple, a sandwich and a carrot. You should absolutely not feed a kid a rock, beer nor xanax. | null | null | null | 11728 |
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null | classification | Classify the below persons based on whether they are kids of Shah Rukh Khan or Sanjay Dutt.
Suhana, Aryan, AbRam, Trishala, Iqra, Shahraan | Shah Rukh Khan’s kids - Suhana, Aryan, AbRam
PSanjay Dutt’s kids - Trishala, Iqra, Shahraan | null | null | null | 11729 |
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null | summarization | Give me a list of the key elements of telecommunications developed over time | At the 1932 Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations decided to merge to form the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They defined telecommunication as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."
The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the Radio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, which defined it as "Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems".
Beacons and pigeons
A replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers
Homing pigeons have been used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post had Persian roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus claimed Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.
In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.
In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Telegraph and telephone
On July 25, 1837, the first commercial electrical telegraph was demonstrated by English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.
Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
The conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone. Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear." The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.
Radio and television
In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.
World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.
On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.
Thermionic valves
The type of device known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of electronics.
In the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the transistor. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.
Computer networks and the Internet
On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a teletype and received the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer (mainframe) with remote dumb terminals remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, researchers started to investigate packet switching, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination asynchronously without passing it through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the ARPANET, which by 1981 had grown to 213 nodes. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who published a series of Request for Comments documents, other networking advancements occurred in industrial laboratories, such as the local area network (LAN) developments of Ethernet (1983) and Token Ring (1984)[citation needed].
Growth of transmission capacity
The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993 to 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000 to 65 eB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). | Beacons, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, thermionic valves, computer networks and the Internet | null | null | null | 11730 |
null | general_qa | Why should kids do homework? | There are many vital reasons why kids should do their homework. Homework helps students practice the concepts they have learned in the classroom. It also teaches discipline and responsibility. Kids might not be aware of the immediate benefits of doing their homework regularly and on time, but it helps with their long-term development. The next time your kids ask why they should do their homework, keep these pointers in mind. | null | null | null | 11731 |
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null | summarization | Summarize the text | Fossil fighters is a third-person, single-player game on the Nintendo DS focused around finding, cleaning, and reviving dinosaur fossils on Vivosaur Island. Once dinosaurs (called vivosaurs in the game) are revived, they can be used to battle other fossil fighters. The goal of the game is to reach the highest fossil fighter license level, find better and better fossils, defeat the BB Bandits who are determined to cause trouble around the island, and uncover various mysteries surrounding the island.
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Fossil Fighters is a role-playing video game series published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS consoles. Its gameplay revolves around digging up and extracting dinosaur fossils, reviving them into supernatural "vivosaurs" and engaging in battle. | null | null | null | 11732 |
null | open_qa | What is the name of the first ten amendments to the Constitution? | the bill of rights | null | null | null | 11733 |
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null | general_qa | What is the best way to travel to space? | For the first half dozen decades of manned missions to space, the only way to participate was to earn a highly-competitive place in the national space programs of one of just a few countries that funded missions beyond the earth's atmosphere. Today, these national space programs are supplemented by a few private ventures that offer space tourism, typically for exorbitant fees. | null | null | null | 11734 |
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null | general_qa | Who finally conquered Constantinople? | After a lengthy siege, the forces of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Mehmed II successfully took Constantinople and ended the Eastern Roman Empire. | null | null | null | 11735 |
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null | closed_qa | How many Spitfire fighter aircraft remain airworthy | The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, from the Mk 1 to the Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined Mk 24 using several wing configurations and guns. It was the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire remains popular among enthusiasts; around 70 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world. | around 70 remain airworthy | null | null | null | 11736 |
null | information_extraction | Based on the passage below, what do scientologists believe cause neuroses and mental problems? | Scientology texts say that a human possesses an immortal inner self, termed a thetan, that resides in the physical body and has experienced many past lives. Scientologists believe that traumatic events experienced by the thetan over its lifetimes have resulted in negative "engrams" forming in the mind, causing neuroses and mental problems. They claim that the practice of auditing can remove these engrams; Scientology groups charge fees for clients undergoing auditing. Once an auditing practitioner deems the engrams to have been removed, an individual is given the status of "clear". They can take part in a further series of activities that are termed "Operating Thetan" (OT) levels, which require further payments. | Scientologists believe that neuroses and mental problems are caused by traumatic events experienced in past lives. These traumatic experiences result in negative "engrams" forming in the mind. | null | null | null | 11737 |
null | summarization | What kind of food comprises Estonian cuisine? | Traditional Estonian cuisine has substantially been based on meat and potatoes, and on fish in coastal and lakeside areas, but now bears influence from many other cuisines, including a variety of international foods and dishes, with a number of contributions from the traditions of nearby countries. Scandinavian, German, Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian and other influences have played their part. The most typical foods in Estonia have been rye bread, pork, potatoes and dairy products. Estonian eating habits have historically been closely linked to the seasons. In terms of staples, Estonia belongs firmly to the beer, vodka, rye bread and pork "belt" of Europe. | Estonian cuisine is generally based on meat, potatoes, fish, and more recently bears. In most typical Estonian foods you'll find rye bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. | null | null | null | 11738 |
null | creative_writing | Why did you take so long to get home last night? | On my home from work, I decided that I should go by the grocery store to pick up some water, cheese and other groceries for breakfast. As I was getting off of the freeway I saw something out of the corner of my eye running across the sidewalk. When I stopped at the traffic light, I was able to see that there was a puppy that appeared to be lost and wandering around. I was a hurry but the pup seemed really cold and shivering. I saw that it was going into a nearby parking lot that was on my way so I pulled over. I got out of my car and carefully walked up to the puppy to see if it had a tag or any identification. Suddenly, I saw a shadow pass behind me and someone grabbed me from behind and tried to wrestle my keys away from me.
Too bad for him, he didn't realize that I'm a UFC champion. Lucky for him, he only ended up with a missing tooth. It took a while for the police to show up so that's why I was late. | null | null | null | 11739 |
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null | general_qa | Why should one travel the world? | As the son of a U.S. Diplomat, I've had the opportunity to live abroad most of my life in countries such as Cambodia, Australia, South Korea and Malaysia. Through my travels despite the sad goodbyes to friends and family, I learned the importance of being open-minded, resilient and open to a diverse network. When you travel abroad you experience a world you may have never considered or a culture that shows you the diversity of the world. This is important for personal development. | null | null | null | 11740 |
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null | open_qa | Write a poem about a man named Chris who lives at the gym and fights monsters | There once was a man named Chris
Who bench pressed his way to pure bliss
When the plates started flying
He was never seen crying
Until a time of great peril made him miss
As he lay under barbell, covered in sweat
he peered at a creature in diss
this was but a danger, which tended to linger
in the dungeons of temples of lift
Next thing you know, Chris awoke with a blow
to his head and his heart but to this
He exclaimed it was: "nothing to worry"
Though the damage was done
It had never been fun
To this point life could only be bliss | null | null | null | 11741 |
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null | classification | Categorize these football teams as either "Spanish", "English", "German" or "Other". Manchester United, Arsenal, Ajax, Borussia Dortmund, Real Sociedad, Club Atlético River Plate | English: Manchester United, Arsenal
Spanish: Real Sociedad
German: Borussia Dortmund
Other: Ajax, Club Atlético River Plate | null | null | null | 11742 |
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null | classification | which of these are programming languages?
hindi
urdu
arabic
python
scala
rust
french
R
german
java
c | Here are the programming languages: python, scala, rust, R, java, c | null | null | null | 11743 |
|
null | information_extraction | How many lifeboats did the Titanic have? | Like Olympic, Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats: 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Engelhardt "collapsible" (wooden bottom, collapsible canvas sides) lifeboats (identified as A to D) with a capacity of 47 people each. In addition, she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each. Olympic carried at least two collapsible boats on either side of her number one funnel. All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and, except for collapsible lifeboats A and B, connected to davits by ropes. Those on the starboard side were odd-numbered 1–15 from bow to stern, while those on the port side were even-numbered 2–16 from bow to stern. | The titanic had a total of 20 life boats. There were 14 lifeboats with 65 spots, four lifeboats with 47 spots and two lifeboats with 40 spots. | null | null | null | 11744 |
null | general_qa | Is Ireland a good surf spot? | Yes it is. Ireland is seen as one of the best hidden gems for surfing in the world particularly in winter when waves can reach heights of 40ft+. Global professionals such as Kelly Slater, Mick Fanning and Stephanie Gilmore travel to Ireland on a regular basis for the surf. Some recommended areas for surfing are, Sligo Tramore Beach, Bundoran, Dunfanaghy or most West Coast beaches that attract a larger swell. The water is cold 365 days of the year with highest temperatures of 14 degrees Celsius in the Summer so a 5ml thick wetsuit is recommend all year round. | null | null | null | 11745 |
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null | closed_qa | Given the following paragraph about the observation deck of the Burj Khalifa, what's offered on the 124th floor observation deck? | An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened. Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft), Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014, until the Shanghai Tower opened in June 2016 with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres. The 124th floor observation deck also features the electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot. | This observation deck offers an augmented reality electronic telescope which lets visitors view either real-time or pre-recorded images of the surrounding landscape. | null | null | null | 11746 |
null | general_qa | Describe the following poem:
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
Because it was grassy and wanted wear,
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference. | That poem is “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost. It describes a traveler walking in the woods who encounters two paths, one worn down from use and one that appears less travelled. The poem can be interpreted as an analogy for making decisions in life, where one choice is following a crowd and one is more individualistic. The author notes that this is a challenging choice but well worth it to be your own person by following the road not taken. | null | null | null | 11747 |
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null | brainstorming | What were the top 3 best-selling PlayStation 2 video games? | Top 3 best-selling PlayStation 2 video games: Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas [17.33 million];
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec [14.89 million]; Gran Turismo 4 [11.76 million]. | null | null | null | 11748 |
|
null | closed_qa | Based on the provided text: What was the "X.Y.Z. fever"? | The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War. The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y, and Z for the names of French diplomats Jean-Conrad Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z) in documents released by the Adams administration. | The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798 involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War. | null | null | null | 11749 |
null | creative_writing | Suggest a road trip in Washington state | Visiting Olympic National Park, Mt Rainier, Mt Baker, Lake Chelan, Snoqualmie Falls, Moses Lake, and Bainbridge Island are all road trips that are very scenic and beautiful | null | null | null | 11750 |
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null | summarization | Summarize this text:
| Swiss Bank Corporation was a Swiss investment bank and financial services company located in Switzerland. Prior to its merger, the bank was the third largest in Switzerland with over CHF 300 billion of assets and CHF 11.7 billion of equity.
Throughout the 1990s, SBC engaged in a large growth initiative, shifting its focus from traditional commercial banking into investment banking, in an effort to match its larger Swiss rival Credit Suisse. As part of this strategy, SBC acquired US-based investment bank Dillon Read & Co. as well as London-based merchant bank S.G. Warburg in the mid-1990s. SBC also acquired Chicago-based Brinson Partners and O'Connor & Associates. These acquisitions formed the basis for a global investment banking business.
In 1998, SBC merged with Union Bank of Switzerland to form UBS, the largest bank in Europe and the second largest bank in the world. The company's logo, which featured three keys, symbolizing "confidence, security, and discretion", was adopted by UBS after the 1998 merger. Although the combination of the two banks was billed as a merger of equals, it quickly became evident that from a management perspective, it was SBC that was buying UBS as nearly 80% of the top management positions were filled by legacy Swiss Bank professionals. Today, what was SBC forms the core of many of UBS's businesses, particularly UBS Investment Bank. | The Swiss Bank Corporation was a Swiss investment bank and financial services company . Prior to its merger, the bank was the third largest in Switzerland with over CHF 300 billion of assets and CHF 11.7 billion of equity . In 1998, SBC merged with Union Bank of Switzerland to form UBS, the largest bank in Europe and the second largest in the world . | null | null | null | 11751 |
null | open_qa | Where is the Mall of America located? | The Mall of America is located in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA. | null | null | null | 11752 |
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null | information_extraction | Which of the following films came out in the 40s? | La buenaventura (1934)
Grand Canary (1934)
Tripping Through the Tropics (1934)
Tres Amores (1934)
El cantante de Napoles (1935)
Julieta Buys a Son (1935)
Rosa de Francia (1935)
El crimen de media noche (1936)
El capitan Tormenta (1936)
Song of the Gringo (1936)
Fiesta (1941)
The Face of Marble (1946)
Gilda (1946)
Two Years Before the Mast (1946)
Secret Beyond the Door... (1947)
Secret of the Incas (1954)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
The Bottom of the Bottle (1956)
Lawman (1959 episode "The Outsider") as Mrs. Lebeau | Fiesta
The Face of Marble
Gilda
Two Years Before the Mast
Secret Beyond the Door... | null | null | null | 11753 |
null | open_qa | Who won six consecutive Wimbledon titles in the 1980s | Martina Navratilova | null | null | null | 11754 |
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null | creative_writing | What are some fun activities to do with my coworkers if we all work remotely? | Organizing virtual events would be a great way to spend time with your coworkers. You could participate in a virtual escape room, attend a virtual wine tasting, play online games together, host a weekly coffee-and-chat meeting, or create a virtual book club. | null | null | null | 11755 |
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null | open_qa | What is "cycling" in ice hockey? | Standard ice hockey is a game with a goaltender and 5 skaters per side played on an ice surface divided with a center red line, two goal line red lines and two blue lines indicating the respective offensive zones. Cycling is when the offensive team has possession of the puck in their respective offensive zone and the skaters, typically three forwards, are passing the puck to each other, while moving in a circular motion, to create space and opportunity to generate a shot on goal. The movement and skating in this fashion is known as, "cycling" and is an offensive tactic employed in ice hockey leagues from youth to professional. | null | null | null | 11756 |
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null | classification | Which of the following vehicles are cars and which are trucks: Toyota Tacoma, Toyota Prius, Ford F-150, Honda Civic, Nissan Frontier, Hyundai Accent, Chevrolet Corvette, Mazda Miata | The Toyota Tacoma, Ford F-150 and Nissan Frontier are all trucks. The Toyota Prius, Honda Civic, Hyundai Accent, Chevrolet Corvette and Mazda Miata are all cars. | null | null | null | 11757 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract the shape of Milky way Galaxy | The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a D25 isophotal diameter estimated at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), but only about 1,000 light years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc). The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster. | The shape of Milky way galaxy is barred spiral. | null | null | null | 11758 |
null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract the name of the Director of the Star Wars movie | Star Wars (retroactively titled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century-Fox. It is the first film in the Star Wars film series and fourth chronological chapter of the "Skywalker Saga". Set "a long time ago" in a fictional universe where the galaxy is ruled by the tyrannical Galactic Empire, the story focuses on a group of freedom fighters known as the Rebel Alliance, who aim to destroy the Empire's newest weapon, the Death Star. Luke Skywalker becomes caught in the conflict while learning the ways of a metaphysical power known as "the Force" from Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi. The cast includes Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew. | Star wars was directed and written by George Lucas | null | null | null | 11759 |
null | closed_qa | How big is the Tibetan plateau? | Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ (listen); Tibetan: བོད་, Lhasa dialect: [pʰøː˨˧˩] Böd; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region in Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the 1951 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and parts of the Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft). Located in the Himalayas, the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level.
The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century. At its height in the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire extended far beyond the Tibetan Plateau, from the Tarim Basin and Pamirs in the west, to Yunnan and Bengal in the southeast. It then divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling under Chinese rule; most of this area was eventually annexed into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century. | The Tibetan Plateau spans about 2,500,000 km2 | null | null | null | 11760 |
null | general_qa | Why do cloud providers use dedicated hardware for network and storage processing but not large enterprises for their private cloud? | Large cloud providers use dedicated hardware called data processing unit (DPU) to support multi-tenancy and isolation in hardware vs. hypervisor, improve performance through offload, own and control the entire infrastructure stack, free up cores to generate more revenue, and scale to support a large number of tenants and workloads. Large enterprises don't have similar needs except for a few applications that require high performance, low latency, and scale. Moreover, enterprises want to reduce their investment in building and managing data centers. | null | null | null | 11761 |
|
null | open_qa | Where is the best place to see the northern lights? | The northern lights are experienced most frequently in northern Scandinavia. Tromsø in Norway, Lapland in Sweden and Reykjavik in Iceland are recommended locations. The Aurora Borealis is brightest between the months of September and April. | null | null | null | 11762 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the 5 largest ski and snowboard resorts in North America? | 1.) Whistler Blackcomb, 2.) Park City Resort, 3.) Big Sky, 4.) Vail, and 5.) Heavenly | null | null | null | 11763 |
|
null | classification | Tell me whether the following people are athletes: LeBron James, Eileen Gu, Bjergsen, Rory McIlroy, Naomi Osaka. | All of these people are athletes with the exception of Bjergsen. Bjergsen is a League of Legends (LoL) player. While LoL is considered an e-sport, its players do not fit into the traditional definition of an athlete, which is generally defined as someone who competes in physical sports. Having said that, some would say that competitive e-sports require significant mental stamina and finger dexterity, so one could argue that Bjergsen is an athlete. | null | null | null | 11764 |
|
null | general_qa | What is the best way to approach a new cat? | If a cat is not immediately friendly, one of the best ways to approach a cat is by offering it treats. Even timid cats can be tempted if you figure out what foods they really like. Start with a smelly food like tuna fish or tinned chicken, or raw meat cat treats if you have them. Don't expect the cat to approach you immediately. Put the treat on the ground and sit nearby. Be careful not to stare at the cat since that is an aggressive gesture. If the cat takes the treat, try throwing or laying out another treat, this time a bit closer to you. Repeat until the cat is nearby. It will learn to associate you with happiness (food). | null | null | null | 11765 |
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null | brainstorming | How do you motivate and focus a team to exceed expectations during a terrible economic downturn? | Set a goal, vision, create plans to execute, don’t over complicate it. Win as a team and lose as team. | null | null | null | 11766 |
|
null | brainstorming | Tell me who were the last three monarchs of the United Kingdom. Give it to me in a bulleted list with the format <name> (<start date> - <end date>) | The last three monarchs of the United Kingdom are:
- Charles III (8 September 2022 - Present)
- Elizabeth II (6 February 1952 - 8 September 2022)
- George VI (11 December 1936 - 6 February 1952) | null | null | null | 11767 |
|
null | open_qa | What is the difference between interface and abstract class in Java? | Abstract classes can have methods with implementation whereas interface provides absolute abstraction and can't have any method implementations. Note that from Java 8 onwards, it's possible to create default and static methods in interface that contain the method implementations. | null | null | null | 11768 |
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null | closed_qa | Where is Muckle Water? | Muckle Water is a long, narrow fresh water loch on Ward Hill on Rousay, Orkney, Scotland. It is the biggest loch on the island and is popular for fishing. It can be reached by a track from the roadside. The Suso Burn on the north eastern shore drains the loch into the Sound of Rousay. | Muckle water is located in Rousay, Orkney, Scotland. | null | null | null | 11769 |
null | open_qa | What is a bunk bed? | It’s a type of furniture that stacks two or more beds on top of each other. Bunk beds are typically used in children’s rooms and in places where it’s necessary to fit lots of beds in a small amount of space. | null | null | null | 11770 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of things to do in Washington, DC | Go see the White House, Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, and some of the other great landmarks. If that doesn't interest you, you can head anywhere on U-street for some great food. | null | null | null | 11771 |
|
null | brainstorming | Why you should have 2 incomes | Because you do not know what will happen after 2 weeks with you in near future. So one income will be always give you backup. | null | null | null | 11772 |
|
null | open_qa | What is a question mark? | A question mark is a form of punctuation used at the end of a sentence to denote uncertainty. A question mark looks like this: ? | null | null | null | 11773 |
|
null | summarization | Please give me a short bulleted list of the key events that happened in Kobe Bryant’s early life in time order, from earliest to the latest. | Bryant was born on August 23, 1978, in Philadelphia, the youngest of three children and the only son of Pamela Cox Bryant and former NBA player Joe Bryant. He was also the maternal nephew of NBA player John "Chubby" Cox. His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe, Japan, which they saw on a restaurant menu. His middle name, Bean, was derived from his father's nickname "Jellybean". Bryant's family was Catholic and he was brought up with this faith.
Bryant started playing basketball when he was three, and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up. When Bryant was six, his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball.After two years, they moved first to Reggio Calabria, then to Pistoia and Reggio Emilia. Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian. He was especially fond of Reggio Emilia, which he considered a loving place and where some of his best childhood memories were made. Bryant began to play basketball seriously while living in Reggio Emilia. Bryant's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games for Bryant to study. Another source of inspiration was animated European films about sports, from which he learned more about basketball. From 1987 to 1989, his father played for Olimpia Basket Pistoia where he paired with former Detroit Pistons Leon Douglas. Kobe would work at the games as a ball and mop boy and would practice shooting at halftime, with Douglas sharing, "At every one of our games at halftime, it was the Kobe show. He'd get out there and get his shot up. We'd come out of the locker room at halftime and have to chase him off the court".
Bryant also learned to play soccer, and his favorite soccer team was A.C. Milan. During summers, Bryant would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league. When Bryant was 13, he and his family moved back to Philadelphia, where he enrolled in eighth grade at Bala Cynwyd Middle School. | - In August 1978, Kobe Bryant was born in Philadelphia. The name Kobe comes from the famous Japanese beef, Kobe.
- When Kobe was three years old, he started playing basketball.
- When Kobe was six, he moved to Italy with his family as his father started to play professional basketball there.
- Two years later, Kobe moved to Reggio Calabria, and Pistoia and Reggio Emilia later.
- Kobe returned to the US when he was 13 with his family. He studied in Bala Cynwyd Middle School. | null | null | null | 11774 |
null | information_extraction | Who is the Jeff Bezos equivalent in China, and how much of net worth is him or her? | Richard Liu Qiangdong (Chinese: 刘强东; born March 10, 1973, or February 14, 1974[Note 1]) is a Chinese Internet entrepreneur. He has been called the "Jeff Bezos of China" and his company JD.com has been compared to Amazon due to its business model. Liu founded Jingdong as a business-to-consumer single retail store for magneto-optical products in June 1998 and later moved the company into an e-commerce website known as JD.com in 2004. Liu is the company's chief executive officer and expanded its e-commerce products from selling consumer electronics to less specialized items, which grew JD.com into one of the largest retailers in China. According to Forbes, Liu's net worth is US$9 billion as of May 2020 with a 15.8% stake in JD.com. He was included on the "China Rich List" for 2019. | Liu Qiangdong is being considered as the Jeff Bezos of China. He is the owner of JD.com, one of the largest e-shopping website in China. Liu is the CEO of the company and has 15.8% stake in it. His net worth is 9 billion US dollars as of May 2020. | null | null | null | 11775 |
null | classification | which of these words do not belong in the same category? peel, organic, fruit, yellow, mushy, crunchy. | Only crunchy does not belong in this category. This is because all these words describe a banana. However a banana and crunchy do not go together because a banana is mushy. | null | null | null | 11776 |
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null | open_qa | What are some popular books about baseball? | "Moneyball" by Michael Lewis, "The Boys of Summer" by Roger Kahn, and "The Rookie" by Jim Morris are all examples of popular baseball books. | null | null | null | 11777 |
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null | closed_qa | How do the definitions of "first-degree relative" and "nuclear family" differ? | A first-degree relative (FDR) is a person's parent (father or mother), full sibling (brother or sister) or child. It constitutes a category of family members that largely overlaps with the term nuclear family, but without spouses. | Nuclear family includes spouses while first-degree relatives are only blood related. | null | null | null | 11778 |
null | brainstorming | Why do you love travelling | Because it keeps you going? It will give you enough O2 to live! | null | null | null | 11779 |
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null | general_qa | How to take care of a horse? | Taking care of horses is no easy task, although they are lovely animals, they require daily care and lots of exercise. To take care of a horse effectively, be sure to feed them appropriate hay, balancing out the sugar and protein to provide enough energy but not overwhelm them with unnecessary sugars. Always ensure the huffs are properly clean and as dry as possible to avoid any mold. In colder temperatures, keep them blanketed specially overnight, and ensure to take the blanket off in the morning to avoid overheating. Horses can be a lot of work but they can fill out lives with excitement and love. | null | null | null | 11780 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cuica, Kokles | Kokles is string, Cuica is percussion. | null | null | null | 11781 |
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null | general_qa | What characteristics are IPAs known for? | IPAs are known to be more bitter than mass-produced lagers, and typically contain floral, citrus-like, and resinous notes. This flavor is largely derived from hops, which is the flower of the hop plant. | null | null | null | 11782 |
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null | open_qa | Who has been an announcer on the gameshow "The Price is Right"? | Rich Fields, George Gray, Johnny Olson, Rod Roddy | null | null | null | 11783 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the top 5 rock bands of all time? | The top 5 rock bands of all time is a difficult question as most individuals have different tastes and like various versions of rock. There could be an argument that U2 belongs on that list given it's extensive catalog of music and presence on a global stage. Others that might be considered include Led Zeppelin, The Grateful Dead, KISS, Radiohead. This questions really comes down to what bands have grossed the most from Album sales & Touring receipts. Any interesting question no doubt but comes down to their commercial success as well as the likes & dislikes of the fan. | null | null | null | 11784 |
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null | summarization | Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of how turist visit the falls even if they are used for hydroelectric power production. | The Cascata delle Marmore (Italian: [kaˈskaːta delle ˈmarmore]) or Marmore Falls is a man-made waterfall created by the ancient Romans. Its total height is 165 m (541 feet), making it the tallest man-made waterfall in the world.
It is located 7.7 km from Terni, a provincial capital of the Italian region of Umbria.
Its source is a portion of the waters of the river Velino. After flowing through Piediluco lake near the community of Marmore (italian), it pours into the valley below formed by the river Nera. The flow of the waterfall depends on an off and on scale with a published schedule to support the power company nearby.
Most of the time, the water in the canals above the Cascata delle Marmore falls is diverted to a hydroelectric power plant, so the flow in the falls themselves is heavily reduced. Piediluco Lake, above the falls, is used as a reservoir for the power plant. The Galleto power plant, built in 1929, is architecturally interesting. Its capacity is about 530 MW. To control the operation of the power plant, and to satisfy tourists, the falls are turned on according to a set schedule, achieving a spectacular effect at full flow. An alarm is sounded first, then the gates are opened, and in a few minutes the small stream is transformed into a full-sized river rushing into the void below.
Normally, the falls are turned on between 12:00 and 13:00 and again between 16:00 and 17:00 every day, with additional times on holidays. An entrance fee is charged to visit the falls and the surrounding area.
A path along the falls allows the visitor to hike up to the top of the falls. Along the way, a tunnel leads to an observatory just next to the falls, where a visitor is likely to get soaked. Another observatory near the top affords a wide view of the falls and of the Nera valley below. | The Marmore Falls are used as a hydroelectric power plant, but to allow people to enjoy the spectacular water flow, the gates are periodically opened to present the full-sized river rushing into the void.
The tourists can visit the falls on a fixed schedule (12:00 to 13:00, 16:00 to 17:00 plus additional times on holidays) following paths that allow them to reach the top of the falls. | null | null | null | 11785 |
null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Tsymbaly, Yehu | Yehu is string, Tsymbaly is percussion. | null | null | null | 11786 |
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null | classification | Please classify the following items as either “waterproof” or “water absorbent”: umbrella, paper towel, sponge, raincoat, dish rag, car windshield. | The waterproof items are the umbrella, the raincoat and the car windshield. The water absorbent items are the sponge, paper towel, and dish rag. | null | null | null | 11787 |
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null | open_qa | What is a planet ? | The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined in August 2006, that a planet in the Solar system is a celestial body that :
- orbits the Sun (the host star of the Solar system),
- has enough mass to assume a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
- is big enough that its gravity cleared away any other similarly-sized objects near its orbit around the Sun. | null | null | null | 11788 |
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null | classification | Classify each of the following as either a city or a country: Seoul, Shanghai, Sao Paolo, Singapore, Sweden. | Seoul is the largest city in South Korea and also the capital. Shanghai is the most populous city in China and is also known as "The Pearl of Asia." Sao Paolo is a city in the Brazilian state of the same name, Sao Paolo and is named after an Apostle, Saint Paul of Tarsus. Singapore is simultaneously a city, state, and country. Sweden is a country which has produced many world-renowned pop singers and bands including Abba. | null | null | null | 11789 |
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null | general_qa | What is my Chinese Zodiac sign (animal)? | There are 12 Zodiac animals: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog, and boar. To find it, you can look up the lunar calendar. But the following way is a quick and traditional Chinese way to find it.
Calculate the remainder of (Year of birth - 1900) / 12, and check the remainder with date of birth:
Date of birth is before January 21:
The remainder = 0, Boar
The remainder = 1, Rat
The remainder = 2, Ox
The remainder = 3, Tiger
The remainder = 4, Rabbit
The remainder = 5, Dragon
The remainder = 6, Snake
The remainder = 7, Horse
The remainder = 8, Goat
The remainder = 9, Monkey
The remainder = 10, Rooster
The remainder = 11, Dog
Date of birth is after February 20:
The remainder = 0, Rat
The remainder = 1, Ox
The remainder = 2, Tiger
The remainder = 3, Rabbit
The remainder = 4, Dragon
The remainder = 5, Snake
The remainder = 6, Horse
The remainder = 7, Goat
The remainder = 8, Monkey
The remainder = 9, Rooster
The remainder = 10, Dog
The remainder = 11, Boar
For those born between January 21 and February 20, the beginning of the Lunar New Year usually, please look up the lunar calendar which will provide the details. | null | null | null | 11790 |
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null | classification | From this list, tell me which are U.S. states: Oregon, Guam, St. Thomas, District of Columbia, Washington, New Mexico, Ohio, Montana, Puerto Rico | Oregon, Washington, New Mexico, Ohio, Montana | null | null | null | 11791 |
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null | closed_qa | Based on this paragraph, why was Jake released from prison? | Jesus Shuttlesworth, the top high-school basketball player in the United States, is being pursued by the top college basketball programs in the nation. His father, Jake, is a convicted felon serving time at Attica Correctional Facility for accidentally killing his wife, Martha, Jesus' mother, six years earlier. Jake is granted a work release by the governor, an influential alumnus of "Big State," one of the colleges Jesus is considering, so that he might persuade his son to sign with Big State. If successful, he'll get an early release from prison.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Got_Game | Jake was released from prison to try to help convince his son to play basketball for the governor's alma mater. | null | null | null | 11792 |
null | open_qa | Do Texans have a Southern accent? | It depends on who you ask. Most Texans would answer the question with no. Texans would describe their accent as a Texas drawl. The sound of a Texas drawl differs from what is commonly considered a southern accent. A southern accent is common in states such as Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Mississippi, and others. | null | null | null | 11793 |
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null | summarization | Based on the reference text, provide a one sentence overview of Dogecoin | Dogecoin (/ˈdoʊ(d)ʒkɔɪn/ DOHJ-koyn or DOHZH-koyn, Abbreviation: DOGE; sign: Ð) is a cryptocurrency created by software engineers Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer, who decided to create a payment system as a "joke", making fun of the wild speculation in cryptocurrencies at the time. It is considered both the first "meme coin", and, more specifically, the first "dog coin". Despite its satirical nature, some consider it a legitimate investment prospect. Dogecoin features the face of the Shiba Inu dog from the "doge" meme as its logo and namesake. It was introduced on December 6, 2013, and quickly developed its own online community, reaching a market capitalization of over $85 billion on May 5, 2021. As of 2021, it is the sleeve sponsor of Watford Football Club.
Dogecoin.com promotes the currency as the "fun and friendly Internet currency", referencing its origins as a "joke". Software engineers Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer launched the satirical cryptocurrency as a way to make fun of Bitcoin and the many other cryptocurrencies boasting grand plans to take over the world. With the help of Reddit, the site became an instant hit. Within two weeks, Dogecoin had established a dedicated blog and forum, and its market value has reached US$8 million, once jumping to become the seventh largest electronic currency in the world. Dogecoin is based on Scrypt algorithm, and the transaction process is more convenient than Bitcoin.[citation needed] Dogecoin takes only 1 minute to confirm, while BTC takes 10 minutes. | Dogecoin is a cryptocurrency that features the face of a dog the was created as a joke to make fun of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. | null | null | null | 11794 |
null | open_qa | What is electricity? | Electricity is the flowing of electrons from a higher electric potential to a lower one (or alternatively, flowing of electron holes in the opposite direction). The flowing electrons can perform work, ranging from heating a resistive element in a light bulb to turning a motor through a magnetic field. | null | null | null | 11795 |
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null | open_qa | Why did House Targaryen leave Valyria? | Twelve years before Valyria was destroyed by the mysterious "Doom," Aenar Targaryen's daughter, Daenys the Dreamer, had a prophetic vision of Valyria being destroyed, so he decided to take his family to Dragonstone. | null | null | null | 11796 |
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null | general_qa | What is it like living in Chicago, Illinois? | Chicago is a large city located in the midwest. It is known for tourist attractions like Navy Pier and The Bean, as well as famous architecture. It's on Lake Michigan which makes the winters extremely cold but the summers pleasant. People call Chicago the "Windy City". | null | null | null | 11797 |
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null | information_extraction | Which fruits are most often candied fruit? | Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.
Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.
Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method. | Papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit. | null | null | null | 11798 |
null | open_qa | What are the different RAID configurations? | The different RAID configurations are RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, RAID 10, RAID 50, RAID 51, RAID 60, RAID 61, RAID 70, RAID 75, RAID 90, RAID 100, RAID 200, and RAID 300. | null | null | null | 11799 |
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